Summary of characteristics of bacteria-table

Characteristics
Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Staphylococcu
s
Gram positive
shape: spherical
size:
approximately 1
micrometer
arrangement:
grape like
clusters
Motility:
non-motile
Sporulation: Non
spore forming
T: 10 to 42 C
Optimum at 37
Ph: 7.4-7.6
Oxygen
requirement
aerobes and
facultative
anaerobes
Biochemi
cal
reactions
Coagulase
positive
Show Beta
hemolysis
on blood
agar
Antigenic
structure
Capsule
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
Toxins
Group of
exotoxins:
Hemolysin
Leukocidin
Enterotoxi
n
(TSS) Toxic
shock
syndrome
toxin
Exfoliative
toxin
Pathogenesis/spe
ctrum of disease
Cutaneous
infection
Deep infection
Food poisoning
Skin exfoliative
disease
Toxic shock
syndrome
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Streptococcus
Gram positive
Shape: spherical
Oval
Size: 0.5-1
micrometer
Arrangement: in
chain or pair
Motility:
nonmotile
Spore:
Non spore
forming
T: 37 C
Crystal violent
blood agar
Classification:
1.Based on O2:
Aerobic
Facultative
anaerobic
Obligate
anaerobic.
2. Based on
Hemolytic.
Property on blood
agar medium.
Alpha
hemolytic
(partial
hemolysis-
Green
coloration)
Beta hemolytic
(complete
hemolysiscolorless)
Gamicronsa
hemolytic (no
hemolysis)
Biochemi
cal
reactions
Catala
se
negati
ve
Ferme
nt
Sever
al
sugars
Produ
cing
acid,
but
not
gas
Antigenic
structure
Capsule
Cell wall:
Outer layer
Middle layer
Inner layer
Toxins
Exotoxins:
-Hemolysins
-pyrogenic
exotoxin
Pathogenesis/spe
ctrum of disease
-Respiratory
infection
-Skin and soft tissue
infection
-Genital infection
- Non-Suppurative
complication
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Bacillus
anthracis
Gram
positive
Bacillus
cereus
Gram
positive
Shape: largest rod-shaped bacteria
Size:3 to 10 Microns x 1 to 1.6 Microns
Arrangement:
Long chain appears bamboo stick
Motility: non-motile
Capsulated, Spore forming
Shape:
rod- shaped bacteria
Size: 3 to 10 Microns x 1 to 1.6 Microns
Motility: motile
It is not capsulated, sporulating
T: 12c to 45c
O 2 requirement:
Aerobe and
facultative
anaerobe
T: 12c to 45c
O 2 requirement:
Aerobe and
facultative
anaerobe
Biochemical
reactions
Glucose
maltose
sucrose are
fermented
producing
only acid
can reduce
nitrates
Glucose
maltose
sucrose are
fermented
producing
only acid can
reduce
nitrates
Antige
nic
structu
re
Capsular
polypep
tide
Anthrax
toxin
Toxins
Anthrax
toxin
Pathogenesi
s/spectrum
of disease
Anthrax is
Zoonotic
Human
anthrax is
contracted
from animals
Diseases:
1.Cutaneous
2.Pulmonary
3.Intestinal
_____ _____ Cooked meat
and vegetable
causes
diarrhea and
abdominal
pain (8-16) h
Consumption
of cooked rice
from Chinese
restaurant
cause nausea
and vomiting
(5 h)
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Clostridium
perfringens
Gram positive
Shape: straight
rods with
parallel sides
and rounded
ends
Size: 4-6 micron
x 1 micron
Motility: nonmotile
Are capsulated
Sporulating
bacteria
O 2 requirement
: anaerobes but
can grow under
microaerophilic
condition
Temperature:
37 to 45 C
Ph: 5.5 to 8
Culture:
-Robertson
cooked meat
broth
-blood agar
Biochemical
reactions
Glucose,
maltose
And sucrose are
fermented with
production of
acid and gas
Hydrogen sulfide
H 2S is also
produced
Antigenic
structure
____
Toxins
Alpha
Beta
Epsilon
Iota
Pathogenesi
s/spectrum
of disease
-Gas
gangrene
-Food
poisoning
-Necrotising
enteritis
-Urogenital
infection
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus
Clostridium
tetani
Gram positive
Shape: slender
bacilli
Size: 4 to 8
Microns x 0.5
Microns
Arrangement:
singly or in chain
Motile:
non motile
non-capsulated
T: 37 C
Ph: 7.4
O 2 requirement:
Obligate
anaerobes
Media:
-Robertson
cooked meat
broth
-blood agar
Cannot ferment
any sugar
Indole positive
Methyl red
positive
VP negative
Hemolysin
neurotoxin
Hemolysin
neurotoxin
Tetanus:
Neurotransmit
ters resulting
uncontrolled
spread of
impulses
(causing
muscle
contractions)

