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Nr. 37<br />
Mai 2012<br />
SPG MITTEILUNGEN<br />
COMMUNICATIONS DE LA SSP<br />
The location of this year's annual meeting on the<br />
Hönggerberg Campus.<br />
Picture © Ralph Bensberg/ETH Zürich<br />
The interesting re<strong>la</strong>tion between Albert<br />
Einstein and Georges Lemaître, two pioneers<br />
of mo<strong>de</strong>rn cosmology, is adressed in<br />
the article "From Static to Expanding Mo<strong>de</strong>ls<br />
of the Universe" on page 43.<br />
Im vergangenen Herbst erhielt Martin<br />
Gutzwiller <strong>de</strong>n Doktor honoris causa <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Universität Freiburg; ein willkommener An<strong>la</strong>ss<br />
für die SPG, die wissenschaftlichen<br />
Verdienste dieses grossen Schweizer Physikers<br />
zu würdigen. Ab S. 34 berichten wir<br />
über Gutzwillers grundlegen<strong>de</strong> Arbeiten<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>n Gebieten <strong>de</strong>s Quantenchaos und<br />
<strong>de</strong>r korrelierten Elektronen.<br />
Public lectures<br />
The program of this year's annual meeting inclu<strong>de</strong>s two public highlights:<br />
Nobel <strong>la</strong>ureate Samuel C. C. Ting (CERN & MIT) will talk about space-borne<br />
<strong>de</strong>tectors for cosmic rays, a key technology worth mentioning at the centennial<br />
of the discovery of cosmic rays.<br />
Gebhard F. X. Schertler (ETH Zürich & PSI) will exp<strong>la</strong>in in a public tutorial<br />
about "Ultrafast Biology" (organised by NCCR MUST and ETH FAST), how<br />
experiments at the SwissFEL will help to better un<strong>de</strong>rstand biological processes.<br />
Annual Meeting of the<br />
SwiSS PhySical Society<br />
June 21 - 22, 2012 , ETH Zürich<br />
General information: page 11, preliminary program: page 15
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Inhalt - Contenu - Contents<br />
Jahrestagung <strong>de</strong>r SPG in Zürich, 21. - 22. Juni 2012 - Réunion annuelle <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP à Zürich, 21 - 22 juin 2012 3<br />
Vorwort - Avant-propos 3<br />
Preisverleihung und Generalversammlung 2012 - Cérémonie <strong>de</strong> remise <strong>de</strong>s prix et assemblée générale 2012 3<br />
Statistik - Statistique 4<br />
Jahresbericht <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten - Rapport annuel du prési<strong>de</strong>nt 5<br />
Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung 2011 in Lausanne - Protocole <strong>de</strong> l'assemblée générale 2011 à Lausanne 5<br />
Jahresrechnung 2011 - Bi<strong>la</strong>n annuel 2011 7<br />
Anpassung <strong>de</strong>r Statuten - Modification <strong>de</strong>s statuts 9<br />
Neue Sektion und Kommission - Nouvelle section et commission 10<br />
Allgemeine Tagungsinformationen - Informations générales sur <strong>la</strong> réunion 11<br />
Vorläufige Programmübersicht - Résumé préliminaire du programme 15<br />
Aussteller - Exposants 27<br />
Kurz<strong>mitteilungen</strong> 27<br />
Progress in Physics (28): SATW Forum "Advanced Optoceramics" 28<br />
Progress in Physics (29): Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding exchange bias in thin films 30<br />
The legacy of Martin Gutzwiller 34<br />
Martin Gutzwiller and his periodic orbits 34<br />
Martin Gutzwiller and his wave function 37<br />
Physik und Gesellschaft: "Lead-User-Workshops" für effizientes Innovations- & Produktvariantenmanagement 41<br />
History of Physics (4): From Static to Expanding Mo<strong>de</strong>ls of the Universe 43<br />
Über <strong>de</strong>n Einfluss <strong>de</strong>s Lichtes auf <strong>de</strong>n Menschen 47<br />
Nicht-visuelle Lichtwirkungen beim Menschen 47<br />
Lighting Application for Non-Visual Effects of Light 49<br />
Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt / Prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
Dr. Christophe Rossel, IBM Rüschlikon, rsl@zurich.ibm.com<br />
Vize-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt / Vice-Prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
Dr. Andreas Schopper, CERN, Andreas.Schopper@cern.ch<br />
Sekretär / Secrétaire<br />
Dr. MER Antoine Pochelon, EPFL-CRPP, antoine.pochelon@epfl.ch<br />
Kassier / Trésorier<br />
Dr. Pierangelo Gröning, EMPA Thun, pierangelo.groening@empa.ch<br />
Kon<strong>de</strong>nsierte Materie / Matière Con<strong>de</strong>nsée (KOND)<br />
Dr. Urs Staub, PSI, urs.staub@psi.ch<br />
Angewandte Physik / Physique Appliquée (ANDO)<br />
Dr. Ivo Furno, EPFL-CRPP, ivo.furno@epfl.ch<br />
Astrophysik, Kern- und Teilchenphysik /<br />
Astrophysique, physique nucléaire et corp. (TASK)<br />
Prof. Martin Pohl, Uni Genève, martin.pohl@cern.ch<br />
Theoretische Physik / Physique Théorique (THEO)<br />
Prof. Gian Michele Graf, ETH Zürich (ad interim), gmgraf@phys.ethz.ch<br />
Physik in <strong>de</strong>r Industrie / Physique dans l‘industrie<br />
Dr. Kai Hencken, ABB Dättwil, kai.hencken@ch.abb.com<br />
Atomphysik und Quantenoptik /<br />
Physique Atomique et Optique Quantique<br />
Prof. Antoine Weis, Uni Fribourg, antoine.weis@unifr.ch<br />
Impressum:<br />
Vorstandsmitglie<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>r SPG / Membres du Comité <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP<br />
Die SPG Mitteilungen erscheinen ca. 2-4 mal jährlich und wer<strong>de</strong>n an alle Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r abgegeben.<br />
Abonnement für Nichtmitglie<strong>de</strong>r:<br />
CHF 20.- pro Jahrgang (In<strong>la</strong>nd; Aus<strong>la</strong>nd auf Anfrage), incl. Lieferung <strong>de</strong>r Hefte sofort nach Erscheinen frei Haus. Bestellungen<br />
bzw. Kündigungen jeweils zum Jahresen<strong>de</strong> sen<strong>de</strong>n Sie bitte formlos an folgen<strong>de</strong> Adresse:<br />
Ver<strong>la</strong>g und Redaktion:<br />
<strong>Schweizerische</strong> Physikalische Gesellschaft, Klingelbergstr. 82, CH-4056 Basel, sps@unibas.ch, www.sps.ch<br />
Redaktionelle Beiträge und Inserate sind willkommen, bitte wen<strong>de</strong>n Sie sich an die obige Adresse.<br />
Namentlich gekennzeichnete Beiträge geben grundsätzlich die Meinungen <strong>de</strong>r betreffen<strong>de</strong>n Autoren wie<strong>de</strong>r. Die SPG übernimmt hierfür<br />
keine Verantwortung.<br />
Druck:<br />
Werner Druck AG, Kanonengasse 32, 4001 Basel<br />
2<br />
Physikausbildung und -för<strong>de</strong>rung /<br />
Education et encouragement à <strong>la</strong> physique<br />
Dr. Tibor Gyalog, Uni Basel, tibor.gyalog@unibas.ch<br />
Geschichte <strong>de</strong>r Physik / Histoire <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Physique<br />
Prof. Jan Lacki, Uni Genève, jan.<strong>la</strong>cki@unige.ch<br />
SPG Administration / Administration <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP<br />
Allgemeines Sekretariat (Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rverwaltung, Webseite, Druck, Versand, Redaktion Bulletin<br />
& SPG Mitteilungen) /<br />
Secrétariat générale (Service <strong>de</strong>s membres, internet, impression, envoi, rédaction Bulletin<br />
& Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP)<br />
S. Albietz, SPG Sekretariat, Departement Physik,<br />
Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel<br />
Tel. 061 / 267 36 86, Fax 061 / 267 37 84, sps@unibas.ch<br />
Buchhaltung / Service <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> comptabilité<br />
F. Erkadoo, SPG Sekretariat, Departement Physik,<br />
Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel<br />
Tel. 061 / 267 37 50, Fax 061 / 267 13 49, francois.erkadoo@unibas.ch<br />
Sekretärin <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten / Secrétaire du prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
Susanne Johner, SJO@zurich.ibm.com<br />
Wissenschaftlicher Redakteur/ Rédacteur scientifique<br />
Dr. Bernhard Braunecker, Braunecker Engineering GmbH,<br />
braunecker@bluewin.ch
3<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Jahrestagung <strong>de</strong>r SPG in Zürich, 21. - 22. Juni 2012<br />
Réunion annuelle <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP à Zürich, 21 - 22 juin 2012<br />
Vorwort<br />
Die erfolgreichen Tagungen <strong>de</strong>r letzten Jahre haben gezeigt,<br />
daß die SPG auf <strong>de</strong>m richtigen Pfad ist. Sowohl die Beteiligung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r verschie<strong>de</strong>nen NCCRs alle 2 Jahre, als auch die<br />
Kooperation mit unseren österreichischen Nachbarn er<strong>la</strong>uben<br />
eine exzellente Vernetzung und <strong>de</strong>n Austausch über<br />
Fachbereichs- und Lan<strong>de</strong>sgrenzen hinweg. Nicht zuletzt<br />
die Zusammenarbeit mit Fachgesellschaften, die einen<br />
starken Bezug zur Physik haben, er<strong>la</strong>ubt auch immer wie<strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Blick über <strong>de</strong>n Tellerrand <strong>de</strong>s eigenen Wirkens.<br />
In diesem Jahr ist z.B. das 100jährige Jubiläum <strong>de</strong>r Ent<strong>de</strong>ckung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Röntgenbeugung durch Max von Laue An<strong>la</strong>ß für<br />
die <strong>Schweizerische</strong> Gesellschaft für Kristallographie (SGK),<br />
sich mit einer Sitzung an unserer Tagung zu beteiligen.<br />
Der Einbezug von <strong>la</strong>nge vernachlässigten Fachgebieten ist<br />
ebenfalls geglückt, wie z.B. die nun bereits fest etablierte<br />
Sitzung zur Geschichte <strong>de</strong>r Physik zeigt. Die letztjährige Sitzung<br />
zur Geophysik gibt sogar An<strong>la</strong>ß, das Gebiet in diesem<br />
Jahr in einen erweiterten Rahmen unter "Physik <strong>de</strong>r Er<strong>de</strong>,<br />
Atmosphäre und Umwelt" einzubetten und eine gleichnamige<br />
Sektion zu grün<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Im folgen<strong>de</strong>n fin<strong>de</strong>n Sie die wichtigsten Tagungsinformationen<br />
sowie eine vorläufige Programmübersicht. Das <strong>de</strong>finitive<br />
Programm wird in Kürze auf <strong>de</strong>r SPG-Webseite verfügbar<br />
sein.<br />
In diesem Sinne hoffen wir auf eine rege Beteiligung an <strong>de</strong>r<br />
diesjährigen Tagung und freuen uns auf Ihren Besuch.<br />
Avant-propos<br />
Le succès <strong>de</strong>s réunions <strong>de</strong>s années <strong>de</strong>rnières a démontré<br />
que <strong>la</strong> SSP est sur <strong>la</strong> bonne voie. Autant <strong>la</strong> participation <strong>de</strong>s<br />
différents NCCRs tous les <strong>de</strong>ux ans que notre coopération<br />
avec nos voisins autrichiens, favorisent le développment<br />
d’un excellent réseau et l’échange au <strong>de</strong>là <strong>de</strong>s spécialités et<br />
<strong>de</strong>s frontières. La col<strong>la</strong>boration avec les sociétés savantes<br />
qui ont un fort lien avec <strong>la</strong> physique, permet aussi <strong>de</strong> jeter<br />
régulièrement un coup d’oeil sur les domaines adjacents à<br />
nos propres activités.<br />
Cette année, <strong>la</strong> célébration du centenaire <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> découverte<br />
<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> diffraction <strong>de</strong>s rayons X par Max von Laue, est<br />
l’occasion pour <strong>la</strong> Société Suisse <strong>de</strong> Crystallographie <strong>de</strong><br />
participer avec une session à notre réunion annuelle.<br />
L’incorporation <strong>de</strong> domaines longtemps négligés est tout<br />
aussi réussie, tel que le montre par ex. <strong>la</strong> session désormais<br />
soli<strong>de</strong>ment établie sur l’Histoire <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Physique. La<br />
séance sur <strong>la</strong> Géophysique <strong>de</strong> l’année <strong>de</strong>rnière nous a<br />
incité à é<strong>la</strong>rgir le sujet vers <strong>la</strong> "Physique du Globe et <strong>de</strong><br />
l’Environnement", et à fon<strong>de</strong>r une nouvelle section du<br />
même nom.<br />
Dans les pages suivantes vous trouverez les informations<br />
essentielles sur <strong>la</strong> conférence ainsi que le programme provisoire.<br />
La version finale sera prochainement accessible sur<br />
notre site internet.<br />
Nous comptons donc sur une participation active et nombreuse<br />
à notre réunion annuelle et nous réjouissons <strong>de</strong> votre<br />
visite.<br />
Preisverleihung und Generalversammlung 2012 -<br />
Cérémonie <strong>de</strong> remise <strong>de</strong>s prix et assemblée générale 2012<br />
Donnerstag 21. Juni 2012, 11:30h - Jeudi 21 juin 2012, 11:30h<br />
ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, Gebäu<strong>de</strong> HPH, Hörsaal G 1<br />
11:30 Preisverleihung Cérémonie <strong>de</strong> remise <strong>de</strong>s prix<br />
11:50 Generalversammlung Assemblée générale<br />
1. Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung vom Procès-verbal <strong>de</strong> l'assemblée générale du<br />
16. Juni 2011<br />
16 juin 2011<br />
2. Kurzer Bericht <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten Bref rapport du prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
3. Rechnung 2011, Revisorenbericht Bi<strong>la</strong>n 2011, rapport <strong>de</strong>s vérificateurs <strong>de</strong>s<br />
comptes<br />
4. Anpassung <strong>de</strong>r Statuten Modification <strong>de</strong>s statuts<br />
5. Neue Sektion und Kommission Nouvelle section et commission<br />
6. Projekte Projets<br />
7. Wahlen Elections<br />
8. Diverses Divers
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Neue Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r 2011 -<br />
Nouveaux membres en 2011<br />
Allenspach Rolf, Ammann Stephan, Anabitarte Miguel, Andritsch<br />
Florian, Balzan Riccardo, Becker Henrik, Bednorz<br />
J. Georg, Birrer Simon, Boil<strong>la</strong>t Bénédicte, Boss Jens Michael,<br />
Bräm Beat, Braitsch Daniel, Braun Johannes, Büchel<br />
Samuel, Bunk Oliver, Capelli Achille, Cedzich Christopher,<br />
Chang Johan, Chop<strong>de</strong>kar Rajesh Vi<strong>la</strong>s, Chowdhuri Zema,<br />
Christandl Matthias, Ciganovic Niko<strong>la</strong>, Conrad Roberta, Dahin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Fabienne, Debus Pascal, Diebold Andreas, Donner<br />
Tobias, Eggenschwiler Fe<strong>de</strong>rico, Ehrbar Stefanie, El Bakkali<br />
Issam, El Moussaoui Souliman, Falke Johannes, Flöry<br />
Niko<strong>la</strong>us, Flühmann Christa, Gauvin Neal, Gehrig Jeffrey,<br />
Gehrmann-De Rid<strong>de</strong>r Au<strong>de</strong>, Gersdorf Thomas, Göldi Damian,<br />
Gomes Gerber Isabel, Grimm Alexan<strong>de</strong>r, Häberli Florian,<br />
Hälg Sebastian, Häusler Samuel, Herrmann Andreas,<br />
Howald Ludovic, Huber Felix, Iacobucci Giuseppe, Imamoglu<br />
Atac, Jenatsch Sandra, Jochum Johanna, Jusufi Abas,<br />
Kambly Dania, Kamleitner Josef, Kangeldi Selim, Kasprzak<br />
Malgorzata, Keller Stefan, Khaw Kim Siang, Kläui Mathias,<br />
K<strong>la</strong>user Christine, Kobayashi Masaki, Korppi Maria, Koulialias<br />
Dimitrios, Krempasky Juraj, Kreslo Igor, Kwuida-Manthey<br />
Katarina, Leimer Pascal, Löffler Jörg F., Lüthi Florian,<br />
Maetz Marc, Maghrbi Yasser, Marsik Premysl, Minkowski<br />
Peter, Mirzaei Seyed Imam, Mokso Rajmund, Moser Christophe,<br />
Nico<strong>la</strong> Andrina, Oberle Markus, Ockeloen Caspar,<br />
Orsi Silvio, Pagani Kurt, Papariello Luca, Parrinello Michele,<br />
Patthey Luc, Pavuna Davor, Pfefferle David, Piamonteze<br />
Cinthia, Pikulski Marek, Pilet Nico<strong>la</strong>s, Plumb Nicho<strong>la</strong>s, Prsa<br />
Krunos<strong>la</strong>v, Radovic Mi<strong>la</strong>n, Reichert Julia, Riedo Andreas,<br />
Rocco Gau<strong>de</strong>nzi, Rodriguez Alvarez José, Rose Ruben,<br />
Ruffieux Silvia, Rutar Giada, Schäfer Vera, Schmidt Alexan<strong>de</strong>r,<br />
Schnoz Sebastian, Schönherr Peggy, Schopper Andreas,<br />
Schulthess Thomas, Schumann Marc, Sehner Michael,<br />
Sei<strong>de</strong>l Mike, Sellerio Alessandro Luigi, Shiroka Toni, Stamm<br />
Christian, Stelzer Carol, Stöckl Quirin S., Timpu F<strong>la</strong>via<br />
C<strong>la</strong>udia, Tortschanoff Andreas, Tschirky Thomas, Verzetti<br />
Mauro, Viereck Julian, von Baussnern Samuel, Wacker Kay,<br />
Wágner Dávid, Wallny Rainer, Walt Roger, Waltar Kay, Ward<br />
Simon, Watts Benjamin, Weigele Pirmin, Wenzler Dominic,<br />
Wertnik Melina, Winkler János, Winterhalter Car<strong>la</strong>, Wittwer<br />
Peter, Witzemann Ama<strong>de</strong>us, Yarar Hevjin, Zai Anja<br />
Ehrenmitglie<strong>de</strong>r - Membres d'honneur<br />
Prof. Hans Beck (2010)<br />
Dr. J. Georg Bednorz (2011)<br />
Prof. Jean-Pierre B<strong>la</strong>ser (1990)<br />
Prof. Jean-Pierre Borel (2001)<br />
Prof. Jean-Pierre Eckmann (2011)<br />
Prof. Charles P. Enz (2005)<br />
Prof. Øystein Fischer (2010)<br />
Prof. Hans Frauenfel<strong>de</strong>r (2001)<br />
Prof. Jürg Fröhlich (2011)<br />
Prof. Hermann Grun<strong>de</strong>r (2001)<br />
Prof. Hans-Joachim Güntherodt (2010)<br />
Dr. Martin Huber (2011)<br />
Prof. Verena Meyer (2001)<br />
Statistik - Statistique<br />
4<br />
Prof. K. Alex Müller (1991)<br />
Prof. Hans Rudolf Ott (2005)<br />
Prof. T. Maurice Rice (2010)<br />
Dr. Heinrich Rohrer (1990)<br />
Prof. Louis Sch<strong>la</strong>pbach (2010)<br />
Assoziierte Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r - Membres associés<br />
A) Firmen<br />
• F. Hoffmann-La-Roche AG, 4070 Basel<br />
• Oerlikon Leybold Vacuum Schweiz AG, 8050 Zürich<br />
B) Universitäten, Institute<br />
• Albert-Einstein-Center for Fundamental Physics, Universität<br />
Bern, 3012 Bern<br />
• Département <strong>de</strong> Physique, Université <strong>de</strong> Fribourg,<br />
1700 Fribourg<br />
• Departement Physik, Universität Basel, 4056 Basel<br />
• Departement Physik, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich<br />
• EMPA, 8600 Dübendorf<br />
• Lab. <strong>de</strong> Physique <strong>de</strong>s Hautes Energies (LPHE), EPFL,<br />
1015 Lausanne<br />
• Paul Scherrer Institut, 5332 Villigen PSI<br />
• Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, 8057 Zürich<br />
• Section <strong>de</strong> Physique, Université <strong>de</strong> Genève, 1211 Genève<br />
4<br />
C) Stu<strong>de</strong>ntenfachvereine<br />
• AEP - Association <strong>de</strong>s Etudiant(e)s en Physique, Université<br />
<strong>de</strong> Genève, 1211 Genève 4<br />
• Fachschaft Physik und Astronomie, Universität Bern,<br />
3012 Bern<br />
• Fachschaft Physique, Université <strong>de</strong> Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg<br />
• Fachverein Physik <strong>de</strong>r Universität Zürich (FPU),<br />
8057 Zürich<br />
• FG 14 (Fachgruppe für Physik-, Mathematik- und Versicherungswissenschaft),<br />
Universität Basel, 4056 Basel<br />
• Les Irrotationnels, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne<br />
• Verein <strong>de</strong>r Mathematik- und Physikstudieren<strong>de</strong>n an<br />
<strong>de</strong>r ETH Zürich (VMP), 8092 Zürich<br />
Verteilung <strong>de</strong>r Mitgliedskategorien -<br />
Répartition <strong>de</strong>s catégories <strong>de</strong> membres<br />
(31.12.2011)<br />
Or<strong>de</strong>ntliche Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r 697<br />
Doktoran<strong>de</strong>n 37<br />
Stu<strong>de</strong>nten 78<br />
Doppelmitglie<strong>de</strong>r DPG, ÖPG o<strong>de</strong>r APS 193<br />
Doppelmitglie<strong>de</strong>r PGZ 38<br />
Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r auf Lebenszeit 150<br />
Assoziierte Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r 16<br />
Bibliotheksmitglie<strong>de</strong>r 2<br />
Ehrenmitglie<strong>de</strong>r 18<br />
Beitragsfreie (Korrespon<strong>de</strong>nz) 10<br />
Total 1239
5<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Jahresbericht 2011 <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten - Rapport annuel 2011 du prési<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
Once again, one of the highlights of 2011 for the SPS<br />
was its successful annual meeting organized at the EPFL<br />
in Lausanne on 15-17 June 2011, jointly with the Austrian<br />
Physical Society (ÖPG), and both national societies of Astronomy<br />
and Astrophysics (SSAA and ÖGAA). It was very<br />
well atten<strong>de</strong>d with about 650 participants, 10 plenary talks,<br />
470 contributions spread over 10 parallel sessions and one<br />
<strong>la</strong>rge poster session. The commercial exhibitions reached<br />
a record number of 22 company booths. One can c<strong>la</strong>im<br />
without any doubt that the formu<strong>la</strong> of having our meeting<br />
every other year with our Austrian colleagues is a success.<br />
The meeting 2013 is therefore already p<strong>la</strong>nned in Vienna for<br />
early September.<br />
The organization of the alternating meetings with the Swiss<br />
NCCRs and other invited learned societies has also proven<br />
to be an excellent and appreciated means to make this<br />
event attractive to the Swiss community. A <strong>de</strong>tailed review<br />
of the meeting 2011 was published in the SPS Communications<br />
No 35 and on our website.<br />
Worth remembering is the celebration of the centennial of<br />
the discovery of superconductivity with <strong>de</strong>dicated talks, a<br />
lively round table in presence of the two Nobel Laureates K.<br />
A. Müller and J. G. Bednorz and a special exhibition.<br />
Based on the success of the session on Geophysics, it was<br />
proposed to create a new section named "Earth, Atmosphere<br />
and Environmental Physics". A <strong>de</strong>dicated session on<br />
this topic is p<strong>la</strong>nned in our next annual meeting at the ETHZ<br />
on 21-22 June 2012 (see page 10 in this issue for <strong>de</strong>tails).<br />
During the joint award ceremony the three SPS awards as<br />
well as several prizes of the ÖPG were attributed. During<br />
this ceremony the honorary membership was conferred to<br />
four new members.<br />
At the General Assembly, two new board members have<br />
been elected; several others have been reelected (see minutes<br />
on the next page).<br />
It is with pleasure that the SPS endorsed also the new<br />
membership of CHIPP, the Swiss Institute of Particle Physics,<br />
presi<strong>de</strong>d by Martin Pohl, within SCNAT. It trusts that<br />
this sister organization will strengthen science in general<br />
and physics in particu<strong>la</strong>r in association with the SPS.<br />
The number of individual members keeps increasing steadily<br />
with about 1250 by the end of 2011. This enjoyable trend<br />
goes in parallel with the strong increase of collective members<br />
- renamed ‘associate’ members in the future - found<br />
among the different <strong>de</strong>partments of physics, research organizations<br />
and physics stu<strong>de</strong>nt associations.<br />
Because of improved financial incomes (membership, exhibition)<br />
but also because of stronger control of our expenses<br />
(reduction of publication and mailing costs) the negative<br />
trend of the <strong>la</strong>st three years has been stopped and our budget<br />
2011 en<strong>de</strong>d again in the b<strong>la</strong>ck with a slight earning.<br />
Thanks to the excellent work of our scientific editor B.<br />
Braunecker, the SPS Bulletin continues to be a valuable<br />
source of information with society news, and the now well<br />
established topical rubriques 'Progress in Physics', 'Physics<br />
and Society' and 'Physics Anecdotes'.<br />
In our col<strong>la</strong>boration with the Physikalische Gesellschaft Zurich<br />
(PGZ), a joint Symposium on "Careers for Physicists"<br />
was organized on the 25 October 2011. The stu<strong>de</strong>nt associations<br />
of the SPS Young Physicists Forum (YPF), VMP<br />
(ETHZ), FPU (Uni. Zürich) and FG14 (Uni. Basel) participated<br />
in this successful symposium. In fact the YPF remains<br />
active and continues to organize special events, such as<br />
visits of research centers or institutes for its stu<strong>de</strong>nt members.<br />
In a well established tradition, the SPS sponsored also the<br />
Swiss Physics Olympiads and the Swiss Young Physicists<br />
Tournament in their respective activities. The best male and<br />
female finalists of the SwissPhO were awar<strong>de</strong>d with SPS<br />
prizes (http://www.swi<strong>ssp</strong>ho.ch/en/winners2011).<br />
The SPS is actively represented via its presi<strong>de</strong>nt or other<br />
members in different EPS groups and commissions, in particu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
the editorial board of Europhysics News, Europhysics<br />
Letters, the Forum Physics and Society, the Technology<br />
group and the Energy group. The meeting of the <strong>la</strong>tter<br />
took p<strong>la</strong>ce at the Akershus Energy Park, close to Oslo on<br />
6-7 October 2011. In addition to energy issues specific to<br />
Norway (hydro-energy, Thorium reactors), reports on radioactive<br />
waste disposal techniques and the status of disposals<br />
in EU nuclear energy countries including Switzer<strong>la</strong>nd<br />
(Nagra) were presented.<br />
As a member organization of the Swiss Aca<strong>de</strong>my of Science<br />
SCNAT, the SPS is part of the p<strong>la</strong>tform Mathematics,<br />
Astronomy and Physics. We acknowledge here the organizational<br />
and financial support of SCNAT in the pursuit of<br />
our tasks and activities. The support of the Swiss Aca<strong>de</strong>my<br />
of Engineering Science SATW is also acknowledged and<br />
hopefully our interaction will be further <strong>de</strong>veloped on important<br />
issues such as energy, resources and sustainability,<br />
information technology, nanotechnology, education as well<br />
as the training of the physicists in industry and aca<strong>de</strong>mia.<br />
Christophe Rossel, Presi<strong>de</strong>nt, March 2012<br />
Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung vom 16.06.2011 in Lausanne<br />
Protocole <strong>de</strong> l'assemblée générale du 16.06.2011 à Lausanne<br />
Traktan<strong>de</strong>n<br />
1. Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung vom 22.6.2010<br />
2. Bericht <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten<br />
3. Rechnung 2010 & Revisorenbericht<br />
4. Wahlen<br />
5. Projekte<br />
6. Diverses<br />
Der Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt, Christophe Rossel, eröffnet die Generalversammlung<br />
um 12:10 Uhr. Anwesend sind 31 Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r.<br />
1. Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung vom 22.6.2010<br />
Das Protokoll <strong>de</strong>r letzten Generalversammlung in Basel<br />
wird kommentarlos genehmigt.
