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Vassiliev Notebooks Concordance
Cover Names, Real Names, Abbreviations, Acronyms, Organizational Titles, Tradecraft Terminology
Compiled by John Earl Haynes, 2008 1
Transliterated Russian cover names and titles are in Bold using the BGN/PCGN system for transliterating
Russian from the Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet. The BGN/PCGN system is relatively intuitive for
anglophones to read and pronounce and is familiar to many American readers because it is used by major
publications. In many publications a simplified form of the system is used to render English versions of
Russian names, typically converting ë to yo and simplifying -iy and -yy endings to -y. That convention will
be used here. The Cyrillic soft sign ь is represented by a single straight quote mark, ' and the soft sign ъ
by a double straight quote mark, ".
If the transliterated Russian is then translated, the entry will say “See ‘###’” as in:
“Betti” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Betty”.
If the transliterated Russian is not further translated, the entry will proceed normally with the initial cover
name in Bold as in:
“Frank” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer 1933-1935.
To avoid confusion, some names and titles that have well established Latin alphabet spellings under
different transliteration systems are spelled in accordance with the their predominance in the literature. For
example, “Grigory Kheifets” rather than “Grigory Kheyfets” as called for by BGN/PCGN.
Known cover names are in double quotation marks, the convention predominately used by Alexander
Vassiliev in his notebooks. (However, there were many instances in the notebooks when cover names
appear in single quotes or with no quote marks at all.)
A question mark, “?” in a name entry indicates that a part of the name is missing. For example, the entry
“Allakhverdov, ?”, indicates that Allakhverdov’s given name is unknown or uncertain.
************************************************************************************
“10” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ludwig Lore. Lore is not directly named in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks, but all of the particulars of “10” (also known as “Leo”), his journalistic
work and the trajectory of his journalistic commentary on Soviet matters in the 1930s, fit Lore. In
addition, Whittaker Chambers described his own contacts with Lore and comments of Soviet
intelligence officers about Lore that fit with the description of “Leo” in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks. Further, Julius Kobyakov, retired senior KGB officer, identified “Leo”/“10” as Lore in
2004. 2
“101 st ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Peter MacLean.
“101-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “101 st ”
“103 rd ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): David Carpenter.
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1 This concordance was created to assist in using Vassiliev’s notebooks in preparation of John Earl
Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).
2 Whittaker Chambers, Witness (New York: Random House, 1952), 387–92; Julius Kobyakov,
“ALES/Hiss,” H-Diplo, 22 March 2004, < http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/ >.

“103-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “103 rd ”
“104 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Henry Wadleigh.
“104-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “104 st ”.
“105 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Henry Collins.
“105-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “105 st ”.
“107 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Felix Inslerman.
“107-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “107 st ”.
“11” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent at the State Department,
subsource of “10”/“Leo”. Likely David A. Salmon. Also known as “Willy”.
“113 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Rosenthal,.
“113-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “113 st ”.
“114 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Ward Pigman.
“114-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “114 st ”.
“115 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lester Hutm.
“115-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “115 st ”.
“116 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Azizov.
“116-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “116 st ”.
“118 th ” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): F. V. Reno.
“118-y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “118 st ”.
“12” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent at the State Department,
subsource of “10”/“Leo”. Judged by KGB to be a fake source invented by “10”/“Leo” to gain
more financial benefits from KGB by pocketing the subsidy paid to “12”. Also known as
“Daniel”.
“13” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s.
“14” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s.
“142” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Akets.
“147” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Allen (also known as George Parker).
“17” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Noel Field, mid-1930s.
“18” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet source/agent, 1930s. Also known as “John”.
“18”/“John’s” activities suggest John Spivak as a likely candidate.
“19” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurence Duggan starting in 1935, and appearing as Duggan as
late as August 1944. In the Venona decryptions “19” appears as an unidentified source of
diplomatic information in a 1943 report from Iskhak Akhmerov. Andrew and Mitrokhin identified
“19” as Duggan. 3
“24” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1937.
A Group: Section of KGB in 1947 described as dealing with violent tasks.
A. (initial): for Anglia, i.e. England in Russian.
“A/214” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Marianov.
AAC: Army Air Corps, U.S.
AAF: Army Air Force, U.S.
Aarons, L.A.: Described as Treasury Department representatives in London, 1944. Possibly an error for
Lehman C. Aarons, Treasury Department assistant general counsel.
Abakumov, Viktor Semenovich: Senior KGB officer.
------------------------------------
3 See “Source No. 19” in Appendix A, John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet
Espionage in America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press [Nota Bene], 2000). Christopher M.
Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of
the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999).

Abel, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
“Abram” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Jack Soble prior to September 1944 (with occasional use
thereafter into the 1950s). “Abram” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Soble. 4
Abramov, ?: Described as Comintern official and an “enemy of the people”. Likely Jacob Mirov-Abramov,
former chief of Comintern OMS executed in 1937 in Stalin’s Terror.
Abramov-Mirov, Jacob: Variant name in the literature for Jacob Mirov-Abramov.
Abt, John: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Labor lawyers and secret CPUSA member. Identified by
Chambers as a member of the original “Ware group” covert CPUSA unit. On Adolf Berle’s 1939
list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks.
Brother of Marion Bachrach. Elizabeth Bentley identified Abt as having been the link between the
Perlo espionage group and Earl Browder before she took over its supervision. Abt appeared in a
Venona decryption under his real name in connection with Bentley’s takeover of the Perlo group,
although his name was misspelled as “Amt”. It also appears in the notebooks with the misspelling
“Ant” as well as correctly spelled as “Abt”. 5 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bat”.
“Academic” [Akademich] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): A 1948 cover name with unclear meaning,
possibly Communist activity or espionage work.
Academic Council of the Joint Institute on Nuclear Research.
“Achilles” [Akhill] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Karl Dunts.
“Acorn” [Zholud'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bela (William) Gold. “Acorn” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Gold. 6
ACP: American Communist Party.
Active measures (tradecraft term): Aktivakhi – aktivnye meropriyatiya. Described actions taken to plant
disinformation in the mainstream press and media via ostensibly non-Communist or neutral
sources.
“Actor” [Akter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Member of the Socialist Party, source on Trotskyist movement in 1937, visited Trotsky in Mexico.
“Adam” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Eva Getsov. (Alternative translations: Getzov, Getzoff)
“Adam” was identified in the Venona decryptions for 1944 and 1945 messages as Rebecca
Getzoff. 7 While it seems likely, it is not firmly established that Eva Getsov and Rebecca Getzoff
are the same person. “Adam” as a cover name for “Eva” Getzov looks like a KGB play on words
(“Adam” and “Eve”).
“Adams” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet agent, referred to as a liaison/courier
agent in 1942. Likely a garble for “Adam”.
Adams, Arthur: Soviet intelligence officer, GRU.
Adams, James Truslow: Well-known American historian to whom Josephine Truslow Adams claimed
family connections.
Adams, Josephine Truslow: Secret Communist, occasional correspondent with Eleanor Roosevelt who
fraudulently presented herself to Earl Browder as an intimate friend of Eleanor and Franklin
Roosevelt.
Addis, Thomas: Physician at Stanford Medical School and a CPUSA activist.
“Adjutant” [Ad''yutant] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Herbert Gaston, circa 1944.
------------------------------------
4 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
5 The “Ant” misspelling was in the original KGB document and Vassiliev in the notebook noted that
this was a misspelling of “Abt.” Elizabeth Bentley, “FBI Deposition, 30 November 1945, FBI File 65–
56402, Serial 220,” 51–54, 105; Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 340.
6 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
7 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

ADL: Anti-Defamation League
“Adler” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer Berlin, 1950.
Adler, Andrew H.: Writer for Film Daily.
Adler, Solomon: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Treasury Department official and Soviet intelligence
source/agent. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert
Communists who were espionage risks. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster
espionage group. 8 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hello” (prior to 1941), “Sachs” (1941-
1945).
“Administration” [Direktsiya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Bell Telephone Laboratories.
ADN: Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst (General German News Service) state news agency for the
German Democratic Republic.
“Advokat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Attorney”.
“Ad''yutant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Adjutant”.
Af.: Possibly the Soviet intelligence officer Boris Morris identified as Afanasy Efimov.
Agabekov, Grigory: Defecting OGPU officer who published Ch. K. za rabotoi [The Cheka at Work] in
1931. The name sometimes appears in English as Georges or Georgy Agabekov. 9
Agayant, I.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center.
Ager, ?: Described as director of Jack Soble’s factory near Paris, 1952.
“Agnes” [Agnessoy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
References to in 1948.
“Agnessoy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Agnes”.
Agranov, Yakov Samuilovich: Senior KGB officer who supervised key parts of Stalin’s Terror who was
himself executed in 1938.
Agricultural Adjustment Administrations, U.S. (AAA).
Agricultural Commission in NY: Likely a reference to a CPUSA committee that dealt with agricultural
policy matters.
Agriculture, Department of, U.S.
“Aida” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, prior to
September 1944. Likely Esther Trebach Rand. “Aida” was identified in the Venona decryptions
as Rand. 10
“Aileron” [Eleron] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Abraham George Silverman. “Aileron” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Abraham George Silverman. 11
“Air” [Vozdukh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Espionage project targeting jet engines and jet
propelled aircraft.
“Aiva” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1950 on Mid-
East / Israeli matters.
“Akademich” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Academic”.
Akets, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as reserve lieutenant of Army Intelligence
Corps, early 1930s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “142” (“Sh-142”).
“Akhill” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Achilles”.
“Akhmed” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, cover
name Thrush prior to September 1944. “Akhmed” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an
------------------------------------
8 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 26.
9 Grigorii Sergeevich Agabekov, Ch. K. Za Rabotoi [The Cheka at Work] (1931). Published in the
U.S. as: G. S. Agabekov, OGPU, the Russian Secret Terror (New York: Brentano’s, 1931).
10 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
11 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 12
Akhmerov, Iskhak Abdulovich: KGB illegal officer. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Jung”
(1930s), “Mer” (1942-1944), “Albert” (starting August 1944), “Gold” (not used in the U.S. but
used in a KGB book about Akhmerov that described some of his American activities).
Pseudonyms Bill, Will, Michael Green, Alexander Hansen, Karl. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet intelligence officer. 13
Akhmerova, ?: See Lowry, Helen.
“Akkord” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chord”.
“Akr” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
working in the same section of OSS as Donald Wheeler in 1945. In 1948 described as involved in
“(private public relations and scientific book publishing company)”. Also appears as “Akra”.
“Akra” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Akr”.
Aksenov, N. IA.: Soviet intelligence officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Semen” in 1954.
“Akta” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Angela Tuckett. References to in 1950. Contact of Klaus
Fuchs in Britain, early 1940s.
“Akter” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Actor”.
Aktivakhi (tradecraft term): See Active measures.
Akulov, Ivan: KGB officer, Moscow Center.
“Al” (cover name or work name): possibily Alexander Korotkov.
“Alan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mikhail Korneev, KGB officer.
Alba, Duke of: Jacobo Maria del Pilar Carlos Manuel Fitz-James Stuart. A Spanish monarchist who
represented Franco’s government in London in WWII but who had a uneasy relationship with
General Franco.
Albam, Jacob: KGB officer/agent. Part of the Soble network. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Belov”.
“Albert” [Al'bert] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Iskhak Abdulovich Akhmerov beginning in August
1944, replacing “Mer”. “Albert” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Akhmerov. 14
“Albert” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Akhmerov.
“Al'bert” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Albert”.
“Albert” [Al'bert] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified New York Police source of 10 /
“Leo”. Judged by KGB to be a fake source. References to in 1934.
Albuquerque, NM: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sernovodsk”.
Alco company. Described as a company producing perfumes.
Al-drich (garbled name): Described as a State Department official in the “Trade Division” in 1938,
possibly a garble for the name Aldrich.
Aldrich: see Al-drich.
“Aleksandr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Alexander”.
Aleksandrov, Petr Vsevolodovich: Friend of “Negro” and V.S. Rykov.
Aleksandrova: Daughter of the sister of Varvara Hamer.
Aleksei: See Aleksey
Aleksej: See Aleksey
“Aleksey” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Anatoly Antonovich Yatskov (also used the pseudonym
Anatoly Antonovich Yakovlev). (Alternative translation: Aleksej, Alexey, Alexsei) “Aleksey”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Yatskov/Yakovlev.
------------------------------------
12 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
13 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
14 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Aleksey" (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Moscow center, 1937.
“Aleksey Afanasyevich” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB liaison with Armand V. Hammer in
the USSR, 1953.
“Ales” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence (GRU) source, 1945. Alger Hiss. “Ales”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as likely Alger Hiss. 15
Alex: Work name Name by which Julius Rosenberg knew Alexander Feklisov.
“Alexander” [Aleksandr] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Leopol Arenal. “Alexander” appears in
the Venona decryptions as an unidentified cover name associated with Central and South American
matters and, and Arenal would be a candidate for this Alexander. 16
“Alexander” [Aleksandr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Vinogradov.
Alexander, ?: Described as a senior U.S. State Department official, 1939.
Alexander, Albert V.: Minister of Defense in the postwar British Labour government.
Alexei: See Aleksey.
Alexey: See Aleksey.
Algazi, Olga: Described as ghost writer for Cardinal Spellman.
“Ali” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Portnov.
All-Agency Committee on Post-War Plans: Not clear what specific U.S. agency is being referenced. There
were a variety of ‘committees on post-war plans’ created with similar names.
Allakhverdov, ?: KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1944.
“Allen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Legal KGB 1945 London, possibly Vladimir Barkovsky.
“Allen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer 1953.
Allen, George: Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs, 1948.
Allen, James S.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. CPUSA cadre and journalist. James S. Allen was the
adopted name of Solomon Auerbach. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Jack”.
Allen, Robert Sharon.: Soviet intelligence source. Well known journalist in Washington, 1930s-50s. Also
known as George Parker. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “147”, “Sh-147”.
Allied Military Occupation Administration
“Allo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hello”.
All-Union Association of the Oil and Gas Industry (Soyuzneft): Soviet agency.
All-Union Society for Cultural Relations (VOKS): Soviet agency that oversaw international cultural
contacts and exchanges.
ALP: American Labor party.
Alphand, Charles: French ambassador to the USSR, 1930s.
“Alpinists” [Al'pinisty] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Americans, post WWII.
“Al'pinisty” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Alpinists”. (Alternative translation: Mountain
Climbers)
Alsberg, Henry: American writer and prominent left-liberal, 1920s and 1930s.
Alsop, Joseph: Influential journalist and columnist.
Altman: see Boris Bukov.
Alvensleben, Werner von: German businessman and conservative political figure, 1920s.
Amderutra: Amtorg’s shipping and dispatch office.
Amer. Code Division: A 1950 reference, likely to the Armed Forces Security Agency, chief American
cryptologic agency and predecessor to the National Security Agency.
Amer. Comparty: American Communist Party.
------------------------------------
15 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
16 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Amerasia: Left-wing journal involved in theft of classified U.S. government documents in 1945. 17
America: magazine.
“American” [Amerikanets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Boerger.
American Bureau of Investigation: Error for Federal Bureau of Investigation.
American Christian Union.
American Labor Party (ALP): Liberal-left ‘third’ party in New York, under covert Communist control by
early 1940s.
American Labour Party: see American Labor Party.
American League Against War and Fascism: Communist controlled Popular Front body, 1930s.
American Lurgy Corporation: Described as front for German intelligence.
American Military Government of Occupied Territories: AMGOT.
American Relief Administration: American private charity organized by Herbert Hoover to relieve the
famine in Soviet Russia, 1921-1923.
American Rubber Corporation.
American Schering Co.: Medical/pharmaceuticals firm.
American-Russian Trade and Engineering Consultants (Amrusco): a firm run by Vasily Delgass and his
associates.
Americans (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): “Townsmen”, “Townspeople”, circa 1944. “Alpinists”,
post-WWII and “Brumians”, 1950.
Americans for Haganah.
“Amerikanets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “American”.
Amerikanskaya Tekhnika: Amtorg publication.
Ames, Edward: American diplomat, U.S. Embassy in Moscow, 1942-1945. Married to Russian Varvara
Vassilievna Evstratova.
AMGOT: American Military Government of Occupied Territories.
“Ami” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Joseph Davies, circa 1944.
“Amigo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, likely Alfred Tanz.
Amkino: Soviet agency that distributed Soviet motion picture films in the United States. Succeeded by
Artkino Pictures, Inc.
Amkniga: Official book-distributing agency in the U.S. for the Soviet state publishing house.
Amminger, ?: Described as a Reichswehr office who died in the USSR circa 1930.
“Amper” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Ampere”.
“Ampere” [Amper] (cover name in the Venona decryptions): “Ampere” does not occur in Vassiliev’s
notebooks but is in the Venona decryptions. Venona indicates “Ampere” was married to “Cora”,
“Cora” is identified in Vassiliev’s notebooks as Emma Phillips, consequently, “Ampere” was
Emma Phillips’ husband. 18
Amrusco: American-Russian Trade and Engineering Consultants.
Amsterdam Conference: Organized by S. J. Rutgers on instructions of the Comintern to assist in
coordination the new Western European Communist parties.
Amsterdam-Pleyel movement: Press and informal term for the World Committee for the Fight Against
Imperialist War and Fascism that met first in Amsterdam and later issued a major appeal from the
Salle Pleyel in Paris.
------------------------------------
17Harvey Klehr and Ronald Radosh, The Amerasia Spy Case: Prelude to McCarthyism (Chapel Hill:
University of North Carolina Press, 1996).
18Venona 1791 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 December 1944. In this message “Cora’s” husband is
referred to by both the cover name “Ampere” and “Roy.” FBI/NSA judged that both referred to the same
person, redacted the real name in both cases.

Amtorg: Amerikanskaia torgovaia kompaniia – American Trading Company: Soviet import-export
agency in the United States. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Factory”.
“Amur” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cupid”.
A.N.: Akademia Nauk: Academy of Sciences.
AN USSR: Akademia Nauk: Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
AN/APN-12: American military airborne interrogation and rendezvous device.
AN/APS-1: American military airborne radar searching, mapping and bombing device.
AN/APS-12: American military airborne fire control radar.
AN/APS-2: American military radar bombsight.
“Anatoli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Anatoly”.
“Anatoly” [Anatoli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer/agent Berlin 1950.
AN/CPQ-1: American military radar proximity fuse.
AN-CRT-4: American military radio transmitting equipment.
Anderson, ?: FBI source claimed by Samuel Dickstein in 1939.
Anderson, Clinton: Secretary of Agriculture.
Anderson, H.L.: Senior scientist involved with construction of the first nuclear reactor at the Manhattan
atomic project facility at the University of Chicago.
“Andi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Andy”.
Andrews, Bert: Washington reporter.
“Andrey” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed KGB officer/agent. References to in 1934.
“Andy” [Andi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified outgoing GRU station chief 1945.
“Angel” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Tamara Ullman-Pogorelskaya.
Anglo-Persian Oil.
“Angora” [Angore] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): United States of America, 1930s.
“Angore” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Angora”.
Anikiyev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Anilobyednineniye: State Association of Aniline and Ink Factories.
“Anna” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence agent, a Volga German
trained for dropping behind German lines in the USSR in 1941.
“Announcer” [Diktor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Donovan. “Announcer” as “Radio
Announcer” was identified as Donovan in the Venona decryptions.
“Ant” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mrs. Kristel Fuchs Heineman. “Ant” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Kristel Fuchs Heineman.
Ant, John: Misspelling for John Abt.
“Antenna” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Julius Rosenberg prior to September 1944. “Antenna”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Julius Rosenberg. 19
Anthony (Given name used as a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Likely Anthony Blunt. U.K. cover
name of KGB agent/contact with relationship to Michael Straight, 1937-1939.
Anti-Defamation League: (organization, institution). Ameican Jewish organization.
Anti-Trust Division, U.S. Department of Justice.
“Anton” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Leonid Kvasnikov, KGB officer. “Anton” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Kvasnikov.
Antonoff, N. C.: See N.C. Antonov.
Antonov, N.C.: Former employee of Amtrog oil department, 1930. Also known as N.C. Antonoff.
“Anya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified international courier for illegal station, 30s.
References to in 1934, 1938.
------------------------------------
19 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

AOMOS or A.O.M.O.S.: Administrative Department of the Militia of Moscow Oblast.
Apresyan, Stepan Zakharovich: Soviet intelligence officer. Acting chief of KGB station in New York in
1944 and chief of the San Francisco station in 1945. Apresyan was identified in the Venona
decryptions as a KGB officer with the cover name “May”. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“May”.
Apriyevsky, Petr: member of the USSR Osoaviakhim, 1932.
ARA: American Relief Administration
Aragon, Louis: French poet and Communist.
Aralov, Simon I. : Senior GRU officer, 1920s, 1930s.
“Arch” [Duga] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Frank Ullman.
Archibald, E.W.: Described as an official of the State Department. Suspected of being a fake name in a
fraudulent document.
“Archimedes” [Arkhimed] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer in U.S., 1935.
Arcos: Soviet foreign trade agency in the United Kingdom.
Arcos-America: predecessor to Amtorg.
“Arena” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Gerald Graze, 1943-1945. 20
Arenal, Leopol [Leopolo]: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Mexican Communist. Leopol Arenal helped to
organize and participated in an armed assault on the Mexican home of Leon Trotsky, the exiled
Soviet leader, in 1940. Elizabeth Bentley identified Leopol Arenal as one of Jacob Golos’s secret
correspondence through a mail drop via his sister-in-law Rose Arenal. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Alexander”. 21
Arenal, Rose: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Elizabeth Bentley identified Rose Arenal as a mail drop
used by Jacob Golos to remain in contact with covert American and Mexican Communist in
Mexico, chiefly engaged in anti-Trotsky operations. 22
Argentina: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Rio”
“Argo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ernest Hemingway.
“Arkady” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, Vienna KGB station,
1954.
“Arkhimed” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Archimedes”.
“Arkhip” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, 1934, likely in
Berlin.
Arma Engineering: Machine and tool company in New York.
Armasha: Diminutive form of Armand.
“Armor” [Bronya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harold Smeltzer starting in October 1944. A
technical intelligence source at Bell aircraft. References to in 1945. “Armor” (earlier “Stamp”)
was identified in the Venona decryptions as a redacted name for a source at Bell Aircraft in New
York. 23
------------------------------------
20 “Arena” appeared in Venona and was identified by NSA/FBI as the cover name of Mary Price in
messages of April and May 1944 and as unidentified in a message of June 1943. Appendix A, Haynes and
Klehr, Venona [2000]. In light of the detail supplied in the Vassiliev notebooks, NSA/FBI’s identification
of “Arena” in the Venona cables as Mary Price appeared to be incorrect.
21 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 10–11. An unidentified cover name “Alexander” appears in Venona
associated with Central and South American operations, and Arenal would be a candidate for that
“Alexander.” Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
22 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 10–11.
23 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Army Security Agency, U.S.: Chief U.S. cryptologic service. Successor to Army Signals Intelligence
Service and predecessor to the National Security Agency.
Arnall, Ellis: Democratic Governor of Georgia, 1943-1947.
“Arno” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Gold, October 1944 to 1950. “Arno” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as Harry Gold. 24
“Arnol'd” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Arnold”.
“Arnold” [Arnol'd] (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Andrew Steiger. “Arnold” does not appear in
Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks but “Fakir” appears as is identified as Andrew Steiger. In the
Venona decryptions, “Fakir” was unidentified but indicates that the cover name was changed to
“Arno” in October 1944. 25
Aronberg, Mrs. Philip (real name).
Aronberg, Philip: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Veteran CPUSA cadre. GRU agent Nicholas
Dozenberg stated that he had recruited Philip Aronberg for GRU assignments and a 1942 KGB
document in the Comintern archives indicates he had a connection with KGB. 26
Aronoff, Edwin: Described as a lawyer and secret Communist whom Browder consulted in 1945.
Aronovich, ??: Described as an employee in the visa section of the American embassy in Paris.
Arrow: See Strela.
“Arsen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, Communist,
technical intelligence 1942. Associated with Julius Rosenberg.
“Arsenal” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. War Department. “Arsenal” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as the U.S. War Department.
“Arseny” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer. “Arseny” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as KGB officer Andrey Ivanovich Shevchenko. Shevchenko may be the
pseudonym used the in the U.S. by KGB officer Andrey Ivanovich Raina.
“Art” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Koral beginning in September 1944. “Art” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Helen Koral. 27
“Artem” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): A. Slavyagin, KGB officer. “Artem” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as likely the cover name of either G. N. Ogloblin or M.N. Khvostov, two
young Soviet diplomatic staff. Those latter two names may be pseudonyms, and A. Slavyagin
identified in Vassiliev’s notebooks as “Artem” may be the real name of one of the former.
“Arthur” See “Artur”
Artiksnab: Unidentified Soviet agency, 1933.
“Artist” [Khudozhnik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as Jacob Golos’s source at
McClure’s Newspaper syndicate in 1939. Likely Elizabeth Bentley.
Artkino Pictures, Inc.: Soviet agency that distributed Soviet motion picture films in the United States.
Successor to Amkino.
“Artur” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Illegal operating in Mexico, 1941-1943, with “Express
Messenger” as one of his couriers. Likely Iosif R. Grigulevich. References to in 1944 and 1947.
(Alternative translation: Arthur) “Artur”) was identified in the Venona decryptions as an
unidentified KGB officer in Central and Sourth America and is linked to “Express Messenger. “
------------------------------------
24 Appendix A (“Arnold” used rather than the correct “Arno”), Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
25 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
26 “Comintern Apparatus Summary Report,” 15 December 1944, serial 3702, FBI Comintern
Apparatus file; Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World of
American Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 46–49.
27 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Grigulevich is identified with the cover name “Arthur” in the early 1940s when operating in
Central and South America in Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield and the
Schecters, Sacred Secrets. Robert Louis Benson also concluded that the unidentified “Artur”
cover name in the Venona decryptions on several South American communications lines was
Grigulevich. 28
Artuzov, Artur Khristyanovich: Chief of INO OGPU, 1931-1935. Executed in Stalin’s Terror, 1937.
Asimow, Morris: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Asimow told the FBI that in the mid-1930s he was a
metallurgist for Carnegie Illinois Steel, a Chicago subsidiary of U.S. Steel, and he covertly
furnished Soviet agent William Crane with formula for making steel alloys. 29 Whittaker
Chambers, without providing a name, noted that Boris Bykov’s network included an industrial spy
at the laboratory of a Chicago steel firm. However, Chambers did identify William Crane as part
of his and Bykov’s apparatus. The FBI interviewed Crane, he cooperated in part, and that let the
FBI to Morris Asimow. See Azizov, Harry.
“Aspirant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Graduate Student.”
Assembly of International Student Organizations: Unclear what organization is referenced.
ASSR: Avtonomnaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika — Autonomous Soviet Socialist
Republic.
“Astrologer” [“Zvesdochet”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See T. Keith Glennan.
Atherton, Ray: State Department official, 1944.
“Athlete” [Atlet]” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Agent or source circa 1948-49.
“Atlet” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Athlete”.
Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. (AEC).
“Attila” (cover name in Venona): Likely Linn Farish.
Attlee, Clement: British Labour Party leader and Prime Minister in 1945.
“Attorney” [Advokat] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
late 20s and deactivated early 30s.
“August” [Avgust] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer. Likely Gavriil
Panchenko. “August” is described as Julius Rosenberg’s KGB control officer in the late 1940s.
Alexander Feklisov identifies Rosenberg’s case officer as Gabriel (Gavriil) Panchenko. 30
Austria: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Zoniya”, 1950.
“Author” [Avtor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1939-1941.
Likely Corliss Lamont. Author in 1939-41 was described as “a millionaire. Chairman of the
Society of Friends of the Sov. Union. Recruited in Moscow”. Corliss Lamont was a millionaire,
chairman of the Society of Friends of the Soviet Union, and had visited Moscow.
“Author” [Avtor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vladimir Borisovich Morkovin in 1945. “Author”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Morkovin.
“Avangard” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Vanguard”.
Avdeyev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Avgust” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “August”.
Avia Corporation.
------------------------------------
28 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 99–101; Jerrold L. Schecter and Leona Schecter,
Sacred Secrets: How Soviet Intelligence Operations Changed American History (Washington, DC:
Brassey’s, 2002), 61–62; Robert L. Benson, The Venona Story (Ft. Meade, MD: Center for Cryptologic
History, National Security Agency, 2001), 50.
29 Sam Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers: A Biography (New York: Random House, 1997), 115.
30 Alexander Feklisov and Sergei Kostin, The Man Behind the Rosenbergs, trans. Catherine Dop (New
York: Enigma Books, 2001), 283, 286.

Aviakhim: Soviet volunteer society that promoted aviation and chemical industries. Later merged with a
military civil defense organizatin, Oso, to form a broad civil defense organization – Osoavikhim.
“Aviator” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent reporting to
the KGR San Francisco station, 1943. Context suggests a Soviet with some official Soviet
connection.
Avinavitsky, ?: Red Army general, chief of the War Academy of Chemical Defense in the 1930s, executed
in Stalin’s Terror.
Avtodor: Early Soviet society promoting automobiles and roads.
“Avtor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Author”.
Azerbaijan: Soviet tanker ship.
Azizov, Harry: Described as a former employee of a steel-smelting company in Chicago. A December
1948 Gorsky memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 31 Chambers in Witness did not discuss a Harry
Azizov. However, see Asimow, Morris. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “116 th ”.
Azneft: Soviet oil industry agency.
B.: Initial of an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in Mexico in 1950.
B. (initial of a real name in the Venona decryptions): See Joseph Bauer.
“Bab” and Bab’s wife (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
officer/agents, references to in 1950.
“Bab” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as “A senator, vice chairman of the Senate Finance
Committee. Visited the USSR”. References to in 1933 as having been a circa-1928 contact via an
questionable agent. Likely Senator William H. King (D. Utah), who visited the USSR in 1923 and
in 1933 was the ranking majority member of the Senate Finance Committee. The Senate Finance
Committee, like other Senate committee, did not have a “vice-chairman”, but the ranking majority
member was the second ranking position after the chairman. (Alternative translation: Bob).
“Bab” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): described in 1934 as employed by the International Press
Division of DOS. (Alternative translation: Bob).
“Babylon” [Vavilon] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): San Francisco. “Babylon” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as San Francisco.
“Bachelor” [Kholostoy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1934. Described as technical source recruited in Germany, stopped cooperating in U.S.
Bachrach, Marion: Soviet intelligence source. Secret Communist, John Abt’s sister. Secretary to one term
(1937-1938) U.S. Representative from Minnesota John Bernard, a Farmer-Labor Party member
aligned with the CPUSA (he formally joined the CPUSA later in his life). On Adolf Berle’s 1939
list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks.
KGB sent the Comintern a vetting inquity about her in 1942, and received a positive report. 32
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Reyna”.
“Back Street” [Zakoulok] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): British Foreign Office.
Badger, E.B., and Sons: Major American construction company.
Bagayev, ?: Described as an employee fired from Amtrog, 1930.
Bagdatiev, Sergey: Bolshevik leader of Armenian background.
Bailey, H.: Described as head of United Press in 1944.
------------------------------------
31 Anatoly Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938–48),” in Black Notebook, Alexander Vassiliev, 77–79.
32 On Bachrach Communist background and her work for Rep. Bernard, a strong ally of the CPUSA,
see Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 318–19 and Hope Hale Davis, Great Day Coming: A
Memoir of the 1930s (South Royalton, Vt.: Steerforth Press, 1994), 69; John J. Abt, Advocate and
Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer, assisted by Michael Myerson (Urbana: University
of Illinois Press, 1993), 40–41.

“Bak” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): David Weintraub.
Baker, Nicholas: Pseudonym used by Niels Bohr when visiting the Manhattan atomic project.
Baker, Oliver Edwin: leading authority agricultural geography, USDA.
Baker, Rudy: Senior CPUSA cadre and head of its covert arm from 1938 until the end of WWII. Baker
appears in the Venona decryptions under his Comintern cover name of Son” [Syn] and is a likely
candidate for the cover name Rudy” [Rudi] in the GRU line. 33 Candidate for the cover name
“Rudy”.
Bakhmetyev, Boris Alexandrovich: Ambassador to the United States of the Russian Provisional
government, engineer and philanthropist.
Balakirev, Mily A. : Russian composer.
Balamut, ?: Golos recommended for recruitment on technical line in 1942.
“Bald Mountain” [Lysaya Gora] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): The project to investigate/cultivate
Time magazine and its staff as an private intelligence agency that could be infiltrated and used as a
source.
Baldwin, Calvin. B.: Assistant chair of CIO-PAC and former administrator of Farm Security
Administration. Secret Communist. 34
Baldwin, Roger: Leading figure in the American Civil Liberties Union.
Baliyev, Nikita: Head of the cabaret-theater “The Bat”.
Ball, Joseph: U.S. Senator (R. MN, 1939-1948)
Ballenstedt, George: Described as New York Police official involved in antiradical activities.
“Ballona” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Balloon”.
“Balloon” [Ballona] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Atomic bomb. A partially decoded cover name,
“Bal...”, appeared in the Venona decryptions that NSA/FBI judged from the context to likely be
“Balloon” and atomic bomb.
“Bank” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. State Department. “Bank” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as the State Department.
“Bankers” [Bankiry] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): In 1939-1945 cover name for project of
cultivating Trotskyists.
“Bankiry” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bankers”.
“Bar” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Institution to which Charlie/Cedric Belfrage was connected in
1943. Likely the British SIS’s American arm, British Security Coordination. “Bar” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as British Security Coordination.
“Bark” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): CPUSA member used by Akhmerov to run a restaurant in
DC in 1942. “Bark” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified. 35
Bark: See “Kora”.
Barkley, Alben : U.S. Senator (D. Kentucky), later Vice-President of the United States.
Barkovsky, Vladimir B.: KGB officer in London, later at Moscow Center. Candidate for cover names
“Allen” and “Glan”.
Barnett, A. G.: Described as an official of the Department of the Interior. Suspected of being a fake name
in a fraudulent document.
Barr, Joel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist, electrical engineer with Army Signal Corps
laboratories. Member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence apparatus. Identified in the
------------------------------------
33 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. On Barker’s role as head of the CPUSA covert
apparatus, see Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 59–60, 83–95, 99–103, 119–21, 147–50, 205–
15, 225, 230–32, 147–48.
34 On Baldwin’s secret Communist allegiances, see John Gates to Joseph Starobin, undated, Box 10,
folder 2, Philip Jaffe Papers, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
35 Venona 975 KGB New York to Moscow, 11 July 1944.

Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Secretly defected to the USSR when Julius
Rosenberg was arrested. 36 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Scout” prior to September
1944, then “Meter”.
Barromeo, Tony: Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by Martha Dodd.
Barron, Victor: American Comintern agent who died after arrest in the failed Prestes coup in Brazil.
Barrows, Alice: Employee U.S. Office of Education from 1919 to 1942, staff CPUSA’s Abraham Lincoln
School in 1944, and in 1948 official of the Progressive Party. In a 1945 Venona message KGB
reported that she gave a source unspecified information under unclear circumstances. Invoked the
fifth amendment to questions regarding CPUSA membership from a congressional committee. 37
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Young Woman”.
“Bars” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Leopard”.
Baruch, Bernard: Prominent American financial leader and influential public figure.
Baruch, Herman: Brother of Bernard Baruch.
“Base” [Baza] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Portnov’s house in Philadelphia
Basedow’s disease: A thyroid disorder better known in the U.S. as Graves disease.
“Bat” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): John Abt. (Abt’s cover name appears to be an anagram of his
real name.)
Bat, The [Letuchaya Mysh]: Russian cabaret-theater (1918-1928) run by Nikita Baliyev.
Batchelor, Highland G.: Described as vice chairman of operations at the WPB, 1945
Batt, William Loren: Vice-Chairman of the U.S. War Production Board, 1941-1945, specialized in
industrial materials, machinery, and tools issues.
“Battering Ram” [Taran] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified aviation expert, target of
recruitment visited USSR, 1937.
Battle: See “Boy”.
Bauer, Joseph: Candidate for “Bugle”. Bauer worked at Republic Aviation in New York at the time when
“Bugle” was active. A September 1944 KGB cable stated that KGB source “Stamp”/Smeltzer
(employed at Bell Aircraft) had introduced “Arseny”/Shevchenko to “‘Stamp’s’ friend ‘B.’” (an
initial of a real name), who was identified as working at Republic Aviation. “B”. provided
“Arseny” with information on Republic Aviation’s work on the American version of the German
V-1 ram jet missile. The message also relates that Julius Rosenberg provided information on the
same project. FBI/NSA identified “B”. but redacted the name (as it did for “Stamp” as well),
likely indicating that when confronted, “B”. had cooperated with FBI. In reports on the Rosenberg
case, the FBI asked David Greenglass about his knowledge of Harold Smeltzer and Joseph Bauer
and of possible Julius Rosenberg’s contact with them. This suggests that by that point the Venona
message on “Stamp” and “Bugle” had been broken, Smeltzer and Bauer identified, and FBI was
checking with Gold to see if he knew of any Rosenberg contact with them because of the common
link over the American V-1. This suggests that Bauer is a candidate for the name behind the initial
“B”. who later appears in the Venona decryptions in November 1944 and in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks in 1945 with the cover name “Bugle”. 38
Bayer, Karl: Described as pro-Nazi German-American.
------------------------------------
36Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Steven Usdin, Engineering Communism (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005).
37Venona 3706 KGB Washington to Moscow, 29 June 1945; Testimony of Alice Barrows, 28 June
1953, U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments
[Hearings] (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953), part 12, 830–40.
38Venona 1327 KGB New York to Moscow; Report on Paul Gibson interview with David Greenglass,
30 July 1953, FBI Rosenberg file, see ref batch 24, 65-15478, serial 296

Bayer, Theodore: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Senior CPUSA official. President of the CPUSAaligned
Russky Golos Publishing Company and manager of Soviet Russia Today. Elizabeth
Bentley stated that Jacob Golos identified Bayer as a GRU source. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source for GRU (GRU cover name “Simon”). 39
“Baza” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Base”.
Bazarov, Boris: KGB illegal station chief mid-30s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nord”.
Beam, Jacob: US State Department Chief, Division of Central European Affairs (1947-49).
“Beam” [Luch] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer, 1933-1934. Described as
a medical doctor working under Red Cross cover. Likely Dr. Grigory Rabinovich, a KGB officer
operating under Red Cross cover who arrived in the U.S. in 1933.
“Beam” [Luch] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Frank Oppenheimer in 1943.
“Beam” [Luch] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1948.
“Bear Cubs” [Medvezhata] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Republicans and Republican Party,
circa 1944. “Bear Cubs” were identified in the Venona decryptions as Republicans.
“Beaver-Cloth” [Bobrik] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent. First name William and worked for the Red Cross at some point in 1942-1944.
Appears to have been a Communist recruited via CPUSA channels. “Beaver-Cloth” appeared in
the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1943. 40
“Beck” [Bek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sergey Kurnakov starting in September 1944. “Beck”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Kurnakov. 41
Bederson, Benjamin: Target of recruitment. Member of the Army Special Engineer Detachment at
Manhattan atomic project Los Alamos, later a senior physicist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Wrench”.
Beer: See “Bir”.
“Beetle” [Zhuk] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
associated with the “Park and Davis” firm, an unknown entify.
“Beginner” [Novichok]: See “Novice”.
“Bek” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Beck”.
Beker, Johanna Koenen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Daughter of the prominent German Communist
William Koenen. After the Nazi seizure of power in Germany, Johanna Beker moved to Moscow
where she worked as a translator for American businessmen. By her own testimony, she was
recruited by the KGB in 1937 to spy on visiting Americans and then sent to the United States in
1939. KGB assigned her to the network run by Jack Soble and Robert Soblen in 1942. She
worked for Soblen as a courier and later testified against him at his trial in 1961. Candidate for
cover names “Clemence” and “Lee”. 42
Belfrage, Cedric: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Officer of British Security Coordination Office.
Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 43 Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Charlie” in 1944.
Belitsky, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
------------------------------------
39 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Elizabeth Bentley and Hayden B. Peake, Out of
Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley (New York: Ivy Books, 1988), 104.
40 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
41 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
42 Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 372.
43 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Bentley and Peake, Out of Bondage, 42–43, 92,
95.

“Belka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Squirrel”.
Bell Telephone Laboratories: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Administration”.
“Belov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Jacob Albam.
Belyaev: Described as a French musical publishing form.
Belyaev, Petr Aleksandrovich Soviet intelligence officer, technical intelligence, 1943, probably aviation
related. Inspector of Soviet Government Purchasing Commission at aircraft plants and identified
as “Mikhailov” (as “Mikhajlov”) in the Venona decryptions. Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks:
“Mikhailov”.
Belye (Russian political terminology): See Whites.
“Ben” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet station chief in San Francisco, mid-30s.
“Ben” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified, known to Alexander Koral in the 1930s, possibly
associate of Rosenbliett network.
Bendix corporation. Major aviation, electronics, and automotive parts supplier.
Bendix, Vincent: Inventor and chief owner Bendix corporation.
Benes, Bohus: Soviet intelligence contact. Czechoslovak government-in-exile consul, San Francisco.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boss”.
Benes, Eduard [Beneš, Eduard]: Leading figure of the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Brother”.
Benetskaya, ?: Described as an employee fired from Amtrog, 1930.
Bengz, Grace Ellen: Contact of “Liberal” and “Grin”.
Benson, Elmer: Former U.S. senator and governor of Minnesota (Farmer-Labor) and head of the National
Citizens Political Action Committee.
Bentley, Charles P.: Elizabeth Bentley’s father.
Bentley, Edwin L.: Elizabeth Bentley’s paternal grandfather.
Bentley, Elizabeth: Soviet intelligence agent. Assistant and lover of Jacob Golos, liaison between CPUSA
and Soviet intelligence and creator of several espionage networks of covet Communists that he
linked to KGB. After Golos’ death Bentley took over supervision of his networks until KGB took
direct control in 1944. Defected 1945. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 44 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Artist” in 1939, “Clever Girl” (circa 1940
until August 1944), then “Myrna”.
Benton, William Burnett: U.S. Senator (D. CT, 1949-1953), Assistant Secretary of State, 1945-1947.
Berard, Armand: Senior French diplomat in Washington, 1945-1949.
Berdecio, Marion Davis: Married name of Marion Davis. See Marion Davis.
Berding, Andrew: Senior OSS officer.
“Bereg” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Shore”.
“Berg” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Koral. “Berg” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as unidentified but in a context that suggests Alexander Koral. 45
Berger, ?: Described as a contact of Martha Dodd in Berlin, possibly Gottlob Berger.
Berger, Gottlob: Senior SS officer.
Berger, Harry (pseudonym): see Arthur Ewert.
Berger, Stanley: Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1940.
Beria, Lavrenty: Long-time Stalin associate. Became chief of the NKVD in late 1938 and held the post
until 1946. Stalin later gave Beria the additional duty of supervising of the Soviet atomic bomb
------------------------------------
44 Bentley, “Deposition 1945”; Bentley and Peake, Out of Bondage; Kathryn S. Olmsted, Red Spy
Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002); Lauren
Kessler, Clever Girl: Elizabeth Bentley’s Life in and Out of Espionage (New York: HarperCollins, 2003);
Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
45 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

project as well as other important wartime assignments. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Pavel” and “Petrov”.
Beriya: See Beria.
Berkman, Alexander: Leading American Anarchist (Russian-born) deported to Soviet Russia in 1919,
became highly critical of Soviet communism, and moved to Britain in 1921 and then to France.
Berlin, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent know to Jacob Golos and later arrested in the purge of the
security services. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Stark”.
Berlin, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Berman, Boris: KGB officer, chief of the Berlin station in the early 1930s. Later an aide to A.A. Slutsky.
Murdered in Stalin’s Terror.
“Berni” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Berny”.
Bernstein, Bernard: Treasury Department official, Colonel, U.S. Army, and Financial Adviser to General
Dwight D. Eisenhower for Civil Affairs and Military Government, 1942-45; Director, Finance
Division and Division of Investigation of Cartels and External Assets, U.S. Group Control
Commission for Germany, 1944-45.
Bernstein, Oscar: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Lawyer, used for organizing covers. A 1948 Gorsky
memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 46 Chambers did not discuss Oscar Bernstein in Witness.
Bernsten, Richard: Spelling error in the original for Bransten, Richard.
“Berny” [Berni] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1945. Head of an unidentified group. Possibly a CPUSA apparatus.
Berny (party name): Bernard Redmont.
Berzin, Yan Karlovich: founder and long-time chief of GRU. Executed in Stalin’s purge of the intelligence
services in the late 1930s.
“Betti” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Betty”.
“Betty” [Betti] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vasily Zarubin in 1935 and later 1930s.
Beurton, Ursula ((real name): Married name of Ursula Kuczynski.
Bevan, Aneurin: British Labour Party politician prominent on the left wing of the party.
Bevin, Ernest: British Foreign Secretary, Labour government, 1945.
BEW: Board of Economic Warfare, U.S.
Beymut, ?: Described as a associate of Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest Lawrence. Appears to be a variant
spelling of John Veymut.
Biberman, Herbert: Hollywood writer. Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by Martha
Dodd.
Bidault, Georges-Augustin: French political figure and head of three French governments, 1946-1950.
Biddle, Francis: U.S. Attorney General, 1941-1945.
“Big House” [Bol'shoy Dom] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Communist International. “Big
House” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Communist International.
“Bill” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed KGB officer/agent. References to in 1935.
Bill (party name): William Browder.
“Bir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alfred Slack starting in October 1944. (Alternative translation:
Beer) “Bir” (translated as “Beer”) appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet
intelligence source/agent, earlier “Ell”. 47
Birkin, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center
Biryuzov, Sergey Semenovich: Senior Soviet general, 1945.
Bissell, John T.: Senior U.S. Army counterintelligence officer.
------------------------------------
46 Gorsky, “Failures in the USA,” 77–79.
47 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

“Black” [Cherny] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Thomas Black prior to October 1944. “Black” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Thomas Black. 48
Black, Hugo: Justice, U.S. Supreme Court.
Black, Thomas Lessing: Soviet intelligence source/agent, technological line. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 49 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Black” (prior to
October 1944), then “Peter”.
Blair & Co.: Described as American financial firm, 1927.
Blaisdell, Thomas: Described as the supervisor of Victor Perlo at the WPB.
“Blanco” [Blanko] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence apparatus, 1943.
“Blanko” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Blanco”.
“Blerio” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Stanislav Shumovsky, KGB officer, aviation espionage.
“Blerio” as “Bleriot” was identified as Shumovsky in the Venona decryptions. 50
Bleriot: see “Blerio”
“Blin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Pancake”.
“Blizky” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Near”.
“Block” [Blok] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Stephen Urevich starting in September 1944.
“Block” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 51
Block, Louis: Secret Communist, staff of Social Security Board, friend of Gregory Silvermaster in the
1930s.
“Blok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Block”.
Bloom, Solomon: U.S. Representative (D. NY) 1923-1950.
“Blue Tit” [Sinitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vladimir Stepankowsky. “Blue Tit” appeared in
the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet source whose activities were compatible with
those of Stepankowsky.
Blum, Leon: French socialist political leader, 1930s, prime minister of a popular front government, 1936-
1937.
Blumberg, Albert: Chief of the CPUSA in Maryland and the District of Columbia.
Blunt, Anthony: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cambridge don, art expert, and British intelligence
officer during WWII who was a Soviet agent from the mid-1930s onward, one of the “Cambridge
Five”. 52 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Anthony” (given name used as a cover name,
1937-1939), “Tony” (1940-42), & “Johnson” (1946).
------------------------------------
48Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
49Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
50 "Blerio" after Louis Bleriot, French engineer who had crossed the English channel in 1909.
51Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
52Straight provided a partial account of his recruitment and relationship with Soviet espionage in
Michael Whitney Straight, After Long Silence (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983). Additional information is
provided in John Earl Haynes, “Speak No Evil, Michael Straight: After Long Silence,” Chronicles of
Culture 7, no. 11 (1983); Sidney Hook, “The Incredible Story of Michael Straight,” Encounter [Great
Britain], December 1983; Robert King, “Treason and Traitors,” Society 26, no. 5 (July-August 1989);
Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Random House, 1997), 183–84; Nigel
West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at the Heart of the KGB Archives (New
Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 112–13, 116, 130–34, 174; Robert Cecil, “The Cambridge
Comintern,” in The Missing Dimension: Governments and Intelligence Communities in the Twentieth
Century, ed. Christopher M. Andrew and David Dilks (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984). John
Costello, Mask of Treachery (New York: W. Morrow, 1988).

“Boar” [Kaban] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Winston Churchill. “Boar” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Churchill.
Board of Economic Warfare, U.S. (BEW): Predecessor to the Foreign Economic Administration.
“Boatman” [Lodochnik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Glushinsky. References to in 1935.
“Bob” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Krotov, Soviet intelligence officer in the U.S., 1947-
1950 NY. “Bob” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Boris Krotov on the London-
Moscow channel in 1945.
“Bob” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Menaker, early 1940s. “Bob” was identified in the
Venona decryptions in 1943-1944 as Robert Menaker. 53
“Bob” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB source/agent in 1935. Likely Robert Menaker but
possibly someone else.
Bob: Robert Miller’s party name.
Bob (work name/pseudonym): Work name/pseudonym by which Harold Glasser referred to Alger Hiss
when communicating with KGB.
“Bobrik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Beaver-Cloth”. (Alternative translation: Castor)
Bochkarev, Grigory Emelyanovich: Crew on the Soviet tanker “Azerbaijan”.
Bochkareva, Maria Leontievna: Member of the 1st Russian Women's Battalion of Death organized under
the Kerensky government. Author of a memoir, Yashka: My Life As Peasant, Exile, and Soldier
(1919), written with the assistance of Isaac Don Levine. Executed by the Bolsheviks in 1920.
(Alternative translation: Mariya Bochkarëva).
Bochkovsky, ?: Described as a Ukrainian nationalist leader in exile.
Boerger, Frederic: Described as sister of Ruth Boerger and daughter of Frederick G. Boerger, either an
error for Fredericka or a confusion with the father’s name.
Boerger, Frederick G.: Father of Ruth Boerger.
Boerger, Ruth: Soviet intelligence contact, American Communist, wife of GRU officer Arnold Ikal. Part of
the Robinson/Rubens case. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “American”.
Bogart, Michael: Born in Odessa, Russia as Mikhail Samoylovich Bogart. Soviet intelligence
source/agent. Technical source on the West Coast. Bother of Burton Perry. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sam”.
“Bogdan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer. References to in
1945.
Bogdanov, Piotr A.: Chairman of Amtorg, 1930.
Bogomolov, Alexandr: Soviet ambassador to France, 1949
Bohle, ?: Described as German agent working against the Soviets.
Bohlen, Charles: Senior American diplomat and Soviet specialist.
Bohr, Niels: Danish physicist working with the British atomic bomb program.
Bolles, E. Blair: Journalist and official of the Foreign Policy Association, late 1940s.
Bolshakov, Ivan G.,: Soviet Minister of Film, 1946-1953.
Bolsheviks: Extremist wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party led by Vladimir Lenin,
opponents of the Mensheviks, later adopting the name Communists.
Bol'shoy Dom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Big House”.
“Bolt” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Inoke N. Varie (also know as Innokenty Nikol. Vorozheyka).
“Bolt” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 54
“Bom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bomb”.
“Bomb” [Bom] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Secretary of War, circa 1944.
------------------------------------
53 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
54 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Bonnet, Henri: French ambassador to the U.S., 1947-1948.
Book (KGB tradecraft term): A passport or other travel and identification documentation.
Bookbinder, George: OSS officer.
Bookman, Henry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boos”. 55
“Bor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Richard Waldo.
Borah, William: U.S. Senator, 1907-1940 (R. Idaho).
Bordovsky, ?: Soviet official involved in advanced technology.
“Boris” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent in 1947 described as
having been in the U.S. in an earlier period.
Borisovsky-Meltser, ?: KGB officer, Anglo-American sector, late 1920s.
Bormann, Martin: Senior Nazi official.
Born, Max: Leading theoretical physicist.
Borodin, ?: described as official of Soyuzbumaga.
Borodin, Norman: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Granite”.
“Boruch” [Borukh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed agent, NY residencey. References to
in 1935.
“Borukh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Boruch”.
“Boss” [Khozyain] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bohus Benes.
“Boss” [Khozyain] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1940-1943.
Likely Henry Bookman. Described as owning a women’s fashion salon in which the KGB invested
$5,000. First name Henry. An FBI investigation of Iskhak Akhmerov’s activities established that
“Henry Bookman”, the owner of “Henry Bookman Inc”. provided business cover for Akhmerov’s
activities. 56
“Bough” [Suk] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945.
“Bough” under the transliteration “Suk” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Bowers, Claude: U.S. ambassador to Spain, 1933-1939.
“Boy” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Charles Flato in 1944-45. 57
“Boy” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Sherman, December 1945 (note overlap with Charles
Flato). 58
“Boy” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Dodd, William, jr., 1936-1939. 59
Boyarsky, ?: Lieutenant Colonel of State Security.
Boyd, Helen: Maiden name of Helen Boyd Duggan.
Boyev, ?: Senior Soviet official, 1933.
Boyev, Ivan V.: Chairman of Amtorg, mid-1930s.
------------------------------------
55 Serials 813, 816, 843 of Iskhak Akhmerov FBI file 65-57905. Andrew and Mitrokhin translate
Bookman’s real name from the Russian as “Buchman” and translate the cover name as “Employer.”
Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 106, 109.
56 Serials 813, 816, 843 of Iskhak Akhmerov FBI file 65-57905. Andrew and Mitrokhin translate
Bookman’s real name from the Russian as “Buchman” and translate the cover name as “Employer.”
Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 106, 109.
57 The original word in Russian is Бой (Boy), and Бой in Russian is translated as Battle, Combat, or
Struggle but terms of that sort were rarely used as cover names. However, Бой phontically transliterated
into English is Boy. Often KGB used Cyrillic to phonetically spell out an English word, and Boy is the
translation choice made here.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.

Bradley, Omar: Senior American Army general.
Bragg, Peter N.: Chemist involved in the Manhattan atomic project.
“Brahms” [Brams] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source. William Perl is a
candidate for “Brahms”.
Brakhtman, ?: Soviet naval officer, rank junior captain.
“Brams” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Brahms”.
Bransten Louise (real name). Soviet intelligence source/agent. Born in San Francisco in 1908, the only
child of a wealthy Jewish merchant who founded a produce company, Louise Rosenberg inherited
more than a million dollars from her parents. Married and then divorced from Richard Bransten, a
prominent Communist journalist, she was active in the American-Russian Institute in San
Francisco. Her association with Grigory Kheifets, diplomat at the Soviet consulate in San
Franciso (and KGB San Francisco station chief) was so close that she was frequently referred to as
his mistress. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Map”.
Bransten, Richard: see Minton, Bruce.
“Bras” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Klaus Fuchs, 1950s.
“Brat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Brother”.
“Bratsky” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fraternal”. (Alternative translation: Brothers,
Brother Organization)
Brauchitsch, Walther von: Senior Wehrmacht commander.
“Braun” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, recruited in
1940, out of contact early 1941. (Alternative translation: Brown.)
Brave [Smel'y]: See “Plucky”.
Brecher, Ludwig: Romanian name of Louis Dolivet.
Brecht, Bertold: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Refugee German dramatist and KGB informant on
fellow refugee Germans. In the Venona decryptions a KGB informant with the cover name “Poet”
appears whom NSA/FBI identified as either Berthold Brecht or Berthold Viertel.
Bredis, ?: Officer in the OO OGPU in 1930.
Brent, Joe: Described as a journalist, intelligence source used by Samuel Dickstein.
Bretiel, Sam: Described as a U.S. officer delivering a report on heavy bombers.
“Brigadier” [Brigadir] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent, NY station, inventor
of some sort, possible Russian immigrant, mid-30s.
“Brigadir” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Brigadier”.
Briggs, Richard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Alfred Slack supplied technical information to the
Soviets via Briggs when working at Eastman Kodak in the late 1930s. 60 Likely candidate for the
cover name “Film”.
“Brit” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Armand Labis Feldman. Feldman was the pseudonym of Iosif
V. Volodarsky.
British embassy in the U.S.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Whirlpool”.
British Security Coordination Office: An arm of British SIS established in New York with U.S. government
permission. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bar” (1943).
“Broadway” [Brodvey] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): OSS London station cover name for British
SIS, 1945.
Brobsky, Joseph: CPUSA’s attorney in the 1930s and 1940s.
Broda, Engelbert: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Refugee Austrian physicist at Cambridge, secret
Communist and KGB source. Also known as Bertl Broda. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
------------------------------------
60 Katherine A.S. Sibley, Red Spies in America: Stolen Secrets and the Dawn of the Cold War
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 110; Robert J. Lamphere and Tom Shachtman, The FBI-
KGB War a Special Agent’s Story (Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1995), 167–68.

“Eric” (1943-44), “Quid” in 1945 “Eric”/Broda appears to be identical with the Soviet source “K”.
in West and Tsarev and Andrew and Mitrokhin. 61
“Brodvey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Broadway”.
Bron, Saul: Director of Amtorg, 1920s.
Bronislava, Litovkina: See Litovkina Moroz.
“Bronya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Armor”.
Brooks, ?: Described by Charles Kramer in 1945 as a former associate of James Byrnes (U.S. Senator and
Secretary of State). Possibly U.S. Senator Charles Brooks (R. Illinois).
“Brother” [Brat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Eduard Benes, circa 1944.
“Brother” [Brat] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technical intelligence, 1943, probably aviation related. “Brother” is associated with “Emulsion” in
1943, and likely “Brother” is “Emulsion’s brother” from 1938. “Brother” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, cover name changed to “Thomas”
in October 1944. 62 William Plourde is a candidate for “Thomas”/“Brother”. A deciphered KGB
cable suggested that William Plourde, an engineer at Bell aircraft, was a KGB source but no cover
name for him was given. Plourde, then, would be a candidate for “Brother”/“Thomas”. 63
“Brother Organization” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fraternal”.
“Brothers” [Bratsky] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fraternal”.
Brothman, Abraham: Soviet intelligence source/agent. A chemist. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as a
Soviet source with whom Jacob Golos worked. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Constructor” prior to October 1944,
changed to “Expert” in October 1944 and appeared as “Chrome Yellow” by February 1945 and
thereafter. 64
Broverman, Fred: Described as business associate of Jack Soble, 1952.
Browder, Earl: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. General Secretary of the CPUSA, supervised
CPUSA assistance to Soviet intelligence. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as authorizing and
overseeing her and Jacob Golos’s cooperation with Soviet intelligence. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet source/agent.
Identified in Comintern documents as assisting Soviet intelligence. 65 Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Helmsman” (1942-1945), “Shaman” (1946-).
Browder, Gladys: Earl Browder’s first wife.
Browder, Irena: Wife of Earl Browder. Born in Russia in 1895, to a father with German citizenship, Raisa
Borisovna Luganovskaia (also known as Raisa Berkman) grew up in Lithuania, then part of the
------------------------------------
61 British Security Service files Engelbert Broda (KV 2/2349-2354), released 4 September 2006 <
http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page526.html >. See also the unidentified cover name “K.” that appears to
be identical with “Eric”/Broda in Nigel West and Oleg Tsarev, The Crown Jewels: The British Secrets at
the Heart of the KGB Archives (London: HarperCollins, 1998), 231–33, 236; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Sword and the Shield, 114–15.
62Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
63Venona 1151 KGB New York to Moscow, 12 August 1944.
64Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 13–14; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; “Expert” does
not occur in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. The shift from “Constructor” to “Expert” is documented in
Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
65See Bentley, “Deposition 1945”; James G. Ryan, Earl Browder: The Failure of American
Communism (Tuscaloosa, Ala.: University of Alabama Press, 1997); Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr,
Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 232–58.

Russian Empire. She was trained as a lawyer, married an early Bolshevik, and herself joined the
Bolsheviks in 1917 in Kharkov, Ukraine. According to a Comintern biography she was very active
in the Bolshevik Revolution and served “in 1918--in Kharkov, Provincial Commissar of Justice,
with emergency powers”. A commissar of justice in Bolshevik practice supervised trial court
judges, heard appeals from trial courts, and had the power to change trial court actions. After the
Revolution she became a member of the presidium of the Soviet state court in Moscow. She held a
variety of responsible Communist party and Soviet state positions during the 1920s, travelled to
Germany and France on unspecified missions, and in 1933 entered a program of advanced studies
at the International Lenin School specializing in American studies. 66 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Peasant”.
Browder, Margaret: Soviet intelligence agent in Europe in the 1930s. 67 Sister of Earl Browder.
Browder, Rose: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Also known as Rose Euler. Wife of William Browder,
contact between KGB and Earl Browder.
Browder, William: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Brother and assistant to Earl Browder. Party
name Bill. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 68
Brown Brothers: International banking firm.
Brown, Fred: Party name/pseudonym of CPUSA cadre who worked with Italian-American in the 1930s.
Also known as Mario Alpi. Birth name possibly F. Marini.
Brown, John: Abolitionist activist executed for his violent attempt to organize a revolt of black slaves.
Brown: See “Braun”.
Brown, Walter F.: U.S. Postmaster General, 1929-1933.
Brown, Walter Lyman: Official of the ARA.
BRP: Bratstvo Russkoy Pravdy (Brotherhood of Russian Truth), a White Guard emigre organization.
Bruce, David K.: American Ambassador to France, 1949-1952.
“Brumia” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): United States of America, 1950.
“Brumians” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Americans, 1950.
“Brun” [Bryun] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed KGB agent/officer, early 1930s.
Brush pass (tradcraft): A brief encounter, often unspoken and appearing as a momentary brushing together
between strangers, where something is passed between courier/case officer and agent.
“Momentalka” in Russian.
Bruslov, Yury Mikhailovich: KGB officer Washington Station, late 1940s, 1950. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pavel”.
Bryukhanov, Nikolay Pavlovich: Bolshevik leader, People's Commissar of Finances, 1926-1930. Executed
in Stalin’s Terror, 1938.
Bryun (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Brun”.
“Buben” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Louis F. Budenz.
“Bubi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence agent. Likely Leo Helfgott based on
Simon Rosenberg’s (S-7) statements to the FBI in the Armand Feldman case. References to in
1937.
Bucyrus: American manufacturer of excavators and massive mining equipment.
Budd Aircraft.
------------------------------------
66 Two earlier autobiographies of Raisa Browder were also found. Both contain substantially the same
information, including that of holding “extraordinary powers” as a commissar of justice. See R.
Luganovskaia 1932 AUCP(b) autobiography, 17 June 1932, RGASPI 495-261-3264; R. Luganovskaia
1933 ILS autobiography, 19 March, 1933, RGASPI 495-261-3264.
67 Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 238–43.
68 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Buddy” [Priyatel'] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, diplomat with
the Czechoslovak embassy in Washington.
Budenz, Louis F.: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Senior CPUSA official who assisted Soviet
intelligence, defector 1945. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as assisting Jacob Golos’s intelligence
activities. Budenz testified that in the late 1930s he had direct contact with Soviet intelligence and
assisted with recruiting agents to penetrate the Trotskyist movement and in the early 1940s as a
senior party officer was aware of CPUSA assistance to Soviet espionage. 69 . Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Buben”, “Tambourine”.
Budenz, Luis Francis: Spelling garble, see Budenz, Louis Francis.
“Bugle” [Gorn] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical
intelligence, likely aviation. References to in 1945, 1948. “Bugle” appeared in the Venona
decryptions in November 1944 as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, likely aviation
related. 70 Joseph Bauer is a candidate for “Bugle”.
“Builder” [Stroitel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Communist, technical intelligence, 1942. Associated with Julius Rosenberg.
Bukharin, Nikolay: Senior Bolshevik leader executed in the Great Terror.
Bukhartsev, Dmitri: Soviet intelligence agent, likely a co-optee. Izvestia correspondent, Berlin. Liaison
with Martha Dodd, 1936 (prior to Pioneer). Bukhartsev later testified in one of the Moscow Trials
in 1937 and confessed to being part of a Trotskyist conspiracy. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Emir”.
Bukov, Barna: See Bukov, Boris.
Bukov, Boris: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. GRU illegal officer. In 1939 Walter Krivitsky, a senior
KGB defector, identified as Boris Bykov of GRU as a Soviet control officer known to Whittaker
Chambers as Peter. In his 1939 autobiography, Krivitsky, who had been a GRU officer before
shifting to the KGB in the mid-1930s, also identified Bykov as the chief of GRU operations in the
U.S. in 1936-1939. Am entry in GRU: Dela i Liudi [GRU: Cases and People] for “Bukov
(Altman) Boris Yakovlevich”, lists Bukov as “Illegal station chief of Razvedupr [GRU] in the
U.S.A. (1936-1939)”. Likely Altman was a Jewish birth name with Bukov as a Russianized
replacement. The Chambers’ “Bykov” and GRU’s “Bukov” are the same person is made even
clearer when it is understood that Chambers told the FBI that Krivitsky had pronounced “Bykov”
as “boo-koff”. One should also note that the Russian Cyrillic letter “y” is pronounced with a Latin
alphabet “u” sound. What is unclear is why Krivitsky (or his translator/editor in 1939) would
transliterate the name as Bykov, usually pronounced “bi-koff”, rather than Bukov. 71 Cover name
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Jerome”.
Bulganin, Nikolay A.: Senior Soviet official, part of Stalin’s inner circle after WWII.
------------------------------------
69 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 38; Louis Budenz affidavit, 11 November 1950, “American Aspects of
the Assassination of Leon Trotsky,” U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American
Activities, 81st Cong., 2d sess., U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities, American Aspects of
Assassination of Leon Trotsky. (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951), part 1, v-ix; Louis F. Budenz,
Men Without Faces: The Communist Conspiracy in the U. S. A. (New York: Harper, 1950), 123–26;
Jimmy Randall Grant, “Louis Francis Budenz: The Origins of a Professional Ex-Communist” (Ph.D. diss.,
University of South Carolina, 2006).
70 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
71 W. G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service (New York: Enigma Books, 2000), 236; V. M. Lurie
and V. IA. Kochik, GRU: Dela i Liudi [GRU: Cases and People] (Sankt-Peterburg Moskva: Neva Olma-
Press, 2002), 356. We thank Russian historian Svetlana Chervonnaya for calling our attention to this
entry. Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 548, n. 16.

