Effects of Chronic Exposure - The Journal of American Science

Journal of American Science, 2011;7(8) http://www.americanscience.org 

Effects of Chronic Exposure to Static Electromagnetic Field on Certain Histological Aspects of the Spleen 

and Some Haematological Parameters in Albino Rats 

Mervat S. Zaghloul 

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha Egypt 

mervat2009@hotmail.com 

Abstract: Over the past few years, our environment has become seething electromagnetic smog that bombards our 

bodies every second of every day. Because electro-magnetic fields are invisible, we do not even realize they are 

there, although they are battering us mercilessly. Special attention has been given to the biological effects of 

magnetic fields. Thirty six male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were utilized in the present work to study the effects 

of static magnetic field (SMF) equaling 2 ml tesla on the spleen and some haematological parameters. Magnetic 

exposure was applied for ٦0 minutes for 3 days per week for two weeks. One day following magnetic exposure, the 

spleen showed congestion in the splenic sinusoids accompanied with thickening of the splenic capsule. A significant 

increase in the white blood cells and blood platelets was accompanied by enlargement of the white pulp were 

detected. Seven days following magnetic exposure, an increase of haemoglobin concentration; haematocrit and red 

blood cells was recorded accompanied with a highly significant decrease in blood iron. Later on, such increase was 

followed by a significant decrease in most haematological parameters after fifteen days of magnetic exposure. 

Hemosiderin granules were observed in the dilated splenic sinusoids at the areas of congestion. The splenic tissues 

and the haematological parameters appeared almost normal and manifested a tendency towards recovery after thirty 

days following magnetic exposure. 

[Mervat S. Zaghloul . Effects of Chronic Exposure to Static Electromagnetic Field on Certain Histological 

Aspects of the Spleen and Some Haematological Parameters in Albino Rats. Journal of American Science 

2011;7(8):383-394]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org. 

Keyword: Static Electromagnetic Field Histological Aspects Spleen Haematological Parameters in Albino Rats 

Introduction: 

During the past few decades, there was a 

growing concern about the increase in invisible 

environmental pollution due to the emission of 

electromagnetic waves (Tonini et al., 2001; 

Chakeres & de Vocht 2005). Numerous 

epidemiological studies have failed to find a 

correlation between magnetic field at different 

intensities and the appearance of any particular 

pathological changes (Reipert et al., 1997; Day, 

1999; Schüz & Ahlbom, 2008;Calvente et al., 

2010). 

Previous studies showed that electromagnetic 

fields induced changes in haematological parameters 

in mice, rats and humans (High et al., 2000; Ali et 

al., 2003; Sihem et al., 2006; Hassan & Abdelkawi, 

2010). 

Considerable evidence has been accumulated 

regarding the biological effects of static magnetic 

field focused on sources of exposure and interaction 

mechanisms (Feychting, 2005; Rongen, 2005; 

Straume et al., 2008; Kundi et al., 2009). It was 

reported that paramagnetic properties of iron storing 

organs make these organs more likely to be affacted 

by magnetic fields (Gorczynska & Wegrzynowicz, 

1991). 

Other researchers demonstrated the interaction 

of static electromagnetic field (EMF) with the 

immune system (Thun-Battersby et al., 1999 ; 

Marino et al., 2000 ; Attia & Yehya, 2002 ; 

Johansson, 2009) 

The role of the spleen as a lymphatic organ 

storing iron in immune system and the increased 

application of magnetic field-generating equipment, 

stimulate the conduction of the present experimental 

study, targeting chronic exposure of the spleen to a 

moderate static magnetic field and some of 

haematological parameters in albino rats. 

Material and Methods 

Animals: 

Thirty male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus), 

each weighs 120 + 10 grams were utilized in the 

present study. The animals were housed in plastic 

cages to avoid any metallic interaction and were kept 

under similar normal laboratory conditions during the 

period of the experimental study. 

The animals were divided into two groups: 

Group I : This group included six rats used as control 

(unexposed animals). 

Group II: This group included thirty rats exposed 

individually to constant electric magnetic field (direct 

current, DC) with flux density equal to 2 ml tesla. 

