Full Article - Travaux

Travaux du Muskum National d'Histoire naturelle 

((Grigore Antipau 

Vol. XLII 

pp. 243-363 

COMMENTED LIST OF THE MAMMAL SPECIES SUSCEPTIBLE 

FOR BEING INCLUDED IN THE RED BOOK 

OF THE ROMANIAN FAUNA* 

DUMITRU MURARIU 

Abstract. From the about 100 mammal species from the Romanian fauna, 66 are endangered or rare 

and need additional preserving measurements for their ecosystems and natural habitats, for preventing 

and remove the causes of despoiling the biodiversity. This commented list is necessary and an 

important step preparing the Romanian Vertebrates Red Book. 

Rksumk. Des environ 100 espkces de mammifkres de la faune de Roumanie, 66 sont menacees ou rares 

et nkcessitent des mesures suplementaires de conservation pour les kcosyst&mes et les habitats naturels 

pour la prkvention et I'klimination des causes de la spoliation de la biodiversitk. Cette liste commentke 

reprksente un pas nkcessaire et important pour la preparation du Livre rouge des vertebrks de la 

Roumanie. 

Keywords: conservation, geographic distribution, estimate number, rivals, enemies, diseases, 

breeding, protection, mammals, Romania, red list. 

! INTRODUCTION 

United Nations Conference for the Environment and Development (Rio de 

Janeiro, June 1992), also drew up, among others, the Convention on the Biological 

Diversity. In that convention it is underlined the intrinsic value of the biological 

diversity, its "ecological, genetical, social, economical, scientifical, educational, 

cultural, recreative and aesthetical" value, as well as the importance of the 

biodiversity in evolution and in the preserving of the supporting systems of the 

biosphere. 

In the same time it was established that the biological diversity is significantly 

reduced by some human activities, some elements of the biosphere disappearing 

even before the man discovers them. On a general lack of information and 

knowledge background on the biological diversity it appears the necessity of the 

anticipation, prevention and elimination of reduction or loss causes of the 

biodiversity, of the "in situ" conservation of the ecosystems and natural habitats, for 

the maintaining and remaking of the viable species populations in their natural 

environment and the necessity of "ex situ" measurements in each country, outside 

the natural habitats. 

From our point of view, on the basis of the Law no 5811994 for the ratification 

of the Convention from Rio de Janeiro, we consider that the success of the 

conservation strategy of the biodiversity cannot be assured without an up to date 

report of the endangered or rare plant and animal species and populations. 

If for the plants there are red lists, already published, proper for the red books, 

for the animals does not exist such lists, yet. 

* English translation by Mihaela Barcan Achim, 

2000

244 DUMITRU MURARIU 

By this commented list of the mammal species susceptible for being included 

in the red book of the Romanian fauna we begin to complete this shortcoming. 

The present list includes five species of Insectivora, 26 species of Chiroptera, 

one species of Lagomorpha, 14 species of Rodentia, three species of Cetacea, 10 

species of Carnivora and seven species of Artiodactyla. 

MATERIAL AND METHODS 

The data sheet of each of the 66 mammal species of the Romanian fauna starts 

with the scientifical name of the order, family and genus it belongs. The comlnon 

names are presented in Romanian, English, French, Gennan and Russian languages. 

For IUCN Status and conservation were used abbreviations to designate 

threat level and Laws and Conventions of conservation in Romania as well as 

geographical distribution and distribution in Romania are compiled for the most 

species, adding the personal published results as well as the local information 

gathered in the field trips, starting with 1969. 

Estimated number of the individuals of the populations for each species has a 

large tollerance according to the available literature. Biotope, reproduction, rivals, 

enemies, diseases, causes of the individual number change, number in captivity, 

breeding in captivity, present and necessary protection measures are completed with 

personal considerations, too, according to the available data. 

Abbreviations for the threat level and conservation: 

a. Threat level (IUCN categories): 

EX - Species not definitely located in the wild during the past 50 years. (EXTINCT). 

E - Taxa in danger of extinction and which survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue 

operating; habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in 

immediate danger of extinction; taxa may be extinct but have definitely been seen in the 

wild in the past 50 years. (ENDANGERED). 

V - Species with decreasing populations because of over-exploatation, extensive habitat 

destruction or other environmental disturbances; taxa with populations that are still 

abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors throughout their range. 

(VULNERABLE). 

R - Taxa with small world populations that are not at present "Endangered" or "Vulnerable", 

but are at risk; taxa with restricted geographical areas or habitats. (RARE). 

I (IUCN) - taxa known to be "Endangered", "Vulnerable", or "Rare" but where there is not enough 

information to say which of the three categories is appropriate. (INDETERMINATE). 

K - Taxa that are suspected but not definetely known to belong to any of the above categories, 

because of lack of information. (INSUFICIENTLY KNOWN). 

T - Species which are "ENDANGERED", "VULNERALBLE", "RARE", "INDETERMI- 

NATE" or "INSUFCIENTLY KNOWN"; taxa comprising of several sub-taxa which 

have different status categories. (THREATENED). 

CT - Taxa not currently threatened with extinction, but most or all of whose populations are 

threatened as a sustainable commercial resource, or will become so, unless their 

exploitation is regulated; taxa whose populations assumed to be relatively large. 

(COMMERCIALLY THREATENED). 

b. Laws and Conventions of the conservation 

BE2 - The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix I1 

BE3 -The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 111 

BIII - Bonn Convention (1983), Appendix 11. 

LVl - Appendix 1 to the Romanian Law of the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996). 

(Partial protection by prohibition periods). 

LV2 - Appendix 2 to the Romanian Law of the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996). 

(Total protection; hunting prohibited).

COMMENTED RED LIST OF THE ROMANIAN MAMMALS 245 

D92lII - Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 -Animal and plant species of Community (European) 

interest whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation. 

D92/IV - Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV - Animal and plant species of Community (European) 

interest in need of strict protection. 

STR - Strasbourg (1997) - The threatened mammals of Europe. 

IP - International protection. 

NP - National protection. 

Abbreviations for the languages of the common names: 

RO = Romanian; E = English; F = French; G = German; RU = Russian 

RESULTS 

The 66 species of mammals from Romania, susceptible to be included in the 

Red Book are: 

Order INSECTIVORA Bowdich, 182 1 

Family Soricidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 

Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837 

Genus Neomys Kaup, 1829 

Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 177 1) 

Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 

Genus Crocidura Wagler, 1832 

Crocidura leucodon (Hermann, 1780) 

Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1780) 

Order CHIROPTERA Blumenbach, 1779 

Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA Dobson, 1875 

Family Rhinolophidae Bell, 1836 

Genus Rhinolophus LacCpkde, 1799 

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) 

Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) 

Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 

Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1867 

Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 190 1 

Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 

Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) 

Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857) 

Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) 

Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) 

Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl, 18 19) 

Myotis emarginatus (E. Geoffroy, 1806) 

Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 18 19) 

Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 18 18) 

Myotis bechsteini (Kuhl, 18 18) 

Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 19 12 

Genus Plecotus E. Geoffroy, 18 18 

Plecotus aurittis (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Plecotus austriacus (Fischer, 1 829) 

Genus Vespetilio Linnaeus, 1758 

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758

246 DUMITRU MURARlU 

Genus Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 

Eptesicus serotinus Schreber, 1774 

Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) 

Genus Nyctalus Bowdich, 1825 

Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1780) 

Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 18 17) 

Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 

Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) 

Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) 

Genus Barbastella Gray, 1 82 1 

Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) 

Genus Miniopterus Bonaparte, 1837 

Miniopterus schreibersii (Kuhl, 18 17) 

Order LAGOMORPHA Brandt, 1855 

Family Leporidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Oryctolagus Lilljeborg, 187 1 

Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Order RODENTIA Bowdich, 182 1 

Family Sciuridae Gray, 1821 

Genus Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 

Marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758 

Genus Spermophilus F. Cuvier, 1825 

Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Family Gliridae Thomas, 1897 

Genus Eliomys Wagner,' 1840 

Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Genus Dryomys Thomas, 1906 

Dryomys nitedula (Pallas, 1778) 

Genus Myoxus Zimmermann, 1780 

Myoxus glis (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Genus Muscardinus Kaup, 1829 

Muscardinus avellanarius (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Family Cricetidae Rochebrune, 1883 

Genus Cricetus Leske, 1779 

Cricetus cricetus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Genus Mesocricetus Nehring, 1898 

Mesocricetus newtoni (Nehring, 1898) 

Genus Cricetulus Milne-Edwards, 1867 

Cricetulus migratorius (Pallas, 1773) 

Family Arvicolidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Microtus Schrank, 1798 

Microtus agrestis (Linnaeus, 176 1 ) 

Microtus tatricus Kratochvil, 1952 

Family Spalacidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Spalax Giildenstaedt, 1770 

Spalax microphthalmus Giildenstaedt, 1770 

Family Dipodidae Fisher, 18 17 

Genus Sicista Gray, 1827 

Sicista betulina (Pallas, 1779) 

Sicista subtilis (Pallas, 1773)


Order CETACEA Brisson, 1762 

Family Delphinidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Delphinus Linnaeus, 1758 

Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 

Genus Tursiops Gervais, 1855 

Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 182 1) 

Family Phocoenidae Gray, 1825 

Genus Phocoena G. Cuvier, 18 17 

Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Order CARNIVORA Bowdich, 182 1 

Family Canidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Canis Linnaeus, 1758 

Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 

Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 

Family Ursidae Gray, 1825 

Genus Ursus Linnaeus, 1758 

Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 

Family Mustelidae Swainson, 1835 

Genus Lutra Brunnich, 177 1 

Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Genus Mustela Linnaeus, 175 8 

Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 1761) 

Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758 

Mustela eversmannii Lesson, 1827 

Genus Vormela Blasius, 1884 

Vormela peregusna Giildenstaedt, 1770 

Family Felidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Lynx Ken-, 1792 

Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Family Phocidae Gray, 1825 

Genus Monachus Fleming, 1822 

Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) 

Order ARTIODACTY LA Owen, 1848 

Family Cervidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Alces Gray, 1 82 1 

Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Genus Cervus Linnaeus, 1758 

Cervus elaphus Linnaeus 1758 

Genus Dama Frisch, 1775 

Dama dama (Linnaeus, 175 8) 

Genus Capreolus Gray, 182 1 

Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Family Bovidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 

Ovis ammon (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Genus Rupicapra Blainville, 18 16 

Rupicapra rupicapra Linnaeus, 1758 

Genus Bison H. Smith, 1827 

Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order INSECTIVORA Bowdich, 1821 

Family Soricidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Sorex Linnaeus, 1758 

Sorex alpinus Schinz, 1837 

THE DATA SHEETS FOR EACH SPECIES 

Common name: RO = Chitcanul-de-munte; E = Alpine shrew; F = Musaraigne 

alpine; G = Alpen-spitzmaus; RU = Al'piinskaya burozubka. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: V - decreasing populations. BE3 and IP 

Geographical distribution: It is the most restricted species of the European shrews, 

cited only from the following countries: France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, 

Czech and Slovac Republics, Italy, former Yugoslavia and Romania. 

Distribution in Romania: Miller (1912) cited a specimen of S. alpinus, deposited 

in the British Museum (Natural History) - London, collected on 12th December 

1910 in Hateg. It was an old specimen, with the winter coat fully developed and a 

nacky tail. After 1950, S. alpinus was cited from Rastolifa (on the Mure$ river), 

Voina - DImbovifa Co., Iacobeni - Suceava Co., Suhard - Red Lake, mountain 

sheds "7 November" and "Dochia" in Ceahlau Mt. (Fig. 1). 

Biotope: The wet areas with torrents or swamps from the alpine forests, at altitudes 

of 700-1,500 m (in the Carpathians) or maximum 2,500 m (in the Alps). S. alpinus 

does not go into the water but it digs its galleries in river banks or in the shores of the 

swamps. Ocasionally it enters the chalets. Both in males and in females there are 

some specialized tegumentary glands, placed in the sides of the body. Together with 

Fig. 1 - Distribution in Romania of the species Sorex alpinus, Neomys fodiens, Neomys anomalus


the circumanal ones, these glands favour the communication between the 

individuals by their secretions, as well as the meeting of the partners within the 

breeding season, the marking of the private territory but also the defence in front of 

the enemies. They have an individual territory of only some tens of sqm. 

Estimated number of the individuals of the populations: The rarity of the 

collectings and reports of the individuals of Sorex alpinus allows the estimation of a 

small number of individuals, in small isolated populations. The number of the 

individuals from the Romanian Carpathians doesn't exceed the number of 8,000. 

Reproduction: April and July are the only estrous periods. The new-born youngs 

were found only in May and August. Gestation period is of 21-24 days. A female 

has 4-6 naked and blind youngs per litter. Suckling - three weeks. Sexual maturity 

- in July - August when they are born in May, and in the next year spring for those 

born in July. Longevity = 18-24 months. 

Rivals: Eating mainly insect larvae and adults they have not direct rivals. The 

distroyings of the habitats (e.g. large clearings) and any kind of pollution are the 

main disturbings which lead to the decreasing of the number of the individuals and 

populations. 

Enemies: The birds of prey and the snakes ocasionally catch Alpine shrews; 

carnivorous mammals avoid this kind of shrews because of their repellent secretion 

of the specialised tegumentary glands. 

Diseases: Mallophagous Labidophorus soricis distroy the fir, and Haernogamasus 

horidus live on the skin of the Alpine shrews. Also from the ectoparasites it can be 

mentioned the louse species Ixodes trianguliceps. The endoparasites of these Alpine 

shrews are not known. 

The causes of the individual number change: One litter a year, rarely two, in 

accordance with the sooner or later coming of the spring, high mortality among the 

youngs, the anthropic pressure of different kinds (distroying of the habitats by 

clearings and grazing), a reduced competition of the adulds and the poor elements of 

the food. 

Number in captivity: Out of discussion. 

Breeding in captivity: There are not such programmes, but for studies in 

laboratories they can be kept in captivity, with special requirements for their shelter 

(dark and silance) and food (meat and vitamins). 

Breeding in captivity: Out of discussion. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 111; 

International Protection. In Romania, there are not special protection measures for 

the Alpine shrew. 

Necessary protection measures: Periodical schedule of the clearings in small 

surfaces in order to creat a refuge for the individuals in small compact forests; 

grazing and dogs interdiction within 50 m, at least, far from the alpine forest skirts. 

Murariu (1995, p. 552) noted the necessity of its protection as a vulnerable species. 

Literary resources: 

BARBU, P., POPESCU, A., 1965 - Mamifere mici din rezewatia "Arini~ul de la Sinaia". Ocrot. nat., 

9: 3340 (in Romanian). 

HELLWING, S., 1960 - Contributions to the knowledge of some small Mammals from the Suceava 

Region: areas - Vatra Domei, Cdmpulung and ~2dsuti. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 

2: 393-399. - ~ 

MILLER, G. S., 1912 - Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe. (Europe exclusive of Russia). 

British Museum. London: 1- 10 19.


MURARIU, D., 1984 - La liste de Mammiferes actuels de Roumanie; noms scientifiques et roumains. 

Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 26: 251-162. 

MURARIU, D., 1995 - Mammal Species from Romania. Categories of Conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 

nat. "Grigore Antipa", 35: 549-566. 

POPESCU, A., BARBU, P., 1979 - Date privind rsspfindirea $i frecventa soricidelor (Soricidae - 

Insectivora) in Romfinia. Ocrot. nat. med. inconj., 23 (2): 163-168 (in Romanian). 

SIMIONESCU, V., 1968 - Contributii la cunoasterea componentei specifice $i repartitiei pe verticals a 

marniferelor mici de pe masivul Ceahlsu. Anal. Univ. "Al. 1. Cuza", la@, 14 (2): 365-374 (in 

Romanian). 

SIMIONESCU, V., 1985 - Primele investigatii asupra faunei mamiferelor mici din zona Cheile 

Bicazului - Lacul Rovu. Anal. St. Univ. "Al. 1. Cuza", Ia~i, Sect. 11, 31: 23-26 + 2 pag. cu 

grafice (in Romanian). 

WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M., 1993 - Mammals Species of the World. A taxonomic and 

geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London: 1-1206. 


Neomys fodiens (Pennant, 177 1) 

Common name: RO = Chifcanul-de-ap5; E = Water shrew; F = Musaraigne 

aquatique; G = Wasserspitzmaus; RU = Vodyanaya kutora. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species with reduced habitats. BE3 

and IP. 

Geographical distribution: from England in Norway, Sweden and Finland; in 

Danmark, Netherlands and Belgium, in France southwards up to the Pyrenees 

Mountains, in Switzerland, Italy, Austria and Germany eastwards, in Russia, along 

the coast of the Arctic Ocean and southwards, up to the level of the Baikal Lake. 

Within the Far East region it was recorded from the lower flow area of the Amur 

River and from the coast of the Ohotsk Sea and even from the Sakhalin Island. 

Southern limit of its distribution reaches the north of the Caucasus Mountains, the 

basins of Volga and Ural, and the steppes of Kazakhstan. In China it reaches the 

south-western area (in Kirin) and Tien Shan. 

Distribution in Romania: It was incorrectly recorded, by the Romanian authors, as 

common from the field area to 2,000 m altitude. Such a remark has to be 

restrcitively underastand, according to the favourite habitats. For instance, if it is 

present in the Danube Delta (e.g. Barbu, 1971 and Murariu, 1981) and in the 

Romanian Plain, along the water flows (e.g. Periq - Ilfov, according to Cglinescu, 

193 1 or in Ciciulati, according to Barbu et al., 1972), surely it is absent in the arid 

areas, on the one hand, and there where there are optimum habitats water shrew is 

extremly rare, represented by small populations, with a few individuals (4-8 

specimens in a population). Some several chances in collectings are offered by the 

hilly and mountain forests: Haleg, Cibinului Mountains, Sgli~te, Cisngdioara, Valea 

Sadului, Braqov, Bistrita, Alba Iulia. They are C5linescu's (193 1) citings. Hamar et 

al. (1964) cited the Water shrew from the Cilimani Mountains, Rechiti? Peak (at 

1,800 m altitude), then from Vatra Dornei, Reci (SGntu Gheorghe) and Toplifa - at 

1,400 m altitude. Popescu (1977) cited the species Neomys fodiens from Muntele 

Ro~u. Barbu et al. (1980) - from Bezdead, Ddmbovita County. Murariu (1976) 

made collectings in locality Tisa, Vrancea County; in 1987 he reported it from 

Turulung-Vii and Halmeu-Vii from Satu Mare County, and in 1993 - from northern 

Moldavia (Boto~ani County) (Fig. 1). 

Biotope: Clear rivers and borders or the ponds with high herbs, young woods from 

the meadows along the water flows are its favourite biotopes. It swims at the surface 

of the water, dives several times to the bottom of the river and than gets out on land,

COMMENTED RED LIST OF THE ROMANIAN MAMMALS 25 1 

sheltering in the galleries digged in the banks. The waters which flow through the 

woods are the places where Neomys fodiens can be collected almost constantly. 

Besides being a good swimmer it also has terrestrial habits: it explores the fallen 

leaves, the clusters of brushwood, the empty spaces among the tree roots from the 

water banks. Layers are made of weeds, leaves, mosses and are placed either in the 

branches of the underground galleries (always above the water level) or in the 

hollows of the trunks from the river banks, but nor higher than 60-70 cm from the 

ground level. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The preference of the 

species for the habitats with clean water and without anthropic influences led to the 

situation in which the small and isolated population of Romania to gather not more 

than 10,000 specimens. 

Reproduction: From the half of April to September (sometimes even to October) 

several breeding periods can appear. No matter the bad climatic conditions are (a 

late spring, cool summer, early automn) yet there are two breeding seasons a year. 

Gestation lasts 20 days. There are 5-7 youngs per litter, rarely 8. They are naked and 

blind for 16-1 8 days. As soon as they can see they have already hairs on their body, 

eat solid food and weaned. Sexual maturity is reached during the spring of the next 

year since they were born. Longevity is of 18 months. 

Rivals: Miller's water shrew (Neomys anomalus) can be one of the rivals for food, 

but also this one is rarely found, so it cannot be the cause of the rarity of N. fodiens. 

Water-vole (Arvicola terrestris) is mainly vegetarian, but also it eats fish juveniles, 

thus being in competition with N. fodiens. If in the biotopes of the water shrew also 

Rattus rattus and R. nowegicus shelter, we can talk about a real competition, those 

muridae being much larger, more numerous and good swimmers. 

Enemies: Night birds of prey (Asio otus, Athene noctua, Bubo bubo - from 

Strigiformes), as well as some species of the buzzards (Buteo), from the day birds of 

prey - Falconiformes. Only young carnivores (foxes, weasels. badgers) can make 

mistakes catching a water shrew, abandoning it immediately because of the 

unpleasant taste of the secretions of the lateral glands, which also have a protection 

importance. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites, the fleas Doratopsylla dasycnema, Palaeopsylla 

soricis and mallophagous Labidophorus soricis are the most frequent reported on 

N. fodiens. From the endoparasites, the trematodes Dicrocoelium soricis and Bra- 

chylaimus oesophagei and the platelminthes Choanotaenia crassiscolex and Hyme- 

nolepis singularis can generate lethal infestations. 

The causes of the individual number change: The competion of muridae 

mentioned as rivals, the different anthropic influences on the habitats and, 

especially, the pollution of the waters they are feeding in are only the main causes 

ofg the diminishing of the individual number of Neomys fodiens. 




International protection. In Romania it was not included in the list of protected species. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995, pag. 552) remarked the necessity 

of its protection as an endagered species. The avoiding or, at least, the diminishing 

of water pollution and the preserving of the natural ecosystems with the biotopes 

prefered by N. fodiens are minimum protection measures, also for other species of 

wild mammals.



BARBU, P., POPESCU, A,, 1965 - Mamifere mici din rezervatia "Arini~ul de la Sinaia". Ocrot. nat., 

9: 33-40 (in Romania). 

HELLWING. S.. 1960 - Contributions to the knowledge of some small Mammals from the Suceava 

~egion: areas - Vatra Domei, Clmpulung and ~3dButi. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 

2: 393-399. 

MILLER, G. S., 1912 -Catalogue of the Mammals of Westem Europe. (Europe exclusive of Russia). 

British Museum, London: 1-1019. 

MURARIU, D., 1984 - La liste de Mammiferes actuels de Roumanie; noms scientifiques et roumains. 


MURARIU, D., 1995 - Mammal Species from Romania. Categories of Conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 


POPESCU, A., BARBU, P., 1979 - Date privind raspindirea $i frecventa soricidelor (Soricidae - 

Insectivora) in RomBnia. Ocrot. nat. med. inconj., 23 (2): 163-168 (in Romania). 

SIMIONESCU, V., 1968 - Contributii la cunoavterea componen[ei specifice $i repartitiei pe verticals a 

mamiferelor mici de pe masivul CeahlBu. Anal. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", la$, 14 (2): 365-374 (in 

Romanian). 


Bicazului - Lacul Ro~u. Anal. St. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", la~i, Sect. 11, 31: 23-26 + 2 pag. cu 





Neomys anomalus Cabrera, 1907 

Common name: RO = Chitcanul-de-mlaqtini; E = Miller's water shrew; 

F = Musaraigne de Miller; G =,Sumpfspitzmaus; RU = Malaya kutora. 

IUCN Statute and conser'vation: E - habitats drasticaly reduced. BE3 

and IP. 

Geographical distribution: In the alpine forests of Western Europe (Spain and 

France, Switzerland, Italy and southern Germany - as northern limit; the ex- 

Yugoslavia with Greece - as southern limit, and eastwards till Ukraine and west of 

Minor Asia. 

Distribution in Romania: In comparison with the western Europe, where it is 

known only as species living at high altitudes, in Romania it is also spread in the 

field areas and in the Danube Delta (Fig. 1). Vasiliu (1961) mentioned it both from 

the Retezat Mountains, the valley of Rdul Mare, and from the field: Comana, 

Budeni, Valea Pasirii. Hamar et al. (1964) cited it from the Apuseni Mountains, on 

the valley Driganului, from Reghin (Mure? County) and Mggurele (Prahova 

County). Barbu (1978) cited it from Sfintu Gheorghe (in the Danube Delta) and 

from Turnu Mggurele. Popescu et al. (1975) reported it from Ieqelnifa - the area 

Porfile de Fier I (Iron Gates I), and in 1977 - from Muntele Roqu. Randik et al. 

(1980) collected it from Cri~an, Lacul Roqu and Mila 23 from the Danube Delta. 

Also from the Delta, Murariu (1981 and 1996) cited it from the forest Letea, 

plantation from SEntu Gheorghe, and in 1975 - from the valley of Cerna, upstream 

of B5ile Herculane. 

Biotope: Considered by several authors an alpine species, of altitude, Miller's water 

shrew occurs in wet areas, from the level of the plain to 3,000 m altitude (e.g. in the 

Alps). It is true that it depends less on the water flows, being more terrestrial than 

aquatic. That is why the hair fringes from the sides of the hind legs and on the 

ventral side of the tail are less developed than in N. fodiens. Time and again 

N. anomalus was collected relatively far from, the water flows (1 50-200 m).


Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The division of its 

favourite habitats and the presence of small populations on them (5-8 individuals) 

do not allow an optimistic estimation for this species; it is about a number of 

4,000-5,000 individuals on the Romanian territory. 

Reproduction: From the two breeding seasons, the first one begins in the spring, 

imediately the night teperatures are around 0°C. The gestation of only three weeks 

makes the first youngs to be born at the beginning of May. Suckling lasts also three 

weeks, while the naked and blind youngs are able to walk and eat solid food. There 

are 4-6 youngs per litter. The second generation is born in July-August. Sexual 

maturity is reache in the spring of the next year. Longevity = 18 months. 

Rivals: The insectivores it lives together (e.g. Sorex araneus, S. minutus, Crocidura 

leucodon and others) can compete with it for food, but no one belongs to numerouse 

populations, and they do not lead to a competition of exclusion. The distroying of 

the habitats and the different ways of soil pollution, especially the using of the 

fetilizers, rather become the true rivals of the Miller's water shrew. 

Enemies: Small carnivores and pray birds. 

Diseases: The diseases of Neomys anomalus are not studied, but from the 

ectoparasites of the soricidae, the fleas Doratopsylla dasycnema and Palaeopsylla 

soricis were mentioned to this species of shrew. 

The causes of the individual number change: The slight competition and the 

reduced capability of adapting of the insectivores, in general, to the new life 

conditions, particularly of the Miller's water shrew, lead to the diminishing of the 

individual number of the small and isolated populations. The hunting of the night 

birds of prey and the distroying of the natural habitats by any kind of man's action 

(e.g, clearings, grazing and so on), also lead to a diminishing of the number of 

Miller's water shrew. 



