International Journal of Sport Psychology

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would result in greater intrinsic motivation and thus more positive cognitive, affective and behavioral outcomes. Examination of the present consultant opinions of the profiling procedure suggest that they believe profiling could be useful in facilitating these motivational mediators (e.g., enhancing athlete confidence, providing more athlete control and facilitating interaction within the team) in addition to having a positive impact upon athlete intrinsic motivation and self determination. Given the present findings and strong theoretical rationale for the influence of profiling on athlete intrinsic motivation, further experimental research is required to investigate whether single, or repeated, profiling interventions are able to significantly improve athlete intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, it would be useful to see whether any changes in athlete intrinsic motivation as a result of a profiling intervention are mirrored by changes in motivational mediators and consequences as proposed by Deci and Ryan’s CET. The team related benefits of performance profiling in a group setting found in the present survey included helping to identify roles, understanding various positional demands in the team, improving team dynamics and facilitating communication, discussion and interaction within teams. These findings support and extend those of Dale and Wrisberg (1996) and suggest that sport psychology practitioners believe that the profiling procedure has a number of beneficial team related impacts when conducted in a group setting. Given that the present study was confined to examining the perceptions of the sport psychology deliverers of the profiling procedure, research is needed to investigate whether the athlete and coach consumers of the strategy believe there to be similar benefits from the technique. Furthermore, experimental research is needed to investigate the characteristics of profiling interventions (e.g., length, duration, frequency, type of profiles, etc.) which can help to maximise team productivity and cohesion. The present findings support descriptive research which suggests profiling to be useful in helping athletes to assess, evaluate and monitor their progress (Butler & Hardy, 1992; Butler et al., 1993; Jones, 1993). Doyle and Parfitt (1997) in their experimental investigation into the construct validity of the technique, suggest that profiling may only be useful in monitoring progress over periods where large improvements in performance are likely. Indeed, lack of improvement or decrements in ratings over time could have a negative impact upon athlete confidence (Butler et al.). Hence, caution should be taken when employing the technique to monitor athlete progress in order to avoid the potential negative implications that may result from non-improvement on quality ratings. In relation to the performance evaluation benefits of profiling identified by the present consultant population, 366
more research is needed to examine how this use of the profile impacts upon the attributions an athlete gives for their performances. Weiner’s (1986) model of achievement attributions suggests that evaluating one’s performance via personally controllable, unstable and internal attributes, as contained within an athlete’s profile, would result in more functional attributions being given for performance in addition to encouraging more positive thoughts and behaviors. Given the present findings and strong theoretical rationale for the profile’s usefulness in a performance evaluation capacity, future research should examine whether profiling is able to help athletes assume more functional attributions and what subsequent impact those attributions have upon athlete cognitive and behavioral responses. In summary, the present survey confirms and extends the findings of the previous literature and has suggested a number of future research avenues. Principally, more research is required to experimentally examine the efficacy of profiling on various psychological parameters and team based impacts. Furthermore, given the client centred approach to profiling, it is essential that future research evaluates athlete perceptions as to the usefulness, strengths and limitations associated with profiling on single or multiple occasions throughout the season and across group and one to one delivery approaches. REFERENCES Butler, R.J. (1989). Psychological preparation of Olympic boxers. In J. Kremer & W. Crawford (Eds.), The psychology of sport: Theory and practice (pp. 74-84). Belfast: BPS Northern Ireland Branch. Butler, R. (1997). Performance profiling: Assessing the way forward. In R.J. Butler (Ed.), Sports psychology in performance (pp.33-48). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Butler, R.J., & Hardy, L. (1992). The performance profile: Theory and application. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 253-264. Butler, R.J., Smith, M., & Irwin, I. (1993). The performance profile in practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 5, 48-63. Dale, G.A., & Wrisberg, C.A. (1996). The use of a performance profile technique in a team setting: Getting the athletes and coach on the ‘same page’. The Sport Psychologist, 10, 261-277. Deci, E.F., & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press Doyle, J., & Parfitt, G. (1996). Performance profiling and predictive validity. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 8, 160-170. Doyle, J.M., & Parfitt, G. (1997). Performance profiling and constructive validity. The Sport Psychologist, 11, 411-425. Doyle, J., & Parfitt, G. (1999). The effect of induced mood states on performance profile areas of perceived need. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 115-127. 367
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Page 35 and 36: Wilson, C., & Powell, M. (2001). A
Page 37 and 38: Fig. 1. An example completed perfor
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Page 53 and 54: TABLE I Frequency, Function, and Ef
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Page 71 and 72: HYPOTHESIS TESTING TABLE 1 Means, S
Page 73 and 74: Discussion People who differ from o
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Page 83 and 84: Method PARTICIPANTS The participant
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findings, Schöllhorn (1999) sugges
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Fig. 1. - Bird eye view of the skat
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TABLE I The Correlations Between Th
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groups. As a consequence of the con
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APPENDIX 1 STARTING POSITIONS FOR T
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Schöllhorn, W.I. (2000). Applicati
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