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
2. Bericht <strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten<br />
Auf Seite 5 <strong>de</strong>r „SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 34“ wur<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Jahresbericht<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Präsi<strong>de</strong>nten bereits veröffentlicht.<br />
• Zur Jahrestagung vom 21.-22. Juni 2010 in Basel mit<br />
NCCR ManEP, NANO, QP, CCMX, POLYCOLL (SCG) kamen<br />
rund 500 Teilnehmer und 17 Aussteller.<br />
• An <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung 2010 wur<strong>de</strong>n fünf neue Ehrenmitglie<strong>de</strong>r<br />
ernannt: Profs. H. Beck, O. Fischer, H.-J.<br />
Güntherodt, T. M. Rice, L. Sch<strong>la</strong>pbach.<br />
• Die GV 2010 schuf neue Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rkategorien und<br />
passte sowohl die Statuten an, wie teilweise auch die<br />
seit acht Jahren unverän<strong>de</strong>rten Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rbeiträge.<br />
• Als Werbeaktion erhielten alle Schweizer Physikprofessoren<br />
<strong>de</strong>n neuen SPG-Flyer zum Verteilen an die Studieren<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
• Folgen<strong>de</strong> Institutionen konnten als Kollektivmitglie<strong>de</strong>r<br />
gewonnen wer<strong>de</strong>n: Die Physik-Departemente <strong>de</strong>r Universitäten<br />
Basel, Genf und Zürich, <strong>de</strong>r ETH Zürich, das<br />
LPHE <strong>de</strong>r EPF Lausanne sowie die Stu<strong>de</strong>ntenvereine<br />
VMP (ETHZ), FPU (Uni ZH), AEP (Uni Genf).<br />
Der Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt informiert die Anwesen<strong>de</strong>n, dass <strong>de</strong>r Vorstand<br />
die missverständliche Bezeichnung "Kollektivmitgliedschaft"<br />
durch "Assoziierte Mitgliedschaft" ersetzen<br />
möchte. Die erfor<strong>de</strong>rliche Statutenän<strong>de</strong>rung wird nächstes<br />
Jahr auf die Traktan<strong>de</strong>nliste gesetzt und <strong>de</strong>r GV<br />
2012 zur Abstimmung vorgelegt.<br />
• Die dreimal jährlich erscheinen<strong>de</strong>n "SPG Mitteilungen"<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n noch interessanter: Zu <strong>de</strong>n bisherigen Rubriken<br />
"Fortschritt in <strong>de</strong>r Physik", "Physik & Gesellschaft" und<br />
"Physik-Anekdoten" kommt die neue Serie "Geschichte<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Physik".<br />
Beson<strong>de</strong>re Anlässe im vergangenen Vereinsjahr waren:<br />
• Öffentlicher, von SPS und PGZ gemeinsam organisierter<br />
An<strong>la</strong>ss "DIE WISSENSEXPLOSION – Chancen und Risiken<br />
– Wissenschaftskommunikation im Zeitalter elektronischer<br />
Medien", Sa. 02.10.2010, Uni Zürich.<br />
• 50 Jahre Laser: Der Tanz <strong>de</strong>r Photonen, vom 10.-<br />
12.06.2010 an <strong>de</strong>r Universität Bern und vom 19.-<br />
20.11.2010 an <strong>de</strong>r Universität Fribourg.<br />
• Im Rahmen unseres neuen Young Physicists Forums<br />
(VMP) organisierte <strong>de</strong>r VMP (Verein Mathematik- &<br />
Physik-Studieren<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>r ETH Zürich) folgen<strong>de</strong> gut besuchte<br />
Exkursionen: PSI Villigen (4.5.2010), EPFL-CRPP<br />
(22.11.2010), ABB (18.4.2011) und IBM Research<br />
(30.5.2011).<br />
• Als Sponsor <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz. Physik-Olympia<strong>de</strong>n stiftet die<br />
SPG jeweils zwei Nachwuchspreise zu je CHF 500, welche<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt an <strong>de</strong>r Schlussfeier vom 3.4.2011 in<br />
Aarau überreichte.<br />
• Weiterhin ist die SPG Sponsor <strong>de</strong>s Swiss Young Physicists<br />
Tournament (PSI, April 2011) und <strong>de</strong>s Schweizer<br />
Teams am International Young Physicists Tournament<br />
(Teheran, Juli 2011).<br />
3. Rechnung 2010 & Revisorenbericht<br />
Der Kassier, Pierangelo Gröning, präsentiert die Jahresrechnung<br />
2010, die <strong>de</strong>tailliert in <strong>de</strong>n "SPG-Mitteilungen Nr.<br />
34" veröffentlicht wur<strong>de</strong>. Sie schliesst mit einem Verlust von<br />
CHF 25'777, bei einem Vereinsvermögen per 31.12.2010<br />
von CHF 19'406.50.<br />
6<br />
Nach<strong>de</strong>m <strong>de</strong>r Revisorenbericht vorgelesen wor<strong>de</strong>n ist,<br />
stimmt die Generalversammlung <strong>de</strong>r Jahresrechnung 2010<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r Ent<strong>la</strong>stung <strong>de</strong>s Vorstands zu.<br />
4. Wahlen<br />
Der Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt dankt <strong>de</strong>n bei<strong>de</strong>n ausschei<strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>n Vorstandsmitglie<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
für ihren Einsatz: Prof. K<strong>la</strong>us Kirch, 6<br />
Jahre Leiter <strong>de</strong>r SPG-Sektion "Astro-, Kern- Teilchenphysik"<br />
und Prof. Ulrich Straumann, 2 Jahre Vize-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt <strong>de</strong>r<br />
SPG.<br />
In corpore wer<strong>de</strong>n einstimmig neu resp. wie<strong>de</strong>r gewählt:<br />
• Vize-Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt (neu): Dr. Andreas Schopper, CERN<br />
• Astro-, Kern- Teilchenphysik (neu): Prof. Martin Pohl,<br />
Universität Genf<br />
• Atomphysik & Quantenoptik (bisher): Prof. Antoine Weis,<br />
Universität Fribourg<br />
• Physik in <strong>de</strong>r Industrie (bisher): Dr. Kai Hencken, ABB<br />
• Theoretische Physik (bisher): Prof. Dionys Baeriswyl,<br />
Universität Fribourg<br />
• Angewandte Physik (bisher): Dr. Ivo Furno, EPFL<br />
• Physikausbildung & -för<strong>de</strong>rung (bisher): Dr. Tibor Gyalog,<br />
Universität Basel<br />
5. Projekte<br />
• Das "Young Physicists Forum" wird mit <strong>de</strong>n Stu<strong>de</strong>nten-<br />
Fachschaften weitere Aktivitäten, Betriebsbesichtigungen<br />
und Exkursionen für Stu<strong>de</strong>nten organisieren.<br />
• Zusammen mit <strong>de</strong>m PGZ p<strong>la</strong>nt die SPG im September<br />
2011 in Zürich ein Symposium über <strong>de</strong>n Physiker-Beruf.<br />
6. Diverses<br />
• An <strong>de</strong>r letzten GV wünschte ein Mitglied, die SPG solle<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Anglizismus entgegentreten und dafür sorgen, dass<br />
vermehrt <strong>de</strong>utschsprachige Beiträge gedruckt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Der Vorstand hat das Anliegen diskutiert, sieht jedoch<br />
keinen Handlungsbedarf. Bei einem Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rmagazin<br />
wie <strong>de</strong>n "SPG Mitteilungen" muss in erster Linie <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Inhalt stimmen – in welcher Sprache ist weniger wichtig.<br />
Was an<strong>de</strong>re Publikationen betrifft, kann und will <strong>de</strong>r<br />
SPG-Vorstand keinen Einfluss auf redaktionelle Entschei<strong>de</strong><br />
nehmen.<br />
• Die nächste SPG-Jahrestagung wird am 21./22. Juni<br />
2012 an <strong>de</strong>r ETH Zürich stattfin<strong>de</strong>n. Weitere Einzelheiten<br />
erscheinen <strong>de</strong>mnächst auf <strong>de</strong>r SPG-Internetseite (www.<br />
sps.ch).<br />
Der Präsi<strong>de</strong>nt dankt <strong>de</strong>n Anwesen<strong>de</strong>n für ihr Erscheinen<br />
sowie <strong>de</strong>n Delegierten und seinen Vorstandskollegen für Ihren<br />
Einsatz und die gute Zusammenarbeit im vergangenen<br />
Amtsjahr.<br />
En<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung: 11:15 Uhr.<br />
Lausanne, 16. Juni 2011<br />
Die Protokollführerin: Susanne Johner
Jahresrechnung 2011 - Bi<strong>la</strong>n annuel 2011<br />
Bi<strong>la</strong>nz per 31.12.2011<br />
Aktiven Passiven<br />
Um<strong>la</strong>ufsvermögen<br />
Postscheckkonto 19233,53<br />
Bank - UBS 230-627945.M1U 12575,54<br />
Debitoren - Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r 2017,50<br />
Debitoren - SCNAT/SATW u.a.m. 56851,00<br />
Transitorische Aktiven 1049,70<br />
An<strong>la</strong>gevermögen<br />
Beteiligung EP Letters 15840,00<br />
Mobilien 1,00<br />
Fremdkapital<br />
Mobiliar 1,00<br />
Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r Lebenszeit 59824,50<br />
Transitorische Passiven 11135,90<br />
Eigenkapital<br />
Verfügbares Vermögen 19406,51<br />
Total Aktiven Passiven 107568,27 90367,91<br />
Gewinn 17200,36<br />
Total 107568,27 107568,27<br />
Verfügbares Vermögen per 31.12.11 nach Gewinnzuweisung 36606,87<br />
Erfolgsrechnung per 31.12.2011<br />
Aufwand Ertrag<br />
Gesellschaftsaufwand<br />
EPS - Membership 15634,30<br />
SCNAT - Membership 7903,00<br />
SATW-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rbeitrag 1750,00<br />
SCNAT & SATW Verpflichtungskredite<br />
SPG-Jahrestagung 37766,26<br />
Schweizer Physik Olympia<strong>de</strong> 4000,00<br />
SPG Young Physicist's Forum 7133,15<br />
EGA-43 Kongress 2011, Fribourg 4000,00<br />
100 Jahre Supraleitung 11851,00<br />
SCNAT/SPG Bulletin 5500,00<br />
SCNAT Periodika (SPG-Mitteilungen, Druckkosten) 19444,20<br />
SCNAT Int. Young Phys. Tournament 5500,00<br />
Betriebsaufwand<br />
Löhne 11732,64<br />
Sozialleistungen 863,25<br />
Porti/Telefonspesen/WWW- und PC-Spesen 908,75<br />
Versand (Porti Massensendungen) 5334,00<br />
Unkosten 3130,30<br />
Büromaterial 321,60<br />
Bankspesen 163,00<br />
Debitorenverluste Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r 1971,00<br />
Debitorenverlust SCNAT/SATW u.a.m. 5149,00<br />
Sekretariatsaufwand extern 9675,00<br />
Ertrag<br />
Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rbeiträge 87670,35<br />
Inserate/Flyerbei<strong>la</strong>gen SPG Mitteilungen 200,00<br />
Aussteller 24771,69<br />
Zinsertrag 125,90<br />
Ertrag aus EP Letters Beteiligung 2162,87<br />
SCNAT & SATW Verpflichtungskredite<br />
SPG-Jahrestagung (SCNAT) 15000,00<br />
Schweizer Physik Olympia<strong>de</strong> 4000,00<br />
SPG Young Physicist's Forum 7000,00<br />
EGAS-43 Kongress 2011, Fribourg 4000,00<br />
100 Jahre Supraleitung 12000,00<br />
SATW, 100 Jahre Tieftemperatur und Supraleitung/Session Géophysique 5000,00<br />
SPG Bulletin (SCNAT) 5500,00<br />
Periodika (SPG-Mitteilungen, Druckkosten) (SCNAT) 4000,00<br />
SCNAT Int. Young Phys. Tournament 5500,00<br />
Total Aufwand/Ertrag 159730,45 176930,81<br />
Gewinn 17200,36<br />
Total 176930,81 176930,81<br />
7<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Revisorenbericht zur Jahresrechnung 2011<br />
Die Jahresrechnung 2011 <strong>de</strong>r SPG wur<strong>de</strong> von <strong>de</strong>n unterzeichneten Revisoren geprüft und<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>n Belegen in Übereinstimmung befun<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Die Revisoren empfehlen <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung <strong>de</strong>r SPG, die Jahresrechnung zu<br />
genehmigen und <strong>de</strong>n Kassier mit bestem Dank für die gute Rechnungsführung zu<br />
ent<strong>la</strong>sten.<br />
Die Revisoren <strong>de</strong>r SPG:<br />
Prof. Dr. Philipp Aebi Dr. Pascal Ruffieux<br />
Basel, 15. März 2012<br />
F. Erkadoo, SPG Büro, Departement Physik, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel<br />
Tel : 061 / 267 37 50, Fax : 061 / 267 13 49, Email : francois.erkadoo@unibas.ch<br />
8
Anpassung <strong>de</strong>r Statuten - Modification <strong>de</strong>s statuts<br />
Seit <strong>de</strong>r letzten Än<strong>de</strong>rung vor zwei Jahren ist <strong>de</strong>r Vorstand<br />
auf zwei kleine Unschönheiten in <strong>de</strong>n Statuten aufmerksam<br />
gemacht wor<strong>de</strong>n. Diese betreffen <strong>de</strong>n Begriff "Kollektivmitglie<strong>de</strong>r",<br />
<strong>de</strong>r verschie<strong>de</strong>ntlich zu Mißverständnissen geführt<br />
hat. Ferner wird die Definition <strong>de</strong>r Kollektivmitglie<strong>de</strong>r Gruppe<br />
B als zu eng gefasst angesehen, da z.B. eine überstaatliche<br />
Organisation wie das CERN danach nicht Mitglied<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n kann.<br />
Es wird daher über die folgen<strong>de</strong>n kleinen Än<strong>de</strong>rungen abgestimmt:<br />
- Der Begriff "Kollektivmitglie<strong>de</strong>r" wird ersetzt durch "Assoziierte<br />
Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r". Dies betrifft Artikel 2 und Anhang 1.<br />
- Die Definition <strong>de</strong>r Gruppe B in Artikel 2 wird erweitert.<br />
Die bisherige Fassung <strong>de</strong>r Statuten fin<strong>de</strong>n Sie auf www.<br />
sps.ch ->SPG ->Statuten.<br />
Art. 2<br />
Die Gesellschaft besteht aus or<strong>de</strong>ntlichen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn, aus<br />
stu<strong>de</strong>ntischen Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn (Stu<strong>de</strong>nten), aus Ehrenmitglie<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
und aus Assoziierten Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
Als Stu<strong>de</strong>nten gelten Personen, welche an einer Universität<br />
immatrikuliert sind und noch keinen Diplom-/Masterabschluß<br />
haben.<br />
Assoziierte Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r wer<strong>de</strong>n in folgen<strong>de</strong> Gruppen eingeteilt:<br />
A) Firmen<br />
B) Universitäten bzw. <strong>de</strong>ren Untereinheiten (z.B. Institute,<br />
Forschungs<strong>la</strong>bore) o<strong>de</strong>r anerkannte staatliche,<br />
überstaatliche bzw. internationale Forschungseinrichtungen<br />
C) Stu<strong>de</strong>ntenorganisationen / Fachgruppen an Schweizer<br />
Hochschulen<br />
[...]<br />
Art. 24<br />
Die gegenwärtige Version <strong>de</strong>r Statuten <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Schweizerische</strong>n<br />
Physikalischen Gesellschaft wur<strong>de</strong> an <strong>de</strong>r Generalversammlung<br />
vom 21. Juni 2012 in Zürich angenommen.<br />
Sie annulliert alle vorherigen Bestimmungen.<br />
A Letters JournAL<br />
expLoring the Frontiers<br />
oF physics<br />
www.epl journal.org<br />
Publish your cutting-edge research with EPL<br />
1<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
9<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Après les <strong>de</strong>rnières modifications d'il y a <strong>de</strong>ux ans, le comité<br />
a été rendu attentif à <strong>de</strong>ux petites imprécisions dans<br />
les statuts. Elles concernent le terme <strong>de</strong> 'membre collectif'<br />
qui a conduit à quelques malentendus. De plus <strong>la</strong> définition<br />
du groupe B <strong>de</strong>s membres collectifs est considérée comme<br />
trop limitée. Ainsi une organisation internationale comme le<br />
CERN ne pourrait pas <strong>de</strong>venir membre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP.<br />
Pour ces raisons il sera nécéssaire <strong>de</strong> se prononcer sur les<br />
petits amen<strong>de</strong>ments suivants:<br />
- le terme "membres collectifs" est remp<strong>la</strong>cé par "membres<br />
associés" dans les Article 2 et Annexe 1.<br />
- <strong>la</strong> définition du groupe B dans l'Article 2 est é<strong>la</strong>rgie.<br />
La version actuelle <strong>de</strong>s statuts se trouve sous www.sps.ch<br />
-> SSP -> Statuts.<br />
Art. 2<br />
La Société se compose <strong>de</strong> membres ordinaires, <strong>de</strong> membres<br />
étudiants, <strong>de</strong> membres honoraires et <strong>de</strong> membres associés.<br />
Comme étudiants sont considérées les personnes immatriculées<br />
dans une université et qui n’ont pas encore obtenu<br />
<strong>de</strong> Diplôme ou Master.<br />
Les membres associés se composent <strong>de</strong>s groupes suivants:<br />
A) Compagnies commerciales<br />
B) Universités et leurs unités (par ex. instituts, <strong>la</strong>boratoires<br />
<strong>de</strong> recherche) ainsi que les institutions nationales, supranationales<br />
ou internationales <strong>de</strong> recherche.<br />
C) Organisations ou associations d’étudiants liées à une<br />
université suisse<br />
[...]<br />
Art. 24<br />
La présente version <strong>de</strong>s statuts <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Société Suisse <strong>de</strong><br />
Physique a été adoptée par l’assemblée générale à Zürich,<br />
le 21 juin 2012. Elle annule toutes les dispositions antérieures.<br />
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visit www.epljournal.org, e-mail us at info@epljournal.org or scan this barco<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Impact Factor<br />
2.753*<br />
* As listed in ISI®’s 2010 Science<br />
Citation In<strong>de</strong>x Journal citation reports<br />
More than<br />
624 000<br />
full-text downloads<br />
in 2011<br />
29 days<br />
median acceptance to<br />
online publication in 2011<br />
Visit<br />
our booth<br />
at the Annual<br />
Meeting,<br />
21–22 June
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
New Section "Earth, Atmosphere and Environmental Physics"<br />
Neue Sektion "Physik <strong>de</strong>r Er<strong>de</strong>, Atmosphäre und Umwelt"<br />
Nouvelle section "Physique du Globe et <strong>de</strong> l’Environnement"<br />
In 2012, the SPS starts up a new section, Earth, Atmosphere<br />
and Environmental Physics, following formally the<br />
2011 sessions on geophysics (From P<strong>la</strong>netary to Engineering<br />
Geophysics).<br />
Earth, atmosphere and environmental physics can be <strong>de</strong>scribed<br />
in terms of the <strong>la</strong>ws of physics. Examples inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
a number of environmental issues such as global warming,<br />
waste <strong>de</strong>positories, ozone <strong>la</strong>yer <strong>de</strong>pletion, energy crisis and<br />
renewable energy sources, air, soil and water pollution, etc.<br />
This section pays tribute to the emphasis p<strong>la</strong>ced on monitoring<br />
and un<strong>de</strong>rstanding processes, as well as predicting<br />
changes of our physical world. The un<strong>de</strong>rlying topics may<br />
be regar<strong>de</strong>d as Earth- or geo-sciences oriented, being a<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>r combination of physical, chemical, and biological<br />
processes linking and <strong>de</strong>termining every components of<br />
the Earth system on a wi<strong>de</strong> variety of spatial and temporal<br />
scales.<br />
Earth Physics encompasses a number of topics from the<br />
geophysics of the globe (p<strong>la</strong>te tectonics, geomagnetism,<br />
solid state at high pressures, seismology, geo<strong>de</strong>sy, cosmic<br />
New Commission "Young Physicists Forum"<br />
Until now, the Young Physicists Forum (YPF) is a loose<br />
compound of nearly all Swiss physics stu<strong>de</strong>nts organizations<br />
– namely the associations from École polytechnique<br />
fédérale <strong>de</strong> Lausanne, ETH Zürich, Uni Basel, Uni Bern, Uni<br />
Fribourg and Uni Genève.<br />
Everything started at our first meeting in May 2011, where<br />
the representatives of the different stu<strong>de</strong>nts organizations<br />
agreed on the fact that there is a need for better connection<br />
amongst the physics stu<strong>de</strong>nts and between stu<strong>de</strong>nts and<br />
experienced physicists. To work out our aims and goals<br />
more precisely we started to meet regu<strong>la</strong>rly, each semester<br />
at a different university, to force initially the exchange<br />
amongst our board members. Since our first meeting the<br />
SPS supported us and offered their help.<br />
As a result of our efforts, the main goal of the YPF is to build<br />
up a network and encourage the exchange of information<br />
and experience amongst our stu<strong>de</strong>nts, but also with other<br />
physicists. This we want to reach e.g. by organizing joint<br />
events like visits of research institutions, companies etc.<br />
Starting to inclu<strong>de</strong> the members of our associations, our<br />
web-forum was released in April 2012 and as a first event<br />
we p<strong>la</strong>n to visit CERN this summer. To foster the communication<br />
between our members and "real-life physicists" the<br />
SPS turns out to be the i<strong>de</strong>al p<strong>la</strong>tform as they already combine<br />
reasearch and industrial interests, covering all areas<br />
of physics. In addition the SPS offers a stable framework<br />
within which the YPF can <strong>de</strong>velop and grow. After consul-<br />
10<br />
rays, extra-terrestrial geophysics,…) to engineering geophysics,<br />
applied geophysics (analysis of geological resources,<br />
of geomaterials, of geological hazards, of geological<br />
barriers for waste storage, monitoring of contaminated<br />
sites), aiming at a <strong>de</strong>scription from first principles.<br />
Atmospheric Physics is concerned with the structure and<br />
evolution of the p<strong>la</strong>netary atmospheres and with the wi<strong>de</strong><br />
range of phenomena that occur within them, with a particu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
focus on the Earth’s atmosphere interacting with other<br />
components such as the lithosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere<br />
and the cryosphere.<br />
Environmental Physics involves the many aspects of physics<br />
that perva<strong>de</strong> environmental processes in our everyday<br />
lives and in naturally occurring phenomena. This inclu<strong>de</strong>s<br />
energy supply and resources issues, which growing needs<br />
and use can impact on environment. It aims at un<strong>de</strong>rstanding<br />
the various links between topics such as, e.g.: sustainability,<br />
contribution of renewable sources, efficiency,<br />
wastes and pollution, CO 2 , climatic impact.<br />
tation with the board of the SPS we think that all involved<br />
parties can profit if the YPF is formaly foun<strong>de</strong>d as a commission<br />
of the SPS.<br />
In a first step all participating stu<strong>de</strong>nts organizations joined<br />
the SPS as Associated Members. The next step is our formal<br />
application at the General Assembly at the SPS annual<br />
meeting in June 2012, to accept the YPF as a commission.<br />
If our inquiry is accepted, we see it as our responsibility to<br />
bring our stu<strong>de</strong>nts in contact with the SPS so they get an<br />
impression of the wi<strong>de</strong> range of possibilities they will have<br />
when finishing their studies. Thus we want to spark interest<br />
of young physics stu<strong>de</strong>nts in the SPS as soon as possible.<br />
We are looking forward to a productive and successful cooperation<br />
and many new acquaintances.<br />
List of YPF founding members:<br />
Les Irrotationnels, Association <strong>de</strong>s étudiants en physique<br />
<strong>de</strong> l'EPFL, http://irrotationnels.epfl.ch<br />
Verein <strong>de</strong>r Mathematik- und Physikstudieren<strong>de</strong>n an <strong>de</strong>r<br />
ETH Zürich (VMP), www.vmp.ethz.ch<br />
Uni Basel, Fachgruppe 14 (FG 14), www.fg14.unibas.ch<br />
Uni Bern, Fachschaft Physik und Astronomie (FPA), http://<br />
www.fpa.unibe.ch<br />
Uni Fribourg, Fachschaft Physique (FPF)<br />
Uni Genève, Association <strong>de</strong>s Etudiant(e)s en Physique<br />
(AEP), http://www.asso-etud.unige.ch/aep/<br />
Julia Reichert and Talitha Weiss, YPF, Universität Basel
11<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Allgemeine Tagungsinformationen - Informations générales sur <strong>la</strong> réunion<br />
Konferenzwebseite und Anmeldung<br />
Alle Teilnehmeranmeldungen wer<strong>de</strong>n über die Konferenzwebseite<br />
vorgenommen.<br />
www.sps.ch -> Veranstaltungen<br />
Anmel<strong>de</strong>schluß: 1. Juni 2012<br />
Tagungsort<br />
ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, Gebäu<strong>de</strong> HPH / HCI<br />
Tagungssekretariat<br />
Das Tagungssekretariat befin<strong>de</strong>t sich im Foyer <strong>de</strong>s HPH<br />
direkt neben <strong>de</strong>m Haupteingang.<br />
Öffnungszeiten:<br />
Mittwoch 20. Juni 16:00 - 19:00<br />
Donnerstag 21. Juni 08:00 - 18:00<br />
Freitag 22. Juni 08:00 - 15:00<br />
Alle Tagungsteilnehmer mel<strong>de</strong>n sich bitte vor <strong>de</strong>m Besuch<br />
<strong>de</strong>r ersten Veranstaltung beim Sekretariat an, wo<br />
Sie ein Namensschild und allfällige weitere Unter<strong>la</strong>gen<br />
erhalten sowie die Tagungsgebühr bezahlen.<br />
Wichtig: Ohne Namensschild ist kein Zutritt zu einer<br />
Veranstaltung möglich.<br />
Wir empfehlen Ihnen, wenn möglich <strong>de</strong>n Mittwoch<br />
Nachmittag für die Anmeldung zu nutzen. So können<br />
Sie am Donnerstag direkt ohne Wartezeiten die Vorträge<br />
besuchen.<br />
Achtung: Das Tagungssekretariat gibt kein technisches<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r Büromaterial ab. Je<strong>de</strong>r Teilnehmer ist für seine<br />
Ausrüstung (Mobilrechner, Laserpointer, Adapter, Schere,<br />
Reissnägel, Folien usw.) selber verantwortlich !<br />
Hörsäle<br />
In allen Hörsälen stehen Beamer und Hellraumprojektoren<br />
zur Verfügung. Bitte bringen Sie Ihre eigenen Mobilrechner<br />
und evtl. Adapter und USB Stick/CD mit.<br />
Postersession<br />
Die Postersession fin<strong>de</strong>t am Donnerstag Abend und<br />
am Freitag während <strong>de</strong>r Mittagspause im Foyer HPH<br />
statt. Bitte bringen Sie Befestigungsmaterial (Reissnägel,<br />
Klebestreifen) selbst mit. Die Posterwän<strong>de</strong> sind<br />
entsprechend diesem Programm numeriert, sodaß je<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Teilnehmer "seine" Wand leicht fin<strong>de</strong>n sollte. Alle Poster<br />
sollen an bei<strong>de</strong>n Tagen präsentiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Maximale Postergröße: A0 Hochformat<br />
Zahlung<br />
Wir bitten Sie, die Tagungsgebühren im Voraus zu bezahlen.<br />
Sie verkürzen damit die Wartezeiten am Tagungssekretariat,<br />
erleichtern uns die Arbeit und sparen<br />
darüber hinaus noch Geld !<br />
Sie können auf das folgen<strong>de</strong> Konto einzahlen / überweisen:<br />
Postkonto <strong>de</strong>r <strong>Schweizerische</strong>n Physikalischen<br />
Gesellschaft, CH-4056 Basel,<br />
Kontonummer 80-8738-5<br />
Site web <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence et inscription<br />
L' inscription <strong>de</strong>s participants se fait sur le site web <strong>de</strong><br />
<strong>la</strong> conférence.<br />
www.sps.ch -> Evènements<br />
Dé<strong>la</strong>i d'inscription: 1 er juin 2012<br />
Lieu <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence<br />
ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, bâtiment HPH / HCI<br />
Secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence<br />
Le secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> réunion se trouve dans le foyer du<br />
bâtiment HPH juste à l'entrée.<br />
Heures d'ouverture :<br />
Mercredi 20 juin 16:00 - 19:00<br />
Jeudi 21 juin 08:00 - 18:00<br />
Vendredi 22 juin 08:00 - 15:00<br />
Tous les participants doivent se présenter en premier<br />
lieu au secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence afin <strong>de</strong> recevoir leur<br />
badge et les divers documents ainsi que pour le paiement<br />
<strong>de</strong>s frais d'inscription.<br />
Attention: Sans badge, l'accès aux sessions <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> manifestation<br />
sera refusé.<br />
Nous vous recommandons <strong>de</strong> vous inscrire déjà mercredi<br />
après-midi afin d'éviter <strong>de</strong>s temps d'attente inutiles<br />
jeudi matin.<br />
Attention: Le secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence ne rend aucun<br />
matériel technique ni matériel <strong>de</strong> bureau. Chaque<br />
participant est responsable <strong>de</strong> son équipement (ordinateur,<br />
pointeur <strong>la</strong>ser, adaptateurs, ciseaux, punaises, ...) !<br />
Auditoires<br />
Les auditoires disposent tous d’un projecteur multimédia<br />
(beamer) et d'un projecteur pour transparents.<br />
Veuillez apporter votre ordinateur portable ainsi que<br />
d'éventuels accessoires tels que clé USB ou CD.<br />
Séance posters<br />
Les posters seront présentés dans le foyer HPH le jeudi<br />
soir et pendant <strong>la</strong> pause <strong>de</strong> midi <strong>de</strong> vendredi. Veuillez<br />
amener vous-même le matériel nécessaire pour fixer<br />
les posters (punaises, ruban adhésif). Les panneaux <strong>de</strong><br />
posters seront numérotés suivant le numéro <strong>de</strong> l'abstract<br />
indiqué dans le programme. Tous les posters pourront<br />
rester installés pendant les <strong>de</strong>ux jours.<br />
Dimension maximale: A0, format portrait<br />
Paiement<br />
Nous vous prions <strong>de</strong> régler d'avance vos frais d'inscription<br />
par virement postal ou bancaire. De cette manière<br />
vous éviterez <strong>de</strong>s files d'attente et vous nous facilitez<br />
notre travail. En plus vous pourrez faire <strong>de</strong>s économies !<br />
Vous pouvez effectuer votre virement sur le compte suivant:<br />
Compte postale <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> Société Suisse <strong>de</strong> Physique,<br />
CH-4056 Basel,<br />
Numéro 80-8738-5
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Für Zahlungen aus <strong>de</strong>m Aus<strong>la</strong>nd verwen<strong>de</strong>n Sie<br />
bitte folgen<strong>de</strong> Angaben:<br />
IBAN: CH59 0900 0000 8000 8738 5<br />
SWIFT/BIC: POFI CH BE XXX<br />
Bitte achten Sie darauf, daß Ihr Name und <strong>de</strong>r Zahlungszweck<br />
angegeben wer<strong>de</strong>n. (Es reicht nicht, wenn als Absen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
beispielsweise nur "Uni Basel" erscheint, da wir<br />
eine solch allgemeine Angabe nicht einer Einzelperson<br />
zuordnen können.)<br />
Am Tagungssekretariat kann nur bar bezahlt wer<strong>de</strong>n (in<br />
CHF). Kreditkarten können lei<strong>de</strong>r nicht akzeptiert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
ACHTUNG: Tagungsgebühren können nicht zurückerstattet<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Kaffeepausen, Mittagessen<br />
Die Kaffeepausen, <strong>de</strong>r zur Postersitzung gehören<strong>de</strong><br />
Apéro am Donnerstag Abend sowie das Lunchbuffet am<br />
Freitag fin<strong>de</strong>n in Foyer HPH bei <strong>de</strong>r Poster- und Händlerausstellung<br />
statt. Diese Leistungen sind in <strong>de</strong>r Konferenzgebühr<br />
enthalten.<br />
Für das Mittagessen am Donnerstag stehen die Mensen<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>m Campus Hönggerberg zur Verfügung (www.<br />
gastro.ethz.ch).<br />
Grillparty<br />
Die Grillparty fin<strong>de</strong>t am Donnerstag im Anschluß an die<br />
Postersession statt. Der Preis beträgt CHF 90.- pro Person<br />
(beinhaltet Essen und Getränke) Bitte registrieren<br />
Sie sich unbedingt im Voraus, damit wir disponieren<br />
können. Eine Anmeldung vor Ort ist nicht möglich !<br />
Spezia<strong>la</strong>ngebot für "Noch-Nicht" SPG-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r<br />
P<strong>la</strong>nen Sie, an unserer Tagung teilzunehmen sowie Mitglied<br />
<strong>de</strong>r SPG zu wer<strong>de</strong>n ? Sie können nun bei<strong>de</strong>s für<br />
einen äusserst günstigen Preis von nur CHF 150.- (CHF<br />
170.- nach <strong>de</strong>m 1. Juni). Dieser Betrag <strong>de</strong>ckt die Konferenzgebühr<br />
sowie die Mitgliedschaft für 2012. Verpassen<br />
Sie dieses Angebot nicht ! Wählen Sie einfach bei<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Online Registrierung die Kategorie "Special Offer",<br />
<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>n Sie das Anmel<strong>de</strong>formu<strong>la</strong>r ( http://www.sps.ch/<br />
uploads/media/anmel<strong>de</strong>formu<strong>la</strong>r_d-f-e.pdf ) für neue<br />
Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r herunter, drucken es aus und schicken o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
faxen es ausgefüllt an das SPG-Sekretariat.<br />
12<br />
Pour <strong>de</strong>s paiements en provenance <strong>de</strong> l'étranger<br />
veuillez utiliser les données suivantes:<br />
IBAN: CH59 0900 0000 8000 8738 5<br />
SWIFT/BIC: POFI CH BE XXX<br />
N'oubliez pas d'indiquer votre nom et le motif <strong>de</strong> votre<br />
paiement (<strong>la</strong> mention "Uni Bâle", par exemple, est trop<br />
générale et ne suffit pas à i<strong>de</strong>ntifier l'auteur du virement.)<br />
Les paiements lors <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence ne pourront être<br />
effectués qu'en espèces (CHF). Les cartes <strong>de</strong> crédit ne<br />
pourront malheureusement pas être acceptées.<br />
ATTENTION: Les frais d'inscription ne pourront pas être<br />
remboursés.<br />
Preise gültig bei Zahlung bis 1. Juni - Prix va<strong>la</strong>ble pour <strong>de</strong>s paiements avant le 1er juin<br />
Kategorie - Catégorie CHF<br />
SPG-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r, Doktoran<strong>de</strong>n - Membres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP, Doctorants 100.-<br />
Stu<strong>de</strong>nten VOR Master/Diplom Abschluß - Etudiants AVANT le <strong>de</strong>gré master/diplôme 30.-<br />
Plenar-/Einge<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>ne Sprecher, Preisträger - Conférenciers pléniers / invités, <strong>la</strong>uréats 0.-<br />
An<strong>de</strong>re Teilnehmer - Autres participants 140.-<br />
Spezia<strong>la</strong>ngebot für "Noch-nicht-SPG-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r" (s.u.) - Offre spéciale pour "Non-membres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP" (voir<br />
ci-<strong>de</strong>ssous.)<br />
150.-<br />
Grillparty 90.-<br />
Zusch<strong>la</strong>g für Zahlungen nach <strong>de</strong>m 1. Juni sowie Barzahler an <strong>de</strong>r Tagung -<br />
Supplément pour paiements effectués après le 1er juin et pour paiements en espèces à <strong>la</strong> conférence<br />
20.-<br />
Pauses café, repas <strong>de</strong> midi<br />
Les pauses café, l'apéro accompagnant <strong>la</strong> séance<br />
posters du jeudi soir et le buffet <strong>de</strong> midi du vendredi<br />
se dérouleront dans le foyer HPH près <strong>de</strong>s posters et<br />
exposants. Ces prestations sont inclues dans les frais<br />
d'inscription.<br />
Pour le repas <strong>de</strong> midi du jeudi les restaurants du campus<br />
Hönggerberg sont à votre disposition (www.gastro.<br />
ethz.ch).<br />
Grillparty<br />
La grillparty se tiendra le jeudi soir après <strong>la</strong> séance posters.<br />
Le prix est <strong>de</strong> CHF 90.- par personne (repas et<br />
boissons inclus). Veuillez s.v.p. absolument vous enregistrer<br />
d'avance pour <strong>de</strong>s raisons d'organisation. Il n'est<br />
plus possible <strong>de</strong> s'inscrire sur p<strong>la</strong>ce.<br />
Offre spéciale pour les non-membres <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP<br />
Voulez-vous participer à <strong>la</strong> conférence et <strong>de</strong>venir aussi<br />
membre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP ? Profitez <strong>de</strong> notre offre avantageuse<br />
! Pour <strong>la</strong> somme <strong>de</strong> CHF 150.- (CHF 170.- après<br />
le 1 er juin) nous vous offrons l’inscription ainsi que <strong>la</strong> cotisation<br />
<strong>de</strong> membre <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP jusqu’à fin 2012. Ne ratez<br />
pas cette occasion! Cochez simplement <strong>la</strong> case « Special<br />
Offer » lors <strong>de</strong> votre inscription en ligne, téléchargez<br />
le formu<strong>la</strong>ire d’admission à <strong>la</strong> SSP <strong>de</strong> http://www.sps.<br />
ch/uploads/media/anmel<strong>de</strong>formu<strong>la</strong>r_d-f-e.pdf , imprimez-le,<br />
et renvoyez-le dûment rempli par courrier ou par<br />
fax au secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP.
