Tanzania Technical Co-operation - Commonwealth Secretariat

DRAFT Commonwealth Secretariat–
Tanzania Technical Co-operation
Framework
2006/07-2007/08

Figure 1: Map and Key Facts 1
Population: 1,785,000 Life expectancy: 39 years
Birth rate: 30 per 1,000 Infant mortality: 82 per 1,000
Official Language: Kiswahili, English
GNI: US$55.0 billion GNI pc: US$400
GDP growth: 4.9% p.a. 1990–2003 GDP pc growth: 2.2% p.a. 1990–2003
Inflation: 3.8% p.a. 1990–2003 Aid: 205% of GNI and US$10 p.c.
Public external debt: US$18,778 million
HDI: 0.797 (Medium) HDI rank: 139 (of177)
Country classification: Low income country
1 Sources: The Commonwealth Yearbook 2005; UNDP Human Development Report 2005; http://europa.eu.int;
http://hdr.undp.org/statistics/data; http://www.fco.gov.uk. All figures refer to 2003 and are taken from The
Commonwealth Yearbook 2005 and UNDP Human Development Report 2005 unless otherwise stated.
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CONTENTS Page
1. TANZANIA COUNTRY PROFILE 4
1.1 Socio-Economic Overview 4
1.2 Constitution and Politics 4
1.3 Regional and International Status 5
2. TANZANIA NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PRIORITIES 5
2.1 National Development Plan 5
2.2 Development Partners 6
3. THE SECRETARIAT’S STRATEGIC PLAN, PRIORITIES AND
6
TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROGRAMME
3.1 The Commonwealth Secretariat 6
3.2 Secretariat’s Mission Statement 7
3.3 Secretariat’s Strategic Plan and Governance 7
3.4 Secretariat’s Technical Cooperation 7
3.5 Secretariat’s Strategic Partnerships 7
3.6 DAC Commitments on Aid Coordination 8
4. THE SECRETARIAT’S ONGOING AND PROPOSED COOPERATION
WITH TANZANIA
9
4.1 Overview of CFTC Programme of Direct Assistance to Tanzania, 2000 -
2006
9
4.2 Overview of CFTC Assistance to the African Region through Regional
and Pan-Commonwealth Programmes, 2000 – 2006
11
4.3 Priorities and Issues Identified during the Regional Consultative Meeting in
2003
11
4.3.1 Regional Development Priorities and Issues. 11
4.3.2 National Strategic Priorities, 2004/05–2005/06, and Issues - Tanzania 12
4.4 Follow Up Action by ComSec 13
4.5 CFTC Programme of Direct Assistance to Tanzania: 2006/07 -
2007/08 and expected results
14
4.6 CFTC Assistance to the African Region through Regional and Pan-
Commonwealth Programmes, 2006/07 – 2007/08
15
5. TANZANIA’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CFTC 20
Annexes:
I. Selected Development Indicators for Tanzania 22
II. Progress of Tanzania Towards Meeting MDGs 23
III. CFTC Direct Assistance to Tanzania, 2000-2006 24
IV. CFTC Assistance to the African Region through Regional and Pan
Commonwealth Programmes, 2000/01-2005/06
26
V. Summary of Commonwealth Secretariat Strategic Plan, 2004/5-2007/8 and 37
Secretariat Structure
VI. Activities of Principal Donors in Tanzania 39
VII. Activities of Principal Donors in Africa Region 40
VIII. Acronyms and Abbreviations 42
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Figures:
1. Map and Key Facts 1
2. Direct CFTC Expenditure in Tanzania by Sector 2000/01 – 2005/06 9
Tables:
1. CFTC Expenditure in Tanzania and African Region 2000-2006 11
2. Pledges and Contributions of Tanzania to CFTC 2000-2006 21
3. Commonwealth African Region, HDI Rankings 2005 22
4. Commonwealth African Region, Selected Economic Indicators 2004 22
Box:
1. Strengths of the Secretariat and CFTC 8
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1. TANZANIA COUNTRY PROFILE
1.1 Socio-Economic Overview
Population: 36,977,000 (2003); 35% lives in urban areas and 7% in urban agglomerations of
more than a million people; growth 3.2% p.a. 1970-90 and 2.7% p.a. 1990-2003; birth rate
(2003) 39 per 1,000 people (50 in 1970); life expectancy 43 years, having fallen below the
1970 level of 45 years, due to AIDS.
Education: There are seven years of compulsory education starting at age seven (2002/03).
The primary net enrolment ratio is 82% (2004/05). The pupil-teacher ratio for primary is 58:1.
About 1% of the relevant age group is enrolled in tertiary education (2002/03). Illiteracy
among people age 15-24 is 21.6% (2002 census).
Health: Muhimbili Medical Centre, Dar es Salaam, is the country's principal referral centre
and teaching hospital. Other referral hospitals are at Moshi, Mwanza and Mbeya. 73% of the
population uses an improved drinking water source and 46% adequate sanitation facilities
(2002). Infant mortality was 104 per 1,000 live births in 2003 (142 in 1960). At the end of
2003, 8.8% of people age 15 to 49 were HIV positive.
Economy: Since 1986, new policy directions and IMF-backed structural adjustment
programmes have helped stimulate growth, which for the most part has been ahead of
population growth since the policy change. From the mid-1990s the government embarked on
a programme of economic liberalisation and diversification.
Improvements in production and exports contributed to continuing, steady growth through the
1990s, becoming strong by the 2000s, remaining at over 5% 2000-03, while inflation had
been brought down by 2001 to around 5%. Exports of goods and services account for 18% of
GDP and manufactured exports for 18% of total merchandise exports (2003). The principal
exports are gold, diamonds and gemstones (more than 40% of total exports), manufactured
goods, coffee, cotton, cashew nuts, tea and tobacco; the main imports are machinery, transport
equipment, consumer goods, industrial raw materials, fuels and food. Main trading partners
are Japan, India, the Netherlands, South Africa, China, Russia, United Arab Emirates, the UK,
Kenya and the US.
1.2 Constitution and Politics
Constitution: The unicameral legislature, the National Assembly, has a potential total number
of 296 members with elections held every five years. The executive president is elected in
separate presidential elections held simultaneously with general elections and may serve a
maximum of two five-year terms.
The Zanzibar administration has its own president and a House of Representatives of 50
directly elected members. From October 2000, use of the full official name of United
Republic of Tanzania was adopted.
Politics: Following the sudden death of an opposition vice-presidential candidate in October
2005, the general election was postponed until December, but the elections in Zanzibar were
held at the end of October 2005 when the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) candidate won the
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presidential poll with 53% of the votes. The CCM also won the parliamentary elections with
30 of the 50 elected seats.
The CCM was also successful in the national presidential and legislative elections in
December 2005. In a 72% turnout, President Jakaya Kikwete was elected as the CCM took
206 seats in the National Assembly ahead of the Civic United Front (CUF) with 19 seats. The
next presidential and legislative are in 2010/11
1.3 Regional & International Status: Tanzania plays an active role in international
affairs, especially East African affairs, mainly through membership of a variety of regional
and international bodies. These include the African Development Bank (AfDB); the African
Union (AU), the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD that has been
established to address the current challenges facing the African continent) as well as the
Commonwealth, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank Group, the World
Trade Organisation (WTO) and the UN, including the UN Economic Commission for Africa
(UNECA).
At the sub-regional level, Tanzania is a member of the East African Community (EAC) that
includes Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania as well as the Southern African Development
Community (SADC), which aims to assist in building stronger and more integrated
economies in the southern Africa region
2.0 Tanzania National Development Priorities
Tanzania’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) 2005 2 represents a culmination of
consultations with a wide range of stakeholders and currently guides government decisionmaking
and budget preparation. Of particular importance is the commitment of the
government to the United Nations Millennium Declaration and the Millennim Development
Goals (MDGs) adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000. Tanzania’s progress towards
the MDGs is outlined in Annex II.
2.1 National Development Plan: In early 2005, the Tanzanian government finalised its
new PRSP, the National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP or
MKUKUTA according to its Swahili acronym). The PRSP identifies outcomes and goals
around three clusters:
(i) Growth of the economy and reduction in income poverty
(ii) Improvement of quality of life and social well-being
(iii) Governance and accountability
The focus is on economic growth, centred on agriculture and rural development, and further
strengthening of the business environment to boost private sector-led growth and export
diversification. In pursuit of the above poverty reduction objectives, supporting measures will
be needed in four strategic areas:
2 Full text of the PRSP is accessible at http://www.imf.org/external/np/prsp/prsp.asp
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1. The government will continue to maintain sound macroeconomic policies and
intensify the implementation of reforms aimed at bolstering market efficiency,
notably in agriculture, and raising factor productivity.
2. While budgetary expenditure will continue to be restrained because of
macroeconomic considerations, special efforts will be made to channel limited
government resources toward the support of key programs and social services
under the poverty reduction strategy.
3. The government will put increased emphasis on reforms aimed at promoting
export-oriented expansion and diversification of pro-poor sectors, with a view
to enabling the poor to share increasingly in the benefits of globalization.
4. Efforts will be made to raise investment from 15 per cent of GDP to
approximately 17 per cent, via initiatives focusing on bolstering private
investment in the cultivation of traditional and new crops, small and medium
size enterprises, and informal sector activities.
2.2 Development Partners: Tanzania is supported by a number of development partners,
and received a total of US$ 1,746 million ODA in 2004, the International Development
Association (IDA), UK, and the EC as the three largest donors by volume of ODA (see Annex
IV).
The focus of World Bank lending to Tanzania is on higher growth, poverty reduction, and
institutional reforms to improve governance and service delivery. A new country assistance
strategy is envisaged for 2006 seeking to fully align World Bank support with
Tanzania's PRSP. The new assistance strategy will be a joint strategy between the World
Bank and several other donors, according to the principles of aid harmonization and
alignment.
DFID supports the Government of Tanzania in the implementation of its poverty reduction
strategy. The bilateral country allocation has risen from £80 million in 2003/04 to £110
million for 2005/06, with about 70% going to general budget support. General budget support
is combined with a targeted programme of technical and financial assistance that supports:
further development and embedding of poverty reduction processes; increased and sustained
economic growth, focusing on growth which is equitable and in which the poor can
participate; and effective and accountable government. The EC priority areas for co-operation
are: transport infrastructure (26% of overall envelope); basic education (11% of the overall
envelope); and macro support (43% of the overall envelope).
3. THE SECRETARIAT’S STRATEGIC PLAN, PRIORITIES AND TECHNICAL
COOPERATION PROGRAMME
3.1 The Commonwealth Secretariat. The Commonwealth Secretariat, established in 1965, is
the primary intergovernmental organisation of the Commonwealth association. The
Secretariat serves the needs of the Commonwealth’s member governments and their peoples
in the political, developmental and youth spheres, through the combined resources of assessed
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and voluntary contributions to three funds: the ComSec assessed budget, CFTC (established
in 1971) and CYP.
3.2 Secretariat’s Mission Statement. The Secretariat continues to serve the purposes for
which it was originally established in 1965, articulated in its Mission Statement:
‘We work as a trusted partner for all Commonwealth people as: a force for peace, democracy,
equality and good governance; a catalyst for global consensus-building; and a source of
assistance for sustainable development and poverty eradication.’
3.3 Secretariat’s Strategic Plan and Governance. The Commonwealth Secretariat’s
Strategic Plan and work programme are directed by the mandates set by Commonwealth
Heads of Government, who meet at CHOGM every two years. The mandates respond to
global developments and the needs of member countries and are results-oriented. The
Secretariat’s four-year Strategic Plan sets out its goals and work programmes (see Annex V).
The Operational Plan and Budget, updated every two years, sets out the operational details
and budgets that support the Strategic Plan. The current Operational Plan and Budget covers
2004/5-2005/6. The Secretariat’s annual budget for 2005/06 is £40.12 million (ComSec:
£13,498,317; CFTC £24,088,537; CYP £2,533,918).
To ensure a holistic approach to planning and implementation, the three Secretariat Funds are
governed by a Board of Governors on which all eligible member governments are