Bulkley, Robert: U.S. Senator, 1930-1939 (D. Ohio).
“Bull” [Byk] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945.
Bulletin Business Review: Likely a garbled title for a journal described as edited by Harry Magdoff.
Bulletin of the Opposition: Trotskyist journal.
Bullitt, William: American diplomat and first U.S. ambassador to the USSR. 72
“Bumblebee” [Shmel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): David Greenglass in October 1944, paired
with the cover name “Wasp” for his wife. “Bumblebee” was identified in the Venona decryptions
as David Greenglass in November 1944 By December 1944 Greenglass’s cover name in the
Venona decryptions appeared as “Caliber”, likely changed when KGB noticed that it was already
using “Bumblebee” as the cover name for the journalist Walter Lippmann. 73
“Bumblebee” [Shmel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Senior journalist, 1945. Likely Walter
Lippmann. “Bumblebee” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Walter Lippmann in the fall
of 1944 and into 1945. 74
Bund Deutscher Madchen 75 : League of German Girls.
Burdett, Winston: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Burdett was recruited via the CPUSA on Comintern
instructions in 1940 and assisted Soviet intelligence while working as a war correspondent in
Europe for several years before dropping out. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as assisting Soviet
espionage. After initial denial, he eventually admitted his involvement to the FBI and, in 1955, to a
congressional investigating committee. 76 Candidate for the cover name “Eagle”.
“Bureau” [Byuro] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Intourist.
Bureau of Education, U.S..
Burgess, Guy: British diplomat and Soviet agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Madchen”.
Burke, Jack B.: Described as a Communist who worked on the staff of Senator La Follette’s Civil Liberties
Subcommittee in the late 1930s, later in OSS.
Burkhard, George: I.F. Stone contact in Berlin.
Burkhardt, Carl: International Red Cross official
Burland, E. G.: Described as a director of Blair & Co., former ARA official.
Burns, James H.: U.S. Army General, considered for appointment as U.S. ambassador to the USSR in
1942.
“Burse” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Seminary”.
------------------------------------
72 See: Will Brownell and Richard N. Billings, So Close to Greatness: A Biography of William C.
Bullitt (New York: Macmillan, 1987); Michael Cassella-Blackburn, “William C. Bullitt: Fear and
Loathing of the Soviet Union, 1917–1948” (Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University, 1997).
73 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
74 Venona 1289, KGB New York to Moscow, 9 September 1944; Venona 1291 KGB New York to
Moscow, 9 September 1944; Venona 1312 KGB New York to Moscow, 14 September 1944; Venona
1507 KGB New York to Moscow, 23 October 1944; Venona 1805 KGB New York to Moscow, 23
December 1944; Venona 1814 1815 KGB New York to Moscow, 23 December 1944; Venona 781 - 787
KGB New York to Moscow, 25-26 May 1945.
75 Spelled “Maedchen” in the notebook.
76 Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 76–77; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “‘Existing
Corroboration of Bentley’s Overall Testimony,’ 6 May 1955,” in Silvermaster File (FBI File 65–56402),
Serial 4201; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 11; Bentley and Peake, Out of Bondage, 254–55, 327; Winston
Burdett testimony, 29 June 1955, U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Strategy and Tactics of
World Communism (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1955), part 14.

Bursler, Norman: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. 77 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sur”.
Bursler, Norman: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. 78 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sur”.
Burslov, Yury: Soviet intelligence officer/agent, U.S. late 1940s.
Burt, ?: A Soviet intelligence officer met Stanley Graze at Burt’s wedding in Costa Rico in 1976.
Busbey, Fred: U.S. Representative, 1943-1945 (R. IL)
Bush, Vannevar: Leading American engineer and scientific administrator. Headed the Office of Scientific
Research and Development in WWII.
Butberg, ? (real name), and Baron Butberg’s White Guard group.
Bute, E.T.: Described as a scientist involved in the Manhattan atomic project. Spelling unconfirmed,
alternative translations Butte or But.
Butkov, ?: KGB officer, Moscow Center.
Butler, George: Described as State Department official, 1948.
Butler, Neville: Senior official in the British Foreign Office, 1945.
Butler, Nicholas Murray: President of Columbia University and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Butler, W.: Described as chief of the Airplane Bureau Division, WPB, 1945.
Butler, William: U.S. Senator, 1923-1927 (R. MA).
Butosov, ?: Official of the People’s Commissariat of the Defense Industry.
Butti, Peter: Described as a relative of Gregory Silvermaster in the Soviet Union.
“Button” [Knopka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1938.
Butz, ? (real name), and the “Butz affair”: Unknown.
“Byk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bull”.
Bykov, Boris: see Bukov, Boris.
Byrd, Harry F.: U.S. senator (D. Virginia).
Byrnes, James F. : U.S Senator (D. SC) and U.S. Secretary of State, 1945-47.
“Byuro” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bureau”.
C.: Center, KGB headquarters in Moscow.
“C-1” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-1”.
“C-10” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-10”.
“C/10” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/10”.
“C-100” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-100”.
“C/16” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/16”.
“C-17” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-17”.
“C-2” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-2”.
“C/2” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-2”.
“C/3” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/3”.
“C-5” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/5”.
------------------------------------
77 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; New York FBI field office to Hoover and FBI
Washington Field Office, 1 February 1946, Serial 442, “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402”; Klehr, Haynes,
and Firsov, Secret World, 316–17.
78 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; New York FBI field office to Hoover and FBI
Washington Field Office, 1 February 1946, Serial 442, “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402”; Klehr, Haynes,
and Firsov, Secret World, 316–17.

“C-6” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-6”.
“C-7” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-7”.
“C/7” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/7”.
“C-8” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S-8”.
“C/8” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “S/8”.
“Cabaret” [Kabare] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American
Affairs (Rockerfeller committee). “Cabaret” was identified in the Venona decryptions as as the
Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.
“Cabin” [Izba] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Office of Strategic Services, OSS starting in 1942.
KGB cover name for OSS was “Izba”, in Vassiliev’s notebooks translated as “Cabin”. KGB
cover name for FBI was “Khata”, in Vassiliev’s notebooks translated as “Hut”. Izba and Khata
have overlapping meanings in Russian (with Khata as a generic peasant’s hut) and one could
reverse the chosen translation. “Izba” was identified in the Venona decryptions as OSS starting in
1942.
Café Society: New York City nightclub linked to the CPUSA.
Caine: See “Kane”.
Cairncross, John: Soviet intelligence source/agent, U.K. His espionage did not become public until 1990
with the publication of Andrew and Gordievsky’s The KGB. 79 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Liszt”.
Caldwell, Sylvia (pseudonym): See Callen, Sylvia. Pseudonym used by Sylvia Callen when she infiltrated
the Socialist Workers Party for the KGB.
“Caliber” [Kalibr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): David Greenglass, December 1944-March 1950.
“Caliber” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Greenglass. 80
Callen, Sylvia: Secret Communist, KGB anti-Trotskyist penetration agent under the name Sylvia Caldwell;
secretary for James Cannon, chief of the Socialist Workers Party (Trotskyist). Also known as
Sylvia Franklin and Sylvia Lorraine Doxsee. Married for a period to American Communist and
KGB agent Irving Zalmond Franklin. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 81 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Satyr” until August 1944, then “Rita”.
“Callistratus” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Feklisov. “Callistratus” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Aleksandr Fomin, pseudonym used in the U.S. by KGB officer
Alexander Feklisov when under diplomatic cover.
“Camp 1” [Lager' 1] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Oak Ridge Manhattan atomic project facility.
“Camp 1” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified Manhattan atomic project facility
and in a context that suggests Oak Ridge.
“Camp 2” [Lager' 2] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Los Alamos Manhattan atomic project facility.
“Camp 2” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Los Alamos Manhattan atomic project
facility.
“Camp U” [Lager' Y]: See “Camp Y”. 82
“Camp W” [Lager' W] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Hanford, Washington facilities of the
Manhattan atomic project, also know as “Site W”.
------------------------------------
79 Christopher M. Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations
from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York, NY: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1990).
80 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
81 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
82 The original Cyrillic Russian transliterates as “Lager U” and literally translates as “Camp U,” but
in this case KGB, knowing that the Manhattan atomic project designation for its facilities at Los Alamos
was “Site Y”, chose to treat the Cyrillic Russian letter “Y” (which is actually the equivalent of “U” in the
Latin alphabet) as the Latin “Y” rather than the actual Cyrillic equivalent of the Latin “Y”, the letter “Ы”.

“Camp X” [Lager' X] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Reference in a Harry Gold report of a
meeting with Klaus Fuchs with reference to the Manhattan atomic project in New Mexico, i.e. Site
Y.
“Camp Y” [Lager' Y] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Los Alamos Manhattan atomic project
facility, also known as “Site Y”.
Canada: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Territory”.
Cannon, James: American Trotskyist leader, chief of the Socialist Workers Party.
Canon: misspelling, see Cannon, James.
“Cantor” [Kantor] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1942-44. Appears to have been a Communist recruited via CPUSA channels.
Capa, Robert: prominent WWII American war photographer.
“Captain” [Kapitan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Franklin D. Roosevelt. “Captain” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Roosevelt.
“Captain’s deputy” [zamestitel' Kapitana]: Henry Wallace.
Carbon Corporation.
“Careful” [Ostorozhny]: See “Cautious”.
Carl: see Karl.
Carlisle, Kitty: Described as mistress of Bernard Baruch.
“Carmen” [Karmen] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Koral prior to August 1944. “Carmen”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Helen Koral. 83
Carnegie, Andrew: Industrialist and philanthropist.
Carp Export and Import Company: Company directed by Sam Carp.
“Carp” [Karp] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, described as having
been compromised by 1950 along with “Sima”/Coplon. Valentin Gubichev, a Soviet intelligence
agent, is a likely candidate for “Carp” in as much as he was arrested when meeting with Coplon.
Carp, Sam: Immigrant from Tsarist Russia (Ukraine), birth name as Carpowski, and Vyacheslav
Molotov’s American brother-in-law. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker
Chambers as espionage risks. 84
“Carpenter” [Plotnik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Plavnik.
Carpenter, David: CPUSA cadre, active in both the open party in the Baltimore-Washington area and with
party publications (Daily Worker and New World Review) and in the party’s covert arm. Birth
name David Zimmerman. Identified by Whittaker Chambers as assisting with his GRU/CPUSA
network. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “103 rd ”.
Carr, Wilbur: Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-1937.
Carroll, Fred (party name): Soviet intelligence source/agent San Francisco area. Likely party name of
Robert Soblen. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Roman”. “Roman” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Robert Soblen.
Carter, Edward C.: General Secretary of the Institute for Pacific Relations and chairman of the Russian
War Relief Fund.
“Carthage” [Karfagen] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Washington, DC. “Carthage” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as Washington.
Caruso, Enrico: Well-known Italian opera tenor.
------------------------------------
83 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
84 Adolf Berle, “Underground Espionage Agent [Transcription of Berle’s Notes of 2 September 1939
Interview with Whittaker Chambers],” in Interlocking Subversion in Government Departments
[Hearings], U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953), part
6, pp. 329–30.

Casa Italiana: Italian cultural institution.
“Cashier” [Kassir] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Dexter White (prior to change to “Jurist”
in 1941).
Castle, William R.: Under Secretary of State and Ambassador to Japan in the Herbert Hoover
Administration.
“Castor” [Bobrik]: See “Beaver-Cloth.
“Cat” [Ket] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Mary Price in August 1944.
“Catalyst” [Katalizator] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, scientific source, involved in radioactivity. An immigrant, likely Russian, daughters
in USSR in 1942, studied in Germany, friend of physicist Aristid Victorovich Grosse, knows
George Gamow. “Catalyst” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified. 85
“Catcher” [Lovets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Russian immigrant, former insurance agent.
“Cathode” [Katod] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, XY
Line scientific-technological intelligence, mid-30s.
“Cautious” [Ostorozhny] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Julius J. Joseph. “Cautious” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as Julius Joseph. 86
“Cavalryman” [Kavalerist] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sergey Kurnakov prior to September
1944. Kurnakov, a Russian immigrant, wrote on military matter for the CPUSA-aligned journal
Ruski Golos [Russian Voice]. Kurnakov is not named as “Cavalryman” in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks, but is identified as a writer for Ruski Golos and “Cavalryman” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Sergey Kurnakov. Venona also shows that Kurnakov’s cover name
“Cavalryman” was was later changed to “Beck”. 87
CC CPSU: Central Committee, Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
CC VKP(b): Central Committee, All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik): Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Palace”.
Cde.: comrade.
“Cecil” [Sesil'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bluma Carp, 1935.
“Cecil” [Sesil'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lauchlin Currie, 1944.
“Cedar” [“Sedar”] (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Burton Perry in 1944. 88
Center [Tsentr]: KGB tradecraft term for its headquarters in Moscow.
Central Committee, All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks): Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Palace”.
Central Institute on Atomic Research, GDR.
“Cerberus” [Tserber] and “Cerberus’s” wife (cover name in Vassiliev Notebooks): Likely Philip and
Mary Jane Keeney. “Cerberus” and wife are described as former GRU agents with some prior
connection to OSS. “Cerebus’s” wife was described as obtaining a job in the UN Secretariat the
latter half of 1948. “Cerberus” also appeared in the Venona decryptions in 1945 as an unidentified
GRU agent who may have lost touch with GRU. The Keeneys were recruited by GRU in 1940 and
shifted to KGB in 1945. Philip had worked for OSS for a time and Mary Jane took a post with the
U.N. in June 1948. 89
Chabanov, Konstantin A.: See Chugunov, Konstantin A.
------------------------------------
85 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
86 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
87 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
88 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
89 See “The Librarian Spies,” pp. 177-180, and Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Chadwick, James: Senior British atomic scientist in the bomb project.
Chaliapin, Boris: Described as the son of the Russian opera singer Feodor Chaliapin.
Chalmers, Henry: U.S. commerce Department official, early 1930s.
Cham, Michael K.: Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical intelligence. Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Spline” until October 1944 then “Noise”. “Spline” and “Noise” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source in the aviation industry for which
there were several candidates, all of which were redacted. 90
“Chamber” [Palata] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Department of Justice, listed in a table of
cover names circa November 1944.
“Chamber” [Palata] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Bureau of Standards, listed in one marginal
reference to a January 1945 document. 91
Chamberlain, William: Moscow correspondent for the Christian Science Monitor, 1922-34.
Chambers, Whittaker: Soviet intelligence source/agent chiefly for a GRU linked CPUSA based network in
Washington in the mid-1930s. Dropped out 1938, partial disclosure to authorities in 1939 but no
full disclosure until the end of 1948. Discussed his activities in a detailed autobiography. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Karl”. 92 Candidate for the pseudonym Robert Zelnis.
Chancey, Martin: Senior member of the Maryland CPUSA.
Chandler, Albert ("Happy"): Commissioner of Major League Baseball.
“Chap” [“Chep] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Zalmond David Franklin. “Chap” was identified in
the Venona decryptions under “Chap” and “Chen” as Salmond Franklin, a variant spelling of
Zalmond Franklin. 93
Chaplin, Charlie: World famous motion picture comic of the 1920s and 1930s.
“Charles” [Charl'z] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Klaus Fuchs starting in October 1944. “Charles”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Fuchs. 94 “Charles” was identified in Andrew and
Mitrokhin as Fuchs.
Charley: See Charlie.
“Charli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Charlie”. (Alternative translation: Charley)
“Charli 7” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Charlie 7”.
“Charlie 7” [Charli-7] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
NY station mid-1930s (may be same as one of the other 1930 Charlies). References to in 1937.
“Charlie” [Charli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Cedric Belfrage, 1944. “Charlie” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as unidentified but the context would fit Belfrage. 95 “Charlie” was identified
in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Belfrage.
------------------------------------
90 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. “Noise” is identified in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks as Cham. “Spline” appears earlier but is unidentified. The shift of “Spline” to “Noise” is
documented in Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
91 Alexander Vassiliev, Black Notebook [2007 English Translation], trans. Philip Redko (1993–
96), 114.
92 Chambers wrote in his autobiography that he was known as “Carl” in the Communist covert
apparatus in Washington. Carl and Karl are spelled identically in Russian and always transliterate from
the Russian as “Karl.” Chambers, Witness, 336. On Chambers’ role in Soviet espionage, see: Weinstein,
Perjury [1997]; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers.
93 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
94 Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
95 Venona 1905 KGB New York to Moscow, 17 November 1943; Venona 776 KGB New York to
Moscow, 31 May 1944; Venona 928 KGB New York to Moscow, 1 July 1944.

“Charlie” [Charli]: unidentified Soviet intelligence contact, described as Browder’s courier in 1942.
“Charlie” [Charli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer 1931, used
against Trotskyists.
“Charlie” [Charli] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Chief of the London KGB station in 1935.
“Charlie” [Charli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technical intelligence, consultent for Du Pont, chemist 1930s. References to in 1934, 1938.
Charlie [Charli]: Pseudonym used by Joseph Katz in 1944 and 1945. 96
Charl'z” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Charles”.
“Charon” [Kharon] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Grigory Kheifets. “Charon” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Kheifets.
Chatsky, ?: GPU chief at Amtorg, 1929.
“Chauffeur” [Shofer] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1939. Likely technological intelligence.
Chautemps, Camille: French political figure.
“Chaynaya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tea Shop” (Alternative translation: “Tea
Room”).
“Cheetah” [Chita] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Seattle, maritime and Naval intelligence. Has three sons. References to in 1936-1939. “Cheetah”
(as “Chita”) appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified contact on the Moscow-San
Francisco channel in 1944, but it is uncertain if this 1944 “Cheetah” is “Cheetah” of the mid-
1930s.
Cheka: Vserossiyskaya Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya po Borbe s Kontr Revolyutsiyey i Sabotzzhem
[All-Russian Extraordinary Commission to Combat Counterrevolution and Sabotage].
“Chekh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Czech”.
Chekists (KGB jargon): KGB personnel, particularly officers.
“Chemist” [Khimik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Oppenheimer, September 1944.
Chen, Hansheng: Covert agent of the Communist Party of China from 1920s to the establishment of the
People’s Republic of China in 1949. Chen operated in the United States in the 1930s. 98 Also
known as Hanshen Chen and Henshen Chen.
Chen: See “Chap”.
“Chep” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chap”.
Cherkasov, ?: KGB officer, 1945.
Chernikov, ?: White Russian leader, BRP activist.
Chernousov, Ivan Pavlovich: Crew on the Soviet tanker “Azerbaijan”.
“Cherny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Black”.
Chertok, ?: Described as a Zionist leader in 1939.
Chertova: See Sara Weber.
“Chester” (party name used as a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bernard Schuster. “Chester” was
Schuster prior to June 1943 when KGB replaced “Chester” with “Echo”, but “Chester”
occasionally was still used later, likely because “Chester” remained Schuster’s party name.
“Chester” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Schuster. 99
------------------------------------
96Reference to Charley as Helmsman/Browder’s courier in a late 1944 report is a possibly reference to
Joseph Katz. Vassiliev, Black, 189.
98Hansheng Chen, Si Ge Shi Dai di Wo [My Life During Four Ages], assisted by Xuefang Ren
(Beijing, PRC: Zhongguo wen shi chu ban she Xin hua shu dian Beijing fa xing suo fa xing [Chinese
Culture and History Press], 1988).
99Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Chester” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Oppenheimer in 1944 and 1945. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: changed to “Yew” after KGB realized confusion with “Chester”/Bernard
Schuster.
Chetvertushkin, B. A.: Described as connected to the Tchaikovsky Hall in Moscow in 1965.
Chiang Kai-shek: Leader of of the Nationalist Chinese government.
Chicago Grain Exchange.
Chichayev, I.: KGB liaison with OSS in London, 1944. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “John”.
Chicherin, Georgy Vasilyevich: Bolshevik leader, People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs,1918 -1930.
Chief Administration on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy: Soviet nuclear research agency.
Chief Department of the Civil Air Fleet, USSR: GUGVF
“Chief” [Shef] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nikolay Novikov in 1945.
Chikirisov, ?: Militia (Police) Lieutenant, 1942.
Chikov, V.V.: Described as Amtorg official, 1920s.
Childs, Jacob ‘Jack’: Mid-level CPUSA cadre, involved in its covert apparatus. 100 Husband of Rosalyn.
Possible candidate for “Olsen”.
Childs, Morris: Senior CPUSA official. District organizer (head) of the Chicago area Communist Party
from 1938 to 1945. 101 Candidate for “Olsen”.
Childs, Rosalyn Pearl: Wife of Jack Childs. Candidate for party name/cover name Rose Olsen and cover
name “Phlox”. Rosalyn Pearl Citron worked for the Comintern in Moscow from 1936 to 1938
and upon return to the U.S. as a contact between the CPUSA headquarters and its covert arm in
where she met and married Jack Childs in 1940.
Chimilowski, Joseph: Alternate spelling for Joseph Chmilevski.
“Chinovnik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Official”.
“Chio” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cio”. 102
“Chita” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cheetah”.
Chivin, ?: an operative of Yakov Serebryansky’s special operations (sabotage, kidnapping and
assassination) group. Refused to return to the USSR. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Smith” in 1930s.
“Chizh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Siskin”. The chizh is a Eurasian finch known as a
siskin in English.
ChK: Cheka.
Chmilevski, Joseph: Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Alternate spelling: Chimilowski, Joseph) Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Relay” prior to September1944, then “Serb”. “Relay” and
“Serb” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
“Chord” [Akkord] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): the Morros/Stern music company project.
“Chrome Yellow” [Kron] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Abraham Brothman.
Chuck: party name of Charles Kramer, 1945.
------------------------------------
100 From the early 1950s onward, with his brother Morris, a FBI informant. See: David J. Garrow,
The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press,
2001) ; John Barron, Operation Solo: The FBI’s Man in the Kremlin (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Pub.,
1995).
101From the early 1950s onward, a FBI informant during which time he was assigned by the CPUSA
supervising the transfer of subsidies from the USSR to the CPUSA and acted as a liaison between the
CPUSA and the CPSU. See: Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis;
Barron, Solo.
102 Alexander Vassiliev comment: From “Cio-Cio-san,” the character in the opera “Madame
Butterfly.”

Chugunov, Konstantin. A.: KGB officer. (Also known as Konstantin A. Shabanov or Chabanov). Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Shah”.
Churchill, Winston: British Prime Minister. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boar”, “Peer” (circa
1944).
Ciechanowski, Jan: Ambassador of the Polish government-in-exile in the U.S. in WWII.
“C-II” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): “S-2”.
“Cio” [Chio]: Mildred Price in 1944.
CIO-PAC: See CIO-Political Action Committee
CIO-Political Action Committee: political arm of the Congress on Industrial Organizations.
“Circle” [Krug] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Silvermaster apparatus.
“Circus” [Tsirk] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Department of State, 1939-1940.
Civil Affairs Division: Department of War and U.S. Army organization overseeing occupation and civilmilitary
relations in theaters of operations.
Civil Service Commission, U.S.
Clabb, ?: Described as second secretary of the US Embassy in Chungking, 1942-43
CLAC: Combined Liberation Areas Committee
“Clan” [Klan] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Cliveden Set (U.S.)
Clarence, John: Described as journalist for ADN and author of or chief source of an article about Klaus
Fuchs in the Empire News in 1959.
Clark, D. Worth: U.S. Senator, 1939-1945 (D. Idaho)
Clark, Mark: U.S Army general in WWII and President Truman’s representative to the Vatican in 1951.
Clark, Tom C.: U.S. Attorney General, 1945-1949.
Clark-Kerr, Archibald (1st Baron Inverchapel): British diplomat, ambassador to Moscow in WWII,
ambassador to the U.S. in the late 1940s.
“Claude” [Klod] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer, NY station, 1948.
“Claude” is described as directly supervising Morris and Lona Cohen. Yury Sokolov is identified
as the KGB officer directly supervising the Cohens in this period in Albright and Kunstel’s
Bombshell and, consequently Sokokov is a candidate for “Claude”. 103
Clay, Lucius D.: U.S. Army General, Military Governor, American sector of occupied Germany.
Clay, Marjorie: Wife of General Lucius Clay. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Missis”.
Clayton, William Lockhart: Assistant Secretary for Economic Affairs, DOS, 1944-45
“Clemence” [Klemens] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
cover named changed to “Lee” in September 1944. (Alternative translation: Clemens) “Clemence”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent but the name was redacted.
“Clemence” in the Venona decryptions was changed to “Lee” in September 1944. 104 Johanna
Becker is a candidate for “Clemence” and “Lee”.
Clerk [Chinovnik]: See “Official”.
“Clever Girl” [Umnitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Elizabeth Bentley, circa 1940 until August
1944. (Alternative translations Miss Wise, Smart Girl, Good Girl) “Clever Girl” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Bentley.
“Clever Girl” [Umnitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified, 1934 cover name of the wife of
the director of General Electric. Russian, married him in the Soviet Union.
Cliveden Set: Label created by British Communist journalists and accepted widely of a conspiratorial
aristocratic appeasement-minded and pro-German social network. Named for Cliveden, the
------------------------------------
103 Joseph Albright and Marcia Kunstel, Bombshell: The Secret Story of America’s Unknown Atomic
Spy Conspiracy (New York: Times Books, 1997), 184–85.
104 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

country home of Nancy Astor (Viscountess Astor), one of the alleged appeasement-minded
arristocrats.
“Club” [Klub] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Justice Department, U.S., especially the internal
security section of the Justice Department.
Club (party name): CPUSA, 1946. Club in reference to the CPUSA was used in an autobiography written
by Harry Magdoff in 1946.
“Coal” [Ugol'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): OSS London station cover name for British SIS,
1945.
Coe, Charles J.: Also known as Bob Coe and Robert Coe. Secret Communist activist. President of
Harold Ware’s Communist-front Farm Research Incorporated, edited its publication, “Facts for
Farmers”, wrote for the CPUSA’s Political Affairs under the pseudonym Robert Digby and
appeared in the Daily Worker as late as February 1950. 105
Coe, K.V.: Identified as someone Harold Glasser had know before 1945.
Coe, Robert D.: State Department official, late 1930s.
Coe, Virginius Frank: Soviet intelligence source. Known as Frank Coe. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of
those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of
the Silvermaster espionage group. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Peak”. 106
Coffee, John: U.S. Representative (D. WA).
Cogswell, Virginia: Girlfriend of Fritz Kuhn recruited as a source by Samuel Dickstein. Cogswell was a
witness in New York state’s 1939 prosecution, conviction, and imprisonment of Kuhn for financial
irregulars. Also known as Virginia Overshiner.
Cohen, ?: Golos recommended for recruitment on technical line in 1942.
Cohen, Benjamin: New Deal advisor, State Department official, 1945.
Cohen, Jack: Described as a student Communist at Oxford in the mid-1930s.
Cohen, Lona: Soviet intelligence source/agent. American, secret Communist. Birth name Petka. Wife of
Morris Cohen. Convicted of espionage in Great Britain and later exchanged for a British subject
------------------------------------
105Testimony of Charles J. (Robert) Coe, 11 June 1953, U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee,
Interlocking Subversion, part 11, 707–23.
106U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Interlocking Subversion, part 16, 1219–21; “FBI
Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 2024; Frank Coe testimony, 13 August 1948, U.S. House Committee
on Un-American Activities, Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage in the United States (Washington:
U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1948), 914–28; Frank Coe interview, 4 June 1947, serial 2530, “FBI Silvermaster
File 65–56402”; Benjamin Mandell report on Frank Coe, 12 November 1953, U.S. Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee, Interlocking Subversion, part 16, 1073; Testimony of Virginius Frank Coe, 1 December
1952, U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities of United States Citizens Employed by the
United Nations (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1952), 227–56; Felix Belair, Jr., “World Fund Ousts
Aide who Balked at Red, Spy Queries,” New York Times (4 December 1952); Testimony of Frank V. Coe,
20 October 1953, Committee on Government Operations U.S. Senate Permanent Subcommittee on
Investigations, Hearings, Transfer of Occupation Currency Plates -- Espionage Phase, Part 1
(Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953), 20; Frank Coe, “A Leap That Has Made History,” China
Reconstructs [Peking, PRC] (January 1959); Robert Alden, “Frank Coe Lauds Red China’s Work,” New
York Times (21 February 1959), 4; UPI, “China Catching Up, U.S. Economist Says,” Washington Post (1
January 1959); Harvey Schwartz, “Red China Assails U.S. Communists,” New York Times (16 August
1964), 77; Sidney Rittenberg, The Man Who Stayed Behind, assisted by Amanda Bennett (New York:
Simon & Schuster, 1993), 251; Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 143–45, 345; Appendix A, Haynes and
Klehr, Venona [2000].

held by the USSR. 107 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Leslie”.
Cohen, Morris: Soviet intelligence source/agent. American, secret Communist. Convicted of espionage in
Great Britain and later exchanged for a British subject held by the USSR. 108 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Volunteer”.
Cohen, Sidney: Harold Glasser's brother-in-law.
Cohen, Solomon: Described as an assistant of Joseph Brodsky.
Coleman, Frederick William Backus: U.S. Minister, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, 1920s.
Collado, Emilio: Economist and international finance specialist, Senior official first at the Treasury and
later at DOS.
Collard, Dudley: British attorney.
“Colleague” [Kollega] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bella Joseph. Wife of Julius Joseph and
employed in the photographic section of OSS. “Colleague” appeared in the Venona decryptions as
the unidentified cover name of someone in a photographic section of an unidentified agency and is
compatible with Bella Joseph. 109
“Colleagues” [Kollegi] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB file name for political contacts in
Washington.
Collins, Henry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist, mid-level official in a variety of
agencies in the 1930s and 1940s. Identified by Chambers as a member of the original “Ware
group” covert CPUSA unit. Identified as active in the CPUSA covert arm by Hope Hale Davis,
Nathaniel Weyl, and others. 110 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “105 th ”.
Collins, J. Lawton: Senior American Army general.
Colodny, Hyman: Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group. Activist in CPUSA Washington, DC
in early 1940s.
Combat Information Center (journal): Internal U.S. Army journal.
Combat: See “Boy”.
Combined Liberation Areas Committee: U.S. Department of State committee.
Comintern: see Communist International.
Commerce, Department of, U.S.. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tea Shop”.
Committee of Civil Liberties: Reference to the 1936-1941 Subcommittee Investigating Violations of Free
Speech and the Rights of Labor (chaired by Senator William La Follette) of the U.S. Senate
Committee on Education and Labor. Also known as the La Follette committee.
Committee of Information: In the fall of 1947 the MGB foreign intelligence directorate was combined with
the foreign intelligence arm of Soviet military intelligence (GRU) to form a combined foreign
intelligence agency, the Committee of Information (KI). The MGB remained as a separate agency
but with only domestic responsibilities. However, in the summer of 1948 many of the military
personnel in KI were returned to the Soviet general staff to reconstitute a foreign military
intelligence arm and reconstitute GRU as a foreign intelligence agency. KI sections dealing with
the new Soviet dominated Eastern European regimes as well as Soviet émigrés were returned to the
MGB in late 1948. Finally, in 1951 the KI’s foreign intelligence functions were returned to the
MGB, and the latter evolved into the KGB in 1954.
Committee on Cultural Liaisons with Foreign Countries, USSR.
Committee on Emigration: Likely a reference to the U.S. House Committee on Immigration and
Naturalization.
------------------------------------
107Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell.
108Ibid. 109Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
110Chambers, Witness; Davis, Great Day; Nathaniel Weyl, Encounters With Communism
(Philadelphia, PA: Xlibris, 2004).

Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, U.S. Senate: Chaired by Senator Nye. Also known
as the Nye Committee
Communist, Communists: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fellowcountryman”,
“Fellowcountrymen”.
Communist International Youth (journal): likely a garbled title for a journal associated with the Young
Communist International.
Communist International : Also known as Comintern.
Communist Party, USA: CPUSA. Also know as American Communist Party, Comparty, CP. and ACP.
Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fraternal”, “Fellowcountrymen organization”, “Club”,
“Brothers”.
Communist, The (journal): theoretical journal of the CPUSA, predecessor to Political Affairs.
Comparty: Communist Party.
Competitors (tradecraft term): KGB term for intelligence officers or the intelligence and security agencies
of any nation regarded as hostile or potentially hostile.
“Complex” [Kombinat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Service and Shipping Corporation,
1943-1945,
“Complex” [Kombinat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade,
USSR (NKVT) in 1941.
Compton, Arthur: Senior scientist involved in the Manhattan atomic project, directed the “Metallurgical
Laboratory” at the University of Chicago where the first atomic pile with a self-sustaining atomic
reaction was achieved.
Comrade X: KGB report reference to GRU illegal Kogan brought into the U.S. covertly by ship in 1941.
Conant, James B.: Chemist, president of Harvard University and chairman of the National Defense
Research Committee in WWII.
Conason, Emil: New York medical doctor close to the CPUSA. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Invalid”. 111
“Concern” [Kontsern] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William R. Hearst.
“Concessionaire” [Kontsessioner] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Julius Hammer.
“Condenser” [Kondensator] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely
Kenneth Richardson. Long term technical source/agent. “Condenser” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Kenneth Richardson.
Condon, Edward U.: Physicist. Director of the National Bureau of Standards. Briefly deputy to
Oppenheimer at Los Alamos.
Conius, Boris: Son-in-law of Sergey Rachmaninoff:
Connally, Thomas : U.S. Senator (D. Texas).
“Constantine” [Konstantin] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
officer/agent/source, 1945 (Alternative translation: Konstantine).
Constantinova, Katia: Variant of Konstantinova, Katerina.
“Constructor” [Konstruktor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Abraham Brothman prior to October
1944. “Constructor” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Brothman. 112
“Consul” [Konsul] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
early 30s.
------------------------------------
111 William Herrick in his autobiography says Emil Conason was his cousin. William Herrick,
Jumping the Line: The Adventures and Misadventures of an American Radical (Madison: University of
Wisconsin Press, 1998), 39–41.
112 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Consulate, USSR: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Plant”.
Contracting (tradecraft term): 1930s KGB term for formal recruitement, especially on the XY line. Also
know as “signing on”.
“Contractor” [Podryadchik] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945.
Likely Alexander Saffian. “Contractor” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Alexander
Saffian. 113
Cooke, Maurice Bacon: Soviet intelligence source/agent associated with Gayk Ovakimyan. Cooke was
identified as a KGB contact in Armand Feldman’s FBI file. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Octane”.
Coolidge, Calvin: President of the United States, 1923-1929.
Cooper, Hugh L.: Chairman of the American-Russian Chamber of Commerce, 1932.
Cooper, K.: Described as general manager of Associated Press, 1944.
Co-optee (tradecraft term): A Soviet diplomatic, technical, or trade official) detailed to assist Soviet
intelligence activities when a professional officer is not available with the appropriate skills or in
the appropriate position.
Coplon, Judith: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Analyst in the foreign agents registration (counterintelligence)
section of the Justice Department. KGB sent the Comintern a vetting inquity about
her. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. She was arrested in 1949 in
the act of turning over Justice Department documents to Valentin Gubichev, a Soviet intelligence
agent working under the cover of employment by the United Nations. 114 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Sima”.
“Cora” [Kora] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Emma Phillips. Soviet intelligence source/agent.
“Cora” was a cover name in the Venona decryptions whose identity was established but which
NSA redacted when it released the messages. The Venona messages indicated that “Cora” was
married to another Soviet source, cover names “Roy” and “Ampere”, who was also identified but
whose identify was also redacted. 115
Corchran, ? (garbled real name): (Korkran in Russian.) Described as a U.S. senator in 1945. No senator
in the 79th congress had a name close to this. However, the writer of the report, KGB officer,
Bodgan, referred to all members of congress as senators, for example, identifying the chairman of a
U.S. House committee as a senator. Possibly this is a reference to Representative John J. Cochran
(D. Missouri).
Corcoran, Thomas: White House aide in the early New Deal, later highly influential lobbyist and lawyer
with strong ties to the Democratic Party
“Cornet” [Kornet] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified friendly but non-recruited diplomatic
source of legal KGB officer “Frank”, mid-30s.
Cornford, John: British Communist recruited for the International Brigades at Cambridge University, died
in the Spanish Civil War.
“Corporal” [Kapral] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Edward Stettinius, Jr. “Corporal” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Stettinius.
------------------------------------
113 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
114 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 294–
95. On the Coplon case, see “Judith Coplon: The Spy Who Got Away with It” in John Earl Haynes and
Harvey Klehr, Early Cold War Spies: The Espionage Trials That Shaped American Politics (New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006) and Marcia Mitchell and Thomas Mitchell, The Spy Who Seduced
America: Lies and Betrayal in the Heat of the Cold War: The Judith Coplon Story (Montpelier, VT:
Invisible Cities Press, 2002).
115 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Corpus” [Korpus] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Western Electric company.
Cosmos Club, Washington, DC..
Costigan, Howard: Head of the Washington [state] Commonwealth Federation and a secret member of the
CPUSA.
Cot, Pierre: Soviet intelligence source/agent. French politician (Radical Party) who advocated strong
French alliance with the USSR. Identified by KBG defector Walter Krivitsky as a Soviet source.
After the fall of France in 1940, Cot fled France and offered his services to the USSR via the
CPUSA. Received the Lenin Peace Prize from the USSR in 1953. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent with the cover name “Daedalus”. 116
Council of People’s Commissars, USSR.
Council on Foreign Relations, USA.
“Country” [Strana] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): USA. “Country” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as the USA.
“Countryside” [Derevnya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified but likely Mexico.
“Countryside” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Mexico.
Courageous [Smel'y]: See “Plucky”.
“Courier” [Kur'er] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. An
American detective, source for “Grin”/Spivak.
Coworkers (tradecraft term): Soviet military, naval and air attachés.
CPA: Communist Party of America, more formally, the CPUSA.
CPE: Communist Party of England, more formally, the CPGB.
CPGB: Communist Party of Great Britain.
CPSU: Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
“Crab” [Krab] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, head of
an illegal line, 1948.
“Cradle” [Kolybel'] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): New York University.
“Cranberry” [Klyukva] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Army Security Agency, 1948.
Crandall, Harlan W.: Mid-level government official involved in the 1941 theft of Civil Service Commission
records for commercial purposes.
Cricher, A. Lane: U.S. Commerce Department official, early 1930s
Crist, William I.: British general.
Cromwell, James H.R.: American financier, husband of Doris Duke, and major Democratic Party
fundraiser.
“Crook” [Zhulik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Samuel Dickstein.
Crouch, Paul: CPUSA organizer who became a FBI informant and witness.
Crouch, Sylvia: CPUSA member, wife of Paul Crouch.
Crowley, Leo: Senior government war administrator, director of the Board of Economic Warfare, Foreign
Economic Administration, and other posts.
CSSR: Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.
C/t: Cipher telegram
Cudahy, John Clarence: Senior American diplomat, 1930s.
Cummings, Homer Stille: U.S. Attorney General, 1933-39.
“Cupid” [Amur] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, assigned to anti-
Trotsky work, 1939. Likely Robert Sheldon Harte. “Cupid” (under the transliterated Russian as
“Amur”) was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Robert Sheldon Harte. 117
------------------------------------
38.
116 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 233–
117 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 87.

Currie, Lauchlin: Soviet intelligence source/agent. His ties to the Washington Communist underground
went back to the mid-1930s. Chambers described him as working with the underground as a
fellow traveler rather than a party member. Adolf Berle’s 1939 notes on his conversation with
Chambers have Chambers describing Currie as someone who cooperated with the underground but
who “never went the whole way”. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster
espionage group. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 118 Cover names
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Page” (1942-1946), “Cecil” (to Akmerov in 1944), “Vim” (1948).
Curtis-Wright aircraft.
Curtius, Julius: German foreign minister, 1929-1931.
Cushing, Richard James: American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop of Boston from
1944 to 1970, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1958.
“Cyrano” [Sirano] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Paris, 1947.
“Czech” [Chekh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jack Soble starting in September 1944. “Czech”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Jack Soble. 119
“D., Mrs”. (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Harry Gold reference to Kristel Fuchs Heineman.
D'Abernon, Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon: British politician, diplomat, and writer.
“Dacha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U. S. embassy in Moscow 1943.
Daily Worker (newspaper): CPUSA daily newspaper.
Daimler-Benz.
“Dak” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as Trotskyist, potential target of cultivation. Likely
James Cannon. “Dak” was identified in the Venona decryptions as James Cannon. 120
Daladier, Édouard: French political figure.
Damanchuk, Simon: Ukrainian nationalist.
“Dan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Stanley Graze. “Dan” appeared in the Venona decryptions as
unidentified but in a context that suggests Stanley Graze. 121
Danaher, John: U.S. Senator, 1939-1945 (R. CT)
“Daniel'”(cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Daniel”.
“Daniel” [Daniel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified DOS subsource of KGB source
“10”/“Leo”. Judged by KGB to be a fake source invented by “10”/“Leo” to gain more financial
benefits from KGB by pocketing the subsidy paid Daniel. Also known as “12”.
Daniels, Josephus: Secretary of the Navy, 1913-1921.
“Danya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1945.
“Dar” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Gift”. 122
“Dara” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Assisted in
recruiting informants among German refugees on the West Coast.
Darcy, Samuel: Senior CPUSA leader expelled in 1944 for criticizing Earl Browder's leadership.
------------------------------------
118Chambers, Witness, 468; Berle, “Espionage Agent”; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 25, 43; Appendix
A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
119Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
120Venona 670 KGB New York to Moscow, 11 May 1944; Venona 727 KGB New York to Moscow,
20 May 1944; Venona 826 KGB New York to Moscow, 7 June 1944.
121Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
122 Dar is the Russian word for gift. Alexander Vassiliev, however, states that he believes that “Dar”
was intended as a simple name and not “Dar” as the word meaning Gift. However, “Dar” also occurred in
Venona and was translated as “Gift.” Rather than confuse matters, the Venona precedent is accepted in the
translation used here.

Dark (tradecraft term): When information is gained “in the dark” it means that the informant does not know
he or she is giving the information directly to a Soviet intelligence officer. When someone is used
“in the dark” it means the intelligence officer has misled the person used as to exactly who he or
she is assisting. Someone misled into believing he or she is delivering information to the CPUSA
rather than directly to the KGB is said to used “in the dark” even though the person assumed that
the ultimate recipient of the information was the USSR.
Darling, Byron Thorwell: Soviet intelligence source/agent, scientific intelligence. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Huron” until October 1944, then “Ernst” until February 1945, then it
reverted to “Huron” once more.
Darling, Mrs. Byron: Soviet intelligence source/contact. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Lida”.
Daugherty, Harry Micajah: U.S. Attorney General, 1921-1924.
David (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks, a given name used as a cover name): David Smilg.
Davidson, Gerald : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Davies, Joseph: Businessman, U.S. ambassador to the USSR in the 1930s, advisor to President Roosevelt
on Soviet matters. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ami”.
“Davis” [Devis] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Norman Hight after October 1944. 123 Davis is not
directly named in Vassiliev’s notebooks as Hight. However. “Davis” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent whose cover name was earlier
“Long”, and “Long” is identified in Vassiliev’s notebooks as Norman Hight. 124
“Davis” [Devis] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Valentin Borisovich Markin, illegal KGB station
chief early 1930s. References to in 1933.
Davis, Elmer: Senior American journalist and chief of the Office of War Information in WWII.
Davis, James: Los Angeles police chief, 1933-1938.
Davis, Marion: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Married name: Marion Davis Berdecio. Davis was
identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source with the cover name “Lou”.
Comintern records contain a 1944 KGB vetting inquiry about Davis. Davis in 1944 worked on the
staff of the Office of Naval Intelligence at the U.S. Embassy in Mexico and later for the Office of
Inter-American Affairs in Washington. 125 The Office of Inter-American Affairs was absorbed into
the State Department in 1946, and Davis is a candidate for the cover name “Lou” that appears in
Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as associated with the State Department in 1946.
Davis, Norman H.: Senior American diplomat, in the mid-1930s referred to in the press as “ambassador-atlarge”,
although this was not an official title at the time.
“Davydov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, New York KGB
station 1952.
Day, Stephen: U.S. Representative, 1941-1945 (R. IL)
D.B. (initials): Described as a representative of the Department of the Treasury sent to Moscow in 1945.
de Gaulle, Charles: Leader of the Free French. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ras”.
De Lacey, Hugh: U.S. Representative (D. Washington, 1945-1946), secret member of the CPUSA.
De Sveshnikov, Valdimir Vladimirovich: see Sveshnikov, Valdimir Vladimirovich.
Dead drop (tradecraft term): A dead drop or dead letter box, is a location used to secretly pass items
between two people, without requiring them to meet.
Dean, Gordon: Chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1950.
Dean, Mary: Sister of Faye Glasser.
Dean, Sidney: Faye Glasser's brother-in-law.
------------------------------------
123 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
124 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
125 .Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 307.

Deane, ??: Described as head of the American Secretariat on the German occupation Control Council.
Deane, John R. (real name) and the Deane mission. General John R. Deane headed the U.S. military
mission in Moscow, 1943-1945.
Dear: See “Dir”.
Debs, Eugene: American Socialist leader in the early 20th century.
Debuchi, Katsuji: Japanese ambassador to the U.S., early 1930s.
“Decree” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Lend Lease program and agency, circa 1944.
“Decree” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Lend Lease.
“Ded” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Grandfather”.
Deer: See “Dir”.
Degan, Thomas: Described as New York Police official involved in antiradical activities.
Dekanozov, Vladimir G.: Deputy chief of NKID, 1940-1947.
“Dekret” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Decree”.
del Vayo, Julio Alvarez: Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War,
a Socialist (PSOE) who supported close alliance with Communists and the Soviet Union.
Delgass, Basil: See Vasily Delgass.
Delgass, Vasily: Vice-president of Amtorg, defected 1930. Testified to Rep. Hamilton Fish’s Special
Committee to Investigate Communist Activities, asserted that Amtorg was used as a cover for
espionage. Also know as Basil and Basilie Delgass.
Delonier, ?: Described as Boris Morros’s banker.
Democratic National Committee.
Dempsey, John J.: U.S. Representative (D. NM)
Denikin, Anton and “Dinikinists”: Tsarist Army general and leader of anti-Bolshevik White forces in the
Russian Civil War.
Denisenko, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Dennis, Eugene: Senior CPUSA leader, second ranking leader under Earl Browder in the early 1940s, chief
of the party after Browder’s fall in 1945 until 1959. Comintern and KGB records documents
Dennis’s role in inserting covert Communists into OSS and OWI. 126 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Physician”.
Denny, Harold: New York Times Moscow correspondent.
“Depo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Depot”.
“Depot” [Depo] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): War Production Board, U.S. “Depot” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as the War Production Board.
“Deputy” [Zamestitel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurence Steinhardt. References to in 1939.
“Derbi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Derby”.
“Derby” [Derbi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Henry Linschitz.
“Derevnya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Countryside”.
Deribas, Terenty D.: Senior KGB officer, Executed in Stalin’s Terror, 1937.
“Derivat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Derivative”.
“Derivative” [Derivat] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): N.M. Ellias.
Dern, George H.: U.S. Secretary of War, 1933-1936.
Designer: See “Constructor”.
Despres, Emile: Senior official in OSS economics division, later with the State Department in 1945.
“Desyatym” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tenth”.
“Detective” [Detektiv] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Martin Dies.
“Detektiv” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Detective”.
------------------------------------
126 Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 259–86.

Deutsch, Alfred (pseudonym): Arnold Deutsch’s Austrian passport name.
Deutsch, Arnold: Senior KGB illegal officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Stephan”.
“Devis” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Davis”. Davis in Russian can also be spelled Deyvis.
“Devushka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Young Woman”.
Devyatkin, Boris: GRU officer in the US. in the late 1920s, early 1930s using the pseudonym Dick
Murzin. 127
Dewer, ?: Describes as first secretary of the U.S. Embassy in Iran, 1950.
Dewey, Thomas: Governor of New York (1942-1954) and Republican presidential candidate in 1944 and
1948. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kulak”.
“Deyvis” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Davis”. Davis in Russian can also be spelled Devis.
d-f: delo-formulyar: card file.
“Diana” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, New York
station 1938.
“Diana” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified source or agent, 1942, thought to have some
access to Harry Hopkins’s secretary.
“Diana” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence agent, transferred to the
U.S., contact established 1941, reference to in 1943. May be the same as “Diana” 1942.
“Dick” [Dik] (cover name in Venona): Bernard Schuster.
Dick (pseudonym): Elizabeth Bentley’s pseudonym for Donald Wheeler.
Dickstein, Samuel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. U.S. Representative (D. New York, 1923-1945).
Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Optant” (1937), then “Crook”.
Dickstein’s Committee: U.S. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities, 1934-1937. Also
known as the McCormack-Dickstein committee.
“Dicky” [Diki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent 1945, a radio
journalist/commentator. Likely Johannes Steele. “Dicky” was identified in the Venona decryptions
as journalist Johannes Steele. 128
Dieckhoff, Heinrich: German Ambassador to the U.S., 1938.
Diels, Rudolf: Protege of Hermann Goring and head of the Prussian political police (predecessor to the
Gestapo) in 1933-34.
Dies, Martin: U.S. Representative (D. Texas, 1931-1945, 1953-1958), chairman of the U.S. House Special
Committee on Un-American Activities (Dies committee, 1938-1944). Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Detective”.
Digest (journal): Unidentified journal, apparently an internal U.S. military journal of some sort.
“Dik] (cover name in Venona): See “Dick”.
“Diki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Dicky”.
“Diktor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Announcer”.
Dimitrievich, Victor : Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Dina” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): wife of Dan (Stanley Graze), Mrs. Stanley Graze.
“Dir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mary Price from late 1941 to August 1944. (Alternative
translations: Dear, Deer). “Dir” appeared in the Venona decryptions as Mary Price.
Directive echelon: Soviet idiom for the upper leadership apparatus of the CPSU.
“Direktsiya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Administration”. (Alternative translation:
Directorate).
------------------------------------
127 Statement of Nicholas Dozenberg, 4 October 1949, U.S. House Committee on Un-American
Activities, Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951), 3540;
Herbert Romerstein and Stanislav Levchenko, The KGB Against the “Main Enemy”: How the Soviet
Intelligence Service Operates Against the United States (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1989), 16.
128 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Discovery”: See “Godsend”.
Division of Studies and Progress Reports: section of UNNRA.
Division of the American Republics, U.S. Department of State.
“Dlinny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Long”.
Dmitriev, Evgeny Aleksandrovich: Third secretary of Soviet NY consulate, 1943-44. Dmitriev does not
appear directly in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks, but the cover name “Si” does. In the Venona
decryptions “Si” is identified as Dmitriev.
Dobrokhotov, ?: Senior Soviet official, 1953.
Dobrolet: Early Soviet society promoting civil aviation.
Dobrovolsk, Nikolay Stepanovich: Described as a mentally-ill Moscow citizen.
“Dock” [Dok] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Department of the Navy. “Dock” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as the Navy department.
“Doctor” [Doktor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Maurice Frocht, early 30s.
“Doctor” [Doktor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1934 supplied false passports.
Dodd, Martha: Maiden name of Martha Dodd Stern. See Martha Dodd Stern.
Dodd, William: Historian, Democratic party activist, U.S. ambassador to Germany, 1933-1938.
Dodd, William, jr.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Son of Ambassador William Dodd. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 129 Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boy” (1936-1939) and “President” (1939-
1948).
Dodge, Ethel Geraldine Rockefeller (Mrs. M. Hartley Dodge): Purchased the building housing the Soviet
consulate in 1946 and declined to renew the lease on terms acceptable to the USSR.
“Dog” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mastiff”.
“Dok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Dock”.
“Doktor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Doctor”. (Also see Vrach.)
Dolbin, Grigory: Soviet intelligence officer, U.S. 1946-47. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Grigory”.
Dolivet, Johanna: Described as the German wife of Louis Dolivet prior to his marriage to Beatrice Straight.
Dolivet, Louis: Brother-in-law of Michael Straight and head of the Free World Association. Also know as
Ludovici Udeanu and Ludwig Brecher. Romanian born, naturalized French cititizen active in
French Communist politics in the 1930s in association with Pierre Cot and Willi Munzenberg and
a leader of La Rassemblement Universal Pour La Paix, an anti-Fascist front with strong
Communist and Soviet ties. Escaped the fall of France and came to the United States in 1940.
Brother-in-law of Michael Straight. Later a well-know figure in the Hollywood movie industry.
“Dom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Home”.
“Dombi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Domby”.
“Domby” [Dombi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Emanuel Schwartz.
Domeratzky, Louis: U.S. Commerce Department official, early 1930s.
“Don” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Koral in 1936 until August 1944.
“Donal'd” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Donald”.
“Donald” [Donal'd] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Ludwig Ullmann begining in August
1944 (after “Polo”), changed to “Pilot” in September 1944. “Donald” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Ullmann. 130
Donovan, James: Prominent New York attorney, 1960s.
------------------------------------
129 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
130 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Donovan, William: U.S. Army genral, organizer and commander of OSS. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Announcer”.
DOP: Delo Operativnoy Perepiski: Operational Correspondence file.
“Dora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Silvermaster. “Dora” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Helen Silvermaster. 131
“Dorian” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Thomas A. Fineberg.
“Dorian” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified courier 1934 between Davis’ KGB illegal
station and the legal station.
“Dorin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): George Eltenton.
Dorkarkhanova: Wife of S. A. Vasilyev.
Dorn, Walter: OSS official.
Dorogov, Vasily Georgievich: Soviet intelligence officer.
“Dorothy” [Dorotti] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mildred Price.
“Dorotti” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Dorothy”.
Dorr, Russell: Senior OSS officer, Turkey.
DOS: Department of State, U.S. Sometimes referred to in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as MID,
Russian abbreviation for the Soviet Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In those cases, MID is translated
as DOS.
Douglas aircraft company.
“Douglas” [Duglas] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Katz beginning in August 1944, changed
to “X” in September 1944. “Douglas” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Katz. 132
Douglas, Helen Gahagan: U.S. Representative (D. CA, 1945-1950.
Douglas, Lewis W.: U.S. ambassador to London, 1947-1951.
Douglas, Melvyn: Well known Hollywood actor, 1930s-1960s. Husband of Helen Gahagan Douglas.
Dowel: See “Spline”.
Downey, Sheridan: U.S. Senator (D. CA, 1939-1951).
“Dragon” [Drakon] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Van de Graaff.
“Drakon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Dragon”.
Draper, William H., Jr.: Undersecretary of the Army, 1947-1949.
“Drone” [Truten'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
subsource of “Talent”.
“Drozd” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Thrush”.
Drozdov, Leo : Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Drug” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Friend”.
DST: Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire, Frence counter-intelligence agency.
“Dubki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Oaklings”.
Dubna: Russian city, cite of major Soviet nuclear research facilities.
Dubois, Josiah E., Jr.: Senior advisor to Secretary of Treasury Morgenthau.
Dubrovsky, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Duche” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sergey M. Shpigelglaz.
Duclos, Jacques: French Communist Party leader and nominal author of a Soviet composed article in Les
Cahiers du Communisme denouncing Earl Browder’s reforms of the CPUSA as ideologically
unacceptable. 133
------------------------------------
131 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
132 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
133 Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Kyrill M. Anderson, The Soviet World of American
Communism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 91–106.

“Duga” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Arch”.
Duggan, Helen Boyd: Wife of Laurence Duggan. Cognizant of and supported her husband’s activities of
Soviet intelligence.
Duggan, Laurence: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Duggan joined the State Department in 1930 and
served as Latin American Division chief, 1935-37, then chief of the Division of the American
Republics (merger of the Latin American and Mexican Divisions). On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of
those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin
as a Soviet source/agent. Identified as a KGB source by Hede Massing. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “19” (and variants “Nineteen” and “Nineteenth”) starting in 1935. Briefly
designated as “Official” by the Legal station in 1935. Designated as “Frank” in Iskhak Akhmerov
reports in 1942-1943, but also continues to be referred to as “19” in this period in other
documents. Appeared as “19” again in August 1944. A Moscow directive changed his cover
name from “19” to “Sherwood” in August 1944, then “Prince” starting in September 1944. 134
Duggan, Stephen P.: Father of Laurence Duggan, professor at CCNY and founder of the Institute for
International Education.
“Duglas” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Douglas
Duke, Doris: Wealthy heiress.
Dulles, Allen: Senior OSS official, later Director of Central Intelligence.
Dulles, Clover Todd: Daughter of Allen Dulles, served in OSS.
Dulles, John Foster: U.S. Secretary of State, 1953-1959.
Dumay, Henry: Described as correspondent of Victor Hammer, 1945-1948.
Dunn, James: U.S. State Department official, foreign service officer.
Dunning, John: Columbia physicist and leader of work on gaseous diffusing uranium separation.
Dunts, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
Dunts, Karl: KGB officer or agent, worked with Harry Gold, 1936-38. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Achilles”.
DuPont Corporation
Durant, William James: Prominent historian, philosopher and writer.
Duranty, Walter: New York Times Moscow correspondent in the 1930s.
Durbrow, Elbridge: Senior American diplomat, chief of DOS East European division in WWII.
Durmashkin, Ilya Lvovich: Russian immigrant to the United States, member of the Communist Party and
an employee of Amtorg. He returned to the USSR in the early 1930s and executed as a Trotskyist
in 1938. 135
D.V.: Dalniy Vostok: the Far East.
“Dvorets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Palace”.
“Dyadya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Uncle”.
Dybenko, Pavel: Senior Red Army officer, late 1920s.
Dzerzhinsky, Felix E.: Organizer and first chief of Cheka.
“Dzhanetta” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jeanette”.
“Dzhek” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jack”.
“Dzhems” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “James”.
“Dzherom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jerome”.
------------------------------------
134 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Hede Massing, This Deception (New York:
Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1951), 206–11; Berle, “Espionage Agent”.
135 Durmaskhin under the spelling Dourmashkin appears in CPUSA records. Klehr, Haynes, and
Firsov, Secret World, 145–46.

“Dzhon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “John”.
“Dzhonson” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Johnson”.
“Dzhunior” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Junior”.
“Eagle” [Orel] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as a
journalist and sent to Europe. Reference to in 1942. “Eagle” appeared in the Venona decryptions
as an unidentified source in deactivated status in 1944. 136 The journalist Winston Burdett is a
candidate for “Eagle”. Burdett, who later testified regarding his cooperation with KGB, was a
journalist, worked for the Brooklyn Eagle at the time of his recruitment, and assisted KGB in
Europe from 1940 to 1942 while working as a war correspondent.
“Eagle Owl” [Filin] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Elmer Davis.
Easley, Ralph: Head of the National Civic Federation and conservative anti-Communist activist.
Eastern Division of the I.S.: likely a reference to the Eastern Division of the German intelligence service.
Eastman, Max: A well-know radical writer in the 1910s and 1920s sympathetic to Bolshevism, associated
with Leon Trotsky in the late 1920s and increasingly anti-Stalinist and anti-Communist in the
1930s and later.
Eble, Francis Xavier A.: U.S. Commissioner of Costoms, 1929-1933.
ECFEP: European Combined Foreign Economic Policy committee.
Echelon (Soviet idiom): See Directive echelon.
“Echo” [Ekho] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bernard Schuster beginning in June 1943. “Echo”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Schuster. 137
“Eck” [Ek] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Victor Perlo.
Ecker, Ira: Senior American Army Air Force general.
Ed: Party name for Edward Fitzgerald, 1940s.
“Eddi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Eddie”.
“Eddie” [Eddi] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Albert Kahn.
Eddy, William A.: Senior OSS officer.
Edelman, Mary: Sister of Jacob Golos.
“Edit” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Edith”.
“Edith” [Edit] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks, given name used as a cover name): Soviet intelligence
source/agent. Likely Edith Tudor Hart. “Edith” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Edith
Tudor Hart. “Edith” was identified in West and Tsarev as Edith Tudor Hart. 138
“Edith” [Edit] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Recruited in Paris. References to in 1948.
“Editorial Office” [Redaktsiya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): TASS. “Editorial Office” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as TASS.
“Eduard” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence liaison with Jones York, likely
Emanuel Locke. References to in 1937, 1938. 139
Edwards, R. M.: Described as an official of the State Department. KGB suspected it was a fake name in a
fraudulent document.
------------------------------------
136 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
137 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
138 West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels.
139 Eduard” was not directly identified in Vassiliev’s notebooks. However, Jones York later cooperated with
the FBI and identified the photograph of Emanuel Locke as his liaison with the KGB in this period. Locke,
confronted by the FBI, confessed to having worked as the courier between York and Shumovsky in this period. R.
B. Hood to Director, 14 April 1950, serial 57; San Francisco FBI memo, 27 June 1954, serial 136, Jones Orin York
FBI file 65-2223.