Present protection measures: The species is included in the Appendix 111 of the 

Bern Convention (1979) and it is internationally protected. It is not protected in 

Romania. Murariu (1995) noted that the populations of N. anomalus are smaller than 

those of N. fodiens and suggested the need of its protection, especially due to its rare 

mentions in the Romanian fauna. 

Necessary protection measures: The preserving of the natural habitats, the 

clearings made on small surfaces for creating the possibility for the individuals to 

shelter in silent places. 


BARBU, P., POPESCU, A., 1965 - Mamifere mici din rezewatia "Arini$ul de la Sinaia". Ocrot, nat., 

9: 33-40 (in Romanian). 


Region: areas - Vatra Domei, Cbmpulung and Rid5uIi. Trav. Mus. Hist. Nat. "Grigore 

Antipa", 2: 393-399. 


British Museum, London: 1-10 19. 

MURARIU, D., 1984 - La liste de Mammifkres actuels de Roumanie; noms scientifiques et roumains. 


MURARIU, D., 1995 -Mammal Species from Romania. Categories of Conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 


POPESCU, A,, BARBU, P., 1979 - Date privind rasplndirea $i frecventa soricidelor (Soricidae - 

Insectivora) in Rombnia. Ocrot. nat. med. inconj., 23 (2): 163-168 (in Romanian).


SIMIONESCU, V., 1968 - Contributii la cunoavterea componentei specifice $i repartitiei pe vertical2 a 

mamiferelor mici de pe masivul Ceahliu. Anal. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", la$, 14 (2): 365-374 (in 

Romanian). 


Bicazului - Lacul Ro~u. Anal. St. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", Iavi, Sect. 11, 31: 23-26 + 2 pag. cu 




Genus Crocidura Wagler, 1 832 

Crocidura leucodon (Hennann, 1780) 

Common name: RO = Chitcanul-de-cPmp; E = Bicoloured shrew; F = Musaraigne 

bicolore; G = Feldspitzmaus; RU = Belobryukhaya belozubka. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: V - decreasing populations, because of extensive 

habitat desctruction. BE3 and IP. 

Geographical distribution: In the Palaearctic region, without England, Spain and 

northern Africa. In the Mediterranean islands it was mentioned only from Lesbos 

Island - the Aegean Sea. In west it occures in France, Netherlands and Belgium, in 

Germany and Poland as the northern limit, and Italy and ex-Yugoslavia - as 

southern limit. Eastwards, the range of the species reaches the Volga, the Caucasian 

area, Minor Asia, Israel and Lebanon. 

Ditribution in Romania: CSllinescu (1931) cited the species from the Hateg area 

(Hunedoara County), Sibiu, Brqov and Bistrita. Hellwing et al. (1963) mentioned 

Valea lui David, Breazu, Chiri\a and Bucium as collecting places - all from Iaqi 

County. Barbu et al. (1965, 1970, 1972) collected specimens of C. leucodon from 

the sourroundings of Craiova, Comorova forest from Dobrogea, Galcer forest (Cluj 

County) and the forests Ghimpati, CBciulati, Mecheaua from the Ilfov Agricultural 

Sector. On the occasion of a monographic study of the area Porfile de Fier, Popescu 

et al. (1975) recorded the localities: Ieqelnita, the valley of Ieqelnita, Berzeasca and 

Mraconia. Murariu et al. (1980, 1982) cited the species from Curtea de Arge?, 

CImpulung Muscel, Bleje~ti and DrBgineqti Vlaqca (Teleorman County), from 

Clejani (Giurgiu County) and the forest Boiasca MicB (Ialomita County) (Fig. 2). 

Biotope: Open places (e.g, commons), but with a rich vegetation, the oak forest or 

mixed from the silvosteppe area. As regards the altitude it can exceed the limits of 

the forest, reaching the mointain steppes. In spite of all these, Crocidura leucodon is 

rarely collected, in comparison with C. suaveolens. A remark on the spot was that 

this species of shrew enters also the chalets, storehouses and forest ranges, and the 

collecting are more successful in cleared areas, with fallen trunks, deciduous young 

wood, rasbeny bushes, stinging nettle, blackberry bushes. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Living in open places, and 

rarely in forests, isolated populations of C. leucodon from the Romanian fauna reach 

2,500 - 3,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: From spring to automn several breed seasons take place. In the 

years with late springs and late automns, females can have maximum seven litters; 

more often there are 2-3 breeding seasonslyear. Gestation lasts about 30 days. 

Females have 5-8 youngs per litter (an average of 6), naked, blind, having a weight 

of 0.8-0.9 g each. If they are abandoned by their mother for different reasons, they 

crawl along, leaving the nest after 2-3 days after birth as helpless they are. They also 

utter sharp weak sounds. They resist 48 hours without suckling. Weanedness is after 

three weeks when their body is covered with hair, the eyes opened and can eat solid


Fig. 2 - Distribution in Romania,of the species Crocidura leucodon and Crocidura suaveolens 

food. When leave the nest together with their mother, they hold onto each other with 

their teeth. Such a caravan does not come apart and the youngs do not lose their way 

even if they have to pass over obstacles of 50-100 cm high. Longevity is of 18 

months, but in captivity they reached 24 months. 

Rivals: The other insectivores can compete with the bicoloured shrew for food. 

Enemies: Night birds of prey often complete their food with bicoloured shrews, 

more than with the other species of insectivores. Young carnivores cal also catch 

these shrews, by mistakes, but they abandon them quickly because of the repelent 

smell of the tegumentary glands secretions placed on the sides of the body in both 

sexes. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites, the fleas Typhoceras sp., Ctenophthalmus nobilis 

and Nosopsyllus fasciatus were identified on the specimens of Crocidura leucodon. 

From the endoparasites only the plathelminthes of genus Hymenolepis were 

identified. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroying of their habitats. 



Present protection measures: Bicoloured shrew is included in the Appendix I11 of 

the Bern Convention (1979) and it is internationally protected. 

Necessary protection measures: The preserving of the natural habitats, unaffected 

by man. Murariu (1995) underlined the need of protection of this species in the 

Romanian fauna.


- - - - - 


BARBU, P., POPESCU, A., 1965 - Mamifere mici din rezervatia "Arini$ul de la Sinaia". Ocrot. nat., 

9: 3340 (in Romanian). 


Region: areas - Vatra Domei, Cfimpulung and RBdHuti. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 

2: 393-399. 



MURARIU, D., 1984 - La liste de Mammifires actuels de Roumanie; noms scientifiques et roumains. 


MURARIU, D., 1995 -Mammal Species from Romania. Categories of Conservation, Trav. Mus. Hist. 


POPESCU, A., BARBU, P., 1979 - Date privind rilspfindirea $i frecventa soricidelor (Soricidae - 

Insectivora) in Romiinia. Ocrot. nat. med. inconj., 23 (2): 163-168 (in Romanian). 


mamiferelor mici de pe masivul Ceahlilu. Anal. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", la~i, 14 (2): 365-374 (in 

Romanian). 

SIMIONESCU, V., 1985 - Primele ~nvestigatii asupra faunei mamiferelor mici din zona Cheile Bicazului 

- Lacul Rovu. Anal. St. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", la~i, Sect. 11, 31: 23-26 + 2 pag. cu grafice (in 

Romanian). 



Crocidura suaveolens (Pallas, 1780) 

Common name: RO = Chifcanul-de-gr9dinI; E = Lesser white-toothed shrew; 

F = Musaraigne des jardins; G = Gartenspitzmaus; RU = Malaya belozubka. 

IUCN Statute and conservati~n: V -species with decreasing populations because 

of extensive habitat destruction.' BE3; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From the southwestern Europe (Spain and France) to 

the center of the continent (Germany, Switzerland), through Italy and Sardinia up to 

Greece, ex-Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, in north Estonia and surroundings of 

Moscow, eastwards Siberia, in the largest part of China, Taiwan, Mongolia and 

Korea, northern Africa (Marocco, Algeria and Egypt), Lebanon, Israel and Irak, 

Minor Asia. 

Distribution in Romania: Vasiliu et al. (1968) cited the species Crocidura 

suaveolens from Ciulnita (Ialomita County) and from Dobrogea (Mangalia and 

Valul lui Traian). From Wallachia - at Buqtenari and GBgeni (Prahova County), 

from Oltenia at BBrza, and from Transylvania - at Hafeg. Barbu et al. (1965, 1872 

and 1980) cited it from Dobrogea, (forest Coinarova), from Oltenia (Craiova), from 

Transylvania (forest Galcer - Cluj) and from the counties Argeq (at Voineqti, 

PojorBta, Lereqti), Ilfov (forests Albele, Ghimpafi, CIciulafi and Mecheaua). Barbu 

(1966 and 1978) also cited it from Chiqineu-Criq (Oradea), Buzescu and Turnu 

MIgurele (Teleorrnan County). Popescu et al. (1975) recorded it in Porfile de Fier: 

Ieqelnifa, Valea Ieqelnitei, Berzasca and Mraconia, and Popescu (1977) cited it from 

Hagieni (South Dobrogea). Simionescu (1977) cited the species C. suaveolens from 

Moldova, Dobrogea, Transylvania and Wallachia. Papadopol et al. (1965) cited it 

from Stiobgreni (Vaslui County). Murariu et al. (1982) reported it from Coste~ti 

(Argeq County) and Corbu (Olt County), and Murariu (1 985) - from Ostrovul Mare 

(Mehedinti County) (Fig. 2). 

Biotope: It prefers open places, at the most forest skirts, ruderal vegetation and near 

the living hedges, in the bushes along the roads, in gardens. In rural areas it enters 

the cellars or shelters near the houses, under bricks, metalic tubes, etc., stored for 

several years. It doesn't exceeds the altitude of 500-700 m.


-- - - - 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Reporting the results of the 

collectings from different areas of the country, from prefered habitats of 

C. suaveolens we can assert that the populations of this species consist of 

3,50011,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: From April to September there are two breeding seasons, at least. 

Gestation lasts 28-30 days. A litter counts 2-6 youngs. They are naked, blind and 

have a weight of only 0,6 g. After 9 days, their body is covered with thin and soft 

hairs but which give them protection against hard or rough objects. In the tenth day 

their eyes are opened, and after 15 days they ceased suckling. The youngs of the first 

generation reach the sexual maturity during the summer of the same year so that 

they can have the first litter in the automn. But, according to our collecting, the 

observations on the spot led us to the conclusion that the testicles of most of the 

males decrease beginning with August. Longevity does not eceed 18 months. 

Rivals: Besides other species of insectivores which eat the same food, other small 

mammals are not important rivals, even if, occasionally, they feed on earth worms, 

snails, myriapods, amphipods, spiders and insects. 

Enemies: From carnivores, foxes and weasels are the most important predators. 

Night birds of prey complete occasionally their meal with lesser white-toothed 

shrew. Rarely these shrews are caught by day birds of prey. But rats belonging to 

genus Rattus do not miss any chance of catching and eating lesser white-toothed 

shrew. 

Diseases: Some virus diseases are generated by ectoparasites, from them the fleas 

Nosopsyllus fasciatus and Ctenophthalmus nobilis are more studied. When 

dissecting the specimens colletted by us, we observed nematodes in the liver of the 

lesser white-toothed shrew, as endoparasites, which we didn't identified. 

The causes of the individual number change: The pressure of the birds of prey 

and of carnivorous mammals, as well the lack of people's knowledge who kill the 

shrews found around their houses, without realising that, in fact, they are very useful 

and do not make any damages but they feed on any kind of invertebrates in which 

the insects are prevalent. 



Present protection measures: It is included in the Appendix I11 of the Bern 

Convention (I 979) and it is internationally protected. 

Necessary protection measures: The absence of any kind of protection measures 

of the Lesser white-toothed shrews in Romania implies, first of all, a large education 

on the role of these insectivores in the wild and the man's gain. Murariu (1995) 

proposed and it has to be included in the list of the protected mammals from the 

Romanian fauna. 


BARBU, P., 1966 - Dinamica mamiferelor mici din padurile Somo? $i Socodor - Sili~teanca, Reg. 

Crivana, din iama anilor 1962 - 1966. St. Cerc. Biol., Seria Zool., 18 (5): 439-449 (in 

Romanian). 

BARBU, P., 1978 - Contributions a 1'Ccologie des petits mammifhres du Sud de la R. S. Roumanie. 

Anal. Univ. Bucurevti, Biol., 27: 101-104. 

BARBU, P., BARBU, I., 1972 - Colonii de ciufi (Asio otus otus L.) in clteva pgduri din apropierea 

Bucure$tiului. Necesitatea ocrotirii lor. Ocrot. nat.,l6 (2): 197-205 (in Romanian). 

BARBU, P., POPESCU, A., 1965 a - Mamifere mici din rezewatia "Arinivul de la Sinaia". Ocrot, nat., 

9: 33-40 (in Romanian).

258 DUMlTRU MURARIU 

BARBU, P., POPESCU, A., 1965 b - Variatia hranei la Asio otus otus (L.) din pidurea Comorova (reg. 

Dobrogea) stabiliti cu ajutoml ingluviilor. Stud. Cerc. Biol., Seria Zool., 17 (2): 87-95 (in 

Romanian). 

BARBU, P., BOTEANU, N., BLIDARESCU, S., 1980 - Contributions a la connaissance des petits 

mammifkres de la rCgion premontagneuse et montagneusk des Carpates Meridionales. Anal. 

Univ. Bucuretti, Biol., 29: 3140. 


Region: areas - Vatra Domei, Cdmpulung and Ridiuti. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa". 

2: 393-399. 

MILLER, G. S., 1912 -Catalogue of the Mammals of Western Europe. (Europe exclusive of Russia). 


MURARIU, D., 1984 - La liste de Mammifkres actuels de Roumanie; noms scientifiques et roumains. 

Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 26: 25 1-162. 

MURARIU, D., 1985 - Contributii la cunoavterea faunei de mamifere din Ostrovul Mare, mehedinti. 

Muz. Reg. Poflile de Fier, Drobeta, 6: 347-353. 

MURARIU, D., 1995 -Mammal Species from Romania. Categories of conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 


MURARIU, D., TORCEA, ST., ANDREESCU, I., 1982 - Rechereches sur les mammifkres de la Plaine 

Roumaine (entre la Ialomita et I'Olt). Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 24: 233-245. 

PAPADOPOL, A., GHIZELEA, G., 1965 -Contributions a la connaissance de quelques mammifcres 

de la region de lassy. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 5: 389404. 

POPESCU, A., 1977 - Date privind hrana de vari a ~orecamlui comun (Buteo bliteo L.). St. Cerc. 

Biol., Seria Biol. Anim., 29 (I): 99-102 (in Romanian). 

POPESCU, A., BARBU, P., 1979 - Date privind r5spdndirea $i frecventa soricidelor (Soricidae - 

Insectivora) in Romdnia. Ocrot, nat. med. inconj., 23 (2): 163-168 (in Romanian). 

POPESCU, A., BARBU, P., HAMAR, M., SUTOVA, M., 1975 - Mammalia. In: Fauna, grupul de 

cercetiri complexe "Portile de Fier". Ed. Acad. R. S. R.: 3 12-3 14 (in Romanian). 


mamiferelor mici de pe masivul Ceahliu. Anal. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza", Ia~i, 14 (2): 365-374 (in 

Romanian). 

SIMIONESCU, V., 1970 - Cercetari privind dinamica populatiei mamiferelor mici din cdteva tipuri de 

biocenoze naturale din Moldova. Comunic. Zool. Soc. St. Biol. R.S.R., 19: 289-304 (in Romanian). 


Bicazului - Lacul Ro~u. Anal. St. Univ. "Al. 1. Cuza", Ia~i, Sect. 11, 31: 23-26 + 2 pag. cu 


VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Baciu. Stud. 

Comun., 2: 2 15-254. 


geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London: 1-1 206. 

Order CHIROPTERA Blumenbach, 1779 

Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA Dobson, 1 875 

Family Rhinolophidae Bell, 1836 

Genus Rhinolophus LacCpkde, 1799 

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Schreber, 1774) 

Common name: Ro = Liliacul-mare-cu-nas-potcoavi; E = Greater horseshoe bat; F 

= Grand Rhinolophe fer-a-cheval; G = Grosse Hufeisennase; RU = Bol'shoi pod- 

kovonos. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: V - extensive habitat destruction. BE2;BlIl; 

D92lII; D92lIV; STR; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: From southern England, eastwards up to the Caucasus 

Mountains, and southwards, up to Marocco and Tunisia (being absent in Egypt), in 

Palestine and Persia, in Iran and the Himalayas up to China, Korea and Japan, 

including the small oceanic islands.


- - - - 

Distribution in Romania: Although chiropterans were less studied than other 

mammal species, in the Romanian theriological literature there are references on 

almost all bat species. CBlinescu (193 1) noted localities Tismana, BBile Herculane, 

Gaura cu Muqte, Coronini, Peceniqca and Adacaleh - all from Oltenia region. 

Localities ZalBu, Cluj, Cheile Turzii, Alba Iulia, Deva, Miercurea-Sibiu, Braqov, 

Peqtera Mereqti-Odorhei, Pe~tera Ciclu-Bihor, Peqtera Liliecilor from the monastery 

Bistrita and Peqtera Almaqului - from Transylvania. Rather similarly, Vasiliu 

(1961) cited several caves and localities from Transylvania, Banat and Oltenia. 

Barbu et al. (1975, 1977) and Bazilescu et al. (1980) added other localities from 

Oltenia. But the most complete citing belongs to Prof. Margareta Dumitrescu et al. 

(1962 - 1963), specifying over 50 localities: Mount Consul from Tulcea County, 

Medgidia and Negru VodH from Constanfa County, Horezu - VBlcea County, 

Novaci and Runcu from Gorj County, Isverna from commune Pocruia, Tismana, 

CBlugFireni, Obgrqia-Cloqani, Orzeqti and Balta - all from the surroundings of 

Tismana - the same Gorj County. Ada-Kaleh and Cirequ near Turnu Severin, 

Peceniqca near BBile Herculane, Plaviqevifa, Orqova, Moldova NouB, Anina - 

Oravita, Cheile GBrliqtei and Caraqova - Reqifa, Ciprioara - Lipova, FBget, Zam- 

Ilia, Deva, SBlaqul de Sus-Hateg, Ormindea and B5ip - Brad, Ardeu and Mada - 

OrBqtie, Cheile Ampoitei and Alba Iulia, Crivadia - Petroqeni, Miercurea Sibiului, 

Migura Racoq - Rupea, village Peqtera, Fundata and Crucuru Mare near Codlea, 

Bra~ov, Odorhei, Bistrita, Cheile Turzii and Zaliiu - Cluj, MesteacBn pe Someq, 

Sighiqel, MBgura and Ferice from Lunca Vaqclului, Meziad, near Beiuq, Piqnita, 

Aqtileu and Vadul Criqului nehr Aleqd - Bihor County (Fig. 3). 

Fig. 3 - Distribution in Romania of the species Rhinolophus ferrumequinum


Biotope: Caves, abandoned mine galleries which Rhinolophus ferrumequinum 

occupies, especially during hibernation. Within the period May-October it occurs in 

garrets, church towers. Rarely these shelters are used in summer or winter. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Taking into consideration 

the perturbations of the uneducated tourists who visit the open caves, the negative 

efects of noises or smoke from the fires made in caves, as well as that the inhabitants 

of the houses are not glad to shelter bat in the garrets, man's intervations on bat 

colonies led to the decreasing of the number of the individuals in a population to less 

than 12,000-1 5,000 specimens. 

Reproduction: Breeding season is in October. But ovulation and the fecundation of 

the ovule is in April. After mating, in autumn, the spermatozoons remain in uterus, 

the vaginal duct being closed by a translucent plug, formed of the secretion of the 

urethral glands of the males. After fecundation the plug is disolved and the other 

spermatozoons are included in the phagocytosis process. Gestation lasts up to 60 

days and only one young is born at the end of June, up to the half of July. Usually, 

first teeth are resorbed before birth. Sometimes the youngs preserve their first teeth 

after birth. After three weeks the youngs fly around the shelter, and later on they 

ceesed suckling. At the half of August, the youngs are completely independent. 

During summer, a segregation of sexes take place, males living in separated 

colonies, and pregnant females together with the subadult ones and some males, also 

juvenile, form maternal colonies. Sexual maturity is reached in the autumn of the 

following year they were born. But, some females were observed that they mate 

only in the third autumn. Longevity = 26 years. 

Rivals: Only the other bat species which feed on the same food: moths, beetles, 

spiders. 

Enemies: Little owl (Athene noctua) and eagle owls (Bubo bubo) which shelter, in 

winter, around the caves and mine drifts where greater horseshoe bat are present. 

The study of the pelets of the birds of prey found around such shelters underlines a 

larger number of caught bats their than in the deep forest or localities, during 

December and January. 

Diseases: They have relatively a few ectoparasites. From dipterans there were 

identified Stylidia biarticulata; mallophagous Eyndovenia euryalis, Paraperi- 

glischrus rhinolophirius, Neomyobia rollinati and Macronyssus uncinatus; sheep 

lice Ixodes vespertilionis. Chiriac et al. (1963) noted from the endoparasites of the 

species Rh. ferrumequinum, trematode Plagiorchis vespertilionis and nematode 

Capillaria speciosa. 

The causes of the individual number change: Habitat destroyings and phonic 

pollution. 


Breeding in captivity: Out of discussion, but they cannot be kept in captivity, being 

fed with dipteran larvae, beetles, moths and sufficient water. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979) - Appendix 11; Bonn 

Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - animal and 

plant species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of 

conservation; Appendix IV of Directive 92143EEC and the List of species which 

require special conservation measures of their habitat (Strasbourg, 1997). The 

species is internationally protected. 

Necessary protection measures: Avoiding the disturbing of the summer maternal 

colonies, closing the entrances of the shelters with trellis with enough large orifices


for bats to fly in and outside but enough small for bloking the tourists' accidental 

penetrating. Murariu (1995) proposed its inclusion in the list of the protected species 

of Romania. 


BARBU, P., BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Nouvelle donnCe concernant l'espkce Myotis emarginatus 

Geofr. (Ord. Chiroptera) en Roumanie. Anal. Univ. Bucurevti. Biol., 26: 1-2. 

BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoayterea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 

Univ. Bucurevti: 1-24 (in Romanian). 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1963 - Cu privire la helmintofauna unor micromamifere din R. P. R. Anal. 

Univ. Bucure~ti, Seria St. Naturii - Biol., 12: 18 1-191 (in Romanian). 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1970 - Recherches sur les trkmatodes de quelques chiropttres de 

Roumanie. Livre du centenaire Emile Racovitza (1868-1968). Acad. R. S. R.: 459-465. 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'Ctude comparCe de llHelminthofaune de Chiropttres de 

Roumanie (I4re note). Anal. Univ. Buc. Biol. An., 22: 19-24. 

CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford, London, 

Edinburgh, Melbourne: 1-520. 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1955 - Contributii la studiul biologiei 

chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibematia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Ministirea 

Bistrita. Bul. St. Sect. St. Biol., Agron., Geol., Geogr., 7 (2): 317-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - RBspdndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RomdnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford: 1-465. 



Rhinolophus hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul-mic-cu-nas-potcoav8; E = Lesser horseshoe bat; 

F = Petit rhinolophe fer-A-cheval; G = Kleine Hufeisennase; RU = Malyi podkovonos. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: V - species with decreasing populations because 

of extensive habitat destruction. BE2; BIII; D92lII; D92lIV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From Ireland to Iberian Peninsula, in Marocco, all 

northern Africa and southern Europe up to Kirghizia and Kashmir, in Arabia, the 

Sudan and Ethiopia. Northern limit of the range is Netherlands, Germany and 

southern Poland. 

Distribution in Romania: Bieltz (1886), Paszlawszky (19 18) and C8linescu (193 1) 

cited this species from 14 localities. In addition, Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) 

noted other 50 observation and collecting places. Because the administrative 

divisions changed along the years, we will mention only the localities, without 

regiond or counties. For instance, we won't mention "commune Stefineqti, district 

Truqeqti, region Suceava", because, today, the districts do not exist anymore, and 

Truqeqti is in Botoqani County; but we will mention: Casa Doamnei Cave, commune 

SteGneqti - Truqeqti; Abri Cave, commune Oituz - TBrgu-Ocna; Peqtera de la 

Limanu - Negru Vod8, Dobrogea; Canaraua Fetii Cave - Dobrogea; Voila - 

C$mpina, Ploieqti; Peqtera de la Piatra Galben8 - Rucgr, Muscel; Peqtera Liliecilor 

(Sf. Grigore Decapolitul) - Mingstirea Bistrita - Coste~ti, Horezu; Bkza - 

Segarcea; Peqtera Muierii - Baia de Fier, Novaci; Peqtera cu R8zboaie from Sohodol 

Gorges - Baia de Aram8; Apa Moieqtii Cave - Pocruia - Baia de Aram8; Peqtera 

Babei - Nadanova, Baia de AramB; Cloqani Cave - Cgluggreni, Baia de Aram8; 

Izverna Cave - Baia de Aram8; Peqtera din Valea Mare (Topolnifa) - commune 

Cirequ, Turnu Severin; Peqtera Femeii din Dealul Prosecu - commune Cirequ, Turnu 

Severin; Peqtera Ungurului - Peceniqca, Orqova; Oravifa - Banat; Comarnic Cave -

commune Caraqova, Reqita; Banloc - Ceacova, Banat; S2nesei Cave and Peqtera lui 

Dutu - commune Ciprioara, Lipova; Peqtera de la Romaneqti-Fereqeqti - Figet, 

Banat; Deva - Hunedoara; Cofta Fitutii Cave - commune Biita, Brad; Cofta 

S2rbilor Cave - commune Ardeu, Oriqtie; Mada Cave - Oriqtie; Alba Iulia; Baru 

Mare - Hafeg; Peqtera de la Bordu Mare - commune Ohaba-Ponor, Hateg; Pliiqorul 

Lividenilor Cave (Peqtera lui Ion) - Hateg; Peqtera de la Alunii Negri - com. 

