titre 1 : Biolubricants : technical and market survey - Valbiom

Biolubricants: technical and market survey 

January 2012 – July 2012 

PATENT: new patents on biolubes (C10M) since January 2012…………....….01-14 

TECHNICAL SIDE: what’s new from labs?.……………………………………………..15-50 

LCA...................................................................................................................../ 

POLICY…………………………………………………………………………………………………..51 

LEGISLATION………………………………………………………………………………………….../ 

ON THE WEB................................................................................................52-59 

ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE………………………………………………………….…………..60-62 

Author: Julie Roïz, roiz@valbiom.be, +32 81 62 23 50. 

ValBiom – Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech – Université de Liège 

Document « FARR-Wal » - Avec le soutien de la Région wallonne – DGO3 

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01-- PATENT: ESTER OILS 

Publication number: WO2012024808 (A1) 

Publication date: 2012-03-01 

Inventor: LAEMMLE PATRICK [CH]; WALTERSPIEL BERNARDO [CH]; WOYDT MATHIAS 

[DE] 

Applicant: PANOLIN AG [CH]; LAEMMLE PATRICK [CH]; WALTERSPIEL BERNARDO [CH]; 

WOYDT MATHIAS [DE] 

Category: C10M105/36; C10M105/38 

According to a first aspect, an ester oil, in particular for producing a hydraulic fluid 

and/or a lubricant, containing an esterification product from the esterification of at least 

one monoalcohol with at least one polycarboxylic acid, is characterized in that the 

monoalcohol and/or the polycarboxylic acid originates from renewable raw materials. 

According to a second aspect, an ester oil, in particular for producing a hydraulic fluid 

and/or a lubricant, containing an esterification product from the esterification of at least 

one monocarboxylic acid with at least one dialcohol, is characterized in that the dialcohol 

and/or the monocarboxylic acid originates from renewable raw materials. 

02-- PATENT: VEGETABLE OIL OF HIGH DIELECTRIC PURITY, METHOD FOR 

OBTAINING SAME AND USE IN AN ELECTRICAL DEVICE 

Patent number: US2012061629 (A1) 


Inventor: PULIDO SANCHEZ ALBERTO JOSE [MX]; URZUA HERNANDEZ CARLOS MANUEL 

[MX]; CAZARES MENDEZ SERGIO FRANCISCO [MX]; VILLARREAL RIOS JERONIMO R 

[MX]; CONTRERAS DE LEON JOSE EULALIO [MX]; GUERRA ZUBIAGA DAVID APOLINAR 

[MX] 

Applicant: / 

Category: C10M101/04; H01B3/20 

A dielectric high purity vegetable oil-free from antioxidants and/or external additives to 

be used in electric equipment such as transformers, as isolating element and as cooling 

means and a method for obtaining the same in which the dielectric high purity vegetable 

oil-is obtained by means of the optimization of the bleaching steps-and deodorizing-from 

the Refining process-known as Modified Caustic Refining Long-Mix (RBD). 

03-- PATENT: LUBRICANT ADDITIVES 



Inventor: BLOOM PAUL [US] 

Applicant: ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND CO [US] 

Category: C10G3/00; C10M129/70; C10M145/22 

Processes are described for producing liquid, biobased lubricant additives containing from 

50 to 100% biobased carbon according to ASTM D6866 from heat-bodied oils by 

transesterification with biobased or petroleum based alcohols and by hydrotreatment of 

at least the resulting diesters, triesters and polyesters. 

04-- PATENT: BIOLUBRICANT ESTERS FROM THE ALCOHOLS OF UNSATURATED 

FATTY ACIDS 

Patent number: MX2011013133 (A) 





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Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US]; ELOMARI SALEH; ZHOU ZHEN 

Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US] 

Category: C07C29/10D4; C07C29/147; C07C67/08; C07C69/30; C10M129/74 

The present invention is generally directed to triester-based lubricant compositions. The 

present invention is also directed to methods of making these and other similar lubricant 

compositions. In some embodiments, the methods for making such triester-based 

lubricants utilize a biomass precursor comprising mono-unsaturated fatty acids, wherein 

such mono-unsaturated fatty acids are reduced to mono-unsaturated fatty alcohols en 

route to the synthesis of triester species for use as/in the triester-based lubricant 

compositions. Subsequent steps in such synthesis may employ carboxylic acids and/or 

acyl halides/anhydrides derived from biomass and/or Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 

05-- PATENT: SYNTHESIS OF BIOLUBRICANT ESTERS FROM UNSATURATED 

FATTY ACID DERIVATIVES 

Patent number: MX2011013030 (A) 


Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US]; ELOMARI SALEH A; ZHOU ZHEN 

Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US] 

Category: C07C29/132; C07C29/147; C07C67/08; C10M105/38; C11C3/00; C11C3/12 

The present invention is generally directed to diester-based lubricant compositions 

comprising one or more isomeric mixtures of diester species. The present invention is 

also directed to methods of making these and other similar lubricant compositions. In 

some embodiments, the methods for making such diester-based lubricants utilize a 

biomass precursor material from which mono-unsaturated free lipid species can be 

provided or otherwise generated, wherein such mono-unsaturated free lipid species are 

converted to isomeric diol species en route to the synthesis of diester species for use 

as/in the diester-based lubricant compositions. 

06-- PATENT: STABILISER AND ADDITIVE COMPOUND FOR COMBUSTION 

ENGINES 

Patent number: CH703950 (B1) 


Inventor: SCHAEFER VOLKER DR [DE]; BOTZ OTTO HEINRICH [CH] 

Applicant: NATOIL AG [CH] 

Category: C10M129/00; C10M141/06 

Use of stabilizer composition comprising (A) at least one epoxidized natural oil and/or 

fatty acid ester (a1) and (a2) at least one epoxidized natural fatty acid glyceride, as 

component (A) with a sterically hindered phenol as component (B), for the stabilizing 

crude oil, at least partially refined oil or synthetic esters, is claimed. An independent 

claim is included for an additive composition comprising the components (A) and (B). 

07-- PATENT: LUBRICANT FOR POWDER METALLURGY 



Inventor: RAPP LINDENAU RENE [DE]; WIMBERT LARS [DE] 

Applicant: / 

Category: B22F1/00A4N; C04B35/632; C10M105/38; C10M105/40; C10M169/04 




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A lubricant for use in a powder mixture is disclosed. This lubricant contains carnauba wax 

and at least one plant- or animal-based fat. A powder mixture using this lubricant can be 

used to compact green parts have higher densities and helps to improve the life of the 

tools compacting the powder. 

08-- PATENT: CONVERSION OF VEGETABLE OILS TO BASE OILS AND 

TRANSPORTATION FUELS 

Patent number: WO2012030646 (A2) 


Inventor: MILLER STEPHEN J [US] 

Applicant: CHEVRON USA INC [US]; MILLER STEPHEN JOSEPH [US] 

Category: C10G3/00; C10G45/58; C10G50/00; C10G57/02; C10G65/04D; C10G69/12P; 

C10L1/08; C10L1/16B; C10M101/00; C10M105/04; C10M107/10; Y02E50/13. 

The present invention is directed to methods (processes) and systems for processing 

triglyceride-containing, biologically-derived oils to provide for base oils and transportation 

fuels, wherein partial oligomerization of fatty acids contained therein provide for an 

oligomerized mixture from which the base oils and transportation fuels can be extracted. 

Such methods and systems can involve an initial hydrotreating step or a direct 

isomerization of the oligomerized mixture. 

09-- PATENT: NON-AQUEOUS LUBRICANT AND FUEL COMPOSITIONS 

COMPRISING FATTY ACID ESTERS OF HYDROXY- CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, AND 

USES THEREOF 



Inventor: WEST KEVIN RICHARD [GB] 

Applicant: CASTROL LTD [GB]; WEST KEVIN RICHARD [GB] 

Category: C10L1/19; C10L1/19F; C10L10/08; C10M129/70; C10M129/76; C10M129/78 

The use as an anti-wear additive and/or friction modifier in a non-aqueous lubricant 

composition and/or in a fuel composition of at least one long chain fatty acid ester of a 

hydroxy carboxylic acid in which the long chain fatty acid has at least 4 carbon atoms 

and the ester is an oil-soluble ester of a mono- or poly- hydroxy carboxylic acid having 1 

to 4 groups which are independently carboxylic acid groups or lower hydrocarbyl esters 

thereof and in which, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a mono-hydroxy carboxylic 

acid, the ester has a long chain fatty acid ester moiety of the hydroxy group of the 

hydroxy carboxylic acid and, when the hydroxy carboxylic acid is a poly-hydroxy 

carboxylic acid, the ester has independently long chain fatty acid ester moieties of one or 

two of the hydroxy groups of the poly-hydroxy carboxylic acid. Also, a non-aqueous 

lubricant composition and a fuel composition for an internal combustion engine which 

comprises at least one of said long chain fatty acid esters. 

