Process and sites diagram - US Environmental Protection Agency

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;J]-'.|. Federal Register / VoL 55. No. 15 / Tuesday. January 23, 1990 / Rules and Regidations 235 >. . ' TABLE A.—SUMMABX OF PROOUCTION, VALUE OF SHIPMENTS, ANO COMPLIANCE COSTS—Continued CoRicnodKy sector • Combineo total—aS tour sectors AJIFaciimea. . .. _ . ;„. AHecreo Facilities Oily* Number Ol plafits produong 49 11 Produdton »(MT/ YR) 5.751.103 1.415.726 Umtvalua* (S/MT) 461 444 Vakw of 2.652.885.481 627,906,964 Compiance coals ($/YH) 18,478.000 18,478.000 Coats per fnemc tOrt ol product* ($/MT) 3.2 13.1 Costa/vah- 0( (percefiil ' Facilities evaluated are tfiose believad to generate wastes tfiat may exhibit hazardous characteristics or be hazardous by virtue ol the derived-from m ' 100 cercern caoady uoKzanon is assumed, except as notea ' Tûis '(x unit value, costs par matnc ton of pnxluct. and costs/value of shipments sre calculated and not the sum of the individual lacility vaiu< * Caoacfty ana production values aoportwned equally among the three Asarco facilities. * Prooucnon iigufe source; Minerals Yeaitxsott. 1987. p. 256. * Proauciion figure as reported oy tne taciMy in response to the 1989 National Survey of SoHd Wastes from Mineral ProcessinQ. ^ Prooucnon figure calculated trom tirTTHMOe waste-to^roduct ratio ana reponed waste generation rale provided in 11 /88 public comments. * Suitate process only. * Aiteciad lacuioes are tlie facilities evaluated having non-zero compliarice costs. C. Economic Impacts EPA's screening-level analysis of economic impact compared tee magnitude of annual compliance coste for eaclraffected facility to tee estimated value of shipments. This ratio provides a Rrst approximation of tee extent to which the profitability of firms, or. alternatively, commodity prices, or oteer measures of national impact may be adversely affected by tee imposition of regulatory compliance costs. Sectora or faddties wite ratios above one percent were considered vidnerable to moderate to significant financial impacte and were evaluated te more deteil te terms of market and tedustry factors that might adect tee ultimate tecidence and impact of tee coste. As seen te Table 4. despite tee fact teat only a smad percentage of faddties te tee lightweigfat aggregate secter would be affected (five of thirty), tee magnitede of tee estimated tecremental waste management cost te suffident to indicate potentiady significant sectorwide impacts, particuUriy at tee regional level Upper bound compliance cost ratios at tee level of tee individual affected facilities are extreme, ranging from 51 percent te 81 percent of value of shipmente. For tee oteer sectors, only one faddty (m tee titanium dloxiids (sulfate) sectw) is predicted to fwysitenfft impacte somewhat one peicmit level at about U percent Thte levstoffanpactte regarded ss moderate. Tbs two elemental phosphorus (7MC and Ocddental), and primary lesd (Asarco snd Doe Run) pnxluceri exanuned te this study ore expected to experience relatively mteor long-term economic impacts. Obviously, firms snd fadlities adesdy te compliance and wite compliance coste of zero (i.e.. Kemira end Asareo) will not experience any negative economic impacts associated %vite this rule. 1. Faddty and Sector Impacts To furteer explore tee economic impact of today's final rule, EPA has exanuned some of tee factors teat influence tee abidty of adected firms to pass through prospective compliance coste to product consumers te tee form of higher prices. These factors teclude absolute price levels, major end uses of tee mteeral commodity, competition from importe and substitutes, secondary production, and flexibdity te oteer production cost factors. a. Lightweight Aggregate. Lightweight aggregate has three major uses, which generady reflect ite superior performance capabidties as a construction material. The three mate appbcations are te concrete block (61 percent of total consumption), highway resurfacing (19 percent), and structural concrete (18 percent).