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10. Faria NA, Carrico JA, Oliveira DC, Ramirez M, de Lencastre H. Analysis of typing methods for epidemiological surveillance of both methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(1):136-44. 11. Hallin M, Denis O, Deplano A, De Mendonça R, De Ryck R, Rottiers S, Struelens MJ. Genetic relatedness between methicillin-susceptible and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus: results of a national survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;59(3):465-72. 12. Robinson DA, Enright MC. Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus by large chromosomal replacements. J Bacteriol. 2004;186(4):1060-4. 13. Ruppitsch W, Stoger A, Schmid D, Fretz R, Indra A, Allerberger F, Witte W. Occurrence of the USA300 community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus clone in Austria. Euro Surveill. 2007;12(43):pii=3294. Available from: http://www. eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3294 14. Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Bozdogan B, Courvalin P, et al. Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin--positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(4):594-600. 15. De Kraker M, Van de Sande-Bruinsma N. Trends in antimicrobial resistance in Europe: update of EARSS results. Euro Surveill. 2007;12(11):pii=3156. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=3156 16. Cookson BD, Robinson DA, Monk AB, Murchan S, Deplano A, de Ryck R, et al. Evaluation of molecular typing methods in characterizing a European collection of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains: the HARMONY collection. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):1830-7. 17. BD Cookson, the HARMONY participants. HARMONY – the International Union of Microbiology Societies’ European Staphylococcal Typing Network. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(19):pii= This article was published on 8 May 2008. Citation style for this article: Friedrich AW, Witte W, de Lencastre H, Hryniewicz W, Scheres J, Westh H, SeqNet.org participants. A European laboratory network for sequence-based typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) as a communication platform between human and veterinary medicine – an update on SeqNet.org. Euro Surveill. 2008;13(19):pii=18862. Available online: http://www. eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=18862 170 EUROSURVEILLANCE Vol. 13 · Issues 14–26 · Apr–Jun 2008 · www.eurosurveillance.org
Special issue: Molecular typing for public health purposes Perspectives MLVA-NET – A s TA N d A r d i s E d w E b d A TA b A s E f o r b A c T E r i A L g E N o T y p i N g A N d s u r V E i L L A N c E G Guigon 1 , J Cheval 1 , R Cahuzac 2 , S Brisse (sbrisse@pasteur.fr) 1 1. Institut Pasteur, Genotyping of Pathogens and Public Health, Paris, France 2. Institut Pasteur, Genome Analysis and Integration, Paris, France Background Strain typing is an important aid to surveillance networks and outbreak investigations of infectious diseases [1]. MLVA (Multilocus VNTR Analysis, with VNTR standing for Variable Number of Tandem Repeats) has emerged as a highly discriminatory and widely applicable genotyping method that is now being applied for strain tracking in a growing number of bacterial pathogens [2,3]. The genomic loci containing tandem repeats are often maintained among strains of a bacterial species, while individual strains harbour different copy numbers that can be determined simply by PCR amplification. Similar to sequence-based methods such as Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), the MLVA method indexes genetic variation at well defined genomic loci and produces reproducible allelic profiles that can be coded in a simple digital format. Hence, they represent an attractive alternative to banding profile-based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), which requires dedicated efforts (e.g. http://www.cdc. gov/pulsenet) in order to produce fingerprinting data that are comparable across laboratories. Indeed, to be useful to surveillance networks and for global epidemiology, a genotyping method has to be technically accessible, reproducible and to yield easily portable data. In addition, electronic databases that are made accessible through the Internet can render exchange and comparison of data among laboratories very effective for local, national, and international surveillance. Existing databases of MLST data accessible through web portals (http://www.pubmlst.org, http://www.mlst.net, http://www.pasteur. fr/mlst) represent a common language for strain typing that has proven extremely useful for collaborative research and global epidemiology of bacterial and fungal pathogens [4]. However, given the much faster evolutionary rate of tandem repeats compared to nucleotide sequences, MLVA markers provide much improved resolution compared to MLST, thus representing a subtyping tool that is especially useful for strain discrimination in genetically homogeneous pathogens, such as M. tuberculosis [5], Bacillus anthracis [6] or Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium [7]. Web-accessible MLVA databases are not yet widely used for international collaboration [8], but the development in this area is very active (http://mlva.u-psud.fr/, http://www.mlva.eu/, http:// www.miru-vntrplus.org). Description of MLVA database We have developed MLVA-NET (http://www.pasteur.fr/mlva), a web-accessible database system dedicated to the comparison of MLVA genotyping profiles and to retrieval of relevant epidemiological information for the corresponding isolates. An unlimited number of organisms (species, subspecies, serovars or other categories) can be entered into the system. Curators, working through the internet, create and maintain one or several datasets (groups of isolates) for one or more organisms, Individuals who are in charge of data management for a collaborative network can request curator rights from the MLVA-NET administrator. There is no limit to the number of curators and datasets for a given organism. The database contains two types of data – profiles and isolates – which are accessed through distinct links. Each allele at a given locus is assigned a so-called ‘allele number’. When combined over all loci, these numbers make up a numeric code that defines a particular MLVA profile, or repeat type (RT). All MLVA profiles are immediately made public in order to provide the necessary common language for microbial strain typing. In contrast, the curator, in agreement with the person who supplied the data, can decide to keep private the epidemiological information related to isolates, such as isolate name, country or date of isolation. The decision to Figure 1 Example of a MLVA-NET isolates query using the menu EUROSURVEILLANCE Vol. 13 · Issues 14–26 · Apr–Jun 2008 · www.eurosurveillance.org 171
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE PREVENT
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For the presented period of the pas
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or individuals who acquired the inf
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Surveillance and outbreak reports A
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Microbiological investigation All h
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References 1. American Public Healt
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Telephone calls are handled by a tw
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At that time, the daily monitoring
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Research articles S u r v e i l l a
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It has been suggested that longer d
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Virological data collection Stool s
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Discussion Our combined epidemiolog
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Acknowledgements We are grateful to
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The total study sample consisted of
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Table Multivariate model of associa
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Euroroundups S u r v e y o f eu r o
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event. The survey included question
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Laboratories report anonymised case
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8. European Union. Commission decis
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two females aged six years and 56 y
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the number of registered cases in E
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protected vaccinees annually) [6].
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Romania Risk of tick-borne encephal
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34. Pavlidou V, Geroy S, Diza E, An
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European Commission and the EU Memb
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10. Strauss R, Muchl R, Kunze M, Hr
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Existing monitoring efforts in Euro
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with existing efforts in influenza
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Obtaining a true picture of the bur
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of being too clean, concerns about
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immunity was high enough to prevent
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Control measures Information about
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UNITED KINGDOM England and Wales He
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