10-- PATENT: ASYMMETRIC ESTERS OF FATTY ACIDS USEFUL AS LUBRICANTS 

Patent number: EP2444388 (A1) 


Inventor: GARCIA COLOMER ALBERT [ES]; GRANERO TORNE FRANCESC [ES]; BELTRAN 

GIRALT LLUIS [ES]; PLANAS SAUTER ANTONI [ES] 

Applicant: IND QUIMICA LASEM S A [ES] 

Category: C10M105/42; C10M129/78 




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Composition comprising at least one ester of one or more saturated C 18 fatty acids and 

an alcohol, wherein the fatty acids have between 1 and 3 pairs of vicinal ester groups of 

formula R 1 COO-, the two vicinal ester groups in each pair being different, R 1 is a 

radical independently selected from linear or branched (C 1 -C 18 ) alkyl; and the alcohol 

is selected from the group consisting of a (C 1 -C 15 ) linear or branched monohydric 

alcohol and a (C 2 -C 6 ) polyhydric alcohol having between 2 and 4 hydroxyl groups 

obtainable by a process comprising: a) epoxidizing a product comprising at least an ester 

of an unsaturated C 18 fatty acid and of an alcohol; followed by ring opening of the 

epoxide and b) reacting the compound obtained in step a) with a (C 1 -C 18 ) linear or 

branched carboxylic acid different from the one used in step a). The composition 

obtainable by the process of the invention is useful as lubricant base stock oil or as an 

additive to modulate the viscosity and/or the pour point of lubricant compounds. 

11-- PATENT: ALKOXYLATED CARBOHYDRATE ESTERS AND THEIR USE 



Inventor: MAINX HANS-GEORG [DE]; HOFER PETER [DE]; BUSCH STEFAN [DE]; 

MAHNKE EIKE-ULF [DE] 

Applicant: COGNIS IP MAN GMBH [DE] 

Category: C07C67/03; C07H13/06; C10M105/38 

Suggested are new adducts of on average 1 to 80 moles ethylene oxide and/or propylene 

oxide to esters of carbohydrates selected from the group consisting of dextrose, 

saccharose, maltose and maltotriose. 

12-- PATENT: ENVIRONMENTALLY-FRIENDLY LUBRICANT COMPOSITIONS 



Inventor: MACPHERSON IAN [US]; PETTIGREW ANN [US] 

Applicant: AFTON CHEMICAL CORP [US] 

Category: C10M161/00; C10M171/00 

A lubricant additive composition having environmentally compatible characteristics as 

defined by European Council Directive 67/548/EEC is disclosed. Such a composition may 

include components selected from non-persistent materials, non-bioaccumulative 

materials, or non-toxic materials. 

13-- PATENT: ESTOLIDE DERIVATIVES PREPARED FROM TRIGLYCERIDES 



Inventor: NAIR SREEJIT [IN]; KAUJALGIKAR SAURABH [IN]; VINCI DANIELE [BE] 

Applicant: DOW GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES LLC [US]; NAIR SREEJIT [IN]; KAUJALGIKAR 

SAURABH [IN]; VINCI DANIELE [BE] 

Category: C10M105/42 

A process to prepare an estolide derivative composition comprises reacting a triglyceride 

having an unsaturation level of less than 0.1 m Eq/g and an alcohol having from 2 to 22 

carbon atoms, under conditions such that a product including an oligomerized ester 

having residual hydroxyl groups is formed; and reacting the product with a capping agent 

under conditions such that an estolide derivative composition is formed. The 

compositions may exhibit desirably low pour point, desirable viscosity and thermoxidative 




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stability, and a high level of renewable carbons, making them suitable for use as 

biolubricants, process fluids, plasticizers, or starting materials for polyurethane polymers. 

14-- PATENT: MODIFIED VEGETABLE OIL LUBRICANTS 



Inventor: ENECKE HERMAN PAUL [US]; GARBARK DANIEL B [US]; VIJAYENDRAN BHIMA 

RAO [US]; CAFMEYER JEFFREY [US] 

Applicant: BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE [US] 

Category: C10M105/42; C10M109/02; C11C3/00; C11C3/04 

Lubricants based on renewable feedstocks and methods of making them. 

15-- TECHNICAL SIDE: MICROWAVE-BASED MANUFACTURING FOR LOWER-COST 

BIOBASED LUBRICANTS AND CHEMICALS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF MICROWAVE- 

BASED PROCESSES FOR MANUFACTURING BIOBASED GREASE IS REVIEWED, 

AND THE ECONOMIC IMPACT THESE PROCESSES COULD HAVE IS PRESENTED 

(REVIEW) 

International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials 

Volume 23, Issue 6, June 2012, Pages 388-394 

L. Honary 

A new technique to heat oil, based on the same principle as the household microwave 

oven, could be used to manufacture biobased greases efficiently and with less danger of 

fire. 

16-- TECHNICAL SIDE: MICROWAVE BARREL REACTOR USE IN 

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE OLEATE SYNTHESIS BY CANDIDA ANTARCTICA LIPASE 

IN A BIPHASIC NON-SOLVENT PROCESS 

Green Chem., 2012, Advance Article 

Publication date 30 May 2012 

Manuel Happe, Pascal Grand, Sébastien Farquet, Sandrine Aeby, Jean-Claude 

Héritier, François Corthay, Eric Mabillard, Roger Marti, Ennio Vanoli, Alain- 

François Grogg, Samuel Nussbaum, Alain Roduit, François Tièche, Sam Salem, 

Carole Constantin, Esther Schmitt, Silvan Zahno, Christoph Ellert, Ahmed Habib, 

Julien Wyss and Fabian Fischer 

A novel microwave barrel reactor (MBR) was constructed and used in lipase catalyzed 

biolubricant synthesis. The MBR is thought as a versatile process tool for 

biotransformation and green chemistry that overcomes current size limitations in 

microwave reactors. A lipase mediated biotransformation in the MBR was compared to a 

state of the art jacketed reactor with external heat exchanger. Oleic acid and 

trimethylolpropane converted quantitatively (96%) into biolubricants using microwave 

induction. The heat dissipation in the MBR was analyzed by thermal imaging and inside 

thermometry. Conversion rates, rate constants and pseudo reaction orders were in line 

with conventional processing and no microwave effect was detected. The MBR is a 

versatile new reactor for non solvent, minimal and common solvent processing in the 

microwave field. While the subject of investigations was biolubricant synthesis in the 

MBR, the technology described is of wider potential interest in the field of biomass 

processing and sustainable chemical manufacture. 




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17-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHESIS OF TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE ESTERS WITH 

IMMOBILIZED LIPASE FROM CANDIDA SP. 99-125 

Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic 

Volume 74, Issue 3-4, February 2012, Pages 151-155 

Tao, Y. , Chen, B. , Liu, L. , Tan, T. 

The lubricants of the future have to be more environmentally adapted, have a higher 

level of performance. Synthesis esters (SEs) which can be used as raw materials for 

biodegradable lubricant base oils are increasing in popularity due to superior technical 

properties. Direct esterification of trimethylolpropane (TMP) with fatty acid in a solvent 

free system, by immobilized lipase from Candida sp. 99-125 was studied. Investigations 

of important factors were carried out involving temperature, time, enzyme amount, 

substrates molar ratio and water content. For 2 g caprylic acid, under the optimal 

conditions, with 0.4 g immobilized lipase, at substrates molar ratio 1:10 (TMP to acid), 

temperature 40 °C and water content controlled under 0.8% (w/w), the total conversion 

of fatty acid with TMP reached up to 96% and the formation of trisubstituted TMP esters 

reached 93%. Water content controlled during esterification process was found to be 

critical for high yield of direct esterification. 

18-- TECHNICAL SIDE: PRODUCTION OF CHEMOENZYMATIC CATALYZED 

MONOEPOXIDE BIOLUBRICANT: OPTIMIZATION AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL 

CHARACTERISTICS 

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 

Volume 2012, 2012, Article number 693848 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Abdullah, B.M. 

Linoleic acid (LA) is converted to per-carboxylic acid catalyzedby an immobilized lipase 

from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435). This per-carboxylic acid is only intermediate 

and epoxidized itself in good yields and almost without consecutive reactions. 

Monoepoxide linoleic acid 9(12)-10(13)-monoepoxy 12(9)-octadecanoic acid (MEOA) was 

optimized using D-optimal design. At optimum conditions, higher yield (82.14) and 

medium oxirane oxygen content (OOC) (4.91) of MEOA were predicted at 15L of H2O2, 

120mg of Novozym 435, and 7h of reaction time. In order to develop better-quality 

biolubricants, pour point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), and oxidative 

stability (OT) were determined for LA and MEOA. The results showed that MEOA 

exhibited good low-temperature behavior with PP of - 41 C. FP of MEOA increased to 128 

C comparing with 115 C of LA. In a similar fashion, VI for LA was 224 generally several 

hundred centistokes (cSt) more viscous than MEOA 130.8. The ability of a substance to 

resist oxidative degradation is another important property for biolubricants. Therefore, LA 

and MEOA were screened to measure their OT which was observed at 189 and 168 C, 

respectively. 

19-- TECHNICAL SIDE: NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANT ADDITIVES 

FOR IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF NEW BIOLUBRICANT FORMULATIONS 

J Agric Food Chem. 

2011 Dec 28;59(24):12917-24. Epub 2011 Dec 1. 

Quinchia LA, Delgado MA, Valencia C, Franco JM, Gallegos C. 