represented. The Board provides policy direction and meets annually to review the
Secretariat’s work and to approve its future work programme and budget. The Board is
supported by an Executive Committee 3 which meets three times a year to monitor the
implementation of the Secretariat’s work programme.
3.4 Secretariat’s Technical Cooperation. The CFTC is the principal means through which
the Secretariat delivers capacity building and institutional strengthening technical cooperation
to developing member countries, especially small states and the least developed members.
CFTC programmes of assistance are mostly demand-led, with an emphasis on South-South
cooperation. The CFTC’s work programme fits within the framework of the Commonwealth
Secretariat’s Strategic Plan and is developed in consultation with national Primary Contact
Points (PCPs) as well and the Divisional Points of Contact (POCs). The particular strengths
of the Secretariat relative to other agencies, identified in the Strategic Plan 2004/5-2007/8, are
summarised in Box 1, which also highlights the CFTC’s key strengths as acknowledged by
member countries.
3.5 Secretariat’s Strategic Partnerships. The Secretariat works in collaboration with key
bilateral, regional and multilateral institutions and agencies to implement its strategic goals.
The purpose of such strategic partnerships is to influence and build consensus on major global
issues of concern to Commonwealth governments, eg world trade, to work in collaboration
with other agencies to achieve the MDGs and to enhance the synergy and impact of the
Secretariat’s assistance to member countries. Collaborative relationships, such as co-funding,
can result from such partnerships where there is some degree of commonality of objective.
3 The Executive Committee comprises the eight largest contributors to the Secretariat’s total resources, plus two
members from each region of the Commonwealth: Africa; Africa-Mediterranean; the Caribbean; the Pacific.
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3.6 DAC 4 Commitments on Aid Coordination. The Secretariat is a signatory to the Paris
Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 2005, which aims to increase the developmental impact of
aid by reforming the ways it is delivered, coordinated and managed. Under this, the
Secretariat commits to statements on aid ownership, alignment and harmonisation.
Box 1: Strengths of the Commonwealth Secretariat and the CFTC
Commonwealth Secretariat strengths
• The Commonwealth association contains a diverse cross-section of nations. It has countries from both
the G-8 and the G-77, enabling the Commonwealth to play a powerful advocacy role on a wide range
of issues: strengthening support for democracy and good governance; debt relief for Heavily Indebted
Poor Countries (HIPCs); special treatment for small states in international trade and finance; and
HIV/AIDS.
• The Commonwealth provides a ‘safe place’ for countries to come together in an informal and friendly
setting. This can facilitate negotiations in other multilateral fora.
• Because of the Commonwealth’s common working language, shared history and traditions and the
similarities in administrative, legal and education systems, the Secretariat can facilitate sharing
experiences and knowledge of good practice.
• Developing countries see the Secretariat as an ‘honest broker’ and a source of impartial advice and
valued assistance in a range of sensitive economic and political areas. Good Offices for conflict
prevention and resolution, public sector reforms, trade and investment negotiations and debt
management are all areas in which the Commonwealth is seen as the preferred source of assistance.
• The Secretariat’s staff, drawn from all member countries, bring an extensive depth of experience of
Commonwealth issues and concerns to the work of the Secretariat.
• The Secretariat is able to tap into the knowledge and resources of an extensive and diverse network of
Commonwealth professional associations, civil society organisations, experts and eminent
Commonwealth citizens.
CFTC strengths
• Accessibility: straightforward procedures and mode of operation
• Quality and cost-effectiveness: combines in-house expertise with external resources
• Speed of response: rapid implementation when needed
• Flexibility: adapts to governments’ priorities
• Neutrality: provides impartial and confidential advice
• Specialised projects: takes on specialised projects and collaborates with other agencies to fill specific
gaps
• Ability to assist small states: meets the particular needs of more than half the Commonwealth’s
membership
• A catalytic role: encourages other donors to get involved
• South-south cooperation: promotes technical co-operation between developing countries.
4 The Development Assistance Committee (DAC, www.oecd.org/dac) is the principal body through which the Organisation for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD) deals with issues related to co-operation with developing countries.
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4. THE SECRETARIAT’S ONGOING AND PROPOSED COOPERATION WITH
TANZANIA
4.1 Overview of Direct CFTC Assistance to Tanzania 2000-2006. During the period 2000–
2006, Tanzania has benefited from over £1,438,000 worth of direct assistance (see Annex III).
Capacity-building and institutional strengthening assistance, which responded to national
priorities within the framework of the Secretariat’s Strategic Plan and work programme, was
provided through advisory services, provision of expertise, training workshops, seminars and
publications. Figure 2 sets out the profile of sectoral assistance to Tanzania, which is
elaborated below.
Figure 2: Direct CFTC Expenditure in Tanzania by Sector 2000/01 – 2005/06
Public Sector Reform
15%
Human Development
1%
Training
24%
Fundamental Political
Values
3%
Agriculture Rural
Development and
Natural Resouces
1%
Economic and
Financial
Management
11%
Economic and Social
Infrastructure
23%
Enterprise and
Private Sector
Development
22%
Training, 25% (Programme 8: Public Sector Development): Over 280 Tanzania nationals
have been trained in priority areas of need, focusing primarily on public administration and
management.
Economic and Social Infrastructure, 23% (Programme 15: Capacity Building and
Institutional Strengthening): The national construction industry has received a range of
capacity building assistance, which includes:
• a study on the establishment of training levy for the construction industry and advise on
the mechanism for its setup.
• the provision of a consultant to assist with the development of local consultants in the
construction industry through training courses in business skills for local
consultants/contractors.
• an Information Technology expert to develop a computerised Information Support
System for the National Construction Council so as to provide data and information to
the construction industry.
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Public Sector Reform, 16% (Programme 15: Capacity Building and Institutional
Strengthening): Two Public Sector Management experts have provided capacity building
assistance to the Public Service Training College contributing towards the improvement of the
public sector management through training, development and research programmes.
Enterprise and Private Sector Development, 11% (Programme 6: Investment, Programme 15:
Capacity Building and Institutional strengthening): The Tanzania Investment Bank has
received capacity building expertise to develop and introduce new products and services in
commercial banking and trade finance and benefited from in-house training on change
management. Technical assistance has also been provided to the Tengeru College of
Agriculture and Livestock Resources (TALERC) to develop the Agribusiness Food
Processing Sub Sector and to improve agricultural extension services delivery and enterprise
development in Arumeru district.. Two workshops, attended by farmers, district level
extension staff and teaching staff at TALERC, focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal
methods as well as business planning and development of farm enterprises. Followin their
success, the Government has approved funds for TALERC to initiate similar training
programmes for farmers in the Arumeru district on a pilot basis.
Economic and Financial Management, 11% (Programme 15: Capacity Building and
Institutional Strengthening). A visiting Professor in Information Technology provided training
and research provided assistance in computer science and information technology to strengthen
the Institute of Finance Management.
Agricultural Rural Development and Natural Resources, 10% (Programme 15: Capacity
Building and Institutional Development). Advice provided on the development of the oil and
gas sector through assistance with the ongoing negotiations of the Deep Sea Bid Round.
Ongoing advice continues on the review and modification of the 1995 and 2000 model
petroleum agreements and the 1980 Petroleum Act.
Economic and Financial Management, 5% (Programme 7: Finance and Debt):Advice and
assistance have been provided in relation to the a review of the Tanzanian Capital Markets
and Securities Act 1994 and the Securities Regulations made under the 1994 Act is being
provided to Capital Markets and Securities Authority. Further assistance is being provided to
the Government of Tanzania with economic, legal and technical inputs into the review of
investment proposals and the negotiation of a range of agreements with the sponsors of an
integrated gas-to-electricity project in Mnazi Bay.
Fundamental Political Values, 3% (Programme 2: Democracy and Consensus Building;
Programme 15: Capacity Building and Institutional Development)): Governance and
electoral assistance has included support for the computerisation of voter registration, reform
of the Zanzibar Electoral Commission (EC), training in conflict management. Assistance also
provided in legal and constitutional reforms. The National Electoral Commission of Tanzania
has also benefited from the services of a communication specialist who assisted in an
evaluation study of remote districts with a view to improving the delivery of election results.
Human Development, 1% (Programme 12: Health and Health Services): Assistance with the
design and publication of a fish cookery book to promote the consumption of sea food so as to
improve the nutritional status of rural communities and reduce food imports.
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4.2 Overview of CFTC Assistance to the African Region through Regional and Pan-
Commonwealth Programmes, 2000-2006. As well as in-country programme of assistance,
Tanzania benefits from regional and pan-Commonwealth programmes of assistance which are
valued at about £1 million and £5 million per annum respectively. On average, the Africa
region benefits from 43% of overall CFTC expenditure per annum.
Tanzania Direct Assistance
African Regional Programmes
Table 1: CFTC Programmes of Assistance: Tanzania, the African Region and Pan
Commonwealth, 2000-2006, £
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 TOTAL
233416.9 283983.9 282794 207,247 243475 187,715 1,438,632
1,146,109 984,313 919, 309 1,013,697 848,145 899,189 5,810,762
Pan Commonwealth
Programmes
3,752,999 4,126,606 4,810,303 5,236,288 5,878,678 6,445,270* 30,250,077
* based on commitments as at March 2006
To maximise the impact of its capacity building development assistance, the Secretariat works
with and through regional organisations where appropriate in order to implement its strategic
goals.
The main areas of assistance to the African during 2000-2006 have been: trade and tourism
development, enterprise and private sector development (including SME development),
economic and financial management (including debt management and combating money
laundering), public sector reform and governance, health and education; fundamental political
values (including legislative drafting); and cross-cutting issues (which includes gender
mainstreaming and environmentally sustainable development).
Annex IV lists a number of regional and pan-Commonwealth activities from which the
African countries have benefited.
4.3 Development Priorities and Issues Identified during the Regional Consultative
Meeting with PCPs in 2003. The primary purpose of the 2003 consultation was to assess the
CFTC’s assistance to member countries in the Africa region, to identify their future regional
and national developmental priorities which would contribute to the Commonwealth
Secretariat’s 4-year Strategic Plan for 2004/05 – 2007/08 and 2-year Operational Plan for
2004/05 – 2005/06, and also to receive feedback on how the systems and processes can be
improved.
4.3.1 Regional Development Priorities and Issues. It was recognised that the CFTC had a
comparative advantage as a quick response facility with relatively easy access, which was
able to address strategic gaps not readily filled by other donor agencies. In particular, the
Secretariat was well placed to deal with economically and politically sensitive issues. The
CFTC-funded programme of assistance was therefore well received at both the national and
regional levels. While recognising that member countries in Africa were at different stages of
development and that some members were in a position to share their best practices and
resources with other members, the following major regional development priorities were
identified as areas where the Secretariat’s Strategic and Operational Plans as well as the
11

