A review: Natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi

Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research 

Scholars Research Library 

J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res., 2011, 1 (2): 21-32 

(http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) 

ISSN : 2231 –3168 

CODEN (USA) : JMBRB4 

A review: Natural products from plant associated endophytic fungi 

Ruby Erach Jalgaonwala* 1 , Bhavna Vishwas Mohite 2 , Raghunath Totaram Mahajan 2 

1, 2 Department of Biotechnology Moolji Jaitha College Jalgaon M.S.India 

______________________________________________________________________________ 

ABSTRACT 

This review describes information on the role of endophytic microorganisms and some of 

naturally occurring bioactive compounds obtained from endophytic fungi isolated from various 

host plants. In the recent past years, a great deal of information on the role of endophytes in 

nature has been collected. The main topics addressed are isolation of endophytes, host 

endophyte relationship, fungal endophyte, their diversity, physiological role of endophyte, 

biological activities and chemistry. 

Key words: Endophytic microorganisms, biological activity, endophyte diversity, antioxidation 

activity. 

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INTRODUCTION 

Endophytes are those microorganisms that inhabit interior of plants especially leaves, stems, 

roots shows no apparent harm to host [1]. Almost all classes of vascular plants and grasses 

examined to date are found to host endophytic organisms [2]. Different groups of organisms such 

as fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes and mycoplasma are reported as endophytes of plants [3]. The 

existence of endophytes has been known for over one hundred years. In literal translation, the 

word endophyte is derived from Greek, ‘endo’ >< ‘endon’ meaning within, and ‘phyte’>< 

‘phyton’ meaning plant. Research of endophytic fungi has a long history and their diversity 

among plants has been found to be considerably large. Each plant has been reported to harbor 

one or more endophytes [4, 5] (Figure 1). Recently endophytes are viewed as outstanding source 

of secondary metabolites bioactive antimicrobial natural products. These microorganisms 

received considerable attention in last 20 years when their capacity to protect against insect and 

pest pathogens was noticed [1]. Botanists have carried out much research into the plant 

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Ruby Erach Jalgaonwala et al J. Microbiol. Biotech. Res., 2011, 1 (2):21-32 

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endophyte relation. The aim of this review is to provide recent data about fungal endophytes and 

their bioprospecting. 

Figure 1. Endophytes asexual life Cycle 

Host endophyte relationship 

Recent studies shows that endophytes are not host specific [6]. Single endophytes can invage a 

wide host range. Studies suggest that some strains of the same fungus isolated from different 

parts of the same host differ in their ability to utilize different substances [7]. So endophytes can 

be isolated from different plants belongs to the different families and classes and grow under 

different ecological and geographical conditions [8]. Host endophyte relationship may be 

variable from host to host and endophyte. Some research showed that host plant and endophyte 

relationship are able to balanced pathogen host antagonism not truly symbiotic one [9] (Figure 2) 

Plant endophyte interactions affect metabolite production 

In 2008 Moricca and Ragazzi [10] showed that the type of interaction between an endophyte and 

a plant is controlled by the genes of both organisms and modulated by the environment. The 

endophyte may present in a metabolically hostile environment and continuously encountering 

host defense chemicals [9]. Endophytic fungi from medicinal plants could be a rich source of 

functional metabolites [11-15]. Endophyte plant association could be could also be subjugated to 

stimulate the production of secondary metabolites by host plant. Plants growing in adverse 

habitats have to be screened for isolation of endophytes and their metabolites [16,17].The 

observation by Baily [18], indicates that endophyte infections alters pattern of gene expression 


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in the host plant. Endophytes from angiosperms and gymnosperms have been studied for novel 

secondary metabolites. Suryanarayanan, Zhang and Li emphasis on evaluation of endophytes in 

lower plants namely algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes and lichens in addition with higher plants 

[19-21]. 

+ Fungal Benefit + 

E 

n 

d 

o 

p 

h 

y 

t 

Figure 2. Host endophyte relationship 

i 

s 

m 

- Fungal harm - 

Physiological role of endophytic fungi 

Endophytic fungi are reported from plants occurred in various environment conditions including 

tropic [22], temperate [23], Xerophytic [19] and aquatic [24]. Current studies have shown that 

tall fescue toxicosis is mediated by a number of compounds including clavinet alkaloids, lysegic 

acid amides and ergopeptines [25]. 

