In this edition Also - Eurosurveillance

More documents

Recommendations

Info

We do not currently have a sufficient number of reports to determine if the described cases represent a rise in incidence. Careful surveillance of adverse events following immunisation will soon provide an answer to this question. Following acknowledgement of the described cases, a letter was sent to all vaccine providers in the country informing them of the possibility of transmission of the vaccine virus to contacts, resulting in illness. We believe that these events are a consequence of a change in population susceptibility rather than in the properties of the vaccine virus. Our hypothesis is that a horizontal transmission of the mumps vaccine virus has always been occurring at very low rates, but we were not able to detect it. Owing to the fact that we have a very favourable epidemiological situation with very low levels of wild mumps virus circulation in the population in the last decade, adolescents and young adults who were vaccinated only once are susceptible to mumps because of waning immunity and the lack of natural boosters that natural infection provides. This gives rise to the accumulation of susceptible young adults. Schmid et al. recently reported on a mumps outbreak in Austria and were able to show that 68 of their patients were vaccinated only once [7]. The occurrence of adverse effects requires a critical re-evaluation of the appropriateness of the use of the L-Zagreb strain as a vaccine strain for MMR vaccination in countries with a low level of wild mumps virus transmission. The risk of vaccine side-effects is the leading argument of groups opposing MMR vaccination. It is therefore important to inform the public about the relative safety of the vaccine and of possible complications of mumps, namely meningitis, orchitis and pancreatitis. In countries with higher levels of wild mumps virus transmission and occasional outbreaks young adults’ immunity is boosted through contact with the wild virus. Therefore, in such settings waning immunity following one dose of mumps vaccine can not be demonstrated and, thanks to natural booster, it does not lead to accumulation of susceptible young adults. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to the Institute of Immunology Zagreb for performing the genomic sequencing of the mumps virus isolates. The authors are grateful to Professor J Pavlic for technical help in preparing the manuscript. References 1. Borcic B, Mazuran R, Kaic B. Immunity to measles in the Croatian population. Eur J Epidemiol. 2003;18(11):1079-83. 2. Santak M, Kosutic-Gulija T, Tesovic G, Ljubin-Sternak S, Gjenero-Margan I, Betica-Radic L, et al. Mumps virus strains isolated in Croatia in 1998 and 2005: Genotyping and putative antigenic relatedness to vaccine strains. J Med Virol. 2006;78(5):638-43. 3. Jin L, Rima B, Brown D, Orvell C, Tecle T, Afzal M, et al. Proposal for genetic characterisation of wild-type mumps strains: preliminary standardisation of the nomenclature. Arch Virol. 2005;150(9):1903-9. 4. Sawada H, Yano S, Oka Y, Togashi T. Transmission of Urabe mumps vaccine between siblings. Lancet. 1993;342(8867):371 5. Atrasheuskaya AV, Neverov AA, Rubin S, Ignatyev GM. Horizontal transmission of the Leningrad-3 live attenuated mumps vaccine virus. Vaccine. 2006;24(10):1530-6. Epub 2005 Oct 18. 6. Kaic B. Ed. Adverse Events Following vaccination in Croatia in 2005 [in Croatian]. Zagreb: Croatian Institute of Public Health, 2006; 5. Available from: http://www.hzjz.hr/epidemiologija/nuspojave2005.pdf 7. Schmid D, Holzmann H, Alfery C, Wallenko H, Popow-Kraupp Th, Allerberger F. Mumps outbreak in young adults following a festival in Austria, 2006. Euro Surveill 2008;13(7). Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/edition/ v13n07/080214_6.asp This article was published on 17 April 2008. Citation style for this article: Kaic B, Gjenero-Margan I, Aleraj B, Ljubin-Sternak S, Vilibic-Cavlek T, Kilvain S, Pavic I, Stojanovic D, Ilic A. Transmission of the L-Zagreb mumps vaccine virus, Croatia, 2005-2008. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(16):pii=18843. Available online: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18843 152 EUROSURVEILLANCE Vol. 13 · Issues 14–26 · Apr–Jun 2008 · www.eurosurveillance.org