CBmpul lui Neag, Petro~eni; Migura-Racoq Cave - Rupea, Braqov; SBrmalioq Cave 

- commune Racoqul de Jos, Rupea, Braqov; Peqtera din satul Peqtera and Peqtera de 

la Migura - commune Moeciul de Jos, Codlea; Peqtera din Valea Fundata - 

commune RAqnov, Codlea; steeple of the Catholic Church from RBqnov - Codlea; 

Araci - Codlea; Bra~ov; Cave No 1, Peqtera Mare No 14 (Orban Balasz Cave), Cave 

No 17, Cave No 23, Cave No 37, Cave No 41, Cave No 46 and Cave No 57 - 

commune Mereqti, Odorhei; Gheorghieni; Cheile Turzii - Turda, Cluj; Cluj- 

Napoca; Igrifa Cave - Gherla, C~LIJ; Mesteciniq-Someq - Dej, Cluj; Peqtera de la 

DBmbul Colibii - commune Sighi~el, Lunca Vaqciului; Peqtera de la Ferice - Lunca 

Vaqciului; Peqtera Meziad - Beiuq; Cugliq Cave - commune Zece Hotare, Aleqd; 

Piqnifa Cave - Aleqd; Vadul Crivului Cave - Aleqd; Cave No 1 from Valea Leqului 

- Aleqd; Oradea (Fig. 4). 

Biotope: Caves, church steeples and garrets are prefered places. Bats of the species 

Rh. hipposideros were found isolated in caves, both in summer and in winter. They 

were found in colonies by Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963), only in the cave from 

Racoq, in winter (9°C) and in the loft of the stable of a farm from commune Baru 

Mare, in August (20°C). Cited authors mentioned the presence of several 

individuals in the same shelter, without gathering in colonies (e.g, in Peqtera Mare 

Fig. 4 - Distribution in Romania of the species Rhinolophus hipposideros


from Cheile Virghiqului and in Pe~tera Muierii from Baia de Fier) as a characteristic 

feature of this species. Staying isolated in different places of the shelter, some of 

them hibernate at A°C, and others, in places with temperatures up to +lO°C, 

according to their distance from the entrance. They weren't collected or observed 

sheltering in the tree hollows. 


the large number of places in which Rh. hipposideros occurs, even if populations are 

formed of a small number of individuals, total number can be estimated around 

10,000. 

Reproduction: Breeding is in September, but is continues during the winter, till in 

spring. Spermatozoon are deposited in uterus and oviducts, till in April, when 

ovulation and proper fecundation take place. As in the previous species, gestation 

lasts up to 60 days, and later, female give birth to a single young. Suckling lasts 

three weeks while the youngs are also used to feed on solid food and become 

capable of flying. Some females reach the sexual maturity and can mate just in the 

autumn of the year they were born, others, hardly when they are two. But the males 

reach the sexual maturity at the end of the year when they were born. Longevity is 

around 2-3 years, maximum 8. The record of longevity was mentioned in the bats of 

the ex-Czechoslovacia (Gaisler et al., 1969), which exeeded 18 years. 

Rivals: Sheltering around numerous colonies with other bat species it presumes a 

competition among them, for similar food. 

Enemies: Only in the pelets of the night birds of prey a few specimens were 

identified. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites there were identified only mallophaga Paraperiglischrus 

rhinolophinus, Macronyssus uncinatus ji Neomyobia chiropteralis, as 

well as the sheep lice of the species Ixodes vespertilionis. From the endoparasites, 

Chiriac et al. (1960) mentioned the citings from the literature of European countries 

(Germany, Switzerland, ex - USSR, Poland, ex-Czechoslovakia), but also of North 

America, regarding the infestation with the trematode Plagiorchis vespertilionis, 

among other hosts also noting Rh. hipposideros. The same authors (1973), studying 

11 specimens of Rh, hipposideros from Ieqelnita - Mehedinti, identified in four of 

them, from endoparasites, the trematode Plagiorchis vespertilionis, 1-2 specimens 

in each host. 

The causes of the individual number change: Perturbation of silance and even the 

fires from the caves and tunnels or the chasing of the bats from the garrets and 

church steeples. 



Present protection measures: Bern Convention (1979) - Appendix 11; Bonn 

Convention Bonn (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix 11, with 

plant and animal species whose conservation requires the designation of special 

areas of conservation; the same Directive - Appendix IV; Strasbourg (1997) - The 

list of the species which need specific conservation measures for their habitat; 

International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) noted that there are insufficient 

studies on chiropterans of Romania and that, during the last two decades, the species 

Rh. hipposideros was recorded only from Oltenia. Habitat destruction, unorganized 

tourism, phonic pollution a.s.0. led to the diminishing of the population and 

.


individual number of this species. That is why Murariu (op. cit.) suggested the 

inclusion of the species within the list of the vulnerable ones and its proper 

protection. 


BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoavterea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 


CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1970 - Recherches sur les trematodes de quelques chiropteres de 


CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'etude comparee de I'Helminthofaune de Chiroptkres de 

Roumanie (I-ere note). Anal. Univ. Buc. Biol. An., 22: 19-24. 



DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Raspindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romins. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford: 1465. 



Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 

Common name: RO = Liliacul-mediteranean-cu-nas-potcoavii; E = Mediterranean 

horseshoe bat; F = Rhinolophe euryale; G = Mittelmeer-Hufeisennase; RU = 

Yuzhnyi podkovonos. 

IUCN Statute an conservation: R - species with small populations. BE2; BIII; 

D92lII; D92tIV; STR. IP. 

Geographical distribution: !From Portugal to France, in southern Europe - 

Sardinia, Italy, Greece, in Austria, ex-Czechoslovacia, Hungary and Romania up to 

the Transcaucasia, south-western Turkmenistan (Bahardensk Cave), Iran, Israel, in 

Egypt (Mayby), Algeria and Marocco. 

Distribution in Romania: Mehely (1900) and Paszlawszky (1918) cited seven 

localities, among them being Peqtera Igrifa - Cluj, the northernmost point. Mehely 

(op. cit.) also noted Peqtera Ungurului - Blile Herculane, even locality Blile 

Herculane, Plaviyevifa - Orqova, Gaura cu Mu~te Cave and Coronini Cave - both 

from Moldova Noui. Paszlawszky (op. cit.) noted only the locality Or~ova. 

Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) affirmed that they identified the species "...from 

Oltenia, Banat and Hunedoara - many times from mixed colonies with Rhinolophus 

blasii ". From the collecting places they also mentioned Furdullul dup5 Piatrl Cave, 

village Boiu de Sud - Ilia (legit. Valeriu Pu~cariu) and the ave from Ampoitei 

Gorges - Alba (Fig. 5). 

Biotope: Caves, tunnels and abandoned mine drifts, eventually in mixed colonies 

with other species of rhinolophids. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The citings from a few 

places, in a very small number led to an estimation of the populations of only 

2,500-3,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: Similar to that of the previous one: mating in autumn, fecundation 

of the ovule, in spring, gestation of 55-60 days; it gives birth to a single young. 

Longevity 2-4 years. 

Rivals: The bat species with which they mix in the common shelters. Competition 

implies also the places for hibernation, and for food, in summer. 

Enemies: Only some species of night birds of prey: Asio otus otus, Tyto alba qi Strix 

aluco. From England there are reported identifications of Rh. euryale from the pelets


of some brids of prey which shelter themselves in caves and mine drifts; there they 

can feed on bats during hibernation (especially in December and January). 

Diseases: Ectoprasites and helminths mentioned in the previous bat species occur 

also in the representatives of the species Rh. euryale. 

The causes of the individual number change: Perturbations from the caves lead to 

the decreasing of survival chances. The lack of food for a long period of time 

diminishes the vitality of the individuals, delays the sexual maturity and increase 

mortality. The predators actions also lead to the decreasing of the individual 

number. 



Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 11; Bonn 

Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 91/42/EEC, Appendix I1 with plant and 

animal species whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of 

conservation; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg (1 997) - the list of the 

species which need proper conservation measures of their habitat; international 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Conservation of the prefered habitats, without 

phonic pollution and acces of the birds of prey. Murariu (1995) proposed the 

inclusion of the species Rh. euryale within the list of the protected species in the 

Romanian fauna. 


BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contribufii la cunoaperea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 

Univ. Bucure~ti: 1-24 (in Romanian). 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1910 - Recherches sur les trkmatodes de quelques chiropteres de roumanie. 

Livre du centenaire Emile Racovitza (1868-1968). Acad. R. S. R.: 459465. 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'Ctude comparee de I'Helminthofaune de Chiropttres de 


CORBET, G. 9.. SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford, London, 



R. S. Rom5nB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitB", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 




Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1867 

Common name: RO = Liliacul lui Blasius; E = Blasius'horseshoe bat; F = Rhinolophe 

de Blasius; G = Blasius-Hufeisennase; RU = Sredizemnomorskii podkovonos. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - habitats drastically modified. BE3; B/II; 

D921II; D92tIV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From Transvaal (South Africa) to the south of Zaire, in 

Ethiopia, Somalia, Marocco, Algeria, Tunisia, in Turkey, Yemen, Israel, Syria, Iran, 

ex-Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria Romania, Italy, Greece and Cyprus, and 

eastwards, up to Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan (Bahardensk Cave), in 

Afghanistan and Pakistan. 

Distribution in Romania: because it was not mentioned till 1952, it is considered a 

relatively new species for the Romanian fauna. Today it is known that it occurs in 

the caves from Oltenia, Banat and the surrounding of Hunedoara and Alba Iulia.


Fig. 5 -Distribution in Romania of the species Rhinolophus euryale, Rhinolophus blasii, 

Rhinolophus mehelyi 

From Oltenia, Rh. blasii was mentioned from Peqtera Laptelui - TPrgu Jiu, Peqtera 

Fuqteica village Isverna, commune Pocruia - Baia de Arami, with a colony of 

around 200 individuals, Peqtera cu Rizboaie from the Sohodolului Gorges - Baia de 

Arami and Nadanova Cave - Baia de Aram5. From Banat, in Peqtera Ungurului - 

Peceniqca, Orqova, Ponicova Cave - Orqova, Peqtera Sdnesei and Peqtera lui Dufu - 

commune Ciprioara, Lipova, and from Hunedoara, in Cofta SPrbilor Cave - 

commune Ardeu, Oriqtie, Mada Cave - commune Balqa, Oriqtie. The cave from 

Cheile Ampoifei - Alba and Peqtera Bisericufa de la Ciumerna - village Intregalde, 

commune Teiuq, also from the present county Alba (Fig. 5). 

Biotope: Up to now it was reported only from the above-mentioned caves. There it 

also occurs in summer, but especially in winter, for hibernation. Hibernation 

colonies are small (maximum 300 individuals), placed in places protected from the 

air currents and with the temperature of 9°C-14°C. 


that the species is spread in Africa, Minor Asia and south-eastern Europe - areas 

influence by the Mediterranean climate, and that in Romania such areas are limited 

and the colonies of Rh. blasii are small or thare were reported only 3-9 isolated 

individuals, populations of this species reach a larger number than 2,500 

individuals. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, but because of the late ovulation the proper 

fecundation is in spring. Gestation lasts seven weeks, female having a single young


which suckles 60 days. Sexual maturity is reached at two years old. Longevity = 5-6 

years. 

Rivals: Other bat species from the same shelters, competing for the quiet places 

with constant temperature, and in summer, for the food from around the shelter. 

Man, destroying the prefered habitats and even killing the bats, extremely 

vulnerable during hibernation. 

Enemies: A few brids of prey and man. 

Diseases: Excepting some ectoparasites, from mallophaga, and infestations with 

helminths (as endoparasites), Rh. blasii is suspected of caring viruses whose host for 

reproductions is the mosquito. 

The causes of the individual number change: Unorganized tourism and the killing 

of bats as a result of the ignorance of their role in the natural ecosystems. 




Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - plant and 


conservation; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg (1997) - the list of the 

species which need specific conservation measures of their habitat. 

Necessary protection measures: The entrances in the caves to be closed, with bais 

which can permit the bats to get in and out, but not to the unescorted people. 

Murariu (1995) consider the species threatened and proposed it to be included in the 

List of the protected species from Romania. 




CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1970 - Recherches sur les trimatodes de quelques chiropttres de 


CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'etude comparee de IIHelminthofaune de Chiropteres de 




DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1 963 - RBspbndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RombnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi@", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

NOWAK, R. M., I994 - Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 

and London: 1-287. 

RICHARZ, K., LIMNBRUNNER, A., 1993 - The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 

H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, N. J., USA: 1-192. 




Rhinolophus mehelyi Matschie, 190 1 

Common name: RO = Liliacul romlnesc; liliacul lui MChely; E = Mehely's 

horseshoe bat; F = Rhinolophe de Mehely; G = Mehely-Hufeisennase; 

RU = Podkovonos Megeli. 


of extensive habitat destruction. BE2; BIII; D921II; D92/IV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: Type locality is Bucharest - Romania. The holotype is 

in the collections of the national Museum of Natural History of Washington, D.C. 

For description of the species Mkhely used both specimens collected from Bucharest


and from Dobrogea. That is why the vernacular name of "Romanian bat" is justified, 

name accepted also by the French specialists. The more so as the second mentioned 

was from southern France (locality Gard). Today, the species range is from 

Portugal, Spain, France, ex-Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, in Transcaucasia, 

Afghanistan, Iran, Minor Asia, Mediterranean islands, Israel and Egypt, 

from Morocco to Libya (locality Cyrenaica). 

Distribution in Romania: Excepting Bucharest, cited by MChely (1901), the 

Romanian bat was also observed and collected from the caves from Dobrogea 

(Fig. 5), in relatively numerous colonies, with a permanent dynamics inside the 

shelter, according to the moment when the colony was formed. Birth colonies are 

placed towards the entrance of the cave and are mixed with females belonging to 

other species: Myotis myotis, Minopterus schreibersi and Rhinolophus ferrunzequinum. 

After birth, females of Rh. mehelyi together with the youngs withdraw at 

the end of the gallery, with less changeable climatic conditions. Pe~tera Liliecilor 

from Gura Dobrogei - Medgidia, Peqtera de la Limanu - Negru Vodi and Pe~tera la 

Ciqmelufi from the village $ipote, commune Deleni - all from Dobrogea, are cited 

by Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963), as colonies with living individuals, but also with 

skeleton remains of the species R. mehelyi. 

Biotope: The most reports are from the caves, but the first MChely's description on 

an specimen collected from Bucharest, led to the idea that these bats also shelter in 

tunnels, garrets and steeples, and even in treee hollows. Dumitrescu et al. (1962 - 

1963) considered that "...Citarea unui individ din Bucure~ti ne-ar putea face sri 

credem c9 se poate adiposti in parcuri sau clidiri" [The citing of a specimen from 

Bucharest could make us to belive that it can shelter in parks or buildings]. In the 

same time we have to take into consideration that these bat can migrate on long 

distances (300-500 Km, and according to literature even 1,500 Km) from the 

hibernation place to the shelters of the summer colonies, and inversely. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Reportings from '50s, 

regarding the presence of some colonies with 5,000 individuals each, are not valid. 

Today there are some tens of colonies, but very rare. That is why we consider that 

the populations of Rh. mehelyi from Romania do not exceed 3,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: Most of the individuals mate in autumn, beginning with September, 

but the proper fecundation is in spring, after they wake from hibernation and after a 

late ovulation. Gestation lasts 55 days, after which females give birth to a single 

young. It sucks alsmost two months, and then it is able to fly and to feed on solid 

food. It reaches sexual maturity in the autumn of the next year from its birth. 

Longevity is of 4-6 years. 

Rivals: The bat species it share its shelter. 

Enemies: Less the birds of prey and mote, the man, who destroy its prefered 

habitats. 

Diseases: Ecto- and endoparasites diminish the survival rate, mortality being greater 

within the youngs. The insect and worm species which parasitize the Mehely's 

horseshoe bat were not identified. 

The causes of the individual number change: Perturbations from caves (noises, 

fires) and even the killing of bats. 




Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - plant and



conservation; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg (1997) - list of the 

species which need specific conservation measures for their habitat; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: The closing of the caves with metalic screens not 

to permit the uncontrolled entrance of the tourists who distroy the habitats and 

disgusted by bats. Murariu (1995) motivated the vulnarability of the species and 

proposed its inclusion in the list of protected species from the Romanian fauna. 




CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1970 - Recherches sur les tr6matodes de quelques chiroptbres de 

Roumanie. Livre du centenaire Emile Racovitza (1868-1968). Acad. R. S. R.: 459465. 

CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'etude compar6e de I'Helminthofaune de Chiroptkres de 

Roumanie (Idre note). Anal. Univ. Buc. Biol. An., 22: 19-24. 



DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rgspindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Roming. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovitil", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

NOWAK, R. M., 1994 - Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 


aDULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myotis 

capaccirlii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Romania. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. 

"Grigore Antipa", 34: 401-409. 

aDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellu savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 

pour la prmiere fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

aDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammiferes du sud de la Dobrogea 

(Roumanie). Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 385-389. 

RICHARZ, K., LIMNBRUNNER, A., 1993 -The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 

H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, N. J., USA:l-192. 




Family Vespertilionidae Gray, 1821 

Genus Myotis Kaup, 1829 

Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul-mare-cu-bot-ascutit; Liliacul-mare-cu-urechi- 

de-qoarece; E = Large mouse-eared bat; F = Vespertilion murin; Grand murin; 

G = Grosses Mausohr; RU = Bol'shaya nochinica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - at present, taxa is not endangered or 

vulnerable but is at risk. BE2; D921II; D92/IV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From southern England and Azores Islands of Portugal 

(in the Atlantic Ocean) to Central and Southern Europe, eastwards Ukraine, Minor 

Asia, Lebanon and Israel, as well as in the most Mediterranean islands. 

Distribution in Romania: Synthesizing the citngs from literature (MChely, 1910; 

Paszlawszky, 19 18; C8linescu, 193 1 and others.), as wll as taking into consideration 

our own data, Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) recorded 76 observation and collecting 

places of the species M. myotis, on the Romanian territory (Fig. 6). Data on the 

colonies, noted than consisting of several thousands of individuals, are not real

Fig. 6 - ~istribuhon in Romania of the species Myotis myotis 

List of wnventionrl signs: 

Myotrs myoris 

anymore, the greatest colonies being formed of maximum 500 individuals. From 

Dobrogea there were noted the caves "La Adam", "Liliecilor" from Gura Dobrogei, 

"Ghilingic", "de la Limanu"; from Prahova County - localities Buqtenari and 

Sinaia; from Suceava County, at Cbmpulung Moldovenesc - Peqtera de la Rariu; 

near Bucharest - locality Cernica; from Argeq County - Peqtera de la Colpl Surpat 

- commune Ddmbovicioara and locality Piteqti; din Vblcea County - Peqtera 

Liliecilor (Sfintul Grigore Decapolitul) from Bistrifa Monastery, Horezu; from 

Oltenia - the caves: "Muierii" - Baia de Fier, "Liliecilor" - Runcu, "Laptelui" - 

Runcu, "Fuqteica" and "Izverna" - village Izverna, commune Pocruia, Baia de 

Arami, "Lazului" from Cloqani and Cave No 2 from Sohodolului Gorges - both of 

them near Baia de Arami. From Banat - the caves: "Hotilor" - Biile Herculane, 

Orqova, but also "Plaviqevita", "Ponicova" and "Veteranilor", also near Orqova. 

From Moldova Nou5 the cave Coronini is cited, from Oravifa - Peqtera lui Ianoq, 

from commune Caraqova (Reqita) -the cave from Gbrliqtei Gorges, localities Radna 

and Ciiprioara near Lipova, with the caves "Sdnesei" and "lui Dufu", and near Figet 

- Peqterile Romaneqti and Fereqeqti. Mada Cave - commune Bal~a, Oriqtie, Gura 

Cet6fii Cave - village Peqtera, commune Siila~ul de Sus, Hateg, the caves Tecuri 

and from Valea Clencii - commune Baru-Mare, Hafeg, Sura Mare Cave - commune 

Ohaba-Ponor, Hateg, Peqtera de sub Bulz - commune Uricani, Petroqeni, the cave 

from Alunii Negri - commune Cdmpul lui Neag, Petroqeni, the cave from Ainpoifei 

Gorges and locality Teiuq from Alba Iulia, Ocna Sibiului - Sibiu, Sbmbata de Jos 

and the cave from Poiana MBnastirii - commune Comana de Sus, Rupea, the cave 

from the village Pe~tera - commune Moeciul de Sus, the cave from Miigura -


commune Bran-Moeci, the cave from Valea Fundata - commune Riqnov, the cave 

from Crucuru-Mare and locality Purciireni - all near Codlea, Braqov and Sighi~oara 

- Mure?. From Virghiqului Gorges the following caves are cited: Abri No 1, No 5, 

Mare No 14 (Orban Balsz), No 17, No 20 (Gabor), No 32, No 34 (suspended), No 

35, No 36, No 40, No 52 and No 57. Localities Bistrita-NIsiiud, Cheile Turzii, Cluj, 

Buzia~, Zaliiu and Ziiul de Clmpie, then the caves Gheprul de la Sciiriqoara, Pojarul 

Polifei and the cave "de la Ferice" - all from Lunca VaqcIului, and near Beiuq - the 

caves: Zmeilor de la Onceasa, Piatra Acrii and Meziad. Near Aleqd - the caves 

Piqnita and from Pdrlul Fanului. Sighetul Marmatiei is the northenmost locality, 

cited by Ciilinescu (1 93 1). 

Biotope: The species Myotis myotis prefers the caves, and rarely was mentioned 

from the garrets and steeples. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Colonies with important 

number of individuals were not found in all shelters. In some of them, there are 2 - 

3 individuals, at least in the entrance halls, but, considering that the list of the 

observation places is too long, we can estimate that the populations of M. myotis 

from Romania sums up around 15,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, but because of the late ovulation, the 

fecundation is in spring. Gestation lasts 46 - 59 days, afterwards females have a 

single young which sucks for three months. When they are three months old, 

females are mature from the sexual point of view and they mate in the autumn of the 

same year they were born. Males reach sexual maturity in the second year since they 

were born. Longevity is of 14 years, but it was reported a record of 18 years. 

Rivals: The bat species which, at least temporarly, they make mixed colonies (ex., 

Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), both for occupying the best places in shelters and for 

obtaining the food. 

Enemies: Man - disturbing the habitats; night birds of prey, the barn owl (Tyto 

alba) being the most cited species in whose pelets remains of M.myotis were 

identified. 

Diseases: From ectoparasites there were identified mallophaga Spinturnix myoti and 

Macronyssus ellipticus, and from endoparasites - the trematode Plagiorchis 

vespertilionis. 

The causes of the individual number change: Uncontroled tourism and phonal 

perturbations and the smoke of the fires made in caves. 

Number in captivity: Althoug in literature there are notes asserting that M. myotis 

can be kept in captivity almost 2 years, in Romania this experiment haven't been 

made, yet. 







protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Control of the penetrations in the prefered 

habitats and the avoidance of all form of pollution. Murariu (1995) proposed the 

caves from the Southern Carpathians to be declared karstic reserves and the 

inclusion of the species M. myotis within the list of the endangered species from 

Romanian fauna.





CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1963 - Cu privire la helmintofauna unor micromanlifere din R. P. R. Anal. 

Univ. Bucurevti, Ser. St. Nat., Biol., 38: 181-191 (in Romanian). 



DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - RBsplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romlnil. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi\B", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 



Fd.DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myolis 

capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Romania. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. 


~DULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 

pour la prmikre fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

~DuLET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 




SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 - The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford: 1-465. 



Myotis blythii (Tomes, 1857) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul mic cu urechi de qoarece; liliacul mic cu urechi 

ascutite; E = Lesser mouse-eared bat; F = Petit murin; G = Kleines Mausohr; 

RU = Ostroukhaya nochinica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - populations at risk; BE2; D921II; D921IV; 

STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: The Mediterranean area of Europe (Spain, Italy, 

Austria, Switzerland, Sardinia, Malta, Montenegro and Croatia, northwards up to 

Slovakia, in Greece and Crete, and north-western Africa (in Algeria, Tunisia and 

Marocco); Crimea and the Caucasus; from Minor Asis and Israel, in Afghanistan 

and the Himalayas; north-western of the Altai Mountains, inside Mongolia and in 

the region Shensi from China. 

Distribution in Romania: Mentioned by MChely (1900) from Tuqnad and Borqa - 

Maramureq, and by Ehik (1924) from Deva, this species was not reported till 1953 

(Dumitrescu et al.), from Peqtera Rariiu - C2mpulung Moldovenesc, then from the 

locality Cernica - commune Brilneqti, Ilfov, Peqtera Ursului from Bran and Peqtera 

din Crucuru Mare - from Codlea, Braqov; Betfia - Oradea. Then, the number of the 

observing and collecting places incereased up to 23, adding: Peqtera Liliecilor from 

Gura Dobrogei - Medgidia, Roqiori - Urziceni, Petroqita - Pucioasa, Peqtera 

Liliecilor (Sf. Grigore Decapolitul) from Bistrita Monastery- commune Coste~ti, 

Horezu, Cave No 2 and Peqtera Liliecilor from the Sohodolului Gorges - Baia de 

Aramii, Peqtera Hotilor - Biiile Herculane, Pe~tera from commune Pfirnova - 

Bozovici, Caraq-Severin, Peqtera Tecuri - commune Baru-Mare, Hateg, Pevtera de 

la Alunii Negri - commune Clmpul lui Neag, Petroqeni, Pe~tera Mare No 14 (Orban 

Balasz), No 20 and No 35 from Vlrghiqului Gorges - com Merevti, Odorhei, Pevtera 

Ghetarul de la Sciriqoara - Lunca Va~ciiului, Peqtera Smeilor from Onceasa - 

commune Buduroasa, Beiuq (Fig. 7).


Biotope: Most of the observations on this species were made in caves, where the 

individuals of M. blythii were mixed with those of M. myotis. In spite of all these 

there are enough reports and collectings from steeples. A recent example is the 

identification of a colony of around 200 individuals of M. blythii, in July 1995, in the 

steeple of the church from village Slgtioara, commune Striimtura, Maramure~. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Nowadays presence of 

some colonies with an important number of individuals of M. blythii allow the 

estirfiation of the species population to about 5,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: Breeding season is in September - October, but it was remarked that 

they mate also in December, during hibernation, when only the males are sexually 

active. Late ovulation makes the fecundation to be in spring. Gestation lasts 55 days, 

females having one young, rarely two. Suckling lasts 45 days. Sexual maturity is 

reached in the second year of their life. Maximum longevity is of 13 years. 

Rivals: The other bat species with which they share the shelter and food. Myotis 

myotis was the species the most frequently reported from the shelters where 

individuals of M. blythii were also found. 

Enemies: Less the night birds of prey, mice and shews which can climb the walls of 

the caves, but the man, by his distructive actions on the prefered habitats. 

Diseases: There are known only some ectoparasite species: dipteran Nycteribia 

kolenatii and mallophaga Spinturnix myoti and Macronyssus ellipticus. 

The causes of the individual number change: Direct perturbations in shelters 

(noise, fire) and even the chasing and killing of the bat of the species Myotis blythii. 