(Dieses Angebot gilt nicht für Stu<strong>de</strong>nten o<strong>de</strong>r Doktoran<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Diese profitieren sowieso von <strong>de</strong>r Gratis-Mitgliedschaft<br />
im ersten Mitgliedsjahr, und zahlen nur die in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Tabelle angegebene Konferenzgebühr.)<br />
Hotels<br />
Hotelreservierungen können direkt über Zürich Tourismus<br />
(www.zuerich.com) vorgenommen wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Anreise<br />
Unter http://www.ethz.ch/about/location/hoengg fin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Sie ausführliche Hinweise zur Anreise mit verschie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Verkehrsmitteln. Auf <strong>de</strong>m Campus folgen Sie einfach<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Hinweisschil<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
13<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
(Cette offre n’est pas va<strong>la</strong>ble pour les étudiants et les<br />
doctorants. Ceux-ci profitent en effet d’une affiliation<br />
gratuite à <strong>la</strong> SSP pendant <strong>la</strong> première année, et ne<br />
paient que les frais d’inscription indiqués dans le tableau<br />
ci-<strong>de</strong>ssus.)<br />
Hôtels<br />
Les réservations d'hôtel peuvent être effectuées sur <strong>la</strong><br />
page internet <strong>de</strong> Zürich Tourisme (www.zuerich.com).<br />
Arrivée<br />
http://www.ethz.ch/about/location/hoengg/in<strong>de</strong>x_EN<br />
vous donne les informations détaillées sur l'arrivée avec<br />
les différents moyens <strong>de</strong> transport. Au campus veuillez<br />
suivre les panneaux <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence.
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Schauenbergstrasse<br />
ETH Zürich – Standort Hönggerberg (Campus Science City)<br />
A B 37/80 C D<br />
Emil-Klöti-Strasse<br />
P<br />
Bushaltestelle<br />
ETH-Pen<strong>de</strong>lbus «Science City Link»<br />
Mensa<br />
Cafeteria<br />
Parking entry<br />
G<strong>la</strong>ubtenstrasse<br />
Einsteinstrasse<br />
Schafmattstrasse<br />
Science City Welcome Desk (Telefon +041 44 633 64 44)<br />
Alle Gebäu<strong>de</strong> und Parkgaragen sind rollstuhlgängig. Weitere Informationen am Science City Welcome Desk.<br />
Herausgeberin: ETH Zürich, Hochschulkommunikation, Mai 2011<br />
Kartenmaterial: Institut für Kartographie <strong>de</strong>r ETH Zürich, bearbeitet von Immobilien,<br />
Stab Portfoliomanagement und Hochschulkommunikation<br />
Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse<br />
14<br />
P<br />
conference<br />
37/69/80
15<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Vorläufige Programmübersicht - Résumé préliminaire du programme<br />
Das vollständige Programm wird allen Teilnehmern am Tagungssekretariat<br />
abgegeben sowie auf <strong>de</strong>r SPG-Webseite<br />
publiziert.<br />
Hinweise:<br />
- Je Beitrag wird nur <strong>de</strong>r präsentieren<strong>de</strong> Autor aufgeführt.<br />
- Die Postersitzung ist am Donnerstag von 18:30 - ca.<br />
20:00 (mit Apéro) sowie am Freitag von 12:00 - 13:30<br />
(mit Lunchbuffet)<br />
- (p) = Plenarsprecher, (i) = einge<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>ner Sprecher<br />
Plenary Session<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HPH G 1<br />
Time ID Plenary SeSSion i<br />
Chair: Christophe Rossel, IBM Rüschlikon<br />
08:55 Welcome note of the SPS Presi<strong>de</strong>nt<br />
09:00 1 From the QHE to Topological Insu<strong>la</strong>tors and on to<br />
Cosmic Magnetic Fields - a Unified Perspective<br />
Jürg Fröhlich, ETH Zürich (p)<br />
09:40 2 Quantum physics in one dimension<br />
Thierry Giamarchi, Uni Genève (p)<br />
10:20 Coffee Break<br />
Chair: Gervais Chapuis, EPFL<br />
10:50 3 From Laue's discovery and the Braggs' key to the<br />
world of atoms to service crystallography<br />
Dieter Schwarzenbach, EPFL (p)<br />
11:30 Award Ceremony<br />
11:50 SPS General Assembly<br />
12:30 Lunch<br />
13:30 Topical Sessions<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HPH G 1<br />
Time ID Public lecture<br />
Chair: Martin Pohl, Uni Genève<br />
19:00 11 Space-borne Cosmic Ray Detectors<br />
Samuel C. C. Ting, CERN & MIT (p)<br />
20:15 END<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HPH G 1<br />
Time ID Plenary SeSSion ii<br />
Chair: NN<br />
09:00 4 Nanomechanical Resonators - coherent control of<br />
nanomechanical motion<br />
Jörg Peter Kotthaus, LMU München (p)<br />
09:40 5 Charge, Spin And Structural Dynamics of molecu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
systems: ultrafast optical and X-ray studies<br />
Majed Chergui, EPFL (p)<br />
10:20 Coffee Break<br />
11:00 Topical Sessions<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
13:30 Topical Sessions<br />
Le programme final complet sera distribué aux participants<br />
au stand du secrétariat <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> conférence et sera publié sur<br />
le site <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP.<br />
Indication:<br />
- seul le nom <strong>de</strong> l’auteur présentant <strong>la</strong> contribution a été<br />
indiqué.<br />
- <strong>la</strong> session poster a lieu le jeudo <strong>de</strong> 18.30 à env. 20.00<br />
(avec apéro) ainsi que le vendredi <strong>de</strong> 12:00 à 13:30<br />
(avec buffet <strong>de</strong> midi)<br />
- (p) = orateur <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> session plénière, (i) = orateur invité<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HPH G 2<br />
Time ID Public tutorial of nccr MuSt and eth faSt<br />
Chair: Ursu<strong>la</strong> Keller, ETH Zürich<br />
12:15 12 Ultrafast Biology<br />
Gebhard F. X. Schertler, ETH Zürich & PSI Villigen (p)<br />
13:00 END<br />
Special: Careers for Physicists<br />
This session is organised in conjunction<br />
with the Physikalische Gesellschaft Zürich (PGZ).<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HPH G 2<br />
Time ID careerS for PhySiciStS<br />
Chair: Kai Hencken, ABB Ba<strong>de</strong>n<br />
13:30 31 Sensirion: High-Tech Sensors from the Zürichsee<br />
Marc von Waldkirch (i)<br />
14:00 32 Physicists in research administration<br />
Florian Weissbach (i)<br />
14:30 33 Theoretical Physics in Industrial Corporate Research<br />
Thomas Christen (i)<br />
15:00 34 Mesa Imaging: Seeing the world in three dimensions<br />
Thierry Oggier (i)<br />
15:30 END, Coffee Break<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
Special: Teacher's Afternoon:<br />
"Nanophysik am Gymnasium"<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI D 2<br />
Time ID "nanoPhySik aM gyMnaSiuM"<br />
Chair: Tibor Gyalog, Uni Basel<br />
14:30 41 Nano 4 schools - Erfahrungsbericht über 9 Jahre<br />
Nano für Schulen<br />
Martin Von<strong>la</strong>nthen (i)<br />
14:50 42 Der Nanotruck in Deutsch<strong>la</strong>nd – Eine Erfolgsstory<br />
Andreas Jungbluth (i)<br />
15:10 43 Swiss nano Cube - P<strong>la</strong>ttform für Wissen & Bildung<br />
zu Nanotechnologien<br />
Robert Rekece (i)<br />
15:30 Coffee Break
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Time ID Chair: Tibor Gyalog, Uni Basel<br />
16:00 44 Graetzelzellen für die Schule<br />
Thilo G<strong>la</strong>tzel (i)<br />
16:20 45 Nanomedizin – Eine Debatte über Technologiefolgen<br />
Meret Hornstein (i)<br />
16:40 46 Nano-Experimentier-Systeme für die Schule<br />
Andreas Vater<strong>la</strong>us (i)<br />
17:00 47 War Benjamin Franklin <strong>de</strong>r erste Nanophysiker?<br />
Danilo Pescia<br />
17:20 END<br />
Special:<br />
A. 100 Years of Diffraction: Historical highlights and a<br />
look into the next 100 years<br />
This session is organised by the Swiss Society for Crystallography (SGK).<br />
Part I is jointly organised with the SPS History of Physics section.<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI J 6<br />
Time ID i. 100 yearS of diffraction<br />
Chair: Jan Lacki, Uni Genève<br />
Anthony Lin<strong>de</strong>n, Uni Zürich<br />
11:50 SGK General Assembly<br />
12:30 Lunch<br />
13:30 51 The two Braggs<br />
A. Michael G<strong>la</strong>zer (i)<br />
14:00 52 Max von Laue: the physicist and the upright man<br />
Jost Lemmerich (i)<br />
14:30 53 The origins and <strong>de</strong>velopment of macromolecu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
crystallography<br />
Larry Falvello (i)<br />
15:00 54 Johannes Martin Bijvoet (1892-1980) and absolute<br />
structure<br />
Ton Spek (i)<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
ii. the next 100 yearS<br />
Chair: Michael Wörle, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 61 Novel structural studies with an X-ray Free Electron<br />
Laser<br />
Bruce Patterson (i)<br />
16:25 62 Investigating disor<strong>de</strong>r as a matter of routine - the<br />
next steps<br />
Thomas Weber (i)<br />
16:50 63 The Materials Science Beamline upgra<strong>de</strong><br />
Philip Willmott (i)<br />
17:15 64 High Resolution X-Ray Diffraction applications for<br />
microsystems<br />
Antonia Neels<br />
17:30 65 Pow<strong>de</strong>r Charge Flipping – input parameter optimization<br />
and solution evaluation<br />
Dubravka Šišak<br />
17:45 66 Intercluster compounds for nanosized materials<br />
Fabienne Gschwind<br />
18:00 67 News from the spal<strong>la</strong>tion neutron source SINQ: Diffraction<br />
Jürg Schefer<br />
18:15 68 Density functional calcu<strong>la</strong>tions of polysynthetic<br />
Brazil twinning in alpha-quartz<br />
Hans Grimmer<br />
18:30 Poster prize and closing remarks<br />
18:35 END, Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
16<br />
ID 100 yearS of diffraction PoSter<br />
71 A moment in time: 100 years of X-Ray diffraction versus 100<br />
days of PHOTON 100 CMOS <strong>de</strong>tector<br />
Eric Hovestreydt<br />
72 Ab-initio crystal structure prediction. Metal borohydri<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Riccarda Caputo<br />
73 Pressure modu<strong>la</strong>ted proton-phonon coupling and its<br />
relevance to ceramic fuel cell proton conductors<br />
Qianli Chen<br />
74 Mixed-metal precursors for mixed-metal oxi<strong>de</strong>s<br />
C<strong>la</strong>ire-Lise Chanez<br />
75 New penta-coordinate iron(III) aryloxi<strong>de</strong> as initiators for<br />
ring-opening polymerization<br />
Yvens Chérémond<br />
76 Light-induced low-spin structure of the bistable [Fe(bbtr) ] 3<br />
(BF ) compound<br />
4 2<br />
Laure Guenee<br />
77 Magnetic ground state and 2D behavior in the pseudo-<br />
Kagomè <strong>la</strong>yered system Cu Bi(SeO ) O Br<br />
3 3 2 2<br />
Oksana Zaharko<br />
78 XRD investigations on PZT <strong>la</strong>yers for actuator systems<br />
Olha Sereda<br />
79 Novel trimetallic borohydri<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Pascal Schouwink<br />
80 TIPSI hybrid spectrometer at the European Spal<strong>la</strong>tion<br />
Neutron Source ESS: Probing multiple length scales in one<br />
instrument<br />
Nadir Aliouane<br />
81 Neutron diffraction and Oxygen Isotope Back Exchange<br />
studies in La Sr CuO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.15) crystals as a<br />
2-x x 4±�<br />
function of temperature<br />
Ravi Sura<br />
82 Our fascination with crystals and crystallography – a 7500<br />
year timeline<br />
Rangana Warshamanage<br />
B. History of Physics<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI D 2<br />
Time ID hiStory of PhySicS<br />
Chair: NN<br />
14:30 91 The method of Victor F. Hess, or how the residual<br />
leaking away of electric charge, a tenacious ‘shelf<br />
warmer‘, opened up new fascinating fields of physical<br />
knowledge<br />
Peter Schuster (i)<br />
15:00 92 From thun<strong>de</strong>rstorms to cosmic rays: Albert Gockel’s<br />
investigations in atmospheric physics<br />
Jan Lacki<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
Chair: NN<br />
16:00 93 The origins and fate of technical physics in<br />
Lausanne: the creation of the Ecole Spéciale.<br />
Régis Catinaud<br />
16:30 94 Who discovered the Proca equation ? Lanczos, Proca,<br />
<strong>de</strong> Broglie and the <strong>de</strong>velopment of re<strong>la</strong>tivistic<br />
quantum theory in the 30’<br />
Adrien Vi<strong>la</strong>-Valls
17:00 95 Density-functional-theory strategy to solve approximately<br />
a quantum many-body problem: main<br />
i<strong>de</strong>as over the <strong>la</strong>st 50 years and their reflection in<br />
terminology<br />
Tomasz Wesolowski<br />
17:30 96 Political Decisions with <strong>de</strong>ep Scientific Consequences<br />
Araceli Sanchez Vare<strong>la</strong><br />
18:00 97 A key to success for an instrument maker: Col<strong>la</strong>boration<br />
with a scientist. The case of Haag-Streit (established<br />
1858) and Heinrich Wild (1833-1902).<br />
Jean-François Lou<strong>de</strong><br />
18:30 END, Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
1 Magnetism at Interfaces<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI J 7<br />
Time ID MoleculeS and cluSter<br />
Chair: Armin Kleibert, PSI Villigen<br />
13:30 101 Magnetic exchange coupling at the metal-organic<br />
molecule/substrate interface: Insights from firstprinciples<br />
calcu<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
Peter Oppeneer (i)<br />
14:00 102 Investigating the interp<strong>la</strong>y of geometry and magnetism<br />
in spin shuttle molecules on surfaces<br />
Thomas Greber (i)<br />
14:30 103 Novel magnetochemical effects induced by axial<br />
ligands in on-surface p<strong>la</strong>nar molecu<strong>la</strong>r spin systems<br />
Christian Wäckerlin<br />
14:45 104 Magnetism of Fe nanocluster super<strong>la</strong>ttices on<br />
Al O /NiAl (111)<br />
2 3<br />
Luca Gragnaniello<br />
15:00 105 Towards spintronics with Erbium single-ion molecu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
magnets<br />
Jan Dreiser<br />
15:15 106 High anisotropies for bimetallic Co-core Fe-shell<br />
is<strong>la</strong>nds on Au(11,12,12)<br />
Sergio V<strong>la</strong>ic<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
16:00 111<br />
Magnetic and ultrafaSt interfaceS<br />
Chair: Cinthia Piamonteze, PSI Villigen<br />
Superconductivity, magneto-transport and electronic<br />
structure of the interfacial LaAlO /SrTiO 3 3<br />
electron gas<br />
Jean-Marc Triscone (i)<br />
16:30 112 Interfacial magnetic couplings at LaSrMnO inter-<br />
3<br />
faces<br />
Carlos Vaz<br />
16:45 113 The Nature of Magnetic Or<strong>de</strong>ring in Magnetically<br />
Doped Topological Insu<strong>la</strong>tor Bi Fe Se - From Bulk<br />
2-x x 3<br />
to Surface<br />
Zaher Salman<br />
17:00 114 Strain-driven magnetization in epitaxial multiferroic<br />
composite heterostructures mapped with x-rays<br />
and neutrons<br />
Rajesh Chope<strong>de</strong>kar<br />
17:15 115 Altering STO/vacuum interface electronic states<br />
<strong>de</strong>positing po<strong>la</strong>r LAO epitaxial film: Angle Resolved<br />
Photoemission Spectroscopy study<br />
Mi<strong>la</strong>n Radovic<br />
17<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
17:30 116 Search for spontaneous magnetism below the surface<br />
of (110)-oriented YBCO superconducting films<br />
using LE-μSR<br />
Hassan Saadaoui<br />
17:45 117 Ultrafast Enhancement of Ferromagnetism via Photoexcited<br />
Carriers in EuO<br />
Masakazu Matsubara<br />
18:00 118 Coherent control of femtosecond magnetization<br />
dynamics by a strong THz pulse<br />
Christoph Hauri<br />
18:15 119 Ultrafast magnetism seen by time and spin resolved<br />
photoemission at FLASH<br />
Andreas Fognini<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI J 7<br />
Time ID nanowireS and nanoParticleS<br />
Chair: Carlos Vaz, PSI Villigen<br />
11:00 121 Static and dynamic properties of Single-Chain Magnets<br />
with broad domain walls<br />
Alessandro Vindigni<br />
11:15 122 Thermal fluctuations and domain walls in ultra-thin<br />
magnetic nanowires<br />
Thomas Michaelis<br />
11:30 123 Searching for magnetic structural excitations at the<br />
nano-scale<br />
Peter Derlet<br />
11:45 124 Domain Walls in Structured Ferromagnetic Nanowires<br />
Vahe Tshitoyan<br />
12:00 125 Temperature-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt magnetization of individual<br />
iron nanoparticles studied with X-ray Photoemission<br />
electron microscopy<br />
Ana Ba<strong>la</strong>n<br />
12:15 END, Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
ID MagnetiSM at interfaceS PoSter<br />
131 Use of a Landau-Heisenberg Hamiltonian in mo<strong>de</strong>lling the<br />
FeRh System<br />
Peter Derlet<br />
132 Magnetization dynamics of GdFeCo nanostructures revealed<br />
with PEEM<br />
Souliman el Moussaoui<br />
133 Coupled vortex pairs in magnetic multi<strong>la</strong>yer elements<br />
Christoph Quitmann<br />
134 Ground state or<strong>de</strong>ring of artificial spin ice<br />
A<strong>la</strong>n Farhan<br />
135 Domain pattern breakup in mesoscopic structures studied<br />
with x-ray microscopy<br />
Stephanie Stevenson<br />
136 Ultrafast <strong>la</strong>ser induced spin reorientation in the Co/SmFeO3 heterostructure<br />
Armin Kleibert<br />
137 Studying the interfacial magnetism of LaNiO /LaMnO su-<br />
3 3<br />
per<strong>la</strong>ttices with x-ray magnetic circu<strong>la</strong>r dichroism<br />
Cinthia Piamonteze<br />
138 Size-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt magnetic properties of individual iron nanoparticles<br />
studied at room temperature<br />
Ana Ba<strong>la</strong>n<br />
139 Luminescence-based scanning x-ray transmission microscopy<br />
Carlos Vaz
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
140 Enhancement of spin fluctuations of TbPc single molecule<br />
2<br />
magnets in thin films<br />
Andrea Hofmann<br />
141 Electric field control of magnetism in epitaxial Pd thin films<br />
Jakoba Heidler<br />
142 Radiation-induced elemental magnetic changes in Fe-Cr alloys<br />
using XMCD technique<br />
Andi Idhil<br />
143 Impurity Band Responsible for Ferromagnetism in Magnetic<br />
Semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As<br />
Masaki Kobayashi<br />
144 Digging up Bulk Band Dispersion behind Passivation Layer<br />
Masaki Kobayashi<br />
145 Three-Dimensional Fermi Surface of Iron-Pnicti<strong>de</strong> Superconductor<br />
BKFA<br />
Masaki Kobayashi<br />
2 Applied Physics<br />
+<br />
Atomic Physics and Quantum Optics<br />
note:<br />
the atoMic PhySicS and QuantuM oPticS SeSSion<br />
containS only PoSter PreSentationS.<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI J 6<br />
Time ID aPPlied PhySicS i<br />
Chair: Ivo Furno, CRPP-EPFL<br />
11:00 201 Vector Spherical Harmonics for active magnetic<br />
field compensation<br />
Grzegorz Wyszynski<br />
11:15 202 Handling wi<strong>de</strong> dynamic PMT signals with high precision<br />
in ground-based gamma-ray <strong>de</strong>tectors<br />
Arno Gado<strong>la</strong><br />
11:30 203 A new internal field mapping <strong>de</strong>vice for the nEDM<br />
experiment<br />
Dieter Ries<br />
11:45 204 High brilliance electron beam extraction from metallic<br />
microstructured photocatho<strong>de</strong><br />
Ardana Fernando<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
aPPlied PhySicS ii<br />
Chair: NN<br />
13:30 211 Cocaine Detection in Saliva with Attenuated Total<br />
Reflection (ATR) Spectroscopy<br />
Kerstin Hans<br />
13:45 212 Sensitive <strong>de</strong>tection of cocaine in a liquid solvent<br />
with a quantum casca<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>ser<br />
Michele Gianel<strong>la</strong><br />
14:00 213 Mid-infrared fiber-coupled photoacoustic sensor<br />
for the <strong>de</strong>tection of glucose in biological samples<br />
Jonas Kottmann<br />
14:15 214 Tracking of Murine Cardiac Stem Cells by Harmonic<br />
Nanoparticles<br />
Thibaud Magouroux<br />
14:30 215 Analysis of Human Tone-Burst-Evoked Otoacoustic<br />
Emissions<br />
Reinhart Frosch<br />
14:45 216 High power SESAM mo<strong>de</strong>locked thin disk <strong>la</strong>sers:<br />
access to sub-100 fs pulses and first CEO beat frequency<br />
<strong>de</strong>tection<br />
Cinia Schriber<br />
18<br />
15:00 217 Enhancing the Performance of Solid State Organic<br />
So<strong>la</strong>r Cells by Self-assembled Mono<strong>la</strong>yer Technique<br />
Ali Kemal Havare<br />
15:15 218 Wave Propagation in E<strong>la</strong>stic and Thermoe<strong>la</strong>stic Materials<br />
Mario Leindl<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
aPPlied PhySicS iii<br />
Chair: NN<br />
16:00 221 Highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se so<strong>la</strong>r cells grown on<br />
2<br />
flexible polymer films<br />
Adrian Chirilă (i)<br />
16:30 222 Dynamic nuclear po<strong>la</strong>rization at mo<strong>de</strong>rate magnetic<br />
fields and temperature using photo-excited<br />
triplet states of aromatic molecules<br />
Tim Rolf Eichhorn<br />
16:45 223 Dynamical study of electron pump based on selfassembled<br />
quantum dots<br />
Giancarlo Cerulo<br />
17:00 224 DAST/SiO multi<strong>la</strong>yer structure for efficient genera-<br />
2<br />
tion of 6 THz single-cycle pulses via casca<strong>de</strong>d optical<br />
rectification<br />
Andrey Stepanov<br />
17:15 225 Laser induced magnetization reversal in GdFeCo<br />
nanostructures<br />
Michele Buzzi<br />
17:30 226 Electrochemical <strong>de</strong>position of photoconductive silicon<br />
based films using organic solvents<br />
Agata Krywko-Cendrowska<br />
17:45 END<br />
ID aPPlied PhySicS PoSter<br />
241 Optical position feedback and closed loop control for electrostatically<br />
driven MOEMS mirrors<br />
Andreas Tortschanoff<br />
242 Structural and piezoelectric investigation of BaTiO thin 3<br />
films on Si<br />
Marilyne Sousa<br />
243 Strain effects on the properties of III-V MOSFETs<br />
Pirmin Weigele<br />
244 Physical properties of ZnSe/SnO /g<strong>la</strong>ss films: Annealing (Ar<br />
2<br />
atmosphere) temperature effects<br />
Hulya Metin<br />
245 Structural and Electrical properties of Inkjet Printed CdS<br />
Thin Films<br />
Hulya Metin<br />
246 Characterization of Inkjet Printed CdTe Thin Film<br />
Hulya Metin<br />
247 Electrical Properties and Crystallographic Properties of Ternary<br />
Ho O and Eu O Doped Bi O Polymorphs<br />
2 3 2 3 2 3<br />
Hulya Metin<br />
248 Electrical Properties And Crystallographic Characterisation<br />
of (Bi O ) (Ho O ) and (Tm O ) System<br />
2 3 1-x-y 2 3 x 2 3 y<br />
Hulya Metin<br />
249 Surface morphology and Thermoluminescence of CBD<br />
grown ZnSe Films<br />
Selma Erat<br />
250 Scattered light fluorescence microscopy in three dimensions<br />
Giulia Ghielmetti<br />
251 Sensitivity of RADFETs with various gate oxi<strong>de</strong> thicknesses<br />
Goran Ristic
ID atoMic PhySicS and QuantuM oPticS PoSter<br />
281 Spectral properties of mid-infrared quantum casca<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>sers<br />
Lionel Tombez<br />
282 Simple approximate re<strong>la</strong>tion between <strong>la</strong>ser frequency noise<br />
and linewidth: experimental validation<br />
Niko<strong>la</strong> Bucalovic<br />
283 External cavity tuning of broadband QCLs at 3.3 μm and 8 μm<br />
Sabine Riedi<br />
284 Ground state Hanle effect based on atomic alignment:<br />
theory and experiment.<br />
Evelina Breschi<br />
285 Study of phase gradients in the Swiss continuous atomic<br />
fountain frequency standard<br />
Laurent Devenoges<br />
286 Femtosecond gigahertz dio<strong>de</strong>-pumped solid-state <strong>la</strong>ser for<br />
frequency comb generation<br />
Alexan<strong>de</strong>r Klenner<br />
287 Ultrafast optically pumped VECSELs and MIXSELs<br />
Mario Mangold<br />
288 Mid-IR Broadband Quantum Casca<strong>de</strong> Laser Frequency-<br />
Comb<br />
Andreas Hugi<br />
289 Single-cycle high-power THz pulses above 1 MV/cm<br />
Carlo Vicario<br />
3 Nuclear, Particle- and Astrophysics<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI J 3<br />
Time ID taSk i: neutrinoS, aStroParticle PhySicS<br />
Chair: Martin Pohl, Uni Genève<br />
13:30 301 Sterile neutrinos: dark matter, baryogenesis, magnetic<br />
fields and more...<br />
Oleg Ruchayskiy<br />
13:45 302 Dark Matter search with the XENON100 experiment<br />
Marc Schumann<br />
14:00 303 The Argon Dark Matter Experiment<br />
Lukas Epprecht<br />
14:15 304 Measurements of the low-energy response of liquid<br />
xenon<br />
Aaron Mana<strong>la</strong>ysay<br />
14:30 305 Towards a <strong>la</strong>rge un<strong>de</strong>rground liquid argon observatory<br />
for neutrino physics and proton <strong>de</strong>cay<br />
Alessandro Curioni<br />
14:45 306 On Flight Performances of the AMS-02 Detector<br />
and Preliminary Results on the Proton and Helium<br />
Energy Spectrum<br />
Pierre Saoute<br />
15:00 307 POLAR: a Gamma-Ray Burst Po<strong>la</strong>rimeter in Space<br />
Silvio Orsi<br />
15:15 308 The FACT telescope - overview and status<br />
Patrick Vogler<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
taSk ii: PSi PhySicS i and lhc PhySicS i<br />