Knowledge of the oxidative stability of vegetable oils for lubricant applications is a key 

point, because vegetable oil oxidation potential is the main disadvantage for its use as a 

lubricant. Oil degradation after an oxidation process can seriously affect its lubricating 




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function and increase wear. In this work, two different methods for evaluating the 

oxidation stability of lubricating vegetable oils, the oxidation onset temperature, 

characterized through DSC measurements (ASTM E 2009-08), and the pressure drop in 

the oxygen pressure vessel (ASTM D 942-02), have been used. Additionally, 

thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR studies have also been carried out. High-oleic 

sunflower (HOSO) and castor (CO) oils were selected and blended with natural ((+)-αtocopherol 

(TCP), propyl gallate (PG), l-ascorbic acid 6-palmitate (AP)) or synthetic 

antioxidants (4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert- butylphenol) (MBP)), with the aim of 

formulating biodegradable vegetable-based lubricants according to REACH 

regulation.(1)The results showed that the most effective biodegradable antioxidant is PG, 

comparable to MBP, whereas lower effectiveness was obtained for TCP and AP. In relation 

to the methods tested, DSC measurements achieve accurate data more quickly for 

evaluating the oxidation stability of these basestocks, showing a linear correlation with 

the traditional method based on the oxygen bomb test. The empirical equation obtained 

depends on the mechanism involved in the antioxidant activity. 

20-- TECHNICAL SIDE: FULLERENE C 60 AS AN INHIBITOR OF HIGH 

TEMPERATURE LIPID OXIDATION 

Carbon 

Volume 50, Issue 10, August 2012, Pages 3943-3946 

Czochara, R., Ziaja, P., Piotrowski, P., Pokrop, R., Litwinienko, G. 

Non-isothermal oxidation of a model saturated lipid (stearic acid) in the bulk phase in the 

presence of fullerene C 60 at concentrations of 1-8 mM was monitored by differential 

scanning calorimetry in order to determine the kinetic parameters that describe the 

global first order oxidation process. The activation energies, pre-exponential factors, and 

rate constants calculated by the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method for the first detectable 

exothermic effect of oxidation, indicate the antioxidant behavior of C 60 over a wide 

range of temperatures that makes it a non-corrosive agent effectively increasing the 

oxidative stability of lubricants and biolubricants. 

21-- TECHNICAL SIDE: POLYSULFIDE AND BIOBASED EXTREME PRESSURE 

ADDITIVE PERFORMANCE IN VEGETABLE VS PARAFFINIC BASE OILS 

Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 

Volume 51, Issue 1, 11 January 2012, Pages 262-273 

Biresaw, G. , Asadauskas, S.J., McClure, T.G. 

Twist compression tribotester (TCT) and 4-ball extreme pressure (EP) methods were 

used to investigate commercial polysulfide (PS) and biobased polyester (PE) EP additives 

in paraffinic (150N) and refined soybean (SOY) base oils of similar viscosity. Binary 

blends of EP additive and base oil were investigated as a function of additive 

concentration. In addition to weld point (WP), 4-ball EP produced a set of preweld data, 

notably peak torque and wear scar diameter, which were found to correlate with WP 

results. TCT gave a 5-fold larger time-to-failure (TTF) for neat SOY than for neat 150N, 

whereas 4-ball EP gave similar WP (120 kgf) values for both neat oils. This difference 

was explained by invoking boundary contribution to TCT but not to 4-ball EP method. 

Both additives improved the WP and TTF of the base oils, which further increased with 

increasing additive concentration. However, the extent of the improvements was highly 

dependent on the chemistries of the additive and base oil of the blends. Thus, at similar 

concentrations, the WP of PE was higher in the 150N than in the SOY base oil, while the 




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WP of PS was higher in the SOY than in the 150N base oil. Similarly, TTF of 150N was 

higher with blended PE than PS; whereas for SOY, it was higher with blended PS than PE. 

This chemistry effect was attributed to relative compatibility between EP additives and 

base fluids. The results suggest that a substantial reduction (up to 4-fold) in EP additive 

usage in commercial lubricant formulations can be achieved through proper selection of 

compatible base fluids and additives. 

22-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL STUDY OF BORON-CONTAINING 

SOYBEAN LECITHIN AS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY LUBRICANT ADDITIVE IN 

SYNTHETIC BASE FLUIDS 

Tribology Letters 

2012, DOI: 10.1007/s11249-012-9994-8 

Li, W., Wu, Y., Wang, X. , Liu, W. 

Environmentally friendly boron-containing soybean lecithin (BSL) was synthesised. 

Constant temperature and humidity box was applied to evaluate the hydrolytic stability of 

the novel lubricant additive. The friction-reducing, anti-wear, and extreme pressure 

performance of BSL in synthetic base fluids were studied by an optimol SRV-I oscillating 

reciprocating friction and wear tester and four-ball tester. The hydrolytic resistance test 

results reveal that BSL possesses good hydrolytic stability. Tribological tests show that 

the friction-reducing performance of BSL in A51 is inferior to PAO10. The incorporation of 

BSL in synthetic basestock can dramatically reduce the wear volume of the lower steel 

disc under different test conditions. BSL can also enhance the load-carrying capacities of 

the synthetic base fluids. Morphology and chemical composition of the wear surface were 

characterized by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 

The results indicated that excellent tribological performance of the BSL can be attribute 

to the formation of chemisorption and chemical reaction protecting films composed of Fe 

2O 3, iron polyphosphates, organic amines, and BN, etc. 

23-- TECHNICAL SIDE: STUDY ON VISCOSITY MODIFIERS FOR BIODEGRADABLE 

ESTER BASED LUBRICANTS (NOTE) 

NLGI Spokesman 

Volume 76, Issue 2, May 2012, Pages 33-34 

Vargo, D.M., Devore, D.A. 

The compatibility between several polymers and ester oils, e.g., synthetic ester and 

vegetable oils, were studied. The relationship between the structure of the polymer and 

the ester and their solubility characteristics in the ester oil was investigated. The ester 

oils include typical synthetic esters, e.g., mono ester, adipate ester, phthalate ester, 

tnmellitate ester, polyol ester, and trimethylopropane ester, and natural esters, e.g., 

soybean oil, canola oil, and castor oil. Mutual compatibility required similarities in 

structure of the polymer and the base oil, e.g., the presence of double bonds and/or the 

presence of ester functionality. Polymers that contain ester functionality, e.g., alkyldiester 

copolymer copolymers and polymers that contain double bonds, e.g., 

polybutadiene were the most soluble in various synthetic ester and vegetable base oils. 

24-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF SOME LONG-CHAIN 

DIMERCAPTOTHIADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS MULTIFUNCTIONAL LUBRICANT 

ADDITIVES IN VEGETABLE OIL AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR 

TRIBOCHEMISTRY USING XANES 




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Volume 45, Issue 3, March 2012, Pages 465-476 

Chen, H. , Yan, J., Ren, T. , Zhao, Y., Zheng, L. 

A series of novel long-chain dimercaptothiadiazole derivatives are prepared and used as 

antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) additives in vegetable oil, and their tribological 

performance is tested by using a four-ball tester. In order to understand the friction 

process further, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy is adopted to analyze 

the chemistry of tribofilms under AW/EP regime, and meanwhile thermal films are also 

considered for comparison. These derivatives are capable in improving the tribological 

characteristic of the base stock, and disubstituted derivatives are more effective than 

other derivatives. Though disubstituted derivatives and disubstituted polysulfur 

derivatives all fail in improving tribological performance at 0.1 wt%, they are still helpful 

at other additive concentrations. All these long-chain thiadiazole derivatives, in particular 

the disubstituted polysulfur ones, are good at improving the EP characteristic of the base 

colza oil. Thermal films generated from these derivatives are composed of ferrous sulfate 

and a small amount of adsorbed organic sulfide. During the heating process, these longchain 

derivatives easily undergo thermal oxidation to generate high-valent sulfate on the 

metal surface. Ferrous sulfide is the main component of tribofilms generated by these 

derivatives, while ferrous sulfate in these films almost vanishes at 1.0 wt%. These longchain 

derivatives tend to react with metal surface to generate low-valent sulfide under 

rubbing conditions. On the other hand, ferrous sulfide is also the main component of EP 

films generated by monosubstituted derivatives and disubstituted polysulfur derivatives 

at 1.0 wt%. But the EP films formed by disubstituted derivatives are composed of ferrous 

sulfide and ferrous sulfate. 

25-- TECHNICAL SIDE: A SEARCH FOR ECOFRIENDLY DETERGENT/DISPERSANT 

ADDITIVES FOR VEGETABLE-OIL BASED LUBRICANTS 

Journal of Surfactants and Detergents 

2011, Pages 1-11 

Singh, A.K. , Singh, R.K. 

Carbonaceous deposits in automotive engines are the major problems associated with oil 

aging. Efficient detergents and dispersants have been used for several decades to solve 

this problem particularly in petroleum oils. But future lubricants and new engine 

hardware require development of new nontoxic detergent/dispersant additive 

technologies. Environmental concerns limit the formulation of the future lubricants. It 

requires not only the base oil to be ecofriendly but the additives also. In the present 

work, some of the potential ecofriendly chemical's molecules were identified. Specific 

detergents applications along with effects of chemical modifications were evaluated by 

Blotters Spot and Panel Coker Tests. Among the studied compounds, the PIB 

(polyisobutylene) succinimides are showing promising results at lower temperature, while 

at higher temperature piperazine derivatives citrate and oleate have the best potential to 

be develop as ecofriendly detergent/dispersant additives. 