Edwards, Robert: Left Socialist British politician. Leader of the Independent Labour Party, a left split
from the Labour Party.
Efimov, Afanasy: Described by Boris Morris as one of his Soviet intelligence officer contacts in Vienna.
Ehrenburg, Ilya: Soviet writer.
Einstein, Albert: Theoretical mathematical physicist. Described as a cousin of Hans Mayer.
Eisenberg, ?: Golos recommended Eisenberg’s recruitment on technical line in 1942.
Eisenhower, Dwight: Commander of Allied forces in Western Europe, later U.S. president.
Eisenhower, Mamie: Dwight Eisenhower’s wife.
Eisenhower, Milton: Brother of President Eisenhower.
Eitingon, Leonid: Soviet intelligence officer. His birth name may have been Naum Isakyevich Eitingon.
Used the cover name “Tom” during much of his long career that included tours in the United States
and Mexico, supervision of Leon Trotsky’s murder, and other tasks. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Tom”.
Eitingon, Naum: see Eitingon, Leonid.
Eitingon, Matthew: Executive of a New York fur company described as involved in the Robinson/Rubens
passport fraud case.
“Ek” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Eck”.
“Ekho” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Echo”.
EKOSO: Economic Conference.
EKU OGPU: Ekonomicheskoye Upravlenie (EKU), OGPU's economic directorate.
“El'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fir”. (Alternative translation: Spruce)
“El” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Alfred Slack prior to October 1944. Variant of “Ell”. “El”
and “Ell” both appears as the cover name Alfred Slack in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. It is
not clear if this was a artifact of the KGB cipher system or carelessness by whoever wrote the
reports cited. “Ell” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent whose cover name was changed to “Bir” in October 1944. 140 See “Ell”.
“Elder” [Starshy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harold Urey. (Alternative translation: Senior)
“Electric Pole” [Polyus] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technical line. Described as employed at DuPont and a source until 1941 when investigated by
FBI. (Polyus is pole in the sense of an electric or magnetic pole and is the cover name of a
technical espionage source. To minimize confusion with Pole as someone from Poland, it is here
translated as Electric Pole rather than simple as Pole.)
“Electrician” [Elektrik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent
1940.
“Elektrik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Electrician”.
“Eleron” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Aileron”.
Elizabeth, II: Queen of the United Kingdom.
“Ell” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alfred Slack prior to October 1944. Variant of “El”. “El” and
“Ell” both appears as the cover name Alfred Slack in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. It is not
clear if this was a artifact of the KGB cipher system or carelessness by whoever wrote the reports
cited. “Ell” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent
whose cover name was changed to “Bir” in October 1944. 141 See “El”.
“Elli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Elly”.
Ellias, N.M.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Chemist, worked at Dupont, recruited in 1934, deactivated
1938. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Derivative”.
------------------------------------
140 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
141 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Ellinger, ?: Described as BEW official.
“Elly” [Elli] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): GRU source in British intelligence identified by Igor
Gouzenko.
“El'man” (cover name or possible real name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Elman”.
“Elman” (cover name or possible real name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Described as a traitor by KGB in
1938.
“Elsa” [El'za] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Lowry (mid-1945) (Alternative translation:
Elza). “Elsa” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Lowry. 142
Elsa (nick name): see Poretsky, Elisabeth.
Elson, Rae: Also know as “Ray Elson.’ Bentley identified Elson as a long-time courier for the KGB who at
KGB direction replaced Bentley at the United States Service and Shipping Corporation. 143 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Irma”.
Eltenton, George Charles: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 144 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Dorin”.
El'za” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Elsa”.
Elza: See “Elsa”.
“Em” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Medes Grineff starting in July 1942, changed to “Zam” by
October 1943.
Embassy of the USSR: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Trust”.
Embassy of the USSR: Cover name in Venona: “Trust”.
Emelyanov, ?: An official connected to the Soviet Chief Directorate on the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy.
Emerson, Edwin: American journalist, pro-German. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Star”.
Emery, Edith: Emery had been born in Hungary in 1905 and came to the U.S. in 1930 as an exchange
student at Bryn Mawr and got a M.A. there in 1931 and then studied economics at the Brookings
Institution. In the U.S. she used the names Andrea Emery (her Hungarian given name was
“Ondra”) and Edith Emery. She went to Hungary in 1932 to obtain a divorce from her Hungarian
husband, returned to the U.S. in 1932 and taught economics at Fordham and Bennington. In 1933
she married Edmund Stevens and became a U.S. citizen. They, however, divorced in 1935. She
also completed a Ph.D. in economics at Columbia and worked as an economist for the New Deal’s
Resettlement Administration and later for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. She also married Roy
Hudson, a senior official of the CPUSA, in 1936. Emery worked in the CPUSA Washington
underground in the mid-1930s. When Whittaker Chambers described the activities of his CPUSA-
GRU network in the mid-1930s to the FBI, he mentioned one woman in contact with the network
whose name he remembered as “Andre Embrey” and whom he described as Hungarian, the
girlfriend of CPUSA offical Roy Hudson, and a secret Communist who worked for a government
agency. Chambers identified a picture of Emery as the woman he had remembered as Embrey. 145
Candidate for the cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Squirrel”.
------------------------------------
142 Elsa is used for Lowry in some notes prior to mid-1945, but appears to beVassiliev’s annotations
that Lowry later had the Elsa cover name. Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
143 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 58–61, 63–64, 85–89, 97, 102.
144 Chemist at Shell Oil in California, Eltenton was a British subject who had worked for some years
in the Soviet Union. In the U.S. he was an activist in the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and
Technicians, a small Communist-led CIO union. “Comintern Apparatus Summary Report,” 15 December
1944, FBI Comintern Apparatus file, serial 3702, see also memo of 1 November 1944, serial 3378.
145 New York FBI report of period 1 December 1946 through 31 March 1947, Comintern Apparatus
file, serial 5427; Whittaker Chambers, “Statement to the Federal Bureau of Investigation,” 11 May 1949,
reproduced in Edith Tiger and Victor Rabinowitz, eds., In Re Alger Hiss: Petition for a Writ of Error
Coram Nobis (New York: Hill and Wang, 1979), 79–80.

Emigres: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Guests”.
“Emiliya” [Ëmilya]: unidentified [source Venona]. See “Emma”.
“Emir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Bukhartsev.
“Emma” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Helen Lowry. The New York KGB station proposed
changing Lowry’s cover name from “Stella” to “Emma” in September 1944, but it does not appear
that this change was adopted. “Stella” continued to appear as Lowry’s cover name into 1945.
New York KGB station’s proposed cover name shifts of 2 September 1944 are in the White
notebook #1, p. 55 and in the Venona decryptions 1251, New York to Moscow, 2 September 1944.
The substantive text is nearly identical, indicating that Alexander Vassiliev made his notebook
entry from a copy of the cable sent to Moscow. One minor difference between Vassiliev’s notes
and the cable as deciphered by NSA is that Vassiliev’s notes have the New York station proposing
changing “Stella” to “Emma” while NSA’s deciphered version has the New York station
suggesting changing “Stella” to “Emiliya”. (“Emiliya” is unidentified in Venona.) The difference
between “Emma” and “Emiliya” may be a product of a minor error in NSA’s recreation of the
KGB code book.
Emmett, Beatrice: Described as a cousin of Milton Golos. Married name Kligman.
“Employer” [Khozyain]: See “Boss”.
“Emulsion” [Emul'siya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, technical intelligence at Eastman Kodak 1938 and as a technical intelligence source
in 1943, probably aviation related. Likely but not certainly these two “Emulsions” are the same.
“Emulsion” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified technical intelligence sources in
the aviation industry in 1943. “Emulsion” changed to “Signal” in the Venona decryptions in
October 1944. 146
“Emulsion’s” brother (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1938, brother of “Emulsion”.
“Emul'siya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Emulsion”.
Endelman, Michael (pseudonym): GRU agent know to Elizabeth Bentley who used the work name
“Marcel” and had American identification as Michael Endelman. 147 Endelman is presumed to be a
pseudonym. Cover name/work name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Marcel”.
“Enemy” [Vrag] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Walter Krivitsky.
Engels, ?? : Described as executive officers of Telefunken, 1945.
Engels, ?: Described as a Telefunken top manager.
Engineering Research Corporation.
Enigma: See “Riddle”.
“Enormous” [Enormoz] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): cover name given to the espionage project
targeting the Anglo-American atomic bomb development and the Manhattan atomic project.
“Enormous” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Manhattan project. “Enormous” was
identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as the Manhattan project.
“Enormoz” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Enormous”.
“Entoni” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Anthony”.
Epshteyn, Shakhne: Described as associate of Julius Hammer at Pravda.
Epstein, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Steamship ticket sales agent in NY, assisted in providing fake
passports.
Epstein, Israel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Polish born, raised in China by Communist parents.
Journalist and Communist activist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Minaev”.
------------------------------------
146 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
147 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 6–9.

Epstein, Sidney: Washington Times-Herald writer.
Equitemby: Described as a major American insurance company. Likely a spelling/translation garble.
Equitable Life Insurance is a possible candidate for the referenced company.
Ercoli (Comintern party name): Italian Communist leader Palmiro Togliatti.
“Eric” [Erik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Engelbert Broda, 1942-44. “Eric”/Broda appears to be
identical with the unidentified Soviet source “K”. in West and Tsarev and Andrew and
Mitrokhin. 148
“Eric” [Erik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer/agent, early 1930s.
“Erie” [Iri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul G. Nahin. “Erie” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified scientific source/agent. 149
“Erik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Eric”.
Erlich, Leon: Soviet intelligence informant. Elizabeth Bentley identified Erlich as a technical writer on the
aviation industry paid by Jacob Golos to provide information and articles on aviation subjects. 150
Erlygin, Evgeny: Soviet POW interviewed by American intelligence.
“Erna” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence contact. Described as traveling with
“Betty”/Zarubin in 1935 to the U.S. to get passports renewed. Very likely Vasily Zarubin’s wife,
Elizabeth Zarubin.
“Ernest”: cover name in the Venona decryptions that appears in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as
“Ernst”, likely a minor error by in Venona recreation of the Soviet code book.
“Erni” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ernie”.
“Ernie” [Erni] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1948.
“Ernst” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Noel Field in 1936.
“Ernst” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Byron Darling from October 1944 to February 1945. In the
Venona decryptions “Huron”/Darling was changed to “Ernst”/Darling in October 1944 but this
was canceled by Moscow Center in February 1945, and the cover name reverted to
“Huron”/Darling. 151
“Ernst” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul Nahin, 1945. “Ernst” under the alternative translation
as “Ernest” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified scientific source/agent (the
former “Erie”) from February 1945 onward. 152
“Erofey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, London,
1946.
“Ersh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ruff”. (Ersh is Russian for a type of fish known as
Ruff or Ruffe in English but also has several other meanings, including that of a mixed beer and
vodka drink.)
Ervin, Charles W.: Socialist and prominent American civil libertarian, 1920s.
Estrina, Lidiya: Former Trotskyist activist in France in the 1930s, married to David J. Dallin in the United
States.
------------------------------------
148West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 231–33, 236; Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the
Shield, 114–15.
149Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
150Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 30.
151Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944 and
Venona 164 KGB Moscow to New York, 20 February 1945. Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona
[2000].
152Venona’s deciphering of the cover name as “Ernest” rather than “Ernst” likely results in the minor
difference in Russian of the rendering of “Ernst” and “Ernest” and a minor error in recreated the Soviet
code book. Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Ethridge, Mark F.: Senior American diplomat, 1945.
Etinger, ?: Described as a manager at Julius Hammer’s pencil factory.
Eugene (party name): Described as clandestine CPUSA figure in Washington, DC, in the mid-1930s known
to Victor Perlo.
Euler, Rose: see Rose Browder.
“Eurofeem” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, London,
1946.
European Combined Foreign Economic Policy committee: U.S. State Department committee.
“Evans” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): John Veymut. Also spelled in the notebooks as “Veytmut”
and and “Beymut”.
“Evgeny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1942.
Evstratova, Varvara Vassilievna: Russian born wife of Edward Ames.
Ewert, Arthur: Real name German Communist and Comintern agent in Brazil in 1936 who was using the
pseudonym of Harry Berger.
Experimental Center Y: see Site Y.
Experimental Center X: see Site X.
Experimental Center W: see Site W.
“Express Messenger” [Gonets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Richard Setaro. “Express
Messenger” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Setaro. 153
“Eysu” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Heim.
“Ëmiliya”: Cover name in the Venona decryptions: See “Emiliya”.
“Faber” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB office, slated for illegal station chief in
the U.S., 1940.
Fabergé: Cosmetics firm owned by Communist sympathizers.
“Fabrika” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Factory”.
Fabrizi, ? General: Contact of Martha Dodd in 1937.
Face, ?: Possible DOS employee. (Possibly a cover name.)
“Factory” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Cover name for the Manhattan atomic project used by
Harry Gold with Klaus Fuchs.
“Factory” [Fabrika] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Amtorg. “Factory” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Amtorg.
Failed and failures (tradecraft term): KGB idiom for a source/agent/officer who could no longer be used
because they had been compromised or exposed by arrest or identification by hostile security
authorities or who defected or left service without KGB permission.
Fainberg, ?: Associated with Amtorg in 1924 according to Vasily Delgass..
Fairfax-Cholmeley, Elsie: Soviet intelligence source/agent. British wife of Israel Epstein. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Girl Friend”.
“Fairy” [Feya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1938.
“Fakir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Andrew Steiger prior to October 1944. “Fakir” appeared in
the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 154 In the Venona
decryptions, “Fakir” became “Arnold” in October 1944. “Arnold”/Steiger does not occur in
Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
“Falcon” [Sokol] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source, Douglas
aviation draftsman 1930s. References to in 1935, 1937, 1938.
------------------------------------
153 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
154 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Fall, Albert B.: U.S. Secretary of the Interior, 1921-1923.
False flag (tradecraft term): When an officer/agent induces someone to assist or provide material by
pretending the destination for the material is a nation (the ‘flag’) or customer other than it really is.
For example, a technical agent working for KGB may induce a colleague to steal technical
information by pretending it is commercial industrial espionage for a domestic or foreign corporate
rival rather than espionage on behalf of the USSR.
“Fanton” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Believed to be an error in the original for “Foton”.
Far Eastern Commission: Allied diplomatic commission established to review peace and occupation terms
in Asia after the surrender of Japan.
Far Eastern Republic: Soviet republic established in former Russian Far East and Siberia in 1920, fully
absorbed into the USSR in 1922.
Farish, Linn Markley: Soviet intelligence source/agent, OSS officer in Yugoslavia. Cover name in the
Venona decryptions “Attila”.
Farley, James: Franklin Roosevelt’s campaign manager in 1932 and later Postmaster General.
Farm Credit Administration, U.S.
“Farm” [Khutor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Foreign Economic Administration (FEA),
December 1944. “Farm” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Foreign Economic
Administration.
Farm Security Administration, U.S.
Farm: See Ferma.
Farnsworth, John: Former U.S. Naval officer arrested for espionage on behalf of Japan in 1936.
Farouk I: King of Egypt.
Farrell, Michael: Described as the head of an American displaced persons agency in Austria in 1950.
Fast, Howard: Soviet intelligence contact. Popular writer and Communist.
“Faun” [Favn] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, 30s, New York station.
“Favn” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Faun”.
FEA: Foreign Economic Administration, U.S.
Federal Laboratories: a private U.S. armor and arms firm.
Federal Reserve Board: U.S.
Federated Press. Also known as Federated Labor Press. Left-wing news agency of the 1920s-1940s..
Fedichkin, D.G.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center.
“Fedor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Gyorgi Sokolov. (Alternative translation: Fyodor).
Fedosimov, Pavel Ivanovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Likely the real name (or diplomatic
pseudonym) behind “Stepan” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks for the acting chief of the New
York station 1947-1948. Cover name “Stepan” in the Venona decryptions in 1944. 155 In the
Venona decryptions, “Stepan”/Fedosimov arrived at the New York KGB station in 1944.
Fedotov, ?: Described as Bolshevik in America that Julius Hammer assisted in escaping to the Soviet
Union.
Fedotov, Al. Mihkailovich: Described as someone Boris Morros met in Moscow.
Fedotov, Petr V.: Senior KGB official Moscow, 1940s. Pseudonym: Petr Vasilyevich Ivanov.
“Fedya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Remington. (Alternative translation: Ted or Teddy:
Fedya is a diminutive of Fedor, and Fedor is the Russian equivalent for Theodore.)
------------------------------------
155 Venona 585 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1944; Venona 586 KGB New York to Moscow,
29 April 1944; Venona 601 KGB New York to Moscow, 2 May 1944; Venona 611 KGB New York to
Moscow, 3 May 1944; Venona 852 KGB New York to Moscow, 16 June 1944; Venona 915 KGB New
York to Moscow, 28 June 1944; Venona 1160 KGB New York to Moscow, 14 August 1944; Venona 1275
KGB New York to Moscow, 7 September 1944.

Feinstein, Isidor: Birth name of I.F. Stone. See Stone, I.F. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Pancake”.
Feis, Herbert: Senior State Department official, 1930s.
Feiz, Herbert: misspelling of Herbert Feis.
Feklisov, Alexander: KGB officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Callistratus”. “Callistratus”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Aleksandr Semenovich Fomin, the pseudonym Feklisov
used when under diplomatic cover in the U.S. 156
Feldman, Armand Labis (pseudonym): Soviet intelligence officer, real name Iosif V. Volodarsky. Also
know as Armand Lavis Feldman. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Brit”.
“Fellow Travelers” [Poputchiki] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Foreigners at Soviet institutions
and local Soviet citizens who are permanent residents in the country.
“Fellowcountryman” and “Fellowcontrymen” [Zemlyak, Zemlyaki] (cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks): Local Communists, members of the CPUSA or other fraternal Communist
party/organization. “Fellowcountryman” was identified in the Venona decryptions as a member of
the CPUSA.
“Female Teacher” [Prepodavatelnitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB agent in Moscow,
1946, used to cover the Hammer family.
Ferdinand, Prince Louis: Prince of Prussia, member of the Hohenzollern family, and successor to the
abolished German monarchy in the 1930s.
“Ferma” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified institution that David Greenglass tried to get
a job at in 1949. Ferma means farm in Russian, but khutor is another Russian word that is also
often translated as farm, and “Khutor” was used by KGB as the cover name for the Foreign
Economic Administration, and “Khutor” was translated as “Farm” in the Venona decryptions.
Rather than confuse matters, here “Khutor” is also translated as “Farm” while “Ferma” is left in its
transliterated form.
Fermi, Enrico: Italian physicist, leading scientist on the Manhattan atomic project. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Vector”.
“Ferro” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander N. Petroff after October 1944. 157 “Ferro” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Petroff.
“Ferz'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Queen”.
Fetvays, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Feuchtwanger, Leon: Soviet intelligence source. Refugee German writer and KGB informant on exiled
Germans.
Feuer, Lewis: Philosophy instructor at CCNY. Described by Jacob Golos as source of information on FDR
and Churchill in 1941. Lewis Feuer later in life became a highly productive writer on philosophy
and intellectual history. Associated with Communist and Trotskyist circles in the 1930s and 1940s
he became an ardent opponent of New Left radicalism in the 1960s and 1970s.
“Feya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fairy”.
Feyn: see David Fine.
Field, Frederick Vanderbilt: Wealthy secret Communist, active in the Foreign Policy Association, the
Institute for Pacific Relations, and headed the American Peace Mobilization, a Communist front
group of the Nazi-Soviet Pact period.
Field, Hermann: Brother of Noel Field. Secretly imprisoned in Communist Poland in 1949 as part of the
“Fieldist” conspiracy. Released in 1954 when a Polish defector, Jozef Swiatlo, revealed his
imprisonment.
------------------------------------
156 Feklisov and Kostin, Man Behind.
157 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Field, Kate: Wife of Hermann Field. Maiden name Kate Thornycroft.
Field, Noel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Field joined the U.S. State Department in 1926. By 1936 he
was a mid-level official working on international arms limitation negotiations and U.S. cooperation
with the League of Nations. In 1936 he resigned his position in the U.S. State Department to take a
post with the League of Nations. Identified as assisting Soviet espionage KGB by defector Hede
Massing and by his own statements to Hungarian Communist security police. On Adolf Berle’s
1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage
risks. 158 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “17” and “Ernst”.
“Filin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Eagle Owl”.
“Filip” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Philip”.
“Film” [Plenka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent at Eastman Kodak
1938. Richard Briggs is a likely candidate for Film.
“Find”: See “Godsend”.
Fine, David: Described as lieutenant serving with the U.S. occupation government of Germany, 1945. The
family name was spelled Feyn in Russian and alternative translations are Fein and Fane.
Fineberg, Thomas A.: Target of recruitment. Describes as a physicist at Manhattan atomic project Los
Alamos, studied at University of Chicago. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Dorian”.
Finestone, Maxwell: In 1947 Julius Rosenberg revived his WWII apparatus for the KGB but sought new
contacts as well. In 1948 Rosenberg is described as cultivating “Plumb” who was described as an
active student Communist at an unidentified college. After Julius Rosenberg was arresed, a cell
mate informant told the FBI that Julius Rosenberg has identified Finestone as someone he had
recruited. Interviewed by the FBI, Finestone admitted that he had been a young Communist at
Cornell University in the late 1940s and knew Julius Rosenberg but claimed he had dropped out the
the party his senior year (1949) because of the pressure of school work and had no involvement in
espionage. But James Weinstein, a fellow young Communist had Cornell, stated that Finestone
had told him that he had dropped out to do secret work for the party. The FBI also developed
evidence that Finestone had been associated with Alfred Sarant, a veteran member of Rosenberg’s
apparatus when at Cornell, and Finestone later had lived for some months in 1949, apparently rent
free since his own income was nearly non-existent, at an apartment in New York that had been the
residence of Alfred Sarant, William Perl and Joel Barr (all members of Julius Rosenberg’s
technical intelligence apparatus), and a site where much of the Rosenberg group’s photographic
work was performed. 159 Candidate for the cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Plumb”.
“Fink” [Stukach]: See “Informer”.
“Fir” [El'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Helen Grace Scott
Keenan. Described as the secretary of French journalist Geneviève Tabouis. “Fir” (Alternative
translation: Spruce) was identified in the Venona decryptions as Helen Grace Scott Keenan. 160
------------------------------------
158 Berle, “Espionage Agent”; Mária Schmidt, “Noel Field -- The American Communist at the Center
of Stalin’s East European Purge: From the Hungarian Archives,” American Communist History 3, no. 2
(December 2004); Mária Schmidt, Battle of Wits - Beliefs, Ideologies and Secret Agents in the 20th
Century (Budapest, Hungary: XX. Század Intézet, 2007); Bernd-Rainer Barth and Werner Schweizer, Der
Fall Noel Field: Schlüsselfigur der Schauprozesse in Osteuropa, assisted by Thomas Grimm, Arte Edition
(2 vols, Berlin: BasisDruck, 2005–7); Flora Lewis, Red Pawn: The Story of Noel Field. (Garden City,
N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965); Massing, This Deception.
159 Vassiliev, Black, 131; Ronald Radosh and Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1997), 307–14; Steve Usdin, “Sarant, Barr, Perl,” 3 January 2006, posting on H-HOAC
.
160 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

First Chief Directorate: Foreign intelligence arm of the KGB. See Pervoe Glavnoe Upravlenie -- PGU.
Fischer, Louis: An influential American journalist of the 1930s, early enthusiast for the Republican cause
and for the International Brigades and covert courier for Comintern funds to Spain.
Fish, Hamilton: U.S. Representative, 1919-1945 (R. NY)
Fisher, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
Fisher [Rybolov]: See “Fisherman”.
“Fisherman” [Rybolov] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Stephen Urewich until September 1944.
“Fisherman” “Rybolov”, with alternative translation as “Osprey”, appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. “Fisherman” is not directly
identified as Urevich in Vassiliev’s notebooks. However, “Fisherman” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent later changed to “Block”. “Block”
in Vassiliev’s notebooks is identified as Stephen Urewich. Therefore, “Fisherman” is Urewich. 161
Fitin, Pavel: Senior KGB officer, chief of KGB foreign intelligence in WWII. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Victor”.
Fitzgerald, Edward: Father of source Edward Fitzgerald.
Fitzgerald, Edward: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 162 Secret Communist and economist with the WPB
and the FEA. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo espionage group. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ted”.
Fitzgerald, Mary: Mother of source Edward Fitzgerald.
“Fizkul'turniki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gymnasts” (Alternative translations:
Physical Fitness Enthuiasts, Athletes, Physical culturalists).
Flanagan, Hallie: Drama teacher at Vassar.
Flato, Charles: Soviet intelligence source/agent. On the staff of the Board of Economic Warfare in WWII
and later on the Senate Labor and Public Welfare committee. Flato was identified in the Venona
decryptions as a KGB source. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. 163 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boy”.
“Fledgling” [Ptenets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Richard Koral (Alternative translation:
Nestling).
Fleischman: Family owners of Fleischman’s Yeast company.
Fleisher, ?: Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Floks” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Phlox”.
“Flora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Rivkin, staff of UNRRA. “Flora” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified cover name reporting on UNRRA. 164
Flosdorf, Earl W.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Outpost”.
Flowers, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley: High profile Communist
organizer in the 1920s and 1930s.
Fochs: see Fox.
“Fogel'” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Fogel”.
“Fogel” [Fogel'] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Russell McNutt prior to September 1944. “Fogel”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 165
------------------------------------
161 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
162 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 51, 53–54, 56, 80; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000];
Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 312–15.
163 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 312–
15.
164 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
165 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Foks: See Fox.
Foley, ?: Described as U.S. Consul General, 1941.
Folkoff, Isaac: Senior member of the California Communist party and West Cost liaison between the KGB
and the CPUSA. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list (with his name spelled “Volkov”) of those identified
by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks, Folkoff was identified
in the Venona decryptions as assisting Soviet espionage and having the cover name of “Uncle”. 166
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Uncle”.
Fomin, Aleksandr: Pseudonym used by Alexander Feklisov when in the U.S. under diplomatic cover.
“Food Store” [Gastronom] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): People’s Commissariat of Foreign
Trade, USSR. (Narodny Komissariat Vneshney Torgovli: NKVT).
For Russia: Described as a newspapers published by NANG’s leadership in Bulgaria.
Foreign Agents Registration Section: Section of U.S. Justice Department involved in counter-espionage
operations.
Foreign Economic Administration, U.S. (FEA): Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Villa” (1942 to
November 1944, “Farm” (December 1944-)
Foreign Office, U.K.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Back Street”.
Foreign Policy Association.
Forge: See “Gorn”.
Formayster, ?: GPU counterintelligence officer, 1924.
“Forpost” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Outpost”.
Forrestal, James: U.S. Secretary of the Navy, 1944-1947, Secretary of Defense, 1947-1949.
Forward: Jewish newpaper with a Social Democratic orientation.
Fosdick, ?: Probably Henry Emerson Fosdick, prominent liberal Baptist minister.
Foster, Jane: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Concealed Communist. Foster worked for the Board of
Economic Warfare in 1942 and then in the Indonesian section of the Office of Strategic Services
from 1943 to 1945. Foster was identified in the Venona decryptions as an Soviet intelligence
source/agent. Indicted for espionage as part of the Sobel apparatus but was abroad at the time of
indictment and refused to return for trial. Also known as Jane Foster Zlatowski. 167 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Slang”.
“Foton” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Photon”.
Foulkes, Charles: Canadian general.
Fovitsky, ?: Described as editor of Novoye Russkoye Slovo and rector of the Russian People’s University.
Fowler, Glenn: Scientist involved in the Manhattan atomic project.
Fox, ?: Associated with Amtorg in 1924 according to Vasily Delgass.
Fox, ?: (Foks in Russian) Described as a State Department official, 1945. (Alternative translation: Fochs)
Foxcroft School: Elite girls’ preparatory school.
Fraina, Louis: Leading figure in the creation of the Communist Party of America in 1919 and its first
international secretary and representative to the Comintern.
Francy, Leona Oliver: Spelling error for Franey, Leona Oliver.
François-Poncet, André: French ambassador to Germany, 1931-1938.
Franey, Leona Oliver: Chief librarian at Bell Aircraft. She and her husband were in the early stages of
recruitment by KGB when approached by FBI and agreed to work as double agents. Identified in
the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Zero”
until October 1944, then “Eric”. 168
------------------------------------
166 Berle, “Espionage Agent”; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
167 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
168 Memo on Leona and Joseph Franey, 5 August 1944, FBI Comintern Apparatus file (FBI file 100-
203581), serial 2919; Memo on Leona and Joseph Franey, 21 August 1944, FBI Comintern Apparatus file,

“Frank” and Frank’s wife (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent and wife (contact), 1948. Warned to leave USA when FBI surveillance noticed.
“Frank” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurence Duggan’s designation in reports of “Mer” in
1942-1943. “Frank” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Duggan. 169 “Frank” was
identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Duggan.
“Frank” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer 1933-1935.
Frank, Pete: Described as a connection of Harold Glasser in 1945.
Frankel, Jan: Austrian Trotskyist activist who came to the U.S. in the late 1930s and became a influential
figure in the American Trotskyist movement.
Frankfurter, Felix: New Deal activist and U.S. Supreme Court Justice.
Frankfurter, Gerda: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Candidate for the circa-1937 cover names “Rita” or
“Valet”. 170
Franklin Institute of Research: May be a garble for the Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology.
Franklin, Zalmond David: Veteran KGB courier and agent. Also known as Irving Zalmond Franklin,
Salmond Franklin, and Franklin Zelman. American Communist and veteran of the Spanish Civil
War. Married for a time to Sylvia Callen/Caldwell. There are indications that Franklin, who did
considerable covert work for the Soviets, at time deliberately transposed his name and used spelling
variations. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 172 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Chap”.
Franks, Oliver: British ambassador to the U.S., 1948.
“Frantsuz” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Frenchman”.
Fraser, Speir, Meyer and Kidder: Wall Stree. law firm.
“Fraternal” [Bratsky] (cover name): Refers to a local Communist party, such as the CPUSA, or used
broadly to refer to other local Communist-aligned institutions. “Fraternal” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as the CPUSA.
Fratkin, ?: Soviet employee of Amtorg.
“Fred” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source, late 1938.
Fred: First name of an FBI agent discussed in American military intelligence records in 1937.
Free Europe: Possibly a truncation of “Radio Free Europe”
“Freedman” [Fridman] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bernard Schuster, October 1944.
Freeman, Harry: American journalist working for TASS. Brother of Joseph Freeman.
Freeman, Joseph: Prominant pro-Communist writer. 173
------------------------------------
serial 2989; FBI memo on Shevchenko, 30 October 1944, FBI Comintern Apparatus file, serial Serial
3379; FBI memo on Shevchenko, 9 December 1944, FBI Comintern Apparatus file, serial 3612; Leona
Franey testimony and Joseph Franey testimony, 6 June 1949, “Soviet Espionage Activities in Connection
with Jet Propulsion and Aircraft,” U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Un-American Activities
Committee, 81st Cong., 1st sess.; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating
based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
169 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
170 Hede Massing in her autobiography wrote that in in January or February of 1937, she and Gerda
Frankfurter were assigned to surveil Ludwig Lore by two senior Soviet intelligence officers, Boris Bazarov
(known to her under the work name Fred) and Bill (a work name used by Iskhak Akhmerov). Another
agent, a Russian know to her as Anton, also assisted on occasion with the surveillance. Massing, This
Deception, 139, 182–83, 195, 202–4, 218–19.
172 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
173 Freeman was a CPUSA member for years but was forced to leave due to his unwillingness to
submit to close supervision of his writings but remained an ally of the party.

Freiheits Partei: Described as an organization that Alfred Stern had aided at some point in the past.
“Frenchman” [Frantsuz] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Leon Theremin.
Freyd, ?: Described as Polish government-in-exile official in London, 1945.
“Fridman” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Freedman”.
“Fridrikh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Friedrich”.
“Friedrich” [Fridrikh] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Contact of Klaus Fuchs in Britain.
“Friend” [Drug] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified 1945 target of recruitment suggested by
Harold Glasser. Described as someone connected to the “Nat’l Association of Amer. Industries”,
1946. 174
“Friend” [Drug] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer or agent, New York
Station. References to in 1933.
Friends of the New Germany: Pro-Nazi German-American organization.
Friends of the Soviet Union: Originally founded in 1921 as Friends of Soviet Russia, FSU raised funds to
support the USSR and promote its interests. It was covertly controlled by the CPUSA.
Frinovsky, Mikhail Petrovich: Senior KGB official, chief of State Security 1937-1938. Executed in 1940.
Frisch, Otto: Exiled German scientist and key member of the British atomic bomb program and later part
of the British contingent in the Manhattan atomic project.
Frocht, Maurice: Soviet intelligence source/agent, early 1930s A medical doctor. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Doctor”.
Frontiers (journal): Described by Harry Magdoff as a “progressive” college student newspaper.
“Frost” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Morros. Morros anglicized his Russian family name
of “Moroz” as Morros. Moroz is also the Russian work for frost. His cover name, then, is a play
on his Russian family name. “Frost” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Morros. 175
“Frost” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Morros.
Fry, Jack: President of Trans World Airlines.
Fuchs, Emil Klaus: Father of Klaus Fuchs.
Fuchs, Gerhard: Brother of Klaus Fuchs. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kin”, 1951.
Fuchs, Klaus: Full name Emil Julius Klaus Fuchs. Soviet intelligence source/agent. German refugee
physicist, naturalized British subject. Senior scientist in the Manhattan atomic project. Identified
in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 176 Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a
Soviet source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Rest” (1943 - October 1944),
“Charles” (October 1944 - 1950), and “Bras” (1950s).
Fulbright, William: U.S. Senator (D. Arkansas).
Fuller, Helen: Soviet intelligence contact/informant (possibly unaware) in the Justice Department via
William Dodd, jr. in 1939.
Furtseva, Ye.: Described as someone who met with Victor Hammer in 1964.
Fyodor: See “Fedor”.
XXF
“G” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB source in Paris, 1950.
G.: Initial of someone described as a members of the New York State Democratic Committee.
G2: U.S. Army designation for military intelligence function.
------------------------------------
174 “Friend” appears in Venona in 1944 as the cover name of Oscar Lange, but “Friend” in Venona
was a translation of “Priyatel'” rather than “Drug” and was an entirely different cover name.
175 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
176 Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Gabin, Yetta: Wife of Fred Shuneman and described as both the sister of Philip Aronberg’s wife and the
sister of Earl Browder’s wife (unlikely).
“Gabriel'” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Gabriel”.
“Gabriel” [Gabriel'] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Likely Gavriil Panchenko.
“Gadfly” [Ovod] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent/contact of “Brit”/Feldman, 1937.
Gahagan, Helen: See Helen Gahagan Douglas.
Galeazzi, Enrico: Vatican administrator.
Galkovich, ?: Described as Soviet General Consul in San Francisco in the 1930s.
“Gamil'ton” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hamilton”.
Gamow, George: Ukrainian-born physicist. Defected from USSR in 1932 and became a U.S. citizen in
1940.
“Gans” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hans”.
“Gapon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Douglas
Aviation high-altitude specialist who rebuffed Shumovsky in 1935 but was in contact with the
KGB in 1942.
Garanin, F.A.: KGB officer transferred from Cuba to Washington as an attaché of the Soviet embassy.
References to in 1945. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Son”.
Garber, Ossip: New York photographer convicted in 1939 of passport fraud in connection with the
Robinson/Rubens case.
“Gard” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Guard”.
“Garden” [Sad] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified institution, described as something
whose branches in various countries that the OSS might make use of.
Garicker, ?: Described as a Ford company representative in Persia in 1924.
Garin, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Garner, John Nance: Vice-President of the United States, 1933-1941.
“Garri” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Harry”.
Gartenberg, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Gaston, Herbert: Senior U.S. Treasury official. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Adjutant”, circa
1944.
“Gastronom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Food Store.
Gaullists: Free French and supporters of Charles de Gaulle. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Rasists”.
Gay, ?: KGB officer, Moscow center.
“Gay” [Gey] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Trotskyist leader, possibly Max Shachtman.
GB (G.B.): Soviet State Security.
GD: See SD. Russian initials for State Department: Gosdep, or Gos(udarstvenny) Dep(artament).
GDR: German Democratic Republic (East Germany).
Gellhorn, Martha: Journalist and wife of Ernest Hemingway for a period.
General Aircraft: British aircraft manufacturing corporation.
General Electric corporation.
General Motors corporation.
Generalov, ?: State Security officer, 1942.
“Gennady” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Gayk Badalovich Ovakimyan. (Alternate
transliteration Guennady). “Gennady” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Ovakimyan.
“Gennady” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Ovakimyan.
“Genri” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Henry”.
“Genrikh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Heinrich”.
George, Harrison: Senior CPUSA cadre involved in covert Comintern and Profintern activities in the
1930s.

George, Walter : U.S. Senator (D. GA).
George: work name of Gayk Ovakimyan with Alfred Slack.
“George” [Zhorzh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul Nahin from October 1944 to 20 February
1945. “George” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent. 177
“George” [Zhorzh] (cover name/party name): George Perazich, 1945.
“Georgy” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, 1930s, NY station.
“German” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Gherman”.
German, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Gershwin, Ira: Well-know American music composer.
Gerson, Virginia : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Getsov, Eva: Soviet intelligence agent, courier work. (Alternative translations: Getzov, Getzoff)
Employee, Jewish Welfare Board. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Adam”. “Adam” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Rebecca Getzoff. While it seems likely, it is not firmly
established that Eva Getsov and Rebecca Getzoff are the same person. 178
Getzoff, Rebecca: see Getsov, Eva.
“Gey” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Gay”.
“Gherman” [German] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Armand V. (Armasha) Hammer in 1952.
Gibson, Hugh: U.S. ambassador to Brazil at the time of the abortive Prestes coup.
“Gid” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Guide”.
“Gidro” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hydro”.
“Gidrostroy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hydroelectric Construction Project”.
“Gift” [Dar] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB station chief San Francisco, 1944. Likely
Grigory Kasparov. “Gift” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Kasparov.
“Gifted” [Sposobny] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical
intelligence 1940. (Alternative translations: Talented, Able)
Gilchrist, Thomas: Chief Assistant United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York in 1955-
57.
Gillman, Joseph: Thought by Victor Perlo to have had contact with Soviet intelligence at some point. Staff
of WPB during WWII. Discharged from the War Assets Board for suspected Communist activity.
Gimbel, ??: One of the owners of the Gimbel department stores, references to in 1951.
“Girl Friend” [Podruga] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Elsie Fairfax-Cholmeley. “Girl Friend”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 179
“Girl”: See “Young Woman”.
“Git” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent 1943. Described
as giving a positive evaluation of Franz Neumann. “Git” appeared in the Venona decryptions as
unidentified in 1943. 180
Gitlow, Benjamin: Leading American Communist from the party’s founding until expelled in 1929. Later a
fervent anti-Communist. 181
GKO: Gosudarstvenniy Komitet Oborony - State Defense Committee.
------------------------------------
177 Venona 912 KGB New York to Moscow, 27 June 1944.
178 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
179 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
180 Venona 846 KGB New York to Moscow, 3 June 1943.
181 Benjamin Gitlow, I Confess: The Truth About American Communism (New York: E.P. Dutton &
Co., inc., 1940); Benjamin Gitlow, The Whole of Their Lives: Communism in America--a Personal
History and Intimate Portrayal of Its Leaders. (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1948).

Glading, Percy: Soviet intelligence source/agent in Britain. A senior CPGB activist, Glading worked
closely with Soviet intelligence. In 1938 he was arrested, convicted, and imprisoned for espionage
targeted at the Woolwich Arsenal. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Got”. 182
Gladkov, ?: Described as Trotskyist traitor on staff of Amtorg in 1928-33.
Gladkov, Lieutenant General P. V.: Chief of Naval SMERSH.
“Glan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, London, who met with
“Eric”/Broda in 1943. Both Andrew and Mitrokhin and West and Tsarev have KGB officer
Vladimir Barkovsky meeting with “K”, an unidentified Soviet source who appears to be identical
with “Eric”/Broda. Barkovsky, then, is a candidate for “Glan”. It is not clear that “Glan” in
Britain in 1943 is the same as “Glan” the unidentified KGB officer at the New York Station in the
late 1930s and early 1940s.
“Glan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified legal KGB officer, New York Station,
References to in 1938, 1940. “Glan” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified Soviet
officer/agent with the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in 1942.
Glasser, Abraham: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Department of Justice lawyer from the mid-1930s to
1941. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Morris”.
Glasser, Faye: Wife of Harold Glasser. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Roma”.
Glasser, Harold: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Senior Treasury Department official and economist.
KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part
of the Perlo espionage group. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent.
Identified by Chambers as a source/agent. 183 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ruble”.
Party name: Henry.
Glasser, John: Described in a 1944 KGB report on a conversation with GRU’s American division chief as
a Treasury Department official who in 1938-40 had been prepared for recruitment by GRU agents,
though GRU did not give its consent for Glasser’s recruitment. Described also as secret
Communist who worked with Josef Peters’ intelligence group. Likely an error for Harold Glasser.
Glauber, Roy: A brilliant young scientist, in 1943, during his sophomore year at Harvard University, he
was recruited to work on the Manhattan Project, where (at age 18) he was one of the youngest
scientists at Los Alamos. At Los Alamos he shared a room for a time with his former Harvard
classmate Theodore Hall. In 2005 he received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Glavatom: Directorate for the Utilization of Atomic Energy of the Council of Ministers, USSR.
Glavkontsesskom: Chief Concession Committee.
Glavpromkadr: Chief Administration for the Training of Industrial Cadres.
Glavsevmorput: Chief Administration of the Northern Sea Route.
Glazer, Juliet: Married name of Juliet Stuart Poyntz. See Juliet Stuart Poyntz.
Gleason, Leverett: Publisher of Reader’s Scope, described as a secret Communist.
Glennan, T. Keith: Engineer and scientific administrator. Member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,
1950. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Astrologer”
Glinka, Mikhail: Russian composer.
“Glory”: see “Slava.”
Glushinsk, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Smuggler from the prohibition era who helped to bring
illegals to US from Canada. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boatman”.
“Gnat” [Komar] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet defector, 1944. (Alternative translation:
Mosquito.) Likely Victor Kravchenko. “Gnat” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Victor
Kravchenko.
------------------------------------
182 We thank John McIlroy and Alan Campbell for bringing our attention to Glading.
183 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 312–
15; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 52, 55–57; Chambers, Witness, 430.

Gnedin, Evgeny: Soviet diplomat in Berlin, KGB co-optee, liaison with Martha Dodd in 1936. Cover name
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pioneer”.
“Gnom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gnome”.
“Gnome” [Gnom] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Perl prior to September 1944. “Gnome”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Perl. 184
“Goboy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Oboe”.
Gochenour, Howard: Soviet intelligence source. Chemist and industrial espionage source recruited by
Alfred Slack, perhaps by a false flag recruitment. Gochnour admitted to FBI that he supplied
information to Slack, claiming that Slack said it was for a South American buyer, not the
Soviets. 185 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Young”.
Goddard, Robert H.: American pioneer rocket developer.
“Godfather” [Kum] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1948. “Godfather” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent in 1944 but it is unclear if this is the same person. Brother of “Godsend” and
“Relative”.
“Godsend” [Nakhodka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technical line related to atomic bomb project. Described as studying at the University of Chicago
in 1947 and that the KGB wanted him to return to his previous employment at the Los Alamos
atomic facility. Brother of “Relative” and “Godfather”.
Goebbels, Joseph: Senior Nazi propagandist.
Goerdeler, Carl F.: Leading figure in an anti-Hitler conspiracy in Germany during WWII.
Goering, Hermann: Senior Nazi and head of German Luftwaffe.
Goff, Irving : Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist, International Brigade veteran, and OSS
officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tyazh”.
“Gold” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Iskhak Akhmerov’s cover name when in China in the 1930s
and at other points in his career.
Gold, Bela: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Industrial sociologist, worked for the U.S. Senate
Subcommittee on War Mobilization and Office of Economic Programs in the Foreign Economic
Administration. Also known as William (Bill) Gold. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the
Silvermaster espionage group. 186 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Acorn”.
Gold, Harry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Gold, an industrial chemist, was recruited for Soviet
industrial espionage operations in the U.S. in the 1930s and became an active courier for the New
York KGB office’s scientific-technical espionage operations as well as the liaison for several
subagents. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 187 Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Goose” prior to October 1944, “Arno” (October 1944-1950), “Mad”
(1950-). Also used Raymond, Martin, and Frank Kessler as work names and pseudonyms with
some of his sources.
Gold, Sonia Steinman: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Wife of Bela Gold, employed in the Treasury
Department. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster espionage group. 188
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Zhenya”.
Gold, William (Bill): See Gold, Bela.
------------------------------------
184 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
185 Alfred Slack FBI file #65-59183.
186 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 28; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
187 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
188 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 25, 27.

Goldberg, Arthur: OSS officer. Labor lawyer associated with CIO leader Philip Murray, anti-Communist
liberal. Later Secretary of Labor, justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, and American ambassador to
the UN.
Goldberg, Elliot: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as an engineer for an oil equipment company
in New York. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Smart”.
Goldman, Emma: Leading American Anarchist (Lithuanian-born) deported to Soviet Russia in 1919,
became highly critical of Soviet communism, and moved to Britain in 1921.
Goldsmith, Hyman H.: Physicist in the Manhattan atomic project.
Gollancz, Victor: Socialist British book publisher, founder of the Left Book Club, close to the CPGB.
Golodnitsky, Samson: Father of Harry Gold.
Golos, Dmitry Naumovich: Russinized name of Milton Golos.
Golos, Jacob: Soviet intelligence agent. Russian emigrant, senior official of the CPUSA and liaison
between the party and Soviet intelligence. Birth name Yakov Naumovich Tasin but he appears to
later have used Rasin, Raisin, and Raisen, anglicized versions of Tasin, in the U.S. as private
family names. His public name in the U.S., however, was Jacob Golos. “Golos” was in origin a
party name: “Golos” means “Voice” in Russian. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as the creator and
supervisor of CPUSA espionage networks linked to KGB and which she took over after his
death. 189 Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet source/agent. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sound” (a KGB
verbal play on his Golos/Voice name); pseudonym-work name with many of his sources: John.
Golos, Milton: Son of Jacob Golos, sent to the USSR in the mid-1930s. Also known as Sam Rasin or
Raisin. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Youthful”.
Golos, Silvya Solomonovna: Jacob Golos’s wife. Birth name Ginzburg. Born in Lithuania. Also know as
Celia Rasin or Raisin and Celia Golos.
“Gomer” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Homer”.
Gompers, Samuel: President of the American Federation of Labor.
Gompertz, Hedda: See Massing, Hede.
“Gonets” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Express Messenger. (Alternative translation:
Messenger) “Gonets” was translated as “Express Messenger” in the Venona decryptions, and to
avoid confusion, that translation is adopted here.
Goodman, Milton: Described as head of World Tourists prior to Jacob Golos.
Goodrich, James P.: Republican Governor of Indiana, 1917-21.
“Goose” [Gus'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Gold prior to October 1944. “Goose” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Harry Gold. 190
“Gor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Gregg (alternative translations Gore, Hor) “Gor”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent of American
diplomatic information on South America, a context compatible with Gregg’s position in the Office
of the Co-ordinator of Inter-American Affairs. 191
Gorb, ?: Assistant head of OGPU INO, 1932.
Gorbunov, ?: KGB officer, Berlin 1945.
Gorbunov, N. P. : Described as manager of the Sovnarkom.
Gordon, Joel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist. Member of Victor Perlo’s network,
although one not discussed by Elizabeth Bentley. Employed in a variety of U.S. agencies from the
------------------------------------
189Bentley, “Deposition 1945.”
190Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
191Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

mid-1930s to the end of the 1940s. On the staff of UNRRA in WWII. In 1952, while on the staff
of the United Nations, invoked the fifth amendment to refuse to answer questions by the Senate
Internal Security Subcommittee regarding his Communist links and participation in espionage.
Subsequently discharged by the Secretary-General of the U.N. 192 Party name Joel.
“Gorn” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bugle”. (Alternative translation: Forge). “Gorn”
appeared in the Venona decryptions translated as “Bugle”. 193 That precedent is followed here.
“Gorozhanin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Townsman”.
Gorsky, Anatoly Veniaminovic: KGB officer, chief of its U.S. legal station in 1944-1945. Used Anatoly
Gromov as his pseudonym when under diplomatic cover at the Soviet embassy in Washington.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet officer/agent. Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin
as a Soviet agent/officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Vadim”.
“Gory” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mountains”.
“Gosti” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Guests”.
“Gostinitsa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hotel”.
“Got” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent in Britain in 1937. Likely
Percy Glading. “Got” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Glading.
Gouzenko, Igor: GRU cipher officer who defected in Canada in 1945. 194
GPU: Gosudarststvennoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye (State Political Directorate), predecessor to KGB.
Grabar, ?: Described as an art expert who advised Victor Hammer.
“Graduate Student” [Aspirant] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
officer/agent in Europe, 1948.
Grafpen, Grigory: Senior KGB officer. Executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services in the late
1930s.
Grafpen, T. G.: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Grandfather” [Ded] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): USSR Consul Genenal in New York or the
USSR’s ambassador. “Grandfather” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Soviet
Consul General in New York and also as possibly the USSR’s ambassador. At places in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks, “Grandfather” is clearly designated as the Soviet consul general in New
York, but other occurrences place “Grandfather” at the embassy in Washington, suggesting the
ambassador.
Granich, Grace: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Veteran CPUSA and Comintern operative. Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as a talent spotter for Jacob Golos. 195
“Granit” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Granite”.
------------------------------------
192 U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities United Nations, pt. 1, 24–25; A U.N.
administrative panel later awarded Gordon $122,500 compensation, a large sum at the time. U.S. Senate
Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities of United States Citizens Employed by the United Nations
(Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1954), 6–7.
193 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
194 Robert Taschereau and Roy Lindsay Kellock, Royal Commissioners, The Report of the Royal
Commission Appointed Under Order in Council P.C. 411 of February 5, 1946 to Investigate the Facts
Relating to and the Circumstances Surrounding the Communication, by Public Officials and Other
Persons in Positions of Trust, of Secret and Confidential Information to Agents of a Foreign Power. June
27, 1946 (Ottawa: E. Cloutier, printer to the King, 1946); Igor Gouzenko, The Iron Curtain, ed. and trans.
Andy O’Brien (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1948); Robert Bothwell and J. L. Granatstein, eds., The Gouzenko
Transcripts: The Evidence Presented to the Kellock-Taschereau Royal Commission of 1946 (Ottawa,
Ont.: Deneau, 1982).
195 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 41.

Granite” [Granit] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Norman Borodin.
Grant, James P.: Official of the U.S. Economic Cooperation Administration.
Graur, Andrey Grigoryevich: Senior KGB officer. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Vetrov”.
Graves, ?: Described as son of the late General Graves and as a “Competitor”, 1941.
Graves, William S.: U.S. Army general commanding the American Expeditionary Force in Siberia.
Graze, Alfred: Father of sources Gerald and Stanley Graze.
Graze, Cyril: Brother of sources Gerald and Stanley Graze.
Graze, Garry: Brother of sources Gerald and Stanley Graze.
Graze, Gerald: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employed by a variety of U.S. government agencies from
the mid-1930s to the late 1940s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Arena”.
Graze, Minnie Freeman: Mother of sources Gerald and Stanley Graze.
Graze, Mrs. Stanley: Wife of Stanley Graze. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Dina”.
Graze, Ruth: Wife of Gerald Graze. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Rina”.
Graze, Stanley: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employed by a variety of U.S. government agencies from
the mid-1930s to the late 1940s, including the War Production Board, OSS, and the State
Department. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Dan”, party name Stan.
Green, Henry: Described as managing director of the national citizens committee dealing with treaties with
Tsarist Russia.
Green, Joseph C.: Senior State Department official.
Green, Michael (pseudonym): Iskhak Akhmerov.
Green: pseudonym by which Joseph Katz referred to Joseph Gregg in 1945. 196
Green: See “Grin”.
Green, William: President of the American Federation of Labor.
Greenberg, Michael: Soviet intelligence source/agent. British-born, Greenberg had become a secret
Communist while a student at Cambridge university in the 1930s. In 1942 he became an China
specialist for the Board of Economic Warfare and an assistant to that agency’s de facto head,
Lauchlin Currie. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources sho
provided information via Mary Price. 197 Greenberg is a very strong candidate for the cover name
“Yank”.
Greenglass, Barbara Helene: David Greenglass’s daughter.
Greenglass, David: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bumblebee” (October - November 1944),
“Caliber” (December 1944-March 1950), “Zinger” (March 1950-).
Greenglass, Ruth: Soviet intelligence source/agent. David Greenglass’s wife. Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Margarita” prior to October 1944, “Wasp” (October 1944-1950), and “Ida” (1950-).
Greenglass, Steven Lawrence: David Greenglass’s son.
Gregg, Joseph: Soviet intelligence source/agent. On the staff of the Office of the Co-ordinator of Inter-
American Affairs. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. 198
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Gor”. Pseudonym used by Joseph Katz in in 1945 in
referring to him: “Green”.
------------------------------------
196 “Report by “X” dated 11.01.45 about the meeting with ‘Raid,’” KGB file 45100 v.1, p.75,
Alexander Vassiliev, White Notebook #3 [2007 English Translation], trans. Steven Shabad (1993–
96), 75–76. Elizabeth Bentley noted “Green” as a pseudonym used for Gregg by his KGB liaison. Bentley,
“Deposition 1945,” 46.
197 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 43.
198 Ibid., 45–46, 79–80, 94.

“Gregoire” [Greguar] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Paris, 1950.
“Gregor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source. Subsource of
“Leo”. Economist. References to in 1934.
“Greguar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gregoire”.
Greinham, Betty: Described as asking to represent in Moscow an American firm for which she worked.
(Alternative spellings: Greinam, Grainam, Grainham, Graynam),
Greinke, William (pseudonym): Iskhak Akhmerov.
Grew, Joseph: Senior American diplomat, Under Secretary of State, 1944, and often Acting Secretary of
State in 1945.
Griffin, Bernard: English prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop of Westminster from 1943
until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1946.
Griffis, Stanton: U.S. ambassador to Poland, 1947-1948.
“Grigory” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Grigory Dolbin, 1946-1947.
“Grigory” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified legal KGB officer Washington 1938.
Grigulevich, Iosif R.: KGB illegal officer in the U.S. in the late 1930s and active in Central and South
America then and later. Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet agent/officer.Grigulevich
is identified with the cover name “Arthur” in the early 1940s when operating in Central and South
America in Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield and the Schecters, Sacred Secrets.
Robert Louis Benson also concluded that the unidentified “Arthur” [“Artur”] cover name in the
Venona decryptions on several South American communications lines was Grigulevich. 199 Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Yuz” and variant “Yuzik” (1938-1939) and “Arthur” (1944,
1947)
Grimeril': Birth name of Grigory Markovich Kheifets.
“Grimm” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, possibly cipher officer, late
1930s. “Grimm” in 1944 was identified in the Venona decryptions as KGB officer Nikolay
Alelseev Golovin who may have been a cipher officer.
“Grin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): John Spivak. The cover name is thought to derive from the
popular Russian writer of the 1920s, Alexander Grin, but treating it phonetically would produce
Green. “Grin” is used here. “Grin” as “Green” appeared in the Venona decryptions as
unidentified and in a context highly compatible with Spivak. 200
Grineff, Medes: Soviet intelligence source recruited under a false flag. Russian immigrant, chemist.
Industrial espionage source recruited by Alfred Slack for money and with a false flag story that
information on nylon was for a South American industrial buyer. Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Em” starting in July 1942, “Zam” by October 1943.
Grinev: See Grineff.
“Grisha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Grigory Markovich Kheifets. Not used during
his American tour.
Grobba, Fritz: Senior official in Nazi foreign ministry’s Near Eastern department.
Gromov, ?: Senior KGB officer, 1950.
Gromov, Anatoly: Anatoly Gorsky’s pseudonym when under diplomatic cover in the U.S. in 1944-1946.
Gromyko, Andrey Andreyevich: Senior Soviet diplomat and Stalin associate.
------------------------------------
199Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 99–101; Schecter and Schecter, Sacred Secrets, 61–
62; Benson, Venona Story, 50.
200 In the Venona decryptions it was unclear if “Green” was a cover name or a real name, and if the
latter, then it might be Abner Green. Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 351. Vassiliev’s notebooks,
however, establish that “Grin” was John Spivak’s cover name.

Grosse, Aristid Victorovich: Russian born scientist, target of recruitment but brushed off approaches and
dropped. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Neutron”.
Grosse, Lev: Brother of A. V. Grosse.
Group A.: Section of KGB in 1947. Described as dealing with violent tasks.
Group leader or group handler (tradecraft term): An agent (non-professional KGB officer) or even a source
who supervises a group of other agents/sources and subsources. In Russian gruppovik or agentgruppovik:
group leader or handler. Later the argot was changed to agent-gruppovod after KGB
realized that in Russian slang “gruppovik” had developed a second meaning – group sex.
“Growth” [Rost] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
changed from “Odessan” in September 1944. “Growth” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an
unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, earlier “Odessan”. 201
GRU: Glavnoye Razvedyvatelnoye Upravleniye –Chief Intelligence Directorate. The Soviet military
intelligence agency.
GRU GSh VS: Chief Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces – Soviet military
intelligence.
Grunther, ?: Described as an American general.
“Gruzd” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mushroom”. The cover name in Russian, “Gruzd”,
is a type of milk mushroom or milk-agaric.
GUAP: Chief Administration of the Aircraft Industry (Soviet).
“Guard” [Gard] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1943,
appeared to have contacts inside American intelligence agencies. “Guard” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1943 that appeared to be
operating from London.
Guberniy: A prerevolutionary Russian administrative unit equivalent to a county or state.
Gubichev, Valentin: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Soviet employee of the United Nations arrested in
1949 when meeting with Judith Coplon to accept stolen U.S. government documents. May have
been a KGB co-optee. His family name was rendered in English in accounts of the Coplon case as
Valentine Gubitchev. 202 Gubichev is a highly likely candidate for the cover name “Carp” in
Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
Gubitchev, Valentine: See Gubichev, Valentin.
Guchkov, N. I.: Describes as former mayor of Moscow and figure in the Russian-American Chamber of
Commerce, 1924.
Guderian, Heinz: Leading Wehrmacht general.
“Gudzon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hudson”.
“Guests” [Gosti] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Emigres.
Guffey, Joseph: U.S. Senator (D. PA).
GUGB: Chief Administration of State Security.
GUGVF: Main Department of the Civil Air Fleet.
“Guide” [Gid] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, CPUSA
member, 1948-1950. Described as having a Ph.D.
Guild: See “Workshop”.
GULAG: Glavnoe Upravlenie Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagere' — Chief Directorate of Corrective Labor
Camps.
------------------------------------
201Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1251 KGB
New York to Moscow, 2 September 1944.
202On the Coplon case, see “Judith Coplon: The Spy Who Got Away with It” in Haynes and Klehr,
Earl Cold War Spies and Mitchell and Mitchell, Spy Who Seduced America.

Gulden, Royal Scott: Head of the secret anti-Semitic Order of ’76 in the 1930s
Gulick, L.: Chief of a division of the War Production Board. Also spelled Gullick in the notebooks.
Gullick, L.: see L. Gulick.
Gumpertz, Hedwiga: Variant of Hedda Gumpertz. See Hede Massing.
Gumperz, Hedda: See Hede Massing.
Gunter, ?: Described as “Colonel Gunter” and having close relations with the German Attache in
Washington in 1941.
Gunter, ?: Described as an assistant to Harold Glasser at Treasury in 1945.
Gurchot, Charles: Soviet intelligence source. Born in France (1898) naturalized as a U.S. citizen in 1921.
PhD. in chemistry (Cornell University), instructor in pharmacology at University of California,
Berkeley Medical School, specialist in cancer research. Gurchot was well know in the cancer
research field for his work on Vitamin B-17. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Park”.
Gurevich, ?: Described as a Soviet official, 1927, connected to Glavkontsesskom.
Gurfein, Murray: Senior OSS officer in Turkey dealing with Bulgarian matters.
“Guron” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Huron”.
“Gus'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Goose”.
Gusev, Fedor: Senior Soviet diplomat, 1940s.
Gusev, Makhail Maksimovich: Director of Amtrog, begining in June 1944.
Gusev, Petr D.: Pseudonym of KGB officer Peter Gutzeit when in the U.S.
Gutshneker, ?: Had some relationship to Yelizaveta Gorskaya (Zarubina).
Guttsayt, Petr Davydovich: See Gutzeit, Peter. ‘Guttsayt’ is BGN/PCGN transliteration of the Russian
name, but the ‘Gutzeit’ spelling is widespread in the literature and is adopted here to avoid
confusion.
Guttsayt, Taissia Mikhaylovna: See Gutzeit, Taisa
Gutzeit, Peter Davydovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Chief of the KGB New York station, mid-
1930s, recalled in late 1938 and later executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services in the late
1930s. (Alternative translation: Guttsayt, Petr) Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nikolay”.
Pseudonym in the U.S.: Petr D. Gusev.
Gutzeit, Taisa Mikhalovna.: Wife of Peter Gutzeit
“Gymnasts” [Fizkul'turniki] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Young Communist League and YCL
members and circa 1944. “Gymnasts” were identified in the Venona decryptions as YCL
members.
Haas, Loren: Soviet intelligence source/agent at Westinghouse and Bell Aircraft in New York. Haas
cooperated with FBI and worked as a double agent, supplying approved information to KGB. 203
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hong”.
Haber, William: New Deal consultant on social security policies.
Hadari, Gideon: U.S. intelligence officer, operating in Mid-East, Iran and Israel.
“Hadre” [Khadr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945.
Haight, Norman: See Hait, Norman.
Hait, Norman: Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Spelling of the name is unconfirmed a alternative
translations are: Hayt, Hight, Hite, Haight). Described as an engineer for Sperry Gyroscope
Company in New Jersey. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Long”. “Long” appeared in was
identified in the Venona decryptions as and was changed to “Davis” in October 1944. 204
Halban, Hans: A leading Austrian-French physicist. (Also know as Hans von Halban) Halban was senior
scientist working on atomic energy with Frédéric Joliot-Curie at the Collège de France in Paris in
------------------------------------
203 Sibley, Red Spies, 114–15; U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Soviet Espionage
Activities in Connection with Jet Propulsion and Aircraft (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949).
204 Cover name shift based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

the late 1930s. In May 1940, with German forces poised to occupy Paris, Halban fled to England
carrying with him much of the “heavy water” the French atomic project had obtained from
Norway. He resumed his work on atomic energy at the Cavendish laboratory at Cambridge
University and was a participant in the British “Tube Alloys” atomic bomb project.
Halifax, Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of: Senior British government official and diplomat.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Legate”.
Hall, Theodore A.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Young physicist in the Manhattan atomic project.
Secret Communist. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source. 205 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Mlad”.
Halperin, Maurice: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Chief of the Latin American Division of the Research
and Analysis section of the OSS (1943-1945). After World War II he became a Latin American
specialist for the U.S. State Department (1945-1946). Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of
her singleton espionage sources. 206 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hare”.
“Hamilton” [Gamil'ton] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent in U.K.
Described as a member of the Central Committee of CPGB.
Hamilton, Walton: Husband of Irene Till, Harold Glasser's first wife.
Hammer, Armand: Soviet intelligence contact. Businessman specialized in international trade, particularly
trade with the USSR. Son of a founding member of the CPUSA. Conduit for Comintern
subsidies of the CPUSA. 207
Hammer, Armand Victorovich: Son of Victor Hammer. Known as Armasha Hammer. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks “Gherman”.
Hammer, Charles: Son of Victor Hammer and Irene Wicker.
Hammer, Harry: Son of Julius Hammer, brother of Armand (the elder) and Victor Hammer.
Hammer, Julius: A founding member of the CPUSA. Also known as Yuly Yakovlevich Hammer. Medical
doctor involved in promoting international trade with the USSR in the early 1920s and sought to
break the informal Western economic boycott of the new Soviet state. In partnership with his son
Armand received several industrial and economic concessions from the USSR in the 1920s. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Concessionaire”.
“Hammer” [Molot] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): USSR.
Hammer, Nancy: Daughter of Victor Hammer and Irene Wicker.
Hammer, Olga Vadina: Wife of Armand Hammer (the elder) in 1943.
Hammer, Rozalya Semenovna: Mother of Victor Hammer.
Hammer, Varvara: First wife of Victor Hammer. Russian, maiden name Varvara Dmitriyevna Kartasheva.
Hammer, Victor: Son of Julius Hammer and younger brother of Armand Hammer. Russian version of
name: Victor Yulyevich Hammer. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sonny” (1930s-1950s),
“Screw” (1940s-1960s), note overlap.
Hammer, Yuly Yakovlevich: Russianized version of the name of Julius Hammer.
------------------------------------
205 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Michael Dobbs, “Unlocking the Crypts: Most
Spies Code Revealed Escaped Prosecution,” Washington Post, 25 December 1995; Michael Dobbs, “Code
Name ‘Mlad,’ Atomic Bomb Spy,” Washington Post, 25 February 1996, 1, 20–21; Albright and Kunstel,
Bombshell.
206 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 33–34, 39, 79–80;
Don S. Kirschner, Cold War Exile: The Unclosed Case of Maurice Halperin (Columbia, Mo.: University
of Missouri Press, 1995).
207 Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 26–30; Klehr, Haynes, and Anderson, Soviet
World, 132–35; Edward Jay Epstein, Dossier: The Secret History of Armand Hammer (New York:
Random House, 1996).