CFTC’s capacity building programme of assistance should focus on to help their efforts to
reduce poverty and achieve MDGs (where applicable):
Regional Development Priorities
• Public sector development and good governance
• Combating HIV/AIDS
• Global and regional trade policies
• Enterprise and private sector development
• Natural resources development, mineral and energy in particular
• Skills development
• Strengthening institutions of higher education
• Implementing NEPAD, and other regional integration initiatives
• Post-conflict and natural disaster support
There was regional consensus on the following issues and recommendations:
Regional Issues
• The consultative meetings should be held on a periodic basis in line with the strategic
planning cycle of the Secretariat.
• Information-sharing, communication and networking mechanisms should be strengthened
both between the Secretariat and the national CFTC Primary Contact Point (POCs) and
between the Primary Contact Points (PCPs).
• While the PCP/POC system was working well in some countries, communications
between PCPs, POCs and London-based High Commissions needed to be further
strengthened. Suggestions to achieve this included copying ComSec development
assistance correspondence to the PCP and POC.
• The Secretariat should adopt a standard and simplified format for seeking technical cooperation
assistance. A manual or guidelines should be included.
• The development of a medium-term CFTC strategy paper for national and regional
programmes of assistance would be beneficial.
• Need to encourage and facilitate civil society and the private sector contributions,
especially to combat HIV/AIDS
• Financial constraints made it difficult for some governments to co-fund extension of
projects and to finance travel expenses of participants for regional training programmes.
• The CFTC should become more regional in its focus but not increase the allocation of
funds on a regional or pan-Commonwealth basis.
• The Secretariat should evaluate the Third Country Training programmes to determine
their cost-effectiveness and to explore ways of hosting these training programmes at the
regional and national level.
• The CFTC should develop national and regional centres of excellence to meet regional
skills development needs cost-effectively.
4.3.2 National Development Priorities for 2004/05 – 2005/06 and issues – Tanzania.
National development and sectoral priorities as well as issues identified through a bilateral
meeting and completed questionnaire were as follows:
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National Development Priorities for 2004/05 – 2005/06
• Continued debt management advice and the development of an external debt
management strategy aimed at assisting Tanzania in its preparations for seeking relief
under the HIPC Initiative.
• Continued advice on the development of the oil and gas sector
• Support for the Public Service Training College (TPSC) aimed at improving the
management of the public sector through training, development and research
programmes through training needs assessments.
• An Information Technology expert to develop a computerised Information Support
System for the National Construction Council so as to provide data and information to
the construction industry.
• Addressing poverty reduction through income generating projects, especially in rural
areas.
• Public Sector Reform and Governance.
• Building human resource capacity through tailor-made training programmes (through
training of trainers programmes) in such areas as (i)Gender (ii) Ethics (iii) Governance
(iv) Human rights. This should be done by building capacity of national training
institutions as centres of excellence to maximise cost-effectiveness and potential
numbers of beneficiaries.
National issues
• Poor and late communications is a severe constraint, hampering the ability of
government to respond to training awards etc.
• Lack of funds hampers uptake of assistance as cost-sharing requirements for some
activities (e.g. 3 rd country training programme) are too expensive.
• Inadequate/ineffective communication; all correspondence to be sent by any ComSec
official to any POC be copied to the PCP and vice-versa.
• Reputation was singled out as the most important factor that encourages Tanzania to
apply to CFTC for assistance.
• CFTC is considered to respond to requests for assistance somewhat more quickly than
other development partners, and the quality of assistance is regarded as better.
4.4 Follow Up Action by ComSec. The Secretariat has taken the following action to address
the development priorities and issues identified at the Regional Consultations:
• The priorities identified in the consultations informed the priorities in the Secretariat’s 4
year Strategic Plan 2004/05 to 2007/08 and its Operational Plan 2004/05 to 2005/06.
• Regional consultations with PCPs are being organised biennially.
• A London-based Study Programme for POCs and Strategic Partners has been launched to
improve collaboration at all levels.
• The PCPs/POCs have access to documentation for the quarterly governing body meetings
of the Executive Committee and the annual meeting of the Board of Governors held in
London.
• The revised edition of the ‘Manual for Primary Contact Points, Points of Contact and
Others’, which provides information about the Secretariat, its programmes and how to
access assistance, as well as the PCP and POC system has been distributed.
• A dedicated webpage for PCPs and POCs, with a discussion forum facility, has been
launched to help sharing of information and networking within and between member
countries and with the Secretariat. Details on the Secretariat’s development activities of
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particular interest to PCPs and POCs are also provided. Information on the webpage will
also help clarify the roles and responsibilities of the PCPs and POCs.
• Steps are also being taken to improve the flow of correspondence to the PCPs.
• The technical cooperation frameworks, which provide a broad overview of the
Commonwealth Secretariat’s national, regional and pan-Commonwealth development
programmes, have been developed to assist in the identification of niche areas where
CFTC inputs should be targeted and also coordinated and managed more effectively. It is
hoped that the country frameworks, together with biennial consultations and other regular
interaction, will help in better targeting and deepening CFTC’s programme of assistance.
• Project management is being reviewed in the Secretariat to enhance the implementation of
results-based management, including project management and evaluation of assistance.
• Collaborative partnerships with training centres of excellence in the region are being
enhanced for pan-Commonwealth and regional training activities.
4.5 CFTC Programme of Direct Assistance to Botswana during 2006/07 – 2007/08 and
expected results 5 . The following ongoing projects will be carried forward over the next twoyear
operational plan period:
1. Improving Debt Management and Recording (Programme 7: Finance and
Debt). CS-DRMS2000+ is used by the Ministry of Finance to assist with the
sustainable management of the country’s external and domestic debt portfolio.
Advisory and training assistance is also being provided to build local capacity for
effective debt management, and to assist Tanzania in its preparations to seek
relief under the HIPC Initiative. Staff from DMS and the Regional Adviser
conducted an in-country workshop in July/August 2005 on the use of CS-DRMS
2000+ for effective debt management. A similar workshop is scheduled for April
2006. A country mission to validate debt data and upgrade the software is
planned for this financial year. Tanzania also benefits from the services of the
Regional Debt Adviser based at the Macroeconomic and Financial Management
Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa (MEFMI) who is helping to strengthen
debt management capacity in these regions.
2. Trade Capacity Building (Programme 15: Capacity Building and Institutional
Development). A Trade Policy Analyst based at the Ministry of Trade and
Industry is providing assistance through the Hub and Spokes programme, a major
ACP-wide programme funded mainly by the EU (€20 million, managed by the
Secretariat and La Francophonie), which is building regional and national
capacity for multilateral negotiations with the WTO, EU-ACP and others, trade
policy formulation, implementation and integration (Ms Victoria Randell, 2006 –
2008).
3. Petroleum Exploration (Programme 6: Investment). As part of assistance in the
licensing of deep water blocks to oil companies, the Tanzania Petroleum
Development Corporation was advised on bids received from three companies.
Follow up advice is being provided.
5 A result is a measurable development change resulting from a cause and effect relationship. There are different levels of
results linked together in a results chain with short term results (outputs) leading to medium term results (outcomes - project
purpose level) leading to long term results (impact - project goal level).
14

4. Development of the Energy Sector (Programme 6: Investment). As part of the
assistance to the Government of Tanzania negotiating team on integrated gas-toelectricity
project in the coastal regions of Lindi and Mtwara, advice has been given
on financial, economic, legal and technical aspects of project proposals and
discussions held with officials in to assist with ongoing negotiations.
5. Review of Capital Markets (Programme 6: Investment). The Capital Markets and
Securities Authority will be assisted with the review of the Tanzanian Capital
Markets and Securities Act 1994 and the Securities Regulations made under the
1994 Act when findings of International Organisation of Securities Commissions
review are complete.
6. Strengthening national women’s organisations for e-commerce (Programme 15:
Capacity Building and Institutional Development). A volunteer expert (currently
being identified) to be based at the Small Industries Development Organisation
will help build the capacity of women entrepreneur support organisations in ecommerce.
This assistance is being implemented in collaboration with the
Commonwealth Business Women’s Network, Commonwealth Business Council.
7. Training (Programme 8: Public Sector Development). Tanzania nationals will
continue to benefit from capacity building training assistance to enhance public
sector development and reforms in priority areas of need. These have been
identified as:
• Leadership development, with a focus on visionary and transformational
leadership skills, to enable public institutions to achieve their strategic
objectives and contribute to achievement of the MDGs
• Human Resource Management programmes in the context of HIV/AIDS
and migration of skilled workers
• Performance management
• Governance, including accountability and ethics
• Mainstreaming of gender in public policies, plans and programmes for
gender equitable public service delivery and development.
• Accessibility of public services, particularly by the poor.
The following additional projects have been identified for implementation over the
operational plan period 2006/07 to 2007/08 based on the regional consultations with the PCPs
and/or through requests received by the Secretariat from the Points of Contact:
8. ___________
9. ___________
4.6 CFTC Assistance to the Africa Region through Regional and Pan-Commonwealth
Programmes, 2006/07- 2007/08. Annex IV lists a number of ongoing regional and pan-
Commonwealth projects many of which are of benefit to Tanzania. The following regional and
pan-Commonwealth activities, extracted from Annex IV, are likely to be carried forward or
15

implemented in next operational plan period 2006/07 – 2007/08 and may be of benefit to
Tanzania.
a) Trade and Tourism Development (Programme 5: International Trade; Programme 6:
Investment)
• The Hub and Spokes programme, a major ACP-wide programme funded mainly by the
EU (€20 million, managed by the Secretariat and La Francophonie), is building regional
and national capacity for multilateral negotiations with the WTO, EU-ACP and others,
trade policy formulation, implementation and integration (ongoing).
• In Africa, assistance is being provided directly through nationally-based Trade Policy
Analysts as well as through Regional Trade Advisers stationed at the AU, COMESA,
ECOWAS, SADC, CEMAC and UEMOA (managed by the Secretariat and La
Francophonie) to support all countries.
• Regional Trade Policy Advisers supporting Commonwealth member countries in
Africa include: Mr. Calson Mbegabolawe, COMESA; Mr. Noko Murangi, SADC; Dr.
Francis Mangeni, African Union Commission; Mr Antoine Silete Agbadonme,
ECOWAS (La Francophonie); Mr. Jean-Pierre Ouedraogo, UEMOA (La
Francophonie).
• Policy advice and assistance are provided to Commonwealth ACP countries to enable
them to negotiate effectively on key WTO-related issues (agriculture, market access, trade
facilitation, services). Assistance includes development of analytical papers on key areas
of negotiations, identification of cooperating partners such as UNCTAD and regional
workshops (ongoing). A workshop on the Doha Round promoted exchange of views and
strengthened capacity in negotiations (South Africa, 2005).
• The Secretariat, in collaboration with UNCTAD, will be convening a two-day
Stakeholders’ Brainstorming Meeting on ‘Aid for Trade’ (Geneva, 21-22 March 2006) in
the context of the outcome of the December 2005 Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong.
The outcome of the meeting will contribute to the recommendations to the WTO General
Council on how ‘Aid for Trade’ might contribute most effectively to the development
dimension of the Doha Development Agenda (ongoing).
b) Economic and Financial Management (Programme 7: Finance and Debt)
• The Debt Management Programme comprises the CS-DRMS software (now installed in
16 member countries in Africa 6 ), advisory services and capacity building for effective
domestic and external debt management undertaken independently as well as jointly with
the IMF and regional capacity building institutions.
• Over 65% of debt management assistance has been targeted at African countries and
assistance is provided directly to countries as well as through two regional advisers
based at the MEFMI to support East and Southern Africa (Mr J K Maina) and
WAIFEM (Mr A Aikuta) to support West Africa. The regional CS-DRMS advisers
are based locally for proactive support as well as prompt response to members’ needs.
• ComSec is collaborating with other capacity development agencies, such as Debt
Relief International (DRI) and the Department for International Development (DFID),
UK, to provide assistance and support to our member states without duplicating our
efforts (eg The Gambia). The Secretariat also continues to collaborate with
6 CS-DRMS is being used by Commonwealth member countries as well as non member countries in Africa.
Member countries using the software include Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius,
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles. Seven
of these countries are classified as heavily indebted countries (HIPC).
16