26-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EVALUATION OF PALM OIL METHYL ESTER AS 

LUBRICANT ADDITIVE USING MILLING AND FOUR-BALL TESTS 

International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 

Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2011, Pages 374-379 

Dayou, S., Liew, W.Y.H. , Ismail, M.A.B., Dayou, J. 




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This paper examines the effectiveness of POME (palm-oil methyl ester) as lubricant 

additive based on the results obtained in the four-ball and milling tests. The results 

produced in the four-ball tests showed that small amount of POME as an additive in the 

mineral oil resulted in shorter running-in period, lower steady-state friction coefficient 

and degree of adhesion, and higher weld load. The presence of POME enhanced the 

effectiveness of the mineral oil in suppressing coating delamination and delaying the 

occurrence of cracking and fracture on the flank face of the tool during milling of stavax 

® (modified 420 stainless steel). The results obtained in the four-ball tests suggested 

that this was due to a reduction in the cutting forces and lesser degree of welding of 

asperities brought about by the presence of POME. 

27-- TECHNICAL SIDE: APPLICATION OF ECLS AND TODAY’S LEGISLATION 

Journal of ASTM International 

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2012 

Laemmle, P. , Rohrbach, P. 

Environmentally considerate lubricants (ECLs)-the so called "bio oils"-were introduced in 

the mid 80s to minimize impact of lubrication on the environment. In the early 1990s the 

German RAL (Blue Angel) and the Swedish Standard organisations defined corresponding 

specifications for ECLs, other Eco-Labels followed. In 2005 the European Community 

released the directive 2005/360 defining the toxicity and ecotoxicity profile for ECLs, 

which qualifies them for the Euro-Marguerite. For more than 20 years top tier ECLs were 

used in mobile and stationary hydraulic equipment.Well documented field experiences 

not only demonstrate these lubricants contribute to the fulfillment of the new laws but 

also meet technical requirements for this equipment. In this paper important EC 

Directives related to lubricants and the protection of the environment are discussed and 

how they are implemented into national laws. In addition the benefits of ECL in hydraulic 

equipment are addressed. 

28-- TECHNICAL SIDE: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STUDY ON PARTIALLY BIO- 

BASED LUBRICANT BLENDS: THERMALLY MODIFIED SOYBEAN OIL WITH 

POPULAR COMMERCIAL ESTERS 

International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 

5 (1), 2012, 33-37 

Doll, K. M., Sharma, B. K. 

Thermally polymerised soybean oil (SBO) is compared with several other vegetable oils, 

including ordinary SBO and high-oleic SBO (HO SBO). Acid values (AVs) and kinematic 

viscosities of the oils were measured over 28 days on oils stored at 85°C. As expected, 

the AVs and viscosities increased with time and the HO SBO demonstrated similar but 

smaller effects. The thermally modified oil was not better than ordinary SBO 

necessitating the need for an optimised blending strategy. Lubricant blends were 

prepared by mixing thermally modified SBO with a series of compatible ester-based 

synthetic fluids. These displayed oxidative stabilities, by pressurised differential scanning 

calorimetry, similar to the bio-based oil. Furthermore, the kinematic viscosity and pour 

point of the lubricant blend could be accurately controlled by careful tuning of the blend 

ratio. 

29-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EVIDENCE CONTRARY TO THE ACCEPTED DIELS-ALDER 

MECHANISM IN THE THERMAL MODIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OIL 




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JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 


Arca, M., Sharma, B.K., Price, N.P.J., Perez, J.M., Doll, K.M. 

A fatty methyl ester product has been made using two routes. Soybean oil was thermally 

polymerized anaerobically without a catalyst at 330 °C and the material was then 

transesterified using base catalyst and methanol. Alternatively, a similar product can be 

obtained by heating methyl linoleate to the same temperature in a pressure reactor. The 

product structure was studied by NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography and 

mass spectrometry. It is a dimeric product which does not contain substituted 

cyclohexane structures. This evidence shows that the Diels-Alder reaction has not 

occurred under these conditions. This is in contradiction to many literature reports, but in 

agreement with a neglected paper from 1971. This correction has implications in both 

biodiesel and industrial oil products. 

30-- TECHNICAL SIDE: ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC STUDY OF BLENDS OF BIO- 

BASED ESTERS WITH POLYALPHAOLEFIN IN THE LOW FILM THICKNESS REGIME 

JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 


Bantchev, G.B. , Biresaw, G. , Cermak, S.C. 

The film thickness in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) conditions for soybean oil (SBO), oleic 

estolide ester (EST) and their binary blends with polyalphaolefins (PAO2 or PAO40) were 

studied at 30 and 100 °C. Changes with time, for up to 200 min, were monitored. SBO 

and its blends with the lower viscosity PAO2 showed initially good agreement with the 

Hamrock-Dowson (H-D) equation down to 1-3 nm film thickness. 60 min or more after 

the start of the measurements, boundary layers with thickness up to 4.7 nm were 

observed. The blend of SBO with the more viscous PAO40 showed initially a good 

agreement with H-D at 100 °C. Negative deviations in film thickness were observed 15 

min after the start of the measurements. At extended periods of time, up to 200 min, 

they were less pronounced but still detectable. EST-PAO2 blend showed initially 

formation of boundary layers with thickness around 2 nm. The boundary layer at 30 °C 

did not change for 200 min, while at 100 °C showed a decrease in thickness and/or 

viscosity with time. The EST and the EST-PAO40 blends showed good agreement with the 

H-D equation and did not display a boundary or fractionation layer within 200 min. 

31-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF REFINED, BLEACHED, 

AND DEODORIZED PALM OLEIN AND PALM STEARIN IN COLD EXTRUSION OF 

ALUMINUM A1050 

Tribology transactions 

2012, vol. 55, no2, pp. 199-209 

Syahrullail, S., Kamitani, S., Nakanishi, K. 

The performance of palm oil as a lubricant in a cold metal forming process was tested 

and evaluated by carrying out plane strain extrusion experiments and experimental 

analyses using a visioplasticity method. In the present research, two types of refined 

palm oil, refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein and RBD palm stearin, were 

tested as lubricants. The workpiece material was aluminum JIS-A1050. The experiments 

were carried out at room temperature (22°C). Paraffinic mineral oils with varying degrees 

of viscosity were tested for comparison. The experiment used an extrusion apparatus in 

which the taper dies were facing together, with zero frictional constraint at the contact 




Réf. 2012_JR_05

plane (corresponding to the plane plate tool) conducted, and results were compared with 

those extruded with lubricants. Extrusion load and surface roughness of the billets were 

measured and compared. The distribution of the material flow velocity and effective 

strain in the exit zone of the billets were calculated using the visioplasticity method, and 

these data were also compared. The results confirmed that RBD palm olein and palm 

stearin provide sufficient lubrication performance in the cold work metal forming process. 

32-- TECHNICAL SIDE: LOW-TEMPERATURE FLOW BEHAVIOUR OF VEGETABLE 

OIL-BASED LUBRICANTS 

Industrial Crops and Products 

Volume 37, Issue 1, May 2012, Pages 383–388 

Quinchia, L. A., Delgado, M. A., Franco, J. M., Spikes, H. A., Gallegos, C. 

Low temperature performance is one of the main constraints concerning the use of 

vegetable oils as lubricants, more than mineral or synthetic oil-based lubricants. In this 

work, the low-temperature behaviour of a variety of vegetable oil basestocks for 

lubricating applications, as well as their blends with some viscosity improvers and pour 

point additives, was studied through pour point determinations, thermal analysis (DSC) 

and viscosity measurements at low temperature. The concentration of polyunsaturated 

fatty acids (PUFAs) was found a predominant parameter influencing the low-temperature 

properties of vegetable oil-based lubricants. The pour point depressant (PPD) additives 

used had a positive influence by lowering the pour point and increasing the lowtemperature 

performance of the vegetable oils studied, which was found dependent on 

vegetable oil fatty acid composition. In this sense, the most striking result was shown by 

the sunflower (SO)/PPD blend, whose pour point temperature reached -36°C in 

comparison to -18°C for the neat oil. By contrast, the worst result was obtained for the 

high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO)/PPD blend (-21°C) in comparison with HOSO (-18°C). On 

the other hand, it was found that the ethyl cellulose (EC), used as viscosity modifier, 

induces a delay in HOSO crystallization, producing a similar effect than PPD tested, 

besides increasing the viscosity. However, the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) 

induces an undesirable increase in HOSO viscosity at around 13°C. 

33-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIESTER DERIVATIVES OF OLEIC ACID: THE EFFECT OF 

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ON LOW TEMPERATURE, THERMO-OXIDATION AND 

TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 


Volume 38, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 107-114 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Yousif, E. 