Number in captivity: They do not resist more than 2-3 months. 







protection, 

Necessary protection measures: Control of the entrances in the prefered habitats, 

Controlul intrgrilor in habitatele preferate, avoidance of all forms of pollution and 

the tourists' education on the role of bats in nature. Murariu (1995), proving the 

decreasing of the individual number of the populations of M. blythii, and that it was 

reported only from Oltenia and Maramureq during the last two decades, considered 

it a rare species and that its protection is very necessary. 




CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1963 - Cu privire la helmintofauna unor micromamifere din R.P.R. Anal. 




DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962- 1963 - Rgspdndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RomdnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi\Bn, 1- 2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

NOWAK, R. M., 1994 -Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 




"Grigore Antipa", 34: 40 1409.


RADULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 


UDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 



H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, N. J., USA: 1- 192. 




Myotis capaccinii (Bonaparte, 1837) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu degete lungi; liliacul cu picioare lungi; E = 

Long-fingered bat; F = Vespertilion de Capaccini; G = Langfussfledermaus; RU = 

Dlinopalaya nochinica. 

IUCN Status and conservation: R - species with populations at risk; BE2; D92lII; 

D92lIV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: According to Wilson et al. (1993), the range of this 

species includes the Mediterranean area and the adjacent islands from southern 

Europe, north-westem Africa, Turkey, Israel, Irak, Iran up to Uzbekistan. 

Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) pointed out the Mediterranea coast of Spain, all south 

of Europe, eastwards up to Amudaria Valley and than, after a break of thousands of 

kilometres, in the valley of the river Ussuri, in Japan and the Philipines. 

Distribution in Romania: The species Myotis capaccinii was mentioned by 

Mehely (1900) from Banat, from Peqtera Gaura cu Muqte - Moldova Nou5 and 

locality Plaviqevifa Orqova. Miller (1912) mentioned it from Biile Herculane, and 

Paszlawszky (1918) - from Peqtera Veteranilor - Orvova. Biginning with 1952, 

Dumitrescu (1954) and Dumitrescu et al. (1955) found it in other four caves, "...atit 

in timpul verii, c8t qi in hibematie" [both in winter and in hibernation]. It is about 

Peqtera Fuqteica - village Isverna, commune Pocruia, Baia de Arami, Peqtera din 

Valea Mare - Topolnita, commune Cirevu, Turnu Severin, Peqtera Ungurului from 

Peceniqca - Orqova and Peqtera din Valea Cheii - commune Biita, Brad (Fig. 7). 

Biotope: Caves are the prefered shelters. According to literature, they were also 

observed in other places as garrets, steeples and tree hollows. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Becaouse in Romania a 

few places with M. capaccini were reported, with small populations (a single colony 

with maximum 100 individuals) we can esteme that the total number of individuals 

from the Romanian fauna do not exceed 3,000. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, beginning from September. This species has 

also a late ovulation so the fecundation is in spring, imediately they wake up after 

hibernation. Gestation is of 55-60 days. Rarely there are two youngs per birth, one 

is the rule. When they are 16-17 days, naked youngs cover with fur and have the 

patagium well developed for making short flights, around the shelter. Suckling lasts 

6-7 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached in the second year of life. Longevity 

6-7 years. 

Rivals: Other bat species with which it shares the shelter and food. 

Enemies: Less night birds of prey and, rarely, the shrews can catch the bats in their 

hibernation places. But man distroys again and again the prefered habitats and even 

kills the bats. 

Diseases: Excepting some mallophaga, also mentioned for the other vespertilionid 

species, other ectoparasites and endoparasites are not known.


Fig. 7 - Distribution in Romania of the species Myotis blythii and Myotis capaccinii 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroyings of the habitats and 

anthropic pressure generate probably the migration of the bats and surely the 

decreasing of the number of the individuals in the Romanian fauna. 



Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979)' Appendix 11; Bonn 

Convention (1983)' Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - plant and 




protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Control of the prefered habitats, avoidance of all 

forms of pollution and the tourists' education on the role of bats in nature. Murariu 

(1995) showed that M. capaccinii was never numerous in the Romanian fauna. 

Becoming a rare species, its habitats must be preserved and it must be included in 

the list of the protected species. 


BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoa~terea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 



Univ. Bucure~ti, Ser. St. Nat., Biol., 38: 181- 191 (in Romanian).


CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of british mammals. Oxford, London, 


DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. rombno-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1955 - Contribufii la studiul biologiei 

chirooterelor. Dinamica si hibematia chiroderelor din Pestera Liliecilor de la Miinastirea 

~istrita. Bul. St. Acad. R.'P. R., 7 (a: 3 19-3'57 (in ~omanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1 963 - Riisplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romlnii. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovitii", 1- 2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


and London: 1- 287. 



"Grigore Antipa' ,34: 401-409. 

~DULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellirs savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal& 

pour la prmitre fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373- 384. 

aDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammiferes du sud de la Dobrogea 

(Roumanie). Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 385- 389. 


H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, N.J., USA: 1- 192. 

SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 - The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford: 1-465. 

WILSON,.D.E., REEDER, D. M., 1993 - Mammals Species of the World. A taxonomic and 

geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London: 1- 1206. 

Myotis dasycneme (Boie, 1825) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul de iaz; liliacul de baltg; E = Rough-legged water 

bat; Pond bat; F = Vespertilion des marais; G = Teichfledermaus; RU = Prudovaya 

nochinica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: EX - species not definitely located in the wild 

during the past 50 years. (Probably extinct). BE2; D92lII; D92lIV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From western Europe (Netherland, France, Belgium, 

Denmark and Sweden), eastwards, up tu ot Ienisei River from Russia, and 

southwards till Ukraine and north-west of Kazakstan. A single report was from the 

Chinese area of Manchuria. 

Distribution in Romania: For the Romanian fauna a single report was made 

(Paszlawszky, 1918), from Peqtera lui Ianoq, in southwestern Romania. Other 

citings (Moissisovics, 1823, according to Dumitrescu et al., 1962-1963) were 

"...puse la indoialg de MChely (1900), totuqi pastrate in lista acestuia" [put under 

question by MChely (1900), but preserved in his list]. Cilinescu (1931) also took 

over MChely's citings (op. cit.) (Fig. 8). 

Biotope: The species M, dasycneme prefers better lowlands, with still waters. It 

shelters in the tree hollows. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Because the species 

M. dasycneme was not reported after 1918 and taking into considerations IUCN 

criteria, we consider this species extinct from the Romanian fauna. On the other 

hand, knowing that the bat migration does not respect the administrative borders, the 

presumed immigrations of the individuals of this specis in Romanian fauna, their 

number does not exceed 1,500. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, but the spermatozoon are kept in uterus till 

spring, when the ovulation and proper fecundation take place. Gestation lasts around 

two months. After three weeks the naked youngs are covered with hair, and their 

patagium is sufficiently developed for flying out of the shelter. They cease suckling 

after 5-6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached in the second year of their life. 

Longevity = 6 years.

COMMENTED RED LIST OF THE ROMANlAN MAMMALS 277 

Rivals: Other bat species which prefer the same habitats. 

Enemies: First of all, man and then natural predators (night birds of prey, shrews). 

Diseases: Unknown. 

The causes of the individual number change: Anthropic pressure, by the 

distroyings of their habitats and different forms of pollution of their shelters. 




Convention ( 1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - plant and 




protection. 



(1995), noting that it is an endangered species, he proposed his protection, first of all 

including it within those already protected. 








DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romino-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Ministirea 

Bistrita. Bul. St. Acad. R.P.R., 7 (2): 319-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rispindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Rombni. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi[?i", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 



UDULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myo~is 


"Grigore Antipa", 34: 401409. 

~DULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistreflus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signale 

pour la prmitre fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

aDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 







Myotis daubentoni (Kuhl, 1 8 19) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul-de-ap6; liliacul lui Daubenton; E = Daubenton's 

bat; water bat; F = Vespertilion de Daubenton; G = Wasserfledermaus; 

RU = Vodyanaya nochinica. 


during the past 50 years. (Probably extinct). BE2; D92III; D92IIV; STR; IP. 

'


Geographical distribution: From eastern Europe up to Kamchatka, Russian islands 

Sakhalin and Kurile, in Japan, Korea, Manchuria, eastern and southern side of 

China. In north, from England and Ireland to Scandinavian Peninsula. Southwards, 

up to India, at Assam. 

Distribution in Romania: The reports in the Romanian fauna are old, beginning 

with MChely (1900) and Paszlawszky (1918), and ending with CBlinescu (193 l), all 

of them mentioning the following five localities: ZBul de Cdmpie - Luduq, Gherla 

Some$ - Gherla, Cluj, Sibiu and Alba Iulia (Fig. 8). 

Biotope: Tree hollows and garrets, not necessarily near water, as in M. dasycneme. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Being unmentioned after 

1931 and taking into considerations the IUCN criteria, we consider the species 

M. daubentoni extinct from the Romanian fauna. On the other hand, knowing that 

the bat migration does not respect the administrative borders, the presumed immi- 

grations of the individuals of this specis in Romanian fauna, their number does not 

exceed 10,000. 

Reproduction: As the other vespertilionids, they mate in autumn, and the 

fecundation of the ovules, early in spring. Gestation lasts 50-60 days. They suck 

5-6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are 1 and a half. Longevity = 4-6 

years. 

Rivals: Other bat species, for shelters and food. 

Enemies: Birds of prey, eventually shrews, but not in the least - man. 

Diseases: Neither the ectoparasites, nor the infestations with helminths were 

studied. 

Fig. 8 - Distribution in Romania of the species 

Myotis dasycneme, Myotis daubentoni, Myotis emarginatus


The causes of the individual number change: Anthropic pressure determined the 

migration of a few individuals to more quiet shelters. 








protection. 



(1995), noting that it is an endangered species, proposed its protection, first of all 

including it within the protected species in the Romanian fauna, in case it would be 

mentioned. 


aDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 

pour la prmiire fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

aDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 




SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford: 1465. 



Myotis emarginatus (E. Geoffroy, 1806) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu urechi rgscroite; liliacul cu spini; E = Geoffroy's 

bat; F = Vespertilion B oreilles CchancrCes; G = Wimperfledermaus; 

RU = Tryokhcvetnaya nochinica. 

IUCN Status and conservation: E - species in danger of extinction because of 

habitat destructions. BE2; D921IV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: Wilson et al. (1993) noted the south Europe, 

northwards up to Netherlands and southern Poland. Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) 

mentioned that northwards it can reach the parallel 55'. Eastewards, the range 

extends up to Uzbekistan, eastern Iran and Afghanistan, and southern limit is 

Crimea, the Caucasus, Kopet Dag Mountains, in Lebanon and Israel, Marocco, 

Algeria and Tunisia in northwestern Africa. 

Distribution in Romania: Bieltz (1888) cited the species from Gherla-Some$, Cluj 

and Alba-Iulia. MChely (1900) cited it from Peqtera Ungurului from Peceniqca - 

Bgile Herculane. For years 1955 and 1958, Dumitrescu and col. (1 962-1 963) cited it 

from Peqtera Canaraua Fetii - commune Bgneasa, and Peqtera "La Adam" - 

commune TBrguqor, Medgidia, both from Dobrogea (Fig. 8). 

Biotope: Till now, we do not know other prefered biotopes than the caves. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: A few reported places with 

Myotis emarginatus and there with reduced populations, on the one hand. On the 

other one there is the changing of data through time, which implies the decreasing of 

the number of individuals (e.g., the extinction of the important colony from


Canaraua Fetii, in 1996) and which made us to make an optimistic evaluation of 

only 2,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: Also this species begins its breeding season in September, but the 

proper fecundation, late up to the ovulation from spring. Gestation lasts 50-60 days. 

The single young of a little (rarely two) is suckeled for five weeks, while he 

becomes able to fly and can feed on solid food. Sexual maturity is reached the next 

year after its birth. Longevity = 4 6 years, but many individuals cannot reach this 

age, either do to the predators or the diseases and the lack of food. Nevertheless, the 

maximum longevity mentioned in literature is od 16 years. 

Rivals: Bat species with which they share their shelter; man. 

Enemies: Less the night birds of prey and mote, the man who distroys its habitats 

and kills the bats. 

Diseases: From the ectoprasites the unidentified mallophaga and lice of genus 

Ixodes are mentioned. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroyings and disturbings of the 

habitats; less the lack of food. 







species which need specific conservation measurea for their habitat; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Avoidance of the perturbations from shelters 

(garrets, steeples, tree hollows and caves) and the including of the species within the 

list of protected ones from the Romanian fauna. Remarking the decreasing of the 

populations, as well as of the destribution areas, Murariu (1995) pointed out the 

necessity of protecting the species Myotis emarginatus. 








DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romsno-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Mjnistirea 

Bistrita. Bul. St. Acad. R. P. R., 7 (2): 3 19-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Risphdirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romlni. Lucr. Inst. Spcol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 



~DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Mvotis 



RADULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrelli~s savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signalc 


~DULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions i la connaissance des mammifires du sud de la Dobrogea 

(Roumanie). Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 385-389.







Myotis mystacinus (Kuhl, 18 19) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul mustiicios; E = Whiskered bat; F = Vespertilion a 

moustaches; G = Kleine Bartfledermaus; RU = Usataya nochinica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species in danger of extinction because of 

drasticaly reduced habitats. BE2; D921IV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From Ireland and Scandinavian Peninsula, southwards 

upt to the level of Marocco, eastwards Iran, north-western Himalayas and southern 

China. 

Distribution in Romania: MChely (1900) cited for this species locality Sieu - 

Bistrita. Paszlawszky (19 18) cited Peqtera Plaviqevifa - Orqova, localities Baziaq - 

Moldova Nou5 and Berzasca - Lipova. Ciilinescu (193 1) also cited locality Baziaq - 

Moldova Noui, and Biirzava - Lipova. Finally, Dumitrescu et al. (1962 - 1963) 

added Peqtera Liliecilor from Gura Dobrogei - Medgidia, Peqtera "La Adam" - 

commune Tiirguqor, Medgidia, Peqtera de la Limanu - Negru VodSi, Peqtera Tecuri 

- commune Baru-Mare, Hateg, Peqtera de la Alunii Negri - commune Ciimpul lui 

Neag, Petroqeni and Peqtera Ghetarul from Sciiri~oara - Lunca Va$ciului (Fig. 9). 

Biotope: It is a bat which prefere more the garrets and steeples than the forests. In 

these shelters it stays eastwards or southeastwards sides. In summet it also shelters 

in the fissures of the limy rocks. However, in winter it looks for caves and tunnels, 

with a relatively constant temperature (2OC - 8OC). 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Being rarely occurred, 

Myotis mystacinus has small isolated populations, which do not sum up more than 

1,500-2,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, beginning even in September, but there were 

remarked copulations during the hibernation. Anyhow, fecundation is late because 

the ovulation is in spring. Gestation lasts 50-60 days. It has a single young per litter, 

rarely two. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one year old. Medium 

longevity is of 3.5 years, and the maximum one, recorded, was of 19. 

Rivals: Other bat species from the same shelters and the man, tempted'to move off 

the bats around the house. 

Enemies: The night birds of prey, the most often cited being Tyto alba. 

Diseases: Only the ectoparasites were mentioned: mallophaga, fleas and ticks. 

The causes of the individual number change: Changins in habitats, perturbations 

in the populations occurred by visitors which do not know the importance of the bats 

within the ecological stability of the natural ecosystems. 






conservation; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Avoidance of the perturbations in shelters 

(garrets, steeples, tree hollows, caves) and the including of the species within the list


of the protected ones from the Romanian fauna. Remarking a diminishing of the 

populations and of the distribution areas, Murariu (1 995) pointed out the necessity 

of protecting the species Myotis mystacinus. 





Univ. Bucure~ti, Ser. St. Nat., Biol., 38: 181-191 (in Romanian). 



DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romlno-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Mgnastirea 



R. S. RomlnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitB", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 



~DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myotis 



aDULET, N., 1996 b - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 






SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford: 1-465. 



Myotis nattereri (Kuhl, 18 18) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu franjuri; liliacul lui Natterer; E = Natterer's bat; 

F = Vespertilion de Natterer; G = Fransenfledermaus; RU = Nochinica Natterera. 

IUCN Status and conservation: R - species with rare habitats, geographical 

restricted. BE2; D921IV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: All over Europe, excepting the Scandinavian 

Peninsula, then in northwestern Africa, Turkey, Israel, Irak, Crimea and the 

Caucasus up to Turkmenistan. 

Distribution in Romania: Paszlawszky (1918) cited Myotis nattereri from 

localities Bistrifa and Mesteaciin-Some? - Transylvania. Later on, especially 

Dumitrescu and coll (1962 - 1962) occurred it in Dobrogea, in Cave No 1 from 

Consul Mountain - commune Izvoarele, Pe~tera Liliecilor from Gura Dobrogei - 

Medgidia, Peqtera "La Adam" - commune Tfrgu~or, Medgidia and Cave No 35 

from Cheile Vbrghi$ului - commune Mereqti, Odorhei (Fig. 9). We have to remark 

that from the last four citings, three of them were made on the basis of some 

skeletons in a subfossil state. 

Biotope: It lives in forests and parks, near water flows, even in localities. They 

shelter in tree hollows, garrets, but also in rock crevices. But in winter it looks for 

the caves and tunnels with relatively constant temperaturte (2.5OC-8OC).


Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The mentions only from 

Transylvania and Dobrogea, generally made on the skeletons in a subfossil state, not 

on living individuals, make us to estimate its population to around 1,500 individuals. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, and fecundation is late, in spring, 

spermatozoans being kept all winter in the reproduction organs of the female. 

Gestation lasts 50-60 days. They give birth a young per litter, maximum two. 

Suckling is of 6-7 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one. Maximum 

longevity, recorded, was of 17 years and 5 months. 

Rivals: Other bat species (for shelter and food); man, perturbating the colonies and 

shelters. 

Enemies: Night birds of prey and man. 

Diseases: Only ectoparasites, specimens of Basilia nana Theodor and Moscana, 1954 - 

from the dipterans of the family Nycteribiidae, subfamily Nycteribiinae from England. 

The causes of the individual number change: Shelter damages, perturbations of 

the colonies by phonic pollution and smoke from the fires made in caves. 






conservation; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International protection. 


(garrets, steeples, tree hollows, caves) and the including of the species within the list 


populations and of the distribution areas, Murariu (1995) pointed out the necessity 

of protecting the species Myotis nattereri. 








DUMITRESCU, M., I954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romlno-sovietice, Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibematia chiropterelor din Pegera Liliecilor de la MBnBstirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rfispdndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RomlnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi[i3", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

NOWAK. R. M.. 1994 -Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hookins Universitv Press. Baltimore 

and on don: 1-287. 



"Grigore Antipa', 34: 401-409. 

UDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 

Dour la ~rmitre fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Griaore Anti~a". 36: 373-384. 

~ D U ~ E N.: T , 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammif6;es du sud de la Dobrogea 




SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford: 1465. 


geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington and London: 1-1206.


Myotis bechsteini (Kuhl, 18 1 8) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu urechi late; liliacul lui Bechstein; E = Bechstein's 

bat; F = Vespertilion de Bechstein; G = Bechsteinfledermaus; RU = Dlinnoukhaya 

nochinica. 

IUCN Status and conservation: E - habitats have been so drasticalv reduced that 

they are deemed to be in immediate danger of extinction. BE2; ~42111; D921IV; 

STR.; IP. 

~eogra~hical distribution: From England and southern Sweden, in all Europe, up 

to the Caucasus and Iran. 

Distribution in Romania: Myotis bechsteini is very rare in Romania, the mentions 

up to now being made less according to the number of living individuals but more to 

the sossil remains (e.g. Cromenian deposits from Betfia - commune Sirmaloi~, 

Bihor and the Wurmian ones from Peqtera "La Adam" - commune TQrguqor, 

Medgidia). A single female specimen was found by Bieltz (1888) in Cluj, and 

Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) also mentioned a female specimen from Peqtera lui 

Gruia - Cujmir, collected by Valeriu Puqcariu on May 15, 1956. To this collecting 

places it has to be added Peqtera Nadanova - Baia de Aramii and Pe~tera Ponicova - 

commune Plaviqevita, Orqova (Fig. 9). 

Biotope: Summer colonies prefere the tree hollows from the deciduous forests; 

rarely in the garrerts and in rock crevices. For hibernation it looks for the caves. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Because colonies of Myotis 

bechsteini were not identified, only very rare isolated individuals, the populations of 

this species do not exceed 2,000 individuals. 


Myotis mystacinus, Myotis nattereri, Myotis bechsteini. Myotis ikonnikovi


Reproduction: They mate in autumn, but the spermatozoans are kept in the genital 

organs of the females till spring, when the ovulation and the proper fecundation take 

place. Gestation lasts 5&60 days. Each pregnant female has only one young, naked 

and helpless. Suckling lasts 6-7 weeks, while the young covers with hair and its 

patagia are enough developed for being used in flight around the shelter; it parallel it 

also feends on solid food. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one. Medium 

longevity is of 5-6 years, and maximum one of 2 1 years. 

Rivals: Other bat species and man. 

Enemies: Some night birds of prey, man and rarely the shrews which can climb the 

ceilings of their shelters in order to eat these kind of bat, especially during 

hibernation. 

Diseases: As the previous species (M. nattereri) it has ectoparasites as Basilia nana 

from the Nycteribiidae dipterans. 

The causes of the individual number change: Changings and distroyings of the 

habitats; perturbations of the colonies and of the isolated individuals. Climatic 

changes and the inducing of the mortality rate increasing are also some causes of the 

diminishing of the individual number. 

Number in captivity: They are not reared in captivity, but it was reported an 

individual with 172 days, while it was nurished only with the water drops drained 

from its wings. 



Convention (1 983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg 

(1 997) - threatened mammals from Europe; International protection. 


(garrets, steeples, tree hollows, caves) and the including of the species within the list 


populations and of the distribution areas, Murariu (1 995) pointed out the necessity 

of protecting the species Myotis bechsteini. 






CORBET,G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of british mammals. Oxford, London, 


DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romfino-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Mgnastirea 

Bistrita. Bul. St. Acad. R. P. R., 7 (2): 319-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1 963 - Rispiindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romini. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitB", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

NOWAK, R. M., 1994 -Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Ho~kins University Press. Baltimore 

and on don: 1-287. 






aDULET, N.. 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 






WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M., 1993 - Mammals Species of the World. A taxonomicand 


Myotis ikonnikovi Ognev, 19 12 

Common name: RO =Liliacul cu urechi scurte; liliacul lui Ikonnikov; E = 

Ikonnikov's bat; F = Vespertilion d'Ikonnikov; G = Kurzohrfledermaus; RU = 

Nochinica Ikonnikova. 


during past 50 years; probably extinct. BE2; D92tIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: North Koreaand the area of the river Ussuri up to the 

Baikal Lake, then in Altai Mountains and Mongolia, northeastern China, up to the 

Sakhalin and Hokkaido Islands. 

Distribution in Romania: Abelentzev et al. (1956) reported the collecting of a 

specimen of M. ikonnikovi from Ukraine, and Beron (1 961) mentioned this species 

for Bulgaria. From Romania, Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) reported the catching 

of a male specimen from Sinaia, in 1950. Corbet (1978) cited Hanak (1965), who 

considered that the reporting of M. ikonnikovi from eastern Europe were based on 

the coexistence of the species M. mystacinus with the large species, but unknown 

then - M. brandti. Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) considered that a review of the 

material of de M. mystacinus from the European countries coul lead to a clarifying 

on the real size of the western range of M. ikonnikovi, not long time ago considered 

limited to the Asian continent (Fig. 9). 

Biotope: Tree hollow from the alpine forests are prefered. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The mention of a single 

specimen from Ukraine, Bulgaria and Romania leads to the supposition of the 

accidental presence of the species M. ikonnikovi in the Romanian fauna. The total 

number of individuals cannot exeed some tens. 

Reproduction: It resembles the other verpertilionids, they mating in autumn, 

beginning with September, and keeping the spermatozoans in uterus till the late 

ovulation, in spring. Gestation lasts two months. A single young per litter. They 

cease suckling after 5-6 weeks. Medium longevity is of 3-5 years. 

Rivals: The bat species which also shelter in the tree hollows; man. 

Enemies: Man, cutting and removing from the woods the hollow trees. 

Diseases: Only fleas and ticks were mentioned as ectoparasites. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroyings of the habitats. 

Mountain climate, with short periods of optimum temperatures for feeding, 

developing and preparingtfattening for resisting during hibernation. 



Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979) - Appendix 11; 

Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Keeping the hollow trees; mounting some boxes 

in the mountain forests for being used as shelters for bats, in general, and especially 

for the individuals of the species M. ikonnikovi.



ABELENTZEV, V. I., PIDOPLICIKO, I. G., POPOV, B. M., 1956 - Ssavti. V kn.: Fauna Ukraini, 1 

(I): 146. Vid. AN URSR, Kiev. 

BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoa$terea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 


BERON, P., 1961 - Contribution a la connaissance des Chauves-Souris Bulgares. Fragmenta 

Balcanica, Mus. Macedoniei. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 3: 189-195. 



CORBET, G. B., 1978 - The Mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. London and 

Ithaca: 1-3 14. 

CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 -The Handbook of british mammals. Oxford, London, 



Romanian). 


chiroderelor. Dinamica si hibematia chiro~terelor din Pestera Liliecilor de la MBnBstirea 

~istrita. Bul. St. Acad. R:P. R., 7 (2): 3 19-3'57 (in ~omanian). 


R. S. RominB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

HANAK, V., 1965 - Zur Systematik der Bartfledermaus Myotis mystacinus und iiber das Vorkommen 

von Mvotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemCd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 






WDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistreflus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 

pour la premiere fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

RADULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogsa 







Genus Plecotus E. Geoffroy, 18 18 

Plecotus auritus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul urechiat brun; E = Long-eared bat; F = Oreillard 

commun; G = Langohrfledermaus; RU = Ushan. 


of the extensive habitat destruction. BE2; D92lIV; IP. 

Geographic distribution: From Ireland, Norway and Spain, eastwards up to 

Sakhalin Island, Japan, northern China and Nepal. 

Distribution in Romania: Mehely (1900) mentioned this species from localities 

Alba Iulia, Araci - Codlea, Aninoasa - Sfintu Gheorghe, Sieu - Bistrifa, Cheile 

Turzii - Turda, Gherla Someq, Orman - Gherla, ZalBu, Simiqna - Dej and Dej. 

Paszlawszky (1918) mentioned the Long eared bat from localities Deva, Sibiu, 

Bra~ov, Bistrita, Cluj, Mesteacgn Some? and MinBqturul Romlnesc - Huedin. 