development partners in assisting HIPC countries carry out Debt Sustainability
Analysis using data derived from CS-DRMS.
• The Secretariat, jointly with the IMF and MEFMI, implemented the first training
workshop to assist African countries implement the External Debt Statistics Guide
developed by the IMF using the Commonwealth Secretariat’s CS-DRMS 2000+
software (Uganda, Nov 2005).
• Infrastructure for National Development – Support to NEPAD. This programme is
examining the importance of infrastructure development for investment and economic
growth (ongoing).
• A Joint Commonwealth Secretariat/World Bank Workshop on Migration, Remittances
and Development: Challenges for Africa was held in Ghana (July 2005) to, among other
things, brainstorm experiences elsewhere and discuss its applicability in African countries
and discuss opportunities and options for migration and remittances to African countries.
The conclusions of the workshop focused on actions for policy makers, developing
countries, and the World Bank and Commonwealth Secretariat. As a follow up to the
workshop, the Secretariat will commission pilot studies on developing a mutually
beneficial employment, development and educational initiative in the area of migration
and remittances (ongoing).
• Commonwealth HIPC Ministerial Forum, to be attended by Ministers from member
countries in Africa, will consider and brainstorm on the latest developments on the
implementation of the G8 multilateral debt cancellation initiative (Lusaka, Zambia, 10-12
April 2006).
c) Enterprise and Private Sector Development (Programme 6: Investment)
• African member countries have been participating in the Commonwealth-India Small
Business Competitiveness Development Programmes, which are helping to develop and
augment SME competitiveness (ongoing).
• Lowering the Threshold. In the SADC region, the Secretariat is spearheading efforts to
facilitate access by SMEs to long term debt finance from commercial banks. A series of
meetings have been organised with interested parties including International Financial
Institutions, Regional Development Banks and Commercial Banks seeking innovative and
market-friendly ways to lower the risk and costs finance to SMEs. The aim is to bridge the
current gap in financing between short-term consumer credit and long-term infrastructure
investment (ongoing).
• The low cost housing project in the COMESA region is aimed at investigating the
introduction of alternative technologies for building material production in the COMESA
region with a view to lowering the cost of construction, stimulating local building material
production (mainly by SMEs) and introducing changes to standards for building materials
in COMESA. A 6-country investigation was undertaken followed by 2 regional
workshops. The project is on track to make a valuable contribution to new building
materials (ongoing).
• An Action Plan for Trade in Pharmaceutical Products was developed for the COMESA
region. A workshop to enable member states to agree to common regulations and
enforcement procedures was held in June 2005 and final project report has been sent to all
stakeholders. COMESA has requested further support for the development of tools for
assessing mutual recognition (ongoing).
• Assistance is being provided with the development of Competition Policy Model for
SADC member countries to achieve harmonisation and with time develop a model
competition law (ongoing).
17

• This TRIPS & Public Health project is designed to assist countries with insufficient or no
manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector gain access to affordable essential
medicines, for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Malaria in particular. Nine national (including
Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda) and six regional (including
ECOWAS, COMESA & EAC, SACU & SADC) case studies have been undertaken
(ongoing).
e) Public Sector Reform and Governance (Programme 8: Public Sector Development):
• Support is being provided to the NEPAD agenda to strengthen the role of the African
Public Services. The first consultative meeting in London discussed the role of African
public service. The second meeting discussed the Draft Framework for NEPAD for
efficient delivery of public services (ongoing).
• Assistance is also being provided to the NEPAD E-Governance Programme, which
encompasses ICT led public services including e-parliament, elections processes, eservice
delivery and cabinet processes. The programme will, among other things, enhance
democracy, human rights, efficient and effective delivery of basic public services. A
NEPAD e-Africa Commission workshop on e-governance will be held in Pretoria, S
Africa in April 2006 (ongoing).
• In order to address the shortages of well-qualified senior managers in key positions, the
Civil Service Commissions and Institutes of Public Administration are being assisted to
assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the public sector, and to prepare effective training,
recruitment and short-term replacement plans to redress the significant impact. The
impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector is also being assessed and strategies and systems
for their management are being developed (ongoing).
• Regional Local Govt Symposium for Africa, Kampala, Uganda, will focus on issues such
as promotion of local democracy and good governance (April 2006)
• Pan-Commonwealth Workshop on Municipal Finances, Birmingham, will strengthen the
capacity of public sector officials in financial management (June 2006)
• The Public Expenditure Management Programme aims to institute accountable and
transparent public accounts system in member countries. The African member countries
will benefit from a number of pan-Commonwealth and regional programmes including the
Seminar for Senior Budget Officers and Managers, Singapore (27 March – 7 April 2006);
the Workshop on Public Procurement Management for Senior Executive Officers in W
Africa, Ghana (Accra, 24-30 May 2006); and a workshop on Improving Public Financial
Management in E Africa (Uganda, 6-30 June 2006).
f) Human Development (Programme 11: Education; Programme 12: Health; Programme
15: Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening)
Health
• Assistance is also being provided to develop a curriculum for HIV/AIDS education for
young children and families of victims.
• Mode IV and Migration Initiative (health workers): A study, in collaboration with the
COMESA Secretariat, is evaluating mutual gains and major problems related to the
migration of nurses from the COMESA countries to Europe. The study will be used by
COMESA for their ACP-EU EPA negotiations (ongoing).
• To raise aware of maternal and infant mortality and HIV/AIDS, the Secretariat continues
to use high-level advocacy at Ministerial and Heads of Government Meetings, and
interacts with other international organisations, agencies and partners within the
Commonwealth including the Africa region. Advocacy initiatives to raise awareness
18

about maternal and infant mortality have included a series of documentary films
(ongoing).
• On-going work with WHO to assist countries to institutionalise maternal death review.
• A research project will be undertaken on the availability of Antiretroviral (ARV)
treatment for persons living with HIV/AIDS in Commonwealth sub-Saharan Africa. The
objective is to improve access to effective ARV treatment and reduce AIDS-related deaths
in member countries (forthcoming).
Education
• Achieving Universal Primary Education (UPE). Work in this area has focused on:
• The development of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol which is
aimed at addressing teacher shortages, a factor that has had major negative impact on
providing education opportunities. A 12-member Commonwealth Working Group of
senior officials developed a Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol, adopted
by Education ministers (Sept 2004), is aimed at assisting member countries manage
better voluntary teacher migration and international teachers’ recruitment by both
public and private sector agencies.
• The Multigrade Teacher Training Module, developed and launched in 2005, is also an
instrument to help create more school opportunities for children who otherwise would
have no teachers to lead them. The Module is intended to assist member countries
address the problem of teacher shortages and improving quality in education in both
rural and urban areas.
• The Mombasa Declaration on Education in Difficult Circumstances addresses a
number of issues including the creation of enabling conditions for accessing
education opportunities and retaining children in school until they complete the
primary school cycle. The Mombasa Declaration, agreed by Education Ministers,
sets out steps which Ministries must pursue to safeguard the education of children
and child refugees in times of conflict and natural disasters.
• Alongside these actions, the Secretariat is engaged with partners in identifying and
discussing specific UPE related issues and initiatives such as abolition of school fees
barriers and innovative policies and practices that would support UPE efforts.
• Citizenship Education. The Secretariat launched a “Framework for Citizenship
Education,” a Commonwealth initiative and strategy to promote tolerance and fight
racism and discrimination through education. The framework is being further developed
so that it can be used to help countries plan the curriculum, develop new teaching
methods, train facilitators and teachers and involve local communities for the new
approach to citizenship education.
• Gender and Education. Good Practices in Girls’ Education: Strategies, innovations and
practices have been collated from Africa and Asia for wide dissemination to other
member countries. A Commonwealth Scorecard has been developed as a tool for
policymakers and education managers to track girls’ education in the Commonwealth.
• Education. The Secretariat is working with its partners in Africa (including the
Commonwealth of Learning) to convene a major meeting to address Nomadic education
in Africa.
g) Fundamental Political Values (Programme 3: Rule of Law; Programme 4: Human Rights;
Programme 15: Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening)
• Anti Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism Programmes for Eastern,
Southern and West Africa: Assistance has been provided to develop two regional groups
19

to promote cooperation and work programmes. The next stage will be the development
of national strategies (ongoing).
• Commonwealth Plan of Action on Terrorism is assisting member countries in meeting
their obligations under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373. Law
enforcement officers from some Commonwealth African countries attended counterterrorism
training in December 2005 (ongoing).
• The East African Community (EAC) is being assisted with the development of Rules of
Procedures and Protocol as well as the review of national laws (ongoing).
• Law and Technology Workshops in Africa have discussed model legislation on eevidence,
e-transactions and computer related crimes. It also assisted some countries with
the assessment of their e-governance laws (ongoing).
• Legislative Drafting: Heads of Drafting Offices from African countries met in Accra to
discuss the shortage of drafters and the curriculum for a pilot training programme to be
conducted at the Ghana School of Law (completed, June 2005). A twelve week
programme for legislative drafters for African member states is currently taking place
(ongoing, Accra, Ghana).
• A Human Rights training manual has been developed for police training schools in West
Africa. Training workshops were held in Banjul (The Gambia) and Accra (Ghana) 2004
and in Abuja, Nigeria (July 2005). The training manual was launched in December 2005,
with follow-up training of trainers proposed.
• Following work done in E and S Africa, further assistance will be provided to strengthen
national human rights institutions in the region (ongoing). After a meeting of African
national human rights institutions and human rights defenders in Kenya (2004), human
rights defenders from various African Commonwealth countries met in London in June
2005 to share experiences and increase interaction with national institutions.
h) Cross Cutting Issues (Programme 9: Environmentally Sustainable Development;
Programme 10: Small States; Programme 14: Gender Equality and Equity; Programme 15:
Capacity Building and Institutional Development)
Gender Equality and Equity
• Links are being established with AU and COMESA to ensure gender mainstreaming and
to institutionalise GMS framework.
• Gender mainstreaming workshops (Ghana, 2004 and The Gambia, 2005), organised in
collaboration with local institutions, are helping policy and capacity building in W Africa
(ongoing).
Sustainable development
• The Secretariat is working with small states on a review of the Joint Task Force Report
2000 agenda. This has identified the new challenges, including preference erosion for
traditional exports, the need to diversify into new economic activities, rising debt burden,
increased environmental susceptibilities, increased youth unemployment, security and
crime, and HIV/AIDS. Regional consultations in Africa will take place in May 2006
(ongoing).
• The Secretariat is collaborating with the University of Malta to develop a resilience index
and strategies to help small states overcome vulnerability (ongoing).
• Successive Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings have raised concerns about
global warming and climate change, and have affirmed Commonwealth support through
technical assistance and capacity building to address the adaptation concerns of small
20

island and other states. The Secretariat has initiated planning for a programme of work for
consideration in time for the Kampala CHOGM in 2007 (ongoing).
Capacity Building
• NEPAD AfricaRecruit Initiative. The Secretariat is working with the NEPAD Secretariat
and the Commonwealth Business Council to create partnerships across Africa and
diaspora organizations in the UK, Europe and North America to help develop HR capacity
in Africa through linkages with African diaspora across the globe. Three volunteer
technical experts are assisting in this initiative through e-tools and other mechanisms.
5. TANZANIA’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CFTC
Despite an increase in voluntary contributions to the CFTC by over 40 members in the last 5
years, the CFTC’s resources have declined in real and nominal terms. This decline has
affected the Fund’s ability to meet the demands of member countries, especially Small States
and Least Developed Countries (LDCs), to attain the MDGs by supporting pro-poor policies
for economic growth and sustainable development.
To reverse this decline, CHOGM 2005 endorsed the support expressed at the Commonwealth
Finance Ministers Meeting in Barbados in September 2005 for the Secretary-General's call on
all member Governments to increase contributions to the CFTC by 6 per cent per annum in
real terms for each of the next five years.
Accordingly, while the Government of Tanzania’s continued support is much appreciated, it is
requested to review its contributions to the CFTC in accordance with CHOGM 2005 mandate.
Table 2: Tanzania’s Pledges and Contributions to CFTC, 2000/01-2005/06, £
2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06
Pledge 100,000 - 100,000 100,000 102,000 110,000
Contributions 100,000 - 100,000 102,124 102,000 108,021
Adjustment Gain/(Loss) 2,124
Pledge Outstanding 0 0 0 0 1,979
21