EMF Exposure: 

The exposure was applied for ٦0 minutes/ day, 

3 days / week, for 2 weeks. The EMF was generated 

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by applying an electric current to the coil of artificial 

EMF apparatus constructed in the Department of 

Physics, Jubail Faculty of Education for Girls, 

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The animals were kept in 

a perforated plastic box, placed in the coil chamber of 

the apparatus. Then, a horizontal magnetic induction 

was applied to the whole animal body. The field 

strength was monitored with a gauss meter. 

At the end of the experiment, all the animals 

were dissected and specimens of spleen were taken 

on 1, 7, 15, and 30 days post-irradiation. All the 

control animals and six animals of the second group 

were sacrificed after 1, 3,6,15 and 30 days following 

the exposure. 

Histological methods: 

Small spleen specimens were cut into small 

blocks, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and 

processed up to paraffin pieces. Semi-serial sections 

of 6 µm were prepared and stained with Harris' 

hematoxylin and eosin (Drury & Wallington 1980) 

to illustrate the histological structure. Spleen 

specimens also stained for haemosiderin by Perl’s 

Prussian blue reaction technique (1867) for 

detection of haemosiderin iron. 

Haematological and Blood chemical methods: 

At the end of the experiment the blood 

samples were collected (0.5 ml approximately/ 

sample) from the supra-orbital venous plexus of rats 

using heparinized syringes into two tubes. The first 

tube contained heparin as anticoagulant. The 

heparinized blood was used for RBC, haematocrit, 

haemoglobin, WBC and platelets analysis, using 

standard methods (Feldman et al., 2000). 

The blood sample in the other tube was left for 

a short time to allow clotting. Clear serum samples 

were obtained by centrifugation at 3000 r.p.m. for 20 

min and then kept at -20°C prior to biochemical 

analysis. 

A serum level of iron was measured using 

Stanbio serum iron liquicolour commercial Kits, 

(Procepdure No. 0370) according to the method by 

Weissman &Leggi (1974). 

Statistical Analysis: 

The data was present as the mean ± SD for 

each correlation was calculated using Microsoft 

Excel. 

Results 

I. The control animals: 

The spleen is surrounded by a fibrous 

connective tissue capsule interspersed with 

smooth muscle fibres . Irregular spaced trabeculae 

of smooth muscle and fibroelastic tissue emanate 

from the splenic capsule into the splenic 

parenchyma containing blood and lymph vessels. 

The parenchyma of the spleen is termed the 

pulp. Most of the pulp is soft red. It consists of 

large, irregular, thin-walled blood vessels, splenic 

sinusoids, interposed between sheets of thin 

connective tissues and splenic cords. The splenic 

cords are the masses of cells in between the 

sinusoids. They contain a lot of erythrocytes 

(RBCs) and some other cell types as macrophages 

and megakaryocytes. 

Within the red pulp, small oval or/and 

rounded grayish blue stained areas represent the 

white pulps. They consist almost entirely of 

lymphocytes, in a peculiar association with the 

arterial blood supply (Fig .1). 

The splenic tissue reveals a scanty amount 

of blue stained haemosiderin granules that are 

diffused and distributed throughout the red pulp 

cords (Fig. 2). 

II. The SMF-exposed animals: 

1. One day post exposure to SMF: 

The spleen had a thick connective tissue 

capsule, variable in its thickness at different areas. 

Numerous thick trabeculae extended from the 

splenic capsule inwards, branched and divided the 

spleen into numerous parts. There were multiple 

clear areas in the subcapsular spaces and few 

haemorrhagic areas as directed inwards. Within 

the red pulps, small foci of cellular necrosis were 

observed and the splenic sinusoids were slightly 

dilated and congested with blood cells (Fig.3). 

Most of the white pulps were large and 

irregular in shape revealing cellular proliferation 

of homogeneous population of immunoplastic 

cells, and macrophages. Small foci of cellular 

lesions were observed scattering throughout the 

white pulps (Fig .4). 

2. Seven days post exposure to SMF: 

Numerous subcapsular clear spaces were 

found between the capsule and trabeculae . Few 

other ones containing haemolysed RBCs were 

observed between the splenic parenchyma (Fig. 

5). 

The cells of the splenic cords revealed 

necrotic changes scattering throughout the red 

pulp. The splenic sinusoids were dilated contained 

some of erythrocytes or hemolysed blood. 

Numerous inflammatory cells and 

megakaryocytes were noted in the splenic 

parenchyma and sinusoids. 