Chair: K<strong>la</strong>us Kirch, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 311 New and final results of the MuCap experiment<br />
C<strong>la</strong>u<strong>de</strong> Petitjean<br />
16:30 312 + Measurement of the Positive Pion Lifetime, t , with<br />
p<br />
the FAST Detector at the Paul Scherrer Institute<br />
Gaetano Barone<br />
19<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
16:45 313 Muonium emission into vacuum from mesoporous<br />
thin films at cryogenic temperatures<br />
Kim Siang Khaw<br />
17:00 314 Qualification procedures of the CMS digital readout<br />
chip for the Pixel Upgra<strong>de</strong> Phase I<br />
Philipp Eller<br />
17:15 315 Search for the Higgs boson in the diphoton <strong>de</strong>cay<br />
channel at CMS<br />
Marco Peruzzi<br />
17:30 316 Measurements of the electron and muon inclusive<br />
cross-sections in proton-proton collisions at �s =<br />
7 TeV with the ATLAS <strong>de</strong>tector<br />
Maria Clemencia Mora Herrera<br />
17:45 317 HammerCloud: distributed computing monitoring<br />
for ATLAS and LHC experiments<br />
Gianfranco Sciacca<br />
18:00 318 Search for supersymmetry in hadronic final states<br />
with MT2 with the CMS <strong>de</strong>tector<br />
Hannsjörg Weber<br />
18:15 319 Angu<strong>la</strong>r corre<strong>la</strong>tion between B-hadrons produced<br />
in association with a Z boson at the CMS experiment<br />
Carlotta Favaro<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI J 3<br />
Time ID taSk iii: lhc PhySicS ii<br />
Chair: T. Montaruli<br />
11:00 321 Search for the Standard Mo<strong>de</strong>l Higgs Boson <strong>de</strong>caying<br />
to Bottom Quarks<br />
Pierluigi Bortignon<br />
11:15 322 New Optical receiver modules for the insertable B-<br />
Layer at the ATLAS project.<br />
Basil Schnei<strong>de</strong>r<br />
11:30 323 Improvements in the search for a Higgs boson <strong>de</strong>caying<br />
into bottom quarks<br />
Philipp Eller<br />
11:45 324 B-baryon studies at the CMS Experiment<br />
Mirena Ivova<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
taSk iV: lhc PhySicS iii<br />
Chair: Antonio Ereditato, Uni Bern<br />
13:30 331 Search for Supersymmetry in Events with a Z Boson,<br />
Jets and Missing Energy<br />
Marco - Andrea Buchmann<br />
13:45 332 Searches for the 4th Generation top-like Quark<br />
Snezana Nektarijevi<br />
14:00 333 Top analysis from the bottom: Jet performance issues<br />
in top quark measurements by the ATLAS experiment<br />
at the LHC.<br />
Caterina Doglioni<br />
14:15 334 Jet angu<strong>la</strong>r resolution<br />
Francesco Guescini<br />
14:30 335 Measurement of the Zero-Crossing Point of the forward<br />
- backward Asymmetry of B0 " K* 0 μ + μ- Marco Tresch<br />
14:45 336 Measurement of lifetime difference D� in the <strong>de</strong>cay<br />
s<br />
B " (J/�)� " (μ s + μ- ) K + K- Barbara Mil<strong>la</strong>n Mejias<br />
15:00 337 A data driven QCD-multijet background estimate<br />
for top physics with the ATLAS <strong>de</strong>tector<br />
Kilian Rosbach<br />
15:15 338 New searches for magnetic monopoles<br />
Philippe Mermod
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
taSk V: lhc PhySicS iV and PSi PhySicS ii<br />
Chair: Giuseppe Iacobucci, Uni Genève<br />
16:00 341 Search for a neutron electric dipole moment at PSI<br />
Jochen Krempel<br />
16:15 342 Systematic effects in the nEDM experiment at PSI<br />
Johannes Zenner<br />
16:30 343 Improvements of the Hg cohabiting magnetometer<br />
for the nEDM experiment at PSI<br />
Martin Fertl<br />
16:45 344 Results of the active compensation of the magnetic<br />
field surrounding the nEDM apparatus at PSI<br />
Beatrice Franke<br />
17:00 345 Simultaneous Heavy F<strong>la</strong>vor and Top (SHyFT) Cross<br />
Section Measurement<br />
Lukas Bäni<br />
17:15 346 Radiation hard studies of diamond strip trackers<br />
Felix Bachmair<br />
17:30 347 Search for the Rare Decays B0 s " μ+ μ- and<br />
B0 " μ + μ- at LHCb<br />
Christian Elsasser<br />
17:45 348 Search for (Higgs-like) bosons <strong>de</strong>caying into longlived<br />
exotic particles<br />
Julien Rouvinet<br />
18:00 349 Tagged time-<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt angu<strong>la</strong>r analysis of<br />
B0 " J/� � <strong>de</strong>cays at LHCb<br />
s<br />
Frédéric Dupertuis<br />
18:15 350 b-baryon results at LHCb<br />
Raphael Märki<br />
18:30 END<br />
ID nuclear, Particle- and aStroPhySicS PoSter<br />
361 LOFT - the Large Observatory for X-ray Timing<br />
Enrico Bozzo<br />
362 The search for neutrinoless double beta <strong>de</strong>cay with the<br />
GERDA experiment<br />
Giovanni Benato<br />
363 Search for Physics Beyond the Standard Mo<strong>de</strong>l in Events<br />
with equally charged Leptons<br />
Marc Dünser<br />
364 Performance validation of the CMS digital readout chip with<br />
x-rays for the Phase I Pixel Upgra<strong>de</strong><br />
Marco Rossini<br />
365 Longitudinal spatial compression of a slow muon beam<br />
Yu Bao<br />
366 Optical cesium magnetometers for the PSI neutron electric<br />
dipole moment experiment<br />
Malgorzata Kasprzak<br />
367 Search for Supersymmetry in multilepton final states<br />
Tobias Kruker<br />
368 Measurement of Pion and Kaon production cross sections<br />
with NA61/SHINE for T2K<br />
Silvestro di Luise<br />
369 Parametric r-process studies in supernova shocks<br />
Marius Eichler<br />
370 Die Grundzüge <strong>de</strong>r Weltpotentialtheorie<br />
Peter Wolff<br />
371 Das Lehrp<strong>la</strong>kat zur Weltpotentialtheorie (WPT)<br />
Peter Wolff<br />
20<br />
4 Theoretical Physics<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI J 4<br />
Time ID theoretical PhySicS i<br />
Chair: G. M. Graf, ETH Zürich<br />
13:30 401 Electron waiting time distributions in electrical conductors<br />
Markus Büttiker (i)<br />
14:00<br />
14:30<br />
402 Gravitational wave <strong>de</strong>tection from space<br />
Philippe Jetzer (i)<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
theoretical PhySicS ii<br />
Chair: G. M. Graf, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 403 A new algorithm to compute one-loop scattering<br />
amplitu<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Fabio Cascioli<br />
16:15 404 Application of the Symbol Formalism to the Computation<br />
of Scattering Amplitu<strong>de</strong>s in Quantum Field<br />
Theory<br />
Erich Weihs<br />
16:30 405 Polycrystalline Shape Memory Alloys: Constitutive<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>lling by the BSM (Block-Spin-Method)<br />
Eduard Oberaigner<br />
16:45 406 One-dimensional fermionic systems beyond Luttinger<br />
liquid theory<br />
Thomas Schmidt<br />
17:00 407 Stability of topological quantum computing<br />
17:15<br />
17:30<br />
408<br />
schemes to bit-flip and measurement errors<br />
Ruben S. Andrist<br />
Euclid and the quest for the Dark Energy<br />
Martin Kunz<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI J 4<br />
Time ID theoretical PhySicS iii<br />
Chair: G. M. Graf, ETH Zürich<br />
11:00 411 The quantum marginal problem<br />
Matthias Christandl (i)<br />
11:30 412 What can we learn from the cosmological matter<br />
distribution?<br />
Ruth Durrer (i)<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
theoretical PhySicS iV<br />
Chair: G. M. Graf, ETH Zürich<br />
13:30 413 Cavity optomechanics in the single-photon strongcoupling<br />
regime<br />
Andreas Nunnenkamp (i)<br />
14:00 414 Controlling electronic interactions by light<br />
Philipp Werner (i)<br />
14:30<br />
15:00<br />
415 Hybridization of wave functions in one-dimensional<br />
An<strong>de</strong>rson localization<br />
Dmitri Ivanov (i)<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
theoretical PhySicS V<br />
Chair: G. M. Graf, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 416 Dynamics of the rotated Dicke mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
Michael Tomka
16:15 417 Bethe Ansatz and Ordinary Differential Equation<br />
Correspon<strong>de</strong>nce for Degenerate Gaudin Mo<strong>de</strong>ls<br />
Omar El Araby<br />
16:30 418 Eigenvector statistics in a perturbed weaklyconfined<br />
random matrix ensemble<br />
Matous Ringel<br />
16:45 419 Symbolic Computation in Lagrangian Mechanics<br />
Mario Leindl<br />
17:00 END<br />
5 NCCR MaNEP<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HPH G 1<br />
Time ID ManeP i<br />
Chair: Dirk van <strong>de</strong>r Marel, Uni Genève<br />
13:30 501 Competition between charge or<strong>de</strong>r and superconductivity<br />
in YBa Cu O 2 3 y<br />
Marc-Henri Julien (i)<br />
14:00 502 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy on YBa Cu O 2 3 7−�<br />
revisited<br />
Jens Bruér<br />
14:15 503 Magnetic-field tuned anisotropy in superconducting<br />
Rb Fe Se x 2−y 2<br />
Saskia Bosma<br />
14:30 504 Universal scaling col<strong>la</strong>pse of the dynamic re<strong>la</strong>xation<br />
rate in un<strong>de</strong>rdoped high T cuprates<br />
c<br />
Seyed Iman Mirzaei<br />
14:45 505 Structural and Magnetic Properties of the Parent<br />
Compound T’-La CuO of Electron-Doped Cuprates<br />
2 4<br />
Gwendolyne Pascua<br />
15:00 506 Field effect experiments on cuprates and re<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
materials<br />
Guy Dubuis<br />
15:15 507 Prospects for improving the superconducting properties<br />
of MgB and Nb Sn wires<br />
2 3<br />
Carmine Senatore<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
ManeP ii<br />
Chair: Christoph Renner, Uni Genève<br />
16:00 511 From surface to interface physics: High-energy<br />
photoemission spectroscopy of oxi<strong>de</strong> heterostructures<br />
Ralph C<strong>la</strong>essen (i)<br />
16:30 512 Theory of High-Temperature Multiferroicity in CuO<br />
Naemi Leo<br />
16:45 513 Radio-frequency spectroscopy of a weakly attractive<br />
Fermi gas<br />
Christophe Berthod<br />
17:00 514 Multiscaling analysis of ferroelectric domain wall<br />
roughness<br />
Jill Guyonnet<br />
17:15 515 Fermi Surface Depen<strong>de</strong>nce of the Charge Transport<br />
and Thermoelectric Effect in Two-Dimensonal Metals<br />
Jonathan M. Buhmann<br />
17:30 516 Magnetotransport properties of LaAlO /SrTiO in-<br />
3 3<br />
terfaces<br />
Alexandre Fête<br />
17:45 517 Exchange Bias in LaNiO -based heterostructures<br />
3<br />
Pavlo Zubko<br />
18:00 518 Corre<strong>la</strong>ted transition metal oxi<strong>de</strong>s for thermoelectrics<br />
Sascha Populoh<br />
21<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
18:15 519 Tunable conductivity threshold at po<strong>la</strong>r oxi<strong>de</strong> interfaces:<br />
implications for un<strong>de</strong>rstanding its origin<br />
Mathil<strong>de</strong> L. Reinle-Schmitt<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HPH G 1<br />
Time ID ManeP iii<br />
Chair: Alberto Morpurgo, Uni Genève<br />
11:00 521 Magnetop<strong>la</strong>smons and Faraday rotation in graphene<br />
A. B. Kuzmenko (i)<br />
11:30 522 Engineering Dirac points with ultracold fermions in<br />
a tunable optical <strong>la</strong>ttice<br />
Daniel Greif<br />
11:45 523 Transport through graphene on SrTiO3 Nuno Couto<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
ManeP iV<br />
Chair: Frédéric Mi<strong>la</strong>, EPFL<br />
13:30 531 Studying the physics of disor<strong>de</strong>red bosons with disor<strong>de</strong>red<br />
magnetic insu<strong>la</strong>tors<br />
Tommaso Roscil<strong>de</strong> (i)<br />
14:00 532 Observation of a quantum critical point in the heavy<br />
fermion antiferromagnet CeRhSi3 Niko<strong>la</strong> Egetenmeyer<br />
14:15 533 Antiferromagnetic spin-S chains with exactly dimerized<br />
ground states<br />
Frédéric Michaud<br />
14:30 534 Diagrammatic Monte Carlo for the Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
Jan Gukelberger<br />
14:45 535 Static and dynamic properties of a strong-leg spin<br />
<strong>la</strong>d<strong>de</strong>r<br />
David Schmidiger<br />
15:00 536 Zero field splitting in the two-dimensional quantum<br />
spin liquid PHCC<br />
Maximilian Goldmann<br />
15:15 537 Controlled flux penetration in p<strong>la</strong>telet superconductors<br />
Ro<strong>la</strong>nd Wil<strong>la</strong><br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
ManeP V<br />
Chair: Andrey Zhelu<strong>de</strong>v, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 541 Spin-Orbital Separation in a Cuprate Spin Chain<br />
and Studies of Fe-based Superconductors with<br />
Resonant Ine<strong>la</strong>stic X-ray Scattering<br />
Thorsten Schmitt (i)<br />
16:30 542 Mapping of electron-hole excitations in a charge<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity wave system with Resonant Ine<strong>la</strong>stic X-ray<br />
Scattering<br />
C<strong>la</strong>u<strong>de</strong> Monney<br />
16:45 543 Magnetism and orbital physics of the Mott insu<strong>la</strong>tor<br />
LuVO3 Markos Skou<strong>la</strong>tos<br />
17:00 544 Imprinting magnetic information in manganites with<br />
X-rays<br />
Marios Garganourakis<br />
17:15 END<br />
ID ManeP PoSter<br />
5001 Soft x-ray photoemission measurements on LaAlO /SrTiO 3 3<br />
and (LaAlO ) (SrTiO ) /SrTiO heterostructures<br />
3 x 3 1−x 3<br />
C<strong>la</strong>udia Cancellieri
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
5002 Bond disor<strong>de</strong>r in Cu(quinoxaline)X 2 , X = Cl, Br<br />
Wolfram E. A. Lorenz<br />
5003 Asymmetric Josephson effect at the interface of non-centrosymmetric<br />
superconductors<br />
Ludwig K<strong>la</strong>m<br />
5004 Electron-hole instability in TiSe2 Gael Monney<br />
5005 μSR investigation of magnetism and magnetoelectric coupling<br />
in Cu OSeO 2 3<br />
Alean<strong>de</strong>r Maisuradze<br />
5006 Multiscaling analysis of intrinsic domain walls in epitaxial<br />
BiFeO thin films<br />
3<br />
Benedikt Ziegler<br />
5007 Phase diagram of epitaxial BiFeO -LaFeO Super<strong>la</strong>ttices<br />
3 3<br />
Gijsbert Rispens<br />
5008 Multiplet calcu<strong>la</strong>tions and X-ray spectra simu<strong>la</strong>tions in low<br />
symmetry compounds.<br />
Anne-Christine Uldry<br />
5009 Field driven or<strong>de</strong>ring in a frustrated spin <strong>la</strong>d<strong>de</strong>r with bond<br />
randomness<br />
Erik Wulf<br />
5010 Thermoelectric effect in one-dimensional metallic systems<br />
- a mo<strong>de</strong>l study on the impact of disor<strong>de</strong>r and phonons<br />
Daniel Müller<br />
5011 Graphene on Ruthenium: Four hills<br />
Irakli Kalichava<br />
5012 Nanoscale PFM imaging of intrinsic domains in PbTiO ul- 3<br />
trathin films.<br />
Céline Lichtensteiger<br />
5013 Pressure <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of optical exitations in tetragonal<br />
Sr VO 2 4<br />
Michael Tran<br />
5014 Doping and temperature <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of STS spectra in<br />
Bi Sr Ca Cu O 2 2 1 2 8+�<br />
Thomas B. Amundsen<br />
5015 Scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy study of<br />
La Ca MnO thin films<br />
2/3 1/3 3<br />
Zoran Ristic<br />
5016 First direct observation of the Van Hove Singu<strong>la</strong>rity in the<br />
tunnelling spectra of cuprates<br />
Alexandre Piriou<br />
5017 Effect of bond disor<strong>de</strong>r on weakly-coupled spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic<br />
Heisenberg chains<br />
Matthias The<strong>de</strong><br />
5018 CVD graphene: effects of the environment and annealing<br />
on its doping level and the charge carriers mobility<br />
Christophe Caillier<br />
5019 Nearest-neighbor spin corre<strong>la</strong>tions and doublon production<br />
rate by <strong>la</strong>ttice modu<strong>la</strong>tion for spin-1/2 fermionic atoms<br />
Akiyuki Tokuno<br />
5020 New experimental setup for thermal conductivity measurements:<br />
stability against quench in industrial Nb Sn wires<br />
3<br />
fabricated by various techniques<br />
Marco Bonura<br />
5021 Temperature and time scaling of the peak-effect vortex<br />
configuration in FeTe Se 0.7 0.3<br />
Marco Bonura<br />
5022 Physical properties of TiSe crystals grown by vapour<br />
2<br />
transport technique.<br />
Alberto Ubaldini<br />
5023 Bulk insu<strong>la</strong>ting states in the Bi (Se Te ) solid solution.<br />
2 1−x x 3<br />
Alberto Ubaldini<br />
5024 Optical properties of Bi Te Se<br />
2 2<br />
Ana Akrap<br />
5025 Interactions between carbon nanotubes and epitaxial<br />
Pb(Zr Ti )O thin films<br />
0.2 0.8 3<br />
Cédric B<strong>la</strong>ser<br />
22<br />
5026 Humidity Sensing Properties of Different Bismuth Phosphate<br />
Types<br />
Min Sheng<br />
5027 Optical Measurements of Neodymium and Samarium Nicke<strong>la</strong>tes<br />
Julien Ruppen<br />
5028 Structural study of LaNiO heterostructures at the metal-<br />
3<br />
insu<strong>la</strong>tor transition<br />
Steven J. Leake<br />
5029 Effect of phase separation and vacancy or<strong>de</strong>r on the superconducting<br />
and magnetic properties of Rb Fe Se x 2−y 2<br />
Steven Weyeneth<br />
5030 The effect of nitrogen incorporation on the thermoelectric<br />
properties of EuTiO and EuTi Nb O 3 0.98 0.02 3<br />
Leyre Sagarna<br />
5031 Semic<strong>la</strong>ssical theory of the 1/2 magnetization p<strong>la</strong>teau of<br />
the J -J mo<strong>de</strong>l on the square <strong>la</strong>ttice<br />
1 2<br />
Tommaso Coletta<br />
5032 Infrared Spectroscopy on Gated Tri-<strong>la</strong>yer Graphene<br />
Nico<strong>la</strong>s Ubrig<br />
5033 Hysteresis in the temperature <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt electronic structure<br />
of NdNiO : A photoemission study<br />
3<br />
Zuzana Vydrová<br />
5034 Mixed crystals from the quantum magnets Ba Cr O and<br />
3 2 8<br />
Sr Cr O 3 2 8<br />
Henrik Grundmann<br />
5035 Influence of different synthesis methods on thermoelectric<br />
properties of Ti Zr Hf NiSn half-Heusler compound<br />
0.33 0.33 0.33<br />
with emphasis on thermal conductivity measurements<br />
Krzysztof Ga<strong>la</strong>zka<br />
5036 Self-consistent structure of a domain wall in Sr RuO 2 4<br />
Adrien Bouhon<br />
5037 Realization of a thermal LC-circuit<br />
O<strong>la</strong>f Bossen<br />
5038 Competition between columnar and p<strong>la</strong>quette or<strong>de</strong>r in the<br />
fully frustrated transverse field Ising mo<strong>de</strong>l on the square<br />
<strong>la</strong>ttice.<br />
Sandro Wenzel<br />
5039 Hybridization gap and anisotropic far-infrared optical conductivity<br />
of URu Si 2 2<br />
Julien Levallois<br />
5040 The influence of <strong>de</strong>fects in the quasi-2D CDW compound<br />
1T-TiSe2 Clément Didiot<br />
5041 A Thermoelectric Study on the Electron Gas at the LaAlO / 3<br />
SrTiO Interface<br />
3<br />
Danfeng Li<br />
5042 Disor<strong>de</strong>r in a quasi-two-dimensional quantum spin liquid<br />
Dan Hüvonen<br />
5043 Resonant ine<strong>la</strong>stic x-ray scattering on a quasi-one-dimensional<br />
multiferroic cuprate: probing the local magnetic corre<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
C<strong>la</strong>u<strong>de</strong> Monney<br />
5044 Critical current of Nb Sn wires un<strong>de</strong>r quasi-hydrostatic ra-<br />
3<br />
dial pressure<br />
Giorgio Mondonico<br />
5045 Phase diagram of the EuFe As system with respect to<br />
2 2<br />
chemical and hydrostatic pressure<br />
Zurab Guguchia<br />
5046 On Electronic Properties and Superconductivity of Strained<br />
High T Films<br />
c<br />
Nathaniel Wooding<br />
5047 Effects of bond disor<strong>de</strong>r in the quantum spin <strong>la</strong>d<strong>de</strong>r<br />
(C H N) CuBr Cl 5 12 2 4(1-x) 4x<br />
Simon Ward
5048 Nanoscale studies of electrical conduction in ferroelectric<br />
domain walls with insu<strong>la</strong>tor coated carbon nanotube tips<br />
Yuliya Lisunova<br />
5049 Influence of the Internal Po<strong>la</strong>rizability on the Charge Transport<br />
Properties in N-Type Organic Single Crystal Field-Effect<br />
Transistors<br />
Niko<strong>la</strong>s Min<strong>de</strong>r<br />
5050 Control of the magnetic volume fraction in Co-doped TiO2 films via oxygen vacancies<br />
Hassan Saadaoui<br />
5051 Structural and electrical properties of BaTiO thin-film ca-<br />
3<br />
pacitors<br />
Stephanie Fernan<strong>de</strong>z-Pena<br />
5052 One-dimensional nanolines and single atom chains on<br />
Si(001)<br />
François Bianco<br />
5053 Frustration and disor<strong>de</strong>r in a 1D spin <strong>la</strong>d<strong>de</strong>r at high magnetic<br />
fields<br />
Toni Shiroka<br />
5054 Tuning superconductivity and magnetism in Fe Se Te y 1−x x<br />
Markus Ben<strong>de</strong>le<br />
5055 Superconductivity Driven Imba<strong>la</strong>nce of the Magnetic Domain<br />
Popu<strong>la</strong>tion in CeCoIn5 Simon Gerber<br />
5056 Ultrafast X-Ray Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors and<br />
Their Energy-Depen<strong>de</strong>nt Response<br />
Kevin In<strong>de</strong>rbitzin<br />
5057 Magnetic phase transitions in PbB B’ O (B = Fe, and<br />
x 1−x 3<br />
B’ = Nb, Ta)<br />
Shravani Chil<strong>la</strong>l<br />
5058 Differences in Chiral Expression: Racemic and Enantiopure<br />
Heptahelicenes on Various Metal Surfaces<br />
Johannes Seibel<br />
5059 The Luttinger liquid theory of molyb<strong>de</strong>num purple bronze<br />
Piotr Chudzinski<br />
5060 Temperature-Depen<strong>de</strong>nce of Detection Efficiency in NbN<br />
and TaN SNSPD<br />
Andreas Engel<br />
5061 Electronic Properties of Single-Crystal Organic Charge-<br />
Transfer Interfaces probed using Schottky-Gated Heterostructures<br />
Ignacio Gutierrez Lezama<br />
5062 Crossover from Coulomb blocka<strong>de</strong> to quantum-Hall effect<br />
in suspen<strong>de</strong>d graphene nanoribbon<br />
DongKeun Ki<br />
5063 Doping <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of the pseudogap phase in La-based<br />
cuprates<br />
Christian Matt<br />
5064 Soft-X-Ray ARPES: From Three-Dimensional Materials to<br />
Heterostructures<br />
V<strong>la</strong>dimir N. Strocov<br />
5065 Conduction at domain walls in insu<strong>la</strong>ting Pb(Zr Ti )O 0.2 0.8 3<br />
Iaros<strong>la</strong>v Gaponenko<br />
5066 Fluctuations of one-dimensional interface in the directed<br />
polymer formu<strong>la</strong>tion: role of a finite interface width<br />
Elisabeth Agoritsas<br />
5067 Local study of the electronic and structural properties of<br />
colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals<br />
Maria Longobardi<br />
5068 Pressure <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of the penetration <strong>de</strong>pth in CeCoIn5 studied by muon spin rotation<br />
Ludovic Howald<br />
5069 Hexagonal InMnO - An Outsi<strong>de</strong>r Among The Family Of Mul-<br />
3<br />
tiferroic Hexagonal Manganites<br />
Martin Lilienblum<br />
23<br />
6 NCCR Nano<br />
i. nanoMechanicS<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI G 3<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Time ID nanoMechanicS<br />
Chair: Martino Poggio, Uni Basel<br />
13:30 601 Coherent coupling of light and mechanical motion<br />
Ewold Verhagen (i)<br />
14:00 602 Stable "ring-like" Ag clusters on Si(111)-(7×7): voltage<br />
<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ncy study of the scanning tunneling<br />
microscopy apparent topography<br />
Nico<strong>la</strong>s Mariotti<br />
14:15 603 Detection of cantilever thermal motion and feedback<br />
cooling using a quantum point contact<br />
Michele Montinaro<br />
14:30 604 Entering the nonlinear regime with mechanical resonators<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> from nanotubes and graphene<br />
Alexan<strong>de</strong>r Eichler (i)<br />
15:00 605 The Lateral Resolution of the near-tip scanning<br />
electron microscopy.<br />
Danilo Pescia<br />
15:15 606 Prospects and challenges for atomic force microscopy<br />
in molecu<strong>la</strong>r structure recognition<br />
Bruno Schuler<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
16:00 607 Non-contact friction measurements by means of<br />
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) operated in pendulum<br />
geometry<br />
Marcin Kisiel (i)<br />
16:30 608 NanoXAS - Combining Scanning Probe and X-Ray<br />
Microscopy for Nanoanalytics<br />
Nico<strong>la</strong>s Pilet<br />
16:45 END<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty<br />
ii. nanoPhotonicS & Varia<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI G 7<br />
Time ID nanoPhotonicS i<br />
Chair: Olivier Martin, EPFL<br />
13:30 621 Towards time-resolved 3D imaging and probing<br />
with Photonic Force Microspectroscopy<br />
Sylvia Jeney (i)<br />
14:00 622 Study of the Optical Transport within P<strong>la</strong>smonic<br />
Nano- and Sub Nano-metric Junctions<br />
Banafsheh Abasahl<br />
14:15 623 Nanoscale Chemical Analysis by Tip-Enhanced Raman<br />
Spectroscopy: Recent Developments and Applications<br />
Thomas Schmid (i)<br />
14:45 624 Gold Photoluminescence in Nanoscale Antennas<br />
Toni Fröhlich<br />
15:00 625 3-Dimensional Computational Nano-Optics - With a<br />
Focus on Fabricated Structures<br />
Benedikt Oswald (i)<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
16:00 631<br />
VariouS nanotoPicS<br />
Chair: NN<br />