Special issue: European Immunization Week 2008 - time for reflection Rapid communications M e a s l e s is s t i l l a c a u s e f o r c o n c e r n in eu r o p e M Muscat (mmc@ssi.dk) 1 , H Bang 1 , S Glismann 1 1. EUVAC.NET hub, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark EUVAC.NET is a European Union surveillance network for vaccine-preventable diseases and receives funding from the European Commission (Health and Consumer Protestion Directorate General, DG SANCO) under grant agreement no. 2004205. Despite efforts to eliminate measles in Europe [1] outbreaks still continue unabated and even cause deaths. In 2006 and 2007 several countries have reported high numbers of cases and outbreaks. The larger outbreaks such as those described in Switzerland [2], Germany [3,4] and Spain [5] mostly involved the general population. Other outbreaks were described primarily Table 1 Reported incidence rates of indigenous measles cases per 100,000 inhabitants by country, 2007* High incidence (>1.0) Ireland (1.62) United Kingdom (1.64) Romania (1.62)** Switzerland (14.06) Moderate incidence (0.1-1.0) Belgium (0.50) Malta (0.49) Germany (0.67) Poland (0.11) Italy (0.59) Spain (0.61) Low incidence (< 0.1) Austria (0.04) Greece (0.02) Czech Republic (0.01) The Netherlands (0.04) Estonia (0.08) Norway (0.02) France (0.05) Sweden (0.01) No indigenous cases Bulgaria (0) Latvia (0) Croatia (0) Lithuania (0) Cyprus (0) Luxembourg (0) Denmark (0) Portugal (0) Finland (0) Slovakia (0) Hungary (0) Slovenia (0) Iceland (0) *EUVAC.NET preliminary data. All clinical, laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked cases meeting the requirements for national surveillance were included in this table. The proportion of laboratoryconfirmed cases varies in different countries. ** For Romania the crude incidence is quoted in this table as data on importation status of cases was not included in the dataset provided. Note: To date, no reports were received from Turkey. affecting particular groups such as the travellers’ communities in the United Kingdom [6,7] and Norway [8], Roma and Sinti populations in Italy [9], Roma and immigrant families in Greece [10] and orthodox Jewish communities in Belgium [11] and the UK [7,12]. The groups in the UK are known to historically have low vaccine uptake [13]. Based on preliminary data for 2007 from 31 European countries (Table 1) reporting to EUVAC.NET, a total of 3,826 measles cases was registered. The highest reported indigenous incidence of measles was reported from Switzerland followed by the UK with Figure Incidence categories of reported indigenous measles cases per 100,000 inhabitants by country, 2007* EUROSURVEILLANCE Vol. 13 · Issues 14–26 · Apr–Jun 2008 · www.eurosurveillance.org 153 0 1 high incidence No reports received * EUVAC.NET preliminary data. All clinical, laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked cases meeting the requirements for national surveillance were included. The proportion of laboratory-confirmed cases varies in different countries. Note: For Romania the crude incidence is represented in this figure as data on importation status of cases was not included in the dataset provided. To date, no reports were received from Turkey.
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENT
Page 3 and 4: Special issue: World Hepatitis Day
Page 5 and 6: oth measles and mumps in certain ag
Page 7 and 8: to be done. Twenty-nine of the 53 c
Page 9 and 10: Editorial W o r l d He pat i t i s
Page 11 and 12: Editorials M o l e c u l a r t y p
Page 13 and 14: 5. Fooks A. Rabies remains a ‘neg
Page 15 and 16: Statistical analysis The antibody p
Page 17 and 18: mumps that we noticed between males
Page 19 and 20: Among the cases, 3,683 (61.8%) were
Page 21 and 22: [5] Given the periodicity of outbre