Annex I: Selected Development Indicators for Tanzania
Country
Table 3: Commonwealth Africa Region HDI Rankings 2005
Human
Development
Index (HDI)
HDI World
Rank (of 177
countries)
UNDP Human
Development
Classification
Gender-related
development
index (GDI)
Botswana 0.565 131 Medium 0.559
Cameroon 0.497 148 Low 0.487
Gambia 0.470 155 Medium 0.464
Ghana 0.520 138 Medium 0.517
Kenya 0.474 154 Low 0.472
Lesotho 0.497 149 Low 0.487
Malawi 0.404 165 Low 0.396
Mauritius 0.791 65 Medium 0.781
Mozambique 0.379 168 Low 0.365
Namibia 0.625 125 Medium 0.621
Nigeria 0.453 158 Low 0.439
Seychelles 0.821 51 High N/A
Sierra Leone 0.298 176 Low 0.279
South Africa 0.658 120 Medium 0.652
Swaziland 0.498 147 Low 0.485
Tanzania 0.418 164 Low 0.414
Zambia 0.394 166 Low 0.383
Uganda 0.508 144 Medium 0.502
Source: UNDP Human Development Report 2005.
HDI: This composite index measures average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development: (1) a long and
healthy life (life expectancy at birth); (2) knowledge (measured by adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary
and tertiary enrolment ratio) and (3) a decent standard of living (as measured by GDP per capita).
GDI: This composite index adjusts the three basic dimensions captured in the HDI to account for inequalities between sexes.
Table 4: Commonwealth Africa Region, Selected Economic Indicators 2004
Country Exports (US$ m) - Imports (US$ m) – Total External Debt
2004
2004
(US$ m) - 2004
Botswana 3,467 2,840 529a
Cameroon 2,696b 2,451b 9,200a
Gambia 127 235 n/a
Ghana 2,785 4,297 7,000a
Kenya 2,723 4,320 7,000a
Lesotho 707 1,302 n/a
Malawi 613 148 3,200a
Mauritius 2,004 2,579 3,000a
Mozambique 1,504 1,850 n/a
Namibia 1,828 2,110 1,145
Nigeria 37,326 19,133 37,000
Seychelles 300.5 416.9 572a
Sierra Leone 172 252 n/a
South Africa 48,431 48,545 28,700a
Swaziland 1,938a 1,914a 432a
Tanzania 1,278 2,184 7,900
Zambia 1,618 1,727 6,400
Uganda 705.3 1458.9 4,900
Source: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) Ltd 2005; a indicates EIU estimate; b indicates IMF estimate.
23

Annex II: Progress of Tanzania towards Meeting MDGs
Goals
Extreme Poverty
Halve the proportion of people living
below the poverty line
Hunger
Halve the proportion of people who
suffer from hunger between 1990 and
2015
Universal Primary Education
Ensure that by 2015 children
everywhere, boys and girls alike, will
be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
Gender Equity
Achieve equal access for boys and girls
to primary and secondary schooling by
2015
Child Mortality
Reduce under-five mortality by two-
thirds by 2015
Maternal Health
Reduce maternal mortality ratio by
three quarters by 2015
HIV/AIDS
Halt and reverse the spread of
HIV/AIDS by 2015
Environmental Resources
Reverse loss of environmental
resources
Access to Safe Drinking Water
Halve the proportion of people without
access to safe drinking water
Will goal be reached?
Potentially
Unlikely
Unlikely
Probably
Unlikely
Unlikely
Potentially
Potentially
Lack of Data
24
Status of support conditions
Weak but Improving
Fair
Weak but Improving
Weak but Improving
Weak but Improving
Weak but Improving
Weak but Improving
Fair
Fair

Annex III: CFTC Direct Assistance to Tanzania 2000-2006
Summary of Project
Financial Year 2000/01
Advice and Assistance on Negotiation with Foreign Investors of Gas to
Electricity Project based on Mnazi Bay Gas
Expenditure
(£GB)
24,855
Head of Investment Banking 62,409
Consultant, Development of Local Consultants 35,186
Consultant, A Study for the Establishment of the Training Levy for the
Construction Industry
1,557
Resource Person: In-house Training Course 22
72 Nationals trained in priority areas of need 109,387
Total for Financial Year 2000/01
Financial Year 2001/02
233,417
Publ.-Cooking with a Tanzanian Touch 7,824
Mnazi Bay Gas Development 23,911
Head of Investment Banking 56,288
Information Technology Expert 38,543
Consultant, Development of Local Consultants 14,247
Consultant, A Study for the Establishment of the Training Levy for the
Construction Industry
25,000
Resource Person: In-house Training/Course 5,138
Consultants, Public Sector Management 44,234
Assistance to Zanzibar Electoral Commission 5,531
37 Nationals trained in priority areas of need 63,268
Total for Financial Year 2001/02
Financial Year 2002/03
283,984
Head of Investment Banking 29,873
Information Technology Expert 44,925
Chief Consultant, Public Sector Management 67,265
Visiting Professor-Information Technology 31,355
Computerisation of Voter Registration 8,523
Reform of Zanzibar Electoral Commission 8,329
Legal and Constitutional Experts 14,112
Publication-Cooking with a Tanzanian Touch 4,125
Assistance-Petroleum Sector Negotiations/Development 7,695
47 Nationals trained in priority areas of need 66,592
Total for Financial Year 2002/03
Financial Year 2003/04
282,794
Information Technology Expert 36,797
Chief Consultant, Public Sector Management 69,744
Visiting Professor-Information Technology 47,224
Post Election Seminar-Zanzibar 2,404
Publication-Cooking with a Tanzanian Touch 1,557
46 Nationals trained in priority areas of need 49,521
Total for Financial Year 2003/04
Financial Year 2004/05
207,247
Chief Consultant, Public Sector Management 37,629
Conflict Management Training-Zanzibar EC 7,937
Strengthening Human/Institutional Capacity-TALERC
http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=144851
19,050
25

Agri-Business Development Programme 81,173
Assistance-Mnazi Bay Gas-to-Power Negotiations 35,014
85 Nationals trained in priority areas of need 62,662
Total for Financial Year 2004/05 243,465
Financial Year 2005/06 (estimated)
Agri-Business Development Prog 61,522
Assistance-Mnazi Bay Gas-to-Power Negotiations 48,193
Review of Capital Markets & Securities Law 78,000
Total for Financial Year 2005/06 187,715
Total for Financial Year 2000/01 - 2005/06
26
1,438,632

Annex IV: CFTC Assistance to the Africa Region through Regional and Pan
Commonwealth Programmes, 2000/01-2005/06 and beyond
Africa region is the largest beneficiary of CFTC assistance. In addition to direct technical
assistance, African member countries benefit from a regional programme of assistance which,
on average, is worth about £1 million per annum as well as a pan-Commonwealth programme
of assistance valued at over £5 million per annum.
In order to maximise local participation and development impact, the Secretariat often
collaborates with regional and sub-regional organisations to deliver programmes. In Africa,
these include the AU, COMESA, EAC, ECOWAS, MEFMI, NEPAD, SADC, and
WAIFEM 7 .
Capacity building and institutional strengthening assistance provided to the region includes
advisory services, provision of experts, training workshops and seminars and publications.
The following list comprises selected regional and pan-Commonwealth ongoing, planned and
completed (in that order) CFTC activities benefitting the African member countries.
a) Trade and Tourism Development (Programme 5: International Trade; Programme 6:
Investment)
• The Hub and Spokes programme, a major ACP-wide programme funded mainly by the
EU (€20 million, managed by the Secretariat and La Francophonie), is building regional
and national capacity for multilateral negotiations with the WTO, EU-ACP and others,
trade policy formulation, implementation and integration (ongoing).
• In Africa, assistance is being provided directly through nationally-based Trade Policy
Analysts in some countries as well as through Regional Trade Advisers stationed at
the AU, COMESA, ECOWAS, SADC, CEMAC and UEMOA (managed by the
Secretariat and La Francophonie) to support all countries.
• Regional Trade Policy Advisers supporting Commonwealth member countries in
Africa include: Mr. Calson Mbegabolawe, COMESA; Mr. Noko Murangi, SADC; Dr.
Francis Mangeni, African Union Commission; Mr Antoine Silete Agbadonme,
ECOWAS (La Francophonie); Mr. Jean-Pierre Ouedraogo, UEMOA (La
Francophonie).
• Policy advice and assistance are provided to Commonwealth ACP countries to enable
them to negotiate effectively on key WTO-related issues (agriculture, market access, trade
facilitation, services). Assistance includes development of analytical papers on key areas
of negotiations, identification of cooperating partners such as UNCTAD and regional
workshops (ongoing).
• The Secretariat, in collaboration with UNCTAD, will be convening a two-day
Stakeholders’ Brainstorming Meeting on ‘Aid for Trade’ (Geneva, 21-22 March 2006) in
the context of the outcome of the December 2005 Ministerial Conference in Hong Kong.
The outcome of the meeting will contribute to the recommendations to the WTO General
Council on how ‘Aid for Trade’ might contribute most effectively to the development
dimension of the Doha Development Agenda (ongoing).
• Commonwealth Ministers of Tourism in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (March 2004) and
Abuja (April 2005) pledged to cooperate to use tourism for sustainable development and
the achievement of MDGs. This has led to the establishment of a Commonwealth Tourism
7 African Union (AU), Ethiopia; Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Zambia; East African Community (EAC),
Tanzania; Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Nigeria; Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of
Eastern and Southern Africa (MEFMI), Zimbabwe; New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), S Africa; Southern African
Development Community (SADC), Botswana; West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management (WAIFEM), Nigeria.
27