Due to the strict regulations imposed on mineral oil-based lubricants because of their 

non-biodegradable wastes, the development and applications of biolubricants are 

increasing daily. Plant oils are being investigated as a potential source of environmentally 

favorable lubricants because of their biodegradability, renewability, viscosity-temperature 

relationship, low volatility and excellent lubrication performance. However, the use of 

plant oils has some restriction, the most critical being oxidative stability and lowtemperature 

problems. This paper presents systematic modifications to improve the 

physicochemical and tribological properties of plant oil derivatives. Thin-film microoxidation 

testing and pressure differential scanning calorimetry were used to compare 

the thermo-oxidative stabilities. The results showed that among the oleic acid-based 

triester compounds, 2-ethylhexyl 9-(myristoxy)-10-(heptanoyloxy)octadecanoate (9) had 




Réf. 2012_JR_05

the lowest pour point (-47.19 °C) while 2-ethylhexyl 9-(caprooxy)-10- 

(heptanoyloxy)octadecanoate (5) had the highest onset temperature (103.10 °C) and the 

lowest amount of volatile loss and insoluble deposits at 89.17% and 78.51%, 

respectively. Overall, the data indicate that the biolubricant basestocks based on this 

chemical modification offer great potential for the development of industrial products. 

34-- TECHNICAL SIDE: EFFECTS OF BLENDED VEGETABLE-BASED CUTTING 

FLUIDS WITH EXTREME PRESSURE ON TOOL WEAR AND FORCE COMPONENTS 

IN TURNING OF AL 7075-T6 

Lubrication Science 

Article first published online: 25 JUN 2012. Early View (Online Version of Record 

published before inclusion in an issue) 

Kuram, E., Ozcelik, B. , Huseyin Cetin, M., Demirbas, E., Askin, S. 

In this study, performances of four different types of vegetable-based cutting fluids 

(VBCFs) over a commercial mineral cutting fluid were evaluated for machinability of Al 

7075-T6. Lubrication properties of VBCFs were improved with additive of extreme 

pressure. Cutting force and tool wear data were obtained for performance analyses of 

cutting fluids during longitudinal turning of Al 7075-T6. Cutting, feed and radial forces 

indicated 1.70-38.25% improvements for VBCFs over the commercial mineral cutting 

fluid. The lowest average values of flank and nose wears obtained with blended cutting 

fluid containing 12% of extreme pressure were 0.09 and 0.10mm, respectively, whereas 

these values for the commercial mineral cutting fluid were 0.18 and 0.15mm. The 

scanning electron microscope results showed adherence of workpiece material occurred 

on rake and flank faces, and flank and nose wears were the dominant wear modes. It 

was found that performances of VBCFs during turning of Al 7075-T6 were better than 

that of the commercial mineral cutting fluid. 

35-- TECHNICAL SIDE: TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-FERROUS COATING 

LUBRICATED WITH RAPESEED OIL CONTAINING LUBRICANT ADDITIVES 

Lubrication Science 

Article first published online: 18 JUN 2012. Early View (Online Version of Record 

published before inclusion in an issue) 

Xin Feng, Yanqiu Xia 

With the increasing requirements of environmental protection, using lead, hexavalent 

chromium and other heavy metals will be prohibited in different surface coatings. In this 

paper, the non-ferrous CrN coatings and the rapeseed oil were chosen as friction pair and 

biodegradable lubricant. The tribology properties were investigated using SRV-IV 

reciprocating friction wear test. The worn surface of CrN coatings was observed and 

analysed using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The 

results indicate that the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% MoZn (MoDTC (molybdenum 

dithiocarbamate)+ZnDTP (zinc dithiophosphate) (1:3)) exhibits better friction-reducing 

properties than the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% PN (an amine salt of an 

alkoxylphosphate) additives, whereas the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% PN additive 

exhibits better wear resistance properties than the rapeseed oil containing 1wt.% MoZn 

additives. This is partly attributed to the tribophysical and tribochemical reactions 

between the lubricant and the CrN coating sliding surfaces. 




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36-- TECHNICAL SIDE: LUBRICATION MECHANISMS OF LAMELLAR FATTY ACID 

FLUIDS 



Fay, H., Cayer-Barrioz, J., Mazuyer, D., Mondain-Monval, O., Ponsinet, V., 

Meeker, S. 

The lubrication mechanisms of different lamellar fluids are investigated as they are 

introduced in the thin contact zone between two macroscopic surfaces in motion in a 

friction measurement set-up. We simultaneously measure the film thickness and its 

lubricative properties under controlled contact kinematics. The lamellar phases consist of 

nanometric flat bilayers of fatty acid surfactant molecules organized in periodic stacks 

separated by a water/ethylene diamine solution. First, we examine the film forming 

capability of these phases when the two surfaces are moving at the same velocity, i.e. in 

''pure rolling'' conditions. We observe the growth of a thick film in the contact which 

eventually reaches a stable value. The relatively high viscosity of the film leads to a 

situation of so-called ''starved lubrication''. By modelling the film build-up process, we 

determine the viscosity of the lubricant and its piezoviscosity. As shear is applied 

between the surfaces, the lubricant film exhibits a constant thickness and a rather low 

frictional response. We correlate this behaviour to the combination of a relatively high 

viscosity value together with a low piezoviscosity. Through the addition of a hydrophobic 

liquid (naphthenic oil) to the initial system, we increase the bilayer thickness whilst 

keeping the lamellar characteristic packing distance constant. This changes both the film 

forming capability and frictional behaviour of the lamellar fluid. We propose a model to 

account for the observed friction responses of both lamellar phases and discuss the shear 

localization in the lubricant film. 

37-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SURFACE-ENHANCED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF 

TRIBOCHEMICALLY FORMED BOUNDARY FILMS OF REFINED AND UNREFINED 

CANOLA OILS 

International News on Fats, Oils and Related Materials 


Chua, W. , Chapman, P., Stachowiak, G.W. 

The paper reports the investigation of tribochemically formed boundary films of canola 

oils using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. This is the first time that metallic 

surfaces lubricated by plant oils have been studied using this technique. The results of 

this work provided strong evidence that fatty acids were liberated from the triglyceride 

structure during sliding to form a fatty acid soap layer on the silver surface. The study 

also revealed that the fatty acid chains of the unrefined canola oil were more disordered 

and most likely in a gauche conformation, while that of the refined canola oil were tightly 

packed and oriented perpendicular to the surface. It is believed that the greater presence 

of polar minor components in the unrefined oil, such as phospholipids, interfered with the 

ability of free fatty acids to form a tightly packed monolayer on the silver surface. 

38-- TECHNICAL SIDE: HOW FRIENDLY ARE BIO-BASED GREASES WITH OTHER 

GREASES? (NOTE) 

NLGI Spokesman 

Volume 76, Issue 2, May 2012, Page 18 

Kumar, A., Mallory, B. 




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Advances in bio-based fluids and their additive chemistries have considerably improved 

the quality and performance of these lubricants, bringing it at par to mineral oil-based 

greases. The compatibility of lubricating greases is an important property that plays a 

crucial role at the manufacturing stage and in end use application. Compatibility studies 

of various greases based on different thickeners have been carried out. However, the 

compatibility charts available are based on thickener types and the role of base oil on 

compatibility is not clearly defined. In light of this, the compatibility of aluminum 

complex and lithium complex greases prepared in canola oil was studied with different 

types of mineral and synthetic oil based greases. The bio-based greases covered were 

based on canola oil only. The canola oil greases examined were with and/or without 

additives. 

39-- TECHNICAL SIDE: IMPROVEMENT OF POUR POINT AND OXIDATIVE 

STABILITY OF SYNTHETIC ESTER BASESTOCKS FOR BIOLUBRICANT 

APPLICATIONS 

Arabian Journal of Chemistry 

Volume 5, Issue 2, April 2012, Pages 193-200 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N., Yousif, E. 

For environmental reasons, as well as the dwindling source of petroleum, a new class of 

environmentally acceptable and renewable biolubricants based on plant oils is available. 

Even though plant oils possess excellent lubricant-related properties, there are some 

concerns about using it as biolubricant base oil. In this study we present a series of 

structures derived from oleic acid to be used as synthetic biolubricant basestocks. 

Measuring of pour point (PP), flash point, viscosity index (VI), oxidation onset 

temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each 

compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were measured using a highfrequency 

reciprocating rig (HFRR). The resulting product structures were confirmed by 

NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The results showed that ethylhexyl 9- 

(octanoyloxy)-10-(behenoxy)octadecanoate with behenyl mid-chain ester exhibited the 

most favorable low temperature performance (PP -48. °C) and ethylhexyl 9- 

(octanoyloxy)-10-(octyloxy)octadecanoate octyl mid-chain ester exhibited higher 

oxidation stability (OT 142. °C) than the other synthetic ester oils. On the other hand, 

the highest ball wear scan diameter was obtained for ethylhexyl 9-(octanoyloxy)-10- 

(behenoxy)octadecanoate while the lowest value was obtained for 9-hydroxy-10octyloxyoctadecanoic 

acid. Overall, it was concluded that these synthetic ester oils have 

potential in formulation of industrial fluids for different temperature applications. 