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Clostridium
botulinum
Gram positive
Size: 5 Microns x 1
Microns
Shape: rod
-Non-capsulated
-Non-motile
-Sporulating
bacteria
T: 35 C
Ph: 7.4
Biochemical
reactions
___
Antigenic
structure
Produced a
powerful
exotoxin
(neurotoxin)
blocks
acetylcholin
e and cause
weakness of
muscles
(leading to
paralysis)
Toxins
Exotoxin
strong
neurotoxin
(botulin)
Pathogenesis/spectru
m of disease
-Food borne botulism:
Vomiting, thirst
-wound botulism:
At a site of infection
-infant botulism: occur in
infant below 6 months,
loss of head control
-poor feeding, weakness
Other if
only
mentioned
in the
syllabus
Neisseria
meningitidis
Gram positive
Shape: oval or
spherical cocci
Size: 0.6 to 0.8
Microns
Arrangement: in
pair with adjacent
sides flattened
Nonmotile
Ph: 7.4 to 7.6
T: 35 C TO 36 C
Media: blood agar
chocolate agar
Ferment
glucose and
maltose
Oxidase and
catalase
positive
Capsule
outer
membrane
protein
and
polysacchari
des act as
antigen
____
-cerebrospinal meningitis
-meningococcal
septicemia
-infection through
droplets
-site of entry may be
conjunctive
capsulated
-acute fever

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Hemophilus
Influenzae
(H.Influenzae)
Gram negative
Enteric fever
Salmonella
Gram negative
Shape:
coccobacillus
Size: 1 Microns
x 0.3 Microns
Arrangement:
clusters
Shape: rodshape
Size: 1 to 3
Microns x 0.5
Microns
Motile
capsulated
Non sporulating
T: 37 c
Ph: 7.3
O 2: aerobic
T: 15 c to 40 c
Ph: 6 to 8
O 2: aerobes and
facultative
anaerobes
Media:
-Selenite F
-Tetrathionate
broth
-Enrichment
media
Biochemical
reactions
Glucose xylose
one fermented
with acid
production
Oxidase and
catalase positive
Ferment
glucose, maltose
MR and citrate
positive
Antigenic
structure
Capsule outer
membrane
protein and
lipopolysacchari
des
Act as antigen
Flagellar H,
Somatic O
And
surface vi
antigen
Toxins
___
Pathogenesis/
spectrum of
disease
Infections:
-Meningitis
-Epiglottitis
-Pneumonia
-Bronchitis
-Suppurative
lesions
-Enteric fever
-Septicemia
-Gastroenteritis
-food poisoning
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Pseudomonas
Aeruginosa
Gram negative
Shape: slender,
rod-shaped
bacteria
Size: 1.5 to 3
Microns x 0.5
Microns
Non-capsulated
Non-sporing
motile
T: 5 C to 42 c
Optimum: 37 C
Ph: 7.2
O 2: aerobic
Media:
- cetrimide agar
-Nutrient agar
(greenish, blue)
pigment
Biochemical
reactions
Utilize glucose
with acid
production
Antigenic
structure
Toxins
Pathogenesis/
spectrum of
disease
____ ____ -Urinary tract
infection (UTI)
-Wound and
burn infection
-Eye infection
-Nosocomial
infection
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
Gram positive
Acid fast
Bacilli
(ZN stain)
Shape: slightly
curved bacilli
with rounded
ends
Size: 1 to 4
Microns x 0.2 to
0.8 Microns
Arrangement:
Singly in pairs or
small clumps
Non-sporing
Non-motile
Non-capsulated
T: 37 C
Fails to grow
below 25 C or
above 40 C
Ph: 6.4 to 7
Culture:
Lowenstein-
Jensen medium
O 2: obligate
aerobic
____
long cord like
structures
which are
glycolipid are
found in cell
wall
____
Tuberculosis
(TB):
-primary TB
Inhaled bacteria
settle in lungs
leading to tissue
destruction
-Post primary
Due to
Reactivation of
latent infection,
sputum
becomes source
of infection