*• A fourth, teough smad use (about 2 percent), tevolves new applications te recreational and bnticidtural materials." Most lightweight aggregate produced te tes U.S. is used te manufacturing concrete block. Lightweight aggregate te valued as a higb-strengte aggregate for concrete forms, because it adows a significant weight savings over heavier aggregates. The weight savings permit structures to be designed at on overod lower cost'* Concrete block fabricated from lightweight aggregate also has better insulating properties tean block using denser substitutes. Lightweight aggregate's second major use te te road surfacing, where it is used as an ingredient te asphalt surfaces. It oSen superior skid-resistance compared to oteer bulk fiders.'* Lightweight •• Bureau ot Mines. MweraU Yearbook tier. "Oar*.'PB«S 254. «'/6;d " The BuUdw$ Sttjmaiar'i Rafaranca Book, f JL Walker PabSsliars. Lisle, 0. 1980. Pass S.ISS " Ampian. Saiiis C "Qays." In Minarul Paeta andProblamg. US. Burssu o( Mines. 1987. Psys 166. aggregate's third major application is a a component of structural concrete, sue as te bridge surfaces and floors in highrise buddings, where its low weight anc high strength are useful.** Lightweight aggregate is valued in its mote applications because of its weight siavings and performance features (skid resistance, tesulating abilities, and strengte). teough substitetes can compete te cases where usera do not have stringent requiremente for teese quadties and are will'nsi to use one of the available substitetes. Competition withte lightweight aggregate's primary applications comes from oteer budding materials, wite tee mate substitete beir heavy-weight stone (aggregate). Oteer substitetes tedude light natural aggregates (pumice or cteders) and foam." Markete for lightweight aggregate art basicady regional or local rateer tean national The widespread availabdity c domestic clays suitable for Ughtweight aggregate production, tee high cost of tronsportetion for aggregates, and tee relatively low market value (price) of this commodity limit tee size of market areas. As a result, firms te tee mdusti7 which are widely scatiered across tee U.S,. are limited te teeir ability to expand tbeir sales teto competitors' territories witeout actually constructing new plante. tetemational b'ade te tee lightweight aggregate sector is extremely limited, fi shown te Table 9. the United States is < significant net exporter of clays as a general category. Trade data for finishc lightweight aggregate are not available teough a trade source tedicates teat importe have not affected Ughtweight aggregate's market to a large degree, oteer tean some recent imports of pumice fram tee Mediterranean area. ' •* IM. pats 186. '• IjRlea. Bxpawtad Oay and Shale Institute. Mrsooal wwtianntcatVia December 29. ises. C
JS2 faduai RaeiiSer / Vol 9k No. 15 / Tuesdsy, January 23, 1898 / Rnks snrf R^nhrtiens Energy coste ore an iupet taut i-j.impnnont of prf^/4n^Hr»w COSte for the Ughtweight sgBKgate tedustry. Kilns ore reported to reqmn 2.0 to 4.1 midion HIUs of fuel per MT of H^tweight aggregate produced.'* Residual oil (tee fuel used te most kilns) coste approximately S2.39 per million BTUs m 1988. ** Assuming this fuel cost tee cost of fuel per MT lightweight aggregate te at least S4.80, and could possibly be as high as S14.eo (teough tee higher fuel consumption rate might apply at plante configured to use less expensive furis). It is teerefore apparent teat energy costs account for a substantial portion of tee margte between tee raw material cost of day ($10 per MT] and tee price of finished lightweight aggregate (as low as $24 per MT). Consequendy. faddties tent can achieve fuel cost savings by using hazardous wastes as &iel supiêmente are dkely to have a substantial current cost advantage over faddties relying solely upon oteer fuels, such as oil or cool, espedady smce teey can generally charge a disposal fee to waste generatora. Compdance coste associated wite today's rule would reduce this cost advantage, though 'd a facility elected to contteue using listed hazardous wastes ite total production coste would rise above tedustry norms only to the extent teat tbe incremental comp^nce coste exceeded tee fuel cost savings teat it currently enjoys. Alternatively, d the faddty elected to stop using tee Usted hazardous wastes, it would (after any neoeseary retrofitting] have fuel coste comparable to tee majority of oteer facdities te tbe industry. te summary aad for several reasons, EPA beUeves teat tee Bghtweight aggregate producers affected by today's rule wdl not suffer tbe calamitous economic impacte tbat odgbt be >* COIMB. SJO. endTX U Lighter NadBCI >• UO. DasarCMOl ef ArirmnMnaaaiL AdoathJf £aatif nee Table B-ia aecaor Elemeeeri Phoaptiana. 