Protection from pathogens 

Endophytic fungi are known to be a rich source of novel antimicrobial substances. The 

endophyte associated plants produces some metabolites that induces resistance. It was found that 

symbiotic plant activates defense system more quickly than non symbiotic plants after pathogen 

challenge. 

Role of endophytes in abiotic stress tolerance 

Researchers have shown that some endophytic fungi are able to protect their host plant from 


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drought conditions [26]. Also salt tolerance is observed in plants infected with endophytes [27]. 

Endophytic fungi also increase heat tolerance in their host. So it can be said that endophytes acts 

as biological trigger to activate the stress response more rapidly and strongly than non symbiotic 

plants [28]. 

Fungal endophyte diversity 

Endophytic fungal symbionts can have profound effects on plant ecology, fitness and evolution. 

Diverse group of this organism are able to produce number of bioactive agents [29-31]. The 

fossil record indicates that plant have been associated with endophytic fungi, for >400 Myr and 

were likely associated when plants colonized land, thus having an important role in driving the 

evolution of life on land [32]. Clavicipitaceous endophytes are Class I endophytes represents a 

small number of phylogenetically related Clavicipitaceous species that are fastidious in culture 

and limited to some cool and warm season grasses[33-34]. Transmission of class I endophytes is 

primarily vertical, with maternal plants passing fungi on to offspring via seed infections [35]. 

The benefits conferred by these fungi appear to depend on the host species, host genotype and 

environmental conditions [36]. Diversity of class 2 endophytes in individual host plants is quite 

limited. Class 2 endophyte comprises a diversity of species, all of which are members of the 

Dikarya (Ascomycota or Basidiomycota). They have ability to confer habitat specific stress 

tolerance to host plants [37]. Researchers proposed that Clavicipitaceous endophytes are 

defensive mutualists of host grasses and this hypothesis gets widely accepted on endophytes 

natural history, evolution, ecology and physiology and followed by number of researchers [38- 

45]. Class 3 endophytes are distinguished on the basis of their occurrence and horizontal 

transmission. This includes vascular, nonvascular plants, woody and herbaceous angiosperms in 

tropical forest and antarctic communities [46-49]. Class 3 endophytes are especially known for 

their great diversity within individual host tissues, plants and populations. Individual leaves may 

harbor up to one isolate per 2mm 2 of leaf tissue and contains number of species. Single plant may 

harbor hundreds of different endophytic fungi. Class 4 endophytes have darkly melanized septa 

and restricted to plant roots. They are generally Ascomycetous fungi which are conidial or sterile 

and that form melanized structures like inter and intracellular hyphae and microsclerotia in the 

roots. This class of endophytes found in host plants like nonmycorrhizal from antarctic, arctic, 

alpine, sub-alpine, temperate zones and tropical ecosystems [50]. 

Methods for isolation of endophytes 

A number of methods for isolation of endophytes are described in literatures. A convenient and 

common method accepted by many researchers is to dip the tissues in 70% alcohol for few 

seconds or in 0.5-3.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1-2 minutes followed by rinses in sterile double 

distilled water before plating it on a nutrient medium for isolation of endophytic microorganisms 

[29]. Some Isolates require months or more time in culture before they sporulate. Even stop 

sporulating after they have been transferred several times. For isolation of fungal endophytes 

surface sterilization of tissue requires 70% ethanol for 1-3 minutes, aqueous sodium 

hypochloride (4% available chlorine) for 3-5 minutes again rinse with 70% ethanol 2-10 seconds 

and final rinse with double distilled water and drying in Laminar air flow [4] also addition of 

50mg/l chloramphenicol can be done to suppress bacterial growth [5]. Sterile knife blade is 

required to remove outer tissues from sample and to excise inner tissues[30].Water agar, Potato 

dextrose agar, Yeast extract agar, Rose bengal chloramphenicol agar, Luria bertani agar, Humic 


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acid vitamin agar are found to be suitable media for isolation of endophytic fungi, bacteria and 

actinomycetes respectively. Temperature of about 25-30 o C is suitable for their growth. 