Hank (party name): Harry Magdoff.
Hankey, Maurice (1st Baron Hankey): Senior British civil servant and cabinet member.
Hanna, Augusta: Described as German-born widow of American Ambassador to Guatemala, Matthew
Hanna, and U.S. State Department employee, 1936.
Hannegan, Robert: Postmaster General and Chairman of the Democratic Party.
“Hans” [Gans] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Representative of the KGB apparatus in the GDR,
1960.
Hanse, ?: Described as someone who might become a aide to President Roosevelt in 1933.
Hansen, R.: Soviet intelligence contact/informant on U.S. politics 1932. Merchant marine ship captain.
Hapgood, Norman: Journalist and editorialist. Prominent left-liberal and civil libertarian in the 1920s.
U.S. ambassador to Denmark, 1919.
“Hare” [Zayats] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Maurice Halperin. “Hare” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Halperin. 208
Harnack, Mildred: Married name of Mildred Fish. An American, she met German Arvid Harnack at when
Arvid was pursuing graduate work at the University of Wisconsin in 1926. They returned to
Germany where Dr. Arvid Harnack became a senior civil servant in Reich Ministry of Economics.
Both were secret Communists. In WWII Arvid became a leader of a GRU-linked espionage
network known as the “Red Orchestra”. Arrested by Nazi security services, both were executed. 209
Harriman, Averell: American businessman, diplomat, and government administrator. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Men” (beginning in December 1944 210 )
Harris, ?: Covert contact of Harold Glasser at some point, probably several years, prior to 1945.
Harris, Lement: Senior CPUSA official. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as deeply involved in CPUSA
covert work and assisting Jacob Golos. 211
Harrison, Fena : Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Harry” [Garri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Grigory Rabinovich, 1937-1939.
Harsch, Joseph C.: Foreign correspondent for the newspaper Christian Science Monitor.
Hart, Edith Tudor: Soviet intelligence agent, U.K. 212 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Edith”.
Hart, Edward Joseph: U.S. Representative (D. New Jersey) and chair of the U.S. House Committee on Un-
American Activities in 1945.
Harte, Robert Sheldon: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 213 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Cupid”.
------------------------------------
208 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
209 V. E. Tarrant, The Red Orchestra (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996).
210 Venona 1766 KGB New York to Moscow, 15 December 1944, refers to the U.S. Ambassador to
the USSR (Harriman) as “henceforth, Men.” However, Harriman appears as “Capitalist” in Venona both
before and after this message. Venona 827 KGB New York to Moscow, 7 June 1944; Venona 83 KGB
New York to Moscow, 18 January 1945; Venona 781 - 787 KGB New York to Moscow, 25-26 May 1945;
Venona 310 KGB San Francisco to Moscow 8 June 1945. “Capitalist” does not appear in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks.
211 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 14, 92, 97, 99, 101–2.
212 Born Edith Suschitzky in Austria; her rather a radical Socialist. She trained as a kindergarten
teacher and photographyer. She became a Communist and undertook Soviet intelligence missions in France
and Great Britian in the late 1920s. In 1933 she married Dr. Alex Tudor Hart, a left-wing medical doctor
sympathetic to the Communist Party and moved to Britain. She worked for KGB as a courier and link to
British Communists and refugee Austrain Communists in Britain. West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 273–
74.
213 Albert Glotzer, Trotsky: Memoir & Critique (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1989), n307;
Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 87–88.

Harvey, Oliver: British ambassador to France, 1948-1954.
Haskell, John H. F.: Colonel in OSS, tentatively chosen by General Donovan to head the Moscow OSS
office if the Soviets agreed to KGB-OSS cooperation. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Yankee” in 1944.
Hassel, Ulrich von: Leading figure in an anti-Hitler conspiracy in Germany.
Hatch, Carl A.: U.S. Senator (D. New Mexico).
Hawkins, ?: Described as a FBI agent, 1942.
Hayes, Carlton J. H.: U.S. Ambassador to Spain, 1942-1945.
Haynes, Lawrence L.: Mid-level government official involved in the 1941 theft of Civil Service
Commission for commercial purposes.
Hayt, Norman: See Hait, Norman
“Hazel Grouse” [Ryabchik] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): File connected to the Hammer family.
Healey, Arthur: U.S. Representative (D. MA).
Hearst newspapers.
Hearst, William Randolph: newspaper publisher. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Concern”.
Heifetz, Jascha: Lithuanian-born American violin virtuoso. (Also know as Yasha Heifetz).
Heifetz, Yasha: See Jascha Heifetz.
Heim, ? [Eym in Russian]: Described as an anti-Communist German journalist.
Heiman, Beatrice: Daughter of Julius Heiman. Secretary to Soviet ambassador Konstantin Umansky in
1945.
Heiman, Julia: Daughter of Julius Heiman and sister of Beatrice. Former wife of Joseph Gregg. Contact
of GRU illegal Arthur Adams. Employed by TASS.
Heiman, Julius: Immigrant from Russian and a naturalized citizen. In the early 1920s Heiman, who
worked in the jewelry business and was a secret Communist, converted Soviet subsidies that came
in the form of jewelry into cash. Treasurer for the American bureau of the Profintern, 1920s. In
the 1930s and early 1940s he undertook a variety of support tasks for GRU. Father of Beatrice
and Julia Heiman.
Heineman, Kristel Fuchs: Soviet intelligence contact. Sister of Klaus Fuchs. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Ant”.
“Heinrich” [Genrikh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed KGB officer. References to in
1934.
Helen: Party name of Helen Tenney.
Helen: Work name Unidentified, known to Alexander Koral in the 1930s, possibly associate of the
Rosenbliett network.
Helen: work name of Elizabeth Zarubin with Franz Neumann.
Helfgott, Leo: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Helfgott was a medical doctor and cancer specialist. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bubi”. The identification of “Bubi” as Helfgott is based on the
overlap between what is said of “Bubi” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks and Simon
Rosenberg’s (“S-7”) statements to the FBI in the Armand Feldman case. 214
“Hell” [Khell] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence agent. Likely Floyd Cleveland
Miller. References to in 1941. Described as working in the Trotskyist publishing house Pioneer
Publishers. Cover name changed to “Lion” in August 1944. Miller was identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet agent engaged in anti-Trotsky work with a partially broken cover name
“Khe..”, consistent with “Khell”– “Hell” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
Heller, Fred: Associate of Thomas Black, 1930s.
Heller, Peter: Elizabeth Bentley romantic interest, 1945. 215
------------------------------------
214 FBI Armand Labis Feldman file, FBI file 61-7574, serial 642.
215 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 85.

Hellman, Lillian: Prominent American writer and covert Communist.
“Hello” [Allo] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Solomon Adler (prior to “Sachs”, which appears in
1941).
“Helmsman” [Rulevoy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Earl Browder. “Helmsman” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as Browder. “Helmsman” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as
Browder. 216
Hemingway, Ernest: Soviet intelligence contact/informant, 1941-49. Popular American novelist. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Argo”.
Henderson, Loy W.: Senior American diplomat and Soviet specialist in the 1920s and 1930s.
Henry, ?: Described as an American industrialist, 1965.
Henry, Count: Described as a “White” who worked on Soviet codes for anti-Bolshevik organizations.
“Henry” [Genri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely William
Malisoff staring in October 1944. “Henry” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Malisoff.
References to in 1945.
Henry: Party name of Harold Glasser.
Henry: Work name Name by which Julius Rosenberg knew Semen Semenov.
Herbert, Edward Joseph: Pseudonym used by Vasily Zarubin, 1934-1940.
Hercules Powder Company: Dupont subsidiary, maker of explosives.
Herder: See “Herdsman”
“Herdsman” [Pastukh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Anton Lavrentyevich Nikunas, 1943.
“Herdsman” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidetified technical source compatible with
Nikunas.
Hering, Dorothy: Described as agent of Frank Prince of the Anti-Defamation League.
Herman, ?: Identified as a GRU officer who confessed being a Trotskyist and German spy in the late
1930s.
Hernig, ?: Described as head of the science division of the East German CC SED, 1960.
Hertz, ?: Described as New York Commissioner of Docks in 1932. However, John McKenzie held the
position at that time.
Hertz, Gustav: Nobel prize winning (1925) German physicist who worked on the Soviet atomic project
after WWII.
Hewellyn, ?: Likely a garble for Llewellyn. Described as a British official with the British mission to the
Manhattan atomic project.
Hibben, James Herbert: Soviet intelligence source. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Solid” until
October 1944, “Reed” in June 1945. Hibben’s real name does not appear in Vassiliev’s notebooks,
but “Solid”/“Reed” is described as chief of the Chemical Division of the U.S. Tariff Commission,
a position James Hibben held at the time. FBI also identified Hibben as an associate of Soviet
agent Mary Price and had information that he was using his position to access documents on
military explosives that were unrelated to his official duties. 217
Hickerson, John D.: Deputy Director, State Department Office of European Affairs (1944-47).
“Hicks” [Khiks] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Guy Burgess. “Hicks” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Burgess.
Hight, Norman: See Hait, Norman.
------------------------------------
216 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
217 “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 557; “James Herbert Hibben,” Journal of the
Washington Academy of Sciences, 49,6 (1959), 196; Stuart G. Hibben, Aristocrat and Proletarian: The
Extraordinary Life of Paxton Pattison Hibben (Tamarac, FL: Llumina Press, 2006); Cover name dating
based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Hildring, John: U.S. Army general and chief of the Civil Affairs Division.
Hill Group: Informal term for secret CPUSA members who worked for the Congress on Capitol Hill.
Hillenkoetter, Roscoe: First director of the CIA, 1947-1950.
Himmler, Heinrich: Head of National Socialist Schutzstaffel (SS).
Hindenburg, Paul von: German military leader in WWI, later president of the German republic prior to
Hitler taking total power.
Hirard, P.: Described as a secretary at the French embassy in Berlin and a contact of Martha Dodd in
Berlin.
Hirshman, A.O.: Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Hirt” [Khirt] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent who got a passport via
Jacob Golos.
Hiskey, Clarence: Soviet intelligence source. Chemist and secret Communist working at the Manhattan
Project facilities at the University of Chicago. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ramsay”.
Hiss, Alger: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Government lawyer and senior American State Department
official. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Identified by Whittaker
Chambers and Nathaniel Weyl as a member of the “Ware group” covert CPUSA unit. On Adolf
Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were
espionage risks. Convicted of perjury in 1950 for denying his espionage relationship with
Whittaker Chambers in 1937-1938. Documented as assisting Soviet espionage by the “Baltimore”
and “Pumpkin Papers”, by the testimony of Hede Massing, Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth
Bentley and by Noel Field’s debriefing by Hungarian Communist security police. 218 Cover names
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Jurist” (1936), “Ales” (1945), “Leonard” (1948-1950).
Hiss, Donald: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Government lawyer and official in the Labor and State
Departments. Identified by Chambers as a member of the original “Ware group” covert CPUSA
unit and as assisting Chambers CPUSA-GRU espionage apparatus. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of
those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks. 219
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Junior” (1948).
Hiss, Robert (garbled name): Described as a State Department official with progressive views in 1938,
likely an error for either Alger Hiss or Donald Hiss, the only Hisses at DOS at the time of the
September 1938 reference to Robert Hiss.
Hite, Norman: See Hait, Norman.
Hitlerjugend: Hitler Youth.
Hoettl, William: Deputy chief of the Nazi SS Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) or Reich Security Main
Office.
Hoffman, Paul: Business executive and President Truman’s administrator of the Marshall Plan.
“Hola” (cover name in Mitrokhin): Melita Stedman Norwood. 220
Hollis, Roger: Senior British security official, chief of MI5.
Holman, Rufus: U.S. Senator, 1939-1945 (R. OR)
“Home” [Dom] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): USSR, 1941-1944.
“Homer” [Gomer] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Donald Maclean. “Homer” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Maclean. 221
------------------------------------
218Weinstein, Perjury [1997]; Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 167–73; Allen Weinstein and
Alexander Vassiliev, The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era (New York:
Random House, 1999), 12,38–49, 165, 269; Schmidt, “Noel Field”; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 105.
219Berle, “Espionage Agent”; Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 154, 196.
220Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 115–16. “Hola” does not occur in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks.
221Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Honaker, ?: Described as U.S. Consul General in Stuttgart, 1937.
“Hong” [Khong] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Loren Haas.
Hoodless, Carter: Associate of Abraham Brothman.
Hoover, Herbert: Former President of the U.S. Strong candidate for the cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Secretary”.
Hoover, J. Edgar: Director of the FBI. Weak candidate for the cover name in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Secretary”.
Hopkins, ?: Described as Commerce Department official, early 1930s.
Hopkins, Harry: Head of the Works Progress Administration and other New Deal agencies in the 1930s,
secretary of Commerce in the late 1930s, and during WWII, chief personal adviser to and
representative of President Franklin Roosevelt.
Hor: see “Gor”.
Horthy, Miklós: Regent (dictator) of Hungary, 1920-1944.
“Hotel” [Gostinitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also
known as MI6), 1944-1945.
Houghton, Harry: Senior official of Mazak corporation.
House Special Committee on Un-American Activities, U.S.: Also known as the McCormack-Dickstein
committee, 1934-1937 and the Dies committee, 1938-1944.
Howard, Roy: Leading American newspaper publisher.
“Hub” [Uzel] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Project to investigate and collect information from
Walter Lippmann.
“Hudson” [Gudzon] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
agent/informant. Used as a telephone contact point between Klaus Fuchs and Harry Gold, 1945.
“Hudson” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified in 1944 and his cover name in the
Venona decryptions was changed to “John” in October 1944. 222 “Hudson’s” activities in the
Venona decryptions included work in the KGB’s “first line” (political intelligence), placing Soviet
sources in Jewish and Zionist organizations, and maintaining liaison with various Soviet sources.
Hudson, Roy: Senior CPUSA official.
Huettig, Lester Marx: See Hutm, Lester.
Hughes, Charles E.: Secretary of State, 1921-1925.
Hughes, Howard: American aviation industrialist.
“Hughes” [Kh'yuz] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alfred Epaminondas Sarant. “Hughes” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Sarant. 223
Hulburd, David: Senior Time magazine editor, 1941.
Hull, Cordell: U.S. Secretary of State in the Roosevelt administration. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Mechanic”.
Hull, E. : Described as member of the Michigan CPUSA Central Committee in late 1937.
Hull’s committee (description): A 1935 description of a DOS counter-intelligence committee. The
Department of State had several short-lived committees in this period that discussed what might be
done about the growing problem of German, Japanese, and Soviet espionage.
Hume, Donald: Described as a convict friend of Klaus Fuchs when in prison.
Humphrey, Hubert H.: U.S. Senator (D. MN) and Vice-President of the United States (1965-1969).
Hunter, John: Described as a Department of State official, 1945.
------------------------------------
222 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Dating of cover name shift based on Venona
1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
223 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Huron [Guron] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Byron T. Darling prior to October 1944 and from
February 1945 and later. “Huron” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified, a scientific
source in the Venona decryptions assigned at one point to contact Manhattan project physicists. 224
“Hut” [Khata] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). KGB cover
name for FBI was “Khata”, in Vassiliev’s notebooks translated as “Hut”. KGB cover name for
OSS was “Izba”, in Vassiliev’s notebooks translated as “Cabin”. Izba and Khata have
overlapping meanings (with Khata as a generic peasant’s hut) and one could reverse the chosen
translation. There is at least one instance in Alexander Vassiliev notebooks when “Hut” in context
appears to refer to British counter-intelligence (MI5) rather than FBI. 225
Hutchins, Grace: Sociably prominent writer and secret Communist, she assisted the CPUSA-GRU
apparatus of which Whittaker Chambers was a part. After Chambers defected and was in hiding,
Hutchins delivered a message to his brother-in-law that if he gave her Chambers’ location, she
would guarantee the safety of Chambers’ wife and children. 226
Hutm, Lester: Described as former employee of the Frankford Arsenal. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “115 th ”. A 1948 Gorsky memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 227 Chambers did not
discuss a Lester Hutm in Witness. However, Chambers noted that among the sources that
reported to Boris Bykov, the GRU officer to whom Chambers also reported, was someone at an
arms manufacturer. In his statement to the FBI Morris Asimow stated he had introduced William
Crane of Bykov’s network to Lester Marx Huettig, who worked for Remington Arms in
Bridgeport, CT, with an eye for obtaining information on automatic loading of shells. Possibly
these are the same. However, while the first names are identical, the family names, Hutm and
Huettig, while having some similarity, are not identical, and the Frankford Arsenal near
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is not Remington Arms at Bridgeport, Connecticut.
Hyde, Arthur M.: U.S. Secretary of Agriculture in the Hoover administration.
“Hydro” [Gidro] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Radio Corporation of America, circa 1944.
“Hydroelectric Construction Project” [Gidrostroy] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Hanford,
Washington facilities of the Manhattan atomic project (Site W).
Ickes, Harold: Secretary of Interior in the FDR administration.
“Ida” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Greenglass, 1950.
“Ide” [Yaz'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Samuel Krafsur. The Ide is a type of fish found in
Europe and Asia. “Ide” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Krafsur. 228
“Idea” [Ideya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Merle Weinberg.
“Idealist” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed Soviet intelligence source/agent, early 30s.
“Ideya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Idea”.
Ievlev, A.M.: KGB officer, Berlin 1945.
I.G. Farbenindustrie: German industrial concern.
“Igla” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Needle”.
“Igor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Likely Konstantin
Mikhailovich Kukin. “Igor” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Konstantin Mikhailovich
Kukin, Counselor Soviet embassy, London in 1943. “Igor” was identified in Andrew and
Mitrokhin and in West and Tsarev as Kukin and as chief of the London station beginning in 1943.
------------------------------------
224 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
225 Moscow Center to London KGB station, 30 September 1945, KGB archival file 84490 v. 1, p.
128, in Alexander Vassiliev, Yellow Notebook #1 [2007 English Translation], trans. Philip Redko (1993–
96), 77.
226 Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 96, 146, 280, 342.
227 Gorsky, “Failures in the USA,” 77–79.
228 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Igor (given name, real name): Friend of Armand Victorovich Hammer at the Moscow Institute of Foreign
Languages.
Ikal, Arnold A.: Ikal, a GRU officer of Latvian origina, worked in the United States in the 1930s, falsely
obtaining U.S. citizenship under the name Adolph Arnold Rubens by claiming he had immigrated
to the United States as a child. In 1935 he married an American Communist, Ruth Boerger. The
GRU recalled Ikal to Moscow in late 1937, and he returned with his wife, traveling with another
set of false American passports as Mr. and Mrs. Donald L. Robinson. Ikal was arrested in Stalin’s
purge of his security services and sent to the Gulag, where he died. His wife was imprisoned for a
time but released after agreeing to refuse American embassy assistance and never to leave the
USSR.
IKKI: Executive Committee of the Communist International.
“Iks” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “X”.
Ilf, Ilia: Soviet writer who toured the U.S. in 1935-1936.
Ilichev, Ivan Ivanovich: Chief of GRU, 1942-1943. Executed in 1943.
Ilk, ?: Senior KGB officer, Moscow, 1935.
Illegal (KGB tradecraft term): A KGB officer who had no diplomatic status, operated using false identities,
pretended to have no official connection of the Soviet state, and often pretended to be non-Russian.
“Il'ya” (real name used as a cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ilya”.
“Ilya” [Il'ya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, likely chief of
the Mexico City station in 1950.
“Ilya” [Il'ya] (real first name used as a cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See Ilya Elliott Wolston.
Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S.
Imperial Union: Likely a reference to the Russian Imperial Union Order, a Russian monarchist organization
chartered in 1929 by white emigres living abroad.
“Imperialist” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Walter Lippmann. “Imperialist” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Lippmann.
Impressive: See “Solid”.
In Fact: Left-wing journal founded by Bruce Minton and George Seldes.
Indel: Abbreviation of Ministry of Foreign Affairs
INFO: KGB Information Department
Informal Policy Committee on Germany (IPCOG): U.S. interpartmental agency, 1944-1945.
“Informator” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bruce Minton. Also known as Richard Bransten. The
Russian original word “Informator”, is usually translated as “Informer”. However, KGB also used
the Russian word “Stukach” as a cover name, and “Stukach” can be and was translated as
“Informer” in the Venona decryptions. (“Informator” did not appear in the Venona decryptions).
To avoid confusion, here “Stukach” is translated as “Informer” and “Informator” is kept in its
transliterated form as “Informator”.
“Informer” [Stukach] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Katz prior to August 1944.
“Informer” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Joseph Katz. 229
INO: Inostranny Otdel, or Foreign Department of Cheka/GPU/OGPU/GUGB that supervised foreign
intelligence. Later became the INU, Foreign Intelligence Directorate of NKGB/GUGB/MGB, and
later the PGU, First Chief Directorate of KGB.
INO NKTP: Foreign Department of the People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry (Soviet).
Inslerman, Felix: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Photographer for Chambers’ GRU/CPUSA network.
Trained in the Soviet Union. Identified by Chambers as a source/agent. Confessed to FBI in 1954.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “107 th ”.
------------------------------------
229 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Instantsiya (Soviet idiom): See Directive echelon.
Institute for Social and Religious Research.
Institute of International Education: Organization founded by Stephan Duggan and later led by Laurence
Duggan.
Institute of Pacific Relations.
Interim Research and Intelligence Service (IRIS): State Department organization that absorbed OSS’s
Research and Analysis branch after OSS’s dissolution in September 1945.
“Intermediary” [Posrednik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, technical intelligence, 1947, 1948.
International Committee to Combat Communism: Likely a variant for the “Committee to Combat
Communism”, a short-lived umbrella organizations of many different anti-Communist groups
organized in 1931 under the leadership of U.S. Representative Hamilton Fish.
International Committee for Political Prisoners: Founded in 1924 to seek improved treatment or release of
of Menshevists, Social Revolutionaries, Anarchists, and other dissenters in the USSR.
International Committee to Aid Prisoners: See International Committee for Political Prisoners.
International Monetary Fund.
International Organization to Combat the Comintern: Described as active in 1924.
International Peace Congress.
International Peace Conference.
International Secretariat: The headquarters agency of Leon Trotsky’s Fourth International, a pale rival to
the Soviet-sponsored Communist (Third) International.
International Student Society: Unclear what specific organization is referenced.
International Workers Organization: Described as financing a Russian-language newspaper circa 1919.
Interns: See “Probationers”.
Inter-Professional Association: Leftist professional association of the 1930s.
Intourist: Soviet government travel agency that handled almost all travel to the USSR by non-Soviet
citizens.
“Invalid” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Dr. Emil Conason.
Inverchapel, Lord: see Archibald Clark-Kerr.
Ioffe, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, 1937.
Ioffe, Adolph Abramovich: Bolshevik leader, 1920s.
Iosif ?: Unidentified Russian emigrant in the U.S. who wrote to a friend in the USSR in 1935 about Boros
Morros’s visit to the USSR.
Ipatiev, Vladimir: Emigre Russian scientist, oil specialist, on Northwestern University chemistry faculty in
the 1930s.
IPCOG: Informal Policy Committee on Germany.
Iraqi Oil.
“Iri” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Erie”.
IRIS: Interim Research and Intelligence Service, remnant of OSS placed with DOS.
“Irma” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Rae Elson.
I.S.: Likely Intelligence Service.
Isaacs, Harold: American Trotskyist activist.
Isaak, Rose: Executive secretary of the Russian-American Institute. Identified in the Venona decryptions
as a Soviet source/agent. 230 Likely candidate for the cover name “Rona” in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks.
“Iskrenny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sincere”.
------------------------------------
230 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Island of Tears” [Ostrova slez] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Reference to a operation of some
sort that yielded “proceeds” of some sort that involved Jacob Golos and the officer/agent Martinez.
“Island” [Ostrov] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Great Britain. “Island” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Great Britain.
“Isra” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): English variant of Izra.
Italian Information Library: Italian cultural institution sponsored by the Italian government.
ITL: Ispravitelno-Trudovoi Lager' – Correctional Labor Camp, i.e., the GULAG.
“Ivan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer, New York station, 1956.
Ivanov, B. S.: Senior KGB officer, Moscow, 1966.
Ivanov, Petr Vasilyevich: Pseudonym used by Petr Fedotov.
Ivanovsky-Sigaloff: Described as the Russian stage name of Eugene Sigalov.
Ivanovsky-Sigalov (stage name): see Sigalov, Evgeny.
“Izba” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): see Cabin.
Izotov, ?: Captain of the tanker “Azerbaijan”.
“Izra” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Donald Wheeler. “Izra” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Wheeler. 231
Izvestiya: Leading Soviet newspaper.
“Jack” [Dzhek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bernard Schuster, December 1943. “Jack” appeared
in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified GRU source/agent in 1943 who appeared to play an
intermediary role with CPUSA, and Schuster, who also performed that role for KGB, would be a
candidate for performing that task for GRU as well. 232
“Jack” [Dzhek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): James Allen, late 1940s, early 50s.
“Jack” [Dzhek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Olga Neyman in 1944.
“Jack” [Dzhek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, London 1947.
“Jack” [Dzhek] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer/agent, likely at Moscow
Center. References to in 1934.
Jack: Pseudonym by which Elizabeth Bentley knew Joseph Katz.
Jackson, Gardner Pat: Liberal/left journalist, erratic Popular Front ally of the CPUSA. Employed in
several New Deal agencies in the 1930s. 233
Jackson, George: Pseudonym used by “Solid”/Hibben in signing receipts for KGB payments.
Jackson, Robert H.: Chief U.S. prosecutor at the German War Crimes trials, 1945-1946, justice of the U.S.
Supreme Court.
Jacob: See “Yakov”.
Jacobs, Sara: see Weber, Sara.
Jacobson, Herman: Soviet intelligence source/agent, references to in 1933. American. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent in 1944 and working at that time for Avery
Manufacturing Company. 234 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “S-1”.
Jacobson, John M.: Secret member of the CPUSA and political activist in Minnesota and nationally with
CIO-PAC
Jaffo, David.: McClure newspapers source in Riga regarding Russian matters, 1938-1939. Former
member of the Kerensky government. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Voyager”.
------------------------------------
231 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
232 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
233 Nathaniel Weyl in his memoir writes that Jackson attempted to join the CPUSA in 1934 while
working for a government agency but Harold Ware turned him down on the grounds that his excessive
drinking was too risky for the covert party organization in Washington. Weyl, Encounters With
Communism, 24–25.
234 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“James” [Dzhems] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Thomas Schwartz, 1935, described as former
German consul.
James, Edwin L.: Managing editor of the New York Times.
James, K.: Described as “editor-in-chief” of the New York Times, likely a garble for Edwin L. James.
“Jannet” [Zhannet] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
courier, 1943. “Jannet”/“Zhannet” (translated as “Jeannette”) appeared in the Venona decryptions
in 1944 as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent considered for courier work and is likely
the same person. 235
Jansen, Marta: Described as Louis Dolivet’s secretary in France, wife of a Polish journalist named Stasek.
“Japanese” [Yaponets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
early 30s.
“Jaspar” [Zhaspar] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Vasily Zarubin in 1928.
“Jean” [Zhan] (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Richard Setaro, October 1944.
“Jeanette” [Dzhanetta] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, link between
illegal and legal station. References to in 1935.
“Jeannette” (cover name in Venona): The Venona project translated “Zhannet” as “Jeannette. “Zhannet” is
here translated as Jannet. “Jeannette” appeared in the Venona decryptions in 1944 as an
unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent considered for courier work and is likely the same as
“Jannet” in Vassiliev’s notebooks. 236
Jebb, Hubert Miles Gladwyn (Baron Gladwyn): Senior British diplomat.
Jenney, Hellen: Spelling error in the notebook for Helen Tenney.
“Jerome” [Dzherom] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Bukov.
Jerome, V.J.: Senior CPUSA official, supervised cultural and intellectual matters for the party leadership.
Close associate of Jacob Golos, and Elizabeth Bentley identified Jerome as having brought Cedric
Belfrage to Golos’s attention as a potential source. 237
Jessup, Philip: Senior American diplomat.
Jewish Committee: Probably American Jewish Committee.
Jewish Congress: Probably American Jewish Congress.
“Jim” [Dzhim] (cover name or party name): Unidentified espionage recruiter of “Liberal” (Frank Palmer).
Jiminez, Manuel T.: Secret Communist, International Brigade veteran, and OSS officer. Name sometimes
spelled Jimenez.
Jiminez, Michael A.: Secret Communist, International Brigade veteran, and OSS officer. Name sometimes
spelled Jimenez.
Joe (party name): Julius Joseph party name.
Joe (work name): Unidentified GRU agent known to Bentley.
Joel (party name): Joel Gordon’s party name.
John Bull: British magazine.
“John” [Dzhon] (cover name in the Venona decryptions): “John” appears in the Venona decryptions as the
cover name of a unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent whose cover name earlier was
“Hudson”. 238 “Hudson” appears in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
“John” [Dzhon] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): I. Chichayev in 1944.
“John” [Dzhon] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Morros, post WWII.
------------------------------------
235 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
236 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
237 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 42–43.
238 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Dating of cover name shift based on Venona
1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

“John” [Dzhon] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s.
Also known as agent “18”. “18”/“John”’s activities suggest John Spivak as a candidate.
John: Work name under which Alexander Koral knew “King” of the NY KGB station, 1932.
John: Work name used by Jacob Golos 1943.
John: Work name Yatskov used with Harry Gold.
Johnson, Clyde L.: CPUSA organizer and cadre assigned to work in the student movement, unemployed
movement, and Southern share-cropper organizing in the 1930s.
“Johnson” [Dzhonson] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Anthony Blunt in 1946. “Johnson”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in the U.K.
that is compatible with Blunt.
Johnson, Eric: Head of the Motion Picture Association of America.
Johnson, Herschel V.: U.S. ambassador, Sweden, 1941-1946.
Johnson, Hiram: U.S. Senator, 1917-1945 (R. CA).
Johnson, Hugh S.: Administrator of the National Recovery Administration.
Johnson, Lyndon: President of the United States, 1963-1969.
Johnston, Louis: U.S. Secretary of Defense, 1949-1950.
Joint Institute on Nuclear Research (OIYaCh): Soviet-led international nuclear research agency.
“Jose” [Khoze] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified source/agent of KGB Washington
Station, 1946. Describes as a cryptographer at the Yugoslavian embassy, speaks only Croatian,
later described as a traitor.
Joseph, Bella: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Worked for OSS in WWII. Wife of Julius Joseph.
Elizabeth Bentley identified Bella Joseph as a Communist. 239 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Colleague”.
Joseph, Julius: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist, worked from 1943 to 1945 for Office
of Strategic Services. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton sources. Identified in
the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 241 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Cautious”.
Josephson, Barney: Manager of Café Society (a CPUSA-aligned New York night club), brother of Leon
Josephson.
Josephson, Leon: Veteran Communist involved in CPUSA covert work. Arrested in Denmark in 1935 in
association with a GRU agent. Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group.
“Jour” [Zhur] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer/agent, NY 1951.
“Journalist” [Zhurnalist] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, early 30s.
“Juan” [Khuan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1946.
“Julia” [Yuliya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): O. V. Shimmel, KGB officer/agent, 1945. “Julia”
occured in the Venona decryptions in a number of messages as the cover name of Olga Khlopkova,
a Soviet consulate staff member and KGB operative. Khlopkova may be the pseudonym used in
the U.S. by O. V. Shimmel.
“Julia” [Yuliya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in
Washington in Laurence Duggan’s circle, mid-1930s. “Julia” appeared in the Venona decryptions
as an unidentified Soviet intelligence contact of Iskhak Akhmerov, a KGB illegal officer, described
in a 1944 message as having been out of contact for several years and currently living near Lake
Geneva in New York on resources of a wealthy father. It is unclear if the “Julia” of Alexander
------------------------------------
239 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 32; Appendix B, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
240 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
241 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 30–32, 78–80, 84; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Vassiliev’s notebooks in the mid-30s in Washington in Laurence Duggan’s circle is the same
“Julia” referenced in the 1944 Venona message. 242
“Juliet No. 2” [Dzhul'et No. 2] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Boris Vinogradov’s cover name for
Martha Dodd in 1937. See Martha Dodd Stern.
Jung, ?: Described as a contact of Martha Dodd in Berlin.
“Jung” [Yung] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Iskhak Akhmerov, 1930s.
“Junior” [Dzhunior] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Donald Hiss, References to in 1948.
Junkers Corporation of America
“Jurist” [Yurist] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alger Hiss, 1936.
“Jurist” [Yurist] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Dexter White, 1941-August 1944. “Jurist”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as White. 243
“Jurist’s” wife (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Anne Terry White, wife of Harry D. White. In a 27
June 1945 report by a KGB officer, “Bogdan”, on a meeting with Charles Kramer, Kramer was
asked of his work in the CPUSA undergrond in Washington in the 1930s. Bogdan reported, “On
Cde. Vadim’s assignment, I asked him to remember the names of those individuals whom he
handled while working as a courier agent for Steve (at the time, he handled ‘Jurist’s’ wife)”. 244
“Steve” was the cover name of Josef Peters, chief of the CPUSA covert apparatus in the mid-
1930s. “Jurist” was the cover name for Harry Dexter White from 1941 to August 1944, it was
changed to “Lawyer” in August 1944 then changed to “Richard” in September 1944, and appeared
as “Reed” in July 1945. “Jurist” was an obsolete cover name for White at the time of “Bogdan’s”
report, but that “Jurist”/White is likely referened is supported by a 22 June 1945 “Vadim”/Gorsky
cable to Moscow Center “At one time, M. [“Mole”/Kramer] had also worked on the connection
between “Peter” [Josef Peters] and “Richard” [H.D. White] (through “R’s” wife)”. 245 Here
Kramer is unambiguously identifed as a link between Josef Peters and Harry White’s wife.
“Bogdan’s” reference to “Jurist’s wife” appears to have been simply an obsolete use of White’s
cover name prior to “Richard”.
Justice, Department of, U.S.. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Chamber”.
“K”.: Cover name for an unidentified Soviet source in West and Tsarev and Andrew and Mitrokhin that
appear to be identical with “Eric”/Broda in Vassiliev’s notebooks. 246
K.A. and KA: See R.A. and RA. (Krasnaya Armiya – Red Army)
“Kaban” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Boar”. (Alternative translation: Wild Boar).
“Kabare” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cabaret”.
Kaftanov, Sergey: Official of the Soviet State Committee of Defense.
Kagan, Harry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employed by the Soviet Government Purchasing
Commission. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as an agent of Jacob Golos to watch and report on
any suspect activities of other SGPC employees. 247 Candidate for cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Vendor”.
Kaganovich, Mikhail: Senior Bolshivik and Soviet official directing defense and aviation industry.
Accused of sabotage by siting aviation plans in the western USSR that were overrun in the Nazi
invasion, he shot himself in 1941.
------------------------------------
242Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
243Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
244Vassiliev, White #3, 96.
245Ibid., 98.
246West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 231–33, 236; Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the
Shield, 114–15.
247Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 66, 106.

Kahn [Kan] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
References to in 1948.
Kahn, ? (real name or possible cover name): Employee of DOS, had lunch with Anatoly Gorsky in the
latter’s offical capacity in 1944. (Alternative translation: Khan).
Kahn, Albert: Stridently pro-Stalinist journalist and secret member of the CPUSA. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as a source on refugee Ukrainians for Jacob Golos. 248 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Eddie”.
“Kahn” [Kan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent with
close ties to CPUSA, 1948. “Kahn” occured in the deciphered Venona cables in 1944 and, while
unidentified by NSA/FBI, was likely Avram Landy, a senior CPUSA official who supervised party
work among ethnic groups. But whether “Kahn”/Landy of 1944 is this 1948 “Kahn” is unclear.
Kain: See “Kane”.
“Kaiser” [Kayzer] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence contact, friend
of Harold Glasser. Described as American Army captain in Italy in 1944, then working in the
Treasury Depatment in Washington, and appointed to the staff of the Allied Control Commission
in Austria. Formerly active in the Washington CPUSA network.
Kalatozov, Mikhail Konstantinovich: Soviet intelligence contact/agent. Director of Leningrad Film Studio
and representative of the Soviet film industry in Hollywood in WWII. Kalatozov was identified in
the Venona decryptions with the cover name “Iveri”.
Kaleson, Greta: Married Klaus Fuchs in 1959.
“Kalibr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Caliber”.
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich: Bolshevik leader and official Soviet head of state, 1919-46.
Kalinnikov, John: Accused in 1930 of being a key figure in the anti-Bolshevik (and imaginary) Industrial
Party.
“Kalistrat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Callistratus”.
Kallet, Arthur: Soviet intelligence contact/informant, via “Liberal”/Frank Palmer, prior to 1933.
Kalmanson, I: Russian emigre.
Kamark, ?: Described as a contact of Harold Glasser at some point.
“Kamen'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Kamen”.
“Kamen” [Kamen'] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent,
1946. Kamen' in Russian is usually translated as stone. However, in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks there is another cover name, “Stoun”, that is also translated as “Stone”. To avoid
confusion, in the translated notebooks, the cover name “Stoun” will be translated as “Stone” while
the cover name “Kamen'” will be transliterated as “Kamen”.
Kamen, Martin: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Chemist in the Manhattan atomic project’s work at
University of California, Berkeley.
Kamenev, Ivan: Soviet intelligence officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Photon”. “Photon”
appears in the Venona decryptions as KGB officer Leonid G. Pritomanov, likely Kamenev’s
pseudonym in America.
Kamensky, ?: Soviet intelligence officer. Executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services in the late
1930s.
“Kan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Kahn”.
“Kane” [Keyn] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Senator Claude Pepper. (Alternative translation: Kain
and Caine).
Kanevets, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
------------------------------------
248 Ibid., 28–29.

“Kant” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Magdoff prior to 29 December 1944 (when changed to
“Tan”). “Kant” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Magdoff in May 1944 messages. 249
Note September-December 1944 overlap with “Kant”/Zborowski.
“Kant” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mark Zborowski starting in September 1944. “Kant” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Zborowski in September 1944 - April 1945 messages. 250
Note September-December 1944 overlap with “Kant”/Magdoff.
“Kantor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cantor”.
Kapitan (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Captain”.
Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich: Soviet physicist, contributed to the Soviet atomic bomb project.
Kaplan, Irving: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist. Economist employed as the associate
director of the New Deal National Research Project in the mid-1930, later on the staff of the
Justice Department, War Production Board, Foreign Economic Administration, Treasury
Department in WWII, and for the Department of Economic Affairs of the United Nations. In 1952
he invoked the Fifth Admendment to refuse to answer questions from a congressional committee
about participating in a conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government. He was then fired by U.N.
Secretary General Trygve Lie. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster
espionage group. 251 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tino”.
“Kapral” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Corporal”.
“Karfagen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Carthage”.
Karin, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent know to Jacob Golos and later arrested in the purge of the
security services.
“Karl” (cover name/work name): Whittaker Chambers, 1930s.
“Karl” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Tselnis, described as an American GRU agent who
defected in 1939. Likely a pseudonym for Whittaker Chambers or a confusion of another agent
with Chambers.
“Karl” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical line, 1944-1945.
Likely William Stapler. Described as “chemical engineer at the Hercules Powder Company. With
us since ’34”. Prior to October 1944 designated as “Ray”. 252 “Karl” was identified in the Venona
decryptions but the real name was redacted by NSA.
Karl: Work name early 1930s work name used by Iskhak Akhmerov.
Karlag: One of the Gulag’s largest camps, in northern Kazakhstan.
“Karliki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Midgets”.
“Karmen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Carmen”.
Karmen, ?: A unidentified Soviet described as having known Robert Capa in the Spanish Civil War.
“Karo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jürgen Kuczynski.
Karoly, ?: Described as someone denied a visa to enter the United States at the request of the Horthy
government.
“Karp” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Carp”.
Karp, Bluma: Russian-immigrant Russian translator in the Office of Naval Intelligence, 1935-1937.
Cultivated as possible source of intelligence on the U.S. Navy. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Cecil”.
------------------------------------
249 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
250 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
251 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 26; U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities of United
States Citizens Employed by the United Nations (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1953); U.S. Senate
Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities United Nations.
252 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Karp Export and Import Company: See Carp Export and Import Company.
Karsner, Rose: Prominent American Trotskyist.
Kartasheva, Varvara Dmitriyevna: See Varvara Hammer.
Kasenkina, Oksana Stepanovna: Teacher with the Soviet diplomatic delegation in New York who, when
recalled to the USSR, attempted to defect by leaping from a high window from a Soviet diplomatic
building. The ensuing diplomatic incident ended with the U.S. offering and her accepting asylum
in the U.S. 253
Kasilov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Kasparov, Grigory: KGB officer, chief of the San Franciso station in 1944 under diplomatic cover as viceconsul.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Gift”.
“Kassir” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cashier”.
Kasyenkina: See Kasenkina.
“Katalizator” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Catalyst”.
“Katod” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cathode”.
Kats, M. : Described as connected to Soviet journal Tribuna.
“Katya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer supplied with business cover by
Boris Morros in the mid-1930s for work in Berlin, likely Vasily Zarubin.
“Katya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Catherine Morros, late 1940s.
“Katya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1944.
Katz, Joseph: Soviet intelligence agent. One of the KGB’s most active American agents. KGB liaison
with Jacob Golos and Elizabeth Bentley. Bentley knew Katz under the pseudonym Jack. Identified
in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet agent. 254 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Informer”
prior to August 1944, “Douglas” in August 1944, “X” starting in September 1944.
Katz, Otto: Covert Comintern operative, active in many of Willi Munzenberg’s front organizations.
Executed in 1952 in the Czechoslovak Slansky purge.
“Kavalerist” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cavalryman”.
Kavurina, Miss ?: Described as Amtorg employee with links to Trotsky.
“Kayzer” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Kaiser”.
Kazakevich, Vladimir: Pro-Communist American academic of Russian origin. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as assisting Jacob Golos. 255 An instructor at U.S. Army school in WWII.
Kazaniev, ?: KGB officer, Moscow 1944.
“Kaznachey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Treasurer”.
Kedrovsky, John: Russian Orthodox priest in America and leader of the “Living Church” movement
seeking accommodation with Bolshevik authorities.
“Keel” [Kil] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Petroff after October 1944. 256
Keenan, Helen Grace Scott: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Also known as Helen Scott. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 257 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fir”.
Keeney, Mary Jane: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 258 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
------------------------------------
253Oksana Stepanovna Kasenkina, Leap to Freedom (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1949).
254Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Bentley, “Deposition 1945”.
255Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 36.
256Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
257Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
258 “The Librarian Spies,” pp. 177-180 and Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000];
Background memoranda of Philip and Mary Jane Keeney, “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 2127;
U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Testimony of Philip O. Kenney and Mary Jane Keeney
and Statement Regarding Their Background: Hearings (Washington: U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949), 221–

“Cerberus’s” wife.
Keeney, Philip Olin: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 259 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cerberus”.
Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevolodovich : President of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, 1961 - 1978.
Kellerberg, Monsignor: Described as aide to Cardinal Spellman.
Kellex Corporation: Subsidiary of Kellogg Construction Company, carried out major Manhattan atomic
project contracts.
Kelley, John: Described as an organizer of the National Committee for Recognition of Soviet Russia.
Kelley, Robert F.: Chief of the State Department East European Division in the early and mid-1930s until
its merger into the European Division.
Kellogg, Frank: Secretary of State, 1925 – 1929.
Kellogg: W.M. Kellogg Construction Company, major contractor for the Manhattan atomic project.
“Kemp” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, described as
having been involved in atomic espionage but was by 1948 “completely revaled”.
Kenig, ?: Described as a prominent general, likely French, 1948.
Kennan, George: Senior DOS adviser on Soviet matters.
Kennedy, Joseph: Chemistry instructor at the University of California, Berkely, who assisted Glen Seaborg
in using the cyclotron to produce plutonium in 1941.
Kennedy, Joseph: Former U.S. ambassador to Britain.
Kennedy, Robert: U.S. Senator (D. NY)
Kent, Sally: Described as assistant to Ruth Shipley at DOS.
“Kepri” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
female, staff of FEA, then joined the State Department and worked on South American matters
References to in 1945.
Kerensky, Alexander: Exiled leader of the republican government that replaced the Tsar after the February
1917 revolution in Russia that was subsequently overthrown in the Bolshevik coup of November
1917. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Loser”.
Kerr Commission: Press label for a 1943 subcommittee of the House Appropriations Committee headed by
Rep. John H. Kerr (D. NC) that investigated several executive agency employees for possible left
extremist ties and recommended denying appropriations for their salaries. Erroneously described
in Vassiliev’s notebooks by a KGB officer as “Kerr’s Senate committee”.
Kerr, Philip, Marquess of Lothian,: British ambassador to the U.S., 1939-1940.
Kesselring, Albert: Senior Luftwaffe officer, later field marshal.
Kessler, Frank: Work name used by Harry Gold.
“Ket” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Cat”.
“Key” [Klyuch] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s,
likely technical intelligence.
“Keyn” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Kane”. (Alternative translations: “Kain”, “Caine”.
Keynes, John M.: British monetary expert and economist.
KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti: Committee for State Security.
“Kh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “X”.
Khachaturian, Aram: Soviet composer.
“Khadr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hadre”.
“Khal” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent described as a
contact of Elizabeth Bentley in 1944. (Khal is Russian for a plaited bread.)
------------------------------------
77.
259 “The Librarian Spies,” pp. 177-180 and Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000];
Background memoranda of Philip and Mary Jane Keeney, “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 2127;
U.S. House Committee on Un-American Activities, Keeney Testimony.

Kharchenko, ?: Former Soviet supervisor of Iosif ?.
“Kharon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Charon”.
“Khata” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): see “Hut”.
Kheifets, Grigory Markovich: KGB officer. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet officer/agent.
Birth name Grimeril. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Grisha” (1930s) and “Charon”
(1941-1944),
Kheifets: See Kheifets, Grigory.
Kheifetz: See Kheifets, Grigory.
Kheifits: See Kheifets, Grigory.
“Khelen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks) See “Helen”.
“Khell” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Hell”.
Kheyfets: See Kheifets, Grigory.
“Khiks” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hicks”.
“Khimik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chemist”.
“Khirt” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hirt”.
“Khiton” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tunic”.
Khlopkova, Olga: Possibly a real name but more likely the pseudonym of a Soviet intelligence officer/agent
with the cover name “Julia” in the Venona decryptions. “Julia” in Vassiliev’s notebooks is
identified as O. V. Shimmel.
“Kholostoy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bachelor”.
“Khong” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hong”.
“Khor'ki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Polecats”.
Khotimsky, ?: KGB illegal officer early 30s. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Namesake” (1934).
“Khoze” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jose”.
“Khozyain” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Boss”. (Alternative translation: Owner, Employer)
“Khram” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Temple”.
Khrushchev, Nikita S.: Chief of the CPSU and leader of the USSR, 1953-1964.
KhU line: KGB scientific-technical espionage line of work. KhU is a transliteration of the Russian Cyrillic
letters that pictorially resemble the Latin letters “XY” but are the phonetic equivalent of “Kh” and
“U”. However, often in English the KhU line is designated with the Latin alphabet letters “XY”, a
transfer without transliteration of the Russian Cyrillic letters. See XY line.
“Khuan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Juan”.
“Khudozhnik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Artist”.
Khurgin, ?: Associated with Amtorg in 1924 according to Vasily Delgass.
“Khutor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Farm”. (Alternative translation: farmstead,
settlement)
“Kh'yuz” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hughes”.
K.I.: Communist International.
KI (K.I.): Committee of Information.
“Kid” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mary Price in early 1941.
“Kil” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Keel”.
Kilgore Committee: Press term for the Subcommittee on War Mobilization of the Senate Military Affairs
Committee chaired by Senator Kilgore.
Kilgore, Harley M.: U.S. Senator (D. West Virginia).
“Kin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See Gerhard Fuchs, 1951.
“King” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Julius Rosenberg, 1950.
“King” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer, KGB illegal station mid-
1930s, earlier “Walter”; likely also “James” and possibly “John”. References to in 1934, 1936.
King, Ernest: U.S. Navy Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations.

King, Mackenzie: Canadian Prime Minister (1935-1948).
King, William Henry: U.S. Senator, Utah, 1917-1941, Democrat. King was an early opponent of
American recognition of or trade with the Soviet Union and supporter of American aid to antibolshevik
forces. He traveled to Russian in 1923, met with Soviet officials and Armand Hammer,
and returned to the U.S. an advocate of American trade as a means of ameliorating the Soviet state.
He remained an associate of the Hammer family, assisting Julius in getting an American passport
after his release from prison for performing an illegal abortion and introducing Armand into elite
political circles in Washington. 260 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bab”.
Kingsbury, John: Prominent social worker and public health advocate and ardent admirer of the USSR.
“Kinsman” (Rodstevennik) (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Likely James H. Hibben. “Kinsman”
does not appear in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. But in the Venona decryptions, “Solid”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified technical source in 1943 and 1944” that was
name changed to “Kinsman” in October 1944. 261 And “Solid” is identified in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks as Hibben. However, the “Kinsman” cover name may not have been
implemented because “Solid” had become “Reed” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks by 1945.
See “Solid”.
Kipp, ?: Described as a German diplomat and suspected of being a German intelligence officer.
Kipura, ?: Described as an Austrian film actor, 1935.
“Kir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ivan Morozov. Worked with Harry Gold, 1939-1940.
References to in 1945, 1950
“Kirillov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer 1950.
Kirov, Sergey: Senior Bolshevik leader killed under unclear circumstance in 1934.
“Kis” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF),
circa 1944.
Kisilev, Evgeni: Soviet diplomat. Soviet consul general in New York, 1942-1944. Know in the American
press at the time Eugene Kisselev.
Kislitsin, Filip V.: KGB officer and colleague of Vladimir Petrov.
Kiss, ?: Described as the leader of “Link”, described as an OSS-connected clandestine group in Bulgaria.
Kistiakowsky, George: Senior scientist in the Manhattan atomic project, head of the implosion department.
Kittovsky, Klaus: Described as grandson of Emil Fuchs.
K/k: Konspirativnaya kvartira, a safe house.
“Klan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Clan”.
Klarin, Pavel P. (pseudonym): Pavel P. Pastelnyak’s pseudonym in the U.S. Klarin was identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet officer/agent with the cover name “Luka”.
Kleckowski, Karl von: Described as source for an OSS report on Jappanese intelligence in Turkey.
Klein, ?: Described as executive officers of Telefunken, 1945.
Klein, Julius: Director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce in the U.S. Department of
Commerce in the 1920s.
Kleinmade, ?: Described as a Telefunken top manager.
“Klemens” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Clemence”.
Kligman, ?: Husband of Beatrice Emmet.
Kligman, Beatrice: Married name of Beatrice Emmett, described as a cousin of Milton Golos.
------------------------------------
260 Markku Ruotsila, British and American Anticommunism Before the Cold War (London and
Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 2001), 93–97, 124, 146, 168, 189, 191; Steve Weinberg, Armand Hammer:
The Untold Story (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), 59, 66, 99.
261 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Klim” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer in Rome or Vienna, 1950, likely
Vitaly Pavlov. 262
“Klo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, after September 1944.
Likely Esther Trebach Rand. “Klo” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Rand. 263
“Klod” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Claude”.
Klopstock, Hanna: Soviet intelligence source/contact, German Communist in London, U.K., 1946 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Marta”.
“Klub” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Club”.
“Klyuch” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Key”.
“Klyukva” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cranberry”.
Kneeland, Hildegarde: Soviet intelligence contact/informant, 1944. Goverment statistician. Described as a
secret Communist in FEA in contact with Victor Perlo.
Knocker [Stukach]: See “Informer”.
Knopinsky, ?: Described as official of Glavkontsesskom.
“Knopka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Button”.
Knowland, William: U.S. Senator (R, CA)
Knox, Frank: U.S. Secretary of War.
Knoxville, TN: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Novogorsk”.
“Knut” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Whip”.
“Knyaz'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Prince”.
Knyazeva, Galina Vadimovna: Sister of Olga V. Hammer
Ko, ?: Soviet scientist, linked to Nikolay Vavilov.
Koba, Nikolay Danilovich: Crewman on the Soviet tanker “Azerbaijan”.
Kobilsky, Ivan: Soviet POW interviewed by American intelligence.
Kobulov, Bogdan: Senior aide to Lavrenty Beria.
Kobushko, ?: Acquaintance of Victor Hammer.
“Koch” [Kokh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Duncan Lee. “Koch” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Lee. 264
Kofman, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Kogan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified GRU illegal infiltrated into the U.S. via San
Francisco on a Soviet ship.
“Kokh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Koch”.
Kolchak veteran: Someone who served with the anti-Bolshevik forces of Tsarist Admiral Aleksandr V.
Kolchak.
“Kollega” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Colleague”.
“Kollegi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Colleagues”.
Kollontay, Alexandra: Bolshevik leader and Soviet diplomat.
Kolodny: See Colodny.
Kolomoytsev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Kolybel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cradle”.
“Komar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gnat”.
“Kombinat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Complex”.
Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD): Communist Party of Germany.
------------------------------------
262 “Klim” was identified as Pavlov in Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets:
Exposing Soviet Espionage and America’s Traitors (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2000), 44.
263 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
264 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Komsto: Commission of the Council of Labor and Defense, USSR.
“Kondensator” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Condenser”.
Kondrashov, S.: KGB officer, Moscow, 1966.
Konius, Boris: See Conius, Boris.
“Konkurenty” (cover name/tradecraft term): “Competitors”.
Konoe, Fumimaro: Japanese Prime Minister, January-August 1939.
Konovalets, Yevhen: Ukrainian nationalist leader.
Konovalov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Konrad, Inga: Described as Austrian paramour of Michael Farrell.
Konspirativnaya kvartira (k/k): safe house.
Konspiratsia: KGB tradecraft term for the rules and practices of covert work and conspiracy.
“Konstantin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Constantine”.
Konstantinov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Konstantinova, Katerina: Former wife of Leon Theremin. Also know as Katia Constantinova.
“Konstruktor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Constructor”. (Alternative translation:
Designer)
“Konsul” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Consul”.
“Kontora” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Office”.
Kontraktatsiya (tradecraft term): See Contracting.
“Kontsern” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Concern
“Kontsessioner” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Consessionaire”.
Kopelevich, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Kopoe, ?: Described in 1941 as former Japanese Prime Minister, likely an error for Fumimaro Konoe,
Japanese Prime Minister, January-August 1939.
“Kora” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cora”. Kora means bark or rind in Russian.
However, “Kora” was translated phonetically as “Cora” in the Venona decryptions, and,
additionally, there is a separate cover name “Bark” spelled phonetically in Russia as “Bark”.
Consequently, here “Kora” is translated as “Cora”.
Koral, Alexander: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Long-time KGB courier in partnership with his wife
Helen. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 265 Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Don” from 1936 until August 1944, “Senor” in August 1944, “Berg”
starting in September 1944.
Koral, Gilbert: Son of Alexander and Helen Koral.
Koral, Helen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Long-time KGB courier in partnership with her husband
Alexander. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 266 Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Carmen” prior to August 1944, “Miranda” in August 1944, “Art” starting
in September 1944.
Koral, Richard: Soviet intelligence contact. Son of Alexander and Helen Koral. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fledgling”, “San”.
Koral, Sylvia: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secretary in the code section, Office of War Information.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Lok”.
Koreshkov, A.A.: co-author of KGB book Station Chief Gold.
Korin, Pavel: Soviet painter of the 1930s-1960s.
Korneev, Mikhail: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Alan”.
“Kornet” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cornet”.
------------------------------------
265 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
266 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Kornienko, ?: Soviet intelligence officer Moscow Center, 1939.
“Korobov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer in London, 1947. Identified
in the Venona decryptions in 1944-1945 as KGB officer Nikolay Ostrovsky in the U.S; Ostrovsky
could have been a pseudonym.
Korotkov, Alexander Mikhailovich: Head of KGB illegals department, 1948.
“Korpus” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Corpus”.
Kositsyn, Vladimir: Emigre, White Russian activist.
Kosov (or Kossov), Simon: Described as naval architect and Amtorg official.
“Kostrov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer. Liaison with
KGB with the Alfred and Martha Stern, 1949.
Kostsyushko, Lyubov Nikolayevna: Mother of Olga V. Hammer. Maiden name Olga Vadina Root. Also
know as Lyubov Nikolayevna Kostsyushko-Valyuzhinich.
Kostsyushko-Valyuzhinich, Lyubov Nikolayevna: See Lyubov Nikolayevna Kostsyushko.
Kosygin, Alexsey Nikolayevich: Senior Soviet official.
Kovalenko, Father,: Described as chairman of the Russian Committee on Refugee Affairs at the Vatican.
Kovalenok, E. V.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1950.
Kovarsky, ?: Described as faculty supervisor of Engelbert Broda at Cambridge University.
KPCh: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
KPD: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands: Communist Party of Germany.
KR: KGB’s KR line was counter-intelligence.
K-r: the first letter and, perhaps, the last letter of the real name of “Richard”, an otherwise unidentified
Soviet intelligence officer in 1939.
“Krab” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Crab”.
Krafsur, Samuel: Soviet intelligence source/agent. CPUSA member and veteran of the International
Brigades. In 1944 KGB queried Comintern regarding Krafsur’s bone fides. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 267 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ide”.
Kramer, Charles: Soviet intelligence source. Birth name Krivitsky. An economist, worked for the U.S.
Senate Subcommittee on War Mobilization, the Office of Price Administration and after WWII on
the Senate Labor and Public Welfare committee. Identified as part of the Ware Group and the
Washington C.P. underground in the 1930s by Whittaker Chambers, Nathaniel Weyl, Lee
Pressman, and Hope Hale Davis. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker
Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks. Identified in the Venona decryptions
as a Soviet source/agent. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo espionage group.
KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. 268 Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Mole”, “Plumb”.
Krasin, Leonid B.: Senior Bolshevik official, People's Commissar of Foreign Trade, 1920-1924.
Krasnaya Armiya (K.A. and KA): Soviet Red Army.
Krause, Max: Described as a German scientist involved in Nazi rocket research. Possibly a mistake for
Max Kramer.
Kravchenko, Victor: Soviet engineer for the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission who publicly
defected in 1944 and wrote an anti-Stalinist book. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Gnat”.
------------------------------------
267 Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 306; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
268 Davis, Great Day, 68–69; Weyl, Encounters With Communism; Haynes and Klehr, Venona
[2000], 354–55; Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 96, 106, 156, 185–85, 224–25, 231–35; Earl Latham, The
Communist Controversy in Washington: From the New Deal to McCarthy. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard
University Press, 1966), 107; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 51–52, 54, 56, 105; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov,
Secret World, 312–15.