Imaging the charge distribution within a single molecule<br />
Fabian Mohn (i)
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
16:30 632 Chemical sensing with silicon nanowire field-effect<br />
transistors<br />
Ralph Stoop<br />
16:45 633 Combining SFM & ToF-SIMS: a new route to access<br />
chemical information at the nanoscale<br />
Laetitia Bernard<br />
17:00 634 Progress in electron beam generation for Near<br />
Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy<br />
Danilo Andrea Zanin<br />
17:15 635 New Developments in Near Field-Emission Scanning<br />
Electron Microscopy<br />
Lorenzo G. De Pietro<br />
17:30 636 Electrostatic characterization of Near Field-Emission<br />
Scanning Electron Microscopy<br />
Hugo Cabrera<br />
17:45 637 Resonances arising from hydrodynamic memory -<br />
The Color of Brownian motion<br />
Matthias Grimm<br />
18:00<br />
18:15<br />
638 Graphane formation and patterning by pure hydrogen<br />
low temperature p<strong>la</strong>sma exposure<br />
Baran Eren<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI G 7<br />
Time ID nanoPhotonicS ii<br />
Chair: Olivier Martin, EPFL<br />
13:30 641 P<strong>la</strong>smonic Promises: Single Molecule Sensing,<br />
Electrochemistry, Nanowire Electronics, Strain Visualization,<br />
and Interferometry<br />
Janos Vörös (i)<br />
14:00 642 Periodic nanogap arrays for surface enhanced<br />
spectroscopy: mo<strong>de</strong>ling and performance<br />
Thomas Siegfried<br />
14:15 643 Targeting cells with gold nanoparticles<br />
Sara Peters (i)<br />
14:45 644 Electron emission from optically excited metallic<br />
nanotips<br />
Anna Mustonen<br />
15:00 645 Organic LEDs<br />
Beat Ruhstaller (i)<br />
15:30 END, Coffee Break<br />
iii. nanobioPhySicS<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI J 7<br />
Time ID nanoPbioPhySicS<br />
Chair: Georg Fantner, EPFL<br />
13:30 661 Nanophotonics and Nanoelectronics Tools for<br />
Single Molecule Biophysics<br />
Aleksandra Ra<strong>de</strong>novic (i)<br />
14:00 662 Investigating Skin Cancer with Nanomechanical<br />
Biosensors<br />
François Huber<br />
14:15 663 Optimization of DNA hybridization efficiency by pHdriven<br />
nanomechanical bending<br />
Jiayun Zhang<br />
14:30 664 Study of DNA re<strong>la</strong>xation on mica using AFM with<br />
further automatic tracing<br />
Andrey Mikhaylov<br />
14:45 665 Direct Visualization of Lipid Membrane Dynamics<br />
Using High-Speed Atomic Force Microscopy (HS-<br />
AFM)<br />
Jonathan D. Adams<br />
24<br />
15:00 666 Microfabricated Membrane Surface Stress Sensors<br />
for Medical Breath Testing<br />
Hans Peter Lang<br />
15:15 END<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
ID nano PoSter<br />
671 Optomechanical Coupling of Ultracold Atoms and a Membrane<br />
Oscil<strong>la</strong>tor<br />
Maria Korppi<br />
672 Friction anisotropy investigations: Measurements on the anisotropic<br />
surface of an organic <strong>la</strong>yer compound crystal<br />
Gregor Fessler<br />
673 Near Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy<br />
Peter Thalmann<br />
674 Electron Beam Properties of Large Double Gate Field Emitter<br />
Arrays with an Optimized Collimation Gate Electro<strong>de</strong> Geometry<br />
Patrick Helfenstein<br />
675 Fabrication and characterization of tunable p<strong>la</strong>smonic nanostructures<br />
for biosensing<br />
Olivier Schol<strong>de</strong>r<br />
676 Study of biomolecu<strong>la</strong>r interactions using photonic crystal<br />
surface waves (PC SW) optical sensor.<br />
Tatyana Karakouz<br />
7 NCCR MUST<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HPH G 2<br />
Time ID MuSt i<br />
Chair: Lukas Gallmann, ETH Zürich<br />
11:00 701 Probing electronic valence shell dynamics in molecules<br />
Hans Jakob Wörner (i)<br />
11:30 702 Electron ionization times measured with the attoclock<br />
Robert Boge<br />
11:45 703 Attosecond Time-Gated Absorption and Emission<br />
Jens Herrmann<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
Public Tutorial see p. 15<br />
MuSt ii<br />
Chair: Thomas Feurer, Uni Bern<br />
13:30 711 Optimal Dynamic Discrimination of Free Amino Acids<br />
and Small Pepti<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Jean-Pierre Wolf<br />
13:45 712 Dynamic probe concept for studying aggregation<br />
of organic dye molecules at liquid/liquid interfaces<br />
by femtosecond second harmonic generation technique<br />
Marina Fedoseeva<br />
14:00 713 Breaking Down the Problem to Un<strong>de</strong>rstand the<br />
Photophysics of Conjugated Polymers<br />
Natalie Banerji<br />
14:15 714 Investigation of low frequency vibrations using dispersed<br />
femtosecond – DFWM<br />
Gregor Knopp<br />
14:30 715 Multidimensional IR spectroscopy of water<br />
Peter Hamm (i)
15:00 716 Measuring nonadiabaticity of molecu<strong>la</strong>r quantum<br />
dynamics with quantum fi<strong>de</strong>lity and with its efficient<br />
semic<strong>la</strong>ssical approximation<br />
Tomáš Zimmerman<br />
15:15 717 Perturbative Treatment of the Up-Conversion Detection<br />
of Pulse-shaped Entangled Photons and<br />
Applications<br />
Christof Bernhard<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
MuSt iii<br />
Chair: Jürg Osterwal<strong>de</strong>r, Uni Zürich<br />
16:00 721 High-harmonic generation from oriented OCS molecules<br />
Peter Kraus<br />
16:15 722 A double-si<strong>de</strong>d time-resolved VMI setup with high<br />
temporal resolution<br />
Yuzhu Liu<br />
16:30 723 Femtosecond dynamics of atomic structure in solids<br />
Steve L. Johnson (i)<br />
Chair: Paul Beaud, PSI Villigen<br />
17:00 724 Femtosecond Transient Diffuse Reflectance for<br />
Dye-Sensitized So<strong>la</strong>r Cells<br />
Elham Ghadir<br />
17:15 725 p-Conjugated Donor-Acceptor Systems as Metal-<br />
Free Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized So<strong>la</strong>r Cell Applications<br />
Mateusz Wielopolski<br />
17:30 726 Probing interfacial electron transfer dynamics in<br />
the attosecond time domain<br />
Luca Castiglioni<br />
17:45 727 Atomic motion of a coherent phonon observed in a<br />
charge and orbitally or<strong>de</strong>red manganite<br />
Andrin Caviezel<br />
18:00 728 Electron dynamics in a quasi-1-dimensional topological<br />
metal: Bi(114)<br />
Matthias Hengsberger<br />
18:15 729 Laser induced coherent structural dynamics of the<br />
Heusler alloy Ni MnGa<br />
2<br />
Simon O Mariager<br />
18:30 730 Non-retar<strong>de</strong>d pairing interaction in a high-T cu- c<br />
prate from coherent charge fluctuation spectroscopy<br />
Fabrizio Carbone (i)<br />
19:00 END<br />
ID MuSt PoSter<br />
741 Direct High Harmonics Pulse Shaping in the XUV<br />
Jean-Pierre Wolf<br />
742 High-Power Mid-infrared Femtosecond Laser Source Based<br />
On Parametric Transfer<br />
C. Heese<br />
743 Stereochemistry of C4 dicarboxylic acids on Cu(110)<br />
Chrysanthi Karageorgaki<br />
744 Beating the efficiency of both quantum and c<strong>la</strong>ssical simu<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
with semic<strong>la</strong>ssics<br />
Cesare Mollica<br />
745 Confocal fs-CARS measurement of nano-particles in epidirection<br />
Gregor Knopp<br />
746 Probing the longitudinal momentum spread of the electron<br />
wave packet at the exit point<br />
Alexandra Landsman<br />
747 Accelerating the calcu<strong>la</strong>tion of time-resolved electronic<br />
spectra with the cellu<strong>la</strong>r <strong>de</strong>phasing representation<br />
Miros<strong>la</strong>v Šulc<br />
25<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
748 Towards femtosecond dynamics in multiferroics<br />
Teresa Kubacka<br />
749 Photon echo measurements using a frequency doubled cavity<br />
dumped femtosecond oscil<strong>la</strong>tor<br />
Vesna Markovic<br />
750 A Combined NIR Transient-Absorption Optical Pump-THz<br />
Probe Spectroscopy Study on Charge Carrier Generation<br />
Dynamics in Solid State Dye Sensitized So<strong>la</strong>r Cells<br />
Jan Brauer<br />
751 Investigation of chemical surface treatment on the charge<br />
carrier dynamics in solid-state Dye-Sensitized So<strong>la</strong>r Cells<br />
Arianna Marchioro<br />
752 Photoinduced Processes of Small Molecule Organic Photovoltaics<br />
Jelissa De Jongh<br />
753 Photoelectron Diffraction on SnPc/Ag(111)<br />
Michael Greif<br />
754 Effects of the finite length of the pump <strong>la</strong>ser pulse in nonadiabatic<br />
quantum dynamics simu<strong>la</strong>tions of ultrafast timeresolved<br />
spectroscopy<br />
Aurélien Patoz<br />
755 Accelerating calcu<strong>la</strong>tions of ultrafast time-resolved electronic<br />
spectra with various high or<strong>de</strong>r split-operator algorithms<br />
Marius Wehrle<br />
756 High-harmonic spectroscopy of isoelectronic molecules:<br />
electronic structure and multielectron effects<br />
Alisa Rupenyan-Vasileva<br />
757 Actively Stabilized Attosecond Interferometer<br />
Martin Huppert<br />
758 Ultrafast time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy of solvated<br />
systems<br />
Inga Jordan<br />
759 Versatile velocity-map-imaging spectrometer for strongfield<br />
and attosecond experiments<br />
Samuel Walt<br />
760 Versatile Non Collinear Four-Wave Mixing Set-Up Fully<br />
Based on Femtosecond Pulse Shaping for Coherent Electronic<br />
Spectroscopy<br />
Franziska Frei<br />
761 Field Enhancement in THz nano-structures<br />
Fabian Brunner<br />
762 Femtosecond surface second harmonic generation microscopy<br />
to probe adsorbed <strong>la</strong>yers at interfaces<br />
Delphine Schaming<br />
763 Time resolved surface second harmonic generation and<br />
electron transfer reactions at liquid-liquid interfaces<br />
Astrid O<strong>la</strong>ya<br />
8 NCCR QSIT<br />
Friday, 22.06.2012, HCI G 3<br />
Time ID QSit i<br />
Chair: Richard Waburton, Uni Basel<br />
11:00 801 Torque Magnetometry of Individual Ni Nanotubes<br />
Dennis P. Weber<br />
11:15 802 Characterization of nano-scale electrical contacts<br />
using dynamical Coulomb blocka<strong>de</strong><br />
Konrad H. Müller<br />
11:30 803 Scanning gate experiments on graphene nanoribbons<br />
Niko<strong>la</strong> Pascher
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
11:45 804 All Electrical Control and Slowing of Microwaves<br />
using Circuit Nano-electromechanics<br />
Xiaoqing Zhou<br />
12:00 Postersession (continued), Lunchbuffet<br />
QSit ii<br />
Chair: K<strong>la</strong>us Ensslin, ETH Zürich<br />
13:30 811 Graphene Quantum Dots<br />
Johannes Güttinger (i)<br />
14:00 812 Rectification of thermal fluctuations in a chaotic<br />
cavity heat engine<br />
Björn Sothmann<br />
14:15 813 Fiber-cavity spectroscopy of quantum wells and<br />
charge-controlled quantum dots<br />
Javier Miguel-Sanchez<br />
14:30 814 Supplying cluster states for one-way quantum<br />
computing<br />
Daniel Becker<br />
14:45 815 Multilevel transport in a three-terminal graphene<br />
quantum dot<br />
Pauline Simonet<br />
15:00 816 Quantum Hall effect in Graphene with superconducting<br />
electro<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Peter Rickhaus<br />
15:15 817 Quantum Metrology with a Scanning Probe Atom<br />
Interferometer<br />
Caspar Ockeloen<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
QSit iii<br />
Chair: Matthias Christandl, ETH Zürich<br />
16:00 821 Dark state spectroscopy of a single hole spin<br />
Julien Houel (i)<br />
16:30 822 Exploring cavity-mediated long-range interactions<br />
in a dilute quantum gas<br />
Renate Landig<br />
16:45 823 Density functional theory for static and dynamic<br />
properties of atomic quantum gases<br />
Lei Wang<br />
17:00 824 Quantum state tomography of 1000 bosons:<br />
reduced <strong>de</strong>nsity matrices<br />
Michael Walter<br />
17:15 825 Ultrastrong Coupling of the Cyclotron Transition of<br />
a 2D Electron Gas to a THz Metamaterial<br />
Curdin Maissen<br />
17:30 END<br />
ID QSit PoSter<br />
841 Electronic transport in ultra-clean carbon nanotube quantum<br />
dots<br />
Stefan Nau<br />
842 Quantum dots in the quantum Hall regime<br />
Stephan Baer<br />
843 Progress toward nanoscale magnetic resonance with a<br />
"magnet-on-cantilever" force microscope<br />
Phani Peddibhot<strong>la</strong><br />
844 Tunnel barriers for spin injection into graphene<br />
Matthias Bräuninger<br />
845 A hybrid on-chip opto-nanomechanical transducer for ultrasensitive<br />
force measurements<br />
Emanuel Gavartin<br />
846 Probing charge noise in a semiconductor with <strong>la</strong>ser spectroscopy<br />
on a single quantum dot<br />
Andreas Kuhlmann<br />
847 Geometric phase gates for trapped molecu<strong>la</strong>r ions<br />
Matthias Germann<br />
26<br />
848 Cold collisions in an ion - atom hybrid trap<br />
Felix Hall<br />
849 Design and <strong>de</strong>velopment of a surface electro<strong>de</strong> ion trap for<br />
sympathetically cooled molecu<strong>la</strong>r ions<br />
Arezoo Mokhberi<br />
850 Density Matrix Renormalization Group for Optical Lattices<br />
Michele Dolfi<br />
851 In search of operational quantities for characterizing <strong>la</strong>rge<br />
quantum systems<br />
Normand Beaudry<br />
852 On the Optimality of Work Extraction in Small Thermodynamical<br />
Systems<br />
Philippe Faist<br />
9 Earth, Atmosphere and Environmental Physics<br />
Thursday, 21.06.2012, HCI D 8<br />
Time ID i: atMoSPhere and geohySicS<br />
Chair: Stéphane Goyette, Uni Genève<br />
13:45 901 Ionising radiation in the Environment<br />
Christophe Murith (i)<br />
14:15 902 Influence of Ga<strong>la</strong>ctic Cosmic Rays on the atmospheric<br />
composition and temperature<br />
Marco Calisto<br />
14:30 903 Laser-induced aerosol generation in air<br />
Massimo Petrarca<br />
14:45 904 Wind gusts parametrization methods for winter<br />
storms in Switzer<strong>la</strong>nd with the Canadian Regional<br />
Climate Mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
Charles-Antoine Kuszli<br />
15:00 905 A Study of Interface Effects Between Porous and<br />
Double Porous Media<br />
Eduard Oberaigner<br />
15:15 906 Fiber bundle mo<strong>de</strong>ls for granu<strong>la</strong>r shearing and<br />
acoustic emissions during <strong>la</strong>ndsli<strong>de</strong> initiation<br />
Denis Cohen<br />
15:30 Coffee Break<br />
ii: reSourceS (geology, MaterialS, biofuelS,<br />
energy & lca)<br />
Chair: Antoine Pochelon, EPFL-CRPP<br />
16:00 911 Deep structure of the Swiss P<strong>la</strong>teau from seismicwave<br />
sounding: a new 3D seismic mo<strong>de</strong>l of the<br />
Swiss Mo<strong>la</strong>sse Basin<br />
François Marillier (i)<br />
16:30 912 Scarce metals - Applications, supply risks and<br />
need for action<br />
Patrick A. Wäger (i)<br />
17:00 913 Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: Ensuring Biofuels<br />
Deliver on their Promises<br />
Sebastien Haye (i)<br />
17:30 914 Energy resources, energy choices and life cycle<br />
assessment<br />
Andrew Simons (i)<br />
18:00 END<br />
18:30 Postersession and Apéro<br />
20:15 Grillparty
Agilent Technologies, CH-4052 Basel<br />
www.agilent.com<br />
attocube systems AG, DE-80539 München<br />
www.attocube.com<br />
Bruker AXS GmbH, DE-76187 Karlsruhe<br />
www.bruker.com<br />
DECTRIS Ltd, CH-5400 Ba<strong>de</strong>n<br />
www.<strong>de</strong>ctris.com<br />
Dyneos AG, CH-8307 Effretikon<br />
www.dyneos.ch<br />
EPL-IOP, UK-Bristol<br />
www.iop.org<br />
GMP SA, CH-1020 Renens<br />
www.gmp.ch<br />
Hi<strong>de</strong>n Analytical Ltd., UK-Warrington, WA5 7UN<br />
www.hi<strong>de</strong>nanalytical.com<br />
HORIBA Jobin Yvon GmbH, DE-64625 Bensheim<br />
www.horiba.com/<strong>de</strong>/scientific<br />
Hositrad Deutsch<strong>la</strong>nd Vacuum Technology,<br />
DE-93047 Regensburg<br />
www.hositrad.com<br />
MaTecK GmbH, DE-52428 Jülich<br />
www.mateck.<strong>de</strong><br />
Patenschaft für Maturaarbeiten<br />
Die Aka<strong>de</strong>mie <strong>de</strong>r Naturwissenschaften Schweiz (SCNAT)<br />
sucht ExpertInnen, die an 4 Halbtagen im Jahr Maturaarbeiten<br />
von Mittelschülern in allen naturwissenschaftlichen<br />
Fächern (Biologie, Chemie, Geowissenschaften, Informatik,<br />
Mathematik, Physik) betreuen wollen.<br />
Hauptziel <strong>de</strong>r Initiative «Patenschaft für Maturaarbeiten» ist<br />
es, die Begeisterung für naturwissenschaftliche Berufe zu<br />
wecken und <strong>de</strong>n GymnasiastInnen einen Blick in die Berufswelt<br />
zu ermöglichen. Dieses Angebot bietet <strong>de</strong>n SchülerInnen<br />
die einmalige Möglichkeit, mit Wissenschaftern von<br />
Hochschulen o<strong>de</strong>r aus <strong>de</strong>r Industrie in Kontakt zu treten,<br />
spezifische Messgeräte zu benutzen und Forschungsluft zu<br />
schnuppern. Die Jugendlichen investieren viel in diese Arbeiten<br />
(ungefähr 1 Halbtag/Woche während eines Jahres)<br />
und lernen gleichzeitig die verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Karrieremöglichkeiten<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n Naturwissenschaften kennen.<br />
Im 2011 hat die SCNAT beschlossen, angelehnt an die<br />
Patenschaften ein neues Angebot im Bereich Nachwuchsför<strong>de</strong>rung<br />
zu entwickeln. Wir haben festgestellt, dass die<br />
Schulen regelmässig ReferentInnen suchen, die aus ihren<br />
Forschungsgebieten berichten möchten. Es soll <strong>de</strong>shalb<br />
eine Liste mit ExpertInnen geführt wer<strong>de</strong>n, die bereit sind,<br />
ihre Arbeit SchülerInnen <strong>de</strong>r Sekundarstufe II (15 – 18 Jahre<br />
alt) vorzustellen.<br />
Weitere Informationen: www.maturitywork.scnat.ch<br />
Aussteller - Exposants<br />
Kurz<strong>mitteilungen</strong><br />
27<br />
Meili-Kryotech, CH-7433 Donat<br />
www.kryotech.ch<br />
NanoScan AG, CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
www.nanoscan.ch<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Oxford Cryosystems Ltd, UK-Long Hanborough, OX29 8LN<br />
www.oxcryo.com<br />
Schäfer-Tec AG, CH-3422 Kirchberg BE<br />
www.schaefer-tec.com<br />
SENTECH GmbH, DE-82152 Krailing<br />
www.sentech-sales.<strong>de</strong><br />
Stoe & Cie GmbH, DE-64295 Darmstadt<br />
www.stoe.com<br />
Swiss Vaccum Technologies S.A., CH-2022 Bevaix<br />
www.swissvacuum.com<br />
TECO René Koch, CH-1807 Blonay<br />
www.teco-rene-koch.com<br />
VG Scienta, UK-Hastings, East Sussex, TN38 9NN<br />
www.vgscienta.com<br />
VACOM GmbH, DE-07749 Jena<br />
www.vacom.<strong>de</strong><br />
Zurich Instruments, CH-8005 Zürich<br />
www.zhinst.com<br />
Ernennung von SATW-Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
Die <strong>Schweizerische</strong> Aka<strong>de</strong>mie <strong>de</strong>r Technischen Wissenschaften<br />
(SATW) hat an ihrer Mitglie<strong>de</strong>rversammlung am<br />
26. April 2012 folgen<strong>de</strong> SPG Mitglie<strong>de</strong>r zu or<strong>de</strong>ntlichen<br />
Einzelmitglie<strong>de</strong>rn ernannt:<br />
Dr. Rolf Allenspach, Dr. Pierangelo Gröning und Dr. Thomas<br />
von Waldkirch.<br />
Der SPG-Vorstand freut sich über die ehrenvolle Ernennung<br />
und beglückwünscht die Kollegen aufs herzlichste.<br />
Joint EPS-SIF International School on Energy<br />
New Strategies for Energy Generation, Conversion and<br />
Storage<br />
30 July - 4 August 2012, Vil<strong>la</strong> Monastero, Varenna (Lake<br />
Como)<br />
Directors: L. Cifarelli (Università di Bologna), F. Wagner<br />
(Max-P<strong>la</strong>nck-Institut für P<strong>la</strong>smaphysik, Greifswald), D. S.<br />
Wiersma (LENS, Firenze)<br />
Contact person: M. Burresi - burresi@lens.unifi.it<br />
More information:<br />
http://en.sif.it/activities/energy_school/2012
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Progress in Physics (28)<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r Reihe "Progress in Physics" berichten Physikerinnen und Physiker über ihre Aktivitäten an schweizerischen Hochschulen<br />
und Industrien. Je<strong>de</strong>s SPG - Vorstandsmitglied kommt zyklisch an die Reihe, einen Artikel zu acquirieren. Mit<br />
dieser Vorgangsweise wird zwar für eine gewisse thematische Breite gesorgt, aber eine Sichtung <strong>de</strong>r bisherigen Beiträge<br />
zeigt, dass aus <strong>de</strong>r Industrie bis<strong>la</strong>ng wenig kam. Das heisst aber nicht, dass die Industrie an Forschungsergebnissen nicht<br />
interessiert sei, aber sie müssen eine erste Umsetzbarkeit erkennen <strong>la</strong>ssen. Wie man Innovation und Realisierung näher<br />
zusammenbringt, ist Anliegen <strong>de</strong>s SATW-Forums, über <strong>de</strong>ssen jüngste Veranstaltung im November 2011 im folgen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
berichtet wird.<br />
In <strong>de</strong>r 2010 gestarteten Reihe <strong>de</strong>s "SATW Forums" sollen<br />
neue Erkenntnisse über ein aktuelles Technologiethema im<br />
kleinen Kreis von Experten besprochen wer<strong>de</strong>n. Die jeweils<br />
behan<strong>de</strong>lte Technologie sollte im Ansatz neuartig, jedoch<br />
physikalisch im Labor verifiziert sein, und sie sollte noch<br />
einer industriellen Umsetzung harren, aber bereits ein attraktives<br />
Marktpotential für Produkte erkennen <strong>la</strong>ssen.<br />
Von - zumin<strong>de</strong>st in dieser Phase - min<strong>de</strong>rer Be<strong>de</strong>utung ist,<br />
wenn <strong>de</strong>r Weg von <strong>de</strong>r Laborverifizierung zum industriellen<br />
Produkt bis<strong>la</strong>ng noch als zu risikoreich eingeschätzt wird,<br />
da sich gera<strong>de</strong> dies durchaus als Wettbewerbsvorteil für<br />
die hiesigen Hochschulen und Industrien erweisen könnte.<br />
Die Diskussion im Forumskreis soll primär zeigen, ob auf<br />
Seiten von Hochschule und Industrie nicht nur fachliche<br />
Kompetenz, son<strong>de</strong>rn auch ein gemeinsames Interesse an<br />
einer Weiterentwicklung <strong>de</strong>r Technologie zur Produktreife<br />
gegeben ist, und wie die Chancen einer solchen Realisierung<br />
beurteilt wer<strong>de</strong>n? Letzten En<strong>de</strong>s soll ausgelotet wer<strong>de</strong>n,<br />
ob durch eine gemeinsame Aktion Grund<strong>la</strong>gen gelegt<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n können, um neue, hochwertige Arbeitsplätze in <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Schweiz mittel- bis <strong>la</strong>ngfristig zu schaffen.<br />
Bei <strong>de</strong>r Auswahl <strong>de</strong>r Themen sollte <strong>de</strong>shalb darauf geachtet<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n, dass die Technologie trotz ihrer Neuartigkeit auf einer<br />
gewissen Tradition in <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz wie Miniaturisierung,<br />
Höchstpräzision, Umweltverträglichkeit aufbauen kann, um<br />
politische Akzeptanz und Verständnis in <strong>de</strong>r Öffentlichkeit<br />
zu fin<strong>de</strong>n. Zu<strong>de</strong>m erscheint sinnvoll, dass die Themen im<br />
evolutionären Sinne eine Weiterführung früherer Aktivitäten<br />
wie zum Beispiel eine Umsetzung <strong>de</strong>r Nanotechnik sind.<br />
SATW Forum "Advanced Optoceramics"<br />
Im Abbe-Diagramm liegen links unten die Gläser mit<br />
nie<strong>de</strong>rer Brechzahl und schwacher Dispersion, rechts<br />
oben die hochbrechen<strong>de</strong>n, aber lei<strong>de</strong>r auch mit starker<br />
Dispersion versehenen Gläser. Für <strong>de</strong>n Optik<strong>de</strong>sign<br />
i<strong>de</strong>al wären Gläser in <strong>de</strong>r Gegend <strong>de</strong>s Bil<strong>de</strong>s von Ernst<br />
Abbe. Nur beginnen die Gläser nahe einer magischen Linie<br />
auszukristallisieren, was sie technisch unbrauchbar<br />
macht. Anstatt nun gegen die Kristallisierung vergeblich<br />
anzukämpfen, macht es mehr Sinn, gleich auf Keramiken<br />
zu setzen und diese in ihren optischen Eigenschaften<br />
gleichwertig zu Gläsern zu machen. Die B<strong>la</strong>sen im Diagramm<br />
zeigen Bereiche von Optokeramiken, wo in guter<br />
optischer Qualität bereits Prototypen vorliegen, und die<br />
sich in ihrer Transmission, in <strong>de</strong>n Teildispersionen, etc.<br />
voneinan<strong>de</strong>r unterschei<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Bernhard Braunecker und Rolf Hügli (SATW)<br />
28<br />
Über sie wur<strong>de</strong>n in <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz in <strong>de</strong>n vorangegangenen<br />
Jahren sowohl auf aka<strong>de</strong>mischer wie industrieller Seite genügend<br />
neue Erkenntnisse prinzipieller Natur gewonnen,<br />
um die bereits angesprochenen Risiken bei einer Weiterführung<br />
zu minimieren.<br />
Die Forumsreihe fokussiert sich somit auf drei Kernanliegen<br />
<strong>de</strong>r SATW, nämlich <strong>de</strong>r Früherkennung von Technologien,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Netzwerkbildung und <strong>de</strong>r Gewinnung optimaler Akzeptanz<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Technologie durch die Öffentlichkeit, was im Wesentlichen<br />
durch eine frühzeitige Auseinan<strong>de</strong>rsetzung mit<br />
ethischen Grundsätzen geschieht.<br />
Optokeramiken<br />
Als Thema <strong>de</strong>s zweiten Forums wur<strong>de</strong> Advanced Optoceramics<br />
