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8 th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. Valencia 2010. A REVIEW OF RECENT ADVANCES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN THE STUDY OF FRUIT FLY (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) - HOST PLANT RELATIONSHIPS Aluja, Martín*; Birke, Andrea & Guillén, Larissa. Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico;. Email: martin.aluja@inecol.edu.mx We provide an overview of recent advances in the study of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) - host plant relationships as well as a look into the future of this fascinating research area of great basic and applied interest. We start by reviewing the evolutionary, ecological, physiological and behavioral mechanisms related to host finding and utilization. We then review recent work by us and various other groups worldwide on host plant use patterns, dwelling on host resistance, fitness costs to the herbivore and the effect of the host on nutritional and immune reserves and sexual performance of adult flies. Examples used stem from work with Anastrepha ludens, A. striata, A. fraterculus, Rhagoletis completa and Ceratitis capitata, among others. We also discuss recent work on host effects on the next trophic level, using native and exotic braconid parasitoids such as Utetes anastrephae and Diachamismorpha longicaudata as models to illustrate the phenomenon. Along the way we discuss the great potential of new research tools such as proteomics in elucidating the fine details of host plant use by true fruit flies. We finish by discussing recent advances in host plant status designation; among them the process of determination of the fundamental and realized host ranges which impinge directly on regulatory procedures related to the export of fresh fruit worldwide.
8 th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance. Valencia 2010. FRUIT FLY SEMIOCHEMICALS: DISCOVERY AND APPLICATION OF ATTRACTANTS AND PHEROMONES IN FRUIT FLY CONTROL METHODS Jang, Eric. U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, P.O. Box 4459, Hilo, HI 96720. Email: Eric.Jang@ARS.USDA.GOV Tephritid fruit flies are some of the most economically important pests of fruits and vegetables worldwide. As such the discovery and application of semiochemical attractants for detection and control have had a long history. Early attractants were “discovered” quite by chance but was quickly followed by both empirical and non-empirical research that lead to the identification of pheromones, kairomones for some flies. True pheromones have played only a minor role in control while the “parapheromones” have played a major role, especially for flies in the family Bactrocera. Fruit flies in the family Anastrepha, Rhagoletis, and Ceratitis have depended primarily on the application of proteinaceous food-based lures. This is also true of most of the other (non-Bactrocera) tephritids. Recently, improvements in food-based lures have resulted in improvements in the application of such attractants for some of the above species. The most successful example of the use of attractants for control involves the use of the parapheromone methyl eugenol for the control of certain Bactrocera fruit flies such as the oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis. This technique coined male annihilation or MAT has been the centerpiece of semiochemical-based control and eradication technologies. Interestingly behaviorally based methods such as “pheromone disruption” has not been developed to date; perhaps due to the lack of truly powerful pheromones identified for this genera. Much of the current research has focused on improvements in attractants through chemical structure-activity type screening that as resulted in some improvements and well as a host of new host-based kairomone attractants. Formulation of multiple-component attractants continues to be a challenge but promise to further improve on the use of semiochemical attracts for detection and/or control. 41
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