1 *ed *WSWaL nmmmOOtm. Plos srvl hars (iuean)' riavs faS tMiâi * lano. sBggested liy fce Agency's tecieiueutsl cost estimates, even if tme assumes that these upper limit cost impacte wid actaady be incmred. First Eocdities teat currently bum hazardous waste as fuel enjoy a potentiady significant cost advantage wite respect to their competitDCS. This advantage may mitigntp. pfrhnps to a considerable extent the coet impacts of today's rule, te addition, because of the ^ledal physical charactedctics offined by lightweight aggregate te comparison with ooaventiooal aggregatea, aSected producera may have some abidty to pass through compdance coste to local tedustrial and pubUc sector markets te tee form of higher prices. Ibou^ to an utncertate extent Fteady. high transportation coste and a widely dispersed domestic tedustry suggest tbat moderate price tecreases could be susteined. at least for bghtwei^t aggregate applications teat require the low density and bi^ strengte offered by tUsraeterisl. b. Titanium Dioxide. Titanium dioxide is used te pigmente for pstete and surface coatings, paper manufacturing, aiiu plastics. Had of titanium dioxide production is consumed te pigmente, ••lieie ite cuiupeUbve ptTsitian te strong. Oenand for h^-qnafity paper also favora titanium dioxide. Tbe domestic industry euppljog moat ot tbe titanium dioxide used te the US. with importe exceeding exporte by oidy a moderate degree. As a result, titooiuBB dioxide te te a relatively strong domestic market position. Producers using tbe sulfate process, however, ore te a mteorlty and accoont for only rmo eigbih of domestic production. It is not likely tbat the ooe affeLted pnxlocer could estebbsb a pieuiium for hs product snd WOBM (baiefure be Bmited te tbe extent to wfaidk it oould recover cost increases. 2. ItbcAs an CoBsumer Wees For sesKSBsd rmsQU, EPA bederes dmt TABLE S.—tMPoms Ano ExiPO«rrs OF MINERALS, Oofntvbc produdtan QuanSV(MT) 341,950 SMMM • 4,140.642 8S3L87S Value (tOOO) 577 jes 2n.i«s •113.974 1.SS0.483 QuantSySyn) 1niport> 4.463 1SS.47S 34,101 162.738 teis nde wffl not create any appreciable changes te consumer prices. The firat end principal reason is tee generally low overad percentage of compliance costs to product value. wUcb does not exceed one percent for any adected commodity except lightweight aggregate. Combteed wite this is tee fact teat not ad producers te these sectora are adected equady (many domestic oompetitore are not affected at ad) and that other domestic or forei^ competitors could fid prodnction sbortfads. eiteer wite identical or substituteble products. Fmady. since aU the affected commodities are primary mtermediate raw material tepute to the production of oteer finished products, teeir relative con&lbutioii to fktal oonsHiner goods prices is, ta any case, typicafly quite sraelL X Forest Trade Impacte Trade is sabstantial te many of tbe mteeral commodities covered by today's rule, but is probably only likely to be a factor wite teepaot to titaoiura dioxide. Basic import and export data for tbe sectors that generate potentially hazardous wastes ore presented in Table 5. Import and e:q>art figures for lightweight aggregate (expanded shale) ere not avadohie, alteougb international trade is not thought to be a significant factor for tbia sector. Because imports of titanium dioxide ore significant the abdity of tee affected domestic producer to raise prices to recova compUance costs, is. as discussed above, fmther limited, and teere may be a modest stimulus towards import expansion. tai etew «f the «bov«, ft te unldcefy that tee ovetvl trade balancs m (be : miaerats ktdustry wid be ' sfioded by today's rule, tbmgb te one sector regolsitary cost lsitpa».
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Process and sites diagram - US Environmental Protection Agency

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