Centre in Malaysia to boost information flows and build capacity and agreed to place
tourism on national and international agenda as a catalyst for poverty reduction. This has
led to the establishment of a Commonwealth Tourism Centre, which the Government of
Malaysia has generously offered to host and finance during the first three years. The
Centre will promote information exchange, marketing and investment promotion.
Dialogue with the private sector has been helped through the Commonwealth Business
Forum Commonwealth Travel Mart, held alongside the Ministerial meetings. The next
Commonwealth Tourism Ministers Meeting is scheduled to take place in conjunction with
the UN World Tourism Organisation General Assembly in 2007 (ongoing).
• A Regional Tourism Marketing Plan and strategy have been developed to harmonise and
coordinate national plans and a Tourism Promotion Programme for the SADC region
focused on North America (completed).
b) Economic and Financial Management (Programme 7: Finance and Debt; Programme
15: Capacity Building and Institutional Development)
• The Debt Management Programme comprises the CS-DRMS software (now installed in
16 member countries in Africa 8 ), advisory services and capacity building for effective
domestic and external debt management undertaken independently, as well as jointly with
the IMF and regional capacity building institutions.
• Over 65% of debt management assistance has been targeted at African countries and
assistance is provided directly to countries as well as through two regional advisers
based at the MEFMI to support East and Southern Africa (Mr J K Maina) and
WAIFEM (Mr A Aikuta) to support West Africa. The regional CS-DRMS advisers
are based locally for proactive support as well as prompt response to members’ needs.
• ComSec is collaborating with other capacity development agencies, such as Debt
Relief International (DRI) and the Department for International Development (DFID),
UK, to provide assistance and support to member states without duplicating our efforts
(eg The Gambia). The Secretariat also continues to collaborate with development
partners in assisting HIPC countries carry out Debt Sustainability Analysis using data
derived from CS-DRMS.
• The Secretariat, jointly with the IMF and MEFMI, implemented the first training
workshop to assist African countries implement the External Debt Statistics Guide
developed by the IMF using the Commonwealth Secretariat’s CS-DRMS 2000+
software (Uganda, Nov 2005).
• Infrastructure for National Development – Support to NEPAD. This programme is
examining the importance of infrastructure development for investment and economic
growth (ongoing).
• A Joint Commonwealth Secretariat/World Bank Workshop on Migration, Remittances
and Development: Challenges for Africa was held in Ghana (July 2005) to, among other
things, brainstorm experiences elsewhere and discuss its applicability in African countries
and discuss opportunities and options for migration and remittances to African countries.
The conclusions of the workshop focused on actions for policy makers, developing
countries, and the World Bank and Commonwealth Secretariat. As a follow up to the
workshop, the Secretariat will commission pilot studies on developing a mutually
8 CS-DRMS is being used by Commonwealth member countries as well as non member countries in Africa.
Member countries using the software include Botswana, Cameroon, Ghana, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius,
Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Tanzania, South Africa, Seychelles. Seven
of these countries are classified as heavily indebted countries (HIPC).
28

eneficial employment, development and educational initiative in the area of migration
and remittances (ongoing).
• Commonwealth HIPC Ministerial Forum, to be attended by Ministers from member
countries in Africa, will consider and brainstorm on the latest developments on the
implementation of the G8 multilateral debt cancellation initiative (Lusaka, Zambia, 10-12
April 2006).
• A plan is underway to establish at the Secretariat a “legal aid clinic”, for providing a “one
stop” legal assistance to HIPCs (mostly in Africa) against litigations by their commercial
creditors.
• Capacity building programme for SADC addressed the restructuring of SADC Secretariat
and formulation of regional indicative development plan (completed).
c) Enterprise and Private Sector Development (Programme 6: Investment)
• African member countries have been participating in the Commonwealth-India Small
Business Competitiveness Development Programmes, which are helping to develop and
augment SME competitiveness (ongoing).
• Lowering the Threshold. In the SADC region, the Secretariat is spearheading efforts to
facilitate access by SMEs to long term debt finance from commercial banks. A series of
meetings have been organised with interested parties including International Financial
Institutions, Regional Development Banks and Commercial Banks seeking innovative and
market-friendly ways to lower the risk and costs finance to SMEs. The aim is to bridge the
current gap in financing between short-term consumer credit and long-term infrastructure
investment (ongoing).
• The low cost housing project in the COMESA region is aimed at investigating the
introduction of alternative technologies for building material production in the region with
a view to lowering the cost of construction, stimulating local building material production
(mainly by SMEs) and introducing changes to standards for building materials in
COMESA. A 6-country investigation was undertaken followed by 2 regional workshops.
The project is on track to make a valuable contribution to new building materials
(ongoing).
• An Action Plan for Trade in Pharmaceutical Products was developed for the COMESA
region. A workshop to enable member states to agree to common regulations and
enforcement procedures was held in June 2005 and final project report has been sent to all
stakeholders. COMESA has requested further support for the development of tools for
assessing mutual recognition (ongoing).
• Assistance is being provided with the development of Competition Policy Model for
SADC member countries to achieve harmonisation and with time develop a model
competition law (ongoing).
• This TRIPS & Public Health project is designed to assist countries with insufficient or no
manufacturing capacities in the pharmaceutical sector gain access to affordable essential
medicines, for HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and Malaria in particular. Nine national (including
Kenya, Mauritius, Tanzania, South Africa and Uganda) and six regional (including
ECOWAS, COMESA & EAC, SACU & SADC) case studies have been undertaken
(ongoing).
• Studies have been commissioned and the Report will be considered on how to promote
public-private-partnerships in infrastructural investments in post-conflict countries in
Africa and other regions (ongoing).
• The Regional Workshop on Export Competitiveness Strategies promoted best practices
among stakeholders in the Southern and Eastern Commonwealth countries; and to raise
29

awareness on the benefits of collaboration between public and private sectors and between
countries for enhanced competitiveness (Botswana, March 2006).
• A Regional Workshop for Capacity Building on Gender, Trade Policy and Export
Promotion for the East African Region in (Arusha, Tanzania, July 2005) built capacity to
integrate gender analysis in trade policy formulation and implementation, and analysed
the impact of trade policy on women’s employment and entrepreneurship. The workshop
also focussed on region specific issues and trends and impacts on women, specifically
building capacities of public and private institutions to enable women respond to changes
in trade policies. An earlier workshop in Kampala (Feb 2005) discussed the design of a
training module on gender and trade (completed).
• A Workshop on Strategies for West Africa on Poverty, Gender and Enterprise
Development assessed poverty reduction strategies and programmes in the region and
shared successful experiments as well as best practices to promote and strengthen
institutional linkages and capacity-building for the sustainability of programmes for
governance and gender mainstreaming. A special focus was on ‘engendering’ enterprise
development in West Africa since almost all the West African economies have adopted
Poverty Reduction Strategies (PRSPs) as the cornerstone of their development and growth
model (completed, Ghana, 2004).
• Competitiveness Programmes in Singapore: Sixty seven participants from the member
countries in Africa attended programmes (funded jointly with the Govt of Singapore) on
SME development.
d) Agriculture, Rural Development and Natural Resources (Programme 6: Investment)
• The Lake Victoria Fisheries Sector Regional Human Resource Development (HRD) study
identified the socio–economic needs, interests and problems of active participants in the
fisheries sector in Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda and also assessed the HRD development
needs. Three national HRD plans for training and development of participants were
formulated to empower them to do their jobs better. These national HRD Plans were
endorsed by the three Governments. The European Union (EU) then contributed 10
million Euros towards the implementation of these national HRD Plans through the Lake
Victoria Fisheries Organisation (LVFO) (completed, 2003).
e) Public Sector Reform and Governance (Programme 8: Public Sector Development)
Regional and pan-Commonwealth activities that support public sector management and good
governance include:
• Support is being provided to the NEPAD agenda to strengthen the role of the African
Public Services. The first consultative meeting in London discussed the role of African
public service. The second meeting discussed the Draft Framework for NEPAD for
efficient delivery of public services (ongoing).
• Assistance is also being provided to the NEPAD E-Governance Programme, which
encompasses ICT led public services including e-parliament, elections processes, eservice
delivery and cabinet processes. The programme will, among other things, enhance
democracy, human rights, efficient and effective delivery of basic public services. A
NEPAD e-Africa Commission workshop on e-governance will be held in Pretoria, S
Africa in April 2006 (ongoing).
• In order to address the shortages of well-qualified senior managers in key positions, the
Civil Service Commissions and Institutes of Public Administration are being assisted to
assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on the public sector, and to prepare effective training,
recruitment and short-term replacement plans to redress the significant impact. The
30

impact of HIV/AIDS on the health sector is also being assessed and strategies and systems
for their management are being developed (ongoing).
• The Public Expenditure Management Programme aims to institute accountable and
transparent public accounts system in member countries. The African member countries
will benefit from a number of pan-Commonwealth and regional programmes including the
Seminar for Senior Budget Officers and Managers, Singapore (27 March – 7 April 2006);
the Workshop on Public Procurement Management for Senior Executive Officers in W
Africa, Ghana (Accra, 24-30 May 2006); and a workshop on Improving Public Financial
Management in E Africa (Uganda, 6-30 June 2006).
• Regional Local Govt Symposium for Africa, Kampala, Uganda, will focus on issues such
as promotion of local democracy and good governance (April 2006)
• Pan-Commonwealth Workshop on Municipal Finances, Birmingham, will strengthen the
capacity of public sector officials in financial management (June 2006)
• Poverty Alleviation Policy Workshop, Institute for Rural Advancement, Malaysia
(2006/07)
• Training on Better Governance – Managing Corruption, Singapore (2006)
• Managing Public Sector Human Resources, Singapore (May 2006)
• The Commonwealth Advanced Seminar on leadership and change was held in
collaboration with Victoria University of Wellington and the New Zealand Aid
(completed, 2006).
• A workshop on Good Governance and Gender Equality, held in collaboration with the
Lesotho Institute of Public Administration and Management, was attended by
Management Development Institutes and universities from the 18 African countries in the
Commonwealth. The workshop agreed on a strategy for enhancing the role of training
institutions in building capacity of public sectors in Africa to be gender responsive
(Maseru, Lesotho, November 2005).
• Commonwealth Executive Programme in Public Management for Performance, York
University, Canada (2005)
• A workshop for ECOWAS senior public service officials dealt with issues of good
practices, ethical conduct and accountability (April 2004)
f) Human Development (Programme 11: Education; Programme 12: Health; Programme
15: Capacity Building and Institutional Strengthening)
Health
• Assistance is also being provided to develop a curriculum for HIV/AIDS education for
young children and families of victims (ongoing).
• Mode IV and Migration Initiative (health workers): A study, in collaboration with the
COMESA Secretariat, is evaluating mutual gains and major problems related to the
migration of nurses from the COMESA countries to Europe. The study will be used by
COMESA for their ACP-EU EPA negotiations (ongoing).
• To raise aware of maternal and infant mortality and HIV/AIDS, the Secretariat continues
to use high-level advocacy at Ministerial and Heads of Government Meetings, and
interacts with other international organisations, agencies and partners within the
Commonwealth including the Africa region. Advocacy initiatives to raise awareness
about maternal and infant mortality have included a series of documentary films
(ongoing).
• On-going work with WHO to assist countries to institutionalise maternal death review.
31