gewählt. Optokeramiken gehören zur K<strong>la</strong>sse <strong>de</strong>r<br />
oxidisch-mineralischen Werkstoffe, die ein breites Applikation<strong>ssp</strong>ektrum<br />
von Hochspannungsiso<strong>la</strong>toren bis zu Medizina<strong>la</strong>nwendungen<br />
ab<strong>de</strong>cken. 1987 erhielten J. G. Bednorz<br />
und K. A. Müller vom IBM Forschungszentrum in Rüschlikon<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Nobelpreis für ihre Pionierarbeiten an auf Oxidkeramik<br />
basieren<strong>de</strong>n Hochtemperatur-Supraleitern. In <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n Keramiken schwerpunktsmässig bei <strong>de</strong>r EMPA, an<br />
bei<strong>de</strong>n ETHs, aber auch in <strong>de</strong>r Industrie behan<strong>de</strong>lt.<br />
Generell zeichnen sich diese Werkstoffe dadurch aus, dass<br />
sich durch gezielte Dotierung <strong>de</strong>r Keramikmatrix mit Fremdpartikeln<br />
die mechanischen, elektrischen, thermischen und<br />
optischen Eigenschaften verän<strong>de</strong>rn <strong>la</strong>ssen. Das geschieht<br />
über einen mehrstufigen und die Nanotechnik einbeziehen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Herstellprozess. Man zermahlt die Werkstoffe zu
Nanopulver, dotiert und kommt über geeignete Press- und<br />
Sinterprozesse zurück zu makroskopisch handhabbaren<br />
Proben. Da die Dopingrate beim heterogenen Nanopulver-<br />
Konvolut <strong>de</strong>utlich grösser sein kann als beim Einkristall,<br />
sind höhere Effizienzen bei bestimmten Materialeigenschaften<br />
zu erwarten.<br />
Da jedoch das Thema "Keramik" in seiner vollen Breite eine<br />
Forumsveranstaltung überfor<strong>de</strong>rn wür<strong>de</strong>, wur<strong>de</strong> das Thema<br />
auf die Untermenge <strong>de</strong>r optischen Keramiken beschränkt.<br />
Diese, nicht zu verwechseln mit G<strong>la</strong>skeramiken, zeigen<br />
eine hohe optische Transparenz, sind also rein äusserlich<br />
von hochwertigen optischen G<strong>la</strong>sscheiben nicht zu unterschei<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Sie zeigen aber neben <strong>de</strong>n für Keramiken typisch<br />
guten mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften auch<br />
weitere, für <strong>de</strong>n Bau von Optikinstrumenten interessante<br />
optische Werte. Erwähnenswert sind hohe Brechzahlen,<br />
aussergewöhnliches Dispersionsverhalten und vor allem<br />
eine nutzbare Transmission vom visuellen bis in <strong>de</strong>n 5-6<br />
μm Spektralbereich, während Gläser nur bis etwa 2 μm<br />
eingesetzt wer<strong>de</strong>n können. Gera<strong>de</strong> für medizinische Anwendungen<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m Erbium<strong>la</strong>ser bei 3 μm sind somit neue<br />
Möglichkeiten <strong>de</strong>nkbar.<br />
Teilnehmerkreis und Symposiumsab<strong>la</strong>uf<br />
Die Veranstaltung wur<strong>de</strong> am 24. November 2011 zusammen<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>r EMPA an ihrem Standort in Dübendorf durchgeführt.<br />
Die Organisatoren waren J. G. Bednorz / IBM, B.<br />
Braunecker / SATW, P. Gröning & T. Graule / EMPA und H.<br />
P. Herzig / EPFL. Die 30 Teilnehmer kamen von Ceramet,<br />
EMPA, EPFL, ETHZ, Fisba, IBM, Lasag, Leica Geosystems,<br />
Lonza, Metoxit, Micos, RUAG Space, Schott Forschungszentrum<br />
Mainz, Schott Schweiz, Silitec, Swissoptic, Swiss-<br />
LaserNet, Trumpf und Uni Bern. Das Symposium war zweiteilig<br />
geglie<strong>de</strong>rt. Nach sechs einführen<strong>de</strong>n Kurzreferaten<br />
wur<strong>de</strong> in <strong>de</strong>r Teilnehmerrun<strong>de</strong> diskutiert, welche Auswirkungen<br />
die Ergebnisse für die Schweiz haben könnten?<br />
Thematische Strukturierung<br />
Die Referate wur<strong>de</strong>n in drei Blöcken präsentiert. Im ersten<br />
Teil berichtete E. Pawlowski / Schott über <strong>de</strong>n neuesten<br />
Stand <strong>de</strong>r Herstellung von Schott-Opto-Ceramic Prototypen<br />
SOC. Anschliessend B. Reiss / Swissoptic über Ergebnisse<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Oberflächenbearbeitung verschie<strong>de</strong>ner<br />
SOC - Proben mit mo<strong>de</strong>rnen CNC-Maschinen und schliesslich<br />
B. Braunecker (früherer Entwicklungsleiter - Optik bei<br />
Leica Geosystems), welche neuen Optiksysteme <strong>de</strong>nkbar<br />
wären, wenn es die Materialien kommerziell gäbe. Im zweiten<br />
Teil erläuterte T. Graule / EMPA die hohen Ansprüche<br />
und die komplexen Abläufe bei <strong>de</strong>r Materialherstellung,<br />
während A. Studart / ETHZ über neueste Forschungsergebnisse<br />
mit multifunktionalen Keramiken berichtete. Im dritten<br />
Teil referierte J. G. Bednorz über eine neue und Aufsehen<br />
erregen<strong>de</strong> Metho<strong>de</strong> aus Japan, bei <strong>de</strong>r das zu dotieren<strong>de</strong><br />
Keramikmaterial dünne Polymerfolien sind, die interessante<br />
optische Eigenschaften zeigen, aber vermutlich auch für<br />
an<strong>de</strong>re Anwendungen im So<strong>la</strong>rbereich o<strong>de</strong>r für Batterien<br />
geeignet sein könnten.<br />
Fazit<br />
Die Veranstaltung zeigte, dass <strong>de</strong>r vorgestellte Prozessansatz,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r höhere Dopingraten <strong>de</strong>s zu Nanopulver verarbeiteten<br />
Trägermaterials mit "intelligenten" Fremdatomen wie<br />
Seltenen Er<strong>de</strong>n ermöglicht, nicht nur zu verbesserten ak-<br />
29<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Abstracts <strong>de</strong>r Referate<br />
Fabrication & characterisation of transparent ceramics for<br />
novel applications, E. Pawlowski, Schott AG<br />
About 20 years ago the first <strong>de</strong>velopment of transparent ceramic<br />
started, finally achieving poly-crystalline ceramic materials<br />
for <strong>la</strong>ser and optical applications. It was <strong>de</strong>monstrated,<br />
that ceramic materials could overcome the main technical problem<br />
of light scattering. The established nano-pow<strong>de</strong>r vacuum<br />
sintering process at SCHOTT shows good potential for mass<br />
fabrication of multi-composite ceramic materials with different<br />
dopant concentrations. In comparison to conventional transparent<br />
materials optoceramics offer further benefits, which lead to<br />
a multiplicity of new applications like optical, <strong>la</strong>ser, solid state<br />
lighting or scintil<strong>la</strong>tion. Apart from better mechanical properties<br />
and special optical properties, higher rare-earth doping levels<br />
than single crystals can be achieved, which lead to a higher<br />
conversion efficiency combined with small temperature and<br />
concentration quenching effects. In our talk we will discuss the<br />
fabrication process, the realized materials and the different applications<br />
of optoceramics.<br />
CNC machined optics, B. Reiss, Swissoptic AG<br />
Swissoptic as a leading manufacturer of advanced optical components<br />
and systems will report about the surface treatment<br />
of g<strong>la</strong>ss and ceramic optics with mo<strong>de</strong>rn CNC machines and<br />
other <strong>de</strong>terministic technologies. One exciting example is the<br />
production of monolithic components, i.e. multifunctional components<br />
out of one piece of g<strong>la</strong>ss.<br />
OC materials for lens <strong>de</strong>sign, B. Braunecker, SATW<br />
Based on the preliminary optical data of various prototypes of<br />
Schott Optoceramics (<strong>la</strong>rge refractive in<strong>de</strong>x, <strong>la</strong>rge anomalous<br />
dispersion, speckle free transmission, etc.), their impact on the<br />
<strong>de</strong>sign of optical systems for imaging, projection, medicine,<br />
space, etc. will be discussed.<br />
The challenge of failure free nanopow<strong>de</strong>r processing,<br />
T. Graule, EMPA<br />
Aggregate free synthesis and agglomerate free processing of<br />
nanopow<strong>de</strong>rs is achieved by advanced pow<strong>de</strong>r synthesis as<br />
well as colloidal processing techniques. The main issue is to<br />
overcome Van <strong>de</strong>r Waals attraction forces by surface treatment<br />
and high energy dispersion techniques. Different approaches to<br />
solve the problem of aggregation and especially agglomeration<br />
are <strong>de</strong>monstrated.<br />
Magnetic control of non-spherical ceramic particles in fluid<br />
suspensions, André R. Studart, Complex Materials, Department<br />
of Materials, ETH Zürich<br />
We present a method to <strong>de</strong>liberately control the orientation of<br />
non-spherical nonmagnetic ceramic particles in fluid suspensions<br />
using magnetic fields as low as 1 milliTes<strong>la</strong>. To achieve<br />
magnetic response, the non-spherical particles are coated with<br />
minor contents of magnetic nanoparticles (
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
tiven (Laser-) und passiven (Linsen-) Optiksystemen führt,<br />
son<strong>de</strong>rn auch zu höheren Effizienzen bei Röntgen<strong>de</strong>tektoren<br />
und LED-Lichtquellen. Die erfor<strong>de</strong>rlichen technischen<br />
Herstell- & Bearbeitungsprozesse sind zweifelsohne noch<br />
herausfor<strong>de</strong>rnd, aber mit <strong>de</strong>m in <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz vorhan<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Wissen bei EMPA und <strong>de</strong>n teilnehmen<strong>de</strong>n Firmen durchaus<br />
machbar.<br />
Die an <strong>de</strong>n ETHs betriebene Forschung an multifunktionalen<br />
Werkstoffen ist höchst aktuell, da durch geeignete<br />
Behandlungsmassnahmen Keramiken nicht nur wie Halbleiter<br />
in ihren photonischen Eigenschaften eingestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
können, son<strong>de</strong>rn zusätzlich noch in <strong>de</strong>n mechanischthermischen<br />
Parametern. Schliesslich wies die von J. G.<br />
Bednorz aufgezeigte Metho<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Massenproduktion dotierter<br />
Polymere auf eine kostengünstige Mannigfaltigkeit<br />
an Anwendungen hin.<br />
Progress in Physics (29)<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>rstanding exchange bias in thin films<br />
Miguel A. Marioni, Sara Romer, Hans J. Hug 1<br />
Empa, Swiss Fe<strong>de</strong>ral Institute for Materials Testing and Research, CH-8600 Dübendorf<br />
1 Also at: Institute of Physics, Universität Basel, CH-4056 Basel<br />
Every computer hard-drive and<br />
many magnetic sensors contain<br />
a thin-film <strong>de</strong>vice using the GMR<br />
or TMR effect. In it, the resistance<br />
from a stack of thin films is ma<strong>de</strong><br />
to <strong>de</strong>pend on the re<strong>la</strong>tive orientation<br />
of different magnetic <strong>la</strong>yers’<br />
magnetization, of which one serves<br />
as a reference and retains its direction.<br />
Fixing the magnetization is accomplished<br />
with exchange-bias.<br />
Not surprisingly, the effect has received<br />
much attention throughout<br />
the history of magnetic recording<br />
and sensor <strong>de</strong>sign. Perhaps it is a<br />
surprise, then, that so much remains<br />
unknown about exchange-bias after<br />
half a century since its discovery.<br />
M shift<br />
M(H)<br />
Principles of the exchange bias effect<br />
Exchange-biasing manifests macroscopically as a <strong>la</strong>teral<br />
shift of size H of the hysteresis loop (Fig. 1 (a); occasion-<br />
ex<br />
ally there is an accompanying vertical shift M as well.). It<br />
shift<br />
occurs if a sample with at least one ferromagnet (F) / antiferromagnet<br />
(AF) bi<strong>la</strong>yer (e.g. in Fig. 1 (b)) is cooled through<br />
the Néel temperature (T ) of the antiferromagnet. It is gen-<br />
N<br />
erally believed that (local) magnetization of the ferromagnet<br />
(F) <strong>la</strong>yer (locally) generates pinned uncompensated spins<br />
(pUCS) in the AF <strong>la</strong>yer that are coupled to the F <strong>la</strong>yer. An<br />
obstacle to un<strong>de</strong>rstanding the exchange bias effect is that<br />
only a subset of the UCS (those pinned, and coupled to<br />
the ferromagnet) are responsible for it [1]. The experimental<br />
method and preparation may affect these subsets in<br />
H ex<br />
(a)<br />
Figure 1: (a) Schematic hysteresis loop of an exchange-biased thin magnetic film. (b) Thin film<br />
multi<strong>la</strong>yer structure with perpendicu<strong>la</strong>r magnetization used for MFM studies of exchange bias.<br />
(c) High resolution TEM image of the film structure of (b), highlighting the CoO <strong>la</strong>yer (b<strong>la</strong>ck<br />
arrow) and one grain boundary (white arrow).<br />
30<br />
Die Veranstaltung wur<strong>de</strong> von <strong>de</strong>n Teilnehmern mehrheitlich<br />
mit "sehr gut" beurteilt und scheint somit einem Bedürfnis<br />
entsprochen zu haben. Während die Industrievertreter die<br />
Informationen über die Technologiefortschritte begrüssten,<br />
bekamen die Hochschulvertreter in <strong>de</strong>r Diskussionsrun<strong>de</strong><br />
wertvolle Hinweise über mögliche Anwendungsgebiete. Es<br />
zeigte sich, dass verschie<strong>de</strong>ne Firmen sich bi<strong>la</strong>teral über<br />
ihre Intentionen und Fortschritte austauschen wollen, und<br />
es wur<strong>de</strong> von nahezu allen Teilnehmern <strong>de</strong>r Wunsch nach<br />
einer Diskussionsp<strong>la</strong>ttform und einer Folgeveranstaltung<br />
geäussert.<br />
H<br />
AF<br />
F<br />
(b)<br />
Pt<br />
CoO<br />
Pt<br />
Si<br />
×20<br />
2 nm<br />
distinct ways and an interpretation of UCS measurements<br />
must take this into account.<br />
Experimental Methods to measure uncompensated<br />
pinned spins<br />
Reflectometry experiments using po<strong>la</strong>rized neutrons or<br />
circu<strong>la</strong>rly po<strong>la</strong>rized X-rays as probes have been used to<br />
access UCS sub-systems and to map out their thickness<br />
distribution. Both methods fit proposed mo<strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>scriptions<br />
of these distributions to the experimental data. Neutronbased<br />
techniques can unambiguously <strong>de</strong>termine the re<strong>la</strong>tive<br />
orientation of the UCS of the various sub-systems and<br />
the F-spins. To accomplish this X-ray-based experiments<br />
require, in addition, specifying magneto-optical constants<br />
of the atomic species carrying the spin in the AF. Recent<br />
(c)
esults have also stressed the influence on XMLD (X-ray<br />
Magnetic Linear Dichroism) signals of the orientation of AF<br />
spins re<strong>la</strong>tive to the crystallographic axes.<br />
Reflectometry techniques cannot, however, reveal the<br />
<strong>la</strong>teral distribution of UCS. This very important aspect of<br />
exchange bias characterizations is accessible with other<br />
(complementary) techniques. Among these, photoemission<br />
electron microscopy (PEEM) with circu<strong>la</strong>r and/or linearly<br />
po<strong>la</strong>rized X-rays has revealed a corre<strong>la</strong>tion between AF domains<br />
and F-domains, the formation of new chemical phases<br />
at the AF/F interface with magnetic moments parallel to<br />
those of the F, and induced ferromagnetic moments at the<br />
AF/F interface. But PEEM microscopes have to-date not<br />
attained <strong>la</strong>teral resolutions on the length scale of grainssizes<br />
of typical polycrystalline AF materials, important for<br />
applications. Note that PEEM experiments require the applied<br />
magnetic field to be zero or near-zero, and accordingly<br />
cannot distinguish pinned from non-pinned UCS of<br />
the AF directly. In fact, only a small part of the net moment<br />
induced locally by the F in the AF consists of pinned UCS,<br />
which are difficult to iso<strong>la</strong>te from the rest with present-day<br />
PEEM sensitivities.<br />
In contrast to XMCD-PEEM, XMCD (X-ray Magnetic Circu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
Dichroism) holography is a lens-less imaging method<br />
and hence allows the application of arbitrary magnetic<br />
fields. Recently, element-selective soft x-ray holography<br />
and spectroscopy measurements have been used to study<br />
the evolution of domains in ferromagnetic multi<strong>la</strong>yer of<br />
[Pt(1.8nm)Co(0.6nm)] ×8 on a Mn 80 Ir 20 (5nm) antiferromagnetic<br />
<strong>la</strong>yer [2]. Element-specific magnetometry revealed uncompensated<br />
AF magnetic moments on the Mn and allowed to<br />
estimate that about 10% of these moments are pinned and<br />
thus are relevant for the exchange bias effect. However, no<br />
magnetic contrast could be observed at the Mn L 3 edge, so<br />
the imaging of the pattern of uncompensated and pinned<br />
uncompensated Mn moments was not achieved.<br />
A different technique to gain access to the UCS of a system<br />
is magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Operated in vacuum,<br />
MFM typically measures shifts in the resonance frequency<br />
of a cantilever outfitted with a magnetic tip. These are<br />
proportional to the magnetic field gradients to which the<br />
tip is exposed. Therefore an MFM investigation of sample<br />
properties requires a sample with suitable domains generating<br />
stray field [3]. In a rough approximation, the MFM<br />
(a)<br />
(b)<br />
H = 0<br />
200 mT<br />
300 mT<br />
46 Hz contrast ntrast<br />
35 Hz contrast ontrast<br />
4.4 Hz contrast<br />
Figure 2: High resolution MFM images of the sample of Figure 1 (b) and (c) obtained at<br />
constant average tip-sample distance of 13.0±0.5 nm. (a) Large contrast obtained in<br />
zero applied fields. (b) In a field of 200 mT the bright domains retract. (c) The ferromagnetic<br />
<strong>la</strong>yer is saturated at 300 mT. A weak and grainy contrast is retained. This contrast<br />
remains unaltered in fields of at least 7 T. A white arrow across Figs. (a) – (c) indicates a<br />
particu<strong>la</strong>r spot of the film where the retracting bright domain leaves a dark mark in the<br />
area it covered at zero field.<br />
(c)<br />
31<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
contrast arising from the stray field of a domain pattern in a<br />
ferromagnetic thin film with perpendicu<strong>la</strong>r magnetization is<br />
proportional to the z-component of the magnetic moment<br />
areal <strong>de</strong>nsity [2]. This allows a first estimate of the contrast<br />
expected for a domain pattern of pinned uncompensated<br />
spins imprinted by a corresponding pattern of ferromagnetic<br />
domains. In our recent work [2] the MFM contrast<br />
measured above an up/down domain pattern in a CoPt ferromagnetic<br />
multi<strong>la</strong>yer was 46 Hz (Fig. 2 (a)). From the mag-<br />
netization of the CoPt-multi<strong>la</strong>yer and its thickness a total<br />
magnetic moment areal <strong>de</strong>nsity of mF z /A= MCoPt t = 622<br />
CoPt<br />
kA/m × 22 nm = 1.37 · 10 -2 Am 2 /m 2 is found. Likewise an<br />
areal moment <strong>de</strong>nsity of 4.48 · 10 -4 Am 2 /m 2 , corresponding<br />
to a fully uncompensated CoO AF, would thus generate a<br />
frequency shift of 1.5 Hz. Our MFM can easily <strong>de</strong>tect ±0.05<br />
Hz in a reasonable measurement bandwidth of 100 Hz, corresponding<br />
to a scan speed of about 1s/line in a 256 pixel<br />
line. This means that the corresponding ±1.49 · 10 -5 Am 2 /m 2<br />
are <strong>de</strong>tectable, and hence also about ±3% of a fully uncompensated<br />
mono<strong>la</strong>yer.<br />
Assessing the number of pinned uncompensated spins<br />
by MFM<br />
Not only can MFM image fractions of uncompensated AF<br />
spins but it can also be used in applied homogeneous<br />
fields. These do not generate a force on the magnetic tip<br />
and thus do not give rise to MFM contrast. One can therefore<br />
study the evolution of the F-domain pattern in external<br />
fields as shown Fig. 2 (a) and (b) (In prior work up to 7 T<br />
were applied [4]).<br />
MFM however <strong>la</strong>cks the element-specificity of XMCD<br />
methods, so it cannot distinguish directly between different<br />
sources of the stray field, i.e. generated by different atomic<br />
species. The contrast observed in the data shown in Fig. 2<br />
(a) and (b) arises predominantly from the stray fields emanating<br />
from the up/down domain pattern of the F-<strong>la</strong>yer and<br />
a small contribution from the imprinted local uncompensated<br />
AF moments. However, magnetic stray fields generated<br />
the F-<strong>la</strong>yer roughness, as well as by local variations of its<br />
thickness or saturation magnetization, could also generate<br />
a small MFM contrast. Topography-induced variations of<br />
the van <strong>de</strong>r Waals force occurring when the tip of the MFM<br />
scans in a p<strong>la</strong>ne parallel to the average slope of the sample<br />
provi<strong>de</strong> yet another contribution to the measured contrast.<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>ling shows that from these <strong>la</strong>st contributions to contrast<br />
only the van <strong>de</strong>r Waals force-mediated<br />
topography contribution is relevant.<br />
It leads to the grainy appearance of the<br />
F-domain contrast (Fig. 2 (a)).<br />
If the F-<strong>la</strong>yer is saturated by applying a<br />
sufficiently strong external field, it does<br />
no longer generate an MFM contrast.<br />
One can easily un<strong>de</strong>rstand this by noting<br />
that the stray fields generated by the<br />
magnetic poles of the top and bottom<br />
surface compensate. In this situation<br />
the only remaining source of contrast is<br />
the pattern of pinned uncompensated<br />
AF moments. Note that if the other contrast<br />
contributions cannot be neglected,<br />
the difference of two consecutive MFM<br />
measurements performed in positive
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
and negative saturation fields will solely contain the contrast<br />
contribution of the pinned UCS moments [4].<br />
Quantitative MFM on exchange-biased systems<br />
It is now possible to ascertain the exact re<strong>la</strong>tion between<br />
pinned uncompensated spins and exchange bias by looking<br />
at the evolution of ferromagnetic domains over the un<strong>de</strong>r<strong>la</strong>ying<br />
pattern of pinned uncompensated spins [5]. For<br />
example a film of Pt(2nm)/CoO(1nm)/Co(0.6nm)/ [Pt(0.7nm)<br />
Co(0.4nm)] /Pt(20nm)/Si (Fig. 1 (b) and (c)) can be seen<br />
x20<br />
(a) (c)<br />
AF UCS<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
blue F domains<br />
F<br />
-100% pin UCS<br />
100%<br />
Project F-domain<br />
contours (white)<br />
onto AF UCS<br />
(b)<br />
AF<br />
0 mT applied �eld<br />
Increase applied �eld<br />
200 mT applied �eld<br />
Figure 3: Quantitative analysis of the MFM measurements of the<br />
multi<strong>la</strong>yer of Figures 1 – 2. (a) Stack of MFM measurements for<br />
zero applied field following the buildup of the magnetic multi<strong>la</strong>yer.<br />
The top surface is the MFM measurement of F domains’ contrast.<br />
Un<strong>de</strong>rneath is the interface with the AF, comprising a distribution<br />
of UCS, aligning antiparallel to the F-orientation. Because the<br />
UCS relevant for exchange bias are the pinned ones, they can be<br />
<strong>de</strong>termined from the MFM measurement of a saturated ferromagnet<br />
(Figure 2 (c)) and the tip-transfer function [7], as indicated<br />
32<br />
as the ferromagnetic domains evolve, Fig. 2. Dark areas<br />
correspond to parallel tip and sample magnetization; i.e.<br />
there is an attractive force and negative frequency shift.<br />
Conversely, bright areas correspond to the antiparallel orientation<br />
and positive frequency shift. F-domains are clearly<br />
visible in Figs. 2 (a) and (b), generating a contrast of several<br />
tens of Hz. As expected, the area of the bright domains<br />
(magnetization opposite to the applied field) diminishes as<br />
fields are applied parallel to the dark domain magnetization,<br />
as e.g. Fig. 2(b) for 200 mT. Consistent with the saturation<br />
ave. pin UCS (% AF ML)<br />
(d)<br />
20<br />
10<br />
0<br />
-10<br />
-20<br />
-30<br />
AF UCS<br />
un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
yellow F domains<br />
0 100 200 300<br />
H (mT)<br />
in the scale bar in the Figure. White contours are inclu<strong>de</strong>d in this<br />
<strong>la</strong>yer to highlight the position of F-domains. (b) Results for 200 mT<br />
following the format of (a). (c) Pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity disaggregated<br />
from either F-domain, at 0 and 200 mT applied fields. The average<br />
(negative) magnitu<strong>de</strong> of pinned UCS is <strong>la</strong>rger un<strong>de</strong>r the retracted<br />
yellow F-domains than their zero field counterparts. (d) Graph showing<br />
the corre<strong>la</strong>tion between pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity un<strong>de</strong>r a domain<br />
and the applied field.