Natural products from endophytes 

Anticancer by endophytes 

Taxol is the world’s first billion dollar anticancer drug. In addition it is worthy of note that some 

plants generating bioactive natural products have associated endophytes that produce the same 

natural products (Figure 3). Such is the case with taxol, a highly functionalized diterpenoid and 

famed anticancer agent that is found in each of the world’s yew tree species (Taxus sp) [51]. In 

1993, a novel taxol producing fungus Taxomyces andreanae, from the yew Taxus brevifolia was 

isolated and characterized and biodiversity of some endophytic fungi from 29 traditional 

Chinese medicinal plants were studied [52,53].Naphthoquinone Spiroketal isolated from 

endophytic fungus Edenia gomezpompae .Six new tetramic acids derivatives Penicillenols 

A1,A2,B1,B2,C1,C2 [54] together with citrinin, phenol A acid, phenol A and dihydrocitrinin 

were identified from Penicillium sp an endophytic fungus associated with Aegiceras 

corniculatum. All the new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects in four cell lines 

by the MTT bioassay Penicillenols A. Endophytic fungus Penicillium sp JP-1 isolated from 

Aegiceras corniculatum showed four polketides, leptusphaerone [55] Penicillenone, 9-demethyl 

FR-901235 [14] leptosphaerone C showed cytotoxicity against A-549 cells with an Ic 50 Value 

of 1.45 um, while penicillenone showed cytotoxicity against P388 cells with an Ic 50 value of 

1.58um and arugosin I [13, 14]. 

Figure 3.Taxol 

Antioxidant compounds produced by endophytes 

Antioxidant metabolites are often produced by endophytic fungi. Pestacin (Figure 6) and 

Isopestacin (Figure 5) were isolated from Pestalotiopsis microspora from plant Terminalia 

morobensis, native of the Papua New Guinea [56]. 

Endophytes and their antimicrobial activity 

Endophytic fungi Aspergillus clavatonanicus isolated from Torreya mairei produce clavatol 

[40]. Endophytic fungus Phomopsis sp YM 311483 produced four new ten membered lactones. 

This lactones shows antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinere, and 

Fusarium[14] were isolated from the extract of endophytic fungus Xylaria sp PSU-D14 


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exhibiting two compounds Sordaricin [57] (Figure 7) and 2, 3-dihydro-5 hydroxy-2 methyl-4H- 

1-banzopyron-4-1,venaceum Penicillium islandicum and Ophiostoma minus. The glucoside 

derivatives, Xularosides A [56]. Endophytic Fusarium Sp from plant Selaginella pollescens 

collected in the Guanacaste conservation area of Costa Rica was screened for antifungal activity 

shows potent activity against Candida albicans in agar diffusion assay [30]. Jesterone antifungal 

compound which was isolated from fungus Pestalotiopsis jesteri. Jesterone is only compound 

from the endophytes in which total synthesis was reported [58].The endophytic fungus 

Chloridium sp produces Javanicin [4]. This highly functionalized napthaquinone exhibits strong 

antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas sp.Three metabolites Phomoenamide [13], 

Phomonitroester and Deacetylphomoxanthone B have been reported from endophytic fungus 

Phomopsis sp PSU D [15]. Patulin is a mycotoxin found to be produced by some of endophytic 

fungi (Figure 4). 

Figure 4. Patulin 

Figure 5. Isopestacin 

Figure 6. Pestacin 


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Figure 7. Sordarcin derivative 

Endophytes and some antiviral compounds 

Many antiviral agents are reported from endophytic fungi. Two novel compounds cytonic acid A 

and B have been isolated from the endophytic fungus Cytonaema sp. These compounds are 

inhibitor of human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) protease [59]. 

Other natural products by endophytes 

Gignardic acid was detected in the culture broth of an endophytic Gignardia sp. obtained from 

Spondias mombin [60] (Figure 8). The oxidative deamination products of L – valine and L – 

phenylalanine are biogenetic precursors of this metabolite. A novel compound from a Phomopsis 

sp endophytic in Adenocarpus foliolosus was isolated and identified as phomosine G [61]. 