• The dissemination and implementation of the Commonwealth Code of Practice for the
International Recruitment of Health Workers is designed to assist Commonwealth
countries, particularly those in Africa, to manage the international migration of health
workers (ongoing).
• Member countries are being supported in their multi-sectoral approach to HIV/AIDS,
particularly through the involvement of men. The Commonwealth Secretariat’s
programme on “Men Can Make A Difference” supports National AIDS Co-ordinating
Bodies, Ministries of Health and Gender and their partners to increase the constructive
involvement of men in activities and interventions designed to reduce gender inequalities
and minimise the impact of HIV and AIDS (ongoing).
• The Secretariat continues to facilitate the Youth Ambassadors for Positive Living
Programme by providing technical support to CYP Africa centre in developing and
implementing YAPL programmes in Africa (ongoing).
• Documentation and dissemination of models of good practice such as the multi-sectoral
approach to HIV/AIDS with a gender lens, tools to assess the impact of HIV/AIDS on
health workers and publications on issues related to “Men and HIV/AIDS”, “Gender and
HIV/AIDS” and “Gender Mainstreaming and HIV/AIDS”, and the development of
HIV/AIDS home-based care and clinical guidelines.
• The International Institute on Gender and HIV/AIDS was launched in Johannesburg,
South Africa in 2004, to strengthen practice, policy and research to enhance existing
efforts on tackling issues on gender and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa and beyond. The
project was in collaboration with the Atlantic Centre of Excellence for Women’s Health,
Dalhousie University, Canada; the Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance
(SAHARA); and the AIDS and Rights Alliance of Southern Africa (ARASA). The
Institute would move from region to region, acting as a catalyst in the sharing of
knowledge and experience for effective strategies that address the multi-faceted and
complex dimensions of gender and HIV/AIDS and play a vital role in the ongoing
response to HIV/AIDS. The Secretariat and its partners intend to introduce this virtual
Institute model in other regions of Africa and the Commonwealth to address the critical
issue of gender and HIV/AIDS (ongoing).
• Interns from Africa have benefited from the capacity Building assistance provided
through placements for interns at the Secretariat. For instance, Mr Bongani Nkosi from
South Africa, a post graduate student, worked on initiatives such as the Revolving Fund
for the Procurement of Anti-Retroviral Vaccines (ARVs) and the International Response
to Human Resource Challenge.
• Support is provided to Commonwealth ECSA Health Community, 9 which fosters regional
cooperation for better health in the Community. Support for the preparation of Guidelines
for Emergency Preparedness in the region and the establishment of Electronic Database
for Human Resources Development are under consideration (forthcoming).
• A research project will be undertaken on the availability of Antiretroviral (ARV)
treatment for persons living with HIV/AIDS in Commonwealth sub-Saharan Africa. The
objective is to improve access to effective ARV treatment and reduce AIDS-related deaths
in member countries (forthcoming).
Education
9 The East, Central and Southern African (ECSA) Health Community (formerly known as Commonwealth
Regional Health Community Secretariat) was established under the auspices of the Commonwealth Secretariat in
London. In 1980, the ownership of the organization was transferred directly from ComSec to member states
(Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Seychelles, South
Africa, Swaziland, Mauritius, and Botswana) with a combined population of more than 190 million people.
32

• Review of the 15 th Conference of Commonwealth Education Ministers (CCEM).
Commonwealth Education Ministers reviewed progress against the six action areas
identified at their 15 th Conference: Achieving Universal Primary Education (UPE);
Eliminating Gender Disparities in Primary and Secondary Education; Improving Quality
in Education; Supporting Education in Difficult Circumstances; Using Open and Distance
Learning to Overcome Barriers; and Mitigating the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Education
Systems. The Secretariat is also working with the Govt of S Africa in preparations for the
16 th CCEM to be held in Cape Town in December 2006.
• Achieving Universal Primary Education (UPE). Work in this area has focused on:
• The development of the Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol which is aimed
at addressing teacher shortages, a factor that has had major negative impact on
providing education opportunities. A 12-member Commonwealth Working Group of
senior officials, developed a Commonwealth Teacher Recruitment Protocol (CTRP).
The Protocol, which was adopted in by Education ministers and representatives from
South Africa, Kenya, Lesotho, Botswana, Ghana, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia,
Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, the Seychelles, Zambia and Tanzania and the UK
(Sept 2004) is aimed at assisting member countries manage better voluntary teacher
migration and international teachers recruitment by both public and private sector
agencies.
• The Multigrade Teacher Training Module, developed and launched in 2005, is also an
instrument to help create more school opportunities for children who otherwise would
have no teachers to lead them The Module is intended to assist member countries
address the problem of teacher shortages and improving quality in education in both
rural and urban areas. The first training workshop using this module was held in
Tanzania (July 2005). It was attended by Botswana, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia,
Kenya, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania and other partners such as UNESCO-
IICBA from Ethiopia. Participants agreed to incorporate multi-grade teaching in
teacher training programmes. Namibia plans to translate the module into local
languages.
• The Mombasa Declaration on Education in Difficult Circumstances addresses a
number of issues including the creation of enabling conditions for accessing education
opportunities and retaining children in school until they complete the primary school
cycle. The Declaration, agreed by Education Ministers of 21 African Countries
following the joint ComSec-ADEA supported Ministerial conference on “Delivering
Education in Conflict and Difficult Circumstances”, sets out steps which Ministries
must pursue to safeguard the education of children and child refugees in times of
conflict and natural disaster (Kenya, June 2004).
• Alongside these actions, the Secretariat is engaged with partners in identifying and
discussing specific UPE related issues and initiatives such as abolition of school fees
barriers and innovative policies and practices that would support UPE efforts.
• Gender and Education. Good Practices in Girls’ Education: Strategies, innovations and
practices have been collated from Africa and Asia for wide dissemination to other
member countries. A Commonwealth Scorecard has been developed as a tool for
policymakers and education managers to track girls’ education in the Commonwealth.
• In addition, ComSec held a joint Policy Consultation Meeting and Dialogue with FAWE,
UNICEF, UNESCO, World Bank, and Africa Development Bank on Scaling Up Good
Practices in Girls Education in Africa, (2004).
• Citizenship Education. The Secretariat launched a “Framework for Citizenship
Education,” a Commonwealth initiative and strategy to promote tolerance and fight racism
and discrimination through education. The framework is being further developed so that it
33

can be used to help countries plan the curriculum, develop new teaching methods, train
facilitators and teachers and involve local communities for the new approach to
citizenship education.
• The Secretariat is working with its partners in Africa (including the Commonwealth of
Learning) to convene a major meeting to address Nomadic education in Africa.
• The Commonwealth-led ADEA Working Group on the Teaching Profession addressed the
CTRP as a model of good practice in teacher recruitment in several conferences including
(a) Conference on Teachers Contracts, Bamako, Mali 2004 (b) Conference on Education
for Rural People, September 2005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; (c) Workshop on Teacher
Professional Development for francophone African countries, Dakar, Senegal 2005. It
also helped translate the Commonwealth Teacher Protocol into French and Portuguese to
support ComSec’s partnership programme in education in Africa.
• SADC countries met (December 2005) to agree the “Pretoria Declaration on Teachers”
as teacher shortages in that region are a major threat to the achievement of ‘Education for
All’ goals. SADC countries were urged to address national qualifications frameworks
using the CTRP as a development model.
• At the Ministerial Roundtable of the Inter-Agency Network on Education in Emergencies
Workshop (INEE) in Cape Town, S Africa, Ministers of Education and their
representatives from member countries in Africa (S. Leone and Kenya) and other regions
discussed the challenges of education delivery following the hurricanes and environmental
disasters of 2004 (Dec 2004).
g) Fundamental Political Values (Programme 2: Democracy and Consensus Building;
Programme 3: Rule of Law; Programme 4: Human Rights; Programme 15: Capacity
Building and Institutional Strengthening)
Rule of Law
• Anti Money Laundering/Combating Financing of Terrorism Programmes for Eastern,
Southern and West Africa: Assistance has been provided to develop two regional groups
to promote cooperation and work programmes. The next stage will be the development
of national strategies (ongoing).
• Commonwealth Plan of Action on Terrorism is assisting member countries in meeting
their obligations under the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373. Law
enforcement officers from some Commonwealth African countries attended counterterrorism
training in December 2005 (ongoing).
• The East African Community (EAC) is being assisted with the development of Rules of
Procedures and Protocol as well as the review of national laws (ongoing).
• Law and Technology Workshops in Africa have discussed model legislation on eevidence,
e-transactions and computer related crimes. It also assisted some countries with
the assessment of their e-governance laws (ongoing).
• Development of competition policy and legislation model: The Africa workshops
discussed model competition policy and competition legislation to achieve harmonisation
across the region (ongoing).
• Legislative Drafting: Heads of Drafting Offices from African countries met in Accra to
discuss the shortage of drafters and the curriculum for a pilot training programme to be
conducted at the Ghana School of Law (completed, June 2005). 17 member countries are
participating in the twelve week programme for legislative drafters for African member
states is currently taking place (ongoing, Accra, Ghana).
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• In addition, a regional meeting for Southern and Eastern Africa will examine existing
legislation, guidelines and practice in relation to Interception of Communications. It will
also discuss related issues such as co-ordination and interaction between prosecutors,
investigators and intelligence services as well as legislative, methodological and training
needs (May 2006).
• Constitution making process workshop for the SADC region was held in Zambia (July
2005).
• A seminar for Landlocked States 10 under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
discussed the rights and obligations of such states and their coastal neighbours
(Swaziland, June 2005). Assistance will be provided to develop bilateral treaty/agreement
template, as discussed in Lesotho (December 2005).
• Model laws on freedom of information, privacy and protection of personal information
discussed at a workshop in The Gambia (July 2005).
Democracy and Consensus Building
• The Workshop on ‘Government and Opposition: Roles, Rights and Responsibilities’
(organised in collaboration with the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, SADC,
Public Forum and Feciv Mozambique) focused on strengthening democratic processes and
was attended by key political and civil society leaders from the SADC region
(Mozambique, 2004).
Human Rights
• A Human Rights training manual has been developed for police training schools in West
Africa. Training workshops were held in Banjul (The Gambia) and Accra (Ghana) 2004
and in Abuja, Nigeria (July 2005). The training manual was launched in December 2005,
with follow-up training of trainers proposed.
• A regional meeting (Kenya, April 2005) discussed how the African Court on Human and
Peoples’ Rights and the Court of Justice can be integrated, to help implement a resolution
of the African Union (2004) on the integration of the 2 Courts for greater efficiency.
• Following work done in E and S Africa, further assistance will be provided to strengthen
national human rights institutions in the region (ongoing). After a meeting of African
national human rights institutions and human rights defenders in Kenya (2004), human
rights defenders from various African Commonwealth countries met in London in June
2005 to share experiences and increase interaction with national institutions.
• A workshop on ‘engendering development and democracy’ organised in partnership with
the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, the British Council, the Commonwealth
Foundation, and the National Assembly of Nigeria brought together new Parliamentarians
to share experiences on the challenges they face, and to consider strategic partnerships to
engender development and democracy. It also raised awareness about the civil society
and the role it can play in collaboration with politicians to address policy issues, and
identified issues for the Commonwealth Action Plan for the Women’s Affairs Ministers’
Meeting (2003).
h) Cross Cutting Issues (Programme 9: Environmentally Sustainable Development;
Programme 10: Small States; Programme 14: Gender Equality and Equity; Programme 15:
Capacity Building and Institutional Development)
Gender Equality and Equity
10 Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland, Uganda and Zambia
35