“Kray” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Territory”. “Kray” was translated as “Land” in the
Venona decryptions.
Krayevsky, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Krayevsky, B.: Amtorg official, 1924-1925.
Kremer, Semen: GRU officer, cover as secretary to the military attaché in London, 1941.
Kreshin, Boris Mikhailovich: Soviet intelligence officer. Also known as Borukh Moiseyevich Kresshin.
“Krestyanin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Peasant”.
Krivitsky, Charles: Birth name of Charles Kramer.
Krivitsky, Walter: Senior GRU officer who shifted to the KGB in the mid-1930s, defected in 1937. His
autobiography, In Stalin's Secret Service, had considerable impact on public opinion in the U.S. 269
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Enemy”.
KRO: Kontrrevolyucionny otdel – Counterintelligence Department of the OGPU.
Kroger, Helen: Pseudonym used Leona Cohen in Great Britain when she was arrested for espionage in
1961.
Kroger, Peter: Pseudonym used Morris Cohen in Great Britain when he was arrested for espionage in 1961.
“Krok” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Yury Vasilievich Novikov.
“Kron” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chrome Yellow”.
Kropachev, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center, 1941.
Kropotov, ?: KGB officer, Berlin station early 1930s.
“Krot” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mole”.
Krotov, Boris Mikhailovich: Soviet intelligence officer in the U.S., 1947-1950 NY. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bob”. “Bob” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Boris Krotov on
the London-Moscow channel in 1945.
Krug (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Circle”.
Krupp: A reference to either Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach or his father, Gustav Krupp von
Bohlen und Halbach, leading figures of the German munitions and armaments firm Friedrich
Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp in the 1930s.
Krylenko, Eliena Vassilyenva: Wife of Max Eastman.
Krylenko, Nikolay.: Prominent Soviet prosecutor in the Terror, later arrested and shot.
“Kryshi” (tradecraft term): See “Roof”.
“Kryshka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lid”. (Alternate translation: Cover)
“Krysy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rats”.
Kryuchkov, Vladimir Alexandrovich: Chief of the KGB, 1988-1991.
Kuchin, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Kuchinsky, Urgen: Variant spelling. See Kuczynski, Jurgen.
Kuchinsky, Ursula: Variant spelling. See Kuczynski, Ursula.
Kuczynski, Jurgen (Jürgen): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Refugee German Communist in Great
Britain. Academic economist, employed by the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey. Brother of Ursula
Kuczynski. Spelling variant: Urgen Kuchinsky. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Karo”.
Kuczynski, Ursula: Soviet intelligence source/agent, GRU. German Communist in Great Britain. Sister of
Jurgen Kuczynski. Married name: Ursula Beurton. Also know as Ruth Werner. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Partially disclosed her activities in an
autobiography. 270 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sonya”.
------------------------------------
269 Walter G. Krivitsky, In Stalin’s Secret Service; an Exposé of Russia’s Secret Policies by the
Former Chief of the Soviet Intelligence in Western Europe (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1939). See
also Gary Kern, A Death in Washington: Walter G. Krivitsky and the Stalin Terror (New York: Enigma
Books, 2003).
270 Ruth Werner [Ursula Kuczynski], Sonya’s Report (London: Chatto & Windus (Random Century

Kuczynsky: Spelling variant of Kuczynski.
Kuhn, Fritz: Chief of the German-American Bund.
Kuhn, Loeb, & Co.: Major American international banking firm.
Kukin, Konstantin Mikhailovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Igor”.
“Kulak” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Thomas Dewey, crica 1944. “Kulak” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Dewey.
Kulchinsky, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Kulsky, ?: Described as legal counsel of the Polish government in London.
“Kum” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Godfather”.
Kunoly, ?: Described as Czechoslovak envoy to Argentina, 1948.
“Kur'er” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Courier”.
Kurnakov, Sergey Nikolaevich: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Former Tsarist cavalry officer who had
immigrated to the U.S. and become a Communist. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a
Soviet source/agent. 271 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cavalryman” prior to September
1944, then “Beck”.
“Kurort” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Spa”.
Kursky, Ivan Ivanovich: Second husband of Varvara Hammer.
“Kurt” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer. References to in
1938.
Kurtz, ?: Described as an American Army general in Germany, 1948.
Kurtz, A.T.: FBI agent, 1942.
Kusevitsky, Sergey: Conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra.
Kuybyshev: City in Siberia, USSR.
Kuyumzhitsky, Angelo: Bulgarian OSS contact in Turkey. Described as a leader of “Link”, which was
described as a OSS-connected clandestine group in Bulgaria.
Kuzbas: Soviet industrial colony in Siberia in the 1920s staffed by radical Americans and other foreign
volunteers.
Kuznetsov, F.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center, 1948.
“Kvant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Quantum”.
Kvasnikov, Leonid Romanovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Engineer at Amtorg. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Anton”.
“Kvid” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Quid”.Lamont, Robert P.: Secretary of Commerce,
1929-1932.
L. (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Initial of an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in
Mexico in 1950.
L.: Initials of someone described as a close friend of New York Governor-elect Herbert Lehman in
December 1932.
La Follette, Robert: Progressive leader of the early 20th century. U.S. senator from Wisconsin on
Republican and Progressive tickets. Progressive Party candidate for president in 1924.
Labor Action: Journal associated with the American Trotskyist movement.
Labor Age: Journal edited by Louis Budenz
Labour Age: Error for Labor Age..
Labour Party: Error for American Labor Party.
LAC: Liberated Areas Committee
------------------------------------
Group), 1991).
271 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Lager' X” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Camp X”.
“Lager'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Camp”.
LaGuardia, Fiorello H.: Mayor of New York City, 1934-1945
Laidler, Harry: Socialist historian.
Laird, Stephen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Time magazine writer, radio broadcaster, journalist, and
filmmaker. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 272 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Yun”.
Lamont, Corliss: Soviet intelligence agent. Recruited but not clear if ever used. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Author”.
“Lana” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, CPUSA
member. Described as on the staff of the commercial attaché of the Yugoslav Embassy, late 1940s.
Land: see Territory.
Landes, Lewis: Chairman of the National Committee for Recognition of Soviet Russia, 1933.
Landon, Kirk A.: Executive Secretary, National Committee for the Recognition of Soviet Russia, 1933.
“Landscape” [Peyzazh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Related to William Weisband, may be a
cover name for the operation of running Weisband.
Landy, Avram: Senior CPUSA official who supervised party work among ethnic groups. Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as assisting Jacob Golos in anti-Trotsky activities. 273
Lanning, Just: Described as OSS officer in London, 1945.
Larichev, Viktor: Accused in 1930 of being a key figure in the anti-Bolshevik “Industrial Party.
“Larry” [Leri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nikolay Statskevich.
Latin American Division, U.S. Department of State.
“Laurel” [Lavr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, New York
station. References to in 1938 and 1942. “Laurel” appeared in the Venona decryptions as
unidentified KGB officer/agent operating from the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in
1942, likely the same person.
Lauterbach, Richard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a secret
Communist and candidate for recruitment as a Soviet source/agent: cover name “Pa”. 274 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pa”.
“Lavr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Laurel”. Lavr in Russian is the diminutive for the
name Lavrenty. However, it was translated in the Venona decryptions as Laurel and to reduce
confusion, that practice is adopted here.
Lavrentyev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Lawrence, Ernest: American experimental physicist and leading figure on Manhattan project.
“Lawyer” [Loyer] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Harry Dexter White in August 1944. 275
Lazarus, Abe : Described as a student Communist at Oxford in the mid-1930s.
------------------------------------
272 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
273 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 36.
274 During Whittaker Chambers’s years at Time magazine, he became a fierce anti-Communist. For a
period in 1944 and 1945, Chambers was in charge of the Foreign News department, where his editing of
stories to bring out matters that depicted the USSR in a poor light, enraged several correspondents who
demanded that publisher Henry Luce remove him. Chambers identified the ringleaders of the revolt as John
Hersey, Theodore White, Charles Wertenbaker, John Scott, and Richard Lauterbach. Lauterbach,
described by one scholar as “the correspondent Chambers trusted least,” had been Time’s correspondent in
Moscow. Chambers, Witness, 498; Tanenhaus, Whittaker Chambers, 182; Appendix D, Haynes and
Klehr, Venona [2000].
275 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Lazutchiki” (KGB file title in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Spies”. (Alternate translation: Scouts)
“Lazutchiki” is not much used in modern Russian, with “shpiony” the preferred term for spies.
“Le” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified agency in which Josef Peters worked in Moscow
in the 1930s.
Le Baron, William (LeBaron): Hollywood producer.
Leaf: see List.
“League” [Liga] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. government. “League” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as the U.S. government.
League of Struggle Against Communism: Likely a reference to the Committee to Combat Communism.
League of Women Shoppers: 1930s activist organization close to the CPUSA.
Leahy, William: U.S. Navy Admiral and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Lebedinsky, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent know to Jacob Golos and later arrested in Stalin’s purge of
his security services.
Ledi, ? (possibly Ladi, Laddy): Roman Catholic priest.
Lee, Duncan Chaplin: Soviet intelligence source/agent. In 1945 Bentley told the FBI that Lee was a source
for her CPUSA/KGB network. 276 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Koch”. Party name and
pseudonym used by Elizabeth Bentley: Pat.
“Lee” [Li] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, September
1944, earlier “Clemence”. Johanna Beker is a candidate for “Clemence”/“Lee”. “Lee” appeared in
the Venona decryptions as an Soviet intelligence source/agent, identify redacted, earlier
“Clemence”. 277
Leeds, ?: Described as the pseudonym of ? Levy.
Leeds Company: Described as distributor of sheet music in the United States.
Legal (KGB tradecraft term): KGB activities operating from Soviet diplomatic offices by officers who
were openly Soviet officials and had protected diplomatic status.
“Legat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Legate”.
“Legate” [Legat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Lord Edward Halifax.
Lehman, Herbert: American government administrator and politician, later governor of New York and U.S.
Senator (D. NY). Head of UNRRA. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Orderly”.
Lehman’s Committee: See UNRRA.
Lehrs, ?: Described as a figure in the Russian-American Chamber of Commerce, 1924. Father of John
Lehrs.
Lehrs, John: American vice-counsul Latvia, official in American Relief Administration in Russia.
Leica: KGB’s preferred camera for photographing documents.
Leitner, Rudolph: Described as a German in the U.S. with some connection to the Nazi regime.
Lena Goldfields: Gold mining district in Siberia near the Lena river.
Lencsyski, Machla: Name on the fraudulent American passport of the wife of Comintern agent Harry
Berger when arrested in Brazil.
Lend Lease: U.S. program of supplying WWII allies with industrial and war material. Cover name in
Vassiliev notebooks “Decree”.
Lenin, Vladimir: Dominate figure in the Bolshevik movement.
Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology.
“Lens” [Linza] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence agent running a safe house in the
interior of the U.S. Likely Michael Sidorovich. “Lens” was identified in the Venona decryptions
------------------------------------
276Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 34–36, 40, 52, 57, 78–80; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona
[2000].
277Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 372.

as Michael Sidorovich who ran a safe house in Cleveland, Ohio. 278
“Leo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ludwig Lore. Lore is not directly named in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks, but all of the particulars of “Leo” (his journalistic work and the trajectory
of his journalistic commentary on Soviet matters in the 1930s) fit Lore. In addition, Whittaker
Chambers described his own contacts with Lore and comments of Soviet intelligence officers about
Lore that fit with the description of “Leo” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. Further, Julius
Kobyakov, retired senior KGB officer, identified “Leo” as Lore in 2004. 279
“Leon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Error for Leona.
“Leona” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, late 1930s, via
“Jung” (Iskhak Akhmerov). Deactivated when Akhmerov recalled in 1939. “Leona” appears in a
single 1944 Venona cable and was described an an unidentified female asset of the New York
KGB, attempting to get a job with the Office of War Information and with a husband who
appeared to have been an employee of a large New York radio station who was aware of his wife’s
connection with Soviet intelligence. 280 It is uncertain that Venona’s 1944 “Leona” was the same
person as “Leona” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
“Leonard” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alger Hiss, 1948-1950.
“Leonid” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, New York, early 1940s.
First name Aleksey. Likely Aleksey N. Prokhorov. “Leonid” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Aleksey N. Prokhorov.
“Leonid” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1935. Unclear if
“Leonid” of 1935 is “Leonid”/Prokkhorov of the early 1940s.
Leonidov, ?: Described as someone Boris Morros met in Moscow.
Leonov, Mikhail Grigorievich: Described as director of Vienna Film Studio.
“Leopard” [Bars] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Journalist. References to “Leopard” operating overseas in 1942. (Alternative translation: Snow
Leopard).
Lepin, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
“Leri” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Larry”.
Leschinsky, Solomon: See Lischinsky, Solomon. Common misspelling of the name found in government
records and in historical literature.
Lesley: See “Leslie”.
“Lesli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Leslie”. (Alternative translation: Lesley)
“Leslie” [Lesli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lona Cohen. “Leslie” as “Lesley” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as unidentified but in a context that would be compatible with Lona Cohen. 281
“Leslie” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Lona Cohen.
Lesser, Alexander : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Leubringer, George: Described as State Department advisor to Isador Lubin.
“Lev” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lion”.
Lev ?: Described as business associate of Boris Morros
“Lever” [Rychag] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Benjamin Smilg.
Leverett, Miles: Engineer involved in designing early atomic reactors as part of the Manhattan atomic
project.
------------------------------------
278Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
279Chambers, Witness, 387–92; Julius Kobyakov, “ALES/Hiss,” H-Diplo, 22 March 2004, <
http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/ >.
280Venona 975 KGB New York to Moscow, 11 July 1944.
281Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Levin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1950-1951.
Levine, Benjamin: Described as providing information on Walter Krivitsky via an Amtorg lawyer in 1940.
Levine, Isaac Don: Anti-Communist journalist.
Levine, Peter: Victim of a 1938 kidnapping-murder.
Levy, ?: Described as someone having the rights to state the opera “War and Peace” in the U.S.
Pseudonym “Leeds, ?”
Levy, Edward: Described as U.S. deputy attorney general on anti-trust activities, 1945
Lewis, James H.: U.S. Senator, 1931-1939 (D. IL).
Lewis, John L. : President of the United Mine Workers and the Congress of Industrial Organizations in the
1930s.
“Leytenant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lieutenant”.
“Li” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lee”.
Libby, Willard Frank: Physical chemist in the Manhattan Project at Columbia University, working on
gaseous diffusion separation and enrichment of the Uranium-235.
“Liberal” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Frank Palmer, mid-1930s to 1942.
“Liberal” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Julius Rosenberg (September 1944-1950). “Liberal”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Rosenberg.
Liberated Areas Committee: US. Department of State committee.
“Lid” [Kryshka] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely George
Samuel Wuchinich. “Lid” is described as linked to Perlo’s group, of Serbian origin and working
in OSS’s Balkan department. Wuchinich was of Serbian background and served with OSS on
Balkan operations. Wuchinich is identified in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as linked to the
Perlo group.
“Lida” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to
in 1937.
“Lida” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Mrs. Byron T. Darling in 1944.
Lieber, Maxim: Soviet intelligence agent. Immigrant from Poland, naturalized U.S. citizen. Lieber, a
literary agent, was a Communist and undertook a variety of tasks for the CPUSA underground and
Soviet intelligence in the 1930s, including assisting Whittaker Chambers’ GRU-linked apparatus.
Chambers’ stated that Lieber had the cover name “Paul” in the underground. 282 Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Paul”, “Pol”.
Liebling, Estelle: Described as voice teacher.
“Lieutenant” [Leytenant] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Frederick Vinson.
“Liga” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “League”.
“Light” [Svet] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Likely Aleksandr
Andreevich Raev. (Raev may the the diplomatic pseudonym of Alexander Rogov.) “Light” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as KGB officer Aleksandr Andreevich Raev. 283
“Linchpin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lever”.
Lincoln, Abraham: American president.
Lincolnians: American veterans of the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and other Americans who served the
International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War.
Lindbergh, Charles: Well know American pilot/hero and spokesman for anti-intervenionism/isolationism.
Lindley, Ernest: Journalist, correspondent for the Washington Post.
Lindorf, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
------------------------------------
282 Lieber relationship with Chambers and activities in the party underground are discussed in
Chambers, Witness, 44–48; Weinstein, Perjury [1997].
283 Likely a pseudonym used by a KGB officer operating under diplomatic cover in the U.S.

Lindsay, John: Mayor of New York City, 1966-1973.
Line A (KGB tradecraft term): Work on KGB line A involved disinformation and deceptive “active
measures” operations.
“Link” [Zveno] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as an OSS connected clandestine group in
Bulgaria headed by Kiss and Angelo Kuyumzhitsky.
“Link” [Zveno] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s and early
1940s. Likely William Weisband. “Link” was described as having worked for KGB on the West
Coast and as liaison with aviation technology source “Needle” (Jones York). In 1950 York
identied Weisband as a Soviet liaison in contact with him in California in the early 1940s. “Link”
was described as serving North Africa, Italy, Britain, and France after entering American Army.
Weisband’s work as a translator for the Army Signal Corps took him to North Africa, Italy,
Britain, and France. “Link” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified but in a context
suggesting William Weisband as a strong candidate for “Link”. 284
Linschitz, Henry: Target of recruitment. Physical chemist who worked at the Manhattan atomic project
Los Alamos. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Derby”.
“Linza” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lens”.
“Lion” [Lev] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Holland Roberts in March and September 1944. Note
overlap of this cover name with Floyd Miller/“Hell” who became “Lion” in August 1944.
“Lion” [Lev] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Floyd C. Miller. Miller, who earlier had the cover
name “Hell”, was shifted to “Lion” in August 1944. Note overlap with “Lion”/Roberts.
Lipkina: Family name of Charles Kramer’s mother.
Lippmann, Walter: Journalist and commentator. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Imperialist”,
1941-1944, and “Bumblebee”in late 1944 and 1945.
Lischinsky, Solomon: Soviet intelligence source. (Also known as Solomon Leschinsky) Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo espionage group but one who in her contact with the group
never provided any information. 285 Born in 1908 in Canada, doctorate from the University of
Toronto in mathematics. Worked as a statistician and economist for the U.S. State Department, the
House Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration (Tolan Committee) and for the
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.
Lisitsyn: Possibly the pen name of S. A. Vasilyev.
“List” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Liszt”. In Russian “List” is translated “Leaf” in the
sense of the leaf or page of a book. However, Alexander Vassiliev, along with Nigel West, Oleg
Tsarev and Vladimir Chikov, maintain “List” in in the case of John Cairncrost was phonetic
Russian Cyrillic for the Hungarian pianist and composer Franz Liszt. 286
“Liszt” [List] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): John Cairncross in the U.K., 1941.
------------------------------------
284 Appendix A and B, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Jones York statement of 6 October 1953 in
William Wolf Weisband background memo, 27 November 1953, in Office of Security, National Security
Agency, reproduced in Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, Venona: Soviet Espionage and the
American Response 1939–1957 (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency; Central Intelligence
Agency, 1996), 167–69. See also Robert Louis Benson and Michael Warner, “Who Was William
Weisband?” in Venona: Soviet Espionage and the American Response 1939–1957, Robert Louis Benson
and Michael Warner (Washington, D.C.: National Security Agency; Central Intelligence Agency,
1996), xxviii.
285 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 52, 55, 57.
286 West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 145; Vladimir Chikov, Stalin’s Atomic Spies: KGB File N. 13676
[Unpublished American Edition of Comment Staline a Volé la Bombe Atomique Aux Américains: Dossier
KGB no 13676], trans and afterword by Gary Kern (1995).

“Liszt” [List] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence contact, 1948,
cultivated by Julius Rosenberg. (Alternative translation: “Leaf”.)
“Literator” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Writer”.
Litvinov, Maxim: Senior Soviet diplomat.
Liveit-Levit, ?: KGB officer, 1930s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ten”.
Livell, John: Described as attaché for oil at the US embassy, Cairo.
“Liza” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Martha Dodd Stern (1936-1950s). “Liza” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Martha Dodd Stern. 287 “Liza” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin
as Martha Dodd Stern.
“Lloyd” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent linked to
Silvermaster, 1946. Likely an error of Ludwig Ullmann, once referred to as Lloyd Ullmann in
Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.
“Loach” [V'yun] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1938.
(Loach is type of fish found in Europe, Asia, and North Africa.)
“Lobus” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alfred Marshak.
Locke, Emanuel Soviet intelligence agent. In 1954 confessed to having been the courier between Jones
York and the KGB. 288 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Eduard”.
Lockheed aircraft.
Lodge, John: Republican governor of Connecticut, 1951-1955.
“Lodochnik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Boatman”.
Loeb, Aaron: Amtorg employee. Husband of Sylvia Loeb.
Loeb, Sylvia: Amtorg employee with a brother described as a regional organizer of the NY Trotskyists.
“Logan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence contact, candidate for
recruitment. Linked to Charles Kramer and Bella Joseph, 1945.
“Lok” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sylvia Koral.
Lomakin, Yakov Mironovich: Soviet diplomat.
Lombard, ?: French military attaché in Washington.
London, U.K.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sidon”.
London, Joan: Jack London's daughter.
Long, Boaz: U.S. Ambassador to Ecuador, 1942.
Long, Breckinridge: U.S. Assistant Secretary of State, 1924-1944
“Long” [Dlinny] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Norman Hait prior to October 1944. “Long”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent but in a
context that would fit Norman Hait. “Long” in the Venona decryptions was later changed to
“Davis”. 289
Long, Leo: Soviet intelligence source/agent. British, recruited by Anthony Blunt while at Cambridge.
“Loper” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Appears to be a spelling garble for “Loyer”.
“Lord” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1938.
Lord, ?: Described as American general and associate of Generals Eisenhower and Bedell Smith.
Lord, Royal B.: American Army general.
------------------------------------
287 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
288 York cooperated with the FBI and identified the photograph of Emanuel Locke as his liaison with the KGB
in 1936-1938. Locke, confronted by the FBI, confessed to having worked as the courier between York and
Stanislav Shumovsky in this period. R. B. Hood to Director, 14 April 1950, serial 57; San Francisco FBI memo,
27 June 1954, serial 136, Jones Orin York FBI file 65-2223.
289 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Lore, Ludwig: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 290 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “10”, “Leo”.
His given name “Ludwig” was also used as a cover name.
Los Angeles Evening Herald and Express.
“Loser” [Neudachnik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Kerensky.
“Lot” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Plumb”.
Lothian, Lord: See Philip Kerr.
“Lotos” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lotus”.
“Lotus” [Lotos] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent.
References to in 1933.
“Lou” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Described as someone connected to State Department.
References to in 1946. Marion Davis (married name Marion Davis Berdecio) is a likely candidate
for “Lou”. “Lou” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Soviet intelligence source/agent
Marion Davis in 1944 and 1945. Davis in 1944 worked on the staff of the Office of Naval
Intelligence at the U.S. Embassy in Mexico and later for the Office of Inter-American Affairs in
Washington. 291 The Office of Inter-American Affairs was absorbed into the State Department in
1946.
“Louis” [Lui] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alfred Stern. “Louis” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Stern. 292
Loverett, ?: Described an an American scientist involved in high energy atomic machine design. (Spelling
unconfirmed, alternative translation: Laverette).
“Lovets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Catcher”.
Lovett, Robert A.: Special Assistant to Secretary of War, 1940-41; Assistant Secretary of War for Air,
1941-45; Under Secretary of State, 1947-49; Deputy Secretary of Defense, 1950-51; and
Secretary of Defense, 1951-53.
Lovett, Robert Morss: Prominent left-liberal and civil libertarian in the 1920s. In the early 1940s an
Interior Department official investigated by the Kerr Commission.
Lowman, Lodge V.: Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, early 1930s.
Lowry, Helen: Soviet intelligence agent. Also known as Akhmerova, wife of Iskhak Akhmerov. Kansasborn
American and the niece of CPUSA chief Earl Browder. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as
one of her KGB contacts under the pseudonym Catherine. Identified in the Venona decryptions as
a Soviet source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Madeline” in 1937-39, “Nelly”
(late 1939?/1940-August 1944), “Stella” (August 1944 to mid-1945), “Emma” (proposed change
by New York station in September 1944, but this does not appear to have been implemented), and
“Elsa” (mid-1945). 293
“Loyer” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lawyer”.
Lozovsky, Solomon: Former head of the Profintern, and in 1946 head of the Soviet Information Bureau (a
subsection of the Foreign Policy Department of the CPSU) and a member of the Central
Committee of the CPSU. Executed in 1952 as part of Stalin’s purge of Jews.
Lubin, Isador: Special Statistical Assistant to the White House 1941-1945, U.S. representative on the
Allied Reparations Commission.
------------------------------------
290 On Lore, see Kern, Death in Washington, 40–41; Chambers, Witness, 387–92; Weinstein, Perjury
[1997], 102, 168n, 282–83, 288, 300, 302, 356, 361.
291 .Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 307.
292 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
293 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. In Alexander Vassiliev notebooks Elsa is used for
Lowry in some notes prior to mid-1945 but are not in quotations and appear to be Alexander Vassiliev’s
personal references to Lowry using the “Elsa” cover name. Lowry was Earl Browder’s half-niece.

Lucas, Scott: U.S. Senator (D. Illinois).
Luce, Henry.: Publisher of Time magazine.
“Luch” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Beam”.
“Lucy” [Lyusya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Olga Borisovna Pravdina.
“Ludwig” [Lyudvig] (given name used as a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ludwig Lore.
“Lui” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Louis”.
“Luiza” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Error in the original for “Liza”.
“Luka” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Pavel Panteleimovich Pastelnyak who used the pseudonym
Pavel P. Klarin in the U.S. “Luka” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Pavel P. Klarin.
Lukomsky, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent, anti-White tasks. Described as working as secretary of
Chernikov of the BRP. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “S-8”.
Lurie, Louis: Described as Republican Party treasurer.
“Luxi” [Lyuksi] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in
France in the 1930s.
Lyons, ?: Described as New York Police official involved in antiradical activities.
Lyons, Eugene: UPI Moscow correspondent and anti-Communist writer.
“Lysaya Gora” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bald Mountain”.
“Lyudmila” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Varvara Hammer.
“Lyudvig” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ludwig”.
“Lyuksi” (cover namein Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Luxi”.
Lyushkov, Genrich Samuelovich : Senior KGB officer who defected to the Japanese in 1938.
“Lyusya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lucy”.
“Lyzhniki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Skiers”.
“M” (Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB used single letters to indicate special activities such as
eaves-dropping, listening devices, reading private letters, and so on. In this case, “M” appears to
be a reference to suspected listening devices installed in the Soviet embassy by the FBI. 294
Maas, Melvin: U.S. Representative, 1935-1945 (R. MN)
MacArthur, Douglas: U.S. Army general, Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in the Southwest Pacific
Area.
Machnikowski: See Makhnikovsky, T. Ya.
Machray, Robert: British writer on foreign policy.
MacIntyre, Marvin: President Roosevelt’s White House executive secretary, 1937-1943.
Mack (party name): Maurice Halperin’s party name.
Mackay, Clarence Hungerford: American cable and telegraph businessman.
Maclean, Donald: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Recruited at Cambridge University, one of the
“Cambridge 5”. Joined the British foreign office and served as a senior British diplomat at the
U.K. embassy in Washington in the mid-1940s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Waise” (in
the U.K. in the 1930s), “Homer” (in the U.S., 1944-1945).
Maclean, Melinda: Soviet intelligence contact. American-born wife of Donald Maclean. Worked as
courier between her husband and KGB.
MacLean, Peter: Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Spelling unconfirmed: alternative translations: Maclean,
McLean) A 1948 Gorsky memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 295 Chambers did not discuss a
Peter MacLean in Witness. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “101 st ”.
MacLeish, Archibald: Poet, New Deal activist, and Assistant Secretary of State, 1945.
MacSherry, ?: Described as a U.S. Army general, official in the U.S. occupation government of Germany.
------------------------------------
294 Vassiliev, Black, 52.
295 Gorsky, “Failures in the USA,” 77–79.

“Mad” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Gold, 1950.
“Madchen” [Medkhen] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Guy Burgess. (German, Mädchen, for Girl)
“Madchen” was identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Guy Burgess.
Madeleine: See “Madeline”.
“Madeline” [Madlen] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Lowry in 1937-39.
Madison, Louis E.: Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Madlen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Madeline”.
“Magazin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Store”.
Magdoff, Harry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo
espionage group. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kant” prior to 29 December 1944, then “Tan”. 296 Party name: Hank.
Magidson, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Magil, A. B.: Senior CPUSA official, ideologist.
“Magnat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Magnate”.
“Magnate” [Magnat] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technology: armor, armored vests, bugging equipment in 1930s, targeted for revival in 1943.
Magnikovsky, ?: Amtorg official mentioned by Vasily Delgass in 1931.
Magnuson, Warren: U.S. Senator (D. Washington).
Maisky: See Maysky.
“Makar” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mikhail Sumskoi, KGB officer/agent. References to in
1945.
Make, I.R.: Described as an official of the Department of the Interior. Suspected of being a fake name in a
fraudulent document.
Makhnev, Vasily: Senior deputy to Lavrenty Beria.
Makhnikovsky, T. Ya. : Amtorg aviation specialist, defector 1927. Variant spelling: Machnikowski.
Makhov, ?: Described as a White émigré working at Douglas Aircraft.
“Makied” (real name or possible cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, 1948.
“Maksim” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Maxim”.
Malaksianov, Mikhail Nikolaevich: Crewman on the Soviet tanker “Azerbaijan”.
Malamount, ?: Described, inaccurately, as Joan London's husband.
Malenkov, Georgy Maximilianovich: Senior Soviet leader, part of Stalin’s inner-circle.
Mali: See Mally.
Malik, Yakov A.: Soviet ambassador to the United Nations from 1948 to 1952, and from 1968 to 1972.
Malisoff, William Marias: Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Name occasionally spelled “Malisov”.)
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Cover names in Alexander
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Talent” prior to October 1944, then “Henry”. 297
Mally, Theodore: Soviet intelligence officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Man”.
“Malody” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Youthful”.
Malov, ? (real name, possibly a cover name): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, Costa Rico, 1976.
Malyshevich, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Mamayev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
------------------------------------
296 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 51, 54, 56; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 312–15. See
“Kant” entries for overlap with “Kant” as the cover name for Mark Zborovski in September - December
1944. 297 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Mamulov, ?: KGB officer, Moscow, 1945.
“Man” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Theodore Mally. (Alternative translation: Mann) “Man” as
“Mann” was identified as Theodore Mally in West and Tsarev.
Mangan, ?: Described as an American Trotskyist in France.
Mann, Heinrich: KGB informant on German exiles. Refugee German novelist.
Mann, James H.: Described as a Treasury Department representative in London, 1945.
Mann: See “Man”.
Manuel, Fritz: Member of the staff of the Kilgore Committee.
Manuilsky, Dmitry: Senior Comintern official and leading Stalinist.
“Map” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Louise Bransten. “Map” appeared in the Venona decryptions
as unidentified but in a context that suggests Louise Bransten. 298
Marcantonio, Vito: U.S. Representative (American Labor Party, NY).
“Marcel” (cover name/work name in Vassiliev notebooks): GRU agent described as know to Bentley.
Likely Michael Endelman. Elizabeth Bentley in 1945 told the FBI of her relationship in the mid-
1930s with a GRU agent introduced to her as “Marcel” and who had American identification as
Michael Endelman. 299
Marcuse, Herbert: Target of recruitment. Refugee German sociologist, naturalized American. Analyst for
OSS.
“Margarita” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Greenglass, prior to October 1944.
“Margarita” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent on
Trotskyists 1941.
“Maria” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Likely Myra Soble, wife of Jack Soble.
Marianov, ?: Russian emigrant, via France, removed from the agent network mid-30s. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “A/214”.
Maritime Labor Board: U.S. government agency.
Markarian, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1940.
“Marki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Marquis”.
Markin, Valentin: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Chief of the illegal residence in the U.S. 1933-1934.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Davis”.
Markov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Markova, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Markovin, Vladimir Borisovich:: Spelling error for Morkovin, Vladimir Borisovich.
“Marquis” [Marki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
References to in 1948. “Marquis” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Joseph Milton
Bernstein, but this was on a GRU communications channel and likely has no relation to this KGB
“Marquis”.
“Mars” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB officer, 1930s, NY station. References to
in 1937.
“Mars” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent on the
continent known to Klaus Fuchs.
Marshak, Alexander: Error in the original notebooks for Alfred Marshak.
Marshak, Alfred: Geneticist at University of California, Berkeley. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Lobus”.
------------------------------------
298 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. “Map” is identified as Bransten Gregg Herken,
Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence,
and Edward Teller (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2002), 92–94, 119–22, and 192–93.
299 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 6–9.

Marshall, George: General, U.S. Army chief of staff, later U.S. Secretary of State.
“Marsky” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence agent reporting on Victor Hammer in
the USSR, 1947.
“Marta” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Hanna Klopstock in U.K., 1946
“Marta” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
recruited by “Echo”/Schuster.
Martens, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
Martens, Ludwig Christian Alexander Karlovitch: Russian Bolshevik and head of the Soviet Russian
Information Bureau, the unofficial embassy of the new Soviet regime in the U.S. in 1919-192o.
“Martin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, Rome, 1950.
Martin aircraft company.
Martin, Joseph: Representative, U.S. House (R. MA, 1925-1966). Speaker of the House, 1947-48 and
1953-54.
Martin: Work name used by Harry Gold with Alfred Slack.
“Martines” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Martinez”.
“Martinez” [Martines] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent.
References to in 1939.
Martins, M.: wife of the Brazilian ambassador to the USA.
Marx, ?: Described as Berlin representative of Blair & Co., 1927.
Marx, Louis: Toy manufacturer.
Mary [Meri]: Work name for Elizabeth Bentley in dealings with KGB agents/officers.
“Mary” [Meri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Hede Massing but may have been loosely used also as
a joint cover name for Hede and Paul Massing.
“Mary” [Meri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, in Berlin 1934.
“Mary” [Meri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified, 1935, described as a cousin of Rep.
Maury Maverick, friend and subsource of Frank Palmer/“Liberal”.
“Mary” [Meri] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, illegal
under “Nord” 1934, described as providing a communications receiving point in Paris.
“Mary” [Meri] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, Great
Britain, 1942.
Marzani, Carl : Joined the OSS in 1942 and by 1945 had become deputy chief of presentation branch,
which prepared charts, graphs, and other pictorial displays of OSS information. When the OSS
dissolved, he stayed with a section transferred to the State Department. In 1947 he was convicted
of fraud for concealing Communist membership on various State Department employment
documents. Although he denied guilt at the time, he later acknowledged Communist loyalties.
Identified as a Soviet agent in the 1960s in Andrew and Mitrokhin. A retired KGB officer, Oleg
Kalugan, identified Marzani as a contact and recipient of KGB funds for his left-wing publishing
house in the 1960s. 300
Masaryk, Jan: Hungarian political leader who attempted to cooperate with Communists after WWII. Died
under unclear circumstances (likely suicide but possibly murder) in 1948.
Maslov, S. V.: KGB officer, Moscow, 1966.
Mason, Noah : U.S. Representative (D. IL)
Massigli, Rene: French ambassador to London, 1944-1954.
Massing, Hede: Soviet intelligence agent. Austrian/German Communist, Cominternist, GRU, and KGB
agent. Also known as Hedda Gompertz and Hedda Gumperz. Married to Paul Massing.
------------------------------------
300 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 226; Oleg Kalugin and Fen Montaigne, The First
Directorate (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1994), 48–50.

Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 301 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Redhead”, “Mary”. Candidate for the cover names “Rita” or “Valet” circa-1937.
Massing, Paul: Soviet intelligence agent. Social scientist at Columbia University’s Institute of Social
Research, veteran of the Marxist Frankfurt School. Cominternist, GRU, and KGB agent. Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Peter”, Vacek”. “Mary” also may have been used loosely as a
joint cover name for Hede and Paul Massing.
“Masterov” (cover name/tradecraft term in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Masters”.
“Masters” [Masterov] (cover name/tradecraft term in Vassiliev’s notebooks) term for KGB sources and
agents (but not for KGB professional officer) in 1948 (earlier “Probationers”).
“Mastiff” [Dog] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1944.
“Matchmaker” [Svat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Chairman of Amtorg. “Matchmaker” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as the chairman of Amtorg.
Material password (tradecraft term): A recognition signal, an object of some sort, known to the source and
kept at Moscow Center or at a KGB station. Should the need arise for a KGB officer/agent
unknown to the source need to approach him, then the signature object could be carried by the
officer/agent and used to establish his bone fides. A well know signature of this sort was the torn
Jell-O box panel used by KGB courier Harry Gold to establish his bone fides with David
Greenglass when meeting him for the first time. Alternately, the material recognition signal might
be to wear a tie of a certain color or carry a certain ordinary object in a specified hand. Also
sometimes referred to as a “signature”.
“Matros” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sailor”.
Matthews, J.B.: Former Socialist and ardent fellow traveler who became an ardent anti-Communist and
investigator for the U.S. House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (Dies committee).
“Mature”: See “Solidny”.
“Matus” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent in France used to compromise
Louis Dolivet.
Maverick, Maury: U.S. Representative (D. Texas, 1935-1939).
“Maxim” [Maksim] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vasily Mikhailovich Zarubin, early 1940s.
“Maxim” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Vasily Zubilin, the pseudonym Zarubin used
in the U.S.
“May” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer. Likely Stepan Apresyan. “May”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as KGB officer Stepan Apresyan.
May, Allan Nunn: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Part of the British contingent sent to assist the
American atomic bomb project, he worked chiefly in Canada but visited several American facilities
as well. His role as a Soviet spy was revealed when Igor Gouzenko defected in 1945 and identified
several Soviet espionage sources. May confessed and was tried in 1946, pleading guilty to a
charge of violating Britain's Official Secrets Act. 302
Maybank, Burnet: U.S. senator (D. SC).
Mayer, Hans: Cousin of source “A/214” and described as nephew of Albert Einstein.
Mayer, René: Prominent French political figure, post-WWII.
------------------------------------
301 Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 362–63, 377; Weinstein and Vassiliev, Haunted Wood, 4–10,
13, 35, 44, 48, 249–51, 298; Massing, This Deception.
302 Bothwell and Granatstein, The Gouzenko Transcripts: The Evidence Presented to the Kellock-
Taschereau Royal Commission of 1946, 74, 97; U.S. Congress Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, Soviet
Atomic Espionage (Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1951), 58; Taschereau and Kellock, Royal
Commission..

Mayers.Ya. Z.: Senior Soviet official, 1924.
May-Johnson bill: 1945 U.S. House of Representatives legislation, supported by the Truman
administration, setting up a government commission to control nuclear research and development.
Mayor: see “Mer”.
Maysky, Ivan: Senior Soviet diplomat.
McAdoo, William G.: Secretary of the Treasury, 1913-1918, U.S. Senator, 1933-1938 (D. CA).
McAdoo, William G. Jr.: Partner in his father’s law firm.
McAllister, ?: Described as a U.S. Army colonel and aide to John Reynolds.
McCann, Frazier: Contact of Alfred Stern in 1942.
McCarthy, Joseph: U.S. Senator (R. WI)
McClure Newspaper syndicate.
McCormack, Alfred: OSS officer who became the chief of the Interim Research and Intelligence Service
(IRIS) after OSS’s dissolution.
McCormack, John: U.S. Representative (D. 1027-1970)
McCullen, ??: Described as a New York City utility official.
McCurdy, ? : Described as supervisor at the “Badger” firm in the USSR.
McDermott, Michael : Described as New York Police official involved in antiradical activities.
McDowell, Robert F.: OSS officer in Yugoslavia, 1944.
McFarlane, ? : Described as an American OSS officer.
McGrath, Howard: U.S. Senator (D. RI, 1947-1949), Attorney General, 1949-1952.
McGregor, Robert M. : Described as OSS officer/staff.
McGuire, Matthew F.: Assistant Attorney General, 1941.
McIntyre, James Francis: Archbishop and later Roman Catholic Cardinal in the United States.
McKellar, Kenneth: U.S. Senator (D. TN, 1917-1952).
McLaurin, Robert: Husband of Kathleen Spellman.
McLin, ?: Described as a junior British officer who urged support of Tito’s Partisans rather than
Mihailovic’s Chitniks in Yugoslavia.
McMahon, Brein: U.S. Assistant Attorney General, 1935-1939, U.S. Senator (D. CT, 1945-1952).
McMillan, Edwin: Scientist at the Radiation Laboratory at the University of Califoriana, Berkeley,
involved in the Manhattan atomic project.
McNeil, Hector: Minister of State in the postwar British Labour government.
McNut, Russell: Spelling error for McNutt, Russell.
McNutt, Ernest: Father of Russell McNutt and secret Communist.
McNutt, Russell: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fogel” prior to
September 1944, then “Persian”. 303
McNutt, Waldo: Brother of Russell McNutt and secret Communist.
Mead, James: U.S. Senator (D. NY).
“Mechanic” [Mekhanik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Cordell Hull.
“Mechanic’s” assistant (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): An Assistant Secretary of State under Cordell
Hull. “Mechanic’s” assistant appeared in June and October 1939. “Mechanic's” assistant in June
1939 was George S. Messersmith, Assistant Secretary of State from 1937 to 1940. “Mechanic’s”
assistant in October 1939 likely was Assistant Secretary of State Adolf A. Berle, Jr.
“Mechanic’s” deputy (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles.
Mediator: See “Intermediary”.
“Medic” [Medik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
described as part owner of the “American Schering Co”.
------------------------------------
303 McNutt also appears to be the man behind the cover name Monti in Feklisov and Kostin, Man
Behind, 97–100. Feklisov described “Monti” as not a KGB cover name but one he created for his book.

“Medik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Medic”.
“Medkhen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Madchen”.
“Medvezhata” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bear Cubs.
Meeks, John: Described as representative of Cardinal Spellman in Rome, 1950.
Meiss, Evelyn: Sister of Faye Glasser.
Meiss, Fred: Brother-in-law of Faye Glasser.
Mejean (Mezhan ?), ?: Described as American security official in Paris, 1950.
“Mekhanik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mechanic”.
Melamed, Lev Nikolaevich: Described as an early contact between Boris Morros and the KGB, possibly a
KGB officer, who had left the U.S. by late 1935.
Melamed: Variant of Melament. See Melament.
Melament, Joseph: Soviet intelligence agent. Provided safe house for KGB in New York City. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Old Man”. The exact spelling of this name is uncertain.
Melament appears in White notebook #1, p. 58, were Joseph Melament (“Old Man”) and his
daughter Leah Melament (“Teacher”) are described and Joseph is noted as having been born in
Ukraine in 1874. Lea Melament is also identified by Boris Morros as an espionage contact he used
in New York. 304 A second spelling occurs in the Black notebook, p. 79, where the cover name
“Teacher” (female) is given for “Melamed, teacher at a music School in NY”. The 1930 census
showed a third spelling with a Joseph Melement born 1874 in Russia living in Bronx, New York,
with a daughter Leah Melement.
Melament, Leah: Soviet intelligence agent. The exact spelling of this name is uncertain (See Moseph
Melament entry). Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Teacher”.
Melay, Ralph: May be a garble for Ralph M. Easley, head of the National Civic Federation.
Melement: Variant of Melament. See Melament.
Mellon, ?: Described, inaccurately, as Joan London's husband. Also known as Malamount.
Mellon, Andrew W.: Secretary of the Treasury, 1921-1932.
Melnikov, Petr: Soviet POW interviewed by American intelligence.
Melville, Cecil: Described as a British journalist and writer.
“Men” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Averell Harriman, beginning in December 1944. “Men” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Harriman. 305
Menaker, Robert Owen: Soviet intelligence source/agent, working extensively on anti-Trotsky tasks and
missions in Central and South America. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Appeared to have cooperated with the FBI in the 1950s. 306 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bob” (late 1930s, early 1940s).
Mendelson, ??: Described as wealth Catholic widow
Mensheviks: Moderate wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party, opponents of the Bolsheviks.
------------------------------------
304Boris Morros, My Ten Years as a Counterspy, assisted by Charles Samuels (New York: Viking
Press, 1959), 47, 50, 55.
305Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1766 KGB
New York to Moscow, 15 December 1944.
306Robert Owen Menaker came from a radical family. His father, imprisoned for revolutionary
activities in Russia, emigrated to American and as co-owner of a handkerchief factory. Determined not to
exploit his workers, the elder Menaker abandoned manufacturing for farming and named his sons after
revolutionaries and radicals -- Peter Kropotkin Menaker, William Morris Menaker, Robert Owen Menaker,
and Frederick Engels Menaker. One of Robert Menaker’s nieces was married to the Soviet spy Victor
Perlo. Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Daniel Menaker, The Old Left: Stories (New
York: Knopf, distr. by Random House, 1987),

Menshikov, ?: Described as an official in UNRRA.
Menzhinsky, Vyacheslav Rudolfovich: Chairman of the OGPU from 1926 to 1934.
“Mer” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Iskhak Akhmerov, 1942-1944. KGB illegal officer Iskhak
Akhmerov was referred to in Vassiliev’s notebooks in Russian Cyrillic as both “Мер” and “Мэр”,
words so phonetically close that both are transliterated under the BGN/PCGN transliterations
system identically as “Mer”. Мер means nothing in Russian while Мэр means “Mayor” Whether
this use of two phonetically close cryptonyms for the same person was a product of confusion on
the part of KGB cipher clerks, an artifact of the ciphering system, or two distinct cryptonyms for
the same person is unclear. To reduce confusion, here the transliteration “Mer” will be used for
both. “Мер”/“Mer” and “Мэр”/”Mayor” both occur in the Venona decryptions as cover-names
for Akhmerov.
“Meri” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mary”.
Merkon, Sarah: Described as the wife of Davrun Wittenberg.
Merkulov, Vsevolod: People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR (February 1941- July 1941).
Deputy People's Commissar of the NKVD when the NKGB again fell NKVD as GUGB, 1941-
1943,. In 1943 the GUGB separated from the NKVD, Merkulov became head of the NKGB from
July 1943 until 1946.
Messenger: See “Express Messenger”.
Messersmith, George S.: U.S. Assistant Secretary of State from 1937 to 1940.
Metallurgical Laboratory: Manhattan atomic project University of Chicago facility where the first atomic
pile (reactor) with a self-sustaining atomic reaction was achieved.
“Meter” [Metr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joel Barr starting in September 1944. “Meter” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Barr. 307
“Method” [Metod] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Weinberg.
“Metod” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Method”.
“Metr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Meter”.
Mexico: Cover name “Countryside”.
Meyer, Agnes: Part owner of the Washington Post, wife of Eugene Meyer, publisher of the Post.
Meyer, Dr. ?: Described as pro-Nazi German emigre.
Mezentsev, ?: Emigre White Russian.
Mezhan (Mejean?), ?: Described as American security official in Paris, 1950.
M.F.: Initials of person who authored a report on American diplomatic recognition of the USSR, December
1932.
MGB: Ministry of State Security.
MGPPIYa: Moscow State Institute of Foreign Languages
MGU: Moscow State University.
Michael, ?: Described as a lawyer for Amtorg, 1940.
Michel: See “Michelle”.
“Michelle” [Mishel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1930s. (Alternative translation: Michel)
“Microphone” [Mikrofon] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, 1944, connected to Jacob Golos. “Microphone” appeared in the Venona decryptions
as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent connected to the Soviet Government Purchasing
Commission.
MID: Military Intelligence Division of the U.S. War Department (Army intelligence). Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Spa”.
------------------------------------
307 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

MID: Ministerstvo Inostrannykh Del: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USSR. When used as a reference to the
U.S. Department of State, translated as DOS.
Middle Front Class Organization: Described as a late 1930s CIO-linked organization to mobilize
professionals and others in support of CIO goals. Possibly a garble for an affiliate of Labor’s
Non-Partisan League.
“Midgets” [Karliki] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Socialist Revolutionaries.
Mielke, Erich: Chief of the GDR Stasi: Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS / Ministry for State
Security), 1957-1989.
Mihailovic, Draza: Yugoslav general and leader of the Chetnik resistance to Nazi occupation of
Yugoslavia. Opponent of the Communist Partisan resistance led by Josip Tito.
MIIYa: Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages.
Mikaelyan, G.: New York resident who corresponded with Armand V. Hammer, 1952.
“Mikhailov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer, technical intelligence, 1943,
probably aviation related. Likely Petr Aleksandrovich Belyaev, inspector of Soviet Government
Purchasing Commission at aircraft plants and identified as “Mikhailov” (as “Mikhajlov”) in the
Venona decryptions.
“Mikhaylov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mikhailov”.
Mikhelevich, ?: Former Soviet supervisor of Iosif ?.
Mikoyan, Anastas: Senior Soviet official.
“Mikrofon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Microphone”.
Militant, The (journal): American Trotskyist journal.
Military Intelligence, U.S.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Spa”.
Miller, Floyd Cleveland: Soviet intelligence agent, anti-Trotsky work. Miller was identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet agent. 308 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hell”.
Miller, Robert: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist. Employed by the Office of the Coordinator
of Inter-American Affairs and the State Department. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as
one of her singleton espionage sources. 309 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Mirage”.
Miller, Yevgeny Karlovich: Tsarist general and emigre kidnapped by KGB in Paris in 1937 and died during
his transport to the USSR.
“Milli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Millie”.
“Millie” [Milli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1940.
Mills, Ogden: U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1932-1933.
“Milton” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bela Gold. Also known as William Gold.
“Mimosa” [Mimoza] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent.
References to in 1939.
“Mimoza” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mimosa”.
“Minayev” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Israel Epstein.
“Ministerstvo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ministry”.
“Ministry” [Ministerstvo] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Westinghouse corportation, circa 1944.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, USSR: Ministerstvo Inostrannykh Del (MID).
Mink, George: CPUSA trade union activist, Comintern activist. Arrested in Denmark in 1935 in
association with GRU agent.
Minkin, A.E.: Senior Soviet official, 1924. Chief Concession Committee under the Sovnarkom.
Minton, Bruce: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Also known as Richard Bransten. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as assisting Jacob Golos as a talent spotter. 310 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
------------------------------------
308 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
309 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 16–17, 54–46.
310 Ibid., 32–33.

“Informator”.
Mipais, S.: Described as editor-in-chief of the New York Herald-Tribune, 1944.
“Mirage” [Mirazh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Miller. “Mirage” appeared as an
unidentified Soviet source in the Venona cables, and the context supports identification of
“Mirage” as Miller. 311
“Miranda” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Koral begining in August 1944. “Miranda” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Helen Koral. 312
“Mirazh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Mirage”.
“Mirna” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Myrna”.
“Miron” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, New York. References to
in 1947, 1952.
Mironov, Vasily D.: Soviet intelligence officer. Likely author of the “anonymous letter”. Charged Vasily
Zarubin with treason in a letter to Joseph Stalin. Sent to the Gulag after an KGB review. 313
Miroshnikov, ?: Described as an Amtorg defector, 1920s.
Mirov-Abramov: Chief of Comintern OMS, executed in Stalin’s Terror. Also know as A. L. Mirov
Abramov.
“Misha” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB source in Moscow, likely staff of the Savoy hotel.
Mishakov, ?: KGB officer, 1950.
“Mishel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Michelle”.
Mishuga, ?: Ukrainian nationalist.
“Missis” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See Marjorie Clay.
Mitchell, George: Official in the Resettlement Administration, 1930s.
Mitskevich, ?: KGB agent slated for infiltration into Germany via the battle front, late 1941.
MKhAT: Moscow Art Theater.
“Mlad” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Theodor Hall. (Alternative translation: Young). “Mlad"
(Theodor Hall) as a cover name is pared with “Star” (Saville Sax) as in the Russian expression "y
star, y mlad" (old and young people). Hall, a physics prodigy and Harvard graduate at age 18,
offered his services to the KGB at age 19, assisted by his friend Saville Sax, only a few years
older. The KGB deemed them “Mlad” and “Star”. “Mlad” sometimes rendered as “Young” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Hall. 314
Mladorros club: Described as refugee White Russian club.
MMF: Ministry of the Maritime Fleet, i.e., Soviet Navy Department.
Modina, Yekaterina: Maiden name of Russian-born wife of Boris Morros.
Mokhovaya: a street in central Moscow where several Soviet party and Comintern facilities were located.
“Mole” [Krot] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Charles Kramer. “Mole” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent but in a context compatible with
Kramer. 315
Moley, Raymond: Senior advisor to President Roosevelt in 1933.
“Molot” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hammer”. (Molot in Russian is a hammer in the
sense of a sledgehammer, as in the hammer in the Soviet “hammer and sickle”.)
Molotkovsky, ?: Described as an “enemy of the people” and former head of the foreign department of the
PP, an unknown Soviet entitiy.
------------------------------------
311 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
312 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
313 Ben Fischer, “‘Mr. Guver’: Anonymous Soviet Letter to the FBI,” Newsletter of the Center for the
Study of Intelligence, no. 7 (Winter-Spring 1997): 10–11; Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000], 44–46.
314 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
315 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Molotov, Mrs. V.: see Zhemchuzhina, Polina.
Molotov, Vyacheslav: Senior Soviet diplomat and member of Stalin’s inner circle.
Momentalka: See brush pass.
“Mon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Bernard Redmont. “Mon” occured in the Venona messages
as an unidentified Soviet source compatible with identification of “Mon” as Redmont. 316
Monoelsky, Vasily Dmitrievich: Soviet POW interviewed by American intelligence.
Monroe, W.: Described as an American orchestra conductor.
Mooney, Edward Aloysius: American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. Archbishop of Detroit
between May 31, 1937 and his death in 1958, elevated to the cardinalate in 1946.
Moore, R. Walton: Senior American diplomat. Assistant Secretary of State, 1936.
Moore, Tom: Senior Engineer involved in design of the first atomic reactors as part of the Manhattan
atomic project.
MOPR: Mezhdunarodnoye Obshtchestvo Pomoshtchi Revolutzioneram – International Organization for
Assistance to Fighters of the Revolution. Comintern-linked body whose affiliates provided legal
and other assistance to imprisoned Communists and their allies.
“Mor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent know to
Elizabeth Bentley in 1944. Probably an error for “Mon” (Bernard Redmont).
“Mora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
Henry Morgenthau’s secretary and a target of recruitment.
Moran, William H.: Director of U.S. Secret Service, 1917-36.
Mordzhinskaya, ?: State Security Major, Deputy chief of information section, KGB First Directorate,
1944.
“Morgan”: Pseudonym used by Boris Morros in written contact with KGB in 1950.
Morgenthau, Henry, jr. : Secretary of the Treasury. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nabob”.
“Moris” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Morris”.
Morkovin, Vladimir Borisovich: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Engineer/scientist at Bell Aricraft.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Author”. 317
Moros: variant of Boris Morros’s family name.
Moroz, Isaak Mikhailovich: Brother of Boris Morros. Also known as Zaromsky.
Moroz, Aleksandr Mikhailovich: Brother of Boris Morros. Arrested in 1937 and executed in Stalin’s
Terror.
Moroz: Boris Morros’s family name in Russian.
Moroz, Bronya: Sister of Boris Morros.
Moroz, Litovkina: Sister of Boris Morros. Also know as Litovkina Bronislava.
Moroz, Lyubov Grigorievna: Wife of Aleksandr Moroz.
Moroz, Mendel Isaevich: Father of Boris Morros.
Moroz, Savely Mikhailovich: Brother of Boris Morros. Sentenced to prison by the KGB for political
crimes in 1943.
Moroz, Yuly Mikhailovich: Brother of Boris Morros. Sentenced to prison by the KGB for political crimes
with sentence defered during service in the Red Army.
Moroz, Zlatina,: Sister of Boris Morros.
Morozov, ?: KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1940 (Senior Detective Officer).
Morozov, Ivan Ivanovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kir”.
Know as Stan to Harry Gold.
------------------------------------
316 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
317 “Author” was identified in Venona as Morkovin. In one of the Venona messages Andrey
Shevchenko, a KGB agent operating as a Soviet aircraft inspector, described Morkovin as cautious,
friendly to Soviet Union but not aware that Shevchenko was a Soviet intelligence officer.

Morozov: Russian variant of Boris Morros’s family name.
“Morris” [Moris] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Abraham Glasser.
Morris, Newbold: New York City political figure, 1930s-1950s.
Morros, Boris: Soviet intelligence source/agent. A Russian immigrant who anglicized his birth name as
Boris Morros, his family name has different versions in KGB files: Moroz, Morozov, Moros, and
Morros. A Hollywood music producer, Morros was turned by the FBI and became a double
agent. 318 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Frost”, “John” (after WWII).
Morros, Catherine: Russian-born wife of Boris Morros. Also know as Ekaterina Yefimovna, Ekaterina
Modina, and Ekaterina Modina-Zaslavskaya. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Katya”.
Morros, Richard: Son of Boris Morros. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Reed”, 1950.
Mortimer, Wyndham: Senior CPUSA official.
“Moryak” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Seaman”.
Moscow: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Smyrna”.
Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages (MIIYa).
Mosier, Harold D.: U.S. Representative (R. OH).
Mosk, E.A.: Described as OSS officer/staff.
Moskovsky, ?: Described as chief of SovExportFilm
Mosley, Walter Allen: A zoologist.
Mosquito: See “Gnat”.
Moss, B.S. : Described as husband of Kitty Carlisle.
“Motinov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified incoming GRU American station chief 1945.
Mountain Climbers: See “Alpinists”.
“Mountains” [Gory] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Geographic cover name, likely Switzerland.
MPR: Mongolian People’s Republic.
M.R.S.: Described as a film company run by Richard Morros.
Mulyarov, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Soviet internal security officer who worked with Henry
Ware in Moscow in the mid-1930s. Arrested in Stalin’s late-30s purge of the security services.
Munzenberg, Willi: Comintern popular front propagandist, organized the World Congress Against
Imperialist War. (Alternative translations Münzenberg, Münzenburg).
Muromtsev, ?: GRU colonel in Moscow and chief of the its American division in May 1944.
Muromtsev, Ilya: Described as a former colonel and former Military Academy instructor, runing a
laboratory for Westinghouse in Pittsburgh.
Murovtsev, ?: GRU colonel Muromtsev’s name given this spelling in one entry in the notebooks.
Murphy, ?: Described as New York Police lieutenant who visited the U.S. Service and Shipping
Corporation in 1945.
Murphy, Robert D.: Senior American diplomat.
Murphy, Thomas: Prosecuting U.S. attorney in the Hiss trials.
Murray, James: U.S. Senator (D. Montana).
Murray, Philip: President of the CIO and the United Steel Workers of America.
Murray, Thomas E. : Engineer-businessman, member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1950.
Murzin, Dick: Pseudonym of GRU officer Boris Devyatkin in the US. in the late 1920s, early 1930s. 319
“Muse” [Muza] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Tenney. “Muse” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as unidentified but in a context that would fit Tenney. 320
------------------------------------
318 Morros, My Ten Years as a Counterspy.
319 Statement of Nicholas Dozenberg, 4 October 1949, U.S. House Committee on Un-American
Activities, Hearings Regarding Communist Espionage, 3540; Romerstein and Levchenko, KGB, 16.
320 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Museum” [Muzey] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): VOKS – All-Union Society for Cultural
Relations.
“Mushroom” [Gruzd] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Willard Park.
Muste, Abraham: American radical.
Mutterperl, William: Birth name of William Perl.
“Muza” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Muse”.
Muzak corporation
“Muzey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Museum”.
Müller, Frank: Described as German intelligence agent in the U.S., 1936.
MVD: Ministry of Internal Affairs
MVTU: Moscow Higher Technical School.
Myakotnykh, N.S.: Soviet intelligence officer, East Berlin, 1958.
“Myra” [Mirra] (Given name used as a cover name): Myra Soble.
“Myrna” [Mirna] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Elizabeth Bentley after August 1944. “Myrna”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Bentley. 321
N. (initial of a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified contact of “James” (KGB officer).
References to in 1934.
N line (KGB tradcraft term): KGB “N” line was its illegal (no diplomatic cover) apparatus.
Nabal, ?: Described as French Trotskyist leader.
“Nabob” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Henry Morgenthau, jr. “Nabob” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Morgenthau.
NACA: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, U.S.: Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks
“Workshop”, circa 1944.
Nahin, Paul Gilbert: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Chemist, PhD, Union Oil Company, CA. Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Erie”, “George” (October 1944 to 20 February 1945), then
“Ernst”. 322 “Erie”, “George” and “Ernst” (under the variant “Ernest”) appeared in the Venona
decryptions as unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agents compatible with Paul Nahin. Venona
cryptanalyst’s choice of “Ernest” rather than “Ernst” was likely a minor error in creating the
Soviet code book.
“Nakhodka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Godsend”. (Alternative translations:
“Disctovery”, “Find”.)
NAM: National Association of Manufacturers.
“Namesake” [Teska] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Khotimsky, KGB illegal. References to in
1934.
NANG: National Alliance of the New Generation.
Napoli, Nicolai: Head of Artkino Pictures, Inc. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as associated with Jacob
Golos’s covert work but she had no knowledge of his specific activities. Napoli was identified in
the Venona decryptions as a source of information from the CPUSA about persons seeking contact
with KGB. 323
Napravnik, Eduard: Czech conductor and composer best known as the principal conductor of the Imperial
Marinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
Narkom: Soviet shorthand term for the minister of a Soviet government ministry.
Narkomat: Soviet shorthand term for a Soviet government ministry.
------------------------------------
321 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
322 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944 and Venona 164 KGB Moscow to New York, 20 February 1945.
323 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 44; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Narkomindel: Narodnyj Kommissariat Inostrannikh Del (also NKID), People's Commissariat of Foreign
Affairs. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Syndicate”.
Narkomprod: People’s Commissariat of Provisions.
Narkomtyazhprom: People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry.
“Nat’l Association of Amer. Industries”: Likely a garble for National Association of Manufacturers.
“Nata” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1948.
Nathan, Robert: New Deal administrator.
National Academy of Sciences.
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA): Predecessor to the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration. Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks: “Workshop”, circa 1944.
National Alliance of the New Generation (NANG): Anti-Bolshevik emigre organization.
National Broadcasting System: Error for National Broadcasting Corporation.
National Bureau of Standards, U.S.: In Alexander Vassiliev’s Black notebook “Chamber” is listed in a
marginal notation as the cover name for the National Bureau of Standards but in White notebook
#1 “Chamber” is identified as the cover name for the U.S. Department of Justice.
National Citizens Political Action Committee (NC-PAC): Sponsored by the CIO’s Political Action
Committee to mobilize professionals, business, and others in support of CIO-PAC programs.
National Civic Federation: Progressive-era alliance of American businesses and labor leaders that sought to
resolve disputes arising between industry and organized labor. Strongly anti-Communist.
National Committee for Recognition of Soviet Russia.
National Defense Commission: likely a garbled title for one of the numerous wartime agencies in
Washington during WWII.
National Defense Research Committee: Arm of the U.S. Council of National Defense from 1940 to June
1941 to direct and explore advanced military technology such as radar and atomic bombs. In June
1941 it became an advisory body to the Office of Scientific Research and Development that took
over direction of actual projects.
National oil administration: Likely a reference to the Petroleum Administration for War, a WWII industrial
mobilization agency.
National Research Council: Arm of the National Academy of Sciences that sponsored research projects.
National Resources Board: New Deal agency, 1934-1935, succeeded by the National Resources Planning
Board.
National Resources Planning Board: New Deal government agency.
National U.S. Administration: Described as an organization with which Charles Kramer was involved in
1935-1936, likely a garble for the WPA’s National Research Project.
NAUS: North American United States, Soviet acronym for the United States in the 1920s and 1930s
Naval Research Laboratory: Described as associated with the U.S. Navy in 1945.
Navy, Department of the, U.S.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Dock”. “Dock” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as the Department of the Navy.
“Naygel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Nigel”.
“Nazar” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Likely Stepan Nikolaevich
Shudenko. “Nazar” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Shudenko.
NBS: Error for NBC.
Neal: See “Nil”.
“Near” [Blizky] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent.
“Ned” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Edward Fitzgerald party name.
“Needle” [Igla] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jones York. “Needle” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as York. 324
------------------------------------
324 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Nefteexport: Soviet oil export agency.
“Negr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Negro”.
“Negro” [Negr] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent, Moscow, 1940s.
Nehru, ?: Described as financial counselor at the Indian Embassy in Washington, 1951.
“Neighbors” [Sosedi] (KGB idiom): KGB term for GRU, the Soviet military intelligence agency. The term
apparently derived from the two agencies occupying nearby buildings in Moscow in the early
1920s. GRU later moved across the city, but the term stuck. Both agencies used the term in
references to the other.
Neil: See “Nil”.
Neiman: See Neyman.
Neimann: See Neyman.
“Nelli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Nelly”.
“Nelly” [Nelli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Helen Lowry, 1939-August 1944. “Nelly” appeared
in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1944. 325
Nelson, ?: Described as American citizen, director of Amtorg, 1931.
Nelson, ?: Described as pro-Nazi German emigre.
Nelson, ?: Described as an American Army officer, major, liaison with Soviet forces.
“Nemo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Pinsly, starting in October 1944. “Nemo” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Pinsly. 326
NEP: Novaya ekonomicheskaya politika — New Economic Policy.
Nesterov, ?: Aleksey Rykov’s secretary in Moscow.
Neubacher, Hermann: A senior Nazi official in the Balkans.
“Neudachnik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Loser”.
Neumann, Franz: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Anti-Nazi German exile in the U.S. After American
entered WWII Neumann became an analyst in the German section of OSS. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ruff”. “Ruff” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source/agent in OSS. 327
“Neutron” [Neytron] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Aristid Victorovich Grosse in 1942. “Neutron”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified in 1942. 328
“Nevsky” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1945.
New Construction Project: See Novostroy.
New International: Journal associated with the American Trotskyist movement.
New Republic, The.
New York City: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tyre”
New York Post.
New York University: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cradle”.
Neyman, ?: Described as someone who disappeared in Moscow during the Terror and Ambassador Davies
sent a cable to Washington regarding him. (Alternate translations, Neiman, Neimann).
Neyman, Jerzy: Husband of Olga Neyman. A leading theoretical statistician, professor of mathematics and
director of the statistics laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley.
Neyman, Olga Vladimirovna: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Also known as Olga Solodovnikova, sister
of “Soba”. Russian-born wife of Jerzy Neyman. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Jack”.
------------------------------------
325Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
326Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944; Appendix
A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
327Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
328Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Neytron” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Neutron”.
“Nick” [Nik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Amadeo
Sabatini. References to in 1941, 1943, 1948. “Nick” was identified in the Venona decryptions as
Amadeo Sabatini. 329
Nier, Alfred O.: Scientist involved in the Manhattan atomic project.
“Nigel” [Naygel'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Michael Straight. “Nigel” was identified in
Andrew and Mitrokhin as Straight. Nigel is identified in West and Tsarev as Straight.
“Nik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Nick”.
Nikitin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Described as about 40 years old.
Engineer for the American Rubber Corporation. Provided materials on synthetic rubber.
“Nikolay” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vyacheslav N. Zakharov, 1949
“Nikolay” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Peter Gutzeit.
Nikolay Nikolaevich, Grand Duke: See Nikolay Nikolaevich Romanov.
Nikolay Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke: Tsarist family member and military commander.
Nikolayevsky, Boris: Described as a refugee Menshevik leader in the U.S.
“Nikol'sky” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Nikolsky”.
“Nikolsky” [Nikol'sky] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB officer who dealt with Varvara
Hammer in 1941.
“Nikon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1960s.
Nikunas, Anton Lavrentyevich: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as a U.S. citizen of Latvian
origin, a professor, chemist, and paleontologist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Herdsman”.
“Nil” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nathan Sussman after September 1944. (Alternative
translations Nile, Neil, Neal). “Nil” appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified member of
Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence apparatus. 330
Nile: See “Nil”.
Nimitz, Chester: Admiral, U.S. Navy.
“Nineteen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “19”.
“Nineteenth” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “19”.
“Ninotchka”: 1939 American motion picture that mocked Soviet communism.
Nislerman, Felix: Misspelling of Inslerman, Felix.
Nixon, Richard: Vice-President of the United States.
Nixon, Russell: Secret Communist, staff of UEW-CIO, and official in the U.S. occupation government of
Germany.
NKGB: People’s Commissariat of State Security.
NKID: Narodny Kommissariat Inostrannikh Del (Narkomindel), People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Syndicate”.
NKO: Narodny Kommisariat Oborony, People’s Commissariat of Defense, USSR.
NKOP: People’s Commissariat of the Defense Industry.
NKTP: Narodny Kommissariat Tiazheloi Promyshlennosty, People’s Commissariat of Heavy Industry
NKVD: Narodnyi Kommisariat Vnutrennikh Del, People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs.
NKVMF: People’s Commissariat of the Navy, USSR.
NKVT: Narodny Komissariat Vneshney Torgovli – People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade, USSR.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Food Store”.
“Noah” [Noy] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent 1943.
Described as having known Marcuse in Germany. Described as working on the staff of Robert
------------------------------------
329 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
330 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Jackson in the war crimes prosecutions. “Noah” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an
unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent providing material on internal German politics. 331
“Noise” [Shum] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Michael K. Cham starting in October 1944. 332
“Noise” appeared in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source/agent but the NSA/FBI
identification of the real name was redacted. 333
Non-Ferrous Metals Association: Reference to the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, an
agency that undertook much of Britain’s wartime atomic bomb research.
“Nora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified female KGB illegal, planned for use in the U.S.
but diverted to Central or South American work. References to in 1942. “Nora” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent in Mexico, 1943-1945. 334
“Nord” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Bazarov. “Nord” was identified in Andrew and
Mitrokhin as Bazarov.
“Norma” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Kitty Harris.
Described as having received a passport via Golos with the help of the Communist Party of
Canada. “Norma” was identified in Costello and Tsarev’s Deadly Illusions and in Damaskin’s
Kitty Harris as Kitty Harris. 335
“Norman” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1950.
Norman, Henry: Described as someone in London with some link to the atomic bomb project being
cultivated or recruited by both KGB and GRU in 1944.
Norman, Montagu: Governor of the Bank of England from 1920 to 1944.
Norman: Pseudonym used by Semen Semenov with some of his agents.
Norris, George: U.S. Senator, 1913-1943 (R. & Ind., NE).
Norstad, Lauris: Senior USAF general.
North Africa: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Shore”.
North, Joseph: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Senior CPUSA official. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as a talent spotter for Jacob Golos who connected William Remington to the Golos/Bentley
apparatus 336
Northrop aircraft.
Nortman, Bernard P.: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Economist who worked at times for the OPA,
OPM, FEA, and, after WWII, the DOS. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as having been in her
CPUSA unit at Columbia University in 1936-1937 and of having been in contact with her in 1944
but not a source for her networks. Confronted by the FBI, Nortman was evasive and
uncooperative but admitted meeting Bentley, denied being a Communist, but allowed that he had
attended Communist-aligned meeting when a student at Columbia in 1937. FBI investigations
established that in 1945 he was in close touch with Victor Perlo and visited the dental office of Dr.
Bernard Weinstein in New York, an office the FBI regarded as a communications node where
Soviet sources left and picked up messages. 337
------------------------------------
331 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
332 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
333 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
334 It is possible the “Nora” was a garble or confusion for “Norma”/Kitty Harris.
335 John Costello and Oleg Tsarev, Deadly Illusions (New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1993); Igor
Damaskin, Kitty Harris: The Spy with 17 Names, assisted by Geoffrey Elliott (London: St Ermin’s, 2001).
336 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 47.
337 Serial 2078, FBI Washington Field Office to Director, 21 February 1947; Serial 2349, FBI
Washington Field Office report, 21 April, 1947, interview with Bernard Nortman; Serial 1978, all in “FBI
Silvermaster File 65–56402”.