The white pulps were numerous, fragmented 

and appeared diffused in an irregular manner in 

the red pulp (Fig. 6). 




3. Fifteen days post exposure to SMF: 

The splenic vasculature revealed 

progressive changes represented by congestion of 

the splenic sinuses and diffusion of haemorrhagic 

and hemolysed areas throughout the red pulps. 

Numerous inflammatory cells, macrophage and 

megakaryocytes were observed in the splenic 

parenchyma and sinusoids (Fig.7). 

Some splenic white pulps suffered from 

lymphoid depletion and the others became 

hyperplastic. 

Heavy iron blue pigments of hemosiderin 

granules were observed in the dilated red pulp 

spaces which were filled with hemolysed red 

blood cells (Fig.8). 

Fig. 1: A photomicrograph of a spleen section of 

control rat showing a fibrous connective tissue 

capsule surrounding the splenic pulp (arrow). 

Most of the pulp is a soft red pulp (RP) and some 

oval grayish blue-stained areas represent the white 

pulp (WP). (H&E stain X250) 

Fig. 3: A photomicrograph of a spleen section of rat 

after one day following the end of SMF exposure 

showing a thick connective tissue capsule 

(arrowhead) , Multiple clear sinusoids in the 

subcapsular space(black arrow) and few 

haemorrhagic ( white arrow). (H&E stain 

X400 

4. Thirty days post the end of exposure to SMF: 

The splenic tissues appeared almost normal 

and manifested a tendency towards recovery. 

Some significant signs towards complete 

vasculature and tissues recovery were observed in 

both red and white pulp as compared with the 

previous examined groups, where no areas of 

blood haemorrhage or haemolysis were observed. 

Brown hemosiderin granules were seen in 

the cytoplasm of macrophages (Fig .9). 

Fig. 2: A photomicrograph of a spleen section of 

control rat showing a splenic tissue revealing a 

scanty amount of blue-stained haemosiderin 

granules diffusely distributed throughout the red 

pulp cords. (Perl’s Prussian blue stain X400) 


after one day following the end of SMF exposure 

showing large and irregular white pulps (WP) 

revealing cellular proliferation of homogeneous 

population of immunoplastic cells, and macrophages 

(arrowhead) in addition to small foci of cellular 

lesions (arrow). ( H&E stain X400) 





after seven days following the end of SMF exposure 

showing numerous subcapsular clear spaces (**) and 

few other ones containing haemolysed RBCs 

(arrowhead) between splenic parenchyma. 

(H&E stain X250) 


after fifteen days following the end of SMF 

exposure showing haemorrhagic and haemolysed 

sinusoids diffused throughout the red pulps (*), 

some inflammatory cells, macrophage (arrow) and 

megakaryocytes (arrowheads) are observed in the 

splenic parenchyma. (H&E Stain X400) 


after seven days following the end of SMF exposure 

showing dilated splenic sinusoids containing some of 

blood cells (arrowhead), or hemolysed blood. The 

white pulps (WP) (WP) are numerous, fragmented 

and appear diffused in an irregular manner throughout 

the red pulp. (H&E Stain X400) 


after fifteen days following the end of SMF 

exposure showing heavy iron blue pigments of 

haemosiderin granules in the dilated red pulp 

spaces. (Perl’s Prussian blue method X400) 

Fig. 9: A photomicrograph of a spleen section of rat after thirty days following the end of SMF exposure showing brown 

haemosiderin granules (arrowhead) in the cytoplasm of macrophages. (H&E StainX600) 




Haematological results; 

Table (1): Effect of EMF on serum iron levels (µg/dl) of adult male rats 

GROUP Serum iron µg/dl (M + SE) 

Control 153.44 + 9. 56 

One day 133. 49 + 7.46 * 

7 days 118.49 + 11.56 ** 

15 days 173. 54 + 17.46 * 

30 days 149. 34 + 5.37 

All data are Mean value + Standard error. N= 6 animals of each group. 

* Significant at (p < 0.05). ** Highly significant at (< 0.01). 