Cglinescu (1931) reported it from localities Constants and Cernavodil, Sibiu, 

Aghire? - Zalgu and Hodoq - Bihor. Borzak (1933) mentioned it from Aiud. 

Dumitrescu et al. (1962 - 1963) reported isolated individuals from Pevtera Gura 

Dobrogei - Medgidia, localities Comana, Cernica and Bucharest, Peqtera Liliecilor 

(Sfintul Grigore Decapolitul) from Bistrita Monastery - commune Coste~ti,


Horezu, Peqtera Fuqteica - Isverna village, commune Pocruia, Baia de Arami, 

Peqtera Bulba (Valea Malareca) - Baia de Arami, Peqtera Valea Mare- commune 

Cirequ, Turnu Severin, Peqtera behind the vicarage - commune Cgprioara, Lipova, 

Peqtera Cioclovina cu Ap5 - commune Boqorod, Hafeg, Peqtera din Valea Cheii - 

commune Pui, Hafeg, Peqtera Plai~orul Livadenilor (lui Ion) - Hafeg, Peqtera de la 

Alunii Negri - commune Cdmpul lui Neag, Petroqeni, Peqtera din Valea Fundata - 

commune Rdqnov, Codlea, Peqtera No 36 from Cheile Vdrghiqului - commune 

Mereqti, Odorhei and Peqtera Meziad - Beiuq (Fig. 10). 

Biotope: It prefers the afforested areas from the plain to the mountains, at a medium 

altitude, parks with hollow tree, garrets used mostly as temporary shelters, rock 

crevices. In winter they go in caves tunnels, well isolated spaces for the temperature 

not to reach less than 2°C-5°C. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Although it is reported 

from many Romanian localities, practically being distributed all around the country, 

because colonies with numerous individuals were not found, their total number does 

not exceed 5,000 in Romania. 

Reproduction: They mate in autum, and fecundation is in spring, the 

spermatozoans being kept during the winter in the genital organs of the female. 

Gestation lasts 50 days, then females give birth to a single young. They cease 

suckling after 5-6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached during the sencond year of life. 

Medium logevity is of 4 years and the maximum one was of 22 years. 

Rivals: Other bat species, for food and shelter. Man, distroying their shelters, 

disturbing the colonies, using chemical substances in otder to distroy the forest pest. 

Enemies: The birds of prey hunt long-eared bat occasionaly; cats can catch them in 

garrets; man distroys their shelters. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites there are known the nycteribiid dipterans 

Ischnopsyllus hexactenus and Nycteridopsylla longiceps, as well as mallophaga 

Spinturnix plecotina, Ornitonyssus pipistrelli and Neomyobia plecotia. From the 

endoparasites, trematode Plagiorchis vespertilionis (Miiller, 1780) and unidentified 

nematodes were reported. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroyings of the habitats, 

utilization of chemical substances in pest control in forests and in conservation of 

wood construction which can be used as shelters. 




Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Preserving of the shelters (hollow trees, 

constructions with garrets) and even the mounting of some wood boxes, similar to 

those for birds. Murariu (1995) mentioned that Plecotus auritus is not such a 

common species so that it can be deprived of protection. 





Univ. Bucure~ti, Ser. St. Nat., Biol., 38: 181-191(in Romanian). 


Ithaca: 1-3 14.


CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of british mammals. Oxford, London. 

din burgh, Melbourne: 1-520.- 


Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Mgngstirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Riisplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romlnii. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitB", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

HANAK, V., 1965 - Zur Systematik der Bartfledermaus Myotis rnystacinus und iiber das Vorkommen 

von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemCd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 



~DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myoris 





RADULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammiftres du sud de la Dobrogea 




SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford: 1-465. 



Plecotus austriacus (Fischer, 1829) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul urechiat cenuqiu; E = Grey long-eared bat; 

F = Oreillard gris; G = Graue Longohrfledermaus; RU = Seryi ushan. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species in danger of extinction; habitats have 

been so drasticaly reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of 

extinction. BE2; D92lIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From England, Netherlands, France and Spain, in 

Germany, Austria, Czechia and Poland, in southern Europe and northern Africa, 

eastwards in the Caucasus, Palestine, Mongolia, Himalayas and western China. 

Distribution in Romania: Dumitrescu et al. (1967) noted Peqtera $ura Mare from 

Hafeg. Barbu et al. (1968) mentioned locality Petnic from Caraq-Severin. Valenciuc 

et al. (1968) mentioned this species from Moldavia. Same authors (1969) mentioned 

commune Negreni-Botoqani, locality Iaqi, and from Vaslui County - commune 

Cozmeqti. Barbu et al. (1975) mentioned the species Plecotus austriacus for Banat. 

Bazilescu et al. (1980) noted localities Bulzeqti and Craiova from Dolj County (Fig. 

10). Finally, Bazilescu (1982) mentioned that this species lives in caves from 

Dobrogea, Transylvania and Oltenia. 

Biotope: In comparison with Plecotus auritus which prefer the unpopulated areas, 

P. austriacus looks for the cultivated areas and human settlements; it is also called 

"house bat". It avoids the compact woods and it was never observed or collected 

from the tree hollows. Maternal colonies of only 10-30 females live in garrets, 

steeples, hunting ranges, etc. Isolated individuals were also observe in caves, 

tunnels, rock crevices. For winter they withdraw in caves, tunnels and pantry - 

sometimes together with long-eared bat. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The mention of the grey 

long-eared bat in a few places, and there with a few individuals, alows us the 

estimation of the total number of individuals to around 3,000.


Fig. 10 - Distribution in Romania of the species Plecoius auriius and Plecotus austriacus 

Reproduction: Autumn is the breeding season, but, due to the late ovulation, 

fecundation takes place in spring. Gestation lasts two months. The only young is 

naked, helpless, but with a high rate of development, that it can leave the shelter 

when it is 3-4 months, for flying shortly around. Suckling is ceased when it is 6 

weeks. Sexual maturity is reache during the second year of life. Maximum longevity 

which was recorded id of 14.5 years. 

Rivals: Other bat species and man. 

Enemies: Rarely, night birds of prey hunt bat of this species, too. 

Diseases: As ectoparasites, from the fleas were identified the species Ischnopsyllus 

hexactenus and Nycteridopsylla longiceps; from mallophaga - the species 

Spinturnix plecotina, Ornithonyssus pipistrelli and Neomyobia plecotia. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroying of the shelters and 

disturbing of the colonies. 




Convention (1 983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) proposed the species P. austriacus 

in the list of those protected from the Romanian fauna. Preserving and even the 

building of refuges for the summer colonies. Measures for limiting the visits in 

caves where the colonies shelter for wintering.








Ithaca: 1-3 14. 




Romanian). 



Bistrip. Bul. St. Acad. R. P. R., 7 (2): 3 19-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rispgndirea chiropterelor Tn 

R. S. Romini. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

HANAK, V., 1965 - Zur Systematik der Bartfledermaus Myotis mystacinus und uber das Vorkommen 

von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. ksl. zem6d. Mus. 29: 353-367. 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REIJNDERS, P. 

J. H., SPITZENBERGER, F., STUBBE, M., THISEN, J. B. M., VOHRALIK, V., ZIMA, J., 

1999 - The Atlas of European Mammals. T and AD Poyser for the Societas Europaea 

Mammalogica: 1-484. 



RADULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myotis 





RADULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 


RICHARZ K., LIMNBRUNNER A., 1993 -The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 





Genus Vespertilio Linnaeus, 1758 

Vespertilio murinus Linnaeus, 1758 

Common name: RO = Liliacul bicolor; E = Parti-coloured bat; F = SCrotine 

bicolore; G = Zweifarbfledermaus; RU = Dvukhcvetnyi kozhan. 

IUCN Status and conservation: R - species with small populations. BE2; B/II; 

D921IV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From England and Norway, eastwards through Russia 

(northwards reaching 55-6 1 ON), to Manchuria and Ussuri region. Southwards, from 

France, over the Italian Alps, southeast and north of Greece, through northern Iran, 

to Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. 

Distribution in Romania: Mentioned by Paszlawszky (1918) from Sighet, Braqov 

and Oravifa, by Cglinescu (193 1) - from Tazlfiu - Neamt, Cdineni - Rm Vdlcea, 

Bucharest, Mereqti - Odorhei, Braqov and Cluj; Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) 

added Peqtera Mare No 14 (Orban Balasz) and Peqtera No 27 - commune Merevti,


both from Cheile Viirghi~ului, as well Peqtera Cugliq - commune Zece Hotare, 

Aleqd. Valenciuc et al. (1969) mentioned RarFiu - Suceava and Trifeqti - Iaqi. Barbu 

et al. (1975) norted the localities Ziirnevti - Braqov and Bucharest, and Bazilescu et 

al. (1980) - locality Sopot - Dolj (Fig. 11). 

Biotope: Maternal colonies shelter in the garrets of the low houses, weel shadowed, 

whose roof is made of goo insulating materials against heat. Steeples are also prefered 

during summer. The males prefer more the tree hollows. They also shelter in the 

artificial boxes mounted for birds. In winter they shelter in the garrets of the blocks and 

high houses, from the large cities (e.g., in Bucharest) and in caves with a high ceiling. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: A few mentions from 

Romania allow the estimation of the population of Vespertilio murinus of no more 

than 5,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn; the late ovulation lead to a fecundation which 

takes place in spring. Gestation lasts 60 days. A female can give birth to 2-3 youngs 

per litter. Suckling lasts 6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one. 

Maximum longevity is of 5 years. 

Rivals: Man. 

Enemies: Domestic cats and man. 

Diseases: Only the ectoparasites from the nycteribiid dipterans were mentioned. 

The causes of the individual number change: Distroyings of the small maternal 

colonies from the garrets and steeples. 




Convention (1983), Appendix 11; Directive 92/43EEC, Appendix IV; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) proposed the inclusion of the 

species Vespertilio murinus in the list of the protected species of the Romanian 

fauna. Protection of the summer colonies from the garrets and steeples. 







Ithaca: 1-314. 

CORBET. G. B.. SOUTHERN. H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of british mammals. Oxford. London. 

~dinburih, Melbourne: '1-520.. 


Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pe~tera Liliecilor de la Mgnastirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rssplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Romlni. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitFi", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myo!is ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. ksl. zemkd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 




Mammalogica: 1-484.


DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romdno-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibematia chiropterelor din Pegera Liliecilor de la MBnBstirea 

Bistrih. Bul. St. Acad. R. P. R., 7 (2): 319-357 (in Romanian). 

DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962 - 1963 - Rhspdndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RominB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi$iV, 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemtd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REIJNDERS, P. J. H., 

SPITZENBERGER, F., STUBBE, M., THISEN, J. B. M., VOHRALIK, V., ZIMA, J., 1999 -The 

Atlas of European Mammals. T and AD Poyser for the Societas Europaea Mammalogica: 1-484. 

NOWAK, R. M., 1994 -Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 


R,&DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myotis 



GDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal6 


GDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammiftres du sud de la Dobrogea 







Eptesicus nilssonii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1 839) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul nordic; liliacul lui Nilsson; E = Northern bat; F = 

Serotine de Nilsson; G = Nordfledermaus; RU = Severnyi kozhanok. 

IUCN Status and conservation: E - species with critical number of specimens; 

BE2; D92lIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From eastern Europe, eastwards up to eastern Siberia 

and north-western China. In north they can reach the Polar Circle, and in south - 

Bulgaria, Irak, Elburz Mountains (in northern Iran), the Pamirs and western China 

(without Tibet), Nepal, Honshu and Hokkaido (in Japan), Sakhalin Island (from 

Russia). 

Distribution in Romania: MChely (1900) mentioned the species Eptesicus nilssoni 

from locality Bazia? - Moldova NouB, and Paszlawszky (1918) - from locality 

Oravita. From the same localities it was reported also by Cilinescu (1931), 

Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) and Vasiliu (1968) (Fig. 11). 

Biotope: Usually in the human shelters placed at and altitude of 200-2000 m, 

because it looks for refuges in garrets; but, in winter it looks for better isolated 

refuges and it goes even in cellars. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Because it hasn't been 

mentioned in the Romanian fauna for around 30 years we ask about the presence of 

this species, if it still exist or not. Anyway, the rare mentions made long time ago 

allow us an estimation of around 1,500 individuals. 

Reproduction: There are not known data on the breeding of the species Eptesictrs 

nilssoni. 

Rivals: Other bat species which use the same shelter and the man. 

Enemies: Domestic cats and man. 

Diseases: They are not known.


The causes of the individual number change: Perturbations in the shelters from 

localities (garrets, cellars). 





protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Protection of the summer colonies, from garrets 

and steeples. Murariu (1 995) mentioned the necessity of protection of the species 

Eptesicus nilssoni, if this still exist in the Romanian fauna. 







Ithaca: 1-3 14. 

CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 - The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford, London, 


DUMITRESCU, M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. rombno-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibematia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la MBnBstirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rgsplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RombnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil RacovitB", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. isl. zemkd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 




Mammalogica: 1484. 





"Grigore Antipa' ,34: 40 1409. 



aDULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifires du sud de la Dobrogea 

(Roumanie). Trav. Mus. natl. Hist, nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 385-389. 






Genus Nyctalus Bowdich, 1825 

Nyctalus lasiopterus (Schreber, 1 780) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul mare de amurg; E = Greater noctule; F = Grande 

noctule; G = Riesenabendsegler; RU = Gigantskaya vechernica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R- species with small and isolated species. BE2; 

BIII, 92lIV; IP.


Geographical distribution: From western Europe to the Ural Mountains and of the 

Caucasus, in Minor Asia, Iran and Ust-Urt Plateau from Kazakhstan; in Marocco 

and Libya from northern Africa. 

Distribution in Romania: Specia Nyctalus lasiopterus was mentioned only from 

locality Comana. (Fig. 12). 

Biotope: Deciduoud forests, where the oak is prevalent. It shelters in the hollows of 

the trees of soft essence (e.g. lime tree). 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Less than 2,000 

individuals. 

Reproduction: It isn't known. 

Rivals: Other bat species which uses the same shelters. 

Enemies: Man, cutting the hollow trees. 

Diseases: They are not known. 

The causes of the individual number change: habitat distroyings. 




Convention (1983), Appendix II; Directive 92/43EEC, Appendix IV; International 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Protection of the summer colonies, from the 

garrets and steeples. Murariu (1995) considered the species Nyctalus lasiopterus 

vulnerable and it need protection. 











Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pe~tera Liliecilor de la MBnBstirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - RBspindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RominB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovit$"' 1-2: 509-575. 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemkd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REISNDERS, P. 










pour la prmiire fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 






SOUTHERN, H. N., 1964 - The Handbook of British Mammals. Oxford: 1465. 



Nyctalus leisleri (Kuhl, 1 8 17) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul mic de amurg; liliacul lui Leisler; E = Leisler's bat; 

F = Noctule de Leisler; G = Kleinabendsegler; RU = Malaya vechemica. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species with small populations. BE2; BIII; 

D92lIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From Ireland and England, in western Europe up to the 

Ural Mountains and of the Caucasus. Southwards - Madeira Island (of Marocco) 

and northwestern Africa, up to the west of the Himalayas and east of Afghanistan. 

Distribution in Romania: Miller (1912) mentioned the species Nyctalus leisleri 

from Buvtenari, near CPmpina. Paszlawszky (1 9 18) noted for this species the 

locality Oravita. Cglinescu (1931) mentioned localities BPrza - Segarcea and 

Gherla-Some? - Gherla. Barbu (1 969) mentioned localities Oravita - Carav-Severin, 

Gherla and Jurilovca - Tulcea (Fig. 12). Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) noted that 

they hadn't found additional shelters for this species, during their research, in 

comparison with those mentioned up to 193 1. 

Fig. 12 - Distribution in Romania of the species Nycfalus lasiopferus and Nycfnlus leisleri


Biotope: It prefers the dense forests, but it also shelters in the hollows of the old 

trees from the town parks. Rarely it shlters in garrets. In winter, it gathers in same 

kind of shelter, in larger colonies than the summer ones. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Knowing that the species 

was mentioned only in a few localities, and there in small colonies, the maximum 

number of individuals of the species Nyctalus leisleri does not exceed 3,000. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, when the spermatozoans are kept in the 

genital organs of the female till the spring ovulation. Gestation lasts 75 days, then 

the famales give birth to two youngs, rarely one. They suckle 7-8 weeks, while they 

develop completely and able to fly alone for finding food. Sexual maturity is 

reached in the second year of life. Maximum longevity, known as yet, is of nine 

years. 

Rivals: Other bat species which shelter in hollows, and man. 

Enemies: Some night birds of prey; man. 

Diseases: As yet, as ectoparasites, only the fleas of the species Ischnopsyllus 

intermedius were mentioned. 

The causes of the individual number change: Habitat distroyings, by cutting the 

hollow trees. 





protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Protection of the summer colonies; preserving of 

the old and hollow trees, with refuges for hibernation. Murariu (1995) considered 

the species Nyctalus leisleri as very rare and it needed protection. 











Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Msnsstirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rsspindirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. Rombn5. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovi{B", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemtd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 



1999 - The Atlas of Eurovean Mammals. T and AD Povser for the Societas Euro~aea 






"Grigore Antipa', 34: 401-409.


~p 

UDULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signal& 


~DULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammif6res du sud de la Dobrogea 


RICHARZ, K., LIMNBRUNNER, A,, 1993 -The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 

H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, N. J., USA:l-192. 




Genus Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829 

Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling et Blasius, 1839) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu piele asprZ; liliacul lui Nathusius; E = Nathusius' 

pipistrelle; F = Pipistrelle de Nathusius; G = Rauhhautfledermaus; RU = Netopyr' 

natuziusa. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species with small and isolated populations. 

BE2; B/II; D92lIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From southern England, in all western Europe. 

Eastwards up to the Ural Mountains and of the Caucasus, and the southern limit - in 

west of Minor Asia. 

Distribution in Romania: C5linescu (1931) mentioned localities: Oltina - 

Adamclisi, Ciulnita - Slobozia, Braqov, Bistrifa, ZalZu and Cluj. At Bistrita it had 

been also mentioned by Paszlawsky (1 91 8). Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1 963) 

mentioned the species Pipistrellus nathusii from Peqtera "La Adam" - commune 

Tbrguqor, Medgidia (Fig. 13). Barbu (1968) mentioned again Peqtera "La Adam" 

and added locality SGntu Gheorghe from the Danube Delta. Barbu et al. (1975) 

mentioned localities: Jurilovca, Chilia Veche and SGntu Gheorghe - Tulcea and 

CipZu - Mureq. 

Biotope: It prefers the deciduous forests and human settlements around. As 

shelters, it uses the hollows of the trees, thre crevices of the tree trunks, but it also 

shlters in garrets and in hen coops. In summer it shelters in rock crevices. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The mention of the species 

Pipistrellus nathusii from a few places and there in colonies of 8-12 individuals 

allow us to make an estimation of less than 2,500 individuals of the total number. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, but the fecundation of the ovules is delayed 

till spring, imediately they wake up after hibernation. Gestation lasts 60 days, then 

the females give birth two (rarely one) youngs, weighting 1,6-1,8 g each. They are 

weaned at 7-8 weeks, after the youngs are able to find food for themselves. Sexual 

maturity is reache by the females when they are one, and the males, when they are 

two. Maximum longevity - seven years. 

Rivals: Other bat species which use the same shelters; man. 


Diseases: From the ectoparasites there were identified several species of bugs, fleas 

and mallophaga. From the endoparasites - the protozoans Trypanosoma incertum, 

T. dionisii, Babesia vesperuginis and Polychromophiltrs murinus. 

The causes of the individual number change: The distroying of the prefered 

habitats by cutting the hollow trees and the removing of the bat from the garrets. 


Breeding in captivity: Out of discussion.




protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Protection of the summer colonies; preserving of 

the old and hollow trees, with refuges for hibernation, accepting of the small 

colonies in garrets. Murariu (1995) considered the species Pipistrellus nathusii as 

very rare and that it needed protection. 








CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford, London, 



Romanian). 





R. S. Romfini. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racoviti", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. 6sl. zemkd. Mus., 29: 353-367. 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REIJNDERS, P. J. H., 

SPITZENBERGER, F., STUBBE, M., THISEN, J. B. M., VOHRALIK, V., ZIMA, J., 1999 -The 

Atlas of European Mammals. T and AD Poyser for the Societas Europaea Mammalogica: 1484. 

NOWAK, R.M., 1994 -Walker's Bats of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore 


Rj\DULET, N., 1994 - Contributions to the knowledge of the distribution and the biology of Myotis 





Rj\DULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des mammifkres du sud de la Dobrogea 


RICHARZ, K., LIMNBRUNNER, A,, 1993 -The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 





Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1836) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul de munte; liliacul lui Savi; E = Savi's pipistrelle; 

F = Pipistrelle de Savi; G = Alpenfledermaus; RU = Kozhanovidnyi netopyr'. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - restricted distribution. BE2; B/II; D92/IV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands and of the 

Cape Verde ones, in Marocco, eastwards through the Caucasus, Mongolia, 

northeastern China and Japan, with the southern limit in Iran, Afghanistan, northern 

India and Myanmar Union. 

Distribution in Romania: As yet it was mentioned only from Pe~tera de la 

Canaraua Fetii - Dobrogea (Riidulef, 1993) (Fig. 13). It seems that in 1993, Romania 

became the northern limit of the range of this species.


Biotope: According to the data from the Romanian literature, the species 

Pipistrellus savii prefers the caves. It is known that it also occurs in the steeples, 

garrets and stable. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Although it is common to 

south of Romania, and because it was mentioned only from a single place, yet, the 

total number of individuals does not exceed 100. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn, and the fecundation of the ovules is in spring, 

after it wakes up from hibernation. Gestation lasts 50 days, then the females give 

birth to two youngs (rarely one). Suckling lasts two months. Sexual maturity is 

reached when they aree one. Maximum longevity is of 6 years. 

Rivals: The bat species which shelter in caves; man. 


Diseases: Only from the ectoparasites, the fleas were identified. 

The causes of the individual number change: Perturbation of the colonies from 

caves. 





protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Stopping the free access in the caves with 

colonies of Pipistrellus savii. Murariu (1995) mentioned that this species was 

reported for Romania once (in 1993), in a single place, and that's why it is proposed 

for protection. 



Univ. Bucuresti: 1-24 (in Romanian). 


Univ. Bucurevti, Ser. St. Nat., Biol., 38: 18 1-19 1 (in Romanian). 


Ithaca: 1-3 14. 




Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Minastirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rasplndirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RomlnB. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovit~", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myofis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. Bsl. zemtd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REIJNDERS,, P. 

J. H., SPITZENBERGER, F., STUBBE, M., THISEN, J. B. M., VOHRALIK, V., ZIMA, J.. 







"Grigore Antipa', 34: 401409. 

~DULET, N., 1996 a - Pipistrellus savii (Bonaparte, 1837) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) signale 


RADULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions h la connaissance des mammiferes du sud de la Dobrogea 








Genus Barbastella Gray, 1 82 1 

Barbastella barbastellus (Schreber, 1774) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cam; liliacul cu botul lat; E = Barbastelle; 

F = Barbastelle d'Europe; G = Mopsfledermaus; RU = Evropeiskaya shirokoushka. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species with small populations. BE2; BIII; 

D92lII; D92lIV; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From England and all western Europe to the Caucasus, 

Crimea, Turkey, the Mediterranean islands, Marocco, Canary Islands and maybe in 

Senegal. 

Distribution in Romania: Dumitrescu et al. (1962-1963) recorded the species 

Barbasstella barbastellus from the caves: Liliecilor (Sf. Grigore Decapolitul) from 

Bistrita Monastery - commune Costeqti, Horem; Cioclovina cu Ap5 - commune 

Bo~orod, Hafeg; "Alunii Negri" - commune CImpul lui Neag, Petroqeni; Valea 

Fundata - commune Rfiqnov, Codlea and caves No 16 and 20 from Cheile 

Vfirghi~ului - commune Mere~ti, Odorhei. Valenciuc et al. (1967 and 1969) 

mentioned the cave Jgheabul cu GaurSi, near Piatra-Neamf (Fig. 13). 


Pipistrellus nathusii, Pipistrellus savii, Barbastella barbastellus, Miniopterus schreibersi

Biotope: Individuals of the species Barbastella barbastellus shelter in caves, 

tunnels, cellars, and in summer - in tree hollows, wall crevices and even vetween the 

frames of the windows. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Small colonies, mentioned 

with 7-15 individuals each from a few reported places, allow us to estimate a total 

number of individuals to around 2,500. 

Reproduction: They mate in autumn. Fecundation takes place in spring, after 

ovulation. Gestation lasts 60 days, and then the females give birth to two youngs. 

Suckling lasts 6 weeks. They reach the sexual maturity at one year old. Maximum 

known longevity is of 23. 

Rivals: Bat species which use the same shelters; man. 

Enemies: In summer, isolated individuals can be captured by the night birds of prey. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites only the fleas of the species Ischnopsyllus 

hexactenus and mallophaga of the species Neomyobia pantopus were identified. 

The causes of the individual number change: Disturbing of the hibernation 

colonies in caves. 





protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Interdiction of the free access in the caves with 

colonies of Barbastella barbastellus. Murariu (1995) pointed out that this species is 

rare in the Romanian fauna $i thus he proposed to be protected. 


BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoasterea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 




CORBET. G. B.. 1978 - The Mammals of the Palaearctic region: a taxonomic review. London and 

lthaca: 1-3 14. 

CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N., 1977 -The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford, London, 

Edinburgh. Melbourne: 1-520. 

DUMITRESCUT M., 1954 - Din biologia chiropterelor. Anal. romino-sovietice. Biol., 3: 80-104 (in 

Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibernatia chiropterelor din Pestera Liliecilor de la Mgnastirea 



R. S. Romini. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovitg", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 


von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. ksl. zemkd. Mus. 29: 353-367. 












.,

- ~- ~ 




RICHARZ,, K., LIMNBRUNNER, A., 1993 -The World of bats. The flying goblins of the night. T. F. 



WILSON, D.E., REEDER, D. M., 1993 - Mammals Species of the World. A taxonomic and 


Genus Minioptems Bonaparte, 1837 

Minioptems schreibersi (Kuhl, 18 17) 

Common name: RO = Liliacul cu aripi lungi; E = Schreibers' bat; long-winged bat; 

F = Minioptere de Schreibers; G = Langfliigelfledermaus; RU = Obyknovennyi 

dlinocryl. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: K - species suspected to be endangered, 

vulnerable, rare or indeterminate, but not definitely known to belong to any of the 

above categories, because of lack of information. BE2; BIII; D92/II; D92lIV; 

STR; IP. 