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Treponema
pallidum
(T.pallidum)
Gram
negative
Shape: hair like structure
(Spirochete)
Size: 10 Microns x 0.4 to
0.2 Microns
Mobility: motile
Cannot be
grown on
artificial culture
media
Biochemic
al
reactions
Antigenic
structure
Toxins
Pathogenesis/spectrum
of disease
___ ___ ___ Venereal
syphilis
-through sexual contact
-Through minute abrasions
in skin and muscle
membrane
Other if only
mentioned
in the
syllabus
Spirochetes
Not visible under light
microscope
- forms lesion called
chancre
Phase contrast or dark
ground microscope are
used
Congenital syphilis
-mother to fetus
Leptospira
Gram
negative
Spirochetes
Size: 6 to 20 Microns long
0.1 Microns thick
Motile
Delicate
Possess large number of
closely wound spirals with
hooked ends
T: 25 C to 30 C
Ph: 7.2 to 7.5
They can be
grown in media
enriched with
rabbit serum
___ ___ Leptospirosis
-Human are infected with
water contaminated with
urine or carrier animal
-Enter through cuts or
abrasions on skin mucosa
-synptoms: pyrexia to
severe fetal illness
Giemsa stain

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristi
cs
Shape: slender rodshaped
T: 37 C
bacteria clubbed
Corynebacterium at one or both ends Ph: 7.2
Gram positive
Respiratory
infection
Size: 3 to 6 Microns x 0.6
to 0.8 Microns
Arrangement: in pairs
resembling letter V or L
Chinese letter or
cuneiform arrangement.
-Encapsulated
-Non acid fast
-Non motile
O 2: required:
aerobe and
facultative
anaerobe
Media:
Loeffler serum
slope and
tellurite blood
agar media
Biochemi
cal
reactions
___
Antigenic
structure
Ferment
acid
glucose,
maltose
with acid
Toxins
exotoxin
Pathogenesis/spec
trum of disease
Infection in:
-Fascia (beneath the
skin)
-Laryngeal
-Nasal
-Otitis
-Conjunctiva
-diphtheria
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus
Bordetella
Pertussis
Gram negative
Respiratory
infection
Shape: avoid coccobacilli
Size: 0.5 Microns length
Non motile
Non-sporing
capsulated
T:35 C to 36 C
O 2: aerobic
Media:
Bordet-
Gengou
medium
Capsular K
antigen
Pertussis
toxin
Oxidase and
catalase
positive
Form indole
and reduce
nitrates
___
Causes whooping
cough
Onset is with fever
and dry irritating
cough

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristic
s
Biochemical
reactions
Antigenic
structure
Toxins
Pathogenesis/spectr
um of disease
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus
Mycoplasma
Gram negative
(before they
name is PPLO)
Respiratory
infection
Shape: granules and
filaments
Size: 100-1000 nm
Smallest free living
microbe
-Non motile
-Non-sporulating
-Reproduce by binary
fission
O 2
requirement:
Aerobes and
facultative
anaerobes
Colonies show
fried egg
appearance
Have bulbous
enlargement
with a different
tip
___ ___ -Pneumonia
(M.Pneumoniae)
Fever, headache,
hemolytic anemia
-Genital infection
M.hominis /
U.urealyticum
By sexual contact
-causes severe
infection in HIV
patients
Urinary tract
infections
E.Coli
Gram
negative
bacterium
Pilli
non mucoid
colonies
Shape: straight, rodshaped
bacteria
Size: 1 to 3 Microns x
0.4 to 0.7 Microns
Arrangement: singly
or in pairs
-Non-sporing
-Some strains
capsulated
-motile
T: 10 C to 40 C
Optimum: 37 C
Growth on
ordinary media
Growth on
MacConkey
media
Positive for
indole and
methyl red
Negative for VP
and citrate
Surface
antigens:
Lipopolysaccha
ride
Toxins:
-Hemolysins
-Enterotoxins
heat labile (LT)
heat stable(ST)
Verotoxin (VT)
Hemolysis
and
enterotoxi
ns
-heat
labile
toxin (LT)
-heat
stable
toxin (ST)
-verotoxin
(VT)
Urinary tract infection
Diarrhea
Pyogenic infection
Septicemia