• Links are being established with AU and COMESA to ensure gender mainstreaming and
to institutionalise GMS framework.
• Gender mainstreaming workshops (Ghana, 2004 and The Gambia, 2005), organised in
collaboration with local institutions, are helping policy and capacity building in W Africa
(ongoing).
• An Adviser on Gender, SADC Secretariat, assisted SADC institutions and member
countries with gender mainstreaming and building the capacity of SADC Gender Focal
points and Sector Coordination Units (completed, 2001- 2005).
• A Gender Adviser based at the ECOWAS Secretariat assisted with the development of Gender
Mainstreaming Policy framework and related mechanisms (completed, 2003).
• At the ECOWAS Gender Regional Integration Forum and Stakeholders’ Meeting:
Knowledge Based Network in Abuja, Nigeria, the revised ECOWAS Regional Gender
Mission Statement, Policy and Strategic Framework was tabled for approval by member
government representatives. The ECOWAS Stakeholders Meeting was critical to get the
support of governments, civil society and development partners alike (Sept 2003).
Small states and sustainable development
• The Secretariat is working with small states on a review of the Joint Task Force Report
2000 agenda. This has identified the new challenges, including preference erosion for
traditional exports, the need to diversify into new economic activities, rising debt burden,
increased environmental susceptibilities, increased youth unemployment, security and
crime, and HIV/AIDS. Regional consultations in Africa will take place in May (ongoing).
• The Secretariat is collaborating with the University of Malta to develop a resilience index
and strategies to help small states overcome vulnerability (ongoing).
• An Adviser on Sustainable Development Policy, based at the Indian Ocean Commission
in Mauritius, is helping with the national and regional implementation of 1994 Barbados
Plan of Action on Sustainable Development (Dr J L Roberts, Aug 2004 – Aug 2006).
• Successive Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings have raised concerns about
global warming and climate change, and have affirmed Commonwealth support through
technical assistance and capacity building to address the adaptation concerns of small
island and other states. The Secretariat has initiated planning for a programme of work for
consideration in time for the Kampala CHOGM in 2007 (ongoing).
• The Secretariat is contributing to the international efforts to strengthen early disaster
warning systems. The Secretaries-General of the Commonwealth Secretariat, the
Caribbean Community, the Indian Ocean Commission, and Pacific Islands Forum have
agreed to work together to strengthen advance warning networks across international
borders to reduce the future impact of natural disasters (ongoing).
• The Commonwealth Consultative Group on Human Settlements is a Ministerial-level
forum for the exchange of views and experiences in planning the sustainable development
of villages, towns and cities (ongoing).
• The Commonwealth Secretariat supported consensus-building work on trade and
environment ahead of the WTO Ministerial, through a pan-Commonwealth workshop for
senior environment and trade officials, UK (completed).
• The Plain Language Guide to the World Summit on Sustainable Development is a
practical resource book which gives an insight into the text agreed in Johannesburg
(completed).
Capacity Building
36

• NEPAD AfricaRecruit Initiative. The Secretariat is working with the NEPAD Secretariat
and the Commonwealth Business Council to create partnerships across Africa and
diaspora organizations in the UK, Europe and North America to help develop HR capacity
in Africa through linkages with African diaspora across the globe. Three volunteer
technical experts are assisting in this initiative through e-tools and other mechanisms.
• Foundations for Future African Leadership. The Secretariat is working with UNDP-
UNESCO BREDA programme which aims to introduce new approaches and modalities
for leadership development, targeting the young men and women in particular. 2 CSAP
volunteer experts based in Ghana and Zambia are providing support to all the regions.
• Commonwealth Action Programme for the Digital Divide. An ICT Ministers meeting
(Cameroon, September 2005) and a regional consultation discussed the Programme which
aims to build ICT capacity to bridge the digital divide in member countries (Malta, 2005).
37

Annex V: Summary of Commonwealth Secretariat Strategic Plan 2004/05 – 2007/08 and
Secretariat Structure
1. This Strategic Plan was approved by the Commonwealth Secretariat’s Board of Governors on 14
May 2004. The Plan will contribute to implementing the 2003 Commonwealth Aso Rock
Declaration’s vision of a Commonwealth that is committed to democracy and a more equitable
sharing of the benefits of globalisation; recognises that development and democracy must be
mutually reinforcing; makes democracy work better for pro-poor development; and is determined to
attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The Plan sets two long-term goals for the
Secretariat that reflect the Aso Rockk Declaration’s emphasis on the promotion of democracy and
development and are consistent with the Secretariat’s Mission Statement:
Goal 1: To support member countries to prevent or resolve conflicts, strengthen democracy
and the rule of law and achieve greater respect for human rights.
Goal 2: To support pro-poor policies for economic growth and sustainable development in
member countries.
Goal 1 (Peace and Democracy) will be achieved through 4 Programmes:
1. Good Offices for Peace
2. Democracy and Consensus Building
3. Rule of Law
4. Human Rights
Goal 2 (Pro-Poor Growth and Sustainable Development) will be achieved through 9
programmes:
5. International Trade
6. Investment
7. Finance and Debt
8. Public Sector Development
9. Environmentally Sustainable Development
10. Small States
11. Education
12. Health
13. Young People
These 13 Programmes will be supported by 3 cross-cutting Programmes:
14. Gender Equality and Equity
15. Capacity Building and Institutional Development
16. Secretariat Governance, Management and Communications
2. The Plan specifies objectives for each of these Programmes as well as their expected outcomes or
significant development results that will contribute to the Plan’s goals. It also specifies the
strategies which the Secretariat will use to achieve the outcomes and results which contribute to
these goals. A Performance Information Framework has been developed for improved performance
reporting and managing for results during the Plan period.
3. The Secretariat will exploit its comparative advantages and those of the CFTC and CYP in
delivering the Plan. […] The Plan will be funded by the assessed budget of the Secretariat and
voluntary contributions to the CFTC and CYP. The resources of the CFTC will be devoted mainly
to Programmes 5 to 12 and 15, although some technical assistance will be provided under
Programmes 2 to 4 and 14. CYP resources will be dedicated to Programme 13. It is assumed that
the Secretariat and CYP budgets would increase in line with inflation (zero growth in real terms)
and that the CFTC receipts will not fall below their 2003/04 level in real terms.
38

Commonwealth Secretariat Structure
39

Annex VI: Activities of Principal Donors in Tanzania
40

Annex VII: Activities of Principal Donors in the Africa Region 11
1. The most significant multilateral donors in the Africa region are the World Bank, International
Monetary Fund (IMF), and European Commission, along with the African Development Bank (AfDB)
and the UN organisations. The major bilateral donors are the UK, Japan, US, with France significant in
West Africa. Denmark, Netherlands, Ireland, Germany and Norway are also active.
2. The European Commission (EC) supports major regional and bilateral programmes mostly through
project aid, but is also a large grant provider in the region. It finances projects in a wide range of
sectors particularly regional economic integration, human development, infrastructure and rural
development. A number of EU instruments support private sector development while the European
Investment Bank (EIB) is a major investor in SME financing, utilities and infrastructure. In 2004,
Africa received US$ 2,821 m, or 32% of global assistance from the EC.
3. The World Bank, by far the largest provider of development assistance to Africa, has significantly
increased its assistance over the past five years. The Bank’s arm which provides soft loans to
developing countries, IDA, increased its support by more than 80 percent in 2005 to US$ 3.9 billion
compared to 2000. Disbursements more than doubled to US$ 4 billion in 2005 compared to 2000. The
Bank’s strategy for assisting Africa is outlined in the strategic framework for IDA’s assistance to
Africa, which draws on the report ‘Can Africa Claim the 21st Century?’ The framework focuses on
reducing conflict, improving governance, increasing economic growth, enhancing competitiveness and
trade, and improving aid effectiveness.
4. The IMF has operations in 23 African countries and is committed to helping countries reduce poverty
through sustained economic growth via their concessional Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility
(PRGF). The IMF also works closely with African leaders to reinforce assistance in a number of postconflict
countries. The enhanced Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative is currently bearing
fruit with 23 countries in sub-Saharan Africa receiving assistance under the initiative, and seven have
arrived at their completion points. Fully implemented, HIPC will reduce debt service payments by
about $1.1 billion per year in SSA during 2001-2005, compared to 1998-99. And already, the 23 HIPC
countries in SSA are spending more on social services than on debt service, on average almost four
times as much, and all have shown a marked increase in the share of health and education in the budgets
under their IMF-supported programs.
5. The African Development Bank (AfDB) is the premier financial development institution of Africa,
dedicated to combating poverty and improving the lives of people of the continent and engaged in the
task of mobilizing resources towards the economic and social progress of its regional member countries.
AfDB’s mission is to promote economic and social development through loans, equity investments, and
technical assistance.
6. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) drew up a regional cooperation Framework
(RCF) for the period 2002-2006, that has assisted UNDP and its partners to mobilize the vast amount of
accumulated knowledge and development experience in the region and elsewhere to address the most
critical development challenges of today in Africa. UNDP is fully committed to helping African
nations realize the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and help in strengthening democratic and
participatory governance, making globalization work for Africa, conflict prevention, peace-building and
disaster management, and reducing the threat and impact of HIV/Aids on Africa.
7. The UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) is among the major bilateral donors.
In 2004 net ODA was US$7,883m of which US$1,887m went to sub-Saharan Africa, with Tanzania,
Ghana, and Zambia as the top three African beneficiaries. In 2004, Africa received US$ 1,887 m, or
24% of global assistance from the UK.
8. French Cooperation policy for assistance to Africa is built around ten guiding points, including an
intended boost to official development assistance to increase French political and diplomatic presence
alongside other development partners. Africa currently receives 59 percent of French bilateral aid and
this share is set to increase. In 2003, Africa received 50 percent of the operations of the Foreign
11 Source: UK DFID Regional Assistance Plan for the Caribbean, June 2004.
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Ministry’s Directorate General for International Cooperation and Development (DGCID) against 48
percent in 2002. In 2004, Africa received US$ 3,620 m, or 43% of global assistance from France.
9. Norway, Netherlands, Denmark. In 2004, Africa received: US$ 529 m, or 24% of global assistance
from Norway; US$ 1,075 m, or 26% of global assistance from Netherlands; and US$ 476 m, or 23% of
global assistance from Denmark.
10. United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is committed to supporting strategies
that address the challenges facing Africa and strives to assist Africa to build regional stability,
strengthen democratic institutions, preserve the environment, promote economic growth, advance food
security, educate children, and ensure better health. USAID also strongly endorses the new African-led
approach represented by the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), a strategy that offers
concrete approaches to address some of the continent's fundamental development issues. In 2004,
Africa received US$ 4,105m, or 21% of global assistance from United States.
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Annex VIII: Acronyms and Abbreviations - Tanzania
AfDB African Development Bank
AU African Union
AU African Union, Ethiopia
CCM Chama Cha Mapinduzi
CEMAC Communaute Economique et Monetaire de l’Afrique Centrale
CFTC Commonwealth Fund for Technical Co-operation
COMESA Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa
CSAP Commonwealth Service Abroad Programme
DFID Department for International Development, UK
EAC East African Community
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
EU European Union
GNI Gross National Income
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA International Development Association
IFC International Finance Corporation
IMF International Monetary Fund
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MCA Millennium Challenge Account
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEFMI Macroeconomic and Financial Management Institute of Eastern and Southern Africa
MTD Medium Term Development
NDP National Development Plan
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
NES National Export Strategy
NGO Non-Government Organisation
ODA Overseas Development Assistance
PCP Primary Contact Point
POC Points of Contact
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
SADC Southern African Development Community
SNV Netherlands Development Agency
TEC Tertiary Education Council
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA in French)
WAHC West African Health Community
WAIFEM West African Institute for Financial and Economic Management
WB World Bank
WTO World Trade Organisation
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