200 

180 

160 

140 

120 

100 

80 

60 

40 

20 

0 

control 1 day 7 days 15 days 30 days 

Table (2): Effect of EMF on red blood cells (RBCs) count (10 6 /mm 3 ) of adult male rats 

GROUP Red blood cells (RBCs) 10 6 /mm 3 (M + SE) 

Control 7.25 + 0. 13 

One day 7. 16 + 0. 42 

7 days 7. 89 + 0. 29* 

15 days 6.67 + 0. 36* 

30 days 7. 88 + 0. 51 



8 

7.8 

7.6 

7.4 

7.2 

7 

6.8 

6.6 

6.4 

6.2 

6 





Table (3): Effect of EMF on haemoglobin levels (g/dl) of adult male rats Haemoglobin levels (g/dl) of adult 

male rats 

GROUP Haemoglobin levels (g/dl) (M + SE) 

Control 11. 98 + 0.25 

One day 9. 34 + 0.21 * 

7 days 13. 54 + 0.46 * 

15 days 8. 95 + 0. 39 * 

30 days 10. 55 + 0. 43 



16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

Table (4): Effect of EMF on haematocrit value % of adult male rats haematocrit value % 

GROUP Ht (%) 

Control 36. 21 + 0. 45 

One day 31. 1 9 + 0.26 * 

7 days 41. 54 + 0. 76 * 

15 days 29. 54 + 0.46 ** 

30 days 37. 34 + 0. 76 

All data are Mean value + Standard error N= 6 animals of each group. 

* Significant at (p < 0.05). ** Highly significant at (p < 0.01). 

45 

40 

35 

30 

25 

20 

15 

10 

5 

0 


Control 1 Day 7 Days 15 Days 30 Days 




Table (5): Effect of EMF on white blood cells (WBCs) count (10 3 /mm 3 ) of adult male rats 

All data are Mean value + Standard error N= 6 animals of each group. 


Table (6): Effect of EMF on blood platelets count (10 3 /mm 3 ) of adult male rats blood platelets count 

(10 3 /mm 3 ) 

All data 

are Mean 

value + GROUP White blood cells (WBCs) 10 

Standard error N= 6 animals of each group. 


3 /mm 3 (M + SE) 

Control 11.35 + 0. 13 

One day 13.65 + 0. 27* 

7 days 15.68 + 1. 27** 

15 days 14. 89 + 0. 76** 

30 days 12. 23 + 0. 39 

Discussion 

GROUP Blood platelets 103/mm 3 (M+SE) 

Control 536.23 + 14.8 

One day 628.17 +15.45* 

7 days 694.45 + 35.65** 

15 days 634.16 +12.73* 

30 days 602.33+14.04 

18 

16 

14 

12 

10 

8 

6 

4 

2 

0 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Control 1 Day 7 Days 15 Days 30 Days 

C ontrol 1 Day 7 Days 15 Days 30 Days 




The present experimental study showed that 

the chronic exposure to SMF induced different 

splenic histological and haematological disruption in 

albino rats. The earliest haematological responses 

reported one day after the end of exposure to SMF 

revealed a significant decrease in haemoglobin, 

serum iron and hematocrit values. However, no 

significant change in RBCs was detected. 

This decrease could be attributed to the 

interaction between heme (iron) and SMF where the 

magnetic field penetrates the body and acts on ions in 

all organs, altering the cell membrane potential and 

distribution of ions (Kula, 1996; Berg, 1993). 

Regular exposure to SMF leads to an increase of 

plasma volume. Therefore, haemoglobin 

concentration was slightly below normal values in the 

presence of low serum iron levels (Amara et al., 

2006 ; Chater et al., 2006). In addition, the static 

magnetic field may cause cardiovascular stress 

accompanied with a slow development of mild 

cardiac decompensation during the exposure period, 

hence developing heart failure with subsequent 

passive congestion and stagnant hypoxia (Walter & 

Israel 1987; Snover 1989 ; Grawford 1994). Thus, 

it can be concluded that as the body adapts to the 

higher oxygen needs, more fluid would be in the 

blood. In turn, measured haemoglobin in such cases 

would be apparently low. This is because it was 

diluted out by a larger plasma volume. Moreover, the 

red blood cells looked normal on the blood smear 

although haemoglobin, serum iron and haematocrit 

values were significantly decreased, hence resulted in 

anemia. Usually, this type of anemia is mild and 

appears like the pseudo-anemia caused by sports. In 

this respect, regular physical activity, especially 

extensive running and exercises increase iron loss 

causing mild iron deficiency (Bärtsch et al., 1998). 

