a round robin test on measurements of air void parameters in ...

CMC - APS
A ROUND ROBIN TEST ON
MEASUREMENTS OF AIR VOID PARAMETERS
IN HARDENED CONCRETE
BY
VARIOUS AUTOMATED IMAGE ANALYSES
AND ASTM C 457 METHODS
DIPAYAN JANA
Construction Materials Consultants, Inc. &
Applied Petrographic Services, Inc.
Greensburg, PA USA
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

B/W
NON-
B/W
C 457
CMC - APS
PARTICIPANTS IN THE ROUND ROBIN TEST
Karl W. Peterson
Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, USA
(The Flatbed Scanner Method)
Niels Thaulow
RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, PA, USA
(The RapidAir 457 Method)
Chris W. Baumgart
National Nuclear Security Administration – Kansas City Plant, USA
(The Automated Concrete Evaluation System)
Hisaaki Furuichi
Fast Corporation Image Technology Division, Kanagawa, Japan
(The HF-MAC01 Method)
Mitzi Casper and Dipayan Jana
Construction Materials Consultants, Inc., Greensburg, PA USA
(The Modified Point Count Method of ASTM C 457).
A
BIG
THANKS
TO
ALL
OF
YOU!
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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Mixtures per One Cubic Meter
Sample ID
Desired Air Content
Portland Cement, Essroc Type I, Kg
Coarse Aggregate, #8 Limestone, Kg
(SSD)
Fine Aggregate, Sand, Kg (SSD)
Water, Kg
AEA, AE 260, oz/cwt
WRA, oz/cwt
Water-Cement Ratio
Unit Weight, Kg/m 3
Concrete Temp., °C,
Slump, mm
Plastic Air Content, %
Yield, m 3
THE CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
Five 100 x 200 mm Concrete Cylinders with
different air contents
1
8
377
1009
634
176
0.37
2.00
0.47
2201.6
22
100
7.9
1.000
2
6
377
1009
634
176
0.20
2.00
0.47
2249.6
22
82
5.8
1.002
3
2
377
1009
634
176
0.00
2.00
0.47
2342.4
22
69
2.6
1.001
4
4
377
1009
634
176
0.11
2.00
0.47
2304.0
22
75
4.0
1.001
5
10
377
1009
634
176
0.47
2.00
0.47
2144.0
22
119
9.6
1.003
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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SAMPLING STRATEGY
Non-
B/W
B/W
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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LAPPED SECTIONS PREPARED FOR THE PARTICIPANTS
Five Cylinder Slabs – With ~ 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% Air
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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AIR VOIDS IN FIVE CYLINDERS
FW = 7 mm
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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CMC
ASTM C 457 SET UP
MICHIGAN-TECH
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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THE FLATBED SCANNER METHOD
NYCO’s
NYAD 1250 Wollastonite
MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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THE RAPIDAIR 457 METHOD
CONCRETE EXPERTS INTERNATIONAL
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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THE HF-MAC01 METHOD
FAST CORPORATION, JAPAN
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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THE AUTOMATIC CONCRETE EVALUATION METHOD
MoDOT – NNSA/KCP
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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TWO TYPES OF IMAGE ANALYSIS METHODS
B/W CONSTRAST
NON B/W CONTRAST
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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CYLINDER 3
3.6% AIR
FLATBED
SCANNER
THE B/W CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT METHODS
CYLINDER 4
3.8% AIR
RAPIDAIR
457
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

CMC - APS
NOT TO EVALUATE
PURPOSES OF THE ROUND ROBIN TEST
- Which method is better
- Precision, Accuracy of a method
- Inter-lab agreement of a method
- Precision, Accuracy of C 457
- Sample Preparation
TO EVALUATE
- How close or apart results are
- IA vs. C 457 agreement
- Agreement in Air-void System
- Void Spacing Factor
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Air Content, %
Fresh Concrete HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner ACE System ASTM C 457
1 2 3 4 5
Fresh Concrete 7.90 5.80 2.60 4.00 9.60
HF-MAC 7.40 4.00 2.30 3.30 9.50
RapidAir 457 10.51 6.00 3.60 3.82 13.42
Flatbed Scanner 9.05 6.02 3.57 5.35 12.71
ACE System 7.57 4.67 2.24 2.99 6.66
ASTM C 457 8.95 5.29 3.18 3.98 11.77
8% 6% 2% 4% 10%
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
Void Frequency
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner ACE System ASTM C 457
1 2 3 4 5
HF-MAC 0.277 0.128 0.035 0.084 0.500
RapidAir 457 0.703 0.276 0.141 0.183 0.846
Flatbed Scanner 0.464 0.226 0.086 0.136 0.633
ACE System 0.505 0.239 0.074 0.092 0.464
ASTM C 457 0.513 0.243 0.054 0.123 0.690
8% 6% 2% 4% 10%
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Specific Surface, mm 2 /mm 3
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner ACE System ASTM C 457
1 2 3 4 5
HF-MAC 15.04 12.90 6.01 10.02 20.95
RapidAir 457 26.73 18.42 15.70 19.19 25.21
Flatbed Scanner 20.51 15.32 9.67 10.22 19.23
ACE System 26.70 20.52 13.23 12.34 27.94
ASTM C 457 22.92 18.47 6.97 12.55 23.45
8% 6% 2% 4% 10%
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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8% 6% 2% 4% 10%
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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Image Analysis
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00
Air Content, %
B/W
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
ASTM C 457
NON-B/W
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner
ACE System Linear (HF-MAC) Linear (Flatbed Scanner)
Linear (RapidAir 457) Linear (ACE System)
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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Image Analysis
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Void Frequency
0.000 0.100 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.500 0.600 0.700 0.800 0.900
ASTM C 457
B/W
NON-B/W
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner
ACE System Linear (Flatbed Scanner) Linear (RapidAir 457)
Linear (HF-MAC) Linear (ACE System)
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

CMC - APS
Image Analysis
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Specific Surface, mm 2 /mm 3
NON-AIR-ENTRAINED
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
ASTM C 457
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner
ACE System Linear (ACE System) Linear (Flatbed Scanner)
Linear (HF-MAC) Linear (RapidAir 457)
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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Image Analysis
1.400
1.200
1.000
0.800
0.600
0.400
0.200
0.000
Void Spacing Factor, mm
0.000 0.200 0.400 0.600 0.800 1.000 1.200 1.400
ASTM C 457
NON-AIR-ENTRAINED
HF-MAC RapidAir 457 Flatbed Scanner
ACE System Linear (HF-MAC) Linear (Flatbed Scanner)
Linear (RapidAir 457) Linear (ACE System)
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA

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CONCLUSIONS
All Four Image Analysis Methods:
� Show good overall consistency in the results of air void
specific surface and void-spacing factor
� Effectively separates “marginally” air-entrained versus
“adequately” air-entrained concretes, i.e., “coarse”versus-“fine”
air void system – Air-Void-spacing factor
� Are excellent alternatives to ASTM C 457 for evaluation of
Concrete Durability
29 th ICMA CONFERENCE, QUEBEC CITY, CANADA