of the ferromagnet the bright domains have disappeared<br />
at 300 mT, Fig. 2 (c). At this and <strong>la</strong>rger fields (up to 7 T) the<br />
MFM data reveals a rather irregu<strong>la</strong>r pattern with contrast of<br />
only 4.4 Hz. Cooling the F/AF system with the F in different<br />
initial domain states reveals that the shape of the patterns<br />
observed after saturation are governed by the structure of<br />
the initial F-domains.<br />
In the same way that the saturated F does not produce a<br />
stray field, the uncompensated AF spins which rotate with<br />
the F-domains will not be imaged at saturation. The main<br />
contrast is thus due to pinned UCS [6]. Using the response<br />
function of the MFM tip according to quantitative MFM<br />
methods [6] one can obtain the areal moment of pinned<br />
uncompensated spins (more specifically the z-component<br />
of the areal moment of the pinned UCS projected onto a<br />
virtual F/AF interfacial p<strong>la</strong>ne) from the Df pattern (Fig. 2 (c)).<br />
The result can be seen in Fig. 3 (a). At the AF-F interface a<br />
strikingly inhomogeneous distribution of the pinned UCS<br />
is revealed. TEM images of the films (Fig. 1(c)) show columnar<br />
grains in the film with sizes of the or<strong>de</strong>r of 10 nm,<br />
p<strong>la</strong>cing the observed pinned UCS variations on the same<br />
length scale. This pinned UCS distribution also represents<br />
an inhomogeneous distribution of ‘‘pinning’’ centers for<br />
F-domain motion, leading to the commonly observed EBinduced<br />
increase in coercivity.<br />
Figures 3 (a) and (b) also show the F-domain contours<br />
(white lines) at different fields over<strong>la</strong>id to the pinned uncompensated<br />
AF moment pattern that biases them. From them<br />
we see that the pinned UCS in the area initially covered by<br />
bright F domains (Fig. 1) is predominantly negative [blue<br />
in Figs. 3 (a) and (b)], whereas the area initially covered by<br />
dark F domains (Fig. 1) is predominantly positive [yellow<br />
in Figs. 3 (a) and (b)]. This local antiparallel alignment between<br />
the F magnetization and the pinned UCS suggests<br />
antiferromagnetic coupling across the F/AF interface and is<br />
consistent with earlier work [2,6,7]. Because the local alignment<br />
is antiparallel to the local cooling field, it can only be<br />
the result of exchange coupling.<br />
Notice the existence of iso<strong>la</strong>ted regions of pinned UCS that<br />
do not follow the above trend. They are oriented parallel to<br />
the (initial) adjacent F-magnetization, and seem to be circumscribed<br />
to areas of the size of single grains of the film<br />
(cf. Fig. 1 (c)).<br />
More insight can be gained from a quantitative evaluation<br />
of the data just discussed.<br />
One can compute the average pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity (data<br />
from Figs. 3 (a) and (b) for the areas un<strong>de</strong>r the F-domains,<br />
i.e. <strong>de</strong>limited by the white contours of the figures, as shown<br />
in Figs. 3 (c). Un<strong>de</strong>r the initial yellow and blue F-domains<br />
the average pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity is ±21.8% of a fully uncompensated<br />
mono<strong>la</strong>yer of AF spins. As a magnetic field is<br />
applied parallel to the blue F-domains, they expand at the<br />
expense of the yellow F-domains. Over the area covered<br />
by the retracted yellow F-domains the average pinned UCS<br />
is more negative than before the field was applied. Figure 3<br />
(d) shows the average <strong>de</strong>nsities of UCS un<strong>de</strong>r each domain<br />
type as a function of the applied field. A roughly proportional<br />
re<strong>la</strong>tion between the applied field and the average<br />
pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity un<strong>de</strong>r the surviving yellow F-domains<br />
is apparent.<br />
33<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
In Figure 3 (c) small regions can be seen with parallel pinned<br />
UCS-F domain alignment at zero field (red arrows). The retracting<br />
F-domains avoid these regions as they reconfigure<br />
in response to the applied field.<br />
In other words, at least in the CoO (and MnIr as shown in<br />
[2]) Co/Pt perpendicu<strong>la</strong>r system pinned UCSs coupling antiparallel<br />
to the F magnetization stabilize its orientation, i.e.<br />
they are biasing, whereas pinned UCSs oriented parallel to<br />
the F magnetization have the opposite effect, i.e. they are<br />
anti-biasing.<br />
These results are a direct observation of the stabilizing effect<br />
of (antiparallel) pinned UCS on F domains, and show<br />
that a higher pinned UCS <strong>de</strong>nsity leads to a stronger F domain<br />
pinning, i.e. a higher EB effect.<br />
Concluding remarks<br />
The <strong>de</strong>nsity of pinned UCS found by MFM agrees well with<br />
work on polycrystalline Py/CoO samples estimating the<br />
pinned UCS at about 10% of a 1.1 mono<strong>la</strong>yer-thick <strong>la</strong>yer<br />
of interfacial Co2+ spins. A <strong>de</strong>creasing magnetic moment of<br />
the FM <strong>la</strong>yer near the interface may exp<strong>la</strong>in the somewhat<br />
smaller <strong>de</strong>nsity of pinned UCS observed there. But the high<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity of pinned UCS requires that the average coupling<br />
strength between the pinned UCS and F-spins be much<br />
smaller than previously expected, in or<strong>de</strong>r to exp<strong>la</strong>in the<br />
rather small exchange bias field.<br />
Without an exhaustive theoretical analysis of the pinned<br />
UCS coupling strength and possible variations thereof, we<br />
point out that the interface between the AF and the F very<br />
likely differs from a chemically sharp interface across which<br />
the system goes from F to AF, on account of interdiffusion<br />
and interface reconstruction. A simi<strong>la</strong>r reconstruction ought<br />
to be expected in the CoO/Co interfaces discussed here<br />
and may lead to a structurally and chemically disor<strong>de</strong>red<br />
interfacial phase, exp<strong>la</strong>ining the higher <strong>de</strong>nsity of pinned<br />
UCS and their weaker coupling to the F-spins. Furthermore<br />
frustration, as found in spin g<strong>la</strong>ss systems, may also lead to<br />
weak or indirect coupling between AF UCS and the F-<strong>la</strong>yer.<br />
Yet a weak coupling may be a necessary condition for the<br />
UCS AF moments to remain pinned to the AF-<strong>la</strong>ttice rather<br />
than rotate with the F-moments.<br />
Exchange coupling between different AF grains across their<br />
grain boundaries could lead to frustration of the magnetic<br />
orientation over grain-size areas, giving rise to the observed<br />
anti-biasing effect. Further work to address this issue is un<strong>de</strong>r<br />
way.<br />
[1] I. Schmid, et al. Europhys. Lett. 81, 17001 (2008).<br />
[2] C. Tieg et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 072503, (2010).<br />
[3] N. R. Joshi, et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 082502 (2011).<br />
[4] P. Kappenberger, I. Schmid & H. Hug., Adv. Eng. Mater. 7, 332<br />
(2005).<br />
[5] I. Schmid, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 197201 (2010)<br />
[6] P. J. A. van Schen<strong>de</strong>l, H. J. Hug, B. Stiefel, S. Martin & H.-J.<br />
Güntherodt. J. Appl. Phys. 88, 435 (2000).<br />
[7] P. Kappenberger, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 267202 (2003).
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Last November, the Faculty of Science of the University of<br />
Fribourg awar<strong>de</strong>d the doctor honoris causa to Martin Gutzwiller,<br />
with a threefold motivation: His outstanding contributions<br />
to theoretical physics, his active interest for science<br />
in general and his re<strong>la</strong>tions to Fribourg. Reason enough for<br />
emphasizing the eminent role Gutzwiller p<strong>la</strong>yed during the<br />
<strong>la</strong>st half century, especially in the two still very active research<br />
areas of quantum chaos and corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons, as<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed in some <strong>de</strong>tail below. Special thanks to Michael<br />
Berry for his profound analysis of Gutzwiller’s pioneering<br />
work in "quantum chaology".<br />
Martin Gutzwiller was born<br />
1925 in Basel. His father<br />
was an internationally known<br />
professor of <strong>la</strong>w, from 1921<br />
to 1926 at the University of<br />
Fribourg, from 1926 to 1936<br />
at the University of Hei<strong>de</strong>lberg<br />
and then, after having<br />
escaped with his family<br />
from Germany because of<br />
the harassment by the nazis,<br />
again in Fribourg from 1937<br />
to 1956. Martin passed his<br />
first school years in Hei<strong>de</strong>lberg.<br />
Back to Switzer<strong>la</strong>nd,<br />
Martin Gutzwiller ca. 1951/52<br />
he received his further education<br />
in Trogen and at the<br />
Collège Saint Michel in Fribourg, where he passed the final<br />
two years of gymnasium. In 1944 he started studying physics<br />
at the University of Fribourg, but then he enrolled at the<br />
ETH in Zürich, where he received the diploma in 1949. His<br />
diploma work on the magnetic moment of nucleons with<br />
vector-meson coupling, supervised by Wolfgang Pauli, undoubtedly<br />
had a strong impact on his view of physics. 45<br />
years <strong>la</strong>ter, in a letter to Physics Today (August 1994), he<br />
The legacy of Martin Gutzwiller<br />
34<br />
admits having received “a marvelous education in early<br />
field theory”, but at the same time having been frustrated<br />
because the problem posed by Pauli could not be handled<br />
in a satisfactory way. Thus he pleads for coming back to<br />
"down-to-earth physics", instead of "chasing an elusive<br />
goal on the basis of abstract mo<strong>de</strong>ls".<br />
After having received his diploma, Martin Gutzwiller worked<br />
during one year as an engineer in microwave transmission<br />
at Brown Boveri in Ba<strong>de</strong>n. In 1951 he moved to the US,<br />
where he spent most of the time since. At the University<br />
of Kansas he ma<strong>de</strong> his Ph. D. studies un<strong>de</strong>r the guidance<br />
of Max Dres<strong>de</strong>n, on "Quantum Theory of Fields in Curved<br />
Space". From 1953 to 1960 he worked on geophysics in a<br />
<strong>la</strong>boratory of Shell in Houston, Texas. A position at the IBM<br />
Zurich Research Laboratory, then still in Adliswil, brought<br />
him back to Switzer<strong>la</strong>nd for three years, but subsequently<br />
he settled <strong>de</strong>finitely down in New York. He remained a researcher<br />
at IBM, from 1963 to 1970 at the Watson Laboratory<br />
and from 1970 to 1993 in Yorktown Heights. He was at<br />
the same time Adjunct Professor in Metallurgy at the Columbia<br />
University. After his retirement from IBM he became<br />
an Adjunct Professor at the Yale University.<br />
Martin Gutzwiller has published about 40 papers, most of<br />
them alone. He received prestigious prizes, such as the<br />
Dannie Heinemann prize of the American Physical Society<br />
(1993) or the Max-P<strong>la</strong>nck Medal of the German Physical<br />
Society (2003). His international recognition is also well<br />
documented by four issues of Foundations of Physics<br />
(2000/2001), published at the occasion of his 75 th birthday.<br />
It is worth mentioning that his research activities were<br />
broa<strong>de</strong>r than quantum chaos and corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons, they<br />
inclu<strong>de</strong>d such diverse topics as dislocations in solids, the<br />
quantum Toda <strong>la</strong>ttice and the ephemeri<strong>de</strong>s of the moon.<br />
Dionys Baeriswyl, Uni Fribourg<br />
Martin Gutzwiller and his periodic orbits<br />
Michael Berry, H H Wills Physics Laboratory, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK<br />
In the 1970s, physicists were ma<strong>de</strong> aware, <strong>la</strong>rgely through<br />
the efforts of the <strong>la</strong>te Joseph Ford, that c<strong>la</strong>ssical hamiltonian<br />
mechanics was enjoying a quiet revolution. The traditional<br />
emphasis had been on exactly solvable mo<strong>de</strong>ls, with<br />
as many conserved quantities as <strong>de</strong>grees of freedom, in<br />
which the motion was integrable and predictable. Examples<br />
are the Kepler ellipses of p<strong>la</strong>netary motion, and the simple<br />
pendulum: 'as regu<strong>la</strong>r as clockwork'. The new research,<br />
incorporating Russian analytical mechanics and computer<br />
simu<strong>la</strong>tions inspired by statistical mechanics, revealed that<br />
most (technically, 'almost all') dynamical systems behave<br />
very differently. There are few conserved quantities, and<br />
motion, in part or all of the phase space, is nonseparable<br />
and unpredictable, that is, unstable: initially neighbouring<br />
orbits diverge exponentially. This is c<strong>la</strong>ssical chaos.<br />
It was quickly realised that this c<strong>la</strong>ssical behaviour must<br />
have implications for quantum physics, especially semic<strong>la</strong>ssical<br />
physics, e.g. for the arrangement of high-lying<br />
energy levels and the morphology of eigenfunctions. The<br />
study of these implications became what is now called<br />
quantum chaos (though I prefer the term quantum chaology).<br />
This is an area of research in which Martin Gutzwiller<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> a seminal contribution, <strong>de</strong>scribed in the following,<br />
which I have adapted from a speech honouring his 70th<br />
birthday. Since a substantial part of my own scientific life<br />
has been <strong>de</strong>voted to the <strong>de</strong>velopment and application to<br />
Martin's i<strong>de</strong>as, I won’t attempt to be <strong>de</strong>tached.<br />
Martin published the <strong>la</strong>st of his series of four papers [1-4]<br />
on periodic orbits exactly forty years ago. I encountered<br />
them at that time, while Kate Mount and I were writing our<br />
review of semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics. That was prehistoric<br />
semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics: before catastrophe theory <strong>de</strong>mystified<br />
caustics, before asymptotics beyond all or<strong>de</strong>rs<br />
lifted divergent series to new levels of precision, and above<br />
all before we knew about c<strong>la</strong>ssical chaos.
Of Martin's series of papers, the most influential was the<br />
<strong>la</strong>st one [4], containing the celebrated 'Gutzwiller trace formu<strong>la</strong>'.<br />
That was a tricky calcu<strong>la</strong>tion, based on the Van Vleck<br />
formu<strong>la</strong> for the semic<strong>la</strong>ssical propagator, giving the <strong>de</strong>nsity<br />
of quantum states (actually the trace of the resolvent operator)<br />
as a sum over c<strong>la</strong>ssical periodic orbits. In particu<strong>la</strong>r,<br />
Martin calcu<strong>la</strong>ted the contribution from an individual unstable<br />
periodic orbit. Nowadays we can see this as one of the<br />
'atomic concepts' of quantum chaology, but in those days<br />
chaos was not appreciated. But he emphasized the essential<br />
novelty of his calcu<strong>la</strong>tion in a simi<strong>la</strong>r way: it applies even<br />
when the c<strong>la</strong>ssical dynamics is nonseparable. I'm rather<br />
proud of what we wrote at the beginning of 1972, as the<br />
<strong>la</strong>st sentence of our review:<br />
"Finally, the difficulties raised by Gutzwiller's (1971) theory<br />
of quantization, which is perhaps the most exciting recent<br />
<strong>de</strong>velopment in semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics, should be studied<br />
<strong>de</strong>eply in or<strong>de</strong>r to provi<strong>de</strong> insight into the properties of<br />
quantum states in those systems, previously almost intractable,<br />
where no separation of variables is possible."<br />
The trace formu<strong>la</strong> could be approximated by taking just one<br />
periodic orbit and its repetitions. This led to an approximate<br />
'quantization formu<strong>la</strong>' that gave good results when<br />
applied to the lowest states of an electron in a semiconductor,<br />
whose mass <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>d on direction. I am referring<br />
to the birth of Martin's treatment of the anisotropic Kepler<br />
problem [5].<br />
For a few years, his calcu<strong>la</strong>tion was wi<strong>de</strong>ly misinterpreted<br />
(among the ignorant it is misinterpreted even today) as implying<br />
a re<strong>la</strong>tion between the individual energy levels and<br />
individual periodic orbits of chaotic systems. One might<br />
call this the 'De Broglie interpretation' of the trace formu<strong>la</strong>:<br />
that there is a level at each energy for which the action of<br />
a periodic orbit is a multiple of P<strong>la</strong>nck. This is nonsense:<br />
the simplest calcu<strong>la</strong>tion shows that the number of levels is<br />
hopelessly overestimated – in a billiard, for example, there<br />
is an 'infra-red catastrophe', that is, the prediction of levels<br />
at arbitrarily low energies.<br />
Martin's papers quickly inspired others. In 1974, Jacques<br />
Chazarain showed that the trace formu<strong>la</strong> could be operated<br />
'in reverse', so that a sum over energy levels generated a<br />
function whose singu<strong>la</strong>rities were the actions of periodic<br />
orbits. This was exact, not semic<strong>la</strong>ssical, and led (often<br />
unacknowledged) to what <strong>la</strong>ter came to be called 'inverse<br />
quantum chaology' and 'quantum recurrence spectroscopy'.<br />
In 1975 Michael Tabor and I generalized some of the<br />
results in the first of Martin's semic<strong>la</strong>ssical papers [1] to<br />
get the general trace formu<strong>la</strong> for integrable systems, where<br />
the periodic orbits are not iso<strong>la</strong>ted but fill tori. In nuclear<br />
physics, simi<strong>la</strong>r formu<strong>la</strong>s had been obtained by Strutinsky<br />
in the context of the shell mo<strong>de</strong>l. Tabor and I used our result<br />
to show that the level statistics in integrable systems are<br />
Poissonian - more about that <strong>la</strong>ter. William Miller and André<br />
Voros resolved a puzzle about the application of the trace<br />
formu<strong>la</strong> for a stable orbit: by properly quantizing transverse<br />
to the orbit, they restored the missing quantum numbers;<br />
then Martin's single-orbit quantization rule makes sense,<br />
as the 'thin-torus' limit of Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization.<br />
Probably Martin didn't realize that his formu<strong>la</strong> was so<br />
fashionable at that time that it induced a certain hysteria.<br />
Michael Tabor and I were quietly finishing the work I just<br />
35<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed when we learned that William Miller wanted to<br />
visit us in Bristol, to talk about his new work on periodic<br />
orbits. We convinced ourselves that this must be the same<br />
as ours, and <strong>la</strong>boured day and night (up a <strong>la</strong>d<strong>de</strong>r, actually,<br />
because Michael was helping me paint my new house) to<br />
get our paper written and submitted before he arrived. We<br />
were foolish to panic, because William's work was completely<br />
different.<br />
An awkward feature of stable orbits, recognized clearly by<br />
Martin in those early days, was that focusing occurs along<br />
them, leading for certain repetition numbers and stability indices<br />
to divergences of the contributions he calcu<strong>la</strong>ted, associated<br />
with bifurcations. That awkwardness was removed<br />
in 1985 by Alfredo Ozorio <strong>de</strong> Almeida and John Hannay,<br />
who applied i<strong>de</strong>as from catastrophe theory that had come<br />
into semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics in the 1970s. Their <strong>de</strong>velopment<br />
of Martin's formu<strong>la</strong> became popu<strong>la</strong>r much <strong>la</strong>ter, when<br />
the features they predicted could be <strong>de</strong>tected numerically.<br />
In the early 1970s, Ian Percival ma<strong>de</strong> us aware of the<br />
amazing <strong>de</strong>velopments in c<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics by Arnold<br />
and Sinai, before chaos became popu<strong>la</strong>r. Percival insisted<br />
that semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics must take account of chaos.<br />
Later, we learned more about chaos from Joseph Ford. Of<br />
course Martin had paved the way with his trace formu<strong>la</strong> for<br />
unstable orbits.<br />
A persistent question was whether the formu<strong>la</strong> could generate<br />
asymptotically high levels for a chaotic system. My<br />
opinions fluctuated. In 1976 I thought it could not, arguing<br />
that long orbits - required to generate the high levels - were<br />
so unstable that the Van Vleck propagator would not be<br />
valid for them. Instead, I thought (using i<strong>de</strong>as <strong>de</strong>veloped by<br />
Balian and Bloch) that periodic orbits could at best <strong>de</strong>scribe<br />
spectra smoothed on scales that were <strong>la</strong>rge compared with<br />
the mean spacing – but still c<strong>la</strong>ssically small, so that some<br />
<strong>de</strong>tail beyond the Weyl rule was accessible, though still not<br />
individual levels. This question is still not settled <strong>de</strong>finitively,<br />
but my pessimistic opinion was changed by two <strong>de</strong>velopments.<br />
The first was energy level statistics. In the 1970s, following<br />
a suggestion from Ba<strong>la</strong>zs Gyorffy, I imported from nuclear<br />
physics the i<strong>de</strong>a that random matrices could be relevant in<br />
the quantum mechanics of chaos. The first application of<br />
this suggestion was not to chaotic systems at all, but to integrable<br />
systems, where it was shown – as I just mentioned<br />
– that the levels are not distributed according to randommatrix<br />
theory. That work inspired Al<strong>la</strong>n Kaufman and Steven<br />
McDonald to the first calcu<strong>la</strong>tion of level spacings for a<br />
chaotic system: the stadium. Then I did the same for Sinai's<br />
billiard. In those days we were fixated on the spacings distribution.<br />
My way of <strong>de</strong>riving level repulsion was a generalization<br />
of Wigner's: through the codimension of <strong>de</strong>generacies.<br />
This gave the same result as random-matrix theory for<br />
small spacings, and exp<strong>la</strong>ined the differences between the<br />
different ensembles, but gave no clue as to why randommatrix<br />
theory worked for all spacings, and why it was connected<br />
with c<strong>la</strong>ssical chaos.<br />
Then came Oriol Bohigas and Marie-Joya Giannoni and<br />
Charles Schmit. What they did, in the early 1980s, was<br />
simple but very important. They repeated the calcu<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
that Kaufman and McDonald and I had done, for the same
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
systems and using the same numerical methods, but instead<br />
of focusing on the one statistic of the level spacing<br />
they appreciated that the random-matrix analogy is much<br />
broa<strong>de</strong>r: it predicts all the spectral statistics, in particu<strong>la</strong>r<br />
long-range ones. They calcu<strong>la</strong>ted one of these: the spectral<br />
rigidity (equivalent to the number variance).<br />
Their observation was enormously influential. In particu<strong>la</strong>r,<br />
it was central to my construction in 1985 of the beginnings<br />
of the semic<strong>la</strong>ssical theory of spectral statistics from Martin's<br />
atoms: the periodic orbits. Another crucial ingredient in<br />
this was also a <strong>de</strong>velopment of periodic-orbit theory: the inspired<br />
realization by John Hannay and Alfredo Ozorio <strong>de</strong> Almeida<br />
that the Gutzwiller contributions of long orbits obey<br />
a sum rule whose origin is c<strong>la</strong>ssical and whose structure is<br />
universal - that is, in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt of <strong>de</strong>tails. Pure mathematicians<br />
(Margulis, Parry, Pollicott) had found simi<strong>la</strong>r rules -<br />
more general in that they applied to dissipative as well as<br />
hamiltonian systems, but also more restricted in that Hannay<br />
and Ozorio's theory applied also to integrable systems<br />
(where Tabor and I had found their particu<strong>la</strong>r result in 1977<br />
but failed to appreciate its general significance). Thus periodic<br />
orbits were able to reproduce key formu<strong>la</strong>s from random-matrix<br />
theory, and random-matrix universality found a<br />
natural exp<strong>la</strong>nation as the inheritance by quantum mechanics<br />
of the c<strong>la</strong>ssical universality of long orbits. There was<br />
more: the periodic orbit theory of spectral statistics showed<br />
clearly and simply why and how random-matrix theory must<br />
break down for corre<strong>la</strong>tions involving sufficiently many levels.<br />
There were misty mathematical aspects – now being<br />
c<strong>la</strong>rified – of those arguments, but the formu<strong>la</strong>s were not<br />
misty, and were the first step in convincing me that long<br />
orbits in Martin's trace formu<strong>la</strong> were meaningful.<br />
The second step sprang from the realization - increasingly<br />
urgent in the early 1980s - that the series of periodic orbits<br />
in the trace formu<strong>la</strong> does not converge. The cause was realized<br />
by Martin in 1971 [4]:<br />
"Even more serious is the fact that there is usually more<br />
than a countable number of orbits in a mechanical system,<br />
whereas the bound states of a Hamiltonian are countable."<br />
The failure of the trace formu<strong>la</strong> to converge was emphasized<br />
especially by André Voros, who pointed out that<br />
Quantum spectral <strong>de</strong>terminant (zeta function) for a particle confined<br />
between branches of a hyperbo<strong>la</strong>, calcu<strong>la</strong>ted exactly (dashed<br />
curve) and from a renormalized version [9,10] of Gutzwiller's<br />
sum over the unstable c<strong>la</strong>ssical periodic orbits (full curve); the<br />
energy levels are the zeros, indicated by stars. Reproduced from<br />
[10], with permission.<br />
36<br />
this <strong>de</strong>fect is shared by the formally exact counterpart of<br />
the formu<strong>la</strong> for billiards with constant negative curvature,<br />
namely the Selberg trace formu<strong>la</strong>. And <strong>la</strong>ter Frank Steiner<br />
taught us that trace formu<strong>la</strong>s can sometimes converge conditionally,<br />
in ways <strong>de</strong>pending <strong>de</strong>licately on the topology of<br />
the orbits (expressed as Maslov phases). Eventually these<br />
concerns about convergence led naturally to the study of<br />
zeta functions. The i<strong>de</strong>a there is to find a function where the<br />
energy levels are zeros, rather than steps or spikes as in the<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity of states. The grandparent of all these objects is<br />
Riemann's zeta function of number theory. I learned its possible<br />
relevance to quantum chaology from Oriol Bohigas,<br />
and also from Martin's semic<strong>la</strong>ssical interpretation of the<br />
Fad<strong>de</strong>ev-Pavlov scattering billiard, where Riemann's zeta<br />
function gives the phase shifts [6, 7]. It is amazing that Martin<br />
had already realized the connection with zeta functions<br />
in his 1971 paper. He wrote:<br />
"This response function is remarkably simi<strong>la</strong>r to the socalled<br />
zeta functions which mathematicians have invented<br />
in or<strong>de</strong>r to survey and c<strong>la</strong>ssify the periodic orbits of abstract<br />
mechanical systems."<br />
(He cited Smale). And in 1982 Martin explicitly wrote a<br />
semic<strong>la</strong>ssical zeta function of the kind we consi<strong>de</strong>r today,<br />
and used it in conjunction with some tricks from statistical<br />
mechanics to sum the periodic orbits for the anisotropic<br />
Kepler system [7, 8].<br />
A crucial ingredient turned out to be the Riemann-Siegel<br />
formu<strong>la</strong>, that makes the sum over integers for the Riemann<br />
zeta function converge. I realized this in 1986, and <strong>la</strong>ter <strong>de</strong>veloped<br />
the i<strong>de</strong>a with Jon Keating [9]; we were helped by<br />
André Voros's precise <strong>de</strong>finitions of the regu<strong>la</strong>rized products<br />
in these zeta functions. The result was an adaptation<br />
of the trace formu<strong>la</strong> to give a convergent sum over periodic<br />
orbits, soon employed to good effect by Keating and Martin<br />
Sieber [10] (see the figure). A re<strong>la</strong>ted i<strong>de</strong>a was the invention<br />
of cycle expansions by Predrag Cvitanovic and Bruno Eckhardt;<br />
in these, essential use is ma<strong>de</strong> of symbolic dynamics<br />
to speed the convergence of the sum over orbits. This<br />
application of coding to semic<strong>la</strong>ssical mechanics was also<br />
originally Martin's i<strong>de</strong>a: he used it in the 1970s and early<br />
1980s to c<strong>la</strong>ssify and then estimate the sum over the orbits,<br />
again for the anisotropic Kepler problem [7, 8].<br />
The two applications of Martin's periodic-orbit i<strong>de</strong>as that I<br />
have just <strong>de</strong>scribed, to spectral statistics and to zeta functions,<br />
