Local Action for Safe Water - WECF

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___________________________________________________________________________ A WECF publication 2012 Module 4 Drinking Water Sources and Extraction Summary The supply of drinking water comprises many components and tasks, starting at the catchment area. This module introduces methods of selection of different sources for water supply and their qualities. Water extraction is also discussed. Objectives The module puts teachers and pupils in the position to understand the selection of water sources like groundwater, springs or rivers for a drinking water supply. They will be able to make a rough appraisal of the conditions of the water sources for their water supply, their advantages and disadvantages. Keywords and terms Catchment area, water source, surface water, well, borehole, spring, water extraction Preparation/material Materials Preparation Questionnaire Making copies, eventual revising and adding more relevant questions Excursion to water sources Paper, pencils Module 4
___________________________________________________________________________ Drinking water sources and extraction Introduction In comparison with other European countries, Bulgaria is a water-‐poor country. Hence, a constant and reliable water supply to the public is a challenge. In 2003, around 372 m 3 of freshwater were abstracted, whereof 65% were from surface waters or bank filtrates and 35% were from groundwater. 98% of the households are connected to a central water supply. 50% of the freshwater used is good quality, thus further improvements are desired and EU-‐standards have to be fulfilled (EU Drinking Water Directive). Draughts and water shortages are challenges, as are water losses up to 60% through broken piping systems. A successfully working water supply, which delivers tasty and healthy drinking water all day, is not self-‐evident. The following pages give an overview on how supply of public water works and what kind of equipment is used to fulfil regulations and customer demands. 1. Source selection and catchment area The selection of water sources to establish a water supply depends largely on the hydrological and geological conditions and (local) precipitation in the catchment area. An advanced mapping of the hydrological, geological and land use conditions is very helpful for proper planning and implementation. The management of the catchment area can be essential to minimising problems in water quality and in the treatment of the water. A higher quality of water is assured through accurate land use management (see also module 2 and 10). This can reduce technical and financial investment by already removing unwanted water contaminants like fertiliser, pesticides, other chemicals or pathogens. A good example is the work of the Munich Water Works (www.swm.de/english.html). Ecological agricultural practise within the catchment area and regional marketing of the products were established. Water suppliers are able to deliver drinking water without nearly any treatment. 1.1. Surface water Rivers (e.g. Danube), canals or lakes (natural or artificial) are a frequently used source of water, but they are vulnerable to pollution by man and wildlife. Agriculture (pesticides, fertiliser, grazing cattle) industry and wastewater discharge cause a volatile water quality with higher concentrations of chemicals and pathogenic microorganisms. Nutrient-‐rich water can be affected by algae and their toxins too. Furthermore, droppings of wildlife in surface waters are un-‐avoidable; on account of this, surface waters without treatment are not safe for drinking purposes. Depending on the catchment area, different measures of preventing hazardous risks have to be undertaken. Because of the potential risk of pollution, surface waters are only considered if other sources (especially groundwater) are not available. Water from an upland catchment area, without agricultural activities and with an acceptable pH, usually shows good chemical quality, but does not necessarily have a good microbiological status! Finally, microorganisms are the main cause of diseases when unsafe water is consumed. Small rivers are often affected by local human activities and show poor water quality. The community and local administration have the power to change the conditions. Lowland streams are expected to have the worst water quality, and the local influence to change water quality is at a very low level. In general, this water can change very quickly in its properties, like turbidity (rainfall) or colour (seasons). Natural variability of water quality is common for surface waters, but man-‐made pollution should be as low as possible.. A WECF publication 2012
Page 1 and 2: Water Safety Plan Compendium Local
Page 3 and 4: Contents List of tables and boxes,
Page 5 and 6: 7. Module -‐ Drinking Water Qua
Page 7 and 8: 5. Protocol on Water and Health 6.
Page 9 and 10: List of tables and boxes, figures a
Page 11 and 12: List of forms and examples Forms an
Page 13 and 14: Introduction to The Water Safety Pl
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Page 23 and 24: Introducing Water Safety Plans For
Page 25 and 26: eventually remove dissolved iron an
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Page 29 and 30: 4.6. Develop, implement and maintai
Page 31 and 32: A WECF publication 2012 Module 3 Ab
Page 33 and 34: Specific heat capacity Water has a
Page 35 and 36: General questions • A person weig
Page 37 and 38: 2. Water cycle -‐ local The loc
Page 39 and 40: 3. Exercises and Questions • Whic
Page 41 and 42: Springs in Bulgaria Bulgaria has ma
Page 43: 4. Text sources and further reading
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Page 67 and 68: Plastic pipes and fittings are more
Page 69 and 70: eaction of soil and water. Therefor
Page 71 and 72: WSP related activities • Investig
Page 73 and 74: Drinking water quality Introduction
Page 75 and 76: diseases such as diarrhoea, pneumon
Page 77 and 78: Common sources of nitrate include:
Page 79 and 80: 2.4. Metals A WECF publication 2012
Page 81 and 82: 3. Elements with technical impacts
Page 83 and 84: 5. Exercises and Questions • What
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Water Protection 10A. Water protect
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European Nitrate Directive (91/676/
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An often neglected aspect of sustai
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2. Exercises and Questions • What
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This zone can have a minimum radius
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4) Elimination or restricted usage
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Module 11 Utilisation of Water in O
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1. Sectorial use of water Regarding
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2. Virtual water and water footprin
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Figure 3: The total water footprint
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WSP related activities • How much
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Water saving Introduction Water is
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• using leftover water e.g. from
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Rainwater harvesting solutions Sour
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A WECF publication 2012 Module 13 F
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needed quantity of water and should
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consumption of water for drinking a
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New water sources and water supply
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8.1. WSP related activities: • Wh
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Regulations on Water Introduction D
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• establish a code of good agricu
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7. Millennium Development Goals (MD
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UNECE, (1992). Convention on the Pr
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Step-‐by-‐Step 10 Suggested
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15a. Scheme of activities input and
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A WECF publication 2012 Module 16 P
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Besides labelling the bottle, it is
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Spilled heating or motor oil or pet
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WSP related activities • Each par
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17b. Form for reporting results of
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17d. Example of mapping a village i
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17f. Example of visualisation of th
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18b. Risk assessment of public tap
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18d. Risk assessment of gravity-
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18f. Risk assessment of deep boreho
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19a. Questionnaire for citizens: Ex
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19c. Questionnaire for water suppli
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Local Action for Safe Water - WECF

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