{DOWNLOAD} Breathmaker The History and Legacy of the Seminole’s Creator God Online Book

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Description
Although traditional Muscogee mythology has mostly been lost to
history, a concerted effort spearheaded by modern ethnographers like
Troy University anthropologist Bill Grantham has allowed today’s
Seminole tribe to reclaim some of their cultural roots and oral
traditions, based upon surviving accounts of early European encounters,
Christian missionaries, adventurers, travelogues, and various other
historical documents. These studies have found that even by the time of
first European contact, two distinct Muscogee Creek mythological and
cosmological traditions were in place. Scholars have designated them the
“Eastern Creek Tradition” (recited in Yuchi, Hitchiti, and Tuskegee oral
tradition), and the “Western Creek Tradition” (recited in Muscogee,
Alabama, and Koasati oral tradition). According to Eastern Creek
Tradition, in the beginning of time there existed a boundless expanse of
water and air inhabited by immortal water and air beings. Coming in a
variety of natural forms—human, animal, and others—these beings behaved
as humans. They had families, hunted, traveled, waged war, and performed
various rituals. A time arrived when these immortals decided to create
the Earth. According to one version, it was Crawfish's decision to
retrieve the land from beneath the water, while another tradition
attributes a council of beings with the decision. Differing somewhat,
Tuskegee myth attributes Eagle, the chief of the immortal beings, with
instructing Crawfish to retrieve the land. According to the Yuchi
account specifically, soon after the Earth was created, a drop of blood
fell from the Sun as it tracked across the sky for the first time, and
from where that blood landed, humans sprang. The Yuchi descended from
these first humans. The Western Creek Tradition has a considerably
different account. In Muscogee and Alabama mythology, there is virtually
no mention of Earth prior to the existence of humans. However, while
Muscogee mythology makes no mention of the creation of the universe,
Alabama cosmology recited in the early 20th century explains how the
“Great Spirit” (largely a Western Native American concept) created the
universe and everything in it, with some accounts mentioning that before
creation, only water existed. Like Native American groups west of the
Mississippi (and particularly in the Southwest), the Muscogee and
Alabama describe humans as having emerged from underground. The Alabama
and Koasati describe humans as having been crafted from clay and as
living underground before emerging to the surface. According to both
Alabama and Koasati creation myths specifically, the two groups came
from the underworld together, emerging from the roots of a tree at the
mouth of a cave. According to this creation myth, the Alabama sprouted
from one side of the roots, and the Koasati came from the other. The
Muscogee human creation myth is essentially the same, except that their
appearance is less specific. They emerged “somewhere in the west,” a
location described as the “foundation of all things” or the “backbone”
of the Earth. Most scholars associate this location with the Rocky
Mountains, and they credit the Four Corners area of the United States as
being the location for the creation myths of Native American groups like
the Pueblo. Though still not commonly understood, Breathmaker became the
creator god of the Seminole peoples (the name is also written as Breath
Maker and Maker of Breath), and he became the center of a cycle of
creation stories.