True iron deficiency can even occur especially when 

nutritional iron intake is insufficient and iron demand 

is increased. 

From the histopathological perspectives, the 

spleen which showed congestion or storage of RBCs 

in the splenic sinusoids was accompanied with a 

conspicuous thickening in the splenic capsule and 

trabeculae. In this context Cesta (2006) described 

that the splenic capsule is composed of dense fibrous 

tissue, elastic fibres, and smooth muscles. 

However, animals that depend on running for 

their survival tend to have rather muscular splenic 

capsules; they can store erythrocytes and release 

them into the general circulation when needed for 

extra oxygen carrying capacity (Bacha & Linda, 

2000). 

The capsule and trabeculae of dogs, horses 

and cats contained more smooth muscle than that of 

mice and rats. So, the spleen of rodents do not 

contracts as rapidly and tends to be varying in their 

gross appearance (Valli et al., 2002). 

Thus, the thickness of the capsule, trabeculae 

and concentration of smooth muscles are very 

important agents to make strong contraction when the 

body needs the blood and the smooth muscle 

concentration may play a role in the immune 

reactions. Indeed, the thickened splenic capsule and 

trabeculae after chronic exposure to SMF allow the 

spleen to contract and eject stored extra erythrocytes 

from the splenic sinusoids when needed for extra 

oxygen. This is due to the resultant stagnant hypoxia 

like status. This view supports the opinion of Bacha 

and Linda (2000), who reported that animals 

evolved to live at low altitudes often have oxygen 

loading curves that depend on a high partial pressure 

of atmospheric oxygen. When moved to high 

elevations, they often generate extra erythrocytes to 

compensate for the thin air. These extra erythrocytes 

are stored in the spleen. Then they would be released 

when needed to deal with exertion. This was also 

supported by the work of Pinkus et al. (1986) in their 

study on human spleen. 

A significant increase in white blood cells 

and blood platelets count that were accompanied by 

an enlargement of the white pulp masses was 

detected one day after the end of exposure to SMF. 

It is clear that a splenic white pulp represents 

an active site of lymphocytic cell proliferation. This 

is supported by the most recent studies by Kaszuba 

et al.(2008) and Mohammadnejad et al. (2010),who 

reported that actively lymphocytic proliferaton are 

more sensitive to environmental factors including 

magnetic fields. 

The increase in haemoglobin and 

haematocrit seven days after sub-acute exposure to 

SMF may be explained by the installation of hypoxialike 

status which is probably resulting from the 

oxygen binding impairment of haemoglobin or iron 

metabolism disruption. Thus, exposure to SMF 

decreased the serum iron level. This is in accordance 

with previous studies showing that exposure to 

electromagnetic field induced a decrease in blood 

iron (Stashkov & Gorokhov, 1998; 

Nourmohammadi et al., 2001). Similarly, 

Hachulla( 2000) reported that iron was decreased in 

plasma of French population living near riverside 

high-voltage transmission lines. 

It is well documented that transferrin 

controlled transit of iron since intestinal enterocytes 

increase medullar erythroblasts and allowed recovery 

of iron after destruction of erythrocytes by 

macrophagic system (Wagner, 2000). 

The increase of haemoglobin and red blood, 

seven days after exposure to SMF may be explained 

by the hypoxia-like status. However, the precise way 




in which SMF induced hypoxia-like status has not yet 

been fully clarified. The hypothesis of an action of 

SMF on the geometrical conformation of 

haemoglobin was reinforced by the fact that SMF 

induced a prominent effect on the haemoglobin 

structure as previously demonstrated by Amara et al. 

(2006). 

Recent studies by Hassan &Abdelkawi 

(2010) showed that exposure of the animals to 

moderate and strong static magnetic fields induced 

change in the absorption spectra and conductivity 

measurements of hemoglobin molecules. 

Furthermore, they found different degrees of globin 

unfolding. They regarded them as a sign of 

molecular destabilization. This reflects the function 

of haemoglobin which would be converted from oxyhaemoglobin 

to non functional met haemoglobin with 

decreasing oxygen affinity. 