40-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHETIC BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS BASED ON 

ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY RAW MATERIALS 

Journal of King Saud University – Science 

In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 24 February 2011 

Nadia Salih, Jumat Salimon, Emad Yousif 

This work outlines modifications in the epoxidation, oxirane ring opening, esterification 

and acylation reactions to produce oleic acid based triester derivatives. Measuring of pour 

point (PP), flash point (FP), viscosity index (VI), oxidation onset temperature (OT) and 

signal maximum temperature (SMT) was carried out for each compound. The resulting 

product structures were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The results 

showed that butyl 9-(decanoyloxy)-10-(behenoxy)octadecanoate with bulky ester 




Réf. 2012_JR_05

ehenyl mid chain exhibited the most favorable low-temperature performance (PP −47 

°C). On the other hand, butyl 9-(decanoyloxy)-10-(octyloxy)octadecanoate exhibited 

higher oxidation stability (OT 173 °C) than the other synthetic esters. In conclusion, an 

increase in mid chain substituent length improves the PP and conversely lowers the OT. 

41-- TECHNICAL SIDE: ASSESSMENT OF BIODEGRADABILITY AND OXIDATION 

STABILITY OF MINERAL, VEGETABLE AND SYNTHETIC OIL SAMPLES 

Advanced Materials Research 

Volumes 455-456, pp 1182-1188 

Bo Wu, Chang Lu Wang, Ya Qiong Liu, Dong He, Mian Hua Chen, Yu Rong Wang, 

Feng Juan Li 

A castor oil-based detection method for the analysis of biological degradation was 

established on the base of CEC-L-33-A-93 test method and the domestic conventional 

experimental methods. Difference of the test samples between the experimental and 

published values was less then 0.50%. Maximum error of degradation rate was 1.92% in 

parallel experimental. Compared to the domestic conventional methods, degradation rate 

obtained by the improved analysis methods of castor oil-based is approximately higher 

than 5.0%. Meanwhile, analysis and detection method of DIOS with advantage of high 

accuracy, conveniency and good reproducibility is established and showed stability by 

studying the correlation of parallel samples that the coefficient of variation is less than 

5%. 

42-- TECHNICAL SIDE: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND 

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OLEIC ACID ETHER DERIVATIVES AS 

BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS (NOTE) 

Journal of Oleo Science 

Volume 60, Issue 12, 2011, Pages 613-618 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Yousif, E. 

Petroleum is a finite source as well as causing several environmental problems. Therefore 

petroleum needs to be replaced by alternative and sustainable sources. Plant oils and 

oleochemicals derived from them represent such alternative sources; the use of 

oleochemicals as biobased lubricants is of significant interest. This article presents a 

series of chemical modification on oleic acid to yield synthetic biolubricant basestocks. 

Measuring of density, volatility, cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), fl ash point (FP), 

viscosity index (VI), onset temperature (OT) and signal maximum temperature (SMT) 

was carried out for each compound. Furthermore, the friction and wear properties were 

measured using high-frequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). The results showed that 

octadecyl 9-octadecyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the most favorable lowtemperature 

performance (CP -26°C, PP -28°C) and the lowest ball wear scan diameter 

(42 μm) while propyl 9-propyloxy-10-hydroxyoctadecanoate exhibited the higher 

oxidation stability (OT 156°C). 

43-- TECHNICAL SIDE: FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE 

VEGETABLE OIL CONTAMINATED LUBRICANTS 

International Journal of Mechanical and Materials Engineering 

Volume 6, Issue 3, December 2011, Pages 431-436 

Kalam, M.A. , Masjuki, H.H., Varman, M., Liaquat, A.M. 




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In this paper, a four-ball tribotester was used with standard test method IP-239 to 

evaluate friction and wear characteristics of normal lubricant, additive added lubricant 

and waste vegetable oil (WVO) contaminated lubricants. The balls used in four-ball 

tribotester were based on carbon-chromium steel ball bearings. The results obtained to 

present friction and wear characteristics are coefficient of friction (μ), wear scar diameter 

(WSD), flash temperature parameter (FTP), viscosity index (VI) and total acid number 

(TAN). Each test was conducted for five different loads from 50 kg to 90 kg with an 

interval of 10 kg. The lubricant was contaminated with WVO from 1% to 5%. The normal 

lubricant (as sample A) was used for comparison purposes. The test results showed that 

WVO contaminated lubricants with suitable anti-wear additive can reduce wear and 

friction coefficient. The objective of this investigation is to develop a new lubricant based 

on waste palm oil (such as WVO). 

44-- TECHNICAL SIDE: KINETIC STUDY OF JATROPHA BIOLUBRICANT FROM 

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS OIL WITH 

TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE: EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE 


Volume 38, Issue 1, July 2012, Pages 87-92 

Gunam Resul, M.F.M., Mohd. Ghazi, T.I. , Idris, A. 

Jatropha curcas oil has good potential as the renewable energy as well as lubricant 

feedstock. The synthesis of jatropha biolubricant was performed by transesterification of 

jatropha methyl ester (JME) with trimethyl-ol-propane (TMP) and sodium methoxide 

(NaOCH 3) as the catalyst. The effects of temperature on the synthesis were studied at a 

range between 120°C and 200°C with pressure kept at 10mbar. The conversion of JME to 

jatropha biolubricant was found to be the highest (47%) at 200°C. However, it was 

suggested that the optimum temperature of the reaction is at 150°C due to insignificant 

improvement in biolubricant production at higher temperature. To maintain forward 

reaction, the excess amount of JME was maintained at 3.9:1 ratio to TMP. The kinetics of 

the reaction was studied and compared. The synthesis was found to follow a second 

order reaction with an overall rate constant of 1.49×10 -1(%wt/wtmin°C) -1. The 

estimated activation energy was 3.94kJ/mol. The pour point for jatropha biolubricant was 

at -6°C and the Viscosity Index (VI) ranged from 178 to 183. The basic properties of 

jatropha biolubricant, pour point, oxidative stability, wear scar and viscosities are found 

comparable to other plant based biolubricant, namely palm oil and soybean based 

biolubricant. 

45-- TECHNICAL SIDE: DIESTERS BIOLUBRICANT BASE OIL: SYNTHESIS, 

OPTIMIZATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL 

CHARACTERISTICS 

International Journal of Chemical Engineering 

2012, Article number 896598 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N. , Abdullah, B.M. 

Diesters biolubricant base oil, oleyl 9(12)-hydroxy-10(13)-oleioxy-12(9)- octadecanoate 

(OLHYOOD) was synthesized based on the esterification reaction of 9,12-hydroxy-10,13oleioxy-12-octadecanoic 

acid (HYOOA) with oleyl alcohol (OL) and catalyzed by sulfuric 

acid (SA). Optimum conditions of the experiment to obtain high yield of OLHYOOD were 

predicted at ratio of OL/HYOOA of 2:1mol/mol, ratio of SA/HYOOA of 0.7:1mol/mol, 

reaction temperature 110()C, and 7h of reaction time. At this condition, the yield of 




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OLHYOOD was 88.7. Disappearance of carboxylic acid (C=O) peak has been observed by 

FTIR with appearance of ester (C=O) peak at 1738cm -1. 13C, and 1HNMR spectra 

analyses confirmed the result of OLHYOOD with the appearance of carbon-ester (C=O) 

chemical shift at 173.93ppm and at 4.05ppm for 13C and 1HNMR, respectively. The 

physicochemical characteristics of the OLHYOOD were also determined, which showed 

improved low temperature properties (PP) -62°C, viscosity index (VI) at 192 and also 

increased oxidative stability (OT) up to 215.24°C. 

46-- TECHNICAL SIDE: BIOLUBRICANT BASESTOCKS FROM CHEMICALLY 

MODIFIED RICINOLEIC ACID 

Journal of King Saud University - Science 

Volume 24, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 11-17 

Salimon, J. , Salih, N., Yousif, E. 

This paper presents a series of chemically modified biolubricant basestocks derived from 

ricinoleic acid. The reactions were monitored and products were confirmed by NMR and 

FTIR. The synthesis protocol is carried out in three stages: (1) epoxidation of ricinoleic 

acid; (2) synthesis of 10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearic acid from epoxidized ricinoleic 

acid; (3) esterification of the acyloxystearic acid products with 2-ethylhexanol to yield 2ethylhexyl-10,12-dihydroxy-9-acyloxystearate. 

The viscosity index, flash point, pour 

points (PP), and oxidative stability of the resulting products were measured. The 

resulting esters could plausibly be used as bio-based industrial materials in biolubricants, 

surfactants, or fuel because they have improved physicochemical properties. 

47-- TECHNICAL SIDE: CHARACTERISTICS OF BASE FLUID IN 

ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS 

Journal of ASTM International 

Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2012 

Kusak, B. , Wright, G. , Krol, R. , Bailey, M. 

The main component in environmentally acceptable lubricants and grease is the base 

fluid. Typically it comprises greater than 70% of grease and 90% of a lubricant. Many 

biodegradable fluids have specific characteristics, which make formulating finished 

products difficult. Through a stepwise approach these characteristics will be discussed. 

The fluids for testing will comprise natural and synthetic esters and some petroleum 

based synthetics. The testing will find the extremes of performance at high and low 

temperatures and the effects of common additives to improve performance. Testing will 

include pour point, elastomer compatibility, oxidation and thermal stability. Based on the 

testing a blended fluid will be made to offset the drawbacks of the individual fluids and 

the performance discussed. This blend will serve as the base fluid to formulate 

environmentally acceptable lubricating grease. 