Norwood, Melita Stedman: Soviet intelligence source/agent, U.K. A secret Communist and secretary at the
British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, an agency that conducted much of Britain’s
wartime atomic bomb project. When publicly revealed as a Soviet source by Vasily Mitrokhin in
1999, she proudly admitted her many years of work as a Soviet spy. Her cover names in
Mitrokhin’s material were “Tina” in 1944 and later “Hola”. 338 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Tina”.
Nosaka, Sanzo: leading Japanese Communist who spend part of the 1930s in the U.S. Party name/cover
name: “Okano”.
Nosovitsky, Jacob: Member of the Russian federation of the Communist Party of America and informant
for the U.S. Justice Department. Nosovitsky worked as a courier for Ludwig C.A.K. Martens’
Soviet Russian Information Bureau and escorted Louis Fraina on first trip to Europe as
international secretary of the CPA.
Nothilfe: Likely the Technische Nothilfe, founded in 1919 by Germany’s Weimar government, the
Technical Emergency Corps was initially created for security against striking labor unions that
controlled critical public services and utilities. Later the organization was utilized as a reserve
group of technically trained specialists that responded to emergencies as a result of natural
catastrophe. It became a national organization in 1933 and after 1937 it was integrated into the
overall Order Police (Ordnungspolizei). In this role it was charged with the responsibility to
respond to public dangers that might result from war or other threats.
“Novice” [Novichok] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1939-40.
“Novichok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Novice”. (Alternative translation: Beginner).
Novikov, Nikolay: Soviet diplomat, 1945. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Chief” and “Wolf”.
Novikov, Yury Vasilievich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Krok”.
Novobratsky, ?: Senior KGB officer, 1943.
“Novogorsk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Knoxville, TN.
“Novostroy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Oak Ridge atomic facility (Could be translated as
“New Construction Project”)
Novoye Russkoye Slovo [New Russian Word]: Russian-language newspaper in the United States.
Novy Mir [New World]: Communist-aligned Russian-language journal published in the United States.
“Noy” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Noah”.
NRA: National Recovery Administration.
NTR: KGB scientific technical intelligence.
“Nul'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Zero”.
“Null” [Nul'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Zero”.
Nuorteva, Santeri: Finnish Bolshevik. Edited Raivaaj [Pioneer], a radical Finnish Socialist newspaper
published in Fitchburg, Massachusetts, later the ambassador (unrecognized) to the United States of
the short-lived Finnish Red republic. After the defeat of the Finnish Red government in a civil war,
Nuorteva joined the Russian Soviet Government Information Bureau in the United States. He left
the U.S. in 1920 and served in a variety of Soviet government positions in the 1920s.
Nye Committee: see Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry, U.S. Senate.
Nye, Gerald: U.S. Senator, 1925-1945 (R. ND).
------------------------------------
338 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 115–16, 127. “Hola” does not appear in Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks.

XXN
O’Brien, ?: Described as the Pope’s representative in America in 1930.
O’Connor, John J.: U.S. Representative, 1923-1939 (D. NY).
O’Dwyer, Paul: Liberal-left New York City political figure and attorney for Alfred and Martha Stern in
1957.
O’Neal, ?: Described as a U.S. senator in 1945 who wanted Charles Kramer to work for the Democratic
National Committee. Likely a misunderstanding by “Bogdan”, the Soviet intelligence officer
writing the report, for a reference to Sam O’Neill, publicist for the DNC. There was no senator in
the 79th congress with a name resembling O’Neal.
O’Neal, Sam: Publicist, Democractic National Committee, 1945.
Oak Ridge atomic facility: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Camp 1”, “Novostroy”, and “Site X”
“Oaklings” [Dubki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Dead drops.
Obera League: Described as an anti-Bolshevik organization in 1924.
“Objective” [Ob"yektiv] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945-
1948. Very likey Ann Sidorovich. Hosted a safe house with “Lens”/Michael Sidorovich.
“Oboe” [Goboy] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentifed KGB officer/agent, NY station.
References to in 1935.
Obraztsov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Ob"yektiv” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Objective”.
“Octane” [Oktan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Dr. Maurice Bacon Cooke, 1938-1945. “Octane”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 339
“Odessan” [Odessit] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent
prior to September 1944, then changed to “Growth”. “Odessan” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, later changed to “Growth”. 340
“Odessit” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Odessan”.
“Odissey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Odysseus”.
ODVU: Organization for the Rebirth of Ukraine.
O'Dwyer, William: Mayor of New York City, 1946-50.
“Odysseus” [Odissey] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Taylor.
“Office” [Kontora] (KGB jargon): The KGB Station.
Office of Arms and Munitions Control, U.S. Department of State.
Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, U.S. Department of State.
Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. (ONI): U.S. Navy’s intelligence branch.
Office of Price Administration, U.S. (OPA): wartime agency
Office of Production Management, U.S. (OPM): wartime agency.
Office of Scientific Research and Development: U.S. military research agency in WWII.
Office of the Coordinator of Information: Predecessor to OSS and OWI.
“Official” [Chinovnik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurance Duggan, 1935. (Alternative
translation: Clerk). Used by KGB legal station when it briefly considered cultivating Duggan
before being informed that the illegal station had already done so.
Offie, Carmel: Senior CIA official, late 1940s.
Oformleniye (tradecraft term): See Processing.
Ognev, Vasily Ivanovich: Pseudonym used by Vladimir Pravdin in a meeting with “Quantum”.
------------------------------------
339 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
340 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Ogoltsov, Sergey I.: Senior KGB officer, Moscow Center.
OGPU: Ob'edinennoye Glavnoye Politicheskoye Upravleniye [Unified State Political Directorate].
Ohsol, Johann Gottfried: Also know as John Ohsol and Johann Petrovich Ohsol. Amtorg official.
OIYaCh: Joint Institute on Nuclear Research.
“Okano” (cover name/party name): Sanzo Nosaka, a leading Japanese Communist who spend part of the
1930s in the U.S.
Okhranka: Tsarist internal security and political police service. Derived from the full name Okhrannoye
otdeleniye or Security Section.
Okov, Yury: Described as GRU officer and one-time lover of “Zora”.
“Oktan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Octane”.
“Okun” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Perch”.
“Okurov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Santa Fe, NM.
“Old Man” [Starik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Emil Fuchs, 1950.
“Old Man” [Starik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent of the New
York KGB station, 1952.
“Old Man [Starik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Leon Trotsky, 1937-1942. “Old Man” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Leon Trotsky.
“Old Man” [Starik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Melamed, 1944.
Old: See “Star”.
“Oleg” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mikhail Sergeevich Vavilov. “Oleg” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Vavilov.
Oliphant, Marcus (Mark) Laurence Elwin: Australian scientist and key member of the British atomic bomb
program and later part of the British contingent in the Manhattan atomic project.
“Olsen” (likely a party name used as a cover name): Possibly Morris Childs or Jack Childs. Identified as,
“husband of Rose Olsen”, and in the Venona decryptions as “district leader of Fraternal in
Chicago”. 341 The CPUSA district organizer for Illinois in 1944 was Morris Childs. Rosalyn
Childs, wife of Jack Childs, however, is a better candidate for Rose Olsen than Morris Childs’
wife. “Olsen” appeared in the Venona decryptions as the unidentified leader of the Chicago area
CPUSA in 1944.
“Olsen, Rose” [Olsen, Roza] (likely a party name used as a cover name): Soviet intelligence agent, linked
to a senior CPUSA cadre. Rosalyn Childs is a candidate for Rose Olsen. Rosalyn Childs was
married to Jack Childs, a full-time CPUSA functionary whose work for the party was obscure and
probably connected with its underground. “Rose Olson” and Olsen’s wife appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1944. 342
Olsen, Roza: See Olsen, Rose.
Olson, Orville: Described as a contact of Harold Glasser 1945. Likely Orville Olsen, secret Communist,
worked in Washington in WWII, later head of the Progressive Party in Minnesota.
“Omega” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): A 1937 intelligence project on arms and military
technology.
Omelchenko, Ye. I.: Described as writer on American economic matters, 1926.
OMS: Otdel Mezhdunarodnykh Svyazey. International Relations Department, often referenced to the OMS
of the Communist International.
“Omut” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Whirlpool”.
------------------------------------
341 Venona 619 KGB New York to Moscow, 4 May 1944.
342 While unidentified in the released Venona messages, Rosalyn Childs is suggests as a candidate for
Rose Olson/Olsen in Benson, Venona Story. David Garrow in Garrow, The FBI and Martin Luther King,
Jr.: From “Solo” to Memphis takes the view that ??

ONI: Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S.
OO NKVD: Osoby Otdel NKVD, the NKVD’s “special department” that conducted counter-intelligence
security.
OO OGPU: Osoby Otdel OGPU, the OGPU’s “special department” that conducted counter-intelligence
security.
OPA: Office of Price Administration, U.S.
Operative (tradecraft term): KGB terminology for a professional intelligence officer. Does not include
agents or sources (probationers) or co-optives from other Soviet agencies.
“Operator” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source. Likely Hazen Sise. Operator
is described as a contact of Elizabeth Bentley and working in Washington “for the Canadian
motion-picture representative office”. Elizabeth Bentley identified Hazen Sise, a secret Canadian
Communist, veteran of the Spanish Civil War (medical unit), and Washington representative of the
Canadian National Film Board, as one of the sources for her network. 343
OPM: Office of Production Management, U.S.
Oppenheimer, Frank: Nuclear scientist. Brother of Robert Oppenheimer. Secret member of the CPUSA.
Target of recruitment. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Beam”.
Oppenheimer, J. Robert: Nuclear scientist and scientific director of the Manhattan project. Secret member
of the CPUSA. Brother of Frank Oppenheimer. Target of recruitment. Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Chester” (early 1944 to mid-1945), “Chemist” (September 1944), “Yew” (late 1944-
1945).
“Optant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Samuel Dickstein, 1937.
Ordensburgen: Term for elite Nazi schools.
Order of ‘76: Secret anti-Semitic society in the 1930s.
“Orderly” [Sanitar] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Herbert Lehman, 1943-1944.
“Orel” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Eagle”.
Organization for the Rebirth of Ukraine (ODVU): Ukrainian nationalist organization.
Orlando, ?: Described as a member of William McAdoo’s law firm.
Orloff, Nicholas,: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 344 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Osipov”.
Orlov, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent who received passport via “Sound” mid- to late-1930s. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Plumb”.
Orlov, Ivan Timofeevich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to in 1949. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Starter”.
Orphan: See “Waise”.
Orsatti, Frank: Hollywood figure.
Orsatti, Victor: Hollywood figure.
Orsod-1 (title): Described as an American directive of mid-1945 regarding relations with Germany.
“Osa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Wasp”.
“Oscar” [Oskar] (First name used as a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Oscar Bernstein, references to
in 1948.
Osechko, ? : Soviet official, 1923, either GPU or NKID.
Osenberg, Werner: University of Hannover engineering scientist who headed the Nazi regime’s
Wehrforschungsgemeinschaft (Military Research Association).
“Osip” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet diplomat, vice consul, New York City
1934, seconded to KGB.
------------------------------------
343 Alexander Vassiliev, White Notebook #2 [2007 English Translation], trans. Steven Shabad
(1993–96), 10; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 50.
344 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Osipov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Nikolay W.
Orloff. “Osipov” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Orloff. 345
Osipov, Aleksandr Petrovich: Pseudonym used by Gayk Ovakimyan when meeting with General Donovan
and General Deane in Moscow.
“Oskar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Oscar”.
Osoaviakhim: Society to Assist Defense, Aviation and Chemical Development, USSR.
Osprey: See “Fisherman”.
OSS: Office of Strategic Services, U.S.
“Ostap” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer. Viennese station
chief, 1950.
“Ostap” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent in Mexico
1957.
“Ostap” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent who had
known “Vendor”.
Ostermann, ?: described as pro-Nazi German emigre.
“Ostorozhny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cautious”. (Alternative translations: Careful,
Watchful).
“Ostrov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Island”.
“Ostrova slez” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Island of Tears”.
Ostrovsky, Nikolay: Soviet intelligence officer working under SGPC cover in the U.S. in WWII. May be a
pseudonym. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Korobov”.
“Otchim” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): “Stepfather”.
Otero, Carmen: Mexican attorney assisting Alfred and Martha Stern in 1957.
Otroshchenko, ?: Senior KGB official, Moscow, late 1940s.
“Otto” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer/agent, possibly at KGB Moscow. References to
in 1933.
Oumansky, Constantine: See Konstantin Umansky.
“Ours” [Svoi] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet citizens on assignment, 1941.
“Outpost” [Forpost] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Earl W. Flosdorf, 1937-1943.
Ovakimian: See Ovakimyan.
Ovakimyan, Gayk Badalovich: Soviet intelligence officer, chief of the KGB legal station in the U.S. from
the late 1930s until arrested and expelled in 1941. (Alternative translation: Ovakimian) Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Gennady”. Work name with Alfred Slack: “George”.
Pseudonym: Aleksandr Osipov.
Overshiner, Virginia: See Virginia Cogswell.
OVIR: Otdel viz i registratsy — Visa and Registration Office.
“Ovod” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gadfly”.
“Pa” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1945. Likely Richard
Lauterbach. Identified as a source at Time magazine and a former Moscow correspondent. “Pa”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Richard Lauterbach, Time journalist and former
Moscow correspondent. 346
Pacelli, Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni: Pope Pius XII.
“Page” [Pazh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lauchlin Currie, 1942-1948. [Page as in a knight’s
pageboy]. “Page” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Currie. 347
------------------------------------
345 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
346 Appendix A and D, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
347 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Paige, ?: Jacob Golos recommended Paige for recruitment for technical intelligence in 1942.
“Pal” [Pel] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nathan Gregory Silvermaster, 1942 until August 1944.
“Pal” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Silvermaster. 348
“Palace” [Dvorets] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Central Committee All-Union Communist Party
(bolshevik), 1941-1944.
“Palata” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chamber”.
Paleev, ?: Described as the leader of a Russian theater troupe, 1920s.
Palmer, ?: Described as a former American intelligence agent, a detective in 1938, in contact with Samuel
Dickstein, and “known to us”.
Palmer, Alexander Mitchell: U.S. Attorney General, 1919-1921. Initiated U.S. government crack-down on
radical extremists in the “Palmer raids”.
Palmer, Frank: Soviet intelligence source/agent, early- to mid-1930s. Journalist and editor with with the
left-aligned Federated Labor Press. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Liberal”.
“Palom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described
as having gone to Algeria in 1944.
Pan American Airlines.
“Pancake” [Blin] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): I.F. Stone, 1936-1945.
Panchenko, Gavriil: Soviet intelligence officer, late 1940s. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“August” and (likely) “Gabriel”.
Panov, ? : KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1940.
Pan-Pacific Trade Union Secretariat: Profintern-affiliated agency operating in Asia.
Pantyukhov, Oleg: Founder of the Boy Scout movement in Russia and prominent anti-Communist emigre.
Panyushkin, Aleksandr Semenovich: Soviet Ambassador and station chief of the KGB legal station, 1947.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Vladimir”.
Papen, Franz von: German political leader of the Catholic Center Party who collaborated with the Nazi
regime.
Papochka: Affectionate form of “Papa” in Russian.
Paramount Pictures.
“Park” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Charles Gurchot, 1944-1945.
Park and Davis company.
Park, Willard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Staff of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American
Affairs. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. 349 Cover name
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Mushroom”.
Parker, George (pseudonym): Robert Allen.
Parp, Willard (misspelling): See Park, Willard.
“Pasha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer, early 30s, oil expert.
Passov, Zelman Isaevich : [Sometimes spelled Pasov in English] Head of KGB (NKVD) foreign
intelligence, 1938, arrested and later executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services. Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Reggie”, work name “Comrade Vasily”.
Pastelnyak, Pavel Panteleymonovich: Soviet intelligence officer. Used the pseudonym of Pavel Klarin
when operating in the U.S. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Luka”.
Pastor: see “Herdsman”
“Pastukh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Herdsman”” (Alternative translations: Pastor,
Shepherd, Herder).
Pastukhov, S. K.: Senior Soviet official, 1924.
------------------------------------
348 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
349 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 32–33.

Pat (party name): Duncan Lee’s party name and pseudonym used by Elizabeth Bentley for him.
Patek, Jan (real name) Soviet intelligence source/agent, late 1940s. Diplomat at the Czechoslovak embassy
in Washington. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Plucky”.
Patterson, Eleanor Medill (“Cissy”): Publisher, Washington Times-Herald.
Patterson, Gardner : Described as Treasury Department representatives in London, 1944.
Patterson, Robert: U.S Under Secretary of Secretary of War, 1940-45, then Secretary of War.
“Paul'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Paul”. [Russians tend to treat Paul' as the rendering
into Russian Cyrillic of the German version of Paul as distinguished from Pol', Russian Cyrillic
rendering of the the French version of Paul.] Pavel is the Russian equivalent of the Western
European/Anglo Paul.
“Paul” [Paul'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1948.
“Paul” [Paul'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Peter Rhodes, 1941-1944.
“Paul” [Paul']: (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Pseudonym treaded as a cover name. Likely Maxim
Lieber. “Paul” was used by a GRU agent who approached Harold Glasser in 1940 in connection
with “Karl’s” group. Whittaker Chambers identified “Paul” as the pseudonym of Lieber and
discussed has role in the party underground and as part of GRU espionage activities. 350 Note that
while Glasser reported he was approached by “Paul” [Paul'], KGB officers in their summaries
often substituted “Pol” [Pol’] a Russian variant of Paul, for Paul', the other Russian version of
Paul.
Pauley, Edwin W.: Head the U.S. delegation to the Allied Reparations Commission.
“Pavel” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lavrenty Beria, early 1940s. “Pavel” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified authoritative official at Moscow center.
“Pavel” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Yury Bruslov, late 1940s.
Pavlov, Vitaly: KGB officer, Moscow center. References to in 1940, 1942.
Pavlunovsky, I.P.: Head of the chief military mobilization administration of the NKTP.
“Pazh” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Page”.
PC: People's Commissariat.
“Peak” [Pik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Frank Coe. “Peak” appeared in the Venona messages
as Coe. 351
“Pearl” [Zhemchug] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1943.
Pearson, Drew: Prominent Washington journalist.
Pearson, Lester: Canadian political leader, foreign minister and prime minister.
“Peasant” [Krestyanin] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Irena Browder, 1944.
Pechkovskaya, Tsiliya Mikhailovna: Described as the sister of Savely Moroz.
“Peer” [Per] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Winston Churchill, circa 1944. “Peer” was identified
as Churchill in the Venona decryptions.
Pegram, George Braxton: Dean of Columbia University and chairman of its physics department. Key
scientist/administrator in initiating the Manhattan atomic project.
Peierls, Rudolf: Exiled German scientist and key member of the British atomic bomb program and later
part of the British contingent in the Manhattan atomic project.
Pekchio, Eduardo: see Pequeño, Eduardo.
“Pel” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pal”.
------------------------------------
350Chambers, Witness, 44–48. Lieber’s covert work and relationship with Chambers is also discussed
extensively in Weinstein, Perjury [1997].
351Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Pelipenko, Aleksy: Soviet intelligence informant. Priest of Ukrainian National Church. Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as one of Jacob Golos’s sources, via Vladimir Stepankowsky, on Ukrainian
nationalist activities. 352
Penter, W: Described as member of the Michigan CPUSA Central Committee in late 1937.
People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, USSR (NKID): Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Syndicate”.
Pepper, Claude: U.S. Senator (D. FL.) Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kane”.
Pequeño, Eduardo: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Businessman in Caracas, Venezuela. (The Russian
transliterates as Pekchio) Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Siskin”. “Siskin” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in Central or South
America.
“Per” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Peer”.
Perazich, George: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Official of the Yugoslav section of the United Nations
Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo
espionage group. 353 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks (may be a party name): “George”
(1945).
“Perch” [Okun] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1942-1944.
Likely Mikhail Tkach. “Perch” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Tkach. 354
Perepelkin, ?: Described as a Russian/Soviet aviation figure, once in the U.S. and known to Col. Pierce as
Mr. Perry of Pratt and Whitney. (Spelling unconfirmed.)
Perkins, Francis: U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1933-1945.
Perkins, Milo: New Deal administrator associated with Henry Wallace.
Perl, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Aeronautical scientist working on advanced technology
military projects. Birth name Mutterperl. Member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence
apparatus. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 355 Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Gnome” until September 1944, then “Yakov”. Also a candidate for
“Brahms”.
Perlo, Helen Menaker: Wife (second) of Victor Perlo. Helen Menaker Perlo was the niece of Robert
Menaker, a Soviet intelligence agent.
Perlo, Katherine Wills: First wife of Victor Perlo. See Katherine Wills.
Perlo, Rachel: Mother of Victor Perlo.
Perlo, Samuel: Father of Victor Perlo.
Perlo, Victor: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as the chief figure in the
Perlo espionage group. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. 356 Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Eck” and “Raid”.
Perov, Vasily Grigorevich: Russian painter, 19th century.
Perry, Burton: Soviet intelligence source. Perry was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source with the cover name “Cedar” and having an older unidentified brother, also a Soviet
intelligence source, with the cover name “Sam”. 357 “Sam” is identified in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks as Michael Bogart.
------------------------------------
352Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 29.
353Ibid., 52, 55, 57.
354Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
355Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
356Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 40, 51–57, 78–80, 105; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret
World, 312–15.
357Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Pers” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Persian”.
“Perseus” [Persey] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Mistake by Vassiliev in the notebook for
“Pers”/“Persian”.
“Persey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Perseus”.
“Persian” [Pers] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Russell McNutt starting in September 1944.
“Persian” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent
with attributes compatible with McNutt. 358
Pervukhin, Mikhail: Vice-Chairman of the Soviet Council of Peoples Commissars.
“Peshekhonov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer in Prague, 1957.
Petain, Henri Philippe: Leader of the French Vichy regime.
“Peter” [Piter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Thomas Black starting in October 1944. “Peter” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Black. 359
“Peter” [Piter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jack Soble in early 1945.
“Peter” [Piter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent of the New York
KGB station in 1952.
“Peter” [Piter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul Massing in 1939.
“Peter” [Piter] (cover name/work name): Josef Peters, 1930s.
Peter [Piter] (first name used as a cover name): Peter Rhodes, 1944.
Peters, Josef: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Senior CPUSA official and head of its covert arm from
1932 to 1938. Also known as Peter, J. Peters, Joseph Peters, Alexander Stevens, Sandor
Goldberger, Silver, Isidore Boorstein, Steve, Steve Lapin, and Steve Miller. On Whittaker
Chambers’ 1939 Berle list. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 360
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Storm” as well as work names/cover names “Peter” and
“Steve”.
Peterson, Maurice: British ambassador to the USSR, 1948.
“Petr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1945.
“Petr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Described as a “White: who reported to American military
intelligence on Soviet espionage.
Petroff, Alexander N.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employee of Curtiss-Wright Aircraft Corporation.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 361 Cover names in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Keel” until October 1944, then “Ferro”.
Petroleum Administration for War, U.S.: wartime agency.
Petroleum Reserve Corporation: Wartime government corporation affiliated with the Reconstruction
Finance Corporation.
“Petrov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Very senior offical at Moscow Center, 1944, cited as highly
interested in “Enormous”. Likely Lavrenty Beria. “Petrov” was identified in the Venona
decryptions on the U.S.-Moscow line as a senior official at Moscow Center and on the Mexico
City line as Lavrenty Beria.
Petrov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Petrov, A.: manager of the Amtorg engineer department, suspected of plans to defect 1932.
“Petrov, Evgeny: Soviet writer who toured the U.S. in 1935-1936.
------------------------------------
358Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
359Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
360Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 71–83, 91–97, 106–10, 124; Haynes and Klehr, Venona
[2000], 367, 378–79; Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 8, 38–39, 225, 262, 302.
361Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Petrov: see Petroff.
Petrov, Sergey: Chief of aircraft section of Amtorg, 1930.
Petrov, Vladimir M.: KGB officer at its Canbera station, defected to Australia in 1954.
Petrovsky, ?: Described as manager of GUAP in the U.S.
Petrovsky, D.: Described as official of the Chief Administration for the Training of Industrial Cadres.
Pettigrew, M.W.: Senior American officer, U.S. Military Mission, Moscow.
“Pevets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Singer”.
“Peyzazh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Landscape”.
Pezenti, ?: Described as Italian Deputy Minister of Finance, 1944.
PGU: Pervoe Glavnoe Upravlenie – First Chief Directorate, KGB’s foreign intelligence arm.
Philby, Harold Adrian Russell “Kim”: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Senior British SIS officer. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sohnchen”.
“Philip” [Filip] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Senior KGB headquarters officer, late 1930s.
Philips, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Phillips, Emma: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cora”. “Cora”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent but whose real name was
redacted. 362
Phillips, William: Senior American diplomat, Under Secretary of State, 1933-1936.
Philoon, Wallace Copeland: Described as U.S. Assistant Military Attache at Peking, China, 1923.
“Phlox” [Floks] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Rose Olsen in 1944.
“Photon” [Foton] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ivan Kamenev. In the Venona decryptions
“Photon” was identified as the cover name of Leonid G. Pritomanov, likely Kamenev’s diplomatic
pseudonym.
Physical Fitness Enthusiasts [Fizkul'turniki]: See “Gymnasts”.
“Physician” [Vrach] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Julius Hammer, 1950.
“Physician” [Vrach] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Eugene Dennis in 1945.
Physics Institute of the AN USSR (Ukraninan Soviet Socialist Republic).
Piasetskaya, Adelia: Described as married to a Canadian and allowed to enter the U.S.
“Pick” [Pik]: see Peak.
“Pier” [Pirs] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent recruited
1928 then contact lost early 30s.
Pierce, Colonel ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent, financial motivation, aviation source. Described as age
50 in 1933. Once identified as as having the cover name “S-II” but this is a error or an overlap
with the “S-2”/”S-II” identified as a female secretary in naval aviation, Department of the Navy.
Pigman, William Ward: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Staff member of the U.S. Bureau of Standards.
Identified by Chambers as a source/agent. Under FBI questioning in the late 1940s Pigman denied
having delivered material to Chambers but admitted he had met on several occasions in 1936–1938
with David Carpenter, Chambers's assistant. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “114 th ”.
“Pik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Peak”.
Pike, James: Described as New York Police official involved in antiradical activities.
“Pike” [Shchuka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
scientific-technological intelligence, mid-30s, avoided contact in 1942.
Pike, Sumner T.: Member of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1946-51.
“Pillar” [Stolp] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1936,
providing information on the Far East. “Pillar” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an
------------------------------------
362 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1944 but it is unclear if this is the same person as
“Pillar” of 1936. 363
“Pilot” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ludwig Ullmann after September 1944. “Pilot” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Ullmann. 364
Pilsudski, Jozef (Józef Piłsudski): Polish nationalist, chief of Polish forces in its war for independence, first
Chief of State (1918–1922) and dictator (1926–1935) of the Second Polish Republic.
Pilyar, ?: Soviet official, 1924.
Pinchot, Gifford: Governor of Pennsylvania, 1931-1935.
“Pink” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely David R. Wahl.
Described as employed by the Foreign Economic Administration during WWII and after WWII,
working at the American Jewish Conference and as executive secretary of American for Haganah.
All of these attributes fit Wahl.
Pinkus, ?: Described as station chief of German intelligence in New York who recruited Ilya Durmashkin in
1927.
Pinsly, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent at Curtiss-Wright aircraft. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 365 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nemo”
(November 1944).
“Pioneer” [Pioner] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Gnedin.
Pioneer Publishers: Publishing house aligned with the American Trotskyist movement.
“Pioner” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pioneer”.
“Pirs” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pier”.
“Piter” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Peter”.
Pitovranov, Yevgeny Petrovich: Senior KGB officer, Moscow Center.
PK: Perlyustratsiya Korrespondentsii — screening of correspondence.
“Plant” [Zavod] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): USSR consulate in New York.
Plavnik, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent, courier, talent spotter, early 1930s. Described as insurance
agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Carpenter”.
Playfair, Edward: Senior official in Britain’s Treasury ministry.
Plechko, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Plenka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Film”.
Pleyel: See Amsterdam-Pleyel movement.
“Plotnik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Carpenter”.
Plourde, William: A deciphered KGB cable suggested that William Plourde, an engineer at Bell Aircraft,
was a KGB source but no cover name for him was given. William Plourde is a candidate for
“Thomas”/“Brother”, a Soviet aviation source. 366
“Plucky” [Smel'y] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jan Patek.
“Plumb” [Lot] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Orlov, circa 1938.
“Plumb” [Lot] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Charles Kramer, 1944. “Plumb” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Kramer. 367
“Plumb” [Lot] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence contact. Described as being
cultivated by Julius Rosenberg in 1948 and who headed a small group of secret Communist
students at a college. Maxwell Finestone is a candidate for “Plumb”.
------------------------------------
363 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
364 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
365 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
366 Venona 1151 KGB New York to Moscow, 12 August 1944.
367 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Pluto” [Pluton] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Recruited in Paris. References to in 1948.
“Pluton” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pluto”.
PM: Leftist New York newspaper.
Podolsky, Boris: Soviet intelligence source. Theoretical physicist. Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks:
“Quantum”.
“Podruga” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Girl Friend”.
“Podryadchik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Contractor”.
Pokrovsky, Georgy Petrovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to in 1949. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sasha”.
Pokrovsky, Yakov (Jacob) Lvovich: Russian refugee, associate of the Soviet illegal “Smith”.
“Pol'” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Pol”. Russian variant of the name Paul.
“Pol” [Pol'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Likely Maxim Lieber. Harold Glasser in 1940 reported
to the KGB that in 1940 he was approached by “Paul”, who claimed to be recontacting members of
“Karl’s” (Whittaker Chambers’) GRU-linked mid-1930s group of which Glasser had been a part.
While Glasser reported he was approached by “Paul” [Paul'], KGB officers in their summaries
often substituted “Pol” [Pol’] a Russian variant of Paul. Whittaker Chambers identified “Paul” as
the pseudonym of Lieber and discussed has role in the party underground and as part of GRU
espionage activities. 368
“Pol” [Pol'](cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source described as being
used “in the dark” by “Guard” and being prepared to be send to France by a U.S. agency on an
intelligence mission in 1943.
“Pol-2” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Likely “Friends of the Soviet Union” organization.
“Polack” [Polyak] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, XY
line. References to in 1944.
“Polecats” [Khor'ki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Trotskyists. “Polecats” were identified in the
Venona decryptions as Trotskyists.
Poletayev, M.: Director of Tsentrosoyuz in America, 1926.
Political Affairs: Theoretical/ideological journal of the CPUSA.
Pollitt, Harry: Chief of the British Communist Party (CPGB) in the 1930s and 1940s.
Pollock, Frederick : Described as OSS officer/staff.
“Polo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ludwig Ullmann until August 1944. “Polo” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Ullmann. 369
Polpred.: Russian abbreviation for plenipotentiary representative, i.e. ambassador.
“Polyak” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Polack”. Polyak is more formally translated as “the
Pole” or “Pole” in the sense of someone from Poland. However, there is another cover name,
“Polyus”, that translates as “Pole” in the sense of an electric or magnetic pole. To minimize
confusion, “Polyak” is here translated as the less formal “Polack”.
Polyakov, I.: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Polyus” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Electric Pole”. (Polyus is a pole in the sense of an
electric or magnetic pole and is the cover name of a technical espionage source. To minimize
confusion with Pole as someone from Poland, “Polyus” is here translated as “Electric Pole”.)
Pomerance, Josephine: Unaware source of Soviet intelligence agent “Grin”/Spivak. Daughter of Maurice
and Alma Wertheim. Niece of Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, jr. (Alma Wertheim
was his sister).
------------------------------------
368Chambers, Witness, 44–48. Lieber’s covert work and relationship with Chambers is also discussed
extensively in Weinstein, Perjury [1997].
369Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Poney” [Poni] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1948.
“Poni” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Poney”.
Pons, Lily: French-American operatic soprano.
Pope, Frederick: President of Standard Aniline Products Corporation, partner in the international
investment firm of Pope & Richardson, and a consulting engineer to the chemical industry. Also
know as Colonel Frederick Pope.
“Poputchiki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fellow Travelers”.
Popyrev, ?: Described as Amtorg official, 1920s.
Poretsky, Elisabeth: wife of Ignace Poretsky (also known as Ignace Reiss). Nickname “Elsa”.
Poretsky, Ignace: Senior KGB officer, defected in Western Europe in 1937 and murdered by KGB
operatives. Also known as Ignacy Poretsky, Ludvig Poretsky, Natan Poretsky, and Ignace Reiss.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Raymond”.
Porfire, Walter (pseudonym): Described as a pseudonym used by Walter Krivitsky in 1940. 370
Portable Radio Set (Ratsiya): See “Radio Station”.
Portable Radio Transmitter (Ratsiya): See “Radio Station”.
Portable Two-Way Radio (Ratsiya): See “Radio Station”.
Portnov, Alexander: Russian sculptor who lives in Philadelphia. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Ali”.
“Posrednik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Intermediary”.
Post, Richard: State Department offcial. On the Lee list of DOS security cases. Described as a contact of
Harold Glasser in 1945.
Poteshkin, ?: Soviet ambassador in Rome, 1930.
Potrubach, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
POV: Alexander Vassiliev personal abbreviation for “point of view.”.
Poverman, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Poyntz, Juliet Stuart: Founding member of the CPUSA, directed its women's department and the New York
Workers School in the 1920s, and on the staff of the Friends of the Soviet Union and International
Labor Defense. In 1934 she dropped out of open party activities and into Soviet intelligence work.
She disappeared from her New York City residence in 1937 and a police investigation turned up no
clues to her fate. 371
Pozner, Vladimir: Russian working in East German film in mid-1950s. In World War II Pozner had been a
Soviet intelligence source in the United States. 372
PP: Unknown Soviet entity.
Prater, J. E.: Described as a FBI agent, 1942.
Prato, Carlo A.: Described as OSS officer/staff.
Pratt and Whitney Company.
Pravdin, Vladimir Sergeevich: Soviet intelligence officer. Also known as Roland Abbiate and Rossi.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Sergey”.
------------------------------------
370 Porfiryev was the family name of Krivitsky’s wife. Gary Kern states that Krivitsky used the
pseudonym of Walter Poref in the U.S. in 1940. Kern, Death in Washington, 300.
371 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 3–4; Dorothy Gallagher, All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder
of Carlo Tresca (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 170–76; Bentley and Peake, Out
of Bondage, 108, 176–77; Chambers, Witness, 36; The FBI conducted an extensive and fruitless
investigation into Poyntz's disappearance: FBI Poyntz file 100-206603.
372 Venona 1132 1133 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 July 1943; 1930 KGB New York to Moscow,
21 November 1943.

Pravdina, Olga Borisovna: Wife of KGB officer Vladimir Sergeevich Pravdin. Also known as Olga
Pravdin. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Lucia” and “Shura”.
“Prepodavatelnitsa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Female Teacher”.
“Preserve” [Zapovednik] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Los Alamos Manhattan atomic project
facility in February 1945. “Preserve” was identified in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Manhattan atomic project facility but possibly Los Alamos.
“President” [Prezident] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Dodd, William, jr., 1939-1948.
Pressman, Lee: Soviet intelligence contact/agent. Government attorney and chief legal advisor to the CIO.
Identified by Chambers as a member of the original “Ware group” covert CPUSA unit. 373 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Vig”.
Prestes, Luís Carlos: Brazilian Communist leader.
“Prezident” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “President”.
Price, Mary: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. 374 Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kid” (early 1941), then “Dir” (late 1941 to August 1944), “Cat”
(August 1944), and “Zone” (starting in September 1944).
Price, Mildred: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secret Communist. Sister of Mary Price. Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as a talent spotter and source for the Golos/Bentley apparatus. 375 Cover names
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cio” (1944) and “Dorothy” (1944).
Price, W. Z.: Described as an FBI agent, 1942.
Prigarin, Alexis V.: Chairman of Amtrog, 1926.
Prince, Frank (real name). Investigator employed by the Jewish Anti-Defamation League to research anti-
Semitic, Nazi, and Fascist organizations. Also worked for the U.S. House’s McCormack-
Dickstein or Special Committee on Un-American Activities.
“Prince” [Knyaz'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurence Duggan, after September 1944.
“Prince” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Duggan. 376
Pritomanov, Leonid G.: Soviet diplomat with the cover name “Photon” in the Venona decryptions. May be
the diplomatic pseudonym for Ivan Kamenev.
Pritt, D. N.: Left Socialist British politician. As a Labour Party member of Parliament he urged an alliance
with USSR. Expelled from the Labour Party in 1940 due to his support for the Soviet invasion of
Finland.
“Priyatel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Buddy”.
“Priyut” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Shelter”.
“Probationers” [Stazhery] (cover name/tradecraft term in Vassiliev’s notebooks): KGB sources and agents,
1930s, early 1940s, later replaced by “Masters”. A probationer was someone who was not a
professional KGB officer but who was knowingly undertaking some task for the KGB. (Alternative
translation: intern)
“Processing” [Oformleniye] (tradecraft term): KGB term covering gathering background information,
cultivating, vetting, and, if indicated, eventually preparing for recruitment a person of interest.
“Prodavets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Vendor”.’ (Alternative translation: Seller)
------------------------------------
373 Gilbert J. Gall, Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO (Albany: State
University of New York Press, 1999); Latham, Controversy, 107–9; Joseph P. Lash, Dealers and
Dreamers: A New Look at the New Deal (New York: Doubleday, 1988), 218, 326, 434–37.
374 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 15–17, 33–35, 39, 43–44, 53–54, 71, 74, 77, 80, 91, 94–95.;
Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
375 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 34, 43–44, 80.
376 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Prodesco: Product Exchange Corporation, predecessor to Amtorg.
“Professor” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent, NY station, ran covert radio.
References to in 1934.
Profintern: Russian acronym for the Red International of Labour Unions, Comintern’s trade union affiliate.
“Profsoyuz” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Trade Union”.
Prokhorov, Aleksey Nikolaevich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Leonid”.
Prokofiev, Sergey: Soviet composer.
Prokofyev, ?: Described as a Soviet official, 1927, concerned with economic matters.
“Prometey” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Prometheus”.
“Prometheus” [Prometey] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): File connected to the Hammer family.
Pronsky, D.N.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1960.
“Provinces” [Provintsiya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Latin America / South America.
“Provintsiya”: See “Provinces”.
Prudnikov, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center. References to in 1939, 1941, 1948.
Pshenichny, P.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center, 1939.
Psittacosis: Parrot fever, regarded as potential bacteriological weapon.
“Ptenets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fledgling”.
Public Works Administration (PWA): New Deal work relief agency.
Pulechka: A Russian card game.
Putnam, ?: Described as a chemist who gave Jacob Golos of the CPUSA his scientific paper on how to
extract gold from sea water and asked him to send it to USSR. Possibly G. L. Putnam.
Puzzle [Zagadka]: See “Riddle”.
Pyatnitsky, Osip: Leading Bolshevik and VKP(b) representative on the ECCI. Executed in 1938 in Stalin’s
Terror.
“Quantum” [Kvant] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source, atomic information,
1943. Likely Boris Podolsky. “Quantum” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source who in mid-1943 provided detailed information about the gaseous
diffusion method of separating U-235 from U-238, an early achievement of the Manhattan atomic
project. 377 Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks do not directly provide a real name for “Quantum”
but, along with corroborating what was in the Venona decryptions, add these identifying details
that identify Podolsky.
“Queen” [Ferz'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
recruited in 1940, out of contact early 1941.
“Quid” [Kvid] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Engelbert Broda in 1945.
“R’s wife” (“Richard’s wife”): Anne Terry White.
R.A. [K.A.] and RA [KA]: Red Army.
“Rab” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Slave”.
Rabbit: See “Hare”.
Rabinovich, Grigory L.: Medical doctor and KGB officer sent to the U.S., 1933-1939, under Russian Red
Cross cover to supervise penetration of the Trotskyist movement. Also known as Gregory
Rabinowitz and Gregory Rabinowich. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Beam” (1933-1934)
and “Harry” (1937-1939).
Rabinowich, Gregory: See Rabinovich, Grigory.
Rabinowitz, Gregory: See Rabinovich, Grigory.
Rabis: Union of Art Workers, USSR.
------------------------------------
377 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Rabkin, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Rachmaninoff, Sergey: Russian composer and pianist.
Radek, Karl: Bolshevik leader and Cominternist. Arrested in Stalin’s Terror in 1937 and died in the
GULAG.
Radio Corporation of America: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hydro”.
Radio Announcer: see “Announcer”.
“Radio Station” [Ratsiya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Initially “Donovan’s Committee”, i.e., the
Office of the Coordinator of Information, in late 1941 and the first half of 1942. After the Office
of the Coordinator of Information was split into OSS and OWI in June 1942, “Radio Station”
became the cover name for OWI while “Cabin” became the cover name for OSS. “Radio Station”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as OWI.
“Raduga” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rainbow”.
Raev, Aleksandr Andreeevich: Soviet intelligence officer. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a KGB
officer with the cover name “Light”. Possibly the pseudonym of KGB officer Alexander Rogov. 378
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Light”.
“Raid” [Reyd] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Victor Perlo. “Raid” (as “Raider” rather than “Raid”)
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Perlo. The difference between Venona’s “Raider” and
“Raid” given in Vassiliev’s notebooks is likely a matter of Venona code breakers making a minor
error in reconstructing the KGB code book.
Raina, Andrey Ivanovich: Senior Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center 1948-1950. Served in the
U.S. earlier.
“Rainbow” [Raduga] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Espionage project targeting radar.
Rainey, Henry T.: U.S. Representative, 1923-1934 (D. IL).
Rajk, Laszlo: Senior Hungarian Communist leader executed in a Stalin-era purge by the Communist regime
in Hungary in 1949.
Ram [Taran]: see “Battering Ram”.
Ramsay, David: Described as a intelligence contact known to Victor Perlo in 1945.
“Ramsay” [Ramzay] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Clarence Hiskey. “Ramsay” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as a unidentifed target of recruitment associated with the Manhattan atomic
program in a context that would fit Hiskey. 379
“Ramzay” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ramsay”.
Ramzin, Leonid: Soviet professor of engineering accused in 1930 of being a key figure in the anti-
Bolshevik “Industrial Party”.
Rand, Esther Trebach: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent targeted against Zionist and Jewish organizations. 380 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Aida” until September 1944, then “Klo”.
Randolph: Pseudonym used by the American Communist Party representative to the Comintern.
Rankin, John: U.S. Representative (D. MS).
“Ras” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Charles de Gaulle. “Ras” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as de Gaulle.
Rasin, Celia: Jacob Golos’s wife. Also know as Celia Raisin, Celia Raisen, and Celia Golos and in a
Russianized form as Siliya Samoylovna Golos.
Rasin, Jacob: Surname used by Jacob Golos and his family in the U.S. Also known as Jacob Raisin.
------------------------------------
378 KGB officer Alexander Feklisov wrote that his successor in the U.S. was Alexander Rogov who
had the cover name “Svet,” i.e. “Light.” Feklisov and Kostin, Man Behind, 150.
379 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
380 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Rasin, Samuel: Jacob Golos’s American-born son. Also know as Samuel Raisin, Milton Golos and Dmitry
Golos.
“Rasists” [Rasisty] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Gaullists. “Rasists” were identified in the
Venona decryptions as Gaullists.
“Rasisty” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rasists”. The cover name in Russian, Rasisty,
translates as Racists, but in this case the cover name is derived from "Ras," the cover name for
Charles de Gaulle, and “Ras” is not a Russian word. “Rasisty”, then appears to be a pun based on
de Gaulle’s cover name.
Raspiska (tradecraft term): See Signature.
Rastvorov, Yury A.: KGB officer at its Tokyo station, defected in 1954 to the U.S.
“Rats” [Krysy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Zionists in particular but applied broadly to Jewish
ethnic organization that were not under Communist leadership. “Rats” were identified in the
Venona decryptions as Zionists and Jews.
“Ratsiya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Radio Station”. (Alternative translations: Portable
Radio Transmitter, Portable Radio Set, Portable Two-Way Radio.) “Ratsiya” was translated in
the Venona decryptions as “Radio Station”. While not the preferred translation, “Radio Station” is
used here to conform to the Venona precedent.
“Ray” [Skat] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical line, prior to
October 1944, later changed to “Karl”. Very likely William Stapler. As “Karl” described as
“chemical engineer at the Hercules Powder Company. With us since ’34”. “Ray” was identified in
the Venona decryptions but the real name was redacted by NSA. 381
Raykhmanm ?: Deputy Chief, Second Chief Directorate of the MGB, 1946.
“Raymond” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ignace Poretsky, mid-1930s. Also known as Ignace
Reiss. “Raymond” (as “Raimond”) is identified in West and Tsarev as Poretsky/Reiss.
“Raymond” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Gold. Gold also used Raymond as a pseudonym
with some of his sources.
Razin, ?: Soviet official, Soviet Government Purchasing Commission, friend of Lauchlin Currie in 1942.
Razinovsky, ?: Russian in Washington.
RCA: Radio Corporation of America.
Reader’s Scope magazine.
Reber, Sam: Described as a State Department official.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC): U.S. government credit and investment agency.
Recordac company.
“Rector” [Rektor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): George Zlatowski.
Red Army (R.A. and RA): Popular term for the “Workers and Peasants Red Army” until the name change
in 1946 to the Soviet Army.
Red Cross.
“Redaktsiya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Editorial Office”.
Redeker, Nadine: Soviet intelligence source/contact of Elizabeth Bentley. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Youth”.
“Redhead” [Ryzhaya] (female) (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Hede Massing. “Redhead” occured
in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified cover name in a context that suggests that it was
Massing and was later identified as Massing in retrospective NSA histories. 382
------------------------------------
381 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
382 Benson, Venona Story, 36.

“Redhead” [Ryzhy] (male) (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence contact in
1946 that appears to be in official diplomatic circles. 383 The cover name, “Ryzhy”, is the
masculin form of Readhead in Russian. “Ryzhaya”, the feminine form of Redhead in Russian, is
the cover name for Hede Massing.
Redmont, Bernard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Staff of the Office of the Co-ordinator of Inter-
American Affairs. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. 384
Party name: Berny. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Mon”.
“Redzhi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Reggie”.
“Reed” [Rid] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): James H. Hibben, references to in January-June 1945.
Former cover name “Solid”. “Reed” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
technical line source in November 1944 and is compatible with being Hibben. 385
“Reed” [Rid] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Dexter White, references to in July-October
1945.
“Reed” [Rid] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Richard Morros in 1950.
Reese, William Albert: Garble for Albert Reese Williams.
Reespan, David: Described as a WPB official, 1945.
“Ref” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Contact of Klaus Fuchs in Britian.
“Reggie” [Redzhi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Zelman Passov.
Register (party term): A person with official CPUSA membership was said to be on the CPUSA “registry”
or “register”. A person said to be on a “special” or “secret” register was a official CPUSA
member but his or her membership was not with an ordinary party unit and the secret member did
not participate in regular party activities. Instead, the record of membership was know to only
select senior party cadre and dues were paid only to especially designated liaison persons who kept
in touch with the secret member.
Reichsluftshubtzbundt: National Air Defense League: German civil air defense and air-raid warning
organization in the 1930s.
Reichswehr: National Defense – title of the German army from 1919 until 1935, it was renamed
Wehrmacht (Defence Force).
Reidel, ?: Described as German military attache in Sweden who offered OSS information on Soviet air
power.
Reinhardt, Gunther: Described as agent of Frank Prince of the Anti-Defamation League.
Reinhardt, Max: Emigre German theatre director, ran a well-know acting school in New York.
Reinstein, Boris: Born in Russian and exiled for political agitation at the turn of the century. In 1901 he
immigrated to the U.S. and became active in Daniel De Leon’s Socialist Labor Party. When in
Sweden in 1917 on an SLP mission, he was won over to the Bolshevik cause and returned to
Russia. Reinstein became Comintern official and undertook a number of Comintern missions.
Reiss, Elsa (pseudonym): See Poretsky, Elisabeth.
Reiss, Ignace (pseudonym): see Poretsky, Ignace.
“Rektor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rector”.
“Relative” [Rodich] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1948. Brother of “Godsend” and “Godfather”.
“Relay” [Rele] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Chmilevski prior to September 1944. “Relay”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 386
------------------------------------
383 Vassiliev, Black, 61.
384 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 47–50, 79–80.
385 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
386 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Rele” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Relay”.
Remington, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Economist with the War Production Board and
Commerce Department. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage
sources. 387 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fedya”.
“Rench” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Wrench”.
Reno, Franklin Victor: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Also known as Vincent Reno. Mathematician
(statistician) at the U.S. Army Aberdeen Proving Grounds working on advanced military
technology. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert
Communists who were espionage risks. Confronted by the FBI, in 1949 he confessed that he had
supplied technical data to Chambers’ espionage apparatus in the mid-1930s. In 1952 he pled
guilty to perjury and was imprisoned for submitting deceptive information on his federal
employment and security applications. 388 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “118 th ”.
Renouveau: French Jewish agricultural society.
Republican National Committee.
Republicans and Republican Party: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bear Cubs”.
Reputable [Solidny]: See “Solid”.
Reservation [Zapovednik]: See “Preserve”.
Resettlement Administration: New Deal agricultural agency.
Residency [Rezidentura] (KGB tradecraft term): See Station.
Resident [Rezident] (KGB tradecraft term: See Station Chief.
“Rest” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Klaus Fuchs prior to October 1944. “Rest” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as Fuchs. 389
Retterson, Dorothy: Sister of Edward Fitzgerald.
“Reyd” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Raid”.
“Reyna” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Marion Bachrach. (“Reyna” is here transliterated and
retained as the cover name without translation. Possible translations include: Reina, Rhine, Rain,
Rhein, and Rein.)
Reynan: See Ryan.
Reynolds, ?: Described as as aide to Secretary of Commerce Henry Wallace.
Reynolds, John Hazard: Socially prominent and wealthy CPUSA sympathizer. President of U.S. Service
and Shipping Corporation, a cover business used by Elizabeth Bentley and Jacob Golos. 390 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Scott”, 1943-1945.
Rezident (tradecraft term): Resident, see Station Chief.
Rezidentura (tradecraft term): Residency, see Station.
RGASPI: Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History.
Rheiner, Samuel: Hollywood producer.
Rhodes, Ione: Belgian-born wife of Peter Rhodes.
Rhodes, Peter: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Journalist. The Comintern archive contains a February
1940 coded cable from Rudy Baker, chief of the CPUSA’s covert arm and liaison with Soviet
intelligence, reporting Rhodes had not gone to Bucharest, Rumania as planned earlier and,
consequently, was unable to make his scheduled contact there with Soviet agents. A year later,
while conducting a surveillance of Jacob Golos, liaison between KGB and the CPUSA, the FBI
------------------------------------
387Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 47–49.
388Berle, “Espionage Agent.”
389 Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
390Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 14–15, 18, 59–62, 86, 89, 94–104.

observed him meeting with Peter Rhodes. Elizabeth Bentley identified Rhodes as a KGB source
with whom contact was lost and reported KGB tasked her with attempting to restore contact via
Rhodes’ wife. Deciphered Venona cables also documents attempts to restore contact with Rhodes
in 1945. 391 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Paul” and “Peter” (first name used as a cover
name.)
Rhone [Rona]: See “Rona”.
Ribbentrop, Ulrich Friedrich Wilhelm Joachim von: Nazi foreign minister.
Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact: Nazi-Soviet treaty of August, 1939. Also known as Hitler-Stalin Pact.
“Richard” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Dexter White starting in September 1944.
“Richard” was identified in the Venona decryptions as White. 392
“Richard” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, illegal, came
with his wife to U.S. in 1939 from Harbin, China.
“Richard” [Rishar”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, Paris,
1949.
Richardson, Kenneth: Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical line. Employee of World Wide
Electronics. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent with the cover name
“Condenser”. 393 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Condenser”.
“Rickshaw” [Riksha] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as someone connected to the “Nat’l
Association of Amer. Industries”, 1946.
“Rid” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Reed”.
“Riddle” [Zagadka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source.
Described as Senator Robert Wagner’s secretary.
Riddleberger, James William: American diplomat Central and Southern European specialist.
“Riksha” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rickshaw”.
Rimsky-Korsakov, Nikolay: Well-known Russian composer.
“Rina” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Graze.
Rinis, Joseph A.: Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group. Student at International Lenin School.
CPUSA Maryland cadre. Active in FAECT.
“Rio” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Argentina crica 1944. “Rio” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Argentina.
“Rishar” [Rishar”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Richard”.
Riss, Nat: Misspelling of Nat Ross.
“Rita”: Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as used by Iskhak Akhmerov (along with
the unidentified agent “Valet”) in mid-1930s for surveillance of “Leo” (Ludwig Lore) Candidates
for “Rita” include Hede Massing and Gerda Frankfurter. 394
------------------------------------
391 Son [Rudy Baker] to Comintern, 22 February 1940 Archive of the Secretariat of the Executive
Committee of the Communist International: coded correspondence with Communist Parties (1933-1943),
RGASPI 495-184-4 (1939-1940 file); New York FBI office memorandum, 3 December 1945, serial 292;
Washington FBI office memo, 1 November 1946, serial 464; Scheidt to Hoover, 31 January 1947, serial
1976, all in FBI Silvermaster file (FBI file 65-56402); Venona 1221 KGB New York to Moscow, 26
August 1944; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 37, 87; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
392 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
393 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
394 Hede Massing in her autobiography wrote that in in January or February of 1937, she and Gerda
Frankfurter were assigned to surveil Ludwig Lore by two senior Soviet intelligence officers, Boris Bazarov
(known to her under the work name Fred) and Bill (a work name used by Iskhak Akhmerov). Another
agent, a Russian know to her as Anton, also assisted on occasion with the surveillance. Massing, This
Deception, 199–205.

“Rita” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sylvia Callen starting in August 1944.
Ritchie, Albert: Democratic governor of Maryland, 1920-1935.
Rivera, Diego: Mexican muralist and radical.
Rivkin, Ruth: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Staff of UNRRA. Roommate of Helen Tenney. Identified
by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her singleton espionage sources. 396 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Flora”.
RKKA: Raboche-Krest'yanskaya Krasnaya Armiya – Workers and Peasants Red Army, popularly called
the “Red Army”. Official title of the USSR’s army until it was retitled the “Soviet Army” in
1946.
RKO: Counterintelligence Department, GPU, 1924.
RKP: Rossiyskaya Kommunisticheskaya partiya — Russian Communist Party.
“Robert” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nathan Gregory Silvermaster beginning in August 1944.
“Robert” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Silvermaster. 397 “Robert” was identified in
Andrew and Mitrokhin as Silvermaster.
“Robert” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Rosenstein, early 1930s
Roberts, ?: Described as counselor, British embassy, Washington, 1945.
Roberts, Holland: Secret Communist, Soviet intelligence contact. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Lion”.
Robertson, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Robeson, Paul: Well-known pro-Soviet Black American singer.
Robins, Raymond: Prominent member of the American Red Cross commission in Russia at the time of the
Bolshevik coup, he later became an ardent defender of Soviet policy.
Robinson, Geroid T.: Chief of OSS Russian analytic section.
Robinson, Joseph: U.S. Senator, 1913-1937 (D. Ark).
“Rocco” [Rokko] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, mid 1930s.
“Rock” [Rok] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sol Leshinsky.
Rockefeller Commission or Rockefeller Committee: Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs
headed by Nelson Rockefeller.
Rockefeller, John D.: American businessman and philanthropist.
“Rocko” [Rokko]: See “Rocco”.
Rod [Shtok]: See “Stock”.
“Rodich” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Relative”.
Rodionov, K.: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow Center.
Rodregez, Manuel Francis: Pseudonym used by Iosif Grigulevich.
“Rodstevennik” (cover name in the Venona decryptions notebooks): See “Kinsman”.
Rogers, Pauline: Secret Communist, leader of the American League Against War and Fascism in New
York City. Associate of Elizabeth Bentley in her early days in the CPUSA. 398 Also know as
Pauline Rosen and Pauline Royce.
Rogge, O. John: Prominent liberal. Attorney for David and Ruth Greenglass.
Rogov, ?: A unidentified Soviet described as having known Robert Capa in the Spanish Civil War.
Rogov, Alexander: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Identified by Alexander Feklisov as the real name of
KGB officer under diplomatic cover Aleksandr Raev: cover name “Light”. 399
“Rok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rock”.
------------------------------------
396 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 41.
397 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
398 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 3, 8.
399 Feklisov and Kostin, Man Behind, 150.

“Rokko” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rocco”. (Alternative translation: Rocko)
“Roland” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Recruited in
Paris. References to in 1948.
Rollins, ?: Described as assistant to Virginia Cogswell.
Rollins, Richard : Described as a intelligence source used by Samuel Dickstein and investigator for the
House Special Committee on Un-American Activities (McCormack-Dickstein committee). 400
“Rom” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, London,
1944.
“Roma” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Faye Glasser.
“Roman” (cover name): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1943-1944. Likely Robert Soblen. Described as
a doctor and using the party name Fred Carroll. “Roman” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Robert Soblen. 401
“Roman” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence agent, a Volga German
trained for dropping behind German lines in the USSR in 1941.
Romanian Oil.
“Rona” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1942-44 period, identified
as “Rose ?”. A likely candidate for “Rona” is Rose Isaak, executive secretary of the American-
Russian Institute in San Francisco. Isaak was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Alternative translation: “Rhone” (the French river).
Ronnby, ?: Described as a German national in Moscow, 1924.
RONO: Rayonny otdel narodnogo obrazovaniya — Regional Department of Public Education.
Roof [Kryshi]: KGB jargon for cover for a covert activity.
Roosevelt, Alice Longworth: Daughter of President Theodore Roosevelt.
Roosevelt, Eleanor: Wife of President Franklin Roosevelt.
Roosevelt, Elliott: Son of Franklin Roosevelt and a liberal activist.
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: President of the United States. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Captain”.
Root, Vladimir Nikolayevich: Brother of Olga V. Hammer. Name also given as Vladimir Vadimovich
Root.
Root, Yelena Anatolyevna: Wife of Vladimir Root.
Roper, Daniel: U.S. Secretary of Commerce, 1933-1938.
Rose ?: Real given name of the real name behind the cover name “Rona”. Likely Rose Isaak.
Rose, Fred: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Born in Poland and an activist in the Communist Party of
Canada since the mid-1920s, Rose had been imprisoned in 1930–1931 for sedition. As a result of
the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the CPC opposed Canada’s participation in the war against Nazi Germany.
After it was banned in 1940 as a disloyal organization, more than a hundred of its leaders were
interned. Rose, along with party leader Sam Carr, secretly fled to the United States to avoid
capture. After the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, the CPC reversed course and supported
the war effort. Rose surfaced and was briefly interned in 1942 for authoring antiwar pamphlets
during the Nazi-Soviet Pact period. He was released in October 1942 after signing an
“Understanding” that he would “do no act which might be of injury to the Dominion of Canada, of
the United Kingdom, or any of His Majesty’s Dominions, or any Allied or Associated Powers”.
GRU defector Igor Gouzenko’s materials showed that Rose had at that point already volunteered
his services to the GRU. Elected to Parliament in 1943 as a candidate of the Labour-Progressive
Party, as the Canadian Communist Party then called itself, he was reelected in 1945. Gouzenko’s
------------------------------------
400Rollins authored: Richard Rollins, I Find Treason: The Story of an American Anti-Nazi Agent
(New York: W. Morrow, 1941).
401Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

material identified Rose as assisting GRU espionage, he was arrested tried, convicted and
sentenced to six years in jail, stripped of his parliamentary seat, and later deported to Communist
Poland. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as having connected Hazen Sise to the Golos/Bentley
apparatus. 402
Rose: See “Vardo”.
Rosenberg, ?: Identified as a Nazi agent by source “Fir”/Grace.
Rosenberg, Allan: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Economist, Foreign Economic Administration.
Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo espionage group. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 403 Party name: Roy. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Sid”.
Rosenberg, Ethel: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. Wife of Julius Rosenberg and sister of David
Greenglass. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence contact/informant. 404
Rosenberg, Julius: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Engineer and chief of an espionage network of
Communist engineers. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 405 Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Antenna” until September 1944, “Liberal” (September 1944-
1950), “King” (1950-).
Rosenberg, Louise: See Bransten, Louise.
Rosenberg, Simon: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Born November 1899 in Poland. Came to the U.S. in
1924 and became a naturalized citizen in 1930. Employed by Amtorg in 1930 in Pittsburgh and
Cleveland. In 1931 went to the USSR and was recruited by KGB at that time. Returned to the
U.S. and did a variety of espionage tasks for Gayk Ovakimyan and Armand Feldman. Cooperated
with the FBI after he was confronted during the Feldman investigation in the 1940s. 406 Cover
names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Simon”and “S-7”.
Rosenbliett, Philip: Soviet intelligence agent, chief of a GRU-linked espionage apparatus early to mid-
1930s. A dentist. Family name also often spelled Rosenbliet. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those
identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were espionage risks. 407
Ronsebliett is a candidate for the cover name “Tenth” in Vassiliev’s notebook.
Rosenfeld, George: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Liaison with Col. Pierce in Washington, D.C.
Rosenfeld, Julius: Described as OSS officer/staff.
Rosenman, Samuel Irving: Aide to President Roosevelt.
Rosenstein, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent, probably illegal, early 30s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Robert”.
Rosenthal, Harry: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employee of an insurance company in Philadelphia. A
1948 Gorsky memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 408 Chambers did not write of anyone
resembling Rosenthal. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “113 th ”.
Rosoff, David A.: See Rozov, D. A.
Ross, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, London, 1950.
------------------------------------
402 Taschereau and Kellock, Royal Commission, 111–18; Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 11, 50.
403 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 52, 54–55, 57; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
404 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
405 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File (1997);
Usdin, Engineering Communism; Feklisov and Kostin, Man Behind.
406 FBI Armand Labis Feldman file, FBI file 61-7574, serials 315, 339, and 743.
407 Richard H. Tourin, Memoirs and Adventures (New York, NY: Privately published, 2003); Sibley,
Red Spies, 33, 80, 261n116,262n122; Berle, “Espionage Agent”.
408 Gorsky, “Failures in the USA,” 77–79.

