Enzymatic Treatment of Wool with Modified Proteases

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The research described in this thesis was performed at the Departamento Têxtil da Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém and was financially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia by means <strong>of</strong> a PhD grant (PRAXIS XXI/BD/1292/2000) and by EU funding for PROTEX project G1RD-CT-2002-00695. i
À minha familia, pela beleza da Vida, da Partilha e do Amor! ii
Page 1 and 2: UNIVERSIDADE DO MINHO ESCOLA DE ENG
Page 3: SUPERVISOR Prof. Doutor Artur Cavac
Page 7 and 8: ABSTRACT The tendency of wool to fe
Page 9 and 10: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT IV RESUM
Page 11 and 12: 4.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 86 4.3.1
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2.3 - Langmuir isotherm (—
Page 15 and 16: Figure 5.2 - Contour plot showing t
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION "The
Page 19 and 20: of the fibres, thus removing the cu
Page 21 and 22: many fabrics have been manufactured
Page 23 and 24: synthetics; a factor which is a key
Page 25 and 26: which was Australia, where the bree
Page 27 and 28: O O O O O R R HN HN HN HN NH NH NH
Page 29 and 30: cuticle cells are composed of three
Page 31 and 32: 1.1.3 FELTING AND SHRINKAGE One of
Page 33 and 34: will be described later (section 1.
Page 35 and 36: Bleaching Only a small percentage o
Page 37 and 38: chemical attack on the cuticle of t
Page 39 and 40: characteristics and their propertie
Page 41 and 42: dominate the market, accounting for
Page 43 and 44: $ Millions 1400 1200 1000 800 600 4
Page 45 and 46: Probably the largest application of
Page 47 and 48: They are numerous and widespread, s
Page 49 and 50: prevents the enzyme from contaminat
Page 51 and 52: Generally it is found that covalent
Page 53 and 54: second step should be the modificat
Page 55 and 56:
pectinases, lipases and cellulases
Page 57 and 58:
treatment but always with correspon
Page 59 and 60:
1.5 DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS In resear
Page 61 and 62:
despite being a vital component to
Page 63 and 64:
among others; though this methodolo
Page 65 and 66:
CHAPTER 2 TREATMENT OF WOOL FIBRES
Page 67 and 68:
2.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.2.1 ENZY
Page 69 and 70:
2.2.6 FELTING AND PILLING Felting a
Page 71 and 72:
2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Protease
Page 73 and 74:
adsorption. This was manifested in
Page 75 and 76:
higher, indicating wool fibre degra
Page 77 and 78:
Table 2.1 - Values for the relative
Page 79 and 80:
activity could not adsorb considera
Page 81 and 82:
3. CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS ON PROTEI
Page 83 and 84:
phosphate buffer pH 7.5. Aggregatio
Page 85 and 86:
of the unmodified standard and modi
Page 87 and 88:
interactions among them. As can be
Page 89 and 90:
having about 20 fold the size of un
Page 91 and 92:
A 280 nm 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 E 0
Page 93 and 94:
found that with 0.25% GTA, the degr
Page 95 and 96:
disrupted form, which means, in the
Page 97 and 98:
4. THE USE OF REVERSIBLY WATER-SOLU
Page 99 and 100:
4.2.4 STABILITY MEASUREMENTS The fr
Page 101 and 102:
4.2.8 WOOL PRE-TREATMENTS AND ENZYM
Page 103 and 104:
4.3.1 EFFECT OF PH AND TEMPERATURE
Page 105 and 106:
time increased about 5 fold. At roo
Page 107 and 108:
values upon immobilization have bee
Page 109 and 110:
given in Figure 4.4. The Eudragit-E
Page 111 and 112:
treatment. In the case of native Es
Page 113 and 114:
already referred. The fibers that w
Page 115 and 116:
CHAPTER 5 OPTIMIZATION OF A SERINE
Page 117 and 118:
5.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 5.2.1 ENZY
Page 119 and 120:
Table 5.1 - Factor levels used acco
Page 121 and 122:
and the coupling time were also var
Page 123 and 124:
These high complexes might correspo
Page 125 and 126:
5.3.1 EFFECT OF PARAMETERS IN CONJU
Page 127 and 128:
The contour plot for the activity i
Page 129 and 130:
model did not show lack of fit and
Page 131 and 132:
5.3.3 EFFECT OF PARAMETERS IN CONJU
Page 133 and 134:
Table 5.6 - Analysis of variance (A
Page 135 and 136:
concentration were kept at its lowe
Page 137 and 138:
Specific Activity (U/mg) 10 8 6 4 2
Page 139 and 140:
CHAPTER 6 GENERAL DISCUSSION "The w
Page 141 and 142:
The fact that the proteases were bi
Page 143 and 144:
compound. Several other approaches
Page 145 and 146:
CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PE
Page 147 and 148:
7.2 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Further stu
Page 149 and 150:
BIBLIOGRAPHY "Nothing in this world
Page 151 and 152:
Bigi A, Cojazzi G, Panzavolta S, Ru
Page 153 and 154:
Cong L, Kaul R, Dissing U, Mattiass
Page 155 and 156:
Fiadeiro JM, Roldan L, Stevens C, F
Page 157 and 158:
Julia MR, Pascual E, Erra P (2000).
Page 159 and 160:
Negri AP, Cornell HJ, Rivett DE (19
Page 161 and 162:
Sardar M, Roy I, Gupta MN (2000). S
Page 163 and 164:
Teotia S, Sharma S, Gupta MN (2003)
Page 165 and 166:
APPENDIX A TREATMENT OF ANIMAL HAIR
Page 167 and 168:
WO 03/097927 PCT/PT02700008 DESCRIP
Page 169 and 170:
Several enzymatic methods have been
Page 171 and 172:
warming and stirring, activated, an
Page 173 and 174:
treatment was conducted at 37ºC, f
Page 175 and 176:
damage just the cortex layer of the
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