48-- TECHNICAL SIDE: 10-UNDECENOIC ACID-BASED POLYOL ESTERS AS 

POTENTIAL LUBRICANT BASE STOCKS 



Padmaja, K.V., Rao, B.V.S.K., Reddy, R.K., Bhaskar, P.S., Singh, A.K., Prasad, 

R.B.N. 

A new class of polyol esters were prepared by esterification of 10-undecenoic acid (UDA) 

with three polyols namely trimethylolpropane (TMP), neopentyl glycol (NPG) and 




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pentaerythritol (PE) in 92-96% yields. The esters were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 

HPLC and mass spectral studies. Polyol esters were evaluated for basic lubrication 

properties and found to be: viscosity at 40°C, 11.2-36.1cSt; at 100°C, 3.2-7.3cSt; 

viscosity index (VI), 162-172; pour point +3 to -36°C; flash point, 254-296°C. All the 

three polyol esters synthesized exhibited good thermal stability with TGA onset 

temperatures above 260°C. The lubricating properties of the products compared well 

with polyol esters based on oleic acid. 

49-- TECHNICAL SIDE: DEVELOPMENT OF ECOFRIENDLY/BIODEGRADABLE 

LUBRICANTS: AN OVERVIEW (REVIEW) 

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 


Nagendramma, P. , Kaul, S. 

Synthetic and vegetable oil based esters offer the best choice in formulating environment 

friendly lubricants. In the present review an attempt has been made to highlight some 

recent developments in the area of biodegradable synthetic ester base stocks for 

formulation of new generation lubricants including the efforts made so far at the author's 

laboratory in this direction. The developed products find applications in automotive 

transmission fluids, metal working fluids, cold rolling oils, fire resistant hydraulic fluids, 

industrial gear oils, neat cutting oils and automotive gear lubricants either alone or in 

formulations. 

50-- TECHNICAL SIDE: CARBON DIOXIDE SOLUBILITY IN REFERENCE AND 

VEGETABLE LUBRICANTS DEVELOPED FOR TWO STROKE ENGINES 

Journal of Supercritical Fluids 

Volume 68, August 2012, Pages 123-130 

Regueira, T., Fandiño, O., Lugo, L., López, E.R., Fernández, J. 

The solubilities of carbon dioxide, CO2, in a reference semi-synthetic oil and in a 

developed vegetable-sunflower-based oil for two stroke engines have been measured 

from 283K to 348K and pressures up to 9 MPa in a high pressure gas solubility apparatus 

that works in isochoric conditions. The densities of the developed vegetable oil from 293K 

to 353K and pressures up to 60 MPa were also measured by using a vibrating tube 

technique. It was found that the solubility of CO2 in the vegetable oil is higher than in the 

reference semi-synthetic oil. The solubility of CO2 in both lubricants decreases when the 

temperature increases. In addition, we have found that the solubilities of O2 in these 

lubricants are between 7 and 10 times lower than those of CO2. Furthermore, PC-SAFT 

EoS was employed to model the solubility behavior of CO2 in both lubricants and the 

goodness of Carvalho and Coutinho model for prediction of CO2 solubility in low volatile 

solvents was checked for these lubricants. 

51-- POLICY: FNR PRODUCT DATABASE BIO-LUBRICANTS 

After the German “market introduction programme” was ended, the so-called 

“Positivliste” was not continued over the last four years. 

This positivlist was changed to a new “Datenbank Bioschmierstoffe” (product databse for 

biolubricants) in which the compliance criteria are those from the CEN Technical Report 

CEN/TR 16227:2011 "Liquidpetroleum products - Bio-lubricants - Recommandation for 

terminology and characterisation of bio-lubricants and bio-based lubricants”. More 

information: http://www.bioschmierstoffe.info/service/datenbank-bioschmierstoffe. 




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52-- ON THE WEB: CARGILL BUYS FR3 DIELECTRIC FLUID BUSINESS FROM 

COOPER POWER SYSTEMS 

On 19 June 2012, Cargill and Cooper Power Systems announced the purchase of the 

global Envirotemp FR3 fluid business and brand from Milwaukee-based Cooper Power 

Systems. Cargill currently manufactures the patented, industry leading FR3 renewable 

dielectric fluid made from vegetable oil that is used in a wide range of applications for 

transformers and other electrical equipment. Kurtis Miller, president, Cargill Industrial 

Oils & Lubricants, said: “Now, as a marketer and manufacturer, we will focus on growing 

the business with other customers seeking a high-performance, renewable fluid… we will 

work closely with electrical utility and transformer customers to increase usage of 

natural, ester-based FR3 fluid.” 

53-- ON THE WEB: R.T. VANDERBILT COMPANY, INC. EARNS USDA CERTIFIED 

BIOBASED PRODUCT LABEL 

On 28 July 2012, R.T. VANDERBILT company inc. announced it had earned the USDA 

certified biobased product label for its Molyvan® 855 friction reducer. The USDA Certified 

Biobased Product Label verifies that the amount of renewable biobased ingredients meets 

or exceeds prescribed USDA standards. Biobased products are goods composed in whole 

or in significant part of agricultural, forestry, or marine materials. “R. T. Vanderbilt 

Company, Inc.’s commitment to sustainability and to the development of products that 

improve sustainability is demonstrated by having a key product, MOLYVAN ® 855 

Friction Reducer, which is a USDA Certified Biobased Product. This product not only uses 

a sustainable, biobased raw material, but also provides fuel economy improvement in 

motor vehicles and reduces greenhouse emissions” said Hugh B. Vanderbilt, Jr., 

Chairman & CEO. Such biobased claims are verified by independent labs and monitored 

by the USDA. Consumers may rely on the accuracy of the biobased amount certification 

in making informed purchasing decisions. 

“We are pleased that R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc. has earned the USDA Certified 

Biobased Product Label,” said Ron Buckhalt, USDA BioPreferred Program Manager. 

"Biobased products provide opportunities to help add value to renewable commodities, 

create jobs in rural communities and generate investment income." 

54-- ON THE WEB: RAILMARK LAUNCHES TWO NEW ECO-SAFE PRODUCT LINES 

On 10 May 2012, Railmark Holdings Inc. announced that it had launched two new 

product lines designed to make the railroad industry a little more “Green” and a little 

more “Efficient.” 

One of the line is a new line of premium quality bio-based, biodegradable rail curve and 

switch lubricants. Ultralube® brand railroad lubricants are manufactured from renewable 

USA-grown crop based oils. The brand will be supplied to the railroad industry by the 

Company’s Railmark Tarck Works Inc. subsidiary. These products are claimed to have 

four times more lubricity than petroleum-based greases and oils while offering better 

performance for rail lubricators and switch components and improve safety for 

employees and the environment. These new products meet EPA’s Environmental 

Preferable Purchasing (EPP) criteria and are ECO-SAFE and Non-toxic. 

55-- ON THE WEB: PLEWS INTRODUCES ULTRALUBE® GREASES FOR RAIL 

CURVES AND SWITCH PLATES 




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On 16 April 2012, Plews, Inc., dba Plews & Edelmann, announced the introduction of 

UltraLube® Rail Curve Greases and Switch Plate Lubricants. These premium biobased 

greases and lubricants — formulated from U.S.-grown vegetable oils — are available in 

Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc formulations. 

UltraLube Rail Curve Greases contain advanced extreme pressure additives to guard 

against wheel and rail wear. Both the Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc formulations are available with 

added molybdenum disulphide (MoS2), which offers enhanced effects for unsurpassed 

protection. All formulations reduce friction and wear between the track and wheel flange, 

and their superior lubricity helps improve train fuel efficiency. 

The greases are formulated to resist port plugging in wiping bars, and they provide 

longer carry down track from the lubricator. They offer better gauge face coefficient of 

friction and less migration to the top of the rail than petroleum-based grease. 

Recommended for heavy load applications such as coal trains, UltraLube Rail Curve 

Greases are designed for wayside applicators with wide temperature requirements. Hi- 

Visc Rail Curve Greases pump and carry when the grease temperature is between 2°C 

(35°F) and 71°C (160°F); Lo-Visc Rail Curve Greases pump and carry when the grease 

temperature is between –18°C (0°F) and 38°C (100°F). UltraLube Rail Curve Greases are 

ideal for all Portec® and other brand lubricators. 

UltraLube Switch Plate Lubricants — also available in Hi-Visc and Lo-Visc versions — are 

formulated with the best optimized natural seed oils and proprietary additives to protect 

railway switches from wear and prevent rust and corrosion. Designed to be poured, 

brushed, wiped or sprayed on railroad switches, the lubricants provide good penetration 

into the switces. They help prevent dust and dirt buildup, and they resist washout from 

rain or melting ice. 

UltraLube Rail Curve Greases and Switch Plate Lubricants meet the EPA’s Environmental 

Preferable Purchasing (EPP) criteria, and their biodegradable formula makes them ideal 

for use in environmentally sensitive areas near waterways. 

With four times the natural lubricity of petroleum-based oils, UltraLube products instantly 

penetrate into areas where lubrication is needed most, creating a long-lasting bond to 

metal and plastic surfaces. Made from crops grown in the United States, UltraLube’s 

vegetable-based formula is eco-safe and non-toxic. Because they are VOC-free and nonflammable 

with extremely high flash points, UltraLube greases and oils are ideal for 

environmentally sensitive areas. 