Several endophytes are known to have antiinsect properties, nodulisporic acid a novel diterpenes 

that exhibits potent insecticidal properties against the larvae of the blowfly. The first 

nodulisporium compound was isolated from endophytes Nodulispotium sp and Bontia 

Daphnoides [4]. Ergot alkaloids consist of different kinds of alkaloids and include ergovaline, 

ergotamine, ergosine, ergostine and ergonine. Environmental conditions such as soil temperature 

and humidity also are expected to affect the nature and the population of endophytes 

Nematicidal/insecticidal metabolites from endophytic fungi Geotrichum sp AL4, isolated from 

leaves of A. indica chlorinated, empimeric compound 1, 3 oxazinane derivatives isolated and 

assessed for their nematicidal activity against nematodes. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and 

Panagrellus redivivus showed good bioactivity [62]. Graphislactone A, Botralin and Ulocladol 

are acetylcholinesterase (Ach E) inhibitors, isolated from an endophytic Microsphaeropsis 

olivacea, originally obtained from Pilgerodendron uviferum a gymnosperm [63] 

Figure 8.Gignardic acid 


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Figure 9.Abacterial activity against E.coli by endophytic fungi isolated from O.sanctum 

Figure 10. Fungal endophyte isolated from E. globules 

Table 1. Biological activities by endophytes isolated from medicinal plants 

Plant Family Antimicrobial Antioxidation 

Aloe vera Liliaceae +++ + 

Azadirachta indica Meliaceae ++ + 

Curcuma longa Zingiberaceae +++ +++ 

Coriandrum sativam Umbelliferae + + 

Eucalyptus globules Myrtaceae ++ + 

Hibiscusrose sinensis Malvaceae - + 

Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae - + 

Murrayo koenginii Rutaceae ++ - 

Musa paradiasica Musaceae + + 

Osimum sanctum Labiataei +++ + 

Pongamia glabra Leguminosae +++ + 

Sphaeranthus indicus Compositae - +++ 

Vinca rosea Apocynaceae - +++ 

Vitex nigundo Vedenaceae + + 

Withania somniphera Solanaceae - + 

+++, Potent activity, ++, Moderate activity, +, Less activity,-, No activity 

We have isolated some fungal endophytes from selected fifteen medicinal plants. These are 

found to be diverse groups and having potent biological activities (Table 1.) .It was found that 

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endophytes are tissue specific .Large number of isolates were found in aerial part than the under 

ground parts of selected medicinal plants. It is evident from Table 1. That microbial endophytes 

from medicinal plants namely Aloe vera ,Curcuma longa, Eucalyptus globulus (Figure 10.), 

Osimum sanctum ,Pongamia glabra, Vinca rosea , Sphaeranthus indicus have great ability to 

synthesize natural products as they exhibit excellent antimicrobial (Figure 9.) and antioxidant 

activity. Plants such as Azadirachta indica, Coriandrum sativam, Murrayo koenginii, Musa 

paradiasica exhibits less potent phytochemicals. However other plant endophytes are almost 

devoid of such activities. 

CONCLUSION 

An extensive characterization of different endophytes plant associations may also provides 

greater insight into the evolution of mutualisms. Scientists are looking for importance and 

distribution of functional classes 1, 2, 3 and 4 across the environmental gradients. They 

themselves have question in their mind what genomic differences are among functional classes? 

Can we predict the outcome of plant fungal interactions? Is there any provision to provide new 

way of classification? Is it possible to prepare phylogenetic tree and dendiogram? 

Endophytic microorganisms are excellent sources of bioactive natural products that can be use 

to satisfy demand of pharmaceutical, medical agriculture and industries. But question remains as 

to how endophytes resides in a plant forms a relationship with it? Also how are secondary 

metabolite product synthesized? What genetic control exists to control product formation and 

synthesis of secondary metabolites? Much more work is essential to understand endophytes 

physiology, biochemical pathways, defensive role, secondary metabolite production, motivation 

and encouragement of researcher from life sciences to contribute research related to endophytes. 

Acknowledgment 

Its our pleasure to express thanks to Hon , ble Principal, A.G. Rao, Moolji Jaitha College, Jalgaon 

for his support, facilitating the window of knowledge, their rich library source during the course 

of study on endophytes. 

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