Ross, Nat: Senior CPUSA official. Directed organizing in South in the early 1930s, then led the
Minnestoa-Dakotas party district, and served as CPUSA representative to the Comintern in the late
1930s.
Rossi, ?: Described as secretary to Ercoli and a Socialist.
“Rost” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Growth”.
ROSTA: Russian Telegraph Agency, predecessor of TASS.
“Roston” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified 1945 target of recruitment suggested by
Harold Glasser. Described as someone connected to the State Department in 1946.
Roth, ?: Described as Jacob Golos’s doctor in 1943.
Rousse, ?: Described as French Trotskyist leader.
ROVS: Russian Combined Services Union, a White Russian emigre organization.
“Roy” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Husband of Emma Phillips. “Roy” does not occur in
Vassiliev’s notebooks but is in the Venona decryptions. 409 Venona indicates “Roy” was married to
“Cora”, and “Cora” is identified in Vassiliev’s notebooks as Emma Phillips.
Roy, ?: Described as assistant military attaché of the US Embassy in Chungking, 1942-43.
Roy (party name): Allan Rosenberg’s party name.
Rozenberg, Julius: Spelling error. See Rosenberg, Julius.
Rozengauz, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Rozov, D. A.: Chairman of Amtorg in the late 1930s. Know in the American press as David A. Rosoff.
RRSA - R.R.R.S.A.: Russian Refugee Relief Society.
RSDRP: Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party.
RSFSR: Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika — Russian Socialist
Federal Soviet Republic
RSHA: Nazi SS Reichssicherheitshauptamt – Reich Security Main Office.
RU: Razvedyvatelnoye Upravleniye – “Intelligence Directorate” of the Soviet armed forces. More often
called GRU.
“Rubin” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ruby”.
Rubin, Gerald: Soviet intelligence contact/informant of some sort sent to California with difficulty with the
assistance of Jacob Golos.
Rubin, Helen: Teachers' union figure who knew Harold Glasser, 1936.
“Rubl'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ruble”.
“Ruble” [Rubl'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harold Glasser. “Ruble” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Harold Glasser. 410
“Ruby” [Rubin] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence agent, 1945.
Rudenko, Leonid: Chairman of the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission in the U.S.
“Rudi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rudy”.
“Rudol'f” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Rudolf”.
Rudolf [Rudol'f] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, 1936,
Berlin.
“Rudy” [Rudi] (cover name/party name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence contact. Likely Rudy
Baker. Described as being in a position to assist in training some covert radio operators in the
U.S. for KGB work in 1942. Rudy Baker, head of the CPUSA covert arm and who had
------------------------------------
409 Venona 1791 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 December 1944. In this message Cora’s husband is
referred to by both the cover name Ampere and Roy. FBI/NSA judged that both referred to the same
person, redacted the real name in both cases.
410 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

considerable experience with covert radio operations. “Rudy” Identified in the Venona decryptions
as a Soviet source linked to CPUSA and likely Rudy Baker. 411
“Ruff” [Yersh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Franz Neumann. “Ruff” occured in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet source in the OSS. 412 (Ruff is a type of fish.)
“Ruhr” [Rur] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent with close
CPUSA ties, 1948.
“Rulevoy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Helmsman”.
Rundstedt, Gerd von : Leading Wehrmacht general.
“Rupert” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): V.V. Sveshnikov.
“Rur” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ruhr”.
Russian Information Bureau: Unofficial Soviet office in Washington prior to diplomatic recognition.
Russian People’s University: Private “White” Russian institution in New York, 1920s.
Russian Refugee Relief Society (R.R.R.S.A.): White refugee organization.
Russian Social-Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP): Tsarist era Marxist party in Russia, divided between
the moderate Mensheviks and the extremist Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin.
Russian Voice: See Russky Golos.
Russian-American Financial Syndicate: Described as a anti-Bolshevik coordinating body
Russian-American Institute: Cultural organization that promoted Soviet-American friendship.
Russicum, Pontificum Collegium: Vatican college dedicated to studies of culture and spirituality of Russia
founded in 1929 by Pope Pius XI, who was impressed by large number of Russian refugees fleeing
Bolshevik persecution of Christianity.
Russky Golos [Russian Voice]: Russian-language newspaper aligned with the CPUSA.
Rust, Heinrich: Described as an associate of ? Ronnby in 1924.
Rutenberg, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Ruthenberg, Charles: Leader of the early Communist movement in the USA.
R.V.: See Russian Voice.
“Ryabchik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hazel Grouse”.
Ryan, George: Pseudonym used by Norman Borodin in contact with Duggan.
Ryan (party name): Tim Ryan, Comintern party name of Gene Dennis.
Rybak, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent targeting Ukrainians. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Ukrainian”.
Rybnikor, ?: Described a official of the Yugoslav Film Committee, 1950.
“Rybolov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fisherman”. (Alternative translation: Fisher,
Osprey)
“Rychag” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Lever”. (Alternative translation: Linchpin.)
Rykov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Rykov, Alexei Ivanovich: Leading Bolshevik official and member of the politburo of the Soviet party in the
1920s. Purged by Stalin on charges of right deviation and executed in 1938.
Rykov, Vladimir Semenovich: Boy friend of Aleksandrova, 1954.
“Ryzhaya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Redhead” (female).
“Ryzhy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Redhead” (male).
S (abbreviation of cover name): Source in Justice Department, 1945. Possible abbreviation for “Sima”.
S. (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Initial of an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in
Mexico in 1950.
------------------------------------
411 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
412 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“S-1” [“C-1”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Herman Jacobson. “S-1” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Jacobson. 413
“S-10” [“C-10”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed Soviet intelligence source/agent, early
30s, used against Ukrainians.
“S/10” [“C/10”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Variant of “S-10”.
“S-100” [“C-100”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB agent/officer. References to in
1935.
“S/16” [“C/16”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1935, White line.
“S-17” [“C-17”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, likely
Russian immigrant.
“S-2” [“C-2”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Female
secretary in the Aviation Division of the Department of the Navy, source from early 30s through
WWII. Also appears as “S-II” and “S/2”. “S-2” appeared in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
intelligence source/agent, female, age 45 in 1944 whose name was redacted. 414
“S/2” [“C/2”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Variant of “S-2”.
“S/3”, [“C/3”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s.
“S-5” [“C-5”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Engineer from the scientist Ipatiev’s group.
“S-6” [“C-6”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed Soviet intelligence source/agent. Source
early 30s, chemical engineer in War Department Chemistry laboratory.
“S-7” [“C-7”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Simon Rosenberg.
“S/7” [“C/7”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Variant of “S-7”.
“S-8” [“C-8”] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Lukomsky in 1935. “S-8” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1945. 415 Uncertain if the
two are the same person.
“S/8” [“C/8”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Variant of “S-8”.
SA: Sturmabteilung – "Storm Division”, usually referred to as Storm Troops.
Sabatini, Amadeo: Soviet intelligence source/agent. 416 Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
agent with the cover name “Nick”. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nick”.
“Sachs” [Saks] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Solomon Adler, 1941-1945. “Sachs” appeared in the
Venona cables as an unidentified Soviet source and the context of the Sachs messages is
compatible with Adler. 417
“Sad” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Garden”.
Sadovnikov, Valentin Matveevich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent identified in the Venona decryptions
with the cover name “Said”.
Safe House (tradecraft term): (Konspirativnaya kvartira in Russian) A residence (house or apartment)
maintained by agents or other trusted persons (such as CPUSA members vouched for and assigned
by CPUSA leaders working with KGB) where a source may meet with a courier or KGB officer.
Sometimes the hosts of a safe house will also act as couriers for the source.
Saffian, Alexander: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 418 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Contractor”.
------------------------------------
413 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
414 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
415 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
416 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
417 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
418 Appendix C, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Said” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1945. “Said” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as probably Valentin Matveevich Sadovnikov.
“Sailor” [Matros](cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Truman. “Sailor” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Truman.
Sakharovsky, Aleksandr Mikhailovich: Director of KGB PGU, First Chief Directorate, 1956-71.
Saklatwala, Shapurji: Indian-born British Communist.
“Saks” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sachs”. (Alternative translation: Sax)
“Salikh” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in a
government agency, 1948.
Salisbury, Harrison: American journalist, Moscow correspondent.
Salmon, David A.: Soviet intelligence source/agent.. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Willy” and
“11”.
Salnevich, B. and Salvevich, I. (brothers): Likely emigre While Russians in Finland.
“Salt” [Solt] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence. 419
“Sam” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Tolchin, 1933-1934.
“Sam” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Michael Bogart, 1943-1945. “Sam” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source but as working in California and as the
younger brother of Burton Perry, also a Soviet source. 420
“Sam” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, 1950.
Sam (party name): party name for Gregory Silvermaster 1943.
Samarin, Mikhail: Soviet teacher with the Soviet diplomatic delegation in New York who defected in 1948.
Samartsev, ?: State Security officer, 1942.
Samsonov, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent know to Jacob Golos and later arrested in the purge of the
security services.
“San” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Richard Koral, son of Alexander Koral.
Sanders, Everett: Executive secretary to President Coolidge, 1925-1929.
“Sandi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sandy”.
“Sandy” [Sandi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
described as part of “Nick’s” group in 1948.
“Sanitar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Orderly”.
Santa Fe: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Okurov”.
San Francisco: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Babylon”
Sapieha, Prince ?: Social friend of Martha Dodd.
Saposs, David: New Deal official and anti-Stalinist left liberal.
Sarant, Alfred Epaminondas: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical
intelligence apparatus. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Secretly
defected to the USSR when Julius Rosenberg was arrested. 421 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Hughes”.
Sargent, Orme: Senior British diplomat.
“Sarin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Davrun Wittenberg.
“Sasha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Georgy Pokrovsky.
“Satir” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Satyr”.
“Satyr” [Satir] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sylvia Callen prior to August 1944. “Satyr” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Callen. 422
------------------------------------
419 In Venona, “Salt” was identified as possibly Army intelligence.
420 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
421 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Usdin, Engineering Communism,
422 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Sauerman Alfred: also known as Alfred von Saurma-Douglas.
Saurma-Douglas, Alfred von: see Alfred Sauerman.
“Saushkin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sergey Romanovich Striganov.
Savchenko, Sergey R.: Senior Soviet intelligence officer at Moscow Center, 1950.
Savery, William: Professor of Philosophy, University of Seattle, 1918-1919.
Sawyer, Charles: U.S. ambassador, Belgium, 1945.
Sax, Saville: Soviet intelligence agent. Young Communist and college roommate and friend of Theodore
Hall. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet agent. 423 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Star”.
Schacht, Hjalmar: Leading economics and finance official in the Nazi government in the 1930s.
Scheffer, Paul: Moscow correspondent of the Berliner Tageblatt.
Schenck, Joseph: chairman of Twentieth Century Fox film company.
Scherer, Marcel: Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group. CPUSA cadre, offical of the
Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians (FAECT-CIO). Brother of Paul
Scherer.
Scherer, Paul: Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group. Brother of Marcel Scherer.
Schiff, Jacob: American international banker, head of the international banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb, & Co.
Schimmel, Herbert: Secret Communist, on the staff of a variety of Federal agencies, including the House
Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration and served as chief of investigation,
Senate Subcommittee onWar Mobilization (Kilgore Committee). After WWII worked for the
U.N.’s Division of Economic Stability and Development. Thought by Victor Perlo (Perlo memo
15 March 1945) to have some clandestine connection. Invoked the Fifth amendment to refuse to
answer Congressional questions about his covert Communist links. He was subsequently fired by
the U.N. 424
Schink, E.F.: Garble for Frederick John Schink.
Schink, Frederick John: Soviet intelligence contact/informant, via “Liberal”, prior to 1933.
Schmidt, Orris: Described as administrator working in U.S. occupation government of Germany on
economic matters. (Alternative translation: Shmidt)
Schocken, T. D.: Described as OSS officer/staff.
Scholtz, H.W.: Described as an American “specialist” at the “E. B. Badger” plant #3 in Kuybyshev
Siberia, USSR.
Schon, Hubert: Contact of Harold Glasser at some point.
Schumacher, Kurt: Leader of the German SPD after WWII and anti-Communist.
Schuman, Irving George: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Amadeo Sabatini (former KGB agent) in early
1950s told FBI the he and Irving George Schuman had been assigned by his KGB superior, Joseph
Katz, to surveil KGB defector Walter Krivitsky in 1939. An entry in Alexander Vassiliev’s
notebooks on “Veil” associates him with Katz and Sabatini. 425 While suggestive, the evidence is
not sufficient to conclude that Schuman was “Veil”.
Schuman, Robert: French Foreign Minister, 1948-1950.
Schuster, ?: Described as executive officer of Telefunken, 1945.
Schuster, Bernard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Senior CPUSA cadre. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley
as assisting Jacob Golos’s covert work.Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 426 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Chester” (a party named used as a cover
------------------------------------
423 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell.
424 U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities.. United Nations, 15.
425 Kern, Death in Washington, 319; FBI memorandum, “Existing Corroboration of Bentley’s Overall
Testimony,” 6 May 1955, “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 4201; Vassiliev, Black, 176.
426 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 45; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

name), replaced with “Echo” (June 1943), “Jack” (December 1943), and “Freedman” (October
1944).
Schuyler, Cortlandt Van R.: U.S. Army general, chief of American mission in Rumania in 1945.
Schwartz, Bert D. : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Schwartz, Emanuel: Target of recruitment. Mathematician who had worked at the Manhattan atomic
project facility at Los Alamos. Parents born in Russia and naturalized in Canada. Also known as
E. Shagam. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Domby”.
Schwartz, Thomas: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as a former German Consul. Cover name
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “James”.
Schwellenbach, Lewis: U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1945-1948.
“Scott” [Skott] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Arthur Wynn in Great Britain, 1944. “Scott” in
described in West and Tsarev as a significant KGB source in Britain but is not identified. 427
Scott, Helen: see Keenan, Helen Grace Scott.
“Scott” [Skott] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): John Reynolds, 1943-1945.
“Scout” [Skaut] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joel Barr prior to September 1944. “Scout” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Barr. 428
Scouts: See “Lazutchiki”.
“Screw” [Vint] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Victor Hammer, 1940s-1960s.
Scriagin, ?: Soviet diplomat in Washington, 1945.
Scripps-Howard: American newspaper chain.
SD: U.S. State Department.
Seaborg, Glen: Physical chemist, Nobell prize winner. Senior scientist on the Manhattan atomic project.
“Seal” [Tyulen'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Konstantin Umansky. “Seal” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Umansky.
“Seaman” [Moryak] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
technical line, 1943. “Seaman” appeared in the Venona decryptions as a unidentified Soviet
intelligence source/agent. 429
Sebastian, Georgy Karlovich: Hungarian-born German citizen, a musical conductor who worked in
Hollywood and the USSR, mid-1930s.
Sechkin, ?: Soviet intelligence source/agent. An engineer for Torpedo Corp., around 45 years old, NY.
“Second” [Vtoroy] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent,
early 1930s.
Secret Intelligence Service (SIS, also known as MI6): Britain’s foreign intelligence agency. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Hotel” (1944-1945).
“Secretary” [Sekretar] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Hoover, very probably Herbert Hoover but
possibly J. Edgar Hoover, described as part of “Transatlantica” conspiracy/organization.
Secretary of War, U.S.: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bomb”, circa 1944. At that time the
Secretary of War was Henry Stimson.
SED: Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party of Germany). Ruling Communist
party of the GDR. A product of the forced merger of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
(SPD) with the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD).
“Sedar” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Cedar”.
------------------------------------
427 West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 116, 274–76, 278.
428 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
429 Venona 388 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 March 1943; Venona 899 KGB New York to
Moscow, 11 June 1943; Venona 1200 KGB New York to Moscow, 23 August 1944; Venona 1267 KGB
New York to Moscow, 6 September 1944; Venona 1332 KGB New York to Moscow, 18 September 1944.

“Sedov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1942. Chief
of the San Francisco station prior to Kheifets.
Sedov, Lev: Son of Leon Trotsky.
Seeger, Charles: Musical folklorist. From 1935 to 1953 he held positions in the federal government's
Resettlement Administration, Works Projects Administration (WPA), and Pan American Union,
including serving as an administrator for the Works Projects Administration Music Project.
Thought by Victor Perlo to have had some connection with CPUSA or Soviet intelligence work.
“Sekretar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Secretary”.
Seldes, George: Journalist and secret Communist.
Select Committee Investigating National Defense Migration: U.S. House select committee, 1940-1943,
chaired by Rep. John H. Tolan (D. California). Know as the Tolan Committee.
Seller [Prodavets]: See “Vendor”.
Seller, Richard: Described as secretary to Congressman Hugh De Lacy.
“Selo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Village”.
“Sem” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sam”.
“Semen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Simon”. (Semen is the Russian equivalent of Simon.
When the cover name appears to apply to an American, it is translated as Simon. When it applies
to a Russian, it is kept as Semen.)
“Semen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet worker at Soviet World’s Fair exhibition in 1939.
“Semen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): N. Ia. Aksenov in 1954.
“Semen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer, 1948.
“Semen” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer at Moscow Center.
Semen ?: Friend of Armand Victorovich Hammer at the Moscow Institute of Foreign Languages.
Semenov, Semen Markovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. (Alternative translations Semyon
Semyonov). Birth name Alexander Taubman. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Twain”. Known as Simon to Harry Gold.
“Seminary” [Burse] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): A university, likely the University of Chicago.
Semyonov, Semyon Markovich: See Semen Markovich Semenov.
Senior [Starshy]: See “Elder”.
“Sen'or” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Senor”.
“Senor” [Sen'or] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Koral in August 1944. “Senor” changed
to “Berg” in September 1944. “Senor” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source/agent in 1944 whose cover name was changed to “Berg” in September
1944. 430
“Senya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Morton Sobell, late 1944 and 1945.
“Serb” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Chmilevski starting in September 1944. Earlier
“Relay”. “Serb” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent with an artificial leg, an attribute that matchs Chmilevski. 431
Serebryanov, Yakov: Variant of Yakov Serebryansky.
Serebryansky, Yakov Isaakovich,: Senior KGB officer, head of a 1930s KGB special operations group that
specialized in sabotage, kidnapping, and assassination. Also known as Yasha Serebryanov.
“Sergey” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Vladimir Pravdin. “Sergey” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Pravdin.
Sergeyev, ?: Describes as “Deputy People’s Commissar” and associate of Anatoly Gorsky. References to in
1945.
------------------------------------
430 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
431 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Sernovodsk” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Albuquerque, NM.
“Serov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Head of KGB station in Vienna, early 1950s. (Possibly
this is real name Serov rather than a cover name.)
Serov, Ivan Aleksandrovich: Senior KGB officer, later head of the KGB, 1954-1958.
“Sesil'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cecil”.
Setaro, Richard: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Journalist, deputy chief of the Latin American
department of CBS radio. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Express Messenger” prior to October 1944, then “Jean”. 432
Seversky, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Seversky Aircraft: Designed and build military aircraft, later renamed Republic Aviation.
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur: Senior Nazi government official.
S.H.: Initials of someone described as a CPUSA member contacted by Commissioner of Docks, Mr. Hertz,
in 1932.
“Sh-142” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Akets.
“Sh/142” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Variant of “Sh-142”.
“Sh-147” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Robert Allen.
Shabanov, Konstantin A.: See Konstantine A. Chugunov. Shabanov was likely Chugunov’s pseudonym in
the U.S..
Shachtman, Max: American Trotskyist leader. Candidate for cover name “Gay” in Vassiliev’s notebooks.
SHAEF: Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.
Shagam, E.: see Schwartz, Emanuel.
“Shah” [Shakh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Konstantine. A. Chugunov. “Shah” occured in the
Venona decryptions as the cover name of Soviet diplomat and KGB officer Konstantin A.
Shabanov or Chabanov. Likely Shabanov was Chugunov’s pseudonym.
“Shakh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Shah”.
Shakhnazarov, ?: Soviet official known to Victor Hammer, 1957.
Shakhurin, Vladimir: Described as a friend of Victor Hammer and the son of a high Soviet official who
shot and killed the daughter of Konstantin Umansky and then killed himself.
Shaliapin, Mikhail A.: see Shalyapin, Mikhail A.
Shalyapin, Mikhail A.: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. (Alternative translations: Shaliapin, Chaliapin).
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Stock”.
“Shaman” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Earl Browder, 1946-. (Alternative translation: Sorcerer)
Shapiro, ?: Described as Soviet plenipotentiary in Lithuania.
Shapiro, ?: Jacob Golos recommended for recruitment on technical line in 1942.
Shapiro, Henry: United Press correspondent in Moscow.
Sharapov, ?: KGB officer, references to in 1943 and 1950.
Sharapov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Sharia, ?: Soviet intelligence officer.
Sharkov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Shatov, V. S.: Described as official of Turksib.
Shawcross, Hartley: U.K. Attorney General and prosecutor in Klaus Fuchs’s trial.
Shaytukhov, A. I.: KGB officer, Moscow, 1965.
Shchanova (or Shchapova), Tanya: Described as a girl friend of Armand V. Hammer, 1950
“Shchuka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pike”.
------------------------------------
432 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944. “Jean” does not appear in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks.

Shebarshin, Leonid Vladimirovich: Chief of PGU KGB, 1989-1991
Sheen, Fulton: Prominent Roman Catholic priest, later a bishop..
“Shef” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Chief”.
Sheffer, Paul: Described by Jacob Golos in 1944 as someone involved with the public exposure as a
Communist of a doctor and relative of Harry Dexter White named Volman or Volper.
Sheftel, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Shelepin, Aleksandr: Chief of the KGB, 1958-1961.
Shell Union Oil Corporation.
“Shelter” [Priyut] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration, UNRRA. “Shelter” was identified in the Venona decryptions as UNRRA.
Shepardson, Whitney H.: Senior OSS officer.
Shepherd [Pastukh]: See “Herdsman”.
Sherman, Isaac J.: American, director of Amtorg, 1924.
Sherman, Roger: Signer of the Declaration of Independence.
Sherman, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1944. Linked to Perlo espionage apparatus. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Boy”.
Shershnev, ?: KGB officer, 1945.
“Shervud” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sherwood”.
Sherwood, Eddie: Described as guide for a American touring group in the USSR, early 1930s or late
1920s.
“Sherwood” [Shervud] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Laurence Duggan beginning in August 1944,
changed to “Prince” in September 1944. “Sherwood” was identified in the Venona decryptions as
Duggan. 433
Sherwood, William: Communist, associate of Michael Straight and Donald Wheeler at Oxford. American.
(Unclear if this is the same William Sherwood as the contact of Harold Glasser.)
Sherwood, William: Contact of Harold Glasser, 1945.
Shevchenko, Andrey Ivanovich: Soviet intelligence officer. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Arseny”.
Shevelev, Lt Gen Ivan G.: Head of KGB 5th Directorate (Cryptography).
Shey, Monsignor: Described as an aide to Cardinal Spellman.
Shields, Jimmy: Senior British Communist official.
Shimkin, Victor: Described as publisher of Novoye Russkoye Slovo.
Shimmel, O. V.: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Shimmel likely used the psuedonym of Olga Khlopkova
in the U.S. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Julia”.
Shipley & Co.: International banking firm.
Shipley, Ruth: Head of DOS passport bureau.
Shiyk, Andrew: Soviet intelligence source/agent since 1934. Hungarian embassador to the U.S. 1946.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Shumsky”.
“Shkiper” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Skipper”.
Shlyapnikov, Rudolf Petrovich: Senior KGB officer, 1957.
“Shmel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bumblebee”.
Shmitkhen, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1937.
“Shofer” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Chauffeur”.
“Shore” [Bereg] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): North Africa. “Shore” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as North Africa.
Shostakovich, Dmitri: Soviet composer.
------------------------------------
433 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Shou” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Show”.
“Show” [Shou] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. government body, probably the House
Committee on Un-American Activities.
Shpigelglaz, Sergey M.: Senior Soviet intelligence officer. Also known as Mikhail Shpigelglas.
(Alternative translations in the literature of his family name: Spiguelglass). Executed in Stalin’s
purge of his security services in the late 1930s. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Duche”.
“Shponka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Spline”.
“Shrewd” [Srud] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical
intelligence 1940.
Sh/t: See C/t.
“Shtamp” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Stamp”.
Shtemenko, Sergey M.: Soviet general, chief of staff, late 1940s.
“Shtok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Stock”. The original Russian, Shtok, is translated as
Rod. The Venona project, however, took “Shtok” as phonetic and translated it as “Stock”. To
avoid confusion, “Stock” is also adopted here.
“Shtorm” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Storm”.
Shudenko, Stepan Nikolaevich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Nazar”.
Shugunov: see Chugunov.
Shulberg, Seymore : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Shulga, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Shulkind, ?: Described as a friend of the Robert Switz’s wife.
“Shum” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Noise”.
Shumakov, Boris: Russian brother-in-law of Helen Silvermaster.
Shumakova, K.P.: Sister of Helen Silvermaster in the Soviet Union.
Shumovsky, Stanislav: Soviet intelligence officer. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Blerio”.
“Shumsky” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Andrew Shiyk.
Shumyatsky, Boris Z.: Senior Bolshevik official on mission in Persia, 1923-1924. Executed in Stalin’s
Terror in 1938.
Shuneman, Fred: Member of CPUSA and Communist Party of Canada, radio operator for the KGB station
in 1934-35. Described as married to Yetta Gabin. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Williams”.
“Shura” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Olga Pravdina.
Shuvalov, ?: Described as the father of Varvara Hammer.
“Si” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Manager of the Soviet Consulate in New York, circa 1944.
“Si” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the cover name used for the third secretary of
Soviet NY consulate, Evgeny Aleksandrovich Dmitriev.
“Sid” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Allan Rosenberg.
“Sidney” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, illegal station. References
to in 1940.
“Sidon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): London, U.K. “Sidon” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as London.
Sidorovich, Ann: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Objective”. Ann
Sidorovich was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source/agent, but
under the cover name “Squirrel”. See “Objective” and “Squirrel” for an explanation of the Venona
project’s error on “Squirrel”. 434
------------------------------------
434 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Ann Sidorovich was identified as “Objective” in

Sidorovich, Michael: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Member of Rosenberg’s technical intelligence
apparatus. Michael Sidorovich was identified in the Venona decryptions as an Soviet intelligence
source/agent with the cover name “Lens”. 435 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Lens”.
Siebert, Hans: Described as a leader of German Communists in London in 1946.
Siemens Incorporated
Sigal, ?: Described as Amtorg employee with links to Trotsky.
Sigaloff, Eugene: Described as Russian immigrant applying for job in Chicago in 1935.
Sigalov, Evgeny: Variant of Eugene Sigaloff.
“Signal” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, aviation
after October 1944, earlier cover name “Emulsion”. 436
Signing on (tradecraft phrase): KGB idiom for the formal recruitment of an agent. Also known and
“contracting”.
“S-II” [C-II] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Colonel ? Pierce. (Not same as female secretary “S-
II”/”S-2”).
“S-II” [C-II] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Variant of “S-2”, a female secretary source in the U.S.
Department of the Navy.
Sikorski, Wladyslaw: Leader of the Polish government-in-exile until 1943.
Silcox, ?: Described as an “intermediary” between Amtorg and American companies, 1928.
Sili, ?: KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1936.
Silver Legion: Also known as Silver Shirts. American fascist organization led by William Dudley Pelley.
Silverberg, Tom: Described as a secret Communist employed at the Manhattan atomic project’s Chicago
facility. Suspected of being a Communist by the FBI and Military security and, consequently, the
Army drafted him and assigned him away from atomic work.
Silverman, Abraham George: Soviet intelligence source/agent. In 1942 Silverman became civilian chief of
analysis and plans to the assistant chief of the Army Air Force Air Staff for Material and Service.
Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster espionage group. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 437 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Aileron”.
Silvermaster, Arkady: Brother of Gregory Silvermaster.
Silvermaster, Helen Witte: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Wife of Nathan Gregory Silvermaster.
Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster espionage group. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 438 Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 439 Party name: Sam. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pal” and then
“Robert” (starting August 1944).
Sil'vi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sylvia”.
“Sima” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Judith Coplon.
“Simon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Simon Rosenberg”.
Simpson, Renata: Described as a sister of Ursula Kuczynski.
“Sincere” [Iskrenny] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent
in Moscow, early 1930s.
Sinclair, Upton: American writer, 1930s-1950s.
------------------------------------
Feklisov and Kostin, Man Behind, 142.
435 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
436 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
437 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 24–27, 52; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
438 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 18–23, 25–27; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
439 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 18–28, 34, 40, 45, 52, 56, 74–75, 80, 91, 94, 104–5; Appendix A,
Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Sindikat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Syndicate”.
“Singer” [Pevets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentifed source early 30s, possibly a
stenographer.
Siniavsky, ?: Soviet official involved in high technology acquisition.
“Sinitsa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Blue Tit”. (Alternative translations: Titmouse).
“Sirano” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cyrano”.
SIS: Secret Intelligence Service, U.K. Also known as MI6.
Sise, Hazen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Elizabeth Bentley identified Hazen Sise, a secret Canadian
Communist, veteran of the Spanish Civil War (medical unit), and Washington representative of the
Canadian National Film Board, as one of the sources for her network. 440 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Operator”.
“Siskin” [Chizh] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Eduardo Pequeño. Siskin (a type of bird) occured
in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified cover name of a Soviet agent operating in South and
Central America. 441
Sister branch or organization (KGB tradecraft term): GRU, Soviet military intelligence agency.
Site W: Manhattan atomic project designation for its facilities at Hanford, WA.
Site X: Manhattan atomic project designation for its facilities at Oak Ridge, TN.
Site Y: Manhattan atomic project designation for its facilities at Los Alamos, NM.
Sites, George: Described as American pro-Nazi activist.
Sizov, ?: Soviet military attache in London, 1944.
SK: Reference unclear. May be “Sovetskaya Koloniya" – Soviet Colony.
“Skat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ray”. (Skat is translated as skate, the name for ray
fish, not roller skates or ice skates. “Skat” was translated in the Venona decryptions as “Ray” and
that precedent if followed here to minimize confusion.)
Skate: see “Ray”.
“Skaut” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Scout”.
“Skiers” [Lyzhniki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Britains, English, post war. “Skiers” appeared in
the Venona decryptions as unidentified.
Skinner, Herbert: Scientist in the British atomic program, late 1940s.
“Skipper” [Shkiper] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in
Mexico. Likely someone with close ties to the Soviet embassy. “Skipper” appears in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet contact in Mexico. 442
Skoryukov, ?: Soviet diplomat at the San Francisco consulate in 1941.
“Skott” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Scott”.
Skvirsky, Boris: Amtorg official in the 1920, later Soviet embassy staff.
Slack, Alfred: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Chemist at Eastman Kodak in Rochester, New York and
Holston Ordnance Works in Kingsport, Tennessee. 443 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “El”
and “Ell” prior to October 1944, then “Bir”.
“Slang” [Sleng] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jane Foster. Also known as Jane Foster Zlatowski
(married name). “Slang” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Foster. 444
------------------------------------
440Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 50.
441Venona 747 KGB New York to Moscow, 25 May 1944; Venona 1142 KGB New York to Moscow,
10 August 1944; Venona 1621 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 November 1944; Venona 1691 KGB New
York to Moscow, 1 December 1944; Venona 500 KGB Moscow to Mexico City, 12 August 1944.
442Venona 653 KGB Moscow to Mexico City, 15 November 1944; Venona 559 KGB Moscow to
Mexico City, 7 September 1945.
443Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File (1997), 152–53; Sibley, Red Spies, 110–12.
444Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Slava” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ilya Elliott Wolston. “Slava” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Wolston. 445 Slava translates as Glory, but Wolston was know to Jack Soble and
Boris Morris, two of his KGB contacts, by the untranslated “Slava.”
“Slave” [Rab] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source, possibly a
U.S. government employee, involved with furnishing false immigration or passport documents,
1935. Described as motivated by money rather than ideology.
“Slave” [Rab] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
Communist, technological intelligence, 1942. Associated with Julius Rosenberg.
Slavyagin, A. (real name) Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Artem”.
“Sleng” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Slang”.
Slutsky, Abram Aronovich: Senior KGB officer, headed the KGB foreign intelligence service from May
1935 to February 1938, died under myterious circumstances during the Terror (likely murdered)
and subequently denounced as an enemy of the people.
Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki: SVR – Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), successor to the foreign
intelligence branch of the KGB.
SM: Sovet ministrov — Council of Ministers (formerly the Council of People’s Commissars).
SM: Unidentified American military radio or radar devise
“Smart” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Elliot Goldberg, engineer for an oil equipment company in
New York. “Smart” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified technical source/agent
passed to GRU with instructions for GRU to call him “Eliot”. 446
Smeltzer, Harold: Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical intelligence, Bell aircraft. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Armor”. “Armor” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source/agent with attributes that fit Smeltzer and as having the cover name
“Stamp” until October 1944 when he became “Armor”. 447
“Smel'y” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Plucky” (Alternative translations: Brave,
Courageous)
SMERSH: Smert Shpionam [Death to Spies]. Chief Counterintelligence Directorate of the USSR People’s
Commissariat of Defense. KGB special detarchment, 1943-1946, charged with counterintelligence
duties as well as harshly suppressing disaffection and malingering in the Red Army as
well as.
Smilg, Benjamin: Soviet intelligence source/agent, aviation technology. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Lever”.
Smilg, David: Considered for recruitment. Younger brother of “Lever”/Benjamin Smilg. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “David”.
“Smirna” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Smyrna”.
Smirnoff, Victor: Variant spelling of the head of Amkino, Victor E. Smirnov.
Smirnov, Victor E.: Head of Amkino.
“Smit” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Smith”.
Smith, ?: Assistant to the Secretary of State, 1938.
Smith, Ben: British Labour Party member of parliament described as slated to take over Llewellyn’s duties
with the British delegation to the Manhattan Project.
Smith, Berton F.U.: Garble for Smith, Burton J.W.
Smith, Burton J.W.: American who wrote a letter to Stalin in 1930 offering his services to the USSR and
the Communist cause.
------------------------------------
445 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
446 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
447 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.

Smith, Cyril: Head of the plutonium metallurgy group during the Manhattan Project.
Smith, Howard Kingsbury: American journalist.
Smith, Howard W.: U.S. representative (D. VA)
Smith, Jessica: Editor of Soviet Russia Today/New World Review. Communist. Wife of Harold Ware and,
after his death, John Abt. On Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as
covert Communists who were espionage risks. 448
Smith, Julia: Elizabeth Bentley’s maternal grandmother.
Smith, Paul: Described as active in Massachusetts politics and a friend of Tom Corcoran
“Smith” [Smit] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Chivin early 1930s.
Smith, Walter Bedell: U.S. Ambassador to the USSR, 1946-1948, former U.S. Army general.
Smith’s line: Espionage activity supervised by unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent “Smith”, 1938.
Smyka, Anastasia Illarionovna: Crew on the Soviet tanker “Azerbaijan”.
“Smyrna” [Smirna] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Moscow. “Smyrna” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Moscow.
Smyth, Henry DeWolf. : Physicist, participant in the Manhattan atomic project, member of the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission, 1949-1954.
“Snegirev” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Valentin A. Sorokin. (Alternative translation:
Sneguirev).
“Snegov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Boris Sokolov.
SNK: Sovet narodnykh komissarov — Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR.
Snow, Helen Foster: See Wales, Nym.
Snyder, John: U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, 1946-1953.
“Soba” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, operating
outside the U.S. and brother of Olga Neyman.
Sobell, Morton: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Engineer and member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical
intelligence apparatus. Convicted of espionage in 1951 and imprisoned. 449 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Senya” (1944-1945), “Stone” (1951).
Soble, Jack: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Abram” until
September 1944 (with occasional use thereafter), then “Czech”, appears as “Peter” by early 1945,
then “Czech” once more.
Soble, Myra: Soviet intelligence agent. Wife of Jack Soble. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Myra”
and candidate for “Maria”.
Soblen, Robert: Soviet intelligence agent. Used extensively for anti-Trosky work in Europe and America.
A medical doctor. Party name Fred Carroll. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Roman”.
Sobol, ?: Soviet intelligence officer. Executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services in the late 1930s.
Socialist Party, U.S.
Socialist Revolutionaries (SR): Left-wing populist political movement in the Tsarist era. Alexander
Kerensky of the SR led the provisional government established by the February 1917 revolution in
Russian that was overthrown in the Bolshevik coup of November 1917. The SRs easily won the
popular vote for the Constituent Assembly established by the provisional government, but the
Assembly was dispersed by force by the Bolsheviks. Elements of the “left SR” corroborated with
and were absorbed by the Bolsheviks. Most SRs, however, were anti-Bolshevik and exiled SRs
were a large element among the anti-Bolshevik refugee Russians.
Society for Technical Aid to Soviet Russia: Provided private relief and industrial assistance to the USSR in
the 1920s. Covertly run by the CPUSA.
------------------------------------
448 Berle, “Espionage Agent.”
449 Radosh and Milton, Rosenberg File (1997); Usdin, Engineering Communism.

Society of Friends of the Soviet Union: See Friends of the Soviet Union.
SOE: Special Operations Executive, British commando, covert operations military agency.
Sogolow, Boris: Variant of Sokolov, Boris. Described as brother-in-law of Eugene Sigaloff who emigrated
to Germany.
“Sohnchen” [Zenkhen] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See Kim Philby (From the German
Söhnchen)
“Sokol” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Falcon”.
Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich: Senior Bolshevik leader. Finance commissar in the 1920s. Imprisoned
in the Terror and died in the Gulag.
Sokolov, ?: Described as a professor in Moscow in 1949.
Sokolov, Boris: Brother-in-law of Evgeny Sigalov, described as emigrating from Russia to Germany in the
1920s.
Sokolov, Boris K.: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Soviet diplomat, co-optee for KGB Washington
Station. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Snegov”.
Sokolov, Georgy Alexandrovich: KGB officer 1949, deputy station chief in Washington late 40s. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fedor”.
Sokolov, Yury: Soviet intelligence officer, New York Station 1948. Candidate for the cover name
“Claude”. 450
“Sol” (first name used as a cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sol Leshinsky.
“Solid” [Solidny] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): James H. Hibben prior to October 1944. “Solid”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as unidentified technical source in 1943 and 1944. In the
Venona decryptions “Solid” was changed to “Kinsman” in October 1944. “Kinsman” does not
does not appear in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks and the name may not have been implemented
because “Solid” had become “Reed” in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks by 1945. Additionally, a
New York KGB station Venona cable shortly after the shift from “Solid” to “Kinsman” stated that
the reported change in “Solid” cover name was garbled. “Reed” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified technical intelligence source in November 1944, and this likely was
“Reed”/Hibben. Hibben’s real name does not appear in Vassiliev’s notebooks, but
“Solid”/“Reed” is described as chief of the Chemical Division of the U.S. Tariff Commission, a
position James Hibben held at the time. FBI also identified Hibben as an associate of Soviet agent
Mary Price and had information that he was using his position to access documents on military
explosives that were unrelated to his official duties. 451
“Solidny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Solid”. (Alternative translations: Reputable,
Impressive, Mature)
Solovitz, Netty : Described as OSS officer/staff.
Solovyov, ?: Described as a professor in Moscow in 1949.
“Solt” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Salt”.
Somervell, Brehon Burke: Commanding General, U.S. Army Service Forces, WWII.
“Son” [Syn] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer F.A. Garanin. References to in 1945,
1946.
Sondergaard, Gale: Wife of Herbert Biberman. Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by
Martha Dodd.
------------------------------------
450 Albright and Kunstel, Bombshell, 184–85.
451 “FBI Silvermaster File 65–56402,” serial 557; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944; Venona 1509
KGB New York to Moscow, 23 October 1944; Venona 1557 KGB New York to Moscow, 6 November
1944.

“Sonny” [Synok] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Victor Hammer, used in 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.
Sonny [Zenkhen]: See “Sohnchen”.
“Sonya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ursula Kuczynski.
Sorcerer [Shaman]: See “Shaman”.
Sorge, Richard: GRU officer who ran highly successful networks in China and Japan. Arrested by
Japanese security and executed.
Sorokin, Valentin A.: Soviet intelligence officer. Cover in the U.S.: staff of Sovinformburo, 1946. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Snegirev”.
“Sosedi” (cover name/tradecraft term in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Neighbors”.
Sosluzhivtsy (Tradecraft/cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Coworkers”.
“Sotsul” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Employee of
Rumanian embassy.
Sotto, ?: Described as the second secretary of the Chilean embassy in the USA.
“Sound” [Zvuk] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jacob Golos. “Sound” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Golos. 452
Southern Council for Human Welfare: Civic activist body led by Popular Front liberals and secret
Communists.
Sovdepia: A derogatory name for Soviet Russia by those hostile to Bolshevik rule. Derives from an
abbreviation for the Russian term, Sovet Deputatov: "Council of Deputies"
SovExportFilm: Soviet film production agency.
Soviet Government Purchasing Commission (SGPC): Soviet agency that supervised Soviet Lend-Lease
purchases in the U.S.
Soviet Information Bureau: Soviet foreign information and propaganda agency.
Soviet Review: likely a confusion with Soviet Russia Today.
Soviet Russia Today.
Sovinformbureau: Soviet Information Bureau.
Sovnarkhoz: Council of the National Economy.
Sovnarkom: Sovet narodnykh komissarov (SNK) — Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR.
Soyuz: See Union.
Soyuzbumaga: All-Union Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.
Soyuzintorgkino: Soviet agency that distributed Soviet films abroad and obtained foreign films for Soviet
distribution.
Soyuzneft: All-Union Association of the Oil and Gas Industry.
Söhnchen: See “Sohnchen”.
“Spa” [Kurort] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): broadly, U.S. military intelligence, the Military
Intelligence Division of the War Department and Army G-2. “Spa” was also identified as U.S.
military intelligence in the Venona decryptions. 453
Spaatz, Carl: Senior American Army Air Corps and USAF general.
Spalding, Sidney P.: Supervisor for American firm “Badger” in USSR.
Sparks, H.: Described as member of the Michigan CPUSA Central Committee in late 1937.
“Sparta” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Moscow, 1950.
“Spartans” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviets, 1950.
Special work (party idiom): Covert work of some sort.
------------------------------------
452 The cover name “Sound” is a play on Golos’s name, which means Voice in Russian.
453 There is one reference to “kurort” as a term for prison, but that appears to have been ironic slang
and not a cover name. Alexander Vassiliev, White Notebook #1 [2007 English Translation], trans. Steven
Shabad (1993–96), 3.

Speer, Albert: Nazi German minister for armaments and war production.
Spellman, Francis Joseph Cardinal: Leading Roman Catholic prelate in America.
Spellman, John: Brother of Cardinal Spellman.
Spellman, Kathleen: Niece of Cardinal Spellman.
Spellman, Martin: Brother of Cardinal Spellman.
Spenser, Frank: Teachers union figure who knew Harold Glasser, 1936.
Sperry Corporation.
“Spies” [“Lazutchiki”]: Title of a KGB file in Vassiliev’s notebooks containing reports on American
counter-intelligence and espionage carried out in the U.S. by German and Japanese intelligence
agencies.
Spivak, John: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Radical journalist and secret Communist who specialized in
investigation and exposure of rightists. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as carrying out covert tasks
for Jacob Golos. 454 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Grin”. Candidate for the cover names
“18” and “John”.
“Spline” [Shponka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Michael K. Cham until October 1944. “Spline”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source/agent but FBI/NSA
redacted the name. 455
“Sposobny” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Gifted”.
“Spring” [Vesna] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? White.
“Spruce” [El']: see “Fir”.
“Squirrel” [Belka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence agent, courier. References to in
1945, 1947, 1950. “Squirrel” is described as the “wife of ‘Hudson’” Edith Emery is a candidate
for “Squirrel”. Emery was married to CPUSA official Roy Hudson. (There is also an unidentified
Soviet intelligence source/agent with the cover name “Husdon”.) Emery had worked as a courier
for the CPUSA covert apparatus in the 1930s, and she was the subject of a badly broken New
York KGB message to Moscow on 3 July 1942. Just five days after the garbled KGB cable to
Moscow about Emery, General Fitin of the KGB asked the Comintern to provide whatever
information the Comintern had on Emery as well as on two other persons associated with her.
While exactly what the 1942 KGB cable and Fitin’s query were about is not clear, this was a
period when the KGB was reviewing and in some cases reviving dormant Comintern and GRU
networks, and these documents may part of that process of vetting Emery for being taken on as a
courier. “Squirrel” as a cover name was identified in a single 1945 Venona message that also
discussed “Lens” (Michael Sidorovich) and NSA/FBI suggested that “Squirrel” was possibly Ann
Sodorovich. Based on Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks, this was mistaken. Instead, “Squirrel”
was a courier who serviced a safe house hosted by “Lens” and “Objective” (Michael and Ann
Sidorovich). 456
SR (S.R.): Socialist Revolutionaires
SRT: Soviet Russia Today.
“Srud” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Shrewd”.
SS: Schutzstaffel, German for "Protective Squadron”, elite security/military formations directly controlled
by the National Socialist German Workers Party.
Stachel, Jack: Senior CPUSA official.
------------------------------------
454 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 29–30, 66.
455 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
456 Venona 927, 928 KGB New York to Moscow 3 July 1942; Fitin to Dimitrov, 8 July 1942, Archive
of the Dimitrov Secretariat of the Comintern, RGASPI 495-74-485; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr,
Venona [2000].

Stalin, Joseph: Born Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili. Supreme power in the Soviet state from 1928 to
1953.
“Stamp” (Shtamp) (cover name in the Venona decryptions): “Stamp” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source/agent for a source at Bell Aircraft in New York and
whose real name was redacted. “Stamp” became “Armor” in October 1944. “Armor” is identified
in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as Harold Smeltzer, therefore “Stamp” was Harold
Smeltzer. 457
Stan (party name): Stanley Graze.
Stan: Work name Ivan Morozov used with Harry Gold.
Standard Oil Company.
Standley, William: USN admiral and U.S. Ambassador, Moscow, 1942-43.
“Stanley” [Stenli] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1938. Technical intelligence. 458
Stapler, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Thomas Black identified Stapler as a Soviet industrial
espionage source. Black’s description of Stapler’s activities matches the activities of the Soviet
source “Ray” (later changed to “Karl”) in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks. “Ray”/“Karl” also
appeared in the Venona decryptions, and NSA/FBI analysis identified the real name but redacted it.
However, a 1951 FBI memo reviewing Venona noted that nine persons that Venona demonstrated
were assisting Soviet espionage were deceased. One of those listed as deceased was Stapler. That,
along with Black’s evidence, indicates that the redacted name in the Venona decryptions for
“Ray”/“Karl” was William Stapler. 459 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ray” prior to
October 1944, then “Karl”.
“Star” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Saville Sax, 1944-1945. “Star” (Saville Sax) as a cover name
was pared with “Mlad” (Theodore Hall) as in the Russian expression "y star, y mlad" (old and
young people). Hall, a physics prodigy and Harvard graduate at age 18, offered his services to the
KGB at age 19, assisted by his friend Saville Sax, only a few years older. The KGB deemed them
“Mlad” and “Star”. “Star” sometimes rendered as “Old” was identified in the Venona decryptions
as Sax. 460
“Star” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Colonel Edwin Emerson, mid-30s.
Star [Zvezda]: See “Zvezda.”
“Starik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Old Man”.
Starikov, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1960.
“Stark” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See ? Berlin.
Starker, ?: Described as an aide to Hermann Neubacher.
------------------------------------
457 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Dating of cover names based on Venona 1403
KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944
458A weak candidate for “Stanley” would be Stanley Glass. “Stanley” appears in association with
industrial spies “El” (Alfred Slack) and “Film” (Richard Briggs) Glass, a chemist, was associated at the
time with Slack and Briggs. See Alfred Slack FBI file, FBI file # 65-59183, serials 230, 281, 292, 298,
302, 333, 608.
459Interview with Thomas Black, 20 June 1950, pp. 195-205, 257-260, Philadelphia file, Thomas L.
Black, 65-4332-1-B-17 FBI FOIA “Julius Rosenberg et al.”; Ladd to Director, 28 February 1951, “This
memorandum is designed ...,” page 19 of the FBI FOIA “Venona” released to Daniel P. Moynihan, part 1,
; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Stapler is
likely the source Feklisov gives the cover name “Knvat” or “Vulture” in Feklisov and Kostin, Man
Behind, 55–56.
460Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Starnes, Joseph: U.S. Representative (D. AL)
Starr, George J.: Described as an FBI agent, 1942.
“Starshy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Elder”. (Alternative translation: Senior)
“Starter” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ivan Timofeevich Orlov.
Stasek, ?: Described as a Polish journalist and husband of Marta Jansen.
Stasova, Elena: Prominent Bolshevik.
Stassen, Harold: Former Republican governor of Minnesota, national Republican political figure.
State, Department of, U.S.. Referred to as SD, DOS, and MID. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Surrogate” (1930s), “Circus” (circa 1939-1941), “Bank” thereafter.
State Security Commission: a body under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
StateD: translation of “Indel”, abbreviation for Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Station Chief Gold: Title of a 1984 internal KGB book about the career of KGB officer Iskhak Akhmerov
issued to students at the KGB training academy, the Andropov Red Banner Institute. Written by
KGB Colonels A.E. Vassiliev and A.A. Koreshkov.
Station Chief [Rezident] (tradecraft term): The commander of the KGB or GRU station.
Station [Rezidentura] (tradecraft term): The KGB or GRU organization in a country. Often there were
two types, a legal station and an illegal station. The legal station had officers and staff holding
formal diplomatic status and recognized as Soviet staff attached to a legal Soviet entity such as a
Soviet embassy or consulate and ostensibly performing normal diplomatic duties. The illegal
station consisted of officers and agents (both Soviet and native) who did not have diplomatic status
and in the case of the Soviet officers, often had false identifies as a native or an immigrant.
Statskevich, Nikolay V.: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to in 1949. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Larry”.
Stazhery (tradecraft term): See “Probationers” (Alternative translation: Interns)
Steel, Johannes: Soviet intelligence contact/informant. An informant for “Grin”/Spivak. Naturalized
American of German origin. Pro-Soviet left-wing journalist and commentator. Steel is identified
in the Venona decryptions as assisting KGB in recruitment. 461 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Dicky”.
“Stefan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Stephan”.
Steffens, Lincoln: Well-known American writer, ardent ally of the CPUSA.
Steiger, Andrew J.: Soviet intelligence source. A journalist, he chiefly wrote on Soviet and Far Eastern
topics and occasionally worked as a literary translator of Russian. Louis Budenz, testified that
Steiger was a secret member of the CPUSA. 462 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fakir”.
Steinbeck, John: American writer.
Steinhardt, Laurence: Businessman and American diplomat. U.S. Ambassador to the USSR, 1939-1941.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Deputy”.
“Stella” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Helen Lowry, August 1944 to mid-1945. “Stella” appeared
in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent whose activities were
compatible with Lowry.
------------------------------------
461 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
462 Raymond Arthur Davies and Andrew J. Steiger, Soviet Asia, Democracy’s First Line of Defense
(New York: Dial Press, 1942); Henry Agard Wallace, Soviet Asia Mission, in collaboration with Andrew
J. Steiger (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946); Whitman Bassow puts his death in Russia in the late
1960s. Whitman Bassow, The Moscow Correspondents: Reporting on Russia from the Revolution to
Glasnost (New York: W. Morrow, 1988), 146; Testimony of Louis Budenz, 23 September 1953, U.S.
Senate Committee on Government Operations, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee
on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations (Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.,
2003), vol. 3, 1915.

Stenek Travel Bureau: Described as a front for German intelligence in the U.S.
“Stenli” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Stanley”.
“Stepan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer and acting chief of the New York
station 1947-1948. Likely Pavel I. Fedosimov. “Stepan” was identified in the Venona decryptions
as Pavel Ivanovich Fedosimov, arriving at the New York station in 1944. It is likely but not
certain that Venona’s “Stepan”/Fedosimov is the “Stepan” of Vassiliev’s notebooks.
Stepankiwsky, Volodimir: See Vladimir Stepankowsky.
Stepankowsky, Vladimir: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Activist in Ukrainian nationalist circles. Also
know as: W. J. Stepankowsky and Volodimir Stepankiwsky. Elizabeth Bentley identified
Stepankowsky as a source for Jacob Golos on Ukrainian ethnic activities. 463 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Blue Tit”.
Stepankowsky, W. J.: See Vladimir Stepankowsky.
“Stepanov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alexander Korotkov.
“Stepfather” [Otchim] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet Ambassador to the U.S. “Stepfather”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Soviet Ambassador Gromyko.
“Stephan” [Stefan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Arnold Deutsch
Steppin, Irving: Pseudonym used by Valentin Markin.
Stern, Adolf: Error for Alfred Stern.
Stern, Alfred K.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Louis”.
Stern, Martha Dodd: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
source/agent. 464 Identified in Andrew and Mitrokhin as a Soviet source/agent. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Juliet No. 2” (1937), “Liza” (1936-1950s)
Stern, Monroe: Soviet intelligence contact/informant, 1947.
Stern, Robert: Adopted son of Alfred and Martha Stern.
Stetsenko, A. G.: Comintern personnel department official.
Stettinius, Edward, Jr.: Businessman, senior U.S. official, U.S. Secretary of State in 1945. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Corporal”.
“Steve” [Stiv] (pseudonym used as a cover name in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks): Josef Peters.
Stevens, Donald: Described as an associate of Michael Straight, 1938.
Steyn, ?: Described as a relative of Genrich Lyushkov.
Stimson, Henry L.: U.S. Secretary of State, 1929-1933, Secretary of War, 1940-1945. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bomb”.
“Stiv” (pseudonym used as a cover name in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Steve”.
“Stock” [Shtok] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mikhail A. Shalyapin.
Stokes, Thomas L.: Senior reporter for Scripps-Howard newspapers.
Stokowski, Leopold: Well-known conductor of major American orchestras.
“Stolp” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pillar”.
Stone, ?: Described as Canadian ambassador to the U.S.
Stone, ?: Described as American composer living in Mexico, agent of Boris Morros’s music company.
Stone, I.F.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Stone appeared in the Venona decryptions under the cover
name “Pancake” as meeting with a KGB officer and discussing recruitment or reestablishment of
an earlier relationship. Also in the notebooks under his birth name, Isidor Feinstein. Cover name
in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pancake”. 465
------------------------------------
463 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 29.
464 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
465 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Stone” [“Stoun”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Morton Sobell, 1951. While Sobell’s name is
not given in the notebooks, “Stone” is described as sentenced to thirty years in prison in the
Rosenberg trial, a fact fitting Morton Sobell and no one else.
Stone, William T.: Official at BEW, supervisor of Gregory Silvermaster.
Stool Pigeon [Stukach]: See “Informer”.
“Store” [Magazin] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet Government Purchasing Commission
“Store” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Soviet Government Purchasing
Commission.
“Storm” [Shtorm] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Josef Peters. Storm occured in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified cover name and one that is consistent with it being Peters. 466
“Stoun” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Stone”.
Stowaway: see “Zayats”/ “Hare”
Strabolgi, Geraldine: Wife of Joseph Montague Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi.
Strabolgi, Lord (Joseph Montague Kenworthy, 10th Baron Strabolgi): Chief Labour government whip in
the British House of Lords in the postwar Labour government.
Strachey, John: Left Socialist British politician and writer. Aligned with the CPGB in the 1930s but
returned to the Labour Party in 1940.
Straight, Michael: Soviet intelligence source. 467 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nigel”.
Straight, Whitney Willard: Brother of Michael Straight.
“Strana” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Country”.
Strassman, Antony: Described as German intelligence agent in the U.S., 1936.
Strauss, George R.: Left Socialist British politician. Expelled from the Labor Party in 1939 for supporting
an alliance with the CPGB.
“Strela” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Garble for “Stella”. 468
Striganov, Sergey Romanovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Soviet diplomat. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Saushkin”.
“Stroitel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Builder”.
Strokov, ?: KGB officer, 1947.
Strong, George V.: U.S. Army general, G-2.
Struggle [Boy]: See “Boy”.
Student League Against War and Fascism: A reference to the youth/student section of the American
League Against War and Fascism.
Study (KGB tradecraft term): Vetting, a thorough background check on the target.
“Stukach” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Informer”. Stukach literally mens Knocker in
Russian with the connotation of one who gives information on other people gained by going around
and knocking on doors and windows and peering inside. Translations include Fink, Stool Pigeon, or
Informer. Venona translated “Stukach” as “Informer”, and to avoid confusion, “Stukach” is here
translated as “Informer”.
Subcommittee on War Mobilization of the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee: Chaired by Senator
Harley Kilgore and known as the Kilgore committee.
------------------------------------
466 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
467 Straight provided a partial account of his recruitment and relationship with Soviet espionage in
Straight, After Long Silence. Additional information is provided in Haynes, “Speak No Evil, Michael
Straight: After Long Silence”; Hook, “The Incredible Story of Michael Straight”; King, “Treason and
Traitors”; Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 183–84; West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 112–13, 116, 130–34,
174; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
468 Vassiliev, White #1, 55.