After seven days following the end of 

exposure to SMF, the histopathology of splenic 

tissues revealed numerous dilated sinusoids 

containing some of erythrocytes and/or haemolysed 

blood. Faine et al. (1999) reported large zones of 

haemorrhage and some features of vascular 

congestion in the red pulps of infected spleens. In 

such cases, damage of the vascular walls may be a 

reason for altering the permeability of sinusoidal 

capillaries, allowing the leakage of red blood cells, 

their progressing to haemorrhagic areas and 

scattering throughout the red pulp. Thus congestion is 

very likely resulted from disruption of splenic 

vasculature. 

In addition, the white pulps were numerous, 

fragmented and appeared diffused in an irregular 

manner throughout the red pulp, such pathologic 

consequences were confirmed haematologicaly by 

the significant increase of the number of white blood 

cells. Thus, it is clear that magnetic field affects the 

population of lymphatic cells and it has a suppressive 

effect on immune system. 

These findings are in accordance with those of 

Attia &Yehia (2002) who reported a progressive 

depletion of splenocytes in the white pulp areas in 

addition to the fragmentation of the tissues. 

Numerous inflammatory cells, macrophages and 

megakaryocytes were also noted in the splenic 

parenchyma and sinusoids, seven and fifteen days 

after the end of exposure to SMF. 

Regarding the increase in the number of 

macrophages, demonstrated in this study, it was 

clear that they are defensive and resistant cells. 

There were several reports showing that under 

stimulatory conditions and tissue damage, 

macrophages become more active (Zidek et al., 

1998; Cui & Benowitz 2009) and their number 

increase (Lissbrant el al., 2000). On the other 

hand Simko et al. (2001) have shown that 

magnetic field results in a significant increase of 

the phagocytic activity of macrophages. 

Brown haemosiderin granules were seen in 

the cytoplasm of macrophages after thirty days 

following the end of exposure to SMF. These 

granules represent the result of haemolysis of red 

blood cells. 

Haemosiderin was found in all cases that 

showed large zones of haemorrhage which 

resulted from disruption of splenic vasculature. 

Haemolysis of red blood cells results in the 

release of haemoglobin, which is then 

phagocytosed by macrophages and stored in the 

cytoplasm in the form of hemosiderin 

(Damjanov, 1996; Faine et al., 1999). Moreover, 

the ultrastructural appearance of haemosiderin 

pigments within sidrosomes in splenic 

macrophages suggests that erythrocytes 

degeneration is contributed to be pigment 

production (Ward & Reznik-Schüller, 1980). 

A significant decrease in most 

hematological parameters was reported after 

fifteen days following the end of exposure to 

SMF. Our data demonstrated that SMF exposure 

was associated with significant low levels of 

RBCs numbers and the haemoglobin was 

associated with a significant increase in serum 

iron level. These findings were further confirmed 

histopathologically in the spleen which showed 

splenic sinusoids with hemorrhagic or/and 

hemolysed blood and an increase of hemosiderin 

granules. 

Based on Perl’s Prussian blue reaction of 

iron, the haemosiderin granules observed in the 

dilated splenic sinusoids which were filled with 

haemolysed red blood cells. The accumulation of 

haemosiderin pigments in the spleen as iron storage 

organ is mainly due to the rapid and continuous 

destruction of erythrocytes with erythrophagia and 

breakdown of haemoglobin and its conversation to 

haemosiderin. 

Histopathological features of the white 

pulps that revealed lymphoid depletion and others 

which were hyperplastic with proliferation of 

megakaryocytes. These features observed in this 

context were confirmed haematologically with 

significant increase in the blood platelets and 

WBCs after 15 days following the end of 

exposure to SMF. 

Henrykowska et al. (2009) indicated that 

exposure to magnetic field induced oxidative stress 

and free radicals generation in human blood platelets, 

producing a number of adverse effects and thus may 

lead to systemic disturbances in the human body. 




Thirty days following magnetic exposure, 

the splenic tissues appeared almost normal and 

manifested a tendency towards recovery. 

Conclusion, 

Several experiments are still necessary to 

elucidate which frequency, intensity, exposure time 

and other parameters involved with SMF in order to 

be safe, especially, these concurrent with the 

environmental pollutants. In turn, we should protect 

ourselves against this pollutant. 

Corresponding author 

Mervat S. Zaghloul 

Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha 

University, Benha Egypt 

mervat2009@hotmail.com 

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