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristic
s
Urinary tract
infections
Klebsiella
Gram
negative
Shape: short,
plump, straight
Rods.
Size: 1 to
2microns x 0.5
to 0.8microns
*Non-motile
*Capsulated
*Nonsporulating
bacteria
T: 37 0
PH: 6.8 to 8
*Growth on
MacConkey
media
Biochemical
reactions
Ferment sugar
with production
of acid and gas
Antigenic
structure
Capsule and
enterotoxin
produced act
as antigens
Toxins
enterotoxin
Pathogenesis/spectr
um of disease
*Pneumonia
*Urinary infection
*Pyogenic infection
*Septicemia
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus
Urinary tract
infections
Proteus
(gramnegative)
Shape: rod
shaped
Size: 1 to
3microns x
0.5microns
*Non-capsuled
*Non-sporing
*Motile
T: 37 0
O 2: aerobic and
facultative
anaerobic
Ph: 6.8 to 7.2
*Growth on
ordinary media
*Swarming
growth due to
vigorous
motilly
*Phenylpropano
l-amine (PPA)
*MR
*H 2S and indole
positive
The bacilli
possess (O)
somatic
and
(H) flagellar
antigens
____
*Urinary infection
*Pyogenic infection
*Respiratory infection
*Nosocomial infection

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Gastrointestin
al infections
Vibrio-
Cholerae
(gram
negative)
Colonies are
colorless
Shape: Curved
or comma
Shaped
Size:
1.5microns x
0.2 to 0.4
microns
*Motile
*Non-sporing
*Non
capsulated
T: 16 c to 40c
PH:6.4 to 9.6
O 2: aerobic
Culture:
*solid media
*MacConkey
Biochemical
reactions
*Ferment
sugar and
produce acid
*Positive
reaction
towards indole
and nitrate
Antigenic
structure
______
Toxins
Exotoxin
Enterotoxin
Pathogenesis/spectr
um of disease
Causes diarrhea
*Hypersecretion of
water and electrolytes
*Inhibition of
reabsorption of sodium
chloride resulting
diarrhea
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus
Gastrointestin
al infections
Shigella
(Gram
negative)
Shape: rodshape
Size:
0.5micronsx
1.3microns
*Non-motile
*Non-sporing
*Noncapsulated
T: 37 C
Ph:7.4
O 2: aerobes and
facultative
anaerobic
Culture:
*Deoxycholate
citrate agar(DCA)
*Sodium selenite
borth
*MR positive
and reduce
glucose
*Somatic (O)
antigens and
some strains
produce
endotoxin
Endotoxin
Bacillary
Dysentery
*Infection occur by
ingestion
_Infection of intestine

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Brucella
(Gram
negative)
Zoonotic
disease
Shape: short
rod-shape
Size: 0.5 to
0.7microns x
0.6mto
1.5microns
Arrangement:
Single or in
short chain
*Non-motile
*Noncapsulated
*Non-sporing
T: 20 C to 40 C
(Optimum=37C)
PH: 6.6 to 7.4
O 2: Aerobes
Biochemical
reactions
Produce
catalase
oxidase and
urease
*Carbohydrates
are not formed
Antigenic
structure
Toxins
Pathogenesis/spectr
um of disease
______ _______ Zoonotic disease
And may be acute or
chronic.
Acute brucellosis:
causes muscular
pains, asthmatic
attacks, constipation
and chills may occur
for weeks
Chronic brucellosis:
causes
hypersensitivity,
joint pains and lasts
for years
Other if only
mentioned in
the syllabus

Bacteria Morphology Culture
characteristics
Neisseria
Gonorrhoeae
(Gram
negative)
Sexually
transmitted
disease
Shape: Ovalshape
Size: 0.6 to
0.8microns
Arrangement:
In pair
T: 35 C to 36 C
O 2: 5% to 10%
PH:7.2 to 7.6
Media:
chocolate agar
Biochemical
reactions
*Ferment sugar
*catalase and
oxidase
position
Antigenic
structure
*Capsule
outer
membrane
proteins and
polysaccharide
s
Toxins
_______
Pathogenesis/spec
trum of disease
*Gonorrhea
It is Veneral disease
(STD)
Other if only
mentioned in the
syllabus
Chlamydia
(Gram negative)
(PLT)
Sexually
transmitted
disease
Elementary
Body (ER):
200-300 nm
Reticulate
body (RB):
500-1000 nm
*Grow inside
cell
(interocular)
*Human
parasite
human,
Animal, birds
______ ________ *Differ from
viruses:
- They possess
both DNA,
RNA
-They have
cell wall,
ribosomes
-They
replicate by
binary fission
-They are
susceptible(se
nsitive) to
bacterial
antibiotics
_____
C. trachomatis
Causes ocular and
genital infection
1-Ocular infection
*Trachoma
*Inclusion
conjunctivitis
*Ophthalmia
neonatorum
2-Genital infection
*Urogenital
syndrome
*Lymphogranuloma
venereum
3. Respiratory
disorder
Pneumonia