Sudoplatov, Pavel A.: Senior KGB officer, Moscow Center, early 1940s. 469
“Suk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Bough”.
Sukhomlin, Vasily Vasilyevich: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a
Soviet source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sukhoy”.
“Sukhoy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See Vasily Vasilyevich Sukhomlin
Sul'fo” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sulpho”.
Sullivan, ?: Described as aide to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau.
“Sulpho” [Sul'fo] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1943.
Acquired materials about the biological warfare.
Sumskaya, ?: Soviet embassy stenographer.
Sumskaya, Anna Yulyevna: Mother of Varvara Dmitriyevna Hammer.
Sumskoi, Mikhail Mikhailovich: Soviet intelligence officer/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Makar”.
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF): Anglo-American and other allied forces
military command for Western Europe. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Kis”.
“Sur” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Norman Bursler.
“Surrogate” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): U.S. Department of State, 1930s.
Suslov, Mikhail A.: Senior Soviet official, part of Stalin’s inner circle after WWII.
Sussman, Nathan: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Engineering classmate of Julius Rosenberg. Source in
Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence apparatus. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tuk”
prior to September 1944, then “Nil”.
Suvarin, Boris: French Communist leader, early 1920s (sometimes spelled Souvarine).
Suvorin, ?: Know to Mark Zborowski. Likely a figure in the Russian emigre community.
“Svat” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Matchmaker”.
Sven, ?: Soviet intelligence source source on Max Eastman in 1932. Described as the brother of Eliena
Vassilyenva Krylenko.
Sverdlova, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Sveshnikov, Valdimir Vladimirovich: Soviet intelligence source/agent, military technology. A 1948 Gorsky
memo Chambers/Karl’s group name. 470 Chambers noted that among the sources that reported to
Boris Bykov was a ballistics expert at the War Department. In statements to the FBI he identified
Valdimir Vladimirovich De Sveshnikov as the ballistics expert. Inteviewed by the FBI, De
Sveshnikov said he was first approached by Soviet intelligence in the mid-1920s and from 1931 to
1938 or 1939 he furnished Soviet intelligenge with industrial and military patents as well as
military journals and received regular payments in return. The addition of “De” to the family name
was a convention some emigre Russians adopted to indicate aristocratic origin (authentic or
assumed).
“Svet” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Light”.
“Svoi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ours”.
SVR: Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki – Foreign Intelligence Service of Russia.
Swanson, Claude: U.S. Senator, 1910-1933 (D. VA).
Swindler [Zhulik]: See “Crook”.
Switz, Robert Gordon: Soviet intelligence source/agent. American, born 1904, attended private prep
schools, then University of Besancon, University of Strassbourg, and University of Paris.
Recruited by a Russian friend in New York, worked for GRU in 1932-1933, contact with a GRU
------------------------------------
469Pavel Sudoplatov, et al., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness, a Soviet
Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1995).
470Gorsky, “Failures in the USA,” 77–79.

source, former Young Communist League member and U.S. Army Corporal Robert Osman in
Panama. Identified by French security while on a GRU mission to France in 1933, imprisoned for
nine months, cooperated with French and American authorities and released. 471
“Switzerland” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Cover name “Mountains”.
“Sylvia” [Sil'vi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to in
1940. (Likely the wife of Arnold Deutsch.)
“Syn” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Son”.
Synchromatic company: Described as a firm which manufactures equipment for the U.S. atomic program
in 1949.
“Syndicate” [Sindikat] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs,
USSR.
“Synok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sonny”.
Szilard, Leo: Hungarian-American physicist and senior scientist on the Manhattan atomic project.
Szwalbe, Stanislaw: Left Polish Socialist who collaborated with the Communists after WWII.
“T” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): World Tourists.
Tabouis, Geneviève: Refugee French journalist/writer, editor of the New York based anti-Vichy newspaper
Pour la victoire.
Taft, Robert: U.S. Senator (R. OH).
Takahashi: unclear reference to a Japanese political element allegedly linked to Trotskyism.
“Tal-1” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul Williams.
“Talant” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Talent”.
“Talent” [Talant] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent of scientifictechnological
intelligence, mid-30s. Likely William Malisoff. “Talent” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as William Marias Malisoff (Malisov) prior to October 1944. 472
“Tan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Harry Magdoff, 1945-1948. “Tan” appeared only once in the
deciphered Venona traffic, in a 1945 message, and was unidentified; but the context was consistent
with it being Magdoff. 473
“Tan” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent tentatively planned to be sent
to U.S. in 1934.
Tanenbaum, ?: Jacob Golos recommended for recruitment on technical line in 1942.
Tanz, Alfred: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Amigo”.
“Taran” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Battering Ram.
Taran, Lev Grigoryevich: Manager of Russky Golos.
“Taras” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
a female hair cutter assigned to anti-Trotsky work. References to in 1932.
Tarnopolsky: See Tarr, Shifra.
Tarnovskaya - Randegger: Described as wife of an Italian Banker.
Tarr, Shifra: Soviet intelligence source/agent targeted at Trotskyist movement. Described as the widow of
the Communist Tarr/Tarnopolsky.
------------------------------------
471 Ralph De Toledano, “Stalin’s Hand in the Panama Canal,” in Plain Talk: An Anthology from the
Leading Anti-Communist Magazine of the 40s, ed. Isaac Don Levine (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington
House, 1976).
472 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Dating of cover names based on Venona 1403
KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944. Although Venona indicates that “Talent” was changed to
“Henry” in October 1944, it may not have been implemented. “Henry”/Malisoff did not appear in Venona
while “Talent” appeared in December 1944.
473 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Tasin, Yakov Naumovich: Birth name of Jacob Golos.
TASS: Telegraf-noye agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza —Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union, Soviet news
agency. Cover name in Vassiliev notebooks “Editorial Office”.
“Tasya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent. References to
in 1937.
Tatyana ?: Given name of the girlfriend of Armand Victorovich Hammer at Moscow State University.
Taylor, ?: Described as U.S. official negotiating with the Polish government in London.
Taylor, ?: Described as someone who accompanied Glenn Fowler to the U.K. in 1941 on a Manhattan
Project related task.
Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram: British physicist and key member of the British contingent in the Manhattan
atomic project.
Taylor, Glen: U.S. Sentor (D. Idaho, 1945-1950). Progressive Party candidate for vice-president in 1948.
Taylor, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Treasury Department official. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as part of the Silvermaster espionage group. Taylor sued the Washington Daily News in
1954 for libel for its coverage of Bentley’s statement that he was part of an espionage ring. Not
wanting the expense of a trial, the newspaper settled the suit out of court and withdrew its
statements about Taylor. Bentley was upset by the paper’s retreat, and she herself never retracted
her description of Taylor. Taylor’s lawyers prepared a wide-ranging study that assailed Bentley as
a liar and fraud and circulated it widely to the press. The FBI answered with a memo that replied
point-by-point and supported Bentley’s credibility. 474 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Odysseus”
Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich: Well-known Russian composer.
Tea Room: see “Tea Shop”.
“Tea Shop” [Chaynaya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Department of Commerce, circa
1944. “Tea Shop” was identified in the Venona decryptions as the Commerce Department.
“Teacher” [Uchitel'nitsa] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Leah Melament. 475
Technic Research: Reference to the organization Consumers Research.
“Ted” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Edward Fitzgerald. References to in 1944. “Ted” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Fitzgerald. 476
Teddy: See “Fedya”.
Teller, Edward: Hungarian-born senior American theoretical physicist and a leading figure in the
Manhattan atomic project, pioneer in development of the Hydrogen fusion bomb.
“Temple” [Khram] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): White House circa 1944. “Temple” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as the White House.
Temporary Commission on Ration Questions: The specific body referenced is unclear.
“Ten” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Liveit-Levit, Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1930s.
Tennessee Valley Association: Mistake for Tennessee Valley Authority
------------------------------------
474Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 25–26; Federal Bureau of Investigation, “‘Existing Corroboration of
Bentley’s Overall Testimony’.”
475The exact spelling of this name is uncertain. In the Black notebook, p. 79, the cover name
“Teacher” is given for “Melamed, teacher at a music School in NY.” In White notebook #1, p. 58, Joseph
Melament (“Old Man”) and his daughter Leah Melament (“Teacher”) are described. Lea Melament is also
identified by Boris Morros as an espionage contact he used in New York. [Boris Morros, My Ten Years as
a Counterspy: As Told to Charles Samuels, assisted by Charles Samuels (New York: Viking Press,
1959), 47, 50, 55.] The 1930 census shows a Joseph Melement born 1874 in Russia living in Bronx, New
York, with a daughter Leah Melement.
476Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Tennessee Valley Authority: U.S. government regional hydroelectric and flood-control agency.
Tenney, Helen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Analyst of the OSS’s Spanish division during World War
II, after the OSS dissolved, she became an employee of the Strategic Services Unit (intelligence) of
the Department of State working on Soviet matters. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as one of her
singleton espionage sources. KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about her in 1944. 477 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Muse”.
“Tenth” [Desyatym] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks) : Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as
someone who recommended Alexander and Helen Koral to the KGB for courier work. Philip
Rosenbliett, who recommended the Korals to the KGB, is a candidate for “Tenth”. In a marginal
annotation to the passage about “Tenth”, Vassiliev wrote “10 -- Rosenbliett?” 478 This confuses
“Tenth” with the digital cover name “10”, the cover name of Ludwig Lore.
Terrell, Frederick: Elizabeth Bentley’s maternal grandfather. 479
Terrill, Mary Charlotte: Maiden name of Elizabeth Bentley’s mother.
“Territory” [“Kray”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Canada. “Kray” translated as “Land” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Canada.
“Teska” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Namesake”.
Tharnycroft: Misspelling of Thornycroft.
Thayer, Charles: Senior CIA official, late 1940s.
Theremin, Leon: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Frenchman”.
Thomas, Elbert: U.S. Senator (D. Utah).
Thomas, J. Parnell: U.S. Representative (R. NJ).
Thomas, Lowell: Radio and television journalist.
Thomas, Norman: Leader of the Socialist Party in the 1930s.
Thomas: Pseudonym used by Sergey Kurnakov.
Thomas, R.J.: President of the UAW in 1945.
“Thomas” [Tomas] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. “Thomas”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent whose cover
name was “Brother” until changed to “Thomas” in October 1944. 480 William Plourde is a
candidate for “Thomas”/“Brother”. A deciphered KGB cable suggested that William Plourde, an
engineer at Bell, was a Shevchenko source but no cover name for him was given. Plourde, then,
would be a candidate for “Thomas”. 481
Thomas’s committee (description): House Committee on Un-American Activities when chaired by Rep. J.
Parnell Thomas (R. NJ).
Thorez, Maurice: French Communist leader.
Thornycroft, Priscilla,: Wife of German Communist Hans Siebert and the sister of Kate Thornycroft Field.
Through Embassy Eyes: Authored by Martha Dodd [Stern] in 1939. 482
“Thrush” [Drozd] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Cover name changed to “Akhmed” in September 1944. “Thrush” appeared in the Venona
------------------------------------
477Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 38–41, 71, 79–80, 84; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 316–
17.
478Alexander Vassiliev, Yellow Notebook #2 [2007 English Translation], trans. Philip Redko (1993–
96), 83.
479Misspelled in Alexander Vassiliev’s notebooks as Frederick Turrell.
480 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB
New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
481 Venona 1151 KGB New York to Moscow, 12 August 1944.
482Martha Dodd, Through Embassy Eyes (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1939).

decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agen, cover name changed to “Akhmed” in
September 1944. 483
Tikhomirov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Tikhon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified KGB chief of station Paris, postwar, chief of
station, U.S., 1952.
“Tikhon” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent at Northrup
mid-1930s. References to in 1942.
Till, Irene,: Harold Glasser's first wife.
Timoshina, ?: Soviet embassy stenographer.
“Tina” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent in British atomic project.
Likely Melita Stedman Norwood. “Tina” is described as born in 1912, a secret Communist, and a
secretary with the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, all of which fit Norwood.
“Tina” was also identified as Norwood in Andrew and Mitrokhin. “Tina” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in the U.K. 484
“Tina” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Described as someone known to Alexander Koral in the
1930s, possibly an associate of the Rosenbliett network. 485
“Tino” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Irving Kaplan.
“Tir” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tyre”.
“Tis” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Yew”.
Tishkov, A.: KGB officer at Moscow Center, 1946, 1953.
Titmouse: see “Sinitsa”.
Tito, Josip Broz: Yugoslav Communist leader.
Tkach, Mikhail: Editor of the Ukrainian Daily News and Communist activist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Perch”.
“Tobi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Toby”.
“Toby” [Tobi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1938.
Togliatti, Palmiro: Italian Communist leader, Comintern party name Ercoli.
Togmach, Mustafa: Pseudonym used in China by Iskhak Akhmerov.
Tolan Committee: Press label for the U.S. House Select Committee Investigating National Defense
Migration chaired by Rep. John H. Tolan (D. CA).
Tolchin, Alexander: Soviet intelligence source/agent, industrial espionage, early 1930s. Described as a
Russian Jewish engineer in Detroit. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sam”.
Toledano, Vicente Lombardo: Mexican labor leader aligned with the Communist party.
“Tom” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, under “Nord” 1934.
Described as dealing with West Coast Japanese tasks. Naum “Leonid” Eitingon is a strong
candidate for “Tom”. Eitingon used “Tom” as a cover name during much of his career. Senior
KGB officer Pavel Sudoplatov in his memoir wrote of Eitingon working on the American West
Coast in the 1930s. 486
“Tomas” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Thomas”.
------------------------------------
483 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
484 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 115–16, 127.
485 In 1938 Ludwig Lore told the journalist Herbert Solow about a Soviet agent cover-named “Tina.”
Solow related this to Whittaker Chambers, who stated that he also knew “Tina,” and that Lore’s
relationship with “Tina” was a good reason for Chambers, a defector by this time, to avoid Lore.
Weinstein, Perjury [1997], 283.
486 Pavel Sudoplatov, et al., Special Tasks: The Memoirs of an Unwanted Witness, a Soviet
Spymaster (Boston: Little, Brown, 1994), 83–89.

“Tomas” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1948, under
Amtorg cover.
Tomchin, ?: Soviet intelligence officer/agent know to Jacob Golos and later arrested in the purge of the
security services.
“Tommi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tommy”.
“Tommy” [“Tommi”] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent,
New York, 1930.
“Toni” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tony”.
“Tony” [Toni] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent, member Cambridge
group, U.K. 1940-1942, friend of Michael Straight. Likely Anthony Blunt. “Tony” was identified
in Andrew and Mitrokhin as Blunt.
“Tony” [Toni] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified member of KGB illegal station 1936.
Torpedo Corporation.
“Townsman” [Gorozhanin], also “Townsmen” and “Townspeople” [Gorozhane] (cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks): American and Americans circa 1944. “Townsman” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as an Amererican.
Trachtenberg, Alexander: Senior CPUSA official involved with its publishing and financial activities.
“Trade Union” [Profsoyuz] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): the Soviet Communist Party
organization within Soviet institutions in the U.S.
Tramm, ?: American scientist, described as assistant to Robert Van de Graaff.
“Transatlantic” and “Transatlantica” [Zaatlantik and Zaatlantika] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks):
Suspected anti-Soviet conspiracy/organization operating under the cover of McClure Newspaper
syndicate.
“Treasurer” [Kaznachey] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent. Described as on the staff of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow 1940, recruited prior to
departure from the U.S. but contact not established in Moscow as of early 1941.
Treasury, U.S. Department of the.
Tree, Dorothy: Wife of Michael Uris. Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by Martha
Dodd.
“Trel” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Trill”.
“Trest” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Trust”.
Tretyakovka: Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow.
Trilisser, Mikhail Abramovich: Chief of foreign intelligence for Cheka-OGPU, 1922-1929, then worked in
Comintern foreign operations under the name Mikhail Aleksandrovich Moskvin. Arrested in
Stalin’s Terror and executed.
“Trill” [Trel] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): File name for documents on illegal U.S.-Canada
border crossing.
Trotsky, Leon: Leader of the 1917 Bolshevik coup. Exiled rival of Joseph Stalin. Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Old Man” and “Tyuk”.
Trotskyists: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks “Tyuks”, 1930s.
Troyanovsky, Aleksandr A.: First Soviet ambassador to the United States, 1934-1938.
Truman, Bess: Wife of President Truman.
Truman, Harry: President of the United States. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sailor”.
Truman, Margaret: Daughter of President Truman.
“Trust” [Trest] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Embassy of the USSR. “Trust” was identified in
the Venona decryptions as the Soviet embassy.
“Truten'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Drone”.
TsAGI: Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute.
“Tsekh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Workshop”.

Tselnis, Robert [Tsel'nis]: Described as a GRU group handler in late 1930s who defected. Possibly a
pseudonym for Whittaker Chambers, who was a GRU group handler who defected in the late
1930s, although this is a pseudonym never before linked to Chambers (or anyone else). Reported
as a GRU response to a query from KGB as to the identify of the GRU agent “Karl” and may be a
confusion or misunderstanding because “Karl” is elsewhere in the notebooks identified as
Whittaker Chambers. The Russian, Tsel'nis, could be translated as Zelnis.
“Tsentr” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Center”.
Tsentrosoyuz: USSR Central Union of Consumer Societies.
“Tserber” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Cerberus”.
“Tsirk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Circus”.
TsK VKP(b): Central Committee All-Union Communist Party (bolshevik)
Tsukerman, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Tsuryupa, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
“Tuba” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Vienna, 1950.
Tuballoy: Manhattan atomic project term for certain types of natural uranium prior to enrichment.
“Tube Alloys”: British cover name for its WWII atomic bomb project.
Tuckett, Angela: Assistant Editor of the British Daily Worker. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Akta”.
Tuckman, Lewis: Member of “Vendor’s” CPUSA espionage group.
“Tuk” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nathan Sussman, a member of Julius Rosenberg’s espionage
apparatus prior to September 1944. A partially decoded cover name, “Tu..”, appeared in the
Venona decryptions as a unidentified member of Julius Rosenberg’s technical intelligence
apparatus, likely a partial decoding of “Tuk”. 487
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail: Successful Red Army commander in the Russian civil war, leader of Red Army
forces in the Polish-Bolshivik war, reformed the Red Army in the late 1920s and 1930s with
advanced doctrines, made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935 aged only 42. Arrested on in 1937
in Stalin’s Terror and charged with organization of "military-Trotskyist conspiracy" and espionage
for Nazi Germany. Tukhachevsky and eight other leading military commanders were convicted,
and executed in June 937.
“Tulip” [Tyul'pan] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Mark Zborovsky prior to September 1944.
“Tulip” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Zborovsky. 488
“Tunic” [Khiton] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
described as part of “Nick’s” group in 1948.
Tupolev, Andrey Nikolayevich: Leading Soviet aircraft designer and head of a design bureau.
Turbin, Georgy Vasilyevich: Amtorg official, mid-1920s.
Turksib: Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.
“Tven” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Twain”.
Tveryanovich, ?: Soviet engineer at the Soviet Government Purchasing Commission.
“Twain” [Tven] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): KGB officer Semen Markovich Semenov. “Twain”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Semenov.
“Tyazh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Irving Goff.
“Tyosca” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Khotimsky. Soviet intelligence officer/agent, illegal early
30s.
“Tyre” [Tir] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): New York City. “Tyre” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as New York City.
------------------------------------
487 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
488 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Tyuk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Leon Trotsky, 1930s.
“Tyuks” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Trotskyists, 1930s.
“Tyulen'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Seal”.
“Tyul'pan” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Tulip”.
“Uchitel'nitsa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Teacher”. (A female teacher.)
Udeanu, Ludovici: Rumanian name of Louis Dolivet.
Udet, Ernst : Senior Luftwaffe officer, 1930s.
UFWA: United Federal Workers of America.
“Uglov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1948, may be
chief of station in U.S.
“Ugol'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Coal”.
UK RSFSR: Ugolovnyj Kodeks Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika —
Criminal Code, Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic
“Ukrainets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ukrainian”.
“Ukrainian” [Ukrainets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): ? Rybak, a source on left Ukrainians.
Ukrainian Immigration: Precisely what organizations is being referenced is unclear.
Ukrainian National Organization: Anti-Soviet Ukrainian nationalist organization.
Ulbricht, Walter: First Secretary of the SED from 1950 to 1971 and ruler of the German Democratic
Republic (East Germany).
Ule, Alexander: Described as a writer for PM, 1946.
Ullman, Frank: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Source on military tanks 1938. Described as a Jew from
Austria. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ural” and “Arch”.
Ullmann, Lloyd: Error for Ludwig Ullmann.
Ullmann, William Ludwig: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a
Soviet source/agent. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Polo” prior to August 1944,
“Donald” in August 1944, “Pilot” starting in September 1944.
Ullman-Pogorelskaya, Tamara: Wife of Frank Ullman. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Angel”.
Umansky, Konstantin: Senior Soviet diplomat. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Seal”.
Uminsky, Celia: Mother of Harry Gold.
“Umnitsa” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Clever Girl.
“Uncle” [Dyadya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1933.
“Uncle” [Dyadya] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Director of the Soviet Government Purchasing
Commission, circa 1944. (Note overlap with “Uncle”/Folkoff]
“Uncle” [Dyadya] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent and senior
CPUSA leader in California and liaison with KGB, 1943-1945. Likely Isaac Folkoff. “Uncle”
was identified in the Venona decryptions as Isaac Folkoff. 489 [Note overlap with “Uncle”/Director
of SGPC]
Unidentified New York City passport office staff in contact with Jacob Golos for false passports.
Unidentified person who left information on the Manhattan atomic project at a Soviet office in New York in
January 1944.
Unidentified person in Spanish consulate, NY in contact with Jacob Golos for false Spanish passports.
Unidentified seven men in contact with KGB, recruited by OSS for assignments in Yugoslavia, but contact
lost.
Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent at U.S. embassy in Riga, 1924.
Unidentified target of recruitment by Harry Gold described as at the Philadelphia Naval Yard and a
unionist.
------------------------------------
489 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Unidentified two men in contact with KGB, recruited by OSS, sent to Britain, contact retained.
Unidentified two men in contact with KGB, infiltrated into Spain, contact lost by KGB.
Union Carbide corporation.
Union for the Salvation of Russia: Anti-Bolskevik, White organization.
Union [Soyuz]: USSR, early 1940s.
Union [Soyuz] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations in 1949.
Union Tours travel agency.
United Distillers of America Inc.
United Federal Workers of America (UFWA): Small CIO union under Communist leadership.
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). American-funded wartime relief and
rehabilitation agency. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Shelter”.
United States government: “League” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks).
Universal Service: Hearst newspapers press agency.
University of Chicago: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Seminary”.
University of Florence, Italy.
University of Perugia, Italy.
UNKVD: Internal Soviet regional branch of NKVD.
UNO: United Nations Organization.
UNRRA: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Shelter”.
Unshlikht, Iosif Stanislavovich: Polish-born Bolshevik. Deputy chief of GRU, 1920s, executed in Stalin’s
Terror.
Untermyer, Samuel: Prominent American lawyer and civic activist.
“Ural” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Frank Ullman.
Urevich, Stephen: See Urewich, Stephen
Urewich, Stephen: Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Alternative spelling Urevich). Cover names in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Fisherman” until September 1944, then “Block”. “Block” and
“Fisherman” appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent. 490
Urey, Harold: Leading American physicist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Elder”.
Uris, Michael: Hollywood writer. Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by Martha Dodd.
Uritsky, Semen: Chief of the GRU, 1937, later executed.
Urtel, ?? : Described as executive officer of Telefunken, 1945.
U.S. government: “League” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks).
U.S. Rubber Company.
U.S. Service and Shipping Corporation: Cover business set up by Jacob Golos and run by Elizabeth
Bentley after World Tourists was forced to registered as an agent of the Soviet government.
World Tourists continued to exist, headed by Golos, and functioned as a subcontractor to U.S.
Service and Shipping. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Complex”.
Usatov,Vasiliy: Soviet POW interviewed by American intelligence.
USIA: United States Information Agency.
Utekhin, ?: Senior KGB officer Moscow Center, 1951.
“Uzel” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hub”.
Vacek: See “Vatsek”.
“Vadim” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Anatoly Gorsky. “Vadim” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Gorsky under his diplomatic pseudonym of Anatoly Gromov.
------------------------------------
490 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Vakhrushev, ?: Deputy department head of the Committee for Cultural Relations in Moscow in 1957.
Val (nick name): Victor Perlo’s nick name, 1944-1945.
“Valet” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Jan Winter in 1944.
“Valet” [Valeta] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Described as used by Iskhak Akhmerov in mid-1930s for surveillance of “Leo” (Ludwig Lore)
along with the unidentified agent “Rita”. Candidates for “Valet” include Hede Massing and Gerda
Frankfurter. 491
“Valeta” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Valet”.
“Val'ter” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Walter”.
“Van” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Likely Jean Van Heijenoort, early 1940s.
“Van” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1948
Van de Graaff, Robert: American scientist. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Dragon”.
van der Lubbe, Marinus: Dutch Communist executed in Germany for arson attack on the German
Reichstag.
Van Heijenoort, Jean: French-born mathematician and personal secretary to Leon Trotsky from 1932 to
1939. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Van” (early 1940s).
Van Tassel, Alfred: Secret Communist. Employed National Research Project in the mid-1930s and later by
the Labor Department, War Production Board, War Assets Administratin, Senate Small Business
Committee, and the U.N. Technical Assistance Administration. In 1952 Van Tassel invoked the
Fifth Amendment to refused to answer congressional committee questions regarding covert CPUSA
membership. 493 He was subsequently fired by U.N. Secretary General Trygve Lie. Victor Perlo in
a 15 March 1945 memo thought Van Tassell had Soviet contact.
“Vanda” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Wanda”.
Vandenberg, Arthur H.: U.S. Senator (R. MI).
Vandenberg, Hoyt: Senior Army Air Force and USAF general.
Vanderschmidt, Fred: Executive at Newsweek magazine.
“Vanguard” [Avangard] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence
source/agent, 1930s, NY station.
Vanin, ? (real name, possibly a cover name): Senior KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1957.
“Vardo” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Elizabeth Zarubin, early 1940s. Also known as Yelizaveta
Zarubina. (Vardo means Rose in Georgian.) “Vardo” was identified in the Venona decryptions as
Elizaveta Zarubin.
Varie, Inoke N.: Soviet intelligence source/agent, technical source. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Bolt”.
Vashch: Name by which Alfred Stern referred to Vasily Zarubin.
Vasilevsky, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich: Soviet general and minister of defense, 1949-1953.
Vasilevsky, Lev: Senior KGB officer, chief of the Mexico City station in 1944 under the name Lev
Tarasov. Later a senior official at Moscow Center.
“Vasily” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Zelman Passov.
Vasilyev, ??: Described as connected to the Central Committee of the VKP(b).
Vasilyev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
------------------------------------
491 Hede Massing in her autobiography wrote that in in January or February of 1937, she and Gerda
Frankfurter were assigned to surveil Ludwig Lore by two senior Soviet intelligence officers, Boris Bazarov
(known to her under the work name Fred) and Bill (a work name used by Iskhak Akhmerov). Another
agent, a Russian know to her as Anton, also assisted on occasion with the surveillance. Massing, This
Deception, 199–205.
493 U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities United Nations, pt. 1, 8.

Vasilyev, S. A.: Described as Amtorg engineer, associate of A. Petrov and Vasily Delgass and head of the
magazine Amerikanskaya Tekhnika.
“Vasin” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Weisband, in 1950, after “Zhora”.
Vassiliev, A.E.: co-author of KGB book Station Chief Gold.
Vassiliev, S.A.: Amtorg engineer, 1926, suspected of being a British agent.
“Vasya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent at Amtorg,
1934.
“Vatsek” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Paul Massing. (Alternative translations: Vacek, Watsek).
Vava: Affectionate form of "Varvara" in Russian.
“Vavilon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Babylon”.
Vavilov, K.: Soviet diplomat, 1946. May be garble for Mikhail S. Vavilov.
Vavilov, Mikhail Sergeevich: Soviet diplomat and Soviet intelligence co-optee caring out KGB tasks.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Oleg”.
Vavilov, Nikolay: Leading Soviet geneticist. Arrested and died in prison for failing to support Lysenkoism.
Vaynshteyn, Grigory Isakovich: NKID official arrested as a Menshevik in 1939.
Veatch, Roy: State Department official, Office of the Advisor on International Economic Affairs, 1937-38.
Vechernyaya Moskva.
“Vector” [Vektor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Enrico Fermi.
“Veil” [Veyl'] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, worked
for KGB at World Fair 1939. References to in 1941, 1943, and 1945 and described as among “ a
group of valuable agents who are used for the station’s operational activities (surveillance,
background checks, removals, eavesdropping, etc)”. 494 Irving George Schuman is a candidate for
“Veil”.
“Vektor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Vector”.
“Vendor” [Prodavets] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. American
Communist, former group handler for Jacob Golos. 495 Harry Kagan is a candidate for “Vendor”.
“Vendor’s” group (description): Group handled for Jacob Golos by “Vendor”. Group included Leon
Josephson, Hyman Colodny, Joseph Rinis, Lewis Tuckman, Marcel Sherer, and Paul Sherer.
Venfilm: Vienna Film Studio, a Soviet-linked film studio in Vienna in 1950.
Verlinsky, ?: Described as a Soviet film industry representative in Hollywood in 1935.
“Vernon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, U.K.,
1942.
Vesco, Robert: American international financier accused of massive embezzlement and looting of corporate
funds by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
Veshchestvenny parol' (tradecraft term): See Material Password.
“Vesna” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Spring”.
“Vest” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “West”.
“Vetrov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Andrey Graur.
“Veyl'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Veil”.
Veymut, John: Described as a secret Communist, physicist, worked on Enormoz. Also spelled in the
notebooks as “Veytmut” and “Beymut”. May be a garble for Weymouth. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Evans”.
Veytmut: See Veymut, John.
------------------------------------
494 Vassiliev, Black, 176.
495 “Vendor” occurs in a 1945 Venona message as the cover name of Soviet citizen P.P. Shevvchuk,
but he appears to be a KGB security informant on a Soviet ship docking in the U.S. and is clearly a
different “Vendor.”

“Vic” [Vik] 496 (familiar nick name): Victor Perlo.
“Vick” [Vik] 497 (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Henry Ware. “Vick” appeared in the Venona
decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1943. 498
“Victor” (Venona cover name): Unidentified 1944 Soviet intelligence contact who provided a letter of
introduction for use by KGB in contacting a potential recruit. 499
“Victor” [Viktor] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Pavel Fitin. “Victor” was identified in the Venona
decryptions as Fitin.
Victor: work name used by Gayk Ovakimyan with “Solid”.
Vienna: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tuba”, 1950.
Vienna Film Studio (Venfilm): a Soviet-linked film studio in Vienna in 1950.
Viereck, George Sylvester: Pro-Nazi German-American journalist.
“Vig” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lee Pressman. “Vig” as a cover name may be Wig, which can
be written in Russian both as Vig and Uig. But the cover name may come from Whigs (the 19th
century British political party. Here it is left as “Vig”.
“Viganiya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Yugoslavia, 1950.
“Vik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Used in Russian for both “Vic” and “Vick”. Here rendered
as “Vic” when referring to the familiar nick name for Victor Perlo and rendered as “Vick” as a
cover name.
“Viktor” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Victor”.
Vilensky, Dora (pseudonym) Used by Celia Golos on a 1931 passport.
Vilensky, Isidor (pseudonym) Used by Jacob Golos on a 1931 passport.
“Villa” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Foreign Economic Administration (1942 to November 1944)
“Village” [Selo] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Philadelphia, 1945.
“Villi” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Willy”.
“Vil'yams” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Williams”.
“Vim” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Lauchlin Currie.
Vinogradov, Boris: Soviet intelligence officer. Executed in Stalin’s purge of his security services. Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Alexander”.
Vinokurov, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Vinson, Frederick M.: Secretary of the Treasury, 1945.
“Vint” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Screw”.
“Vit” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent in Montreal,
Canada: materials on wireless communications equipment. References to in 1937.
“Vitto” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, illegal mid-
1930s. (“Vitto” is of Persian origin.)
VKP(b): Vsesoyuznaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bolshevikov): All Union Communist Party
(bolshevik). Title of the Soviet Communist party. Later retitled the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (CPSU).
Vladeck, Baruch Charney: American Jewish labor leader, Socialist, and manager of the Jewish Daily
Forward.
“Vladimir” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Aleksandr Panyushkin, ambasador to the U.S. and KGB
station chief, 1948.
------------------------------------
496 Vik is used in Russian for both “Vic” and “Vick.” Here rendered as “Vic” when referring to the
familiar nick name for Victor Perlo and rendered as “Vick” as a cover name.
497 Vik is used in Russian for both “Vic” and “Vick.” Here rendered as “Vic” when referring to the
familiar nick name for Victor Perlo and rendered as “Vick” as a cover name.
498 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
499 Venona 1020 KGB New York to Moscow, 20 July 1944.

“Vladimirov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent who
supervised the infiltration of the GRU illegal “Kogan” into San Francisco via a Soviet ship in
1941.
Vladimirov, Yu.: Soviet intelligence agent, co-optee at the U.N., late 1940s.
Vlasov, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, New York, 1956.
Vlasov, Andrey A.: Soviet Army general captured by Germany who collaborated and formed a volunteer
force of anti-Bolshevik Russians to fight the USSR.
VMN [V.M.N.]: vysshaya mera nakazaniya: Supreme Penalty: execution.
Vneshtorg: People’s Commissariat of Foreign Trade.
VOKhIMU: Military Chemical Administration.
VOKS: All-Union Society for Cultural Relations, Soviet agency that oversaw international cultural
contacts and exchanges.
Vol, ?: Associated with Amtorg in 1924 according to Vasily Delgass.
“Volk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Wolf”.
Volkonskaya, ??, Princess: Described as a Vatican secretary.
Volkov, Anatole: Son of Helen Silvermaster and stepson of Gregory Silvermaster. Identified by Elizabeth
Bentley as acting as a courier for his stepfather. 500
Volman, ?: Described by Jacob Golos in 1944 as a doctor and relative of Harry Dexter White that had
GRU connections and that White rejected assisting him in the 1930s. Possibly a garble for Dr.
Abraham Wolfson, Communist and brother-in-law of White’s wife.
Volodarsky, Iosif V.: Soviet intelligence officer. His name appeared in Vassiliev’s notes as both
Volodarsky and Volozersky, and Vassiliev states that both versions were in the archival records.
(Alternative spellings in the literature: Volodarski and Wolodarski) Volodarsky used the
pseudonym Armand Labis Feldman in the U.S. in the 1930s. He dropped out of KGB work in the
U.S. in the late 1930s and moved to Canada, was interned early in WWII, and cooperated with
Canadian RCMP to avoid deportation to USSR. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Brit”.
Volodin, ?: Described as Bolshevik in America that Julius Hammer assisted in escaping to the Soviet
Union.
“Volonter” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Volunteer”.
Volozersky, I.V.: see Volodarsky, I.V.
Volper, ?: Described by Jacob Golos in 1944 as a doctor and relative of Harry Dexter White that had GRU
connections and that White rejected assisting him in the 1930s. Possibly a garble for Dr. Abraham
Wolfson, Communists and brother-in-law of White’s wife.
“Volunteer” [Volonter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Morris Cohen. “Volunteer” appeared in the
Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. 501
Volynsky, ?: Associated with Amtorg in 1924 according to Vasily Delgass.
Von Wiegand, Karl H.: Hearst newspapers correspondent in Berlin.
Vonsiatsky, Anastase Andreyevitch: Founder and chief of the emigre Russian National Revolutionary
Labor and Workers Peasant Party of Fascists.
Voosling, Wayne: Described as a Life magazine correspondent who worked for OSS in 1945. (Alternative
translation: Vusling)
Voronin, A. I.: Senior MVD officer, Moscow, 1953.
Vorontsov. M.: KGB officer, Moscow Center, 1948.
Voroshilov, Kliment: Soviet military leader, part of Stalin’s inner circle.
Vorovsky, Vatslav Vatslavovich: Bolshevik leader and diplomat, early 1920s.
------------------------------------
500 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 28.
501 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Vorozheyka, Innokenty Nikol.: See Varie, Inoke N.
VOSR: Velikaya Oktyabr'skaya Sotsialisticheskaya Revolutsia: Great October Socialist Revolution.
“Voyager” [Voyazher] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): David Jaffo.
“Voyazher” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Voyager”.
“Vozdukh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Air”.
“Vrach” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Physician”. Vrach is more commonly translated as
Doctor, but in the notebooks “Doktor” is also used as a cover name, consequently “Physician” is
used to reduce confusion between what are in Russian two entirely different cover names.
“Vrag” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Enemy”.
VSNH: Vysshy sovet narodnogo khozyaystva — the Supreme Council of the National Economy.
“Vtoroy” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Second”.
Vuchinich, George Samuel: Spelling variant. See George Samuel Wuchinich.
“Vud” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Wood”.
Vusling, Wayne: See Wayne Voosling.
VVS: Voyenno-vozdushnye sily (Military Air Force). Used in Vassiliev’s notebooks as abbreviation for
U.S. AAC (Army Air Corps) and U.S. AAF (Army Air Force).
Vyshinsky, Andrey: Senior Soviet official, part of Stalin’s inner circle.
“V'yun” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Loach”.
Wadleigh, Henry Julian.: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Known as Julian Wadeligh. An official in the
foreign trade agreements section of the Department of State, he testified in 1949 that he had
furnished Department of State information to Whittaker Chambers’ espionage apparatus. On
Adolf Berle’s 1939 list of those identified by Whittaker Chambers as covert Communists who were
espionage risks. Identified by Chambers as part of his CPUSA/GRU espionage network. 502 Cover
name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “104 th ”.
Wagner, Herbet A.: German scientist involved in Nazi rocket research.
Wagner, Max: Printer who printed the Whalen documents.
Wagner, Robert F., Jr.: Mayor of New York, 1954-1965.
Wagner, Robert F.: U.S. Senator (D. New York).
Wahl, David: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Pink”.
Waise [Wayze] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent in the U.K. in the
1930s. (Waise is German for Orphan). Very likely Donald Maclean. “Waise” was identified as
Donald Maclean in Andrew and Mitrokhin and West and Tsarev. 503
Waites, ?: Described as a USIA official in China, 1949.
Waldo, Richard: President of McClure Newspaper syndicate. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bor”.
Wales, Nym: Pen name of Helen Foster Snow.
Wallace, Henry: Vice President of the United Stats, Secretary of Commerce, and 1948 presidential
candidate of the Progressive Party. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “‘Captain’s’ deputy”
(1944).
Walsh, ?: Described as critic of the USSR. Possibly Father Edmund Walsh of Georgetown University.
Walsh, David: U.S. Senator, 1919-1947 (D. MA).
Walter, James: Described as reporter/writer for the Washington Times-Herald in 1947.
“Walter” [Val'ter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent,
illegal officer. Later cover names “King” and likely “James”. References to in 1934.
“Walter” [Val'ter] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent.
Known to Alexander Koral in the 1930s, possibly associate of Rosenbliett network. May be the
same as “Walter”, the Soviet intelligence officer/agent in 1934.
------------------------------------
502 Berle, “Espionage Agent.”
503 Andrew and Mitrokhin, Sword and the Shield, 60; West and Tsarev, Crown Jewels, 94.

Wanamaker, Rodman: Head of Wanamaker department stores, 1930.
“Wanda” [Vanda] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, an
illegal, 1948.
War, Department of, U.S. :“Arsenal” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks).
War Production Board: “Depot” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks).
Warburg, Felix: Prominent American financier.
Warburg, Max: Described as a German banker and Felix Warberg’s brother.
Ware, Alissa: Communist sympathizer and courier to deliver Soviet funds to the German Communists in
1940. Mother of Henry Ware.
Ware, Harold: CPUSA agricultural specialist, organizer of party covert networks in Washington in the
early 1930s.
Ware, Henry: Soviet intelligence informant/contact. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Vick”.
Warning, Dorothy: Described as writer and intelligence source used by Samuel Dickstein.
Warren, Earl: Republican governor of California.
Washburn, ?: Described as associate of Andrew Mellon and proposing terms for American diplomatic
recognition of the USSR. Possibly Albert H. Washburn, U.S. Minister to Austria.
Washington, DC: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Carthage”
Washington Merry-Go-Round: Book on national politics written by journalists Robert Allen and Drew
Pearson in 1931.
“Wasp” [Osa] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Ruth Greenglass, beginning October 1944-1950.
“Wasp” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Ruth Greenglass. 504
Watchful [Ostorozhny]: See “Cautious”.
Watsek: See “Vatsek”.
Watson, Goodwin B.: Chief broadcast analyst of FCC, investigated by the Kerr Commission.
Watson, Thomas: Head of International Business Machines (IBM).
“Wayze” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Waise”.
Weber, ?: Described as attempting to influence Henry Wallace. Possibly Frederick Palmer Weber, an
economist (Ph.D, U of VA, 1940), who served on the staff of the the Tolan and Kilgore
committees, a leading researcher for CIO-PAC, the directed Progressive Party work in the South in
1948, and later associated with a variety of CPUSA-linked bodies. Invoked the fifth amendment to
refuse to answer questions when a congressional committee inquired about his relationship to the
Communist party. 505
Weber, Sara: Target in Trotskyist movement. Also known as Sara Jacobs and Chertova.
Wegner, H.H.: Walk-in to the Soviet embassy in 1948. Stated he was a chemist working in a secret
laboratory in Alaska where they were creating a small A-bomb and offered to sell blueprints for
$220,000.
Weimut, John: Described as a secret Communist, physicist, worked on Enormoz. (Spelling unconfirmed,
alternative translation: Veimut). Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Evans”.
Weinberg, Joseph: Soviet intelligence source. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Method”.
Weinberg, Merle: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Idea”.
Weiner, William: Senior CPUSA cadre, supervised party finances.
Weinstone, William: Senior CPUSA official.
Weintraub, David: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Weintraub worked for a variety of government
agences such as the National Research Project, War Production Board, State Department,
UNRRA, and the United Nations. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Bak”.
------------------------------------
504 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
505 Testimony of Frederick Palmer Weber, 21-22 April 1953, U.S. Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee, Interlocking Subversion, part 4, 177.

Weisband, William: Soviet intelligence source/agent from the 1930s to 1950, working as a couriers and
liaison with sources. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Link” (1930s-1945), “Zhora” (1945-
1950), “Vasin” (1950-).
Weisberg, Harold: Secret Communist fired from the staff of Senator La Follette’s Civil Liberties
subcommittee in 1939 for leaking information to the CPUSA and later on the staff of OSS. In
1947 Weisberg was discharged from his analyst position in the State Department after FBI turned
up information on his Communist background.
Weisbord, Albert: Communist trade union organizer in the late 1920s.
Welles, Benjamin Sumner: Senior American diplomat, Assistant Secretary of State 1933-37, Under
Secretary of State 1937-43.
Wells, Carveth: Popular travel writer and explorer.
Welsh, Mary: Described as source of information for Jacob Golos on German radio propaganda, 1941.
Wertheim, Maurice: New York banker, former brother-in-law of Secretary of the Treasury Morgenthau,
father of Josephine Pomerance.
“West” [Vest] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1942.
Western Electric company: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Corpus”.
Westinghouse corporation: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Ministry”.
Wetter, Father: Described as the Jesuit rector of Russicum.
Whalen, Grover: New York Police Commissioner.
Wheeler, Burton K.: U.S. Senator, 1923-1947 (D. MT).
Wheeler, Donald: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Worked for the Research and Analysis Division of the
Office of Strategic Services. Identified by Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Perlo espionage group.
KGB sent Comintern a vetting inquiry about him in 1944. Identified in the Venona decryptions as
a Soviet source/agent. 506 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Izra”.
Wheeler, George Shaw: Brother of Donald Wheeler. Economist who worked for the National Labor
Relations Board, the Department of Labor, War Production Board and the U.S. military
government of Germany. Forced out of U.S. government service in 1948 for suspected Communist
ties, he defected to Communist Czechoslovakia in 1950. 507 Candidate for one of the Wheelers
named in White #3, p. 60.
Whig: See “Vig”.
“Whip” [Knut] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1944,
part of the Perlo espionage apparatus.
“Whirlpool” [Omut] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): British embassy in the U.S., circa 1944.
White, ?: Described as head of Gregory Silvermaster’s division at BEW but in the context appears to be a
reference to Harry D. White of the Treasury Department.
White, ?: Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1930s. Given a payment of $8,000. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Spring”.
White, Anne Terry: Wife of Harry Dexter White. Referred to in Vassiliev’s notebooks as “R’s wife”
(“Richard’s” wife) and “Jurist’s wife”.
White Guard: Soviet political terminology for supporters of the Tsar but applied widely to any opponents
of the Bolshevik regime.
White, Harry Dexter: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. On Isaac Don
Levine’s list of those identified to Berle in 1939 but not on Berle’s list from that meeting.
Chambers identified White as part of his espionage apparatus and the espionage product he save
------------------------------------
506 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 52, 54–55, 57; Klehr, Haynes, and Firsov, Secret World, 312–15;
Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
507 Candidate for one of the Wheelers named in White #3, p. 60.

from 1938 and produced in 1948 included several pages in White’s handwriting. Identified by
Elizabeth Bentley as part of the Silvermaster espionage group. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 508 Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Cashier”, then
“Jurist” (1941-August 1944), changed to “Lawyer” in August 1944, changed to “Richard” in
September 1944, appeared as “Reed” in July 1945.
Whites: Soviet political terminology for supporters of the Tsar but applied widely to any opponents of the
Bolshevik regime.
Wicher, Enos: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Stepfather of Flora Don Wovschin. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 509
Wicher, Maria: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Mother of Flora Don Wovschin. Identified in the Venona
decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 510
Wicker, Irene: Wife of Victor Hammer in 1943.
Wickstrom, Oscar: Described as involved in the Robinson/Rubens passport fraud case.
Wig: See “Vig”.
Wiley, John C.: U.S. Consul General in Antwerp, 1936.
Will, Stephen: Recommended as candidate for KGB contact in 1949 by Martha Dodd.
Will: Work name One of Iskhak Akhmerov’s work names in the early 1930s.
Will: Work name Work name of an unidentified person (but possibly not Iskhak Akhmerov) known to
Alexander Koral in the 1930s.
Willen, Rose (pseudonym?): Signer of a 1944 letter to Ramsay/Hiskey urging cooperation with the bearer
of the letter.
William: Work name Helen Koral’s memory of Iskhak Akhmerov’s work name in the 1930s.
Williams, Albert Reese: Pro-Soviet American writer and journalist in the 1920s and 1930s.
Williams, Lt. Col. R. N.: Described as head of the Russian department of the U.S. Army Military
Intelligence Division.
Williams, Paul: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Subsource of “Talent”. Known as Paul Williams, his full
name has been given as Paul Elisha Williams and Elisha Paul Williams. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tal-1”.
Williams, Paulo: Variant of Williams, Paul.
Williams, R. N.: Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army intelligence officer, 1930.
“Williams” [Vil'yams] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Fred Shuneman.
Willison, George: Described as publicist for the Democratic National Committee in 1945.
Willkie, Wendell: Corporate lawyer, Republican candidate for president in 1940.
Willkie-Morgan group: Appears to be a reference to Wendell Willkie, moderate Republican identified with
high finance, and the Morgan banking interests.
Wills, Katherine: First wife of Victor Perlo.
“Willy” [Villi] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent at Department of
State, 1934-1935. Likely David A. Salmon. Recruited by “Leo”/Lore. Described as providing
“copes of reports addressed to the State Department from ambassadors, consuls, and U.S. military
attachés in Europe and East Asia” that were judged “very valuable”. Described as “chief of the
DOS’s communications and archives division”, and having a DOS salary of $5,600. (“Willy” was
motivated by money, not ideology, and received a KGB stipend of $6,000 in addition of the U.S.
government salary.) David Salmon was chief of DOS’s “Division of Communications and
------------------------------------
508 Bentley, “Deposition 1945,” 20, 25–27, 55; Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
509 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
510 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Records” in 1934 and 1935 and his salary at the time was $5,600. 511 Salmon’s division included
DOS’s codes and cipher office and both distributed and archived State Department sensitive
diplomatic communications. Also known as “11”.
“Willy” [Villi] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence contact connected
with “Ramsay”/Hiskey, 1944.
Wilson, Carroll L.: General manager of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission until 1950.
Wilson, Hugh R.: Senior American diplomat.
Winant, John: U.S. ambassador, London, 1941-1946.
Wynn, Arthur: Soviet intelligence source/agent, 1944. Described as radio expert and Communist in U.K.
Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Scott”.
Winogradow, Boris: See Boris Vinogradov.
Winter, Jan: Described as on the staff of the Rockerfeller’s Committee (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-
American Affairs). Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Valet” in 1944
Wirt, William A., and “Wirt Affair”: Nationally known k-12 school administrator. In 1934 Dr. Wirt
attended a Washington cocktail party at the home of Alice Barrows. Wirt claimed that at the party
a member of President Roosevelt’s “brain trust” (as the press named them) of advisors had told
him that FDR was a manipulated front man for a Communist plan to take power and would be
replaced with an American “Stalin”. A U.S. House committee chaired by Rep. Alfred Bulwinkle
(D. NC) heard Wirt’s testimony. His charges faded when those he identified turned out to be
obscure bureaucrats and left-wing journalists rather than prominent FDR advisors.
Witt, Art: Described as a Communist at the Works Progress Administration in 1934.
Witte, Aleksandr: Brother of Helen Silvermaster, resident of Soviet Union.
Witte, Elena Petrovna: Birth name of Helen Silvermaster.
Witte, Petr: Father of Helen Silvermaster, resident of Soviet Union.
Witte, Vladimir: Brother of Helen Silvermaster, resident of Soviet Union.
Witte, V.P.: Sister of Helen Silvermaster in the Soviet Union.
Wittenberg, Davrun (or Darren): Spelling unconfirmed, possibly Vittenberg. Described as an associate of
Harold Urey and friend of Emil Conason. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Sarin”.
Wohl, Paul: A colleague of Walter Krivitsky with whom he had a falling-out in 1940 over a loan.
Wolf, Felix: GRU officer in New York in 1925. Wolf was accused of being a Trotskyist and executed in
Stalin’s purge of his intelligence and security services in the late1930s. 512
“Wolf” [Volk] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nikolay Novikov.
Wolff, Robert: Described as OSS analyst, 1945.
Wolfson, Abraham: Dentist in New Jersey and active Communist. Married to Ruth Terry, sister of Anne
Terry, Harry Dexter White’s wife. Wolfson and Ruth Terry divorced in 1934. White remained in
touch with Wolfson.
Woll, Matthew: American Federation of Labor official and strong anti-Communist.
------------------------------------
511 Salmon, David Alden entries in the 1934 and 1935 editions of U.S. Department of State, Register
of the Department of State, July 1, 1934 (Washington, DC: U.S. Govt. Print. Off, 1934).
512 Felix Wolf was one of the professional names of Werner Rakov (sometimes spelled Rakow, also
known as Vladimir Bogdanovich, Vladimir Inkov, Vladimir Borisovich Kotlov and Nikolay Krebs) (1893 -
14 Sept. 1937). An ethnic German born in Latvia, he was a founding member of Communist Party of
Germany (KPD), a Comintern functionary (1920-1922, GRU officer in Austria (1922-23) and Germany
(1923-24), and the first GRU station chief in the United States (1925-27) working under the cover of
Amtorg and studies at Columbia University. Expelled from the KPD in 1928 for belonging to Trotskyite
opposition, readmitted in 1929; again expelled in 1933 and readmitted in 1934. Soviet security police
arrested him on 17 July 1936 and executed him on 14 September 1937.

Wolston, Ilya Elliott: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Jack Soble’s nephew (son of one of Jack’s sisters).
A U.S. Army intelligence officer in WWII assigned to Russian-related tasks. Identified in the
Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 513 Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Slava”.
Women’s League for Peace and Freedom.
Wood, Robert E.: WWI U.S. Army general, later chairman of Sears, Roebuck company.
“Wood” [Vud] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified target of recruitment as a liaison and
recruitment agent, 1942. Some relation to oil matters.
Wooden, W. H.: President of American Car & Foundry Co., active in the American-Russian Chamber of
Commerce.
Workers Party of America: Title of the CPUSA for part of the 1920s.
Workers (Communist) Party: Title of the CPUSA for part of the 1920s.
Workers Party: Title of the Max Shachtman’s splinter from the Socialist Workers Party.
Works Progress Administration (WPA): New Deal work relief agency.
“Workshop” [Tsekh] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics (NACA), circa 1944.
World Enterprises: Described as one of Boros Morros’s film companies.
World Monopoly and Peace: Book authored by James Allen, 1946.
World Peace Committee
World Tourists: Travel agency run by Jacob Golos and secretly controlled by the CPUSA.
Wovschin, Flora Don: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Secretary in the Office of War Information.
Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. 514 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Zora”.
WP: Workers Party, likely a reference (1943) to the Workers Party of Max Shachtman or possibly to the
Socialist Workers Party of James Cannon.
WPB: War Production Board, U.S.
“Wrench” [Rench] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Benny Bederson.
Wright Field: U.S. Army Air Force and later U.S. Air Force facility in Ohio where advanced aviation
equipment was developed and tested.
“Writer” [Literator] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Cover name for a Soviet intelligence agent to be
left behind enemy lines.
Wuchinich, George Samuel: Target of recruitment. Officer in OSS of Serbian origin. Wuchinich (spelled
Vuchinich) was identified in the Venona decryptions as providing information to a GRU source.
Wuchinich invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid answering questions from a Congressional
committee regarding his Communist background and espionage connections. 515 Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Lid”.
Wulfson, ?: Soviet trade official in Paris in 1937.
“X” [Iks] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Joseph Katz. (The cover name in Russian is “Iks”, not the
Cyrillic letter “X”.) “X” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Katz. 516
X line: see XY line.
“X” [X] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Designation given the GRU agent “Kogan” in a 1941 KGB
report. In the original text indicted by the Russian Cryillic letter “X”. The Russian “X”
transliterates as “Kh”, but in this case is functioning in the same way as the Latin “X”, indicating
an unnamed person, and is here left as “X”.
------------------------------------
513 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
514 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
515 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]; Testimony of George S. Wuchinich, 4 June 1953,
U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Interlocking Subversion, part 11.
516 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

X-2: OSS counter-intelligence division.
X2: see X-2.
“X’ [X] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, mid-1920s.
Possibly a ROSTA correspondent in the U.S. who reported to KGB. In the original text indicted
by the Russian Cryillic letter “X”. The Russian “X” transliterates as “Kh”, but in this case is
functioning in the same way as the Latin “X”, indicating an unnamed person, and is here left as
“X”.
XY line: KGB scientific-technical line of work. While often rendered in English with the Latin alphabet
letters “XY”, this is a transfer without transliteration of the Russian Cyrillic letter “XY”, which
when transliterated from Russian would be KhU.
Yagoda, Genrikh Grigor'evich: People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (chief of the NKVD, predecessor to
the KGB) from 1934 until 1936. Yagoda implemented the early Moscow Trials and beginning
stages of Stalin’s Great Terror. Replaced in 1936, he was arrested as a traitor in 1937 and
accused of being part of a Trotskyist-Bucharinist conspiracy. He was tried and executed in 1938.
Yakhontoff, Victor Alexandrovich: Soviet intelligence contact/informant Former Tsartist general turned
pro-Soviet.
“Yakov” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, 1952, likely
operating from Vienna, liaison with Boris Morros in Europe in 1952.
“Yakov” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): William Perl starting in September 1944. “Yakov” was
identified in the Venona decryptions as Perl. 517
Yakovlev, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
Yakovlev, Anatoly Antonovich: Pseudonym used by Anatoly Antonovich Yatskov in the U.S.
“Yang” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. (Alternative translation:
Young] Likely Howard Gochnour.
“Yank” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Described as male and a
secretary of “Page” (Lauchlin Currie) in 1943 and providing valuable information about China via
“Dir”/Mary Price. Michael Greenberg is a very strong candidate for “Yank”.
“Yankee” [Yanki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
1938.
“Yankee” [Yanki] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): John H.F. Haskel in 1944.
“Yanki” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Yankee”.
“Yaponets” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Japanese”.
“Yasha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent in unidentified agency.
Partially identified as Dmitry Vladimirovich ?.
“Yasha” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, an illegal,
early 1930s.
“Yasha Case”: Unclear reference in 1937 to the arrest of an operative of some sort in the USSR. Possibly
a reference to the arrest of senior KGB special operations officer Yakov “Yasha” Serebryansky,
during Stalin’s purge of his security services.
Yatskov, Anatoly Antonovich: Soviet intelligence officer. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet
officer/agent under his pseudonym as Anatoly Antonovich Yakovlev. Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Aleksey”. Known as John to Harry Gold.
“Yaz'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ide”.
Yefimovna, Ekaterina: Wife of Boris Morros, Catherine Morros.
“Yel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “El'”
Yeliseyev, P.: KGB officer, Moscow, 1966.
------------------------------------
517 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

“Yersh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Ruff”.
“Yew” [Tis] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Robert Oppenheimer, 1944-1945.
Yezhov, Nikolay: People's Commissar for Internal Affairs (head of the NKVD/KGB) on September 26,
1936, supervised the most lethal period of the Great Terror. Removed from office in November
1938, arrested in April 1939, executed February 1940.
York, Jones Orin: Soviet intelligence source/agent, Los Angeles. Aviation engineer. York was identified in
the Venona decryptions as a Soviet intelligence source/agent. 518 Cover name in Vassiliev’s
notebooks: “Needle”.
Yost, Charles: Assistant chief of the Office of Arms and Munitions Control in State in 1937-38.
Young: See “Mlad”.
Young: See “Yang”.
“Young Woman” [Devushka] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Alice Barrows.
Youngster: See “Mlad”.
“Youth” [Yunosha] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Nadine Redecker.
“Youthful” [Malody] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Milton Golos, Jacob Golos’ son.
Yudenich, Nikolay Nikolaevich: Russian general who commanded a major White army in the Russian Civil
War.
Yugoslavia: Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Viganiya”, 1950.
“Yuliya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Julia”.
“Yun” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Stephen Laird. References to in 1942. “Yun” was identified
in the Venona decryptions as Laird. 519
“Yung” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jung”.
“Yunona” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Former wife of “Yun” (Stephen Laird), described as
knowing of his espionage work and of having informed her new husband.
“Yunosha” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Youth”.
“Yurist” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jurist
“Yurt” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence officer/agent, Vienna, 1954,
who had a safehouse.
Yusupova, Princess Irina Felixovna: Prominent White exile.
“Yuz” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Iosif R. Grigulevich, 1938-1939.
“Yuzik” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Appears to be a variant of “Yuz”. Iosif R. Grigulevich,
1938-1939.
“Z” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent. Reference to “Z”
having failed or been exposed by early 1945. May be the same as “Z” reporting on OSS in 1944.
Likely “Z” for “Zayats”, i.e. “Hare”/Maurice Halperin.
“Zaatlantik” and “Zaatlantika”(cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Transatlantic” and
“Transatlantica”.
Zablodowsky, David : Identified by Whittaker Chambers as active in the Communist covert apparatus in
the mid-1936, acting as a mail drop for Joseph Peters. Active in a number of CPUSA front groups
and remained active in them after the Nazi-Soviet Pact. An OSS officer in WWII. Zablodowsky
later admitted acting as a mail drop for Chambers but denied Communist affiliation and
espionage. 520
Zabotin, Nikolay: Soviet military attaché and GRU station chief the USSR’s Canadian legation at the time
of Igor Gouzenko’s defection in 1945.
------------------------------------
518 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
519 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
520 U.S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Activities United Nations, pt. 1, 150–54.

“Zagadka” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Riddle”. (Alternative translations: Puzzle,
Enigma).
Zagrav, ?: Described by OSS as running an intelligence apparatus in the USSR from Rumania for the
Nazis.
Zakharov, Matvei Vasilevich: Senior Soviet general.
Zakharov, Vyacheslav N.: Soviet intelligence officer, cipher clerk. References to in 1949. Cover name in
Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Nikolay”.
“Zakoulok” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Back Street”.
“Zam” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Medes Grineff.
“Zamestitel'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Deputy”.
“Zamestitel' Kapitana” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “‘Captain’s’ deputy”.
Zamoskvorechye: a district of Moscow south of the Kremlin.
Zaporozhchenko, ?: KGB officer, 1943.
Zaporozhstal: acronym for Zaporozhye Integrated Iron and Steel Works.
“Zapovednik” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): See “Preserve”.
Zaromsky: See Isaak Moroz.
Zarubin, Elizabeth: Soviet intelligence officer. Also know as Yelizaveta Zarubina. Birth name: Yelizaveta
Yulyevna Gorskaya (Rozentsvaig). Wife of Vasily Zarubin. Used the pseudonym of Elizabeth
Zubilin. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Erna” (1935), “Vardo” (early 1940s)
Zarubin, Vasily Mikhaylovich: Chief of the New York KGB station and senior KGB officer in the U.S.,
arrived 4 January 1942 and departed 24 August 1944. Cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks:
“Jaspar” (in Germany, 1928), “Katya” (1934?), “Betty” (1935 and later 1930s), “Maxim” (early
1940s). Pseudonym in Germany as a Paramount talent scout: Edward Joseph Herbert, 1934-1940.
Pseudonym under diplomatic cover in the United States, Vasily Zubilin.
Zarubina, Anna Yakovlevna: First wife of Vasily Zarubin, prior to Elizabeth.
Zarubina, Yelizaveta: See Elizabeth Zarubin.
Zaslavsky, ?: First husband of Boris Morros’s wife.
Zaslavsky, ?: Former Soviet supervisor of Iosif ?.
Zassman, Walter: Described as a contact of Harold Glasser at some point (Spelling unconfirmed:
alternative translation: Sassman or Sussman).
Zaustinsky: Special company established to purchase aircraft engines for the USSR.
Zavenyagin, Avraamy P.: Senior deputy to Lavrenty Beria.
“Zavod” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Plant”.
“Zayats” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Hare”. (Alternative translation: Rabbit. Zayats can
also be translated as Stowaway)
Zbarsky, ?: Described as a Soviet scientist working on bactericides.
Zborowski, Mark: Soviet intelligence officer/agent, largely focused on anti-Trotsky work in the 1930s and
early 1940s. Identified in the Venona decryptions as a Soviet source/agent. Convicted of perjury
and imprisoned in 1962. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Tulip” until September 1944, then
“Kant”. 521
Zeitzler, Kurt: Senior German army officer.
Zelman, Franklin: See Franklin, Zalmond David.
Zelnis, Robert: See Tselnis, Robert.
“Zemlyak”, “Zemlyaki” (cover names in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Fellowcountryman”,
“Fellowcountrymen”.
------------------------------------
521 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000]. See “Kant” entries for overlap with Kant as the
cover name for Harry Magdoff in September - December 1944.

“Zenit” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Zenith”.
Zenith corporation: Radio and electronic corporation.
“Zenith” [Zenit] (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent,
member of Julius Rosenberg’s revived network in 1948.
“Zenkhen” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sohnchen”.
“Zero” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, female source
on staff of the Nye committee, mid-1930s, described as Jewish. Described as working for a U.S.
Senator in 1942.
“Zero” [Nul']: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Leona Oliver Franey until October 1944. 522 Alternative
translation “Null”. This “Zero”, spelled Nul' in Russian, is not the same cover name as “Zero”,
spelled Zero in Russian. “Nul'” was translated as “Zero” in the Venona decryptions and to avoid
confusion that translation is used here. “Zero” was identified in the Venona decryptions as
Franey. 523
“Zerro” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Zero”. Likely a spelling error for Zero.
“Zh-42” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, political line,
at USDA in 1945, then UNRRA.
“Zhan” (cover name in the Venona decryptions): See “Jean”.
“Zhana” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent of KGB Washington
Station 1946 at the Rumanian embassy.
“Zhannet” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jannet”.
“Zhaspar” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jaspar”.
Zhdanov, Andrey A.: Senior Soviet ideologist, part of Stalin’s inner circle after WWII.
“Zhemchug” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Pearl”.
Zhemchuzhina, Polina: Birth name Pearl Karpovskaya. Her brother immigrated to the U.S. and adopted the
name Sam Carp. She maried Vyacheslav Molotov and occupied senior posts in the People’s
Commissariat of Food Industry of the USSR; from July 1936, she was the Head of the Chief
Administration of the Perfume, Cosmetics, Synthetics, and Soap-making Industry. When she
visited the U.S. in 1936 as the head of the Soviet perfume conglomerate she used the name Olga
Karpovskaya. In November 1937, she became a Deputy People’s Commissar. Arrested and sent
to the Gulag in 1948 during Stalin’s anti-Jewish purge. Released after Stalin’s death.
“Zhenya” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Sonia Steinman Gold. “Zhenya” was identified in the
Venona decryptions as Sonia Gold. 524
“Zholud'” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Acorn”.
“Zhora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): William Weisband in 1945-1950.
“Zhorzh” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “George”.
“Zhuk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Beetle”.
Zhukov, Georgy Konstantinovich: Chief Soviet military commander in WWII.
“Zhulik” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Crook”. (Alternative translation: Swindler)
“Zhur” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Jour”.
Zhurbenko, ?: Soviet intelligence officer, Moscow, 1937.
“Zhurnalist” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Journalist”.
Ziev, Paul J.: Russian, director of Amtorg, 1924.
Zilbermeister: birth name of Nathan Gregory Silvermaster.
“Zinger” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): David Greenglass, March 1950-.
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522 Cover name dating based on Venona 1403 KGB New York to Moscow, 5 October 1944.
523 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
524 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].

Zinoviev, Grigory: Senior Bolshevik leader at the time of the Bolshevik coup and a leading figure in the
Soviet government in the 1920s.
Zisman, Y.L.: Correspondent of Iosif ? in 1935.
Zlatowski, George: Soviet intelligence source/agent. Veteran of the International Brigades and secret
Communist, he became a U.S. Army intelligence officer in WWII and with the occupation of
Austria. Husband of Jane Foster. Cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks: “Rector”.
Zlatowski, Jane Foster: See Jane Foster.
Zlotovsky, ?: (Spelling unconfirmed. Alternative translation: Zlotowski) Described as a Polish scientist in
the Manhattan atomic project with which the Soviets had only official contact.
Zolotnitsky, ?: Described as a friend of Victor Hammer.
“Zon” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Zone”.
“Zone” [Zon] (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Mary Price starting in September 1944. “Zone”
appeared in the Venona decryptions as an unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent with
attributes compatible with Price. 525
“Zoniya” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Austria, 1950.
“Zora” (cover name in Vassiliev notebooks): Soviet intelligence source/agent. Likely Flora Don
Wovschin. “Zora” was identified in the Venona decryptions as Flora Don Wovschin. 526
Zorin, Velerian A.: Senior Soviet official, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, 1947-55 and chairman of
the Committee of Information (KI) in 1950..
Zubilin, Elizabeth: Pseudonym used by Elizabeth Zarubin.
Zubilin, Vasily: Pseudonym used by Vasily Zarubin.
“Zveno” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Link”.
“Zvesdochet” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Astrologer”.
“Zvezda” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): Unidentified Soviet intelligence source/agent, references
to in 1937. Zvezda means Star in Russian. However, there are two other cover names that use
“Star”, spelled phonetically in Cyrillic Russian, in the notebooks. To reduce confusion “Zvezda”
is simply transliterated from Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet rather than translated to Star.
“Zvuk” (cover name in Vassiliev’s notebooks): See “Sound”.
Zworykin, Vladimir Kozmich: Electronic engineer and pioneer of early television.
Zyavkin, ?: Name in the Whalen documents, 1930.
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525 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].
526 Appendix A, Haynes and Klehr, Venona [2000].