56-- ON THE WEB: COSAN COMPLETES ACQUISITION OF COMMA OIL 

On 3 July 2012, COSAN S.A. INDÚSTRIA E COMÉRCIO announced that on July 1 st 2012 it 

successfully completed the acquisition of Comma Oil & Chemicals Limited (“Comma”) 

from Esso Petroleum Company, Limited (following a corporate reorganization). 

The acquisition of Comma reinforce Cosan`s strategy to enter into the European 

lubricants & specialties market. 

The acquisition of Comma by Cosan includes finished lubricants and chemicals 

manufacturing and sales to third parties; all assets located at Comma’s Gravesend site in 

Kent, England; and ownership of the Comma trademarks and brands. In addition, 

agreements will be in place to allow Comma to continue to distribute select Mobilbranded 

lubricants into specific UK channels and to continue to manufacture and supply 

ExxonMobil companies with a range of seasonal and ancillary automotive products. 




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57-- ON THE WEB: ASTM RELEASES NEW COMPILATION ON TESTING AND USE 

OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE LUBRICANTS 

On 6 February 2012, ASTM announced the release of a new compilation, STP 1521, on 

testing and use of environmentally acceptable lubricants. This compilation presents the 

latest research on biobased and other environmentally acceptable (EA) lubricants. 

With the increased interest in environmentally acceptable lubricants, STP 1521 is a musthave 

for those in the agricultural, construction, forestry, lumber and mining industries 

where involuntary or accidental fluid leakage or spillage is detrimental to the 

environment. 

The book includes ten peer-reviewed papers that cover: 

• Fundamentals of biobased lubricants; 

• Industrial trends; 

• Applications; 

• New test methods; and 

• Environmental policies. 

More information on ASTM web site: www.astm.org. 

58-- ON THE WEB: BIO-BASED FLUIDS COME IN FROM THE COLD 

In the May 2012 issue of the Offshore Engineer magazine, Jennifer Pallanich talks to 

Terresolve CEO Mark Miller about the bio-based fluids his company has been developing 

for offshore use. Fluids working in hot temperature environments often have antioxidants 

and fluid improvers while their cold-weather counterparts will require cold-flow improvers 

and pour point depressants. Fluids used in wet applications frequently need hydrolytic 

stabilizers, while those operating in dirty conditions contain detergency and dispersancy. 

Terresolve's readily biodegradable fluids are made from an environmentally safe base 

synthetic base oils that can withstand heat, water and contamination. The fluids can 

withstand such conditions because of the way the base oils are combined with 

performance chemistry modifiers. Terresolve has just wrapped up Arctic testing on 

EnviroLogic 3046, a member of its EnviroLogic 3000 line of synthetic high-performance 

readily biodegradable and non-toxic hydraulic fluids. Once a lubricant is properly 

designed for one application, it is vital to ensure it can be appropriately used in a 

different application. 

59-- ON THE WEB: DOSSIER ON BIOLUBRICANTS IN THE FRENCH MAGAZINE 

“FORMULE VERTE” 

The issue number 10 of the French magazine “Formule Verte” includes a special dossier on 

biolubricants entitled “Biolubrifiants: la filière s’organise” (interviews of Novance, Molydal, Motul 

Tech, Condat, ITERG, ValBiom, Pôle IAR). 

60-- ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: THE EU ECO-LABEL 

Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. 

This database has some technical problems and companies have difficulties to enter their 

products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. 

In this survey, last figures on ecolabeled lubricants and companies date back to June 

2012. At this date, there were 26 companies producing 132 ecolabeled products (of 

which some are different viscosities of the same product). These products comprised all 

together: 82 hydraulic oils, 25 chain saw oils, 7 two stroke oils, 11 greases, 1 concrete 

release agents and 6 niche loss lubricants. 




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The progress made since 2007 is illustrated in the figure below. After a slow start, in 

2008 the number of lubricants awarded with the flower increased largely reflecting the 

increasing interest for ecolabeled lubricants. 




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61-- ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: LIST OF LUBRICANT SUPPLIERS THAT GOT LICENSES (UPDATED 10 JULY 2012 1 ) 

Swedish 

Standard 

Hydraulic oils 

SS 15 54 34 

Swedish 

Standard 

Lubricating 

Greases 

SS 15 54 70 




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Nordic Swan 

BLUE ANGEL 

Hydraulic Fluids 

RAL-UZ 79 

BLUE ANGEL 

Lub. and Form. 

Oils 

RAL-UZ 64 

EUROPEAN 

ECO-Label 

1 

2 Agro Oil Agro Oil 

3 Andreas Stihl 

4 Aral 

5 Avia Mineralöl 

6 BASF SE BASF Pers. Care BASF SE 

7 Bau + 

Metallchemie 

8 BayWa BayWa 

9 Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl) Bechem (Carl) 

10 Binol Binol Binol Biosafe Oy 

11 Bioil 

12 Biostar oil 

13 Blaser Swisslube 

14 BP 

15 Bremer & Leguil 

16 Canadian Oil AB 

17 Calpam Mineralöl 

18 

19 Cargo Oil Cargo Oil 

20 Caterpillar 

21 CEPSA lubricantes 

22 Cognis Deutsch. Cognis Deutsch. Cognis 

23 Condat 

24 De Oliebron 

25 EDE 

26 Eliassons Maskin 

27 ELASKON 

SACHSEN 

28 Eni 

Schmiertechnik

GmbH 

29 Envirosys 

30 Esso Deutschland Esso Deutshland 

31 Eurol bv 

32 Exxon Mobil Lub. 

33 FINKE Mineralölw. FINKE Mineralölw. 

34 F L Nordic 

35 

(Ambra) 

Fragol 

Schmierstoff 




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Fragol 

Schmierstoff 

36 Fuchs Fuchs Fuchs Fuchs 

37 G. A. Lindberg 

38 Green Oils 

39 Gulf Oil 

40 

international 

Handelsges. 

Kr. 

für 

Handelsges. für 

Kr. 

41 Hebro Chemie 

42 Hunold 

Schmierstoffe 

43 Husqvarna austria 

44 Hydroscand 

45 Interflon 

46 John Deere 

Forestry 

47 Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie Kajo-Chemie 

48 Kettlitz Chemie Kettliz Chemie 

49 Klüber Lubrication 

50 Komatsu Forest 

51 KROON OIL 

52 Lubrizol 

53 Mastertec 

54 Matzke (Roland) 

55 Matrix Lubricants Matrix Lubricants 

56 mbg d.o.o. 

57 MC-Bauchemie 

Müller 

58 MCB Larsson Mill. 

59 Midland Midland 

60 Mobil Oil

61 Morris lubricants 

62 Motorex 

63 Motul BP 94 Motul 

64 Natoil AG Natoil AG 

65 Neste Oil AB Neste Oil AB 

66 

67 

Nordisk 

Däck.(Agip) 

68 Novance 

69 NYCO. NYCO 

70 OK-Q8 OK-Q8 

71 OMV Refining and 

marketing 

72 Oy voitelukeskus 

73 

tontilla 

Pakelo Motor Oil 

74 Panolin 

Scandinav. 

Panolin Panolin Panolin AG 

75 Peri 

76 Petronas 

77 Preem Preem 

78 PRO FLUID 

79 Ramby Oljor & 

Verk. 

80 REPSOL 

81 Rottne Industri 

82 Skand. Oljecentr. 

83 SKF Maint. Prod. 

84 Shell Svenska Shell Shell Deutshland Shell International 

85 Schörling 

Fahrzugbau 

Haüslingen Gmbh 

86 Starke & Sohn 

87 Statoil Lubricants Statoil Lubricants 

88 S.T.L. Lubricants 

89 

90 Technolub 

Schmier 

91 Total Lub.Sweden TOTAL 




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92 Trennfit GmbH & 

Co.Bauindustrie 

KG 

93 Valvoline Intern. 

94 Veba Oel Vertrieb 

95 Voitel. Tont. 

96 Voith TURBO 

GmbH &Co.KG 

97 Volvo CE Volvo CE Intern. 

98 Zeller & Gmelin Zeller & Gmelin Zeller & Gmelin 

99 

Status 

Dec. 

2011 

Status 

June/Ju 

y 2012 

34 companies 13 companies 0 companie 25 companies 24 companies 28 companies 

80 products 20 products 0 products 75 products 49 products 97 products 

38 companies 14 companies 0 companie 24 companies (-1) 27 companies 26 companies 

(+2;-1) 

(+1) 

(+3) 

(+10;-8) 

90 products 22 products 0 products 

70 products 52 products 132 products 

1 Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. This database has some technical problems and companies have difficulties to 

enter their products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. In this survey, last figures on lubricants and companies awarded with the European ecolabel date 

back to June 2012. 




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62—ECO-LABELS IN EUROPE: EVOLUTION OF COMPANIES AWARDED WITH AN ECO-LABEL (FROM JANUARY 2007 TO JULY 2 

2012) 

2 Since one year, the European Commission has its own database for ecolabeled products. This database has some technical proble ms and companies have difficulties to 

enter their products in it. Therefore, the database is not yet up-to-date. In this survey, last figures on lubricants and companies awarded with the European Ecolabel (EEL) 

date back to June 2012. 




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titre 1 : Biolubricants : technical and market survey - Valbiom

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