Ggeographical distribution: From southern Europe and Marocco to the Caucasus, 

Iran, the largest part of China and in Japan. Southwards till in subsaharian Africa, 

Madagascar and Bismarck Archipelago, in the islands from the regions of Malaysia, 

New Guinea and Solomon (including Bougainville Islands), Australia. 

Distribution in Romania: First of all, it has to be known that the type locality of the 

species Minioptems schreibersi is in Romania - Peqtera Columbacelor (Coronini) - 

Moldova Nouii. That cave was also cited by Pszlawszky (191 8), adding the localities 

Biiile Herculane and Plaviqevita near Orqova. Ciilinescu (193 1) cited Peqtera Gaura 

cu Muqte, also near Moldova Noui. Barbu (1960) mentioned localities: Homorod - 

Almaq, Tismana -Gorj, Peqtera Gaura cu Muqte from Dobrogea and Peqtera 

Liliecilor near Bistrita Monastery - Vblcea. Dumitrescu et al. (1 962-1 963) 

increased to 49 the number of the observing places of this species: Peqtera Liliecilor 

de la Gura Dobrogei; "La Adam" - commune Tbrguqor; Limanu - Negru VodB; La 

CiqmelufB -' village Sipote, commune Deleni, Negru Vodi; Liliecilor (Sf. Grigore 

Decapolitul) from Bistrita Monastery - commune Costeqti, Horezu; Muierii - Baia 

de Fier, Novaci; Liliecilor de la Runcu, Tbrgu Jiu; Fuqteica - village Isverna, 

commune Pocruia, Baia de Aramii; with Riizboaie from Cheile Sohodolului - Baia 

de AramB; Tismana, Lazului and Bulba - all from Baia de Aramii; Ungurului, 

Hotilor and Veteranilor - Orqova; Cheile Gbrliqtei and Liliecilor, both from 

commune Caraqova, Revita; Sgnesei and Peqtera lui Dup - commune Ciiprioara, 

Lipova; from Fgnate and from Ferice - Lunca Vaqciiului; Meziad - Beiuq and 

Piqnita - commune Aleqd from Bihor. Dumitrescu et al. (1967) also cited Peqtera 

$ura Mare from Hateg. Bazilescu et al. (1980) mentioned localities Baia de ~ ier - 

Gorj, Isverna - Mehedinti and Bistrita Monastery - Vblcea. Bazilescu (1982) noted 

the the caves Salitru - Baia de Fier and Liliecilor - Bistrita, Vblcea (Fig. 13). 

Biotope:.Caves placed at altitudes between 40 m (e.g. Gura Dobrogei) and 1,000 m 

(e.g. Bran). In the garrets of the big houses (for colonies of about 1,000 individuals), 

placed in forests. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Making a comparison of 

the old remarks from literature, according to there were colonies of 12,000-14,000 

individuals (e.g. in Pe~tera Liliecilor near Bistrita Monastery - Horezu), with the

ecent ones, according to the last colonies count some hundreds of individuals, we 

consider that their total number does not exceed 10,000. 

Reproduction: In comparison with the most of the bat species of Romania, which 

mate in autumn and the ovulation is late, in spring, Minioptems schreibersi mates 

also in autumn but the fecundation takes place imediately as well as the embryonal 

development. But this development stops in winter, and continuous after 

hibernation. We can say that for this species the gestation lasts six months. Usually 

there is a young per litter, rarely two. When sickling, females can also nurish other 

youngs. They stop suckling when they are two months old. Sexuals maturity is 

reached during the second year of life. Maximum longevity, according to ringing, 

was of 16 years. 

Rivals: Other bat species which shelter in caves. Domestic cats - for the colonies 

which shelter in the garrets. 

Enemies: Domestic cats - for the colonies which shelter in the garrets; man. 

Diseases: According to Chiriac et al. (1963), from the endoparasites the nematode 

species of Molinostrongylus alatus and Capillartia speciosa were identified. Chiriac 

et al. (1 973), also researching individuals of Minioptems schreibersi collected from 

Peqtera Liliecilor - near Bistrita Monastery - Costeqti remarked infestations with 

trematodes, cestodes and nematodes. Citing Dubois (1963), they placed Long- 

winged bat among those which are infested with the trematode Lecithodendrium 

linstowi Dollfus, 193 1. 

The causes of the individual number change: Tourists' perturbations on the bat 

colonies from caves. Removing or even killing of the individuals which shelter in 

garrets. 





protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Interdiction of the free access in the caves with 

colonies of Miniopterus schreibersi. Murariu (1995) pointed out that this species is 

rare in the Romanian fauna and thus he proposed to be protected. 


BAZILESCU, E., 1977 - Contributii la cunoa$terea chiropterelor din Oltenia. Rez. tezei de doctorat. 




CHIRIAC, E., BARBU, P., 1973 - L'Ctude compar6e de l'helminthofaune des Chiropttres de 

Roumanie (l-tre note). Anal. Univ. Bucuretti. Biol. Anim., 22: 19-24. 



CORBET, G. B., SOUTHERN, H. N.. 1977 - The Handbook of British mammals. Oxford, London, 

dinb burgh, Me1boume:'l-520.' 


Romanian). 


chiropterelor. Dinamica $i hibematia chiropterelor din Pevtera Liliecilor de la Miiniistirea 


DUMITRESCU, M., TANASACHI, J., ORGHIDAN, TR., 1962-1963 - Rgsphdirea chiropterelor in 

R. S. RominZi. Lucr. Inst. Speol. "Emil Racovitii", 1-2: 509-575 (in Romanian). 

HANAK, V., 1965 - Zur Systematik der Bartfledennaus Myofis mystacinus und iiber das Vorkommen 

von Myotis ikonnikovi in Europa. Vest. tsl. zemCd. Mus. 29: 353-367.












pour la prrniere fois en Roumanie. Trav. Mus. natl. Hist. Nat. "Grigore Antipa", 36: 373-384. 

~DULET, N., 1996 b - Contributions a la connaissance des marnrnif6res du sud de la Dobrogea 







Ordre LAGOMORPHA Brandt, 1855 

Family Leporidae Gray, 1821 

Genus Oryetolagus Lilljeborg, 187 1 

Oryetolagus cunieulus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Iepurele de vizuinii; E = Rabbit; F = Lapin de garenne; G = 

Wildkaninchen; RU = Dukii krolik. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: CT - species which needs exploitation rules as a 

commercial resource. LV 1. 

Geographical distribution: From western and southern Europe, over the 

Mediterranean area to Marocco and northern Algeria. Practically, it has been 

introduced in all continents, excepting Antarctica and Asia. It is the ancestor of the 

domestic hare. 

Distribution in Romania: Marcheq (1957) cited the rabbit from .Careii Mari and 

from Iaqi County, in localities: Osoiu, Holboca, Tomeqti, Bbmova, Ciurea, Comeqt : 

Biiiceni, Uricani, Goliieqti, Bosia, Grajduri and Dobroviit. Hellwing et al. (1963, 

also cited it from the Iaqi County - localities: Breazu, Ciric, Chirita, Bucium and 

Valea lui David. Vasiliu (1968) cited it from localities: Cristeqti, Vliidiceni, Bucium, 

Visan, Pietriiria, Poeni, Tomeqti, Goliiieqti, Aroneanu, Uricani, Corneqti, Ciurea, 

Schitu Duca, Tutors, Stbnca, Juga, Popriceni and Voineqti (Fig. 14). 

Biotope: Lawns and cultures on sandy land, surrounded by forests and bushes with 

rocks, for shelter. It doesn't reach the altitude of the coniferous forests and occur in 

wet and cold places. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Although to the end of the 

19Ih century it has been colonized in Transylvania, and from 1905, at Cristeqti, Iaqi 

County, it doesn't spread in other areas and any population explosions were not 

recorded. That's why, after 1973 the rabbit was introduced in the counties Alba, 

Covasna, Dolj, Mureq, Buziiu, Braqov, Ilfov/S.A.I., Vblcea, Prahova, Maramureq, 

Sibiu, Baciiu and Botoqani. Neither from here he spread, but the present populations 

are sufficient for considering the species of a hunting interest; it can be hunted, but 

with periodical interdictions. The total number of individuals does not exceed 

10,000.


Reproduction: Breeding season starts in February and lasts up to September; 

females can have 4-5 litters per year. Gestation lasts 28-33 days, and after that 4-6 

naked youngs are born, blind and deaf; the eyes open after ten days. Only a few 

hours after birth, females can mate again. Suckling lasts 3-4 weeks. Sexual maturity 

is reached when they are two. Maximum longevity is of eight years. 

Rivals: Plant eater mammals. 

Enemies: Carnivorous mammals and the birds of prey; polecats, ermines and 

weasels enter the galleries and attack the rabbit in their own shelters. Also, hard 

winters diminish a lot the populations of Oryctolagus cuniculus. 

Diseases: Some epizooties (e.g. coccidiosis, tularemia, pseudotuberculosis, spiro- 

chaetosis) make more rare the populations of the rabbit. 

The causes of the individual number change: Birds and mammals of prey, illegal 

hunting, epizooties, frosty winters. 

Number in captivity: Practically, tamed rabbits originates in rabbits, by selection, 

and they are also named domestic rabbits. 

Breeding in captivity: Selected and tamed breeds adapt for being reared and for 

breeding easily. 

Present protection measures: The Romanian Law of the Cynegetic Fund and 

Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 1, stipulates partial protection by 

prohibition periods. 

Necessary protection measures: Hunting prohibition by an annual rotation in the 

areas where the digging of the galleries is inadequate and after hard winters. Murariu 

(1995) proposed to be included in the list of the protected animals of the Romanian 

fauna. 


GEORGESCU, M., 1989 - Mamiferele sslbatice din Romlnia. Ed. Albatros, Bucure~ti: 1-143 (in 

Romanian). 

HELLWING, S., GHIZELEA, G., 1963 - Small mammals from the outskirts of Iassy. Trav. Mus. Hist. 

nat. "Grigore Antipa", 4: 497-5 19. 

MARCHES, G., 1957 - Leporidele din R. P. R. Bul. St. Acad. R. P. R., 9 (4): 335-348 (in Romanian). 

MITCHELL-JONES, A. J., AMORI, G., BOGDANOWICZ, W., KRYSTUFEK, B., REIJNDERS, 

P.J.H., SPITZENBERGER, F., STUBBE, M., THISEN, J. B. M., VOHRALIK, V., ZIMA, J., 



NOWAK, M. R., 1991 - Walker's Mammals of the World. The John Hopkins University Press. 

Baltimore and London, 1: 1-642. 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintificg, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 

VASILIU, G. D., 1961 - Verzeichnis der Saugetiere Rumaniens. Saugetierkd. Mitt. Miinchen, 9 (2): 56-68. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. jud. BacBu. Sect. St. 

Nat. Stud. Comunic., (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



Order RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821 

Family Sciuridae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 

Marmota marmota Linnaeus, 1758 

Common name: RO = Marmota alpinl; E = Alpine marmot; F = Marmotte des 

Alpes; G = Alpenmurmeltier; RU = Al'piiskii surok.



few and small reintroduced populations. BE3; CT; LV 1 ; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: In French, Swiss and Italian Alps, western Austria, 

southern Germany, Romanian Carpathians and in Tatra Mountains (Czech 

Republic, Slovakia and Poland). Introduced in the French Pyrenees, eastern Austria 

and in north of ex-Yugoslavia. 

Distribution in Romania: FBgBra?, Rodna and Retezat Mountains (Fig. 14). 

Biotope: It prefers the alpine lawns above 2,000 m, or in any case, place above the 

limit of the coniferous forests. It shleters in medium slopes, with a southern 

exposing, on which it might be alluvial soil or rocks under which it can dig its 

galleries. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Almost 2,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: A sing1 breeding period per year, in spring, immediately after 

hibernation. Gestation lasts 30-32 days, after that females give birth to 3-5 youngs. 

When they are a month old, the youngs get out the galleries, and after six months 

they are weaned. Sexual maturity is reache when they are two. Longevity is of 

12-1 5 years. 

Rivals: Chamois, only for food. 

Enemies: Unwached shepherd dogs, big day birds of prey (vultures, eagles, 

lammergeyer - when it was present in the Romanian fauna); hunters. 


The causes of the individual number change: The action of the and the poaching. 



Fig. 14 - Distribution in Romania of the species Otyctolagus curziculus and Marmota marmota


Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 111; The 

Romanian Law fo the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (l996), Appendix No 

1 - partial protection by prohibition periods. 

Necessary protection measures: The tourists' preserving of silence, in the areas 

with alpine marmots populations. Prevention and control of the poaching. Murariu 

(1995), pointing out that the species was already protected by the Law of Hunting 

(1976), proposed its inclusion among the protected species of the Romanian fauna. 






MURARIU, D., 1995 - Mammal species from Romania. Categories of conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 



Baltimore and London, I: 1-642. 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. StiintificB, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 

VASILIU, G. D., 1961 -Verzeichnis der Saugetiere Rumaniens. Saugetierkd. Mitt. Miinchen, 9 (2): 56-68. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. BacBu. Sect. St. 

Nat. Studii $i ComunicBri (Partea a II-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



x x x 1996 - Legea No 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vlnatului. Monit Ofic. No 235127 sept. 

1996 (in Romanian). 

Genus Spermophilus F. Cuvier, 1825 

Spermophilus citellus (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Common name: RO = PopbndBu; fistar; chin{:; quitB; E = European souslik; F = 

Souslik d'Europe; G = Europaischer Ziesel; RU = Evropeiskii suslik. 


of extensive habitat destruction. BE2; D921II; D92lIV; Ip; NP. 

Geographical distribution: From south-eastern Germany, Czech Republic and 

Slovakia, south-western Poland to south-eastern Europe up to the European Turkey, 

Moldavia and western Ukraine. 

Distribution in Romania: CIlinescu (193 1) mentioned the species Spermophilus 

citellus from the following localities: Plenifa - Dolj, Marotin - Romanati (Caracal), 

Constanfa, Slobozia, Pantelimon - Ilfov, Poponete - Tbrguqoru Nou (Prahova), 

Rbmnicu Siirat, Turnu MBgurele, Arsache - Teleorman, CernButi, Timiqoara, Valea 

Amaradiei - Oltenia, Negoeqti - Dolj; Biiicoi, Tintea and PIuleqti from Valea 

Prahovei; Babadag and Tulcea; steppe areas from Moldavia; in Transylvania and 

Banat, along the great rivers: Someq, Criq, Mureq and Timiq; localities Ghiroc, $ria 

- Pbncota near Arad. Simionescu (1965) noted the localities: Cbrlig - Iaqi and 

Horodiqtea - Darabani, and in 1972 - Valea lui David -1aqi. Papadopol et al. (1965) 

added the localities SteobBreni - Vaslui and Gugeqti - Huqi. Popescu et al. (1974) 

noted: the Danube Delta (sic!), Babadag, alluvial plain of the Danube and southern 

tableland of Dobrogea; Popescu (1977) also added the locality Hagieni from 

Dobrogea. Murariu et al. (1982) noted the localities: Sineqti - Ialomifa, Lunca and 

Frumoasa - Teleonnan and Clejani - Giurgiu (Fig. 15)


Biotope: On the commons from the steppe areas, usually in the hills, with a very 

good drainage of the precipitation water. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Around 5,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: A single breeding period per year, starting with March or April - 

immediately after hibernation. Gestation lasts 30 days, after which females give 

birth to 4-6 youngs. Suckling lasts five weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they 

are one year old. Longevity is different, females living 10-1 1 years, while males - 

only 5-6 years. 

Rivals: Domestic cattle. 

Enemies: Man and pray birds. 

Deseases: Ecto- and endoparasites. 

The causes of the individual number change: Habitat destroying for agriculture. 




Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg (1997) - list of the species which 

need specific conservation measurea for their habitat, International and national 

protection. 

Necessary protection measures: The keeping of the commons with populations of 

Spermophilus citellus; education of the people not to flood and kill them. Murariu 

(1995), pointing out the rapid distroying rhythm of the habitats, proposed the 

protection of the species also including it in the list of the threatened ones. 









Baltimore and London, 1 : 1-642. 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. $tiintificB, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 

VASILIU, G. D., 1961 - Verzeichnis der Saugetiere Rumaniens. Saugetierkd. Mitt. Miinchen, 9 (2): 

56-68. 


Nat. Studii $i ComunicSlri (Partea a II-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



Family Gliridae Thomas, 1897 

Genus Eliomys Wagner, 1840 

Eliomys quercinus (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Common name: RO = Piirqul de stejar; pbrqul de ghindl; pkqul de griidinl; E = 

Garden dormouse; F = LCrot; G = Gartenschlafer; RU = Sadovaya Sonya. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species at risk, with restricted habitats. BE3; 

D92lIV; STR.; IP. 

Geographical distribution: From Portugal and Spain, to Balearic Islands, Andorra, 

France, Corsica, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Czech Republic and Slovakia, 

Poland, Finland, Ukraine, Estonia; in Switzerland, Austria, Italy, including Sardinia

and Sicily, Dalmatia from the ex-Yugoslavia, eastwards up to the Ural Mountains, 

and the southern limit is northern Africa. 

Distribution in Romania: Calinescu (1931) noted for the species Eliomys 

quercinus, the feet of Retezat Mountains, Tara Bfrsei and Piatra Mici. Hamar 

(1958) mentioned only FggBt-a$ and Retezat. Papadopol et al. (1965) noted Iaqi, 

Vaslui and Hu~i. Murariu (1985) mentioned locality Cobia, at about 19 km south- 

west Craiova (Fig. 15). 

Biotope: It prefers deciduous forest and those mixed with coniferous, but it also 

occurs bushy and rocky areas or only on cultivated lands. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: The decline of the 

populations of Eliomys quercinus from the last two decades allows us to make an 

estimation of less than 2,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: There is a single breeding period - in spring (April - May), and then 

gestation which lasts 22-28 days. The number of the youngs per litter is of 4-6; they 

are naked and blind for 21 days. Suckling lasts five weeks. Sexual maturity is 

reached during the second year of life. Maximum longevity which was recorded was 

of 5 years and 6 months. 

Rivals: Arboreal mammals species which use the tree hollows as shelters; man. 


Diseases: From the ectoparasites the lice of the genus Schizophthirius were 

identified and some mallophaga species. 

The causes of the individual number change: Clearings and habitat destroyings 

which lead to the lack of the hollows for summer refuges and for hibernation. 


Fig. 15 - Distribution in Romania of the species Spermophilus citellus and Eliomys quercinus


Breeding in captivity: Out of discussion. , 


Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV - with animal and plant species of (European) 

Community interest in need of strict protection. Strasbourg (1979) - threatened 

mammals of Europe. International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: The keeping of the hoolow trees with optimum 

shelters, especially for hibernation and parceled clearings which permit the garden 

dormouse to shelter in compact forests. Murariu (1995) proposed the inclusion of 

the species Eliomys quercinus among those protected in Romania. 


CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Romlniei. Repartitia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 

economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 251: 1-103 (in Romanian). 

HAMAR, M., 1958 - Noti preliminara asupra faunei roziitoarelor din Retezat $i Fgggra?. Natura, 5: 

8692 (in Romanian). 







NOWAK, M. R., 1991 - Walker's Mammals of the World.The John Hopkins University Press. 


PAPADOPOL, A., GHIZELEA, G., 1965 - Contributions 1 la connaissance de quelques mammifkres 

de la region de Iassy. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 5: 389404. 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. $tiintific%, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in 

Romanian). 


56-68. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. BacBu. Sect. $t. 

Nat. Studii $i Comunichri (Partea a II-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



Genus Dryomys Thomas, 1906 

Dryomys nitedula (Pallas, 1778) 

Common name: RO = Pir~ul 

de copac; pLqul cu coad5 stufoasg; E = Forest 

dormouse; F = LCrotin; G = Baumschlafer; RU = Lesnaya Sonya. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species with restricted natural habitats. BE3; 

D92lIV; IP. 

Geographical distribution: South-eastern Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech 

Republic and Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine and Belarus, northwards up to Lithuania, 

the eastern side of Moscow, south of Gorki town and along upper Volga up to 

Kazan; in the south of the lower Dnieper, mouths of Volga and the Caucasus 

Mountains. From centre of Europe, through Hungary, ex-Yugoslavia, Romania, 

Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Arabia, eatern side of Syria, northen Israel and Irak, in 

Iran, Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, Tadzhikstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, 

Kirghizia and Kazakstan, northwards up to the southern slope of the Altai 

Mountains (part of the Gobi Desert), Tarbagaty Mountains and eastwards up to the 

eastern limit of the Tien Shan Mountains, then in China. 

Distribution in Romania: Cglinescu (193 1) mentioned localitieas: Bgile Hercu- 

lane, Braqov and Brineqti - Ilfov. Papadopol et al. (1965) mentioned: Iaqi, Vaslui


and Huvi. Ghizelea (1965) noted locality BGneasa near Bucharest. Simionescu 

(1965) mentioned Bdrnova near Iaqi, and in 1985 added Lacul Roqu - Suhard. 

Vasiliu (1968) mentioned localities BrGne~ti, Comana, Predeal, Braqov and BGile 

Herculane. Popescu et al. (1974) mentioned: The Danube Delta (sic!), Babadag, the 

alluvian plain of the Danube and the southern tableland of Dobrogea. Bazilescu 

(1980) mentioned locality Fdntdnele for Dryomys nitedula, - Dolj. Murariu (1997 - 

unpublished) collected a famale specimen of Dryomys nitedula (No on the spot: 

3,670), from Northern Dobrogea, at Celic Dere (Fig. 16). 

Biotope: In the silvosteppe areas, but it can reache the altitude of the coniferous 

forests; it doesn't live together with Eliomys quercinus. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Around 2,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: There is a single breeding period per year, starting from March - 

April to July - August. Gestation lasts 30 days, and after that 3-5 youngs are born, 

naked and blind, of 2 g each. They open their eye when they are 16 days old. 

Suckling lasts a month and when they are five weeks old they are already 

independent. Sexual maturity is reached after a year. Longevity is of 4-5 years. 

Rivals: Bat and dormouse species which shelter in the tree hollows. 


Diseases: From the ectoparasites, unidentified mallofaga were mentioned. 

The causes of the individual number change: Cutting of the hollow trees; 

anthropic pressure on its prefered habitats. 

Number in captivity: Out of discussion; it cannot adapt to a captivity life. 


Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix No 111; 

Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix No IV, - with animal and plant species of 

(European) Community interest in need of strict protection. International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: The keeping of its prefered habitats and even the 

mounting of artificial cages, as for the birds, in which the dormice can shelter, 

especially during hibernation. 


BAZILESCU, E., SORESCU, C., CRUCE, M., POPESCU, M., 1980 - Catalogul sistematic al 

colectiilor de vertebrate din Muzeul Olteniei. Studii $i Comunic2ri. Muz. Olteniei Craiova. St. 

Nat., 3: 3 11-401 (in Romanian). 

CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Romlniei. Repartitia $i problemele lor biogeograficeeconomice. 

Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1 : 1-103 (in Romanian). 

GHIZELEA, G., 1965 - Small mammals from some forests of Bucharest region. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. 


HAMAR, M., 1958 - Not2 preliminari asupra faunei roz2toarelor din Retezat $i FBg2rav. Natura, 5: 

86-92 (in Romanian). 









PAPADOPOL, A., GHIZELEA, G., 1965 - Contributions A la connaissance de quelques mammifkres 

de la rCgion de Iassy. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. "Grigore Antipa", 5: 389-404. 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiinfific2, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 

POPESCU, A., BARBU, P. R., COCIU, M., 1977 - Contributii la studiul faunei de mamifere mici din 

sudul Olteniei. Stud. Comunic. Muz. Pite~ti, 5: 197-203 (in Romanian).


SIMIONESCU, V., 1985 - Primele investigatii asupra faunei mamiferelor mici din zona Cheile Bicazului 

- Lacul Ro~u. Anal. $t. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza" - la$. Biol., Sect. 1I,2 1: 23-26 + 4 fig. (in Romanian). 


56-68. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Bacau. Sect. St. 

Nat. Studii ~i Comunicari (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



Genre Myoxus Zimmermann, 1780 

Myoxus glis (Linnaeus, 1766) 

Common name: RO = PAr~ul cenuqiu; pir~ul mare; E = Fat dormouse; edible 

dormouse; F = Loir gris; G = Siebenschlafer; RU = Sonya-polchiok. 


of extensive habitat destruction. BE3; IP. 

Geographical distribution: In England it was introduced. Its origins are in northern 

Spain, France, Switzerland, Netherlands, Germany, Poland, in Ukraine and north- 

wards up to Belarus, and eastwards up to the Volga River; southewards, up to 

Saratov and Voronej. From the Caucasus Mountains it goes down southwards up to 

the northern part of Iran and south-eastern Turkmenistan. From north of the Adriatic 

islands to Austria, Slovakia and Czech Republic, Hungary, ex-Yugoslavia, 

Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and Macedonia, islands Crete, Corfu and Cephalonia, 

northern Turkey. 

Distribution in Romania: Cilinescu (193 1) mentioned localities: Biile Herculane, 

Hafeg, Braqov, Sinaia, Bistrita, Cluj, Alba Iulia and Comana - Giurgiu. Hamar 

(1958) mentioned only Retezat and FBgiraq mountains. Simionescu (1965) 

mentioned the species Myoxus glis from Pingirafi - Neamt, and in 1968 - from the 

chalets Duriu, 7 Noiembrie and Dochia (from Ceahliu Mountains). Popescu (1977) 

mentioned this species from Muntele Roqu. Andreescu et al. (1979) mentioned the 

Dendrological Reserve from Snagov Park. Barbu et al. (1980) noted locality 

Bezdead from Dobrogea. Finally, Murariu et al. (1980) noted locality Curtea de 

Argeq - Dealul Bunila, and in 1982 - localities Snagov and Comana (Fig. 16). 

Biotope: Deciduous forests, the oak ones being prefered, but also those of beech, 

rarely eceeding the altitude of 1,000 m. The rocky areas or with karstic structures 

offer ot good shelter for hibernation. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: About 5,000 individuals. 

Reproduction: Breeding period is in May - July, rarely two time a year. Gestation 

lasts 30 days. The number of the youngs per litter is of 3-6, with an average of 4.5. 

The naked and bling youngs grow very fast. When they are 30 days old the eyes are 

opened. Suckling lasts five weeks, after the the youngs becoming idependent. 

Sexual maturity is reached after the first hibernation. Longevity of the free 

individuals is of four years, and for those in captivity is of 8 years and 8 months. 

Rivals: Bat and dormouse species which shelter in hollows. 


Diseases: From the ectoparasites a louse species was identified - Schizophthirius gliris. 