Page 23: sequences (GenBank NIH, Bethesda) p
Page 27 and 28: Special issue: European Immunizatio
Page 29 and 30: Special issue: European Immunizatio
Page 31 and 32: No. of reported rubella cases Speci
Page 33 and 34: Special issue: Molecular typing for
Page 35 and 36: From these discussions, and by test
Page 37 and 38: 15. Hæggman S, Rhod Larsen A, Vain
Page 39 and 40: Table 1 SeqNet.org participating me
Page 41 and 42: first line typing method, besides o
Page 45 and 46: criteria are combined, (iii) the or
Page 47 and 48: Retrospective surveillance data fro
Page 53 and 54: Special Issue: World Hepatitis Day
Page 55 and 56: Table Number of notifications of he
Page 57 and 58: 5. Hoffmann G, Berglund G, Elmståh
Page 59 and 60: Our epidemiological and molecular i
Page 61 and 62: The questionnaire was structured ac
Page 63 and 64: Table 2 HIV and hepatitis C testing
Page 65 and 66: to be paid regarding HCV. The repor
Page 67 and 68: Table 1 Summary of hepatitis B surv
Page 69 and 70: of the different genotypes vary bot
Page 71 and 72: Figure The incidence of reported he
Page 73 and 74: 33. Veldhuijzen IK, Smits LJ, van d
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 1 The natural history of HCV
Page 77 and 78:
successful engagement with and trea
Page 79 and 80:
Table 1 Definitions of HCV infectio
Page 81 and 82:
not available for surveillance purp
Page 83 and 84:
Special Issue: World Hepatitis Day
Page 85 and 86:
Surveillance and outbreak reports E
Page 87 and 88:
Distributed information about the e
Page 89 and 90:
Surveillance and outbreak reports A
Page 91 and 92:
Table 1 Survey data regarding surve
Page 93 and 94:
For the presented period of the pas
Page 95 and 96:
or individuals who acquired the inf
Page 97 and 98:
Surveillance and outbreak reports A
Page 99 and 100:
analysable fragment of 457 bp, and
Page 101 and 102:
the application of HNIG to close co
Page 103 and 104:
HCV co-infection was defined as pos
Page 105 and 106:
[18] had been observed in HIV-HBV c
Page 107 and 108:
Microbiological investigation All h
Page 109 and 110:
References 1. American Public Healt
Page 111 and 112:
Telephone calls are handled by a tw
Page 113 and 114:
At that time, the daily monitoring
Page 115 and 116:
Research articles S u r v e i l l a
Page 117 and 118:
It has been suggested that longer d
Page 119 and 120:
Virological data collection Stool s
Page 121 and 122:
Discussion Our combined epidemiolog
Page 123 and 124:
Acknowledgements We are grateful to
Page 125 and 126:
The total study sample consisted of
Page 127 and 128:
Table Multivariate model of associa
Page 129 and 130:
Euroroundups S u r v e y o f eu r o
Page 131 and 132:
event. The survey included question
Page 133 and 134:
Laboratories report anonymised case
Page 135 and 136:
8. European Union. Commission decis
Page 137 and 138:
two females aged six years and 56 y
Page 139 and 140:
Table 2 Salmonella infections with
Page 141 and 142:
17. The Community Summary Report on
Page 143 and 144:
the number of registered cases in E
Page 145 and 146:
protected vaccinees annually) [6].
Page 147 and 148:
Romania Risk of tick-borne encephal
Page 149 and 150:
34. Pavlidou V, Geroy S, Diza E, An
Page 151 and 152:
European Commission and the EU Memb
Page 153 and 154:
10. Strauss R, Muchl R, Kunze M, Hr
Page 155 and 156:
Existing monitoring efforts in Euro
Page 157 and 158:
with existing efforts in influenza
Page 159 and 160:
Obtaining a true picture of the bur
Page 161 and 162:
of being too clean, concerns about
Page 163 and 164:
single case of the disease while in
Page 165 and 166:
Rapid communications E m E rg E n c
Page 167 and 168:
Development and Food. More specific
Page 169 and 170:
Rapid communications I n c r e a s
Page 171 and 172:
immunity was high enough to prevent
Page 173 and 174:
Control measures Information about
Page 175 and 176:
• The importance of ensuring that
Page 177 and 178:
Letters A u t h o r s r e p ly : pr
Page 179 and 180:
UNITED KINGDOM England and Wales He
show all

In this edition Also - Eurosurveillance

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?