The causes of the individual number change: The cutting of the hollow trees and 

the trapping of the individuals which shelter in garrets. 

Number in captivity: Rarely they are kept in captivity. For their delicious meat, 

Romanians used to fatten them with nuts and peanuts, as delicacies for their feasts. 

The vessels in which edible dormice were kept were named gliraries from the


Fig. 16 - Distribution in Romania of the species Dtyomys nitedula and Myoxus glis 

former name of the genus - Glis. They were not kept in captivity in oder to improve 

fiee populations. 

Breeding in captivity: Only in the countries which used to breed and fatten them 

for high officials' meals. 


International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Keeping the prefered shelters and the ceasing of 

the removing and killing of the individuals from the garrets. Murariu (1995) 

proposed this species to be included within those protected. 


ANDREESCU, I., TORCEA, v., MURARIU, D., 1979 -Contributions A la connaissance de la faune 

de Mammif6res des dtpartements d'Ilfov et de Teleorman (Roumanie). Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. 

"Grigore Antipa", 20 (I): 5 13:5 19. 

BARBU, P., BOTEANU, N., BLIDARESCU, S., 1980 - Contribution 1 la connaissance des petits 

mammifkres de la rtgion prtmontagneuse et montagneuse des Carpates Meridionales. Anal. 

Univ. Bucure~ti. Biologie: 29: 3 1-40. 

BAZILESCU, E., SORESCU, C., CRUCE, M., POPESCU, M., 1980 - Catalogul sistematic al 

colectiilor de vertebrate din Muzeul Olteniei. Studii $i Comuniciri. Muz. Olteniei Craiova. St. 

Nat., 3: 31 1-401 (in Romanian). 

CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Rominiei. Repartitia ~i problemele lor biogeograficeeconomice. 

Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 251: 1-103 (in Romanian). 

GHIZELEA, G., 1965 - Small mammals from some forests of Bucharest region. Trav. Mus. Hist. nat. 


HAMAR, M., 1958 - Noti preliminars asupra faunei rozitoarelor din Retezat $i Figira~. Natura, 5: 

86-92 (in Romanian).


from the surroundings of the localities Mihai Bravu and Bujoreni - Teleorman. 

Murariu (1987) observed otters at Turulung-Vii (Fig. 22). 

Biotope: Rivers, lakes, wet areas (e.g. the Danube Delta) and coast areas (e.g. at 

Sulina, Sfintu Gheorghe). 


Reproduction: Reproduction is towards the end of the winter or early in spring. 

Gestation lasts 60-63 days, thus, in April or May, each female gives birth to 2-5 

youngs of 100-130 g each. They are grey with thin and rare hairs. During the first 

30 days they are blind. When they are two months old they already can swim. 

Suckling lasts 10-12 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached during the second year of 

life. Maximum longevity, recorded in captivity, was of 23 years. 

Rivals: Amphibian mammal species, which use the same habitat and feed on fish; 

man. 

Enemies: Man. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites the louse Lutridia exilis and the sheep louce Ixodes 

ricinus were identified. Also there are endoparasites, and in captivity the otter can 

have dental abscese and pneumonia. 

The causes of the individual number change: Water pollution with pesticides and 

fertilizers for agriculture; habitat destroying; hunting for fur; their remove far from 

the fish ponds by the pisciculturists. 

Number in captivity: Most of the Zoos have otters in their collections but not in a 

very important number for being let free. 

Breeding in captivity: Otter reproduces in captivity, but it need a lot o care, 

especially as regards the water quality, and, in winter, the optimum temperature. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 11; the Law 

of the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 1 - partial , 

protection by prohibition periods; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV - animal and 

plant species in need of strict protection; Strasbourg (1997) - list of the species 

which need specific conservation measures for their habitat; International 

protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) proposed the protection of the 

species all along the year; today, we propose to include the species Lutra lutra in 

Appendix No 2 of the Law of the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), 

for total protection and forbeden hunting, at least, for five years, in order to remake 

the populations. 


CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Rombniei. Repartitia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 

economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1 : 1-1 03 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. StiintificFi, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 



NOWAK, M. R., 1991 -Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. The John Hopkins University 

Press. Baltimore and London, 2: 643-1629. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Bacau. Sect. $t. 

Nat. Studii $i Comuniciri (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 

WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M., 1993 - Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and 


x x x 1996 - Legea No 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vbnatului. Monit. Ofic. No 235127 

sept. 1996 (in Romanian).


Genus Mustela Linnaeus, 1758 

Mustela lutreola (Linnaeus, 176 1) 

Common name: RO = Nurca; norita; E = European mink; F = Vison d'Europe; 

G = Europaischer Nerz; RU = Evropeiskaya norka. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - critical level of the number of individuals of 

the species. BE2; CT; LV2; D92/IV; Str; Ip; NP. 

Geographical distribution: European mink is an European endemism, years ago 

being distributed from northern Spain to the Ural Mountains and from the Caucasus 

area to Finalnd. Today there are some populations in northern Spain, south-western 

France, Romania and Ukraine, up to Kazakstan. 

Distribution in Romania: Calinescu (1931) mentioned the European mink from 

Burila Mare - Mehedinti, Bucharest, Brgila, Malcoci - Tulcea, Braqov, Sibiu and 

Biscaria - Hunedoara. Vasiliu (1 96 1) noted Covasna (according to Ehik, 1932) and 

the Danube Delta. Vasiliu et al. (1969) noted for the Danube Delta the following 

collecting places: Somova, Gorgova, Mila 23, Trei OzBre, Sontea, Obretinul Mare, 

Matita and Cuibina. AlmQan et al. (1992) mentioned Valea Gurghiului (the rivers 

TImava Mare and Murev), Valea Bistrifei (river Bistrita and its tributaries from the 

counties Maramure~ and Suceava), along the RIul Mare from the Retezat Mountains 

and the Danube Delta (Fig. 22). 

Biotope: Mountain rivers, with low water flows but stormy or in large rivers, slow, 

but with rich grassy vegetation on the banks; rarely it occurs in the pool shores, also 

with high grassy vegetation. 


Reproduction: February and March is the breeding period. Gestation lasts 40-60 

days, according to the ovulation, which can be more or less delayed. At birth, 3-6 

youngs have a velvet-like fur and are blind during the first 30 days. Suckling lasts 

10 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are two. Longevity is of 7-1 0 years. 

Rivals: American mink (Mustela vison) escaped from fur farms and adapted to free 

life. 

Enemies: Otter, fox, polecat and man. 

Diseases: Less ectoparasites and more infestations with helminths. 

The causes of the individual number change: The competition of the Amercian 

mink, destroying of the habitats and huntinglpoaching for fur. 

Number in captivity: Maran (1999) shows that at the end of 1996, in ten European 

Zoos there were 64 specimens, as a result of the measures taken by the Mink 

Reproduction and Conservation Committee (1992), within the European 

Programme of the Reproduction of the Endangered Species (EEP). In Romania 

there are six minks in the Zoological Garden of Bucharest. 

Breeding in captivity: It can be reproduced in captivity for improving the 

populations in the wild. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 11; The Law 

of the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 1 - total 

protection, forbidden hunting; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg 

(1997) - list of the species which need specific conservation measurea for their 

habitat; International protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Keeping of the prefered habitats in a natural state; 

poaching control; avoidance of the competition with Mustela vison. Murariu (1995)


considered that these special protection measures are necessary for saving the mink 

from extinction. 


ALMASAN, H., 1985 - Consideratiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei Dunilrii in 

conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunsrii - Studii $i Comunicilri de Ecologie". 

Tulcea: 7 1-76 (in Romanian). 



COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegeticil - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetliri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunilrii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvica. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. $tiintifics, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 




Press. Baltimore and London. 2: 643-1629. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Baciu. Sect. $t. 

Nat. Studii $i Comuniciiri (Partea a II-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vgnatului. Monit. Ofic. Nr. 235127 

sept. 1996 (in Romanian). 

Mustela erminea Linnaeus, 1758 

Common name: RO = Hermina; E = Stoat; F = Hermine; G = Hermelin; RU = 

Gornostai. 


of extensive habitat destruction. BE3; CT; LV1;IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Tundra and afforested areas from the Palaearctic 

region; southwards, up to the Pyrenees Mountains, in alpine Slovenia, the Alps and 

Caucasus Mountains, western Himalayas, Xinjiang Province from China, northern 

Mongolia and China, and in Japan - Honshu Island. In Nearctic, it goes down up to 

California and north side of the states New Mexico, Iowa and in Meriland. In New 

Zealand it was introduced by the Europeans. 

Distribution in Romania: Cilinescu (1931) cited the species Mustela erminea 

from: Bucharest, Brine~ti - Ilfov, Cernavodi - Constanla, Sibiu, Bra~ov, Alba Iulia, 

Bistrip-Nisiud, Cluj, Valea Streiului and Retezat Mountain feet. Vasiliu et al. 

(1969) mentioned the Danube Delta: Somova, Crivan, Grind Tuzlcea, Grindul 

$chiopului, Pardina, Titaru, Fortuna, Sontea, Maliuc and Zitoane. From Wallachia 

they mentioned: Scrovi~tea - Ilfov and Nucet - Dimbovita. From Moldavia: Tdrgu 

Ocna, Slinic Moldova, Negreqti - Neamt, Dimicheni - Dorohoi and Filticeni - 

Suceava. From Transylvania they noted: Toderita - Bra~ov, Media$ - Sibiu, Figor - 

Cluj, Gheorghieni - Harghita, Suduriu - Maramure~, Sebi$ and Arad, and from 

Banat they mentioned locality Sdnnicolaul Mare. Bazilescu et al. (1980) noted Hotin 

locality and Ilfov county. Murariu (1987) mentioned localities Foieni - Carei and 

Negreqti Oa$ (Fig.22). 

Biotope: Coniferous and mixed forests, with deciduous trees, are prefered places, 

especially if there there are numerous rodents, for food. But it also shelter near the 

cultivated lands, borders of the roads, with box thorn bushes (Crataegus), acacia, 

etc., as well as on the river banks with bushes. At altitude, it also occurs in the area 

of the alpine pastures. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: About 5,000 individuals.



Lutra lutra, Mustela lutreola. Mustela erminea. Mustela eversmannii 

Reproduction: Late spring or early summer are mating periods, but the 

implantation of the fertilized eggs in the uterus is delayed until next spring (usualy 

in March). In this special case, the pregnancy lasts 10 months (Nowak, 1991), but 

the embryonic development lasts only 5-6 weeks. Litter size is 8-9 young, each of 

them weighing 1.5-3.0 grames, being blind, helpless and the body covered with fine 

white hair. After two months they can hunt with adults. The sexual maturity is 

attained by female at 3 months old and sometime can mate in their first summer of 

life. Males reach full size and sexual maturity after 12 months. Longevity = 5-6 

years. 

Rivals: Carnivorous mammals which also feed on rodents; man. 

Enemies: Carnivorous mammals of middle and big size. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites, several species of lice and fleas were identified. It 

is the host of some microbian diseases: enteritis, tuberculosis, leptospirosis. 

The causes of the individual number change: Habitat destroyings and fur hunting. 



Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1979), Appendix 111; Law of 

the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 1 - partial 

protection by prohibition periods; International protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Exploitation regulations as a resource of fur and 

preserving of its prefered habitats in a natural state. Murariu (1995) considered that, 

although it occurs all over the country, the stoat populations are small and has to be 

considered a vulnerable species, with all necessary measures for its protection.



ALMASAN, H., 1985 - Consideratiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei Dunhrii in 

conditiile menrinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunhrii - Studii $i Comunichri de Ecologie". 

Tulcea: 71-76 (in Romanian). 

CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Rominiei. Repartitia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 

economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1: 1-103 (in Romanian). 

COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetici - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetftri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunhrii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvich. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romhia. Ed. $tiintifich, Bucuresti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 



NOWAK, M. R., 1991 - Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. The John Hopkins University 


VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Bachu. Sect. St. 

Nat. Studii $i Comunichri (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vinatului. Monit. Ofic. Nr. 235127 


Mustela eversmannii Lesson, 1827 

Common name: RO = Dihorul de stepI; E = Steppe polecat; F = Putois des steppes; 

G = Steppeniltis; RU = Stepnoi Khoryok. 


of extensive habitat destruction. BE2; LV2; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Steppe and subdesert areas from eastern Europe and 

the republics of the ex-USSR; in Mongolia, northern, central and north-eastern 

China. 

Distribution in Romania: CIlinescu (1931) noted locality Malcoci - Tulcea. 

Vasiliu (1961 and 1968) mentioned localities: Malcoci, Valul lui Traian, Constanla, 

Agigea, Techirghiol, Mangalia, MIcin, Babadag, CernavodI, Medgidia and 

NIvodari. Vasiliu et al. (1969) mentioned locality Babadag (Fig. 22). 

Biotope: Steppe and semidesert places, cultivated lands and commons, sometimes 

cohabiting with Spermophilus citellus. 


Reproduction: Reproduction is in the period February - March. Gestation lasts 

38-41 days, so in April - May females give birth to 6-8 youngs which weight 4-6 g 

each; they are blind for the first four weeks. They suckle six weeks and then go 

hunting together with the adults. When they are three months old they become 

completely independent. Sexual maturity is reached at nine months. Longevity is of 

1 1-1 2 years. 

Rivals: The other carnivorous mammals which feen on rodents. 

Enemies: Carnivorous mammals of middle and big size; man. 

Diseases: Only the ectoparasites are known, species of lice and fleas; probably it 

carries the rabies virus. 

The causes of the individual number change: Anthropic pressure in its prefered 

biotopes. 





protection by prohibition periods; National protection.


Necessary protection measures: Exploitation regulations for fir and the 

preserving of the prefered habitats in a natural state. Murariu (1 995) mentioned that 

the steppe polecat became rare, so it has to be included in the list of the protected 

species of the Romanian fauna. 


ALMASAN, H., 1985 - Consideratiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei Dunarii in 

conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunarii - Studii $i Comunicari de Ecologie". 



economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1 : 1-103 (in Romanian). 

COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetica - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetari forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunsrii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvica. Bucure~ti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintificg, Bucurevti: 1-190 (in Romanian). 

MURARIU, D., 1995 -Mammal species from Romania. Categories of conservation. Trav. Mus. Hist. 




VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Baciu. Sect. $t. 

Nat. Studii $i Comunicari (Partea a II-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 





Genus Vormela Blasius, 1884 

Vormela peregusna Giildenstaedt, 1770 

Common name: RO = Dihorul pltat; E = Marbled polecat; F = Putois marbri; 

G = Tigeriltis; RU = Perevyazka. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species in danger because of the habitats 

drasticaly reduced. BE2; LVl; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Steppe and desert areas from the south-eastern Europe, 

in the Caucasus, Kazakstan, Middle East and south-western Asia, northern China 

and southern Mongolia. 

Distribution in Romania: CBlinescu (1931) mentioned the species Vormela 

peregusna from Tulcea County, localities: MBcin, Malcoci and Tulcea. Vasiliu 

(1961) noted: Malcoci, Tulcea, MBcin, Medgidia, Mihail Kogiilniceanu, Canlia, 

Balabancea, Cernavodii, Agigea, Valul lui Traian, CasapChioi/Mihai Viteazu, 

Jurilovca, Chilia Veche, Enisala, Tuzla and Costineqti. Vasiliu et al. (1969) noted 

from Dobrogea the following localities: Dumbrlveni, Costineqti, 2 Mai, Agigea, 

Tuzla, 6 Martie and Biineasa. Murariu (1987) remarked the marbled polecat at 

Isaccea - Tulcea (Fig. 23). 

Biotope: Dry opened places, with steppe and desert. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: Around 500 individuals. 

Reproduction: December and January are the optimum reproduction period. 

Gestation lasts 64-67 days, and then 4-6 youngs are born, maximum eight. Suckling 

lasts six weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one year old. Maximum 

longevity, in captivity was of 8 years and 11 months. 

Rivals: Carnivorous mammals of middle and big size, whichin the steppe and desert 

areas feen especially on rodents. 

Enemies: Man, who destroys its prefered habitats.


Diseases: From the ectoparasites, the lice and fleas were identified; it might be the 

host of the rabies virus. 

The causes of the individual number change: First of all - destroying of the 

prefered natural habitats, and then - hunting and trap collecting for its fur. 






Necessary protection measures: Preserving of the prefered habitats in a natural 

state. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunhrii - Studii $i Comunichri de Ecologie". 


CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Romlniei. Repartilia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 


COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetich - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetari forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dun~rii". ICF Ed. Agro-SilvicB. Bucure~ti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintifich, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in 

Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. BacBu. Sect. $1. 




x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vlnatului. Monit. Ofic. Nr. 235127 


Family Felidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Lynx Kerr, 1792 

Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Rds; E = Lynx; F = Lynx boreal; G = Luchs; RU = Rys'. 

IUCN statute and conservation: V - species with decreasing populations; BE 3; 

LV 1; D92tIV; STR; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Wide taiga forests, from the Scandinavian Peninsula 

up to eastern Siberia and Sakhalin Island. In China it is in the provinces: Gansu, 

Qinghai, Shaanxi and Sichuan. In the alpine areas of Europe it is present in a small 

number in the Balkans, Carpathians, French side of the Pyrenees and in the Alps. 

During the last ten years it was introduced in Vosgi Mountains and Jura, in Swiss 

Alps, in Austria and ex-Ygoslavia. 

Distribution in Romania: Cilinescu (193 1) noted from the southern Carpathians: 

Retezat, Paring, Lotrului, Figiraq and Bdrsei - at Zirneqti, Cristian, Bra~ov, Bucegi 

and Piatra Mare. For the eastern Carpathians it was mentioned from: Bro~teni, 

Pipirig, MdnHstirea Neamplui, Bicaz, Tarcgu, Garcina, Viratic and TazlHu. From 

Rodnei Mountains - Valea Izei and Telciu, and from the other regions of 

Maramureq - locality Fiina. From Bucovina, at 600-700 m altitude he noted: Valea


Ceremuqului Alb, Plrcilab, Sirata, Valea Moldovei, Valea Sucevei, Valea Bistritei, 

Valea Dornei. From Transylvania he noted: Ujfaliu and $inteu - Cluj, Bistra - 

Clmpeni, Balomireasa and Harghita. Vasiliu et al. (1964) noted for the eastern 

Carpathians: Valea NovSif and Viqeu fiom Maramureq; from Cllimani Mountains - 

Pragul BlrgSiului and Pietroasa; for Oituz - MSigura Mare; for Stlniqoara Mountain 

- Valea Bistritei, with localities Pietroasa and Broqteni; for Bistrifei Mountains - 

Valea Negriqoarei, Toance-Barnar and Valea Bistrifei; for TarcSiu Mountain - Lacul 

Roqu, Valea TarcSiului and Fundul TarcBului; Valea Brodinei and Valea Moldovitei, 

Arghel and Poiana Oglinda from Obcina Mare, Dorna Clndreni, Gurghiu and 

Roniqoara from Gutdi Mountains. For the southern Carpathians they mentioned: 

Poiana MBmlui (Vlrful Sum), Poiana Valea Bistra, Poiana Valea Rea and FigSiraq 

Mountains. From Bihor they noted Valea Jadului and from Gil5u - Vidrean. 

(Murariu 1987) observed tracks of Lynx in Siriului Mountains, at $81itruc - Negreqti 

Oaq, and in 1995 - in Pietrosul Rodnei (Fig. 23). 

Biotope: It depends on the presence of the forests, especially of those from the 

altitude, where also it occurs Cewus elaphus. It was observed that the lynx 

populations decrease where the base food is represented by rabbits. 


Reproduction: Mating occurs in February - March. Gestation lasts 2.5 months. 

Number of young is 2-3 per litter. Lactation lasts for five months, but solid food is 

eaten at one month old. Sexual maturity is at 2 1 months in females and at 33 months 

in males. Longevity = 26-27 years. 

Rivals: Wolf and bear, from the big mammals; man. 


Vormela peregusna, Lynx lynx, Monachus monachus 

Lul of conventional signs:


Enemies: Man. 

Diseases: From the ectoparasites - fleas, lice and sheep lice. Infestations with 

heminths are not known. 

The causes of the individual number change: Anthropic pressure and available 

food in its prefered habitats. 

Number in captivity: Most of the Zoos have in their collections individuals of Lynx 

lynx. In the Zoological Garden from Bucharest there are 4 specimens. 

Breeding in captivity: Although it can reproduce in captivity there is not a 

programme, yet, in order to rear youngs and then let them free. 



protection by prohibition periods; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; Strasbourg 

(1997) - list of the species which need specific conservation measurea for their 

habitat; International protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) sayd that the species Lynx lynx is 

declared natural monument in Romania and it must be protected further on, 

especially by preserving its prefered habitats, in a natural state. 


ALMASAN, H., 1985 - Considerafiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei Dunirii in 

conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunirii - Studii $i Comunicari de Ecologie". 


C&INESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Romlniei. Repartilia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 

economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1 : 1-1 03 (in Romanian). 

COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegeticl - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetiri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunirii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvici. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintifici, Bucuresti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Baclu. Sect. $t. 

Nat. Studii $i Comuniclri (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 





Family Phocidae Gray, 1825 

Genus Monachus Fleming, 1822 

Monachus monachus (Hermann, 1779) 

Common name: RO = Foca episcop; foca cu burta albl; E = Mediterranean monk 

seal; F = Phoque moine; G = Monchsrobbe; RU = Tyu1eny'-monakh. 


anthropic pressure in natural habitat. BE2; BI; D921II; D92143lEEC; STR; IP. 

Geographical distribution: In the Black and Mediterranean Seas. 

Distribution in Romania: In front of the Romanian littoral of the Black Sea it was 

observed and even three specimens were caught the nets for sturgeons, in 1927, 

193 1, 1941, 1943, 1957, 1962. In 1997, the workers from one of the Romanian


marine oil platforms from the Black Sea reported the presence of a seal specimen. The 

workers gave it fish so the seal remained near the platform for two weeks (Gabriela 

Plotoagii, in verbis, 8th of September 1999). At the Museum Complex of Natural 

Sciences from Constanfa there is a photo, as a proof of the presence of Monachus 

monachus, in 1997, in the Romanian littoral waters of the Black Sea (Fig. 23). 

Biotope: It looks the sandy and rocky beaches, especially if it offers shelters similar 

to the underwater caves, with submerged entrances. 

Estimated number of the individuals in a population: About 10 individuals. 

Reproduction: Usually they are solitary; they pair during the reproduction period. 

Gestation lasts minimum 270 days, and then a single pup is born, weighting de 

5-8 kg, and which can swim immediately it was born. Suckling lasts 40 days. Sexual 

maturity is reached when it is 4-5 years old. Longevity is of 15-18 years. 

Rivals: Man. 

Enemies: Man. 

Diseases: Virus infections; it suffers from the toxins discharged in water when 

dinoflagellates increase. 

The causes of the individual number change: Accidental catching in the fish nets; 

deliberated killing by man; perturbations in its prefered habitats. 




Convention (1983); Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix I1 - plant and animal species 

whose conservation requires the designation of special areas of conservation; 

Strasbourg (1997) - list of the species which need specific conservation measurea 

for their habitat; International protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) considers that the presence of the 

species Monachus monachus in front of the Romanian littoral of the Black Sea is 

doubtful and proposed severe protection measures, especially for preserving in a 

natural state its prefered habitats. Today, it is precisely known that this specis is 

present, so much the better it has to be included in the list of the protected animals of 

Romania. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunirii - Studii $i Comuniciri de Ecologie". 




COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetici - aspecte actuale. In.: "Cercetiri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunarii". ICF Ed. Agrc-SilvicB. Bucure~ti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. $tiintifics, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in 

Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Baciu. Sect. St. 




x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vlnatului. Monit. Ofic. Nr. 235/27 

sept. 1996 (in Romanian).


Order ARTIODACTYLA Owen, 1848 

Family Cervidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Alces Gray, 182 1 

Alces alces (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Elan; E = Elk; moose; F = Elan; G = Elch; RU = Los'. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: R - species with a small population, restricted in 

nort-eastern part of Romania. BE3; LV2; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: In northern Eurasia, from the Scandinavian Peninsula 

and Poland eastwards up to Anadyr region from eastern Siberia. Southwards, in 

Ukraine and southern Siberia, northern Mongolia and northern China (Provinces 

Xingjiang, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia). Till the 19Ih century it was also 

present in the forests of the Caucasus Mountains. In the American continent it is 

present in Alaska (SUA), Canada, northern USA. In the 20th century, a small 

population was introduce in the New Zealand. 

Distribution in Romania: Murariu (1984) mentioned the Danube Delta, Borcea 

Branch - Fete~ti, Foc~ani - Vrancea and Hu~i are places where the elk was occurred 

occasionally (Fig. 24). At SGntu Gheorghe-Delta, there is the elk horn trophy, 

shooted there by the native Sidorenko, in 1982. In the Botoqani County, according to 

the resolution of the Townhall of the County, a reserve was founded in the forest 

from Virful Cimpului and the Prut river, for elk females with calve. 

Biotope: From the gloomy coniferous forests of the taiga to the deciduous forests of 

the plain, prefering the maddy areas or, at least, very wet. 


Reproduction: They breed in September - October. Gestation lasts 230-260 days, 

and then a single calf is born, rarely two; triplets appear only by way of exception. 

The weight of the calves is of 1 1-1 6 kg; only afier 2-3 weeks, they can walk near 

their mother and flock in the travels for food. Suckling lasts five months, but 

separation from its mother is after a year. Sexual maturity is reached when they are 

two. Maximum longevity is of 27 years. 

Rivals: Man. 

Enemies: Big carnivorous mammals and man. 


The causes of the individual number change: As regards the elk its populations 

decreased in Norway, Sweden, Finland and northern Russia, but its range extended 

in the British Isles and southwards, up to Pyrennes Mountains and Italian Alps. We 

consider that the small population from Romania reached this country occasionally, 

then remained here permanently in north-east area. 

Number in captivity: Most of the Zoos also shelter elks. It has to be mentioned that 

the elk is tamed easily. In northern Russia it is reared for meat, fur but also as a 

heavy traction animal. 

Breeding in captivity: It reproduces in captivity, but there aren't programes for 

rearing calves for the wild. 


the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 2 - total 

protection; hunting prohibited.


Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) proposed the species Alces alces 

to be declared natural monument and the preserving the statute of reservation for the 

forest from Vdrful CLmpului from Botoqani County, as well as the establishing of 

other reserves where the elk will shelter. 


ALMA$AN, H., 1985 - Consideratiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei DunBrii in 

conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunarii - Studii $i Comunicari de Ecologie". 


CALINESCU, R., 193.1 - Mamiferele Rombniei. Repartitia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 


COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegeticg - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetiri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta DunBrii". ICF Ed. Agro-SilvicB. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Rombnia. Ed. StiintificB, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190(in Romanian). 



NOWAK, M. R., 1991 - Walker's Mammals of the World. Fifth Edition. 11. The John Hopkins 

University Press. Baltimore and London, 2: 643-1629. 


Nat. Studii $i Comunicari (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vbnatului. Monit. Ofic. Nr. 235127 


Genus Cewus Linnaeus, 1758 

Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 

Common name: RO = Cerb; E = Red deer; F = Cerf Claphe; G = Rothirsch; RU = 

Blagorodnyi olen'. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species in danger if the destruction of habitats 

continue. BE3; LV 1; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: From Tunisia and north-eastern Algeria, in western 

Europe to Krimea and the Caucasus, in Turkey, northern Irak, central Asia from 

northern Afghanistan, in Kashmir and Russian Turkestan, to Siberia, Mongolia, 

western and northern China, and Ussuri region from Russia. From Neolitic it is also 

present in Corsica and Sardinia. In North America its range is limited to the western 

side and in reservations. 

Distribution in Romania: Ciilinescu (193 1) mentioned the species Cems elaphus 

from the eastern, southern and western Carpathians at SiivLrqin, Moneasa and 

Sochodor - Arad. For Banat mentioned localities: $arlota - commune Bogda, 

Banloc -Tim&, Bocqa Montanii, Reqifa, Staierdorf-Anina, Oravita, Poniaqca and 

Viiliug. From Retezat he mentioned Valea Liipuqnicului, and from Pardng - Novaci, 

Sloveiul and Lainici from Valea Jiului. Mountains: Oslea, Sebeqului - Bistra, 

Lotrului - Griidiqte, Fiigiiraq - southern slope, up to Jiblea from the Olt valley, 

Albeqti - Valea Argeqului and Muqeteqti - Valea VLlsanului. From BLsei 

Mountains noted Sita Buziiului, Zirneqti and $ercaia, Bucegi, Ciucul de Jos, 

Gurghiu, Nisiud - Dosul Stiiniqoarei and Valea Someqului. From Maramureq - 

Viqeul de Sud and Piciorul Lung. From Moldavia: Valea Dornei (Tesna and 

Negri~oara), Ridiuti, Gura Humorului, Broqteni, Borea, Hangu, Pipirig, Neamfului 

Monastery, Viiratic, Galu, Buhalnifa, Tarciu, Vaduri, Calu-Iapa, Tazliu and 

Garcina. Arniiutu (1961) mentioned Oltenia, as an area with stags. Pop et al., (1973) 

mentioned the counties: Mureq, Harghita, Sibiu, Hunedoara, Suceava, Bihor, Timiq,


Prahova and Arad, Agnita and Media$. Vasiliu (1968) noted Maramure~ului 

Mountains - Oaq, Gut% and Tibleq, up to the north-eastern slope of Bucegi. 

Bazilescu et al. (1980) mentioned Desna from the Apuseni Mountains and Ochiul 

Ocolului. Murariu (1987) mentioned the forest from Foieni - Carei and $iiliitruc - 

Negreqti Oaq (Fig. 24). 

Biotope: It prefers the clearings from the deciduous forests, but it enters also the 

coniferous ones, and sometimes it goes beyond the limit of the fir forests. 


Reproduction: Rutting period begins at the half of September and is one of the 

most spectacular in the red deer life. Dominant males establish its own harem and 

then stags mark their own territory with urine and scretches the ground with its 

hoofs or horns. Gestation lasts 235 days. The only calf born by a females in 

May-June weights 13-1 8 kg. It can stand quikly and after three days it can go with 

its own mother; whet it is 30 days it can graze, and when it is 90 days old the spot on 

the fur disappear. Suckling lasts 4-6 months. Females reach the sexual maturity 

after the second year of life (at about 28 months). Males reach the sexual maturity in 

the second year of life but they cannot mate, yet, but only when they become 

dominant. Maximum longevity recorded in captivity is of 26 years and 8 months. 

Rivals: The other Cervidae which reach the prefered biotopes and the anthropic 

pressure. 

Enemies: Wolf and man. 

Diseases: Epizooties of foot-and-mouth disease, rarely anthrax, frequently sheep 

pox, and intestinal worms. Pop et al. (1973) said that, from the dipterans, the 

horseflies lay their eggs and larvae develops in the throat of the red deer. 

Fig. 24 - Distribution in Romania of the species Alces alces, Cervus elaphus, Duma duma


The causes of the individual number change: Changins of the natural state of the 

prefered ecosistems and the anthropic pressure. 

Number in captivity: Most of the Zoological Gardens and Parks shelter individuals 

of Cewus elaphus among other mammal species. At the Zoological Garden from 

Bucharest there are red deers. 

Breeding in captivity: In captivity, they reproduce but there aren't special 

reproduction programmes for release them in the wild. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (1 979), Appdix 111; Law of 

the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996)' Appendix No 1 - partial 

protection by prohibition periods; Directive 92/43/EEC, Appendix IV; International 

protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) suggested the species Cewus 

elaphus to be declared monument of nature. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dungrii - Studii $i ComunicSri de Ecologie". 




COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegeticg - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetgri forestiere $i 

cinegetice En Delta Dunarii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvicg. Bucuresti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. $tiin\ificS, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 - Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Bacgu. Sect. $t. 






Genus Duma Frisch, 1775 

Duma dama (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Cerbul lopiitar; E = Fallow deer; F = Daim europken; 

G = Damhirsch; RU = Lan'. 


of over-exploitation. BE3; LV1; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: It originates in Turkey, probably in Macedonia, too; at 

the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th one it was introduced in 

South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and in the entire American continent. 

Distribution in Romania: At the middles of the 19th century it was colonized in 

western Romania. Written data are from 1904, when the Sarlota Hunting Park - 

Timiq was founded. Some individuals escaped from this park but they remained in 

some limited areas. Cglinescu (193 1) noted: Sdmbiita de Jos - Fiigiiraq, Sarlota and 

Banloc - Timi$, Sochodor -Arad and Balc - Oradea. After the Second World War it 

was colonized almost in all counties of Romania. Vasiliu (1961) mentioned


localities: Turda, FBgBraq, $arlota - Timiq, Baloc - Timiqoara, Sohodor - Arad, Balc 

- Oradea and Posada - Prahova. Vasiliu (1961) mentioned it from: Posada - 

Prahova, Le~ile-Mozacu - Argeq, Buriaqu, Balta NeagrB-Malu Roqu, Brlnzeasca 

and Ciornuleasa - all from Wallachia, Re~ca and Hotiireni - Oltenia, Flntlnele - 

BacBu, Poieni - Iaqi, PBtrButi -Suceava - all from Moldavia. For Transylvania he 

noted: Sohodor, Cetariu, Fagul - Oradea, Valea LungB, Hateg, Silinuf, Petreqti, 

DumbrBveni, Hodoq, $arlota and Bata. Andreescu et al. (1979) mentioned the 

species from TigBneqti - Scroviqtea - Ilfov Agricultural District. Murariu et al. 

(1982) mentioned localities DrBgBneqti Vlaqca and Reqca, and Murariu (1987) noted 

locality Negreqti Oaq (Fig. 24). 

Biotope: Generally in the clearings of the circumediterranean forests, adapting well 

to the dry and warm climate, and also proving a slight adaptation to all ecological 

conditions, excepting the alpine ones. 


Reproduction: They breed in September-October. Gestation lasts 229 days in 

Europe and 237 days in New Zealand. The single calf which is born har a darker fur 

than that of its parents and horinzontal rows of white spots; it weights 4-5 kg. 

Suckling lasts 6-7 months. Sexual maturity is reached in the second year of life 

(when it is 16-17 months old); after that females can reproduce every year, but the 

males at the age of 4 years old. Adult size is reached by the females at the age of 4 - 

6, and the males 5-9. In captivity, longevity is of 20 years. 

Rivals: Deers and man. 

Enemies: Hunters, heavy winters and wolf. Foxes, martens and big eagles catch 

mainly the calves. 

Diseases: Horseflies and different intestinal and lung worms. 

The causes of the individual number change: Poaching and heavy winters. 

Number in captivity: Most of the Zoos have fallow deers in their collections. 

Breeding in captivity: They reproduce captivity, but there aren't programmes for 

rearing them for the wildlife. 




Necessary protection measures: Murariu (1995) suggested the species Duma 

dama to be included between the protected species. 


ALMASAN, H., 1985 - Consideratiuni privind valorificarea resurselor cinegetice ale Deltei Dunirii in 

conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunirii - Studii $i Comuniciiri de Ecologie". 


CALMESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Romlniei. Repartilia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 



cinegetice in Delta Dunfirii". ICF Ed. Agro-SilvicB. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintifici, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 




Press. Baltimore and London, 2: 643-1629.


Nat. Studii $i Comunic5ri (Partea a Il-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 





Genus Capreolus Gray, 182 1 

Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Ciprioara; E = Roe deer; F = Chevreuil europken; G = Reh; 

RU = Evropeiskaya kosulya. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: V - species with populations that are still 

abundant but are under threat from severe adverse factors. BE3; LVl; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: From Spain eastwards the coast of the Pacific Ocean, 

and by altitude - from Norway to Italy and the Caucasus Mountains. From Minor 

Asia northwards in Syria, Irak, Iran, Siberia, Altai, in Kazakstan, northern 

Mongolia, China and Korea. In England it disappears since the 18th century, but 

populations were remade after the reintroductions from the 20th century. In North 

Americait was introduced also in the 20th century. 

Distribution in Romania: All over the country, from plain to the coniferous forests. 

It is absent in the rocky areas of the high mountains, over the forest limits. Cilinescu 

(1931) cited the counties: Arad, Timiq and Ilfov. From Banat cited: Timiqoara (Casa 

Verde), Piqchia, Sarlota, Lipova, Baziaq, Hitiaq, Cheverequl Mare, Dumbrava, 

Iersig, Banloc, Bocqa Montanl, Oravifa, Sasca, Staierdorf-Anina, Craqova, Moldova 

Noul, Staierul Boqniacului, Caransebeqului Mountains, Teregovei, Poiana Mirului, 

Tarcu, Godenile, Clopotiva, Bucova, Orqova, Cernei and Vilcanului Mountains, the 

region of Tismana, Boroqtenilor, Runc, Dobrita, Cloqani; Mountains Sebeqului: 

Cibinului, Parbngului, Lotrului, Flgiraqului, BLsei (Perqani), Piatra Craiului, 

Miigura Codlei, Bucegi, Piatra Mare, Ciucaqul; Buziul Ardelean, Harghita, Bistrita- 

Nislud, Iad-Nisgud, Valea Bistritei, Valea Leqului, Dosul Stiniqoarei, Dordea, 

Dumitrita, Petri?, Cuqma, Paringului, Rodnei and Maramureqului Mountains, Arieq 

and Ampoi; in Moldavia - Iaqi, Filciu and Vaslui. From Dobrogea he cited: 

Niculijel, Micin, Telija, Atmagea, Caramanchioi, Caildere, Babadag, Slava, Greci, 

Luncavita and Isaccea. Bogdan (1966) cited the roe deer from Cimpia Transilvaniei. 

Andreescu et al. (1979) cited it from Tigineqti and Scroviqtea, Snagov-Sat, Malu 

Spart, Blejeqti, Drlgine~ti Vlaqca, Lunca, Comana and Prundu. Bazilescu et al. 

(1980) cited: Gorjului Mountains, Desna - western Carpathians, Drigoeqti, 

Ciola-Arad, Valea Cernei, Galitia, Novaci-Gorj, Oltenia, Bumbeqti - Gorj and 

Melineqti - Dolj. Murariu et al. (1982) mentioned Boiasca Mici - Ialomifa, 

Crevedia Mare - Giurgiu, Snagov and Tigineqti - Ilfov Agricultural District, 

Driglneqti Vlaqca, Vidra and Bleje~ti - Teleorman, Costeqti - Argeq, Corbu and 

Scomiceqti - Olt. Torcea et al. (1 985) mentioned Ostrovul Mare - Mehedinti. Murariu 

(1987) mentioned Foieni, Turulung Vii, Migura Bitarci - Halmei-Vii (Fig. 25). 

Biotope: It prefers the mixtures of deciduous forests with cultivated lands. Also, the 

rich young woods near the cultivated lands are places sought by the roe deer. It is 

considered that a new land ecotypes appreared, in which species adapted, that is the 

open cultivated terrains with cereals.



Reproduction: They mate in July - August and later on, in November - December. 

Because of that the roes deer gestation lasts either 40 weeks or 22 weeks. Why? 

Because after they mate in summer, the fecundation of the ovule takes place 

immediately, but the embryo ceases to develop for four month, remaining in a latent 

period. For the roe deer which mate in November - December the fecundated ovule 

doesn't remain in the latent period, but it develops normally, continuously. In May, 

every female gives birth to 1 - 3 calves (usually two). These ones have longitudinal 

rows of white spots on their body. Suckling lasts 5 months. Sexual maturity is 

reached when they are a year and four months. Longevity is of 10 - 12 years, but 

also there were recorded 17 years. 

Rivals: Cervidae species which are looking for the same biotopes. Man. 

Enemies: Hunters, wolf, big birds of prey which catch especially the caves. 

Diseases: Ectoparasites, especially mallophaga; endoparasites are present in 

infestations with different kinds of intestinal worms. 

The causes of the individual number change: As regards the roe deer we can talk 

about increasing populations as long as there aren't heavy winters, with high snow 

and the individuals cannot search for food. Poaching is another element which 

diminish the roe deer populations. The attack of the wolves and big birds of prey is 

is important, especially in the alpine forest areas. 

Number in captivity: Roe deer is a pleasant presence in all Zoos; these ones shelter 

several tens of individuals. 

Breeding in captivity: It is possible to reproduce in captivity, but there aren't 

repopulating programmes of new land surfaces with individuals caught also in the 

wild. 




Necessary protection measures: Education in poaching control and in 

savinglrealising of the individuals blocked in snow drifts. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta DunSrii - Studii $i Comuniciri de Ecologie". 


CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Rominiei. Repartifia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 



cinegetice in Delta DunSrii". ICF Ed. Agro-SilvicS. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. StiintificS, Bucure~ti, 2: 1-190 (in 

Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. BacSu. Sect. St. 

Nat. Studii $i ComunicSri (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 



x x x 1996 - Legea Nr. 103, a fondului cinegetic $i a protectiei vlnatuluiMonit. Ofic. Nr. 235127 sept. 

1996 (in Romanian).


Family Bovidae Gray, 182 1 

Genus Ovis Linnaeus, 1758 

Ovis ammon ( Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Muflonul; E = Mouflon; F = Mouflon miditerranien; 

G = Mufflon; RU = Evropeiskii muflon. 

IUCN Statute and conservation: E - species in danger of extinction because of the 

habitats destruction and the introduction of livestock into protected areas. BE3; 

LV1; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Corsica and Sardinia, Cyprus, Anatolia, Armenia, 

northern and eastern Irak, Iran, Turkistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, western side of the 

Hindus River, northern India, Pamir, Tibet Tableland, Tien Shan Mountains up to 

the Altai Mountains to Gobi and in Mongolia. In Europe, in California, Texas, 

Hawaii, Argentina and Kerguelen Islands it was introduced mainly from the originar 

lots from Corsica, Sardinia and Cyprus. 

Distribution in Romania: It was introduced in the first half of the 20th century in 

the Balc Hunting Park - Bihor; population was poached entirely after the Second 

World War. The mouflons introduced in 1930 also disappeared, probably caught by 

wolves. In 1954 Valea Lung5 Hunting Park was repopulated with several females 

and two males, but they didn't resist there, too. In 1966 and 1967 37 mouflons were 

brought and released at Negureni, on the land of B5neasa Forest Range, from 

Dobrogea. In 1996 I could saw only a ram and five sheep, in the fold, at Negureni, 

under the forester's care; the others had been poached. Other 10 individuals were 

introduced in the little Iezer Park - Alba and at Ghime~ - Bacau (Fig. 25). About 15 

mouflons are in the Zoos from Romania. 

Biotope: Wide distribution of the mouflon presumes a large variety of biotopes in 

which it can live: opne hilly areas, bushes, plain and alpine forests. 


Reproduction: They breed in October - November, when the dominant ram fights 

for removing the young or weaker ones. It was remarked that the females accepts 

easier to mate with the males with bigger horns. Gestation lasts 150-170 days 

(22-24 weeks). The only lamb (rarely two) which is born weights 3-5 kg. Soon the 

lambs gather themselves and look for their mother when they suckle. They are 

weaned after 4 - 6 weeks. Sexual maturity is reached when they are one year old, but 

only females can breed every year; males reproduce after they will be 7 years old or 

sooner, if the dominant male dies. Longevity is of 10 years in most of the cases, but 

there are records of 20 - 24 years, especially the lazy rams with a limited access for 

reproduction. 

Rivals: Domestic sheep; man. 

Enemies: Wolf and hunter, poacher. 

Diseases: Different microbial diseases and infestations with helminths. 

The causes of the individual number change: First of all poaching and then the 

different diseases, the action of the predators or habitat changings. 

Number in captivity: Practically, about the small mouflon populations from 

Romania we can say that all are in captivity, as a measure for saving the last 

specimens of a total population of 300 individuals, in 1990. 

Breeding in captivity: Because every sheep gives birth to a single lamb and not all 

reache the adult stage, the population increases extremely slow, in spite of the 

reproduction control in captivity.





Necessary protection measures: Inclusion in Appendix No 2 of the Law of the 

Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection for total protection and forbiden hunting. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunirii - Studii $i Comunicari de Ecologie". 


CALINESCU, R., 1931 - Mamiferele Rom2niei. Repartilia $i problemele lor biogeografice- 

economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 1: 1-103 (in Romanian). 

COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetici - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetiri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunirii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvici. Bucurevti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Rominia. Ed. StiinfificB, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 











Genus Rupicapra Blainville, 18 16 

Rupicapra rupicapra (Linnaeus, 1 75 8) 

Common name: RO = Capra neagrii; E = Alpine chamois; F = Chamois; 

G = Gemse; RU = Serna. 


habitat disturbances and overhunting. BE3; LVl; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: From the French and Swiss Alps, eastwards in the 

Romanian Carpathians and Czech Tatra Mountains, in the Caucasus and in Turkey. 

In New Zealand it was introduced by the Europeans. 

Distribution in Romania: Bucegi Mountains, Piatra Craiului, Fiigiiraq, Retezat, 

Paring, Lotrului Mountains, Ciipitlnii; Tarcu, Siriului and in Pietrosul Rodnei 

Mountains (Fig. 25). 

Biotope: In summer it prefers the alpine and subalpine lawns over the coniferous 

forests. In winter it can come down, in the woods, till the altitude of 500 m, 

searching for rocky places or areas where snow-storms don't reach, and for having 

access to food. 


Reproduction: They breed in November. Then the dominant males remove or even 

kill the younger ones not to come around the goats flock. Gestation lasts 170 days, 

thus in May-June the kids are born; rarely twins or triplets are born. The kid can go 

after its mother after an hour since its birth, and at the age of some days they can 

jump, when the flock is moving. If a mother is killed, another goart takes care of the 

orphan kid. Kids remain near the goat group till the age of 2-3 years. Those 

groups/flocks are led by an old goat, usually sterile, vigilant all the time: when it 

opnes paths, when any kind of danger appear, it always being first. After thet the 

kids separate from the gosts, going to different places, most of the time solitary, till


the age of 8-9 years, when they are completely mature and can gather another goat 

flock, seasonally. Longevity is of 22 years. 

Rivals: Man. In the Romanian fauna there aren't other goats which can compete 

with it (e.g. Ibex). 

Enemies: First of all, man and then lynx and golden eagle which catch the kids. 

Rarely, the wolf tries to climb the rocky walls with which the Alpine chamois is so 

familiar. 

Diseases: Epozooties of purulent ophthalmia with an evolution to blinding and 

death; foot-and-mouth disease, often with germs of the domestic cattles, which 

reached the biotopes of the Alpine chamois. Sheep sturdy, generated by the parasite 

Multiceps multiceps, was also mentioned in the Alpine chamois. 

The causes of the individual number change: Ilegal hunting, excesive, especially 

after 1990. 

Number in captivity: Zoological Gardens and Parks have about 20 individuals of 

Alpine chamois in their collections. 

Breeding in captivity: Kid can be born in captivity, but only for the Zoos, not for 

letting them free. 

Present protection measures: The Bern Convention (l979), Appendix 111; Law of 



Necessary protection measures: The inclusion of the species Rupicapra rupi- 

capra, at least temporarily in Appendix No 2 of the Law of the Cynegetic Fund and

COMMENTED RED L1ST;OF THE ROMANIAN MAMMALS 36 1 

Hunting Protection, with total protection and forbidden hunting. An additional 

argument for this species which faces a drastic decreasing of the number of 

individuals during the last decade and for the stature of the Alpine chamois as 

natural monument (Murariu, 1995). 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta DunBrii - Studii $i Comuniciri de Ecologie". 



economice. Bul. Min. Agric. Domen., 25 I: 1-103 (in Romanian). 

COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegetich - aspecte actuale. In: "CercetBri forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunirii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvici. Bucure~ti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintifich, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in Romanian). 




Press. Baltimore and London, 2: 643-1 629. 

VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. BacBu. Sect. St. 

Nat. Studii $i Comunicfiri (Partea a 11-a): 1-296 (in Romanian). 





Genus Bison H. Smith, 1827 

Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) 

Common name: RO = Zimbrul; E = European bison; F = Bison d'Europe; 

G = Wisent; RU = Zubr. 


intensive environmental disturbances. BE3; LV2; IP; NP. 

Geographical distribution: Its origin was from southern Sweden southwards in the 

Pyrenees Mountains and Balkans, and eastwards - the Don River and in the 

Caucasus Mountains. In France it was present till the 6th century (!); in Germany, 

Romania and western Russia it survived till the 18th and 19th centuries; in the 

Caucasus Mountains and Poland - till the first half of the 20th century. Today, in 

Poland, Romania, western Russia and in the Caucasus Mountains it is present as a 

rezultat of the reintroduction programmes of the European bison. 

Distribution in Romania: In 1958 and 1967 it is reintroduce in Slivut - Hafeg, 

Trivale - Piteqti, Neamplui Mountains, Poiana Braqov and at the Zoo of Bucharest 

(Fig. 25). 

Biotope: Clearings of the deciduous forests from the hilly and mountain areas, with 

a rich young wood and wet places, even muddy. It goes up to the limit of the 

coniferous forests, for the alpine lawn. 

Estimated number of the i~dividuals in a population: About 40 individuals. 

Reproduction: Breeding season is in July-September. Next spring, after a gestion 

of 260-270 days females give birth to a single calf; this one weights 15-25 kg and it 

can follow its mother after only 3-4 hours since its birth. Suckling lasts 7-12 

months. Full adult stage is reached at the age of six, for males, and of 3, for females. 

Longevity in the wild is of 20 years; in captivity, a bull lived 40 years.


Rivals: First, the man and then big plant eater mammals which use the same 

biotopes. 

Enemies: Man, wolf and bear. 

Diseases: Microbial diseases, especially tuberculosis, but also degenerative diseases 

due to the consanguinity of the individual from very small populations. 

The causes of the individual number change: Anthropic pressure on the prefered 

biotopes and poaching. 

Number in captivity: Four individuals in the Zoological Garden from Bucharest. 

Breeding in captivity: The hope of maintaining the this specis in the Romanian 

fauna is reflected in reproduction programmes in captivity and their releasing in the 

wild. In Europe, only 60% of the individuals originates in reproduction in a free 

state; the other 40% are reproduced in captivity. 


the Cynegetic Fund and Hunting Protection (1996), Appendix No 2 - total 

protection by forbidden hunting; International protection; National protection. 

Necessary protection measures: Declaring of the species as natural monument 

(Murariu, 1995) and the initiaion of reproduction programmes for young releasings 

in the wild. 



conditiile mentinerii echilibrului ecologic. "Delta Dunsrii - Studii $i Comuniciri de Ecologie". 




COTA, V., ANDONE, GH., 1960 - Fauna cinegeticg - aspecte actuale. In: "Cercetari forestiere $i 

cinegetice in Delta Dunirii". ICF Ed. Agro-Silvici. Bucure~ti: 99-107 (in Romanian). 

POP, I., HOMEI, V., 1973 - Mamifere din Romlnia. Ed. Stiintificg, Bucurevti, 2: 1-190 (in 

Romanian). 





VASILIU, G. D., $OVA, C., 1968 -Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae. (Index). Muz. Jud. Bacau. Sect. St. 






ACNOWLEDGEMENTS 

The author address his grateful thanks to Mrs. Mihaela Achim for translation of the paper, to 

Dr. lleana Negoescu for useful comments on the manuscript, to Mrs. Petruta Dumitrica and Mrs. Maria 

Dote for their valuable technical help, filling in the maps. 

LISTA COMENTATA A SPECIILOR DE MAMIFERE SUSCEPTIBILE A FI TRECUTE 

IN CARTEA RO$IE A FAUNEI ROMANIEI 

REZUMAT 

Spre deosebire de plante, pentru care exist5 o serie de liste cu specii periclitate, pentru animale 

aceasta este o prima incercare de completare a listei vertebratelor din Romlnia, care va constitui baza 

C%r(ii Rovii.


Din aproximativ 100 de specii de mamifere din fauna (ilrii, 66 au nevoie de mssuri suplimentare 

celor existente, de conservare a ecosistemelor $i habitatelor naturale, pentru mentinerea $i 

refacere? populatiilor in continuu declin numeric. 

In lists sunt reprezentanti a vapte ordine de mamifere din Rominia, apaqinind la 19 familii ~i 

42 genuri. Unele specii au deja statut de ocrotire, fiind declarate chiar monumente ale naturii (Lynx 

lynx, Rupicapra rupicapra); altele sunt ocrotite prin Legea fondului cinegetic $i a protecfiei vinatului 

(Nr. 19311996, Anexele I $i 2), iar altele exists in anexele Legii Nr. 1311993 pentru aderarea Rominiei 

la Conventia priviqd conservarea vietii sillbatice $i a habitatelor din Europa, adoptat5 la Berna la 19 

septembrie 1979. In sfir~it, tinind seama de situatia localYnational8, mai exists o serie de specii 

incluse pentru prima data in lista celor care trebuie ocrotite. 

Received: March 20, 2000 

Accepted: May 3. 2000 

Muzeul Na/ional de Istorie Nalurali "Grigore Antipa" 

$os. KiseleffNt: I - 79744, Buc~lre~ti 2 

Romcinia 

e-mail: dmurariu@antipa.ro

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