were combined by Eugene Bogomolny and Jonathan<br />
Keating. This <strong>de</strong>velopment, and more recent insights from<br />
Martin Sieber, Fritz Haake and Sebastian Müller, are taking<br />
the <strong>de</strong>rivation of random-matrix formu<strong>la</strong>s from quantum<br />
chaology to new levels of sophistication and refinement.<br />
In the mid-1980s, Eric Heller discovered that for some<br />
chaotic systems the wavefunctions of individual states are<br />
scarred by individual short periodic orbits, in ways that <strong>de</strong>pend<br />
on how unstable these are. From this came further<br />
extensions of Martin's i<strong>de</strong>as, to new sorts of spectral series<br />
of periodic orbits, not involving traces, and for Wigner functions<br />
as well as wavefunctions.<br />
In spite of all this progress, we are still unable to answer <strong>de</strong>finitively<br />
and rigorously the central question Martin posed in<br />
1971 [4]:<br />
"What is the re<strong>la</strong>tion between the periodic orbits in the c<strong>la</strong>s-
sical system and the energy levels of the corresponding<br />
quantum system?"<br />
Of course the trace formu<strong>la</strong> itself is one such re<strong>la</strong>tion, but I<br />
am sure that what Martin meant is: how can periodic orbits<br />
be used for effective calcu<strong>la</strong>tions of individual levels. For<br />
the lowest levels there is no problem, but – and again I<br />
quote from Martin’s 1971 paper -<br />
"the semic<strong>la</strong>ssical approach to quantum mechanics is supposed<br />
to be better the <strong>la</strong>rger the quantum number"<br />
and to reproduce the spectrum for high levels, using even<br />
the convergent versions of the trace formu<strong>la</strong> that are now<br />
avai<strong>la</strong>ble, requires an exponentially <strong>la</strong>rge number of periodic<br />
orbits. This is a gross <strong>de</strong>gree of redundancy unacceptable<br />
to anybody who appreciates the spectacu<strong>la</strong>r power<br />
of asymptotics elsewhere. Martin's old i<strong>de</strong>as continue to<br />
challenge us.<br />
A few years ago, I refereed an application for research funding<br />
for a German-British col<strong>la</strong>boration. This required me to<br />
comment on the applicants' "timetable for research" and<br />
their "list of <strong>de</strong>liverables". I wrote "In science there are no<br />
<strong>de</strong>liverables; researches are not potatoes". Martin Gutzwiller<br />
ignored these toxic fashions. What makes him so attractive<br />
as a scientist is that he refuses to follow any fashion;<br />
instead, he generates i<strong>de</strong>as that become the fashion.<br />
References<br />
[1] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1967, The Phase Integral Approximation in<br />
Momentum Space and the Bound States of an Atom J. Math.<br />
Phys. 8, 1979-2000<br />
[2] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1969, The Phase Integral Approximation in<br />
Momentum Space and the Bound States of an Atom II J. Math.<br />
Phys. 10, 1004-1020<br />
[3] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1970, The Energy Spectrum According to<br />
C<strong>la</strong>ssical Mechanics J. Math. Phys. 11, 1791-1806<br />
[4] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1971, Periodic orbits and c<strong>la</strong>ssical quantization<br />
conditions J. Math. Phys. 12, 343-358<br />
[5] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1973, The Anistropic Kepler Problem in Two<br />
Dimensions J. Math. Phys. 14, 139-152<br />
[6] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1983, Stochastic behavior in quantum scattering<br />
Physica D 7, 341-355<br />
Martin Gutzwiller and his wave function<br />
37<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
[7] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1982, The Quantization of a C<strong>la</strong>ssically Ergodic<br />
System Physica D 5, 183-207<br />
[8] Gutzwiller, M. C.,1977, Bernoulli Sequences and Trajectories in<br />
the Anisotropic Kepler Problem J. Math. Phys. 18, 806-823<br />
[9] Berry, M. V. & Keating, J. P.,1992, A new approximation for<br />
zeta(1/2 +it) and quantum spectral <strong>de</strong>terminants Proc. Roy. Soc.<br />
Lond. A437, 151-173<br />
[10] Keating, J. P. & Sieber, M.,1994, Calcu<strong>la</strong>tion of spectral <strong>de</strong>terminants<br />
Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A447, 413-437<br />
Dionys Baeriswyl, Département <strong>de</strong> physique, Université <strong>de</strong> Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg<br />
Werner Weber, Fakultät Physik, Universität Dortmund, DE-44221 Dortmund<br />
Gutzwiller's work on corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons is mostly concentrated<br />
in three papers, written in the time span 1962<br />
to 1964 [1, 2, 3]. A short fourth paper was published a few<br />
years <strong>la</strong>ter [4]. In essence, Gutzwiller introduced a variational<br />
ansatz, where charge fluctuations are reduced as compared<br />
to Hartree-Fock theory, thus quantifying Van Vleck's<br />
qualitative i<strong>de</strong>a of minimum po<strong>la</strong>rity [5].<br />
Historically, electronic corre<strong>la</strong>tions were first studied for the<br />
homogeneous electron gas, much less for electrons in narrow<br />
bands such as d-electrons in transition metals. A noticeable<br />
exception was An<strong>de</strong>rson's paper on the kinetic origin<br />
of antiferromagnetism in transition metal compounds,<br />
where a localized basis of Wannier functions was used [6].<br />
In the same spirit, Gutzwiller wrote down the Hamiltonian<br />
After graduating from<br />
Exeter and St Andrews,<br />
Michael Berry entered<br />
Bristol University, where<br />
he has been for consi<strong>de</strong>rably<br />
longer than he has<br />
not. He is a physicist, focusing<br />
on the physics of<br />
the mathematics…of the<br />
physics. Applications inclu<strong>de</strong><br />
the geometry of<br />
singu<strong>la</strong>rities (caustics on<br />
<strong>la</strong>rge scales, vortices on<br />
fine scales) in optics and<br />
other waves, the connection<br />
between c<strong>la</strong>ssical and quantum physics, and the<br />
physical asymptotics of divergent series. He <strong>de</strong>lights<br />
in finding the arcane in the mundane – abstract and<br />
subtle concepts in familiar or dramatic phenomena:<br />
- Singu<strong>la</strong>rities of smooth gradient maps in rainbows<br />
and tsunamis;<br />
- The Lap<strong>la</strong>ce operator in oriental magic mirrors;<br />
- Elliptic integrals in the po<strong>la</strong>rization pattern of the<br />
clear blue sky;<br />
- Geometry of twists and turns in quantum indistinguishability;<br />
- Matrix <strong>de</strong>generacies in overhead-projector transparencies;<br />
- Gauss sums in the light beyond a humble diffraction<br />
grating.<br />
/ /<br />
@ @<br />
H =- t ( c ivc<br />
jv + c jvc iv) + U n i - n i . ( 1)<br />
i, j<br />
where the first term <strong>de</strong>scribes electron hopping between<br />
@<br />
the neighboring sites of a <strong>la</strong>ttice (c iv<br />
and c iv are, respectively,<br />
creation and annihi<strong>la</strong>tion operators for electrons at<br />
site i with spin s) and the second term is the interaction,<br />
which acts only if two electrons meet on the same site<br />
(n i = c i c i<br />
@<br />
v v v). Quantum chemists had previously used a<br />
simi<strong>la</strong>r mo<strong>de</strong>l for p-electrons in conjugated polymers, but<br />
they had inclu<strong>de</strong>d the long-range part of the Coulomb interaction.<br />
Curiously, shortly after Gutzwiller's first paper on the<br />
subject, two publications appeared where the same Hamiltonian<br />
(1) is treated, but without reference to Gutzwiller's<br />
work, one by Hubbard [7], the other by Kanamori [8]. One<br />
i
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
has to conclu<strong>de</strong> that the three papers [1, 7, 8] were written<br />
completely in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntly and that the Hamiltonien (1), now<br />
universally referred to as Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l, was in the air,<br />
especially for investigating the problem of corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons<br />
in transition metals.<br />
In contrast to Gutzwiller, who did not care too much about<br />
the justification of the mo<strong>de</strong>l, Hubbard estimated the different<br />
Coulomb matrix elements between localized d wave<br />
functions, and he also exp<strong>la</strong>ined how in transition metals<br />
with partly filled 3d shells and a partly filled 4s shell the selectrons<br />
can effectively screen the Coulomb interactions<br />
between d-electrons. The fact, pointed out by Gutzwiller<br />
[3], that the three authors, himself, Hubbard and Kanamori,<br />
obtained qualitatively different results, shows that, <strong>de</strong>spite<br />
of its formal simplicity, the mo<strong>de</strong>l was – and still is – very<br />
challenging.<br />
Gutzwiller's main contributions to the field of corre<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
electrons are his ansatz for the ground state of the Hubbard<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l and his ingenious way of handling this wave function.<br />
He starts from the ground state W 0 of the hopping term,<br />
the filled Fermi sea. This would just yield the Hartree-Fock<br />
approximation, which treats neutral and "po<strong>la</strong>r" configurations<br />
on the same footing. Thus he adds a projector term,<br />
now called corre<strong>la</strong>tor, that reduces charge fluctuations. His<br />
ansatz reads<br />
%<br />
W = 61 - ^1 - hhn<br />
i - n i . @ W0<br />
( 2)<br />
or, written in a different way,<br />
i<br />
gD<br />
W = e W0<br />
( 3)<br />
- t<br />
where Dt = / n i - n i . is the number of doubly occupied sites<br />
i<br />
and g is re<strong>la</strong>ted to Gutzwiller’s parameter � by � = e -g .<br />
The problem of evaluating the ground state energy<br />
E6W@<br />
=<br />
W Ht<br />
W<br />
W W<br />
( 4)<br />
for this trial state still represents a formidable task. Exact<br />
results were only obtained in one dimension [9, 10]. For other<br />
dimensions, Variational Monte Carlo (VMC), pioneered<br />
for the Gutzwiller ansatz by Horsch and Kap<strong>la</strong>n [11], has<br />
been wi<strong>de</strong>ly used in recent years [12].<br />
Gutzwiller himself proposed an approximate way of evaluating<br />
Eq. (4) [3]. His procedure, known as "Gutzwiller approximation",<br />
involves two steps [13]. In a first step, the<br />
expectation value is factorized with respect to spin. In a<br />
second step, the remaining expectation values are assumed<br />
to be configuration-in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt. This leads to a<br />
purely combinatorial problem. In the limit of infinite dimensions,<br />
the Gutzwiller approximation represents the exact<br />
solution for the Gutzwiller ansatz, as shown by Metzner and<br />
Vollhardt [14, 10]. This interesting result marked the beginning<br />
of a new era in the theory of corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons, that<br />
of the Dynamical Mean-Field Theory [15].<br />
The result of the Gutzwiller approximation can be represented<br />
in terms of a renormalized hopping, t " gt. For U " ∞,<br />
38<br />
g <strong>de</strong>pends on the electron <strong>de</strong>nsity n as g = (1 - n)/(1 - n/2).<br />
Therefore, when approaching half filling (n " 1), the electron<br />
motion is completely suppressed, and the system is<br />
a Mott insu<strong>la</strong>tor. Brinkman and Rice noticed that within the<br />
Gutzwiller approximation the jamming of electrons (for n =<br />
1) occurs at a <strong>la</strong>rge but finite value of U and is signaled by<br />
the vanishing of double occupancy [16]. They associated<br />
the critical point with the Mott metal-insu<strong>la</strong>tor transition.<br />
However, a closer scrutiny shows that this conclusion is<br />
an artifact of the Gutzwiller approximation. In<strong>de</strong>ed, for an<br />
exact treatment of the Gutzwiller ansatz (and finite <strong>la</strong>ttice<br />
dimensions) double occupancy remains finite for all finite<br />
values of U. Moreover, the Gutzwiller ansatz itself is of limited<br />
validity for <strong>la</strong>rge values of U, as seen clearly by comparing<br />
it with the exact solution in one dimension.<br />
Nevertheless, a Mott transition does occur for the Hubbard<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l, but in the sense of a topological transition from a<br />
phase with finite Dru<strong>de</strong> weight for small values of U to one<br />
with vanishing Dru<strong>de</strong> weight at <strong>la</strong>rge U, in agreement with<br />
Kohn’s distinction between metals and insu<strong>la</strong>tors [17]. To<br />
show this in a variational framework 1 , we have used a pair<br />
of trial ground states [18], the Gutzwiller wave function W<br />
together with the "inverted" ansatz<br />
-hTt<br />
Wl = e W3<br />
( 5)<br />
where Tt @ @<br />
= / ( c ivc<br />
jv + c jvc jv)<br />
is the hopping operator, W3<br />
i, j<br />
is the ground state for U " ∞ and h is a variational param-<br />
eter. One readily shows that W has a finite Dru<strong>de</strong> weight<br />
and lower energy for small U, while the Dru<strong>de</strong> weight vanishes<br />
for Wl , which is preferred for <strong>la</strong>rge U. A metal-insu<strong>la</strong>tor<br />
transition occurs for a value of U of the or<strong>de</strong>r of the<br />
band width, in good agreement with Quantum Monte Carlo<br />
results.<br />
So far, we have assumed the Gutzwiller ansatz to be "adiabatically"<br />
linked to the filled Fermi sea W 0 , which is the<br />
main reason for the metallic character of W . However, if<br />
we allow for a broken symmetry within W 0 , we may find a<br />
competing ground state with qualitatively different properties.<br />
For instance, allowing for different magnetic moments<br />
on the two sub<strong>la</strong>ttices of a bi-partite <strong>la</strong>ttice, one can obtain<br />
an antiferromagnetic insu<strong>la</strong>tor already below the Mott transition,<br />
i.e., before electrons are essentially localized. This is<br />
in<strong>de</strong>ed found for the square <strong>la</strong>ttice (n = 1), where the Mott<br />
transition is rep<strong>la</strong>ced by a smooth crossover from a band<br />
(or "S<strong>la</strong>ter" [19]) insu<strong>la</strong>tor with small alternating magnetic<br />
moments at small U to a (Heisenberg) antiferromagnetic<br />
insu<strong>la</strong>tor with fully <strong>de</strong>veloped local moments at <strong>la</strong>rge U.<br />
Interestingly, this is not the case for the honeycomb <strong>la</strong>ttice,<br />
where antiferromagnetism sets in essentially together<br />
with the Mott transition [20], although the <strong>de</strong>tailed behavior<br />
close to the transition appears to be more complicated –<br />
and quite intriguing [21].<br />
As a second example of a broken symmetry we mention<br />
bond alternation in conjugated polymers, or, more precisely,<br />
the fate of the Peierls instability in the presence of Coulomb<br />
interaction. Eric Jeckelmann, during his Ph.D. thesis,<br />
1 From this point on, we will concentrate mostly on our own work, with<br />
apologies to other authors.
studied the one-dimensional Peierls-Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l where<br />
the bond length <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nce of the hopping amplitu<strong>de</strong> t<br />
provi<strong>de</strong>s a coupling between the electrons and the <strong>la</strong>ttice<br />
[22]. He used the Gutzwiller ansatz but ad<strong>de</strong>d both the<br />
electronic gap and the <strong>la</strong>ttice dimerization as variational<br />
parameters. The result for the dimerization D, as a function<br />
of U and for fixed electron-<strong>la</strong>ttice couplings �, is shown in<br />
Fig. 1. In contrast to Unrestricted Hartree-Fock, where the<br />
Peierls insu<strong>la</strong>tor is rapidly rep<strong>la</strong>ced by a spin-<strong>de</strong>nsity wave<br />
(a S<strong>la</strong>ter insu<strong>la</strong>tor), the dimerization is found to remain finite<br />
for all values of U. It even increases initially, as discovered<br />
long before this work [23], and exhibits a maximum for U<br />
≈ 4t, where a crossover to spin-Peierls behavior occurs.<br />
These variational results are in good agreement with subsequent<br />
calcu<strong>la</strong>tions using the Density Matrix Renormalization<br />
Group.<br />
Δ / ( 2 t )<br />
0.20<br />
0.15<br />
0.10<br />
0.05<br />
0.00<br />
0<br />
2<br />
U / t<br />
Figure 1: Dimerization in the Hubbard-Peierls mo<strong>de</strong>l. Circles:<br />
VMC, full lines: analytical small U expansion, broken lines: Unrestricted<br />
Hartree-Fock.<br />
As a third example we discuss results of the Ph. D. thesis of<br />
David Eichenberger [24], who studied the Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
on a square <strong>la</strong>ttice, using the modified Gutzwiller ansatz<br />
t t<br />
hT gD<br />
W = e e W0<br />
( 6)<br />
- -<br />
The additional factor e hT - t<br />
leads to a substantial improvement<br />
of the ground state energy and provi<strong>de</strong>s a kinetic exchange.<br />
We were particu<strong>la</strong>rly interested in the possibility<br />
of a superconducting ground state with d-wave symmetry,<br />
taken into account in the reference state W 0 . Fig. 2 shows<br />
the VMC result for the superconducting or<strong>de</strong>r parameter<br />
for the Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l on an 8×8 square <strong>la</strong>ttice with both<br />
nearest (t) and next-nearest neighbor hoppings (t') and a<br />
realistic Hubbard parameter U = 8t. Our results agree very<br />
well with other studies using completely different methods.<br />
We turn now to the problem of itinerant ferromagnetism,<br />
which has been the main motivation for Gutzwiller (and<br />
for Hubbard and Kanamori as well) to study the Hamiltonian<br />
(1). The most simple trial state is the ground state of<br />
an effective single-particle mo<strong>de</strong>l where the bands for up<br />
and down spins are shifted re<strong>la</strong>tive to each other. The "exchange<br />
splitting" is then <strong>de</strong>termined by minimizing the total<br />
energy. This leads to the Stoner criterion, according to<br />
4<br />
λ = 0.2<br />
λ = 0.1<br />
6<br />
8<br />
39<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Figure 2: Superconducting or<strong>de</strong>r parameter as a function of doping<br />
for the Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l on the square <strong>la</strong>ttice.<br />
which ferromagnetism occurs if U�(e F ) > 1, where �(e F ) is the<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity of states per spin at the Fermi energy. Already in<br />
1953 Van Vleck argued that the Stoner theory could not be<br />
the whole story, but that electronic corre<strong>la</strong>tions had to be<br />
taken into account. Gutzwiller’s scheme is well suited for<br />
doing that. The results obtained in this way still leave space<br />
for ferromagnetism, but the stability region in parameter<br />
space is strongly reduced as compared to that of Stoner’s<br />
theory [25]. In fact, the necessary U values are so <strong>la</strong>rge that<br />
one has to conclu<strong>de</strong> that the single-orbital Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
is not a<strong>de</strong>quate for <strong>de</strong>scribing the ferromagnetism of transition<br />
metals.<br />
There is another more fundamental reason why the singleband<br />
Hubbard mo<strong>de</strong>l cannot be taken too seriously for<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribing transition metals. These materials are characterized<br />
by narrow partly filled 3d-bands located within a<br />
broad s-band and over<strong>la</strong>pping with even broa<strong>de</strong>r p bands,<br />
and therefore it is far from obvious how a one-band mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
should be able to <strong>de</strong>scribe their magnetic properties. This<br />
problem must have been clear to Gutzwiller, who used the<br />
smart title "Corre<strong>la</strong>tion of Electrons in a Narrow s Band" for<br />
one of his papers [3]. Notwithstanding this loophole, a realistic<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l should add uncorre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons representing<br />
the s-band to the corre<strong>la</strong>ted electrons of the d-band. The<br />
Periodic An<strong>de</strong>rson Mo<strong>de</strong>l is a first step in this direction, it<br />
admits two orbitals at each site, one of which is localized<br />
and corre<strong>la</strong>ted through an on-site interaction, the other is<br />
<strong>de</strong>localized and uncorre<strong>la</strong>ted. The two bands are hybridized.<br />
Using a generalized Gutzwiller ansatz together with a<br />
corresponding Gutzwiller approximation, one finds not only<br />
the usual renormalization of the corre<strong>la</strong>ted band by a factor<br />
g, but also a renormalization of the hybridization by √g [26,<br />
27].<br />
The next step is to treat two or more corre<strong>la</strong>ted orbitals at<br />
a site. Here, Jörg Bünemann in his Ph.D. thesis has contributed<br />
a great <strong>de</strong>al to generalize the Gutzwiller formalism<br />
[28]. The generalization leads to an enormous expansion of<br />
the Gutzwiller wave function, as many additional corre<strong>la</strong>tors<br />
have to be introduced. The relevant local multi-electron<br />
configurations can be represented by the eigenstates of an<br />
atomic Hamiltonian, which reproduces the atomic multiplet<br />
spectrum of the partly filled 3d shell. This extension also
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
leads to a rapid increase of the number of variational parameters<br />
in the Gutzwiller wave function. If the number of<br />
different orbitals is N (N can be as <strong>la</strong>rge as 5 for an open<br />
d shell), the number of in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt variational parameters<br />
can reach 2 2N - 2N - 1, which may be of the or<strong>de</strong>r of 1000<br />
[28]. The variational parameters represent the occupancies<br />
of all possible multiplet states. At the first instance,<br />
the atomic multiplet spectrum is governed by three S<strong>la</strong>ter-<br />
Condon or Racah integrals, when spherical symmetry is assumed<br />
for the atoms. Yet, the site symmetry in a crystal is<br />
lower than spherical. Incorporation of the correct site symmetry<br />
results in many further modifications and extensions<br />
of the method.<br />
The multi-band Gutzwiller method allows the investigation<br />
of 3d transition metals and compounds on a quantitative<br />
basis. An ab initio single-particle Hamiltonian can be constructed<br />
using Density-Functional Theory (DFT). The simplest<br />
way to incorporate DFT results is to extract a tightbinding<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l by fitting the hopping amplitu<strong>de</strong>s to the DFT<br />
bands, but more e<strong>la</strong>borate methods are avai<strong>la</strong>ble, such as<br />
down-folding the DFT bands to a reduced Wannier basis<br />
[29]. We have carried out various studies on magnetic 3d<br />
elements and on compounds of 3d elements. One paper<br />
<strong>de</strong>alt with the Fermi surface of ferromagnetic Ni. DFT predicts<br />
a hole ellipsoid around the X point of the Brillouin<br />
zone, which is missing in the data. The multi-band Gutzwiller<br />
method was based on a one-particle Hamiltonian <strong>de</strong>rived<br />
from paramagnetic DFT bands for Ni including wi<strong>de</strong><br />
4s and 4p bands.<br />
Using typical interaction parameters for Ni, our calcu<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
reproduced the observed Fermi surface topology [30].<br />
Another paper <strong>de</strong>alt with the magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnetic<br />
Ni [31]. Here again, pure DFT results did not yield<br />
the correct answers, while the Gutzwiller method gave very<br />
good agreement with experiment. In all cases, the renormalization<br />
parameters g have been found to be of the or<strong>de</strong>r<br />
of 0.7, indicating mo<strong>de</strong>rately strong corre<strong>la</strong>tion effects.<br />
Finally we mention the issue of metallic anti-ferromagnetism<br />
in iron pnicti<strong>de</strong>s, a new c<strong>la</strong>ss of high-temperature superconductors.<br />
Our calcu<strong>la</strong>tions were based on down-fol<strong>de</strong>d<br />
DFT bands. The results indicate also in this case mo<strong>de</strong>rately<br />
strong corre<strong>la</strong>tions. The atomic magnetic moments were<br />
found to agree well with experiment, in contrast to the DFT<br />
results and also to mo<strong>de</strong>l calcu<strong>la</strong>tions [32].<br />
The examples mentioned above <strong>de</strong>monstrate that Gutzwiller's<br />
simple ansatz evolved into a powerful tool for <strong>de</strong>aling<br />
with corre<strong>la</strong>ted electron systems. The method has recently<br />
also been applied successfully to cold bosonic atoms in an<br />
optical <strong>la</strong>ttice. At the age of 50, Gutzwiller’s wave function<br />
in its extensions remains competitive for <strong>de</strong>scribing corre<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
states of matter.<br />
References<br />
[1] M. C. Gutzwiller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 10, 169 (1963).<br />
[2] M. C. Gutzwiller, Phys. Rev. 134, A923 (1964).<br />
[3] M. C. Gutzwiller, Phys. Rev. 137, A1726 (1965).<br />
[4] K. A. Chao and M. C. Gutzwiller, J. Appl. Phys. 42, 1420 (1971).<br />
[5] J. H. van Vleck, Rev. Mod. Phys. 25, 220 (1953).<br />
40<br />
[6] P. W. An<strong>de</strong>rson, Phys. Rev. 115, 2 (1959).<br />
[7] J. Hubbard, Proc. Roy. Soc. A276, 238 (1963).<br />
[8] J. Kanamori, Prog. Theor. Phys. 30, 275 (1963).<br />
[9] W. Metzner and D. Vollhardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 121 (1987); F.<br />
Gebhard and D. Vollhardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1472 (1987).<br />
[10] For a review see F. Gebhard, The Mott Metal-Insu<strong>la</strong>tor Transition:<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>ls and Methods, Springer 1997.<br />
[11] P. Horsch and T. A. Kap<strong>la</strong>n, J. Phys. C 16, L1203 (1983).<br />
[12] For a recent review of the method for the fully projected Gutzwiller<br />
wave function (g " ∞) see B. E<strong>de</strong>gger, V. N. Muthukumar and<br />
C. Gros, Adv. Phys. 56, 927 (2007).<br />
[13] For a clear presentation see P. Ful<strong>de</strong>, Electron Corre<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
in Molecules and Solids, Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences<br />
100 (1990).<br />
[14] W. Metzner and D. Vollhardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 324 (1989).<br />
[15] For an early review see A. Georges, G. Kotliar, W. Krauth and<br />
M. J. Rozenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 68, 13 (1996).<br />
[16] W. Brinkman and T. M. Rice, Phys. Rev. B 2, 4302 (1970).<br />
[17] W. Kohn, Phys. Rev. 133, A171 (1964).<br />
[18] L. M. Martelo, M. Dzierzawa and D. Baeriswyl, Z. Phys. B 103,<br />
335 (1997).<br />
[19] J. C. S<strong>la</strong>ter, Phys. Rev. 82, 538 (1951).<br />
[20] M. Dzierzawa, D. Baeriswyl and L. M. Martelo, Helv. Phys.<br />
Acta 70, 124 (1997); for a review see D. Baeriswyl, Found. Phys.<br />
30, 2033 (2000).<br />
[21] Z. Y. Meng, T. C. Lang, S. Wessel, F. F. Assaad and A. Muramatsu,<br />
Nature 464, 847 (2010).<br />
[22] E. Jeckelmann, Ph D. thesis, University of Fribourg (1995); E.<br />
Jeckelmann and D. Baeriswyl, Synth. Met. 65, 211 (1994).<br />
[23] P. Horsch, Phys. Rev. B 24, 7351 (1981); D. Baeriswyl and K.<br />
Maki, Phys. Rev. B 31, 6633 (1985).<br />
[24] D. Eichenberger, Ph. D. thesis, University of Fribourg (2008);<br />
D. Baeriswyl, D. Eichenberger and M. Menteshashvili, New J.<br />
Phys. 11, 075010 (2009).<br />
[25] P. Fazekas, Electron Corre<strong>la</strong>tion and Magnetism, World Scientific<br />
1999.<br />
[26] T. M. Rice and K. Ueda, Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 995 (1985).<br />
[27] C. M. Varma, W. Weber and L. J. Randall, Phys. Rev. B 33,<br />
1015 (1986).<br />
[28] J. Bünemann, Ph. D. thesis, University of Dortmund (1998);<br />
J. Bünemann, W. Weber and F. Gebhard, Phys. Rev. B 57, 6896<br />
(1998).<br />
[29] For a recent review see O. K. An<strong>de</strong>rsen and L. Boeri, Ann.<br />
Phys. (Berlin) 523, 8 (2011).<br />
[30] J. Bünemann et al., Europhys. Lett. 61, 667 (2003).<br />
[31] J. Bünemann, F. Gebhard, T. Ohm, S. Weiser and W. Weber,<br />
Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 236404 (2008).<br />
[32] T. Schickling et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 036406 (2012).<br />
Werner Weber received his PhD from the TU Munich<br />
in 1972. He worked first at a variety of research institutions,<br />
at the MPI for Solid State Research in Stuttgart,<br />
at the Research Center in Karlsruhe (now K.I.T.), at<br />
Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill. He then became a faculty<br />
member at the TU Dortmund, where he retired in<br />
2010. His research area is theoretical solid state physics,<br />
with main emphasis on materials science theory.<br />
He assumed many duties in university self-administration,<br />
even presently. In the spirit of Martin Gutzwiller,<br />
he recently changed his field of interest to activities in<br />
climate research, including applications.
Physik und Gesellschaft<br />
"Lead-User-Workshops" für effizientes<br />
Innovations- & Produktvariantenmanagement<br />
Industriephysiker in Managementfunktion<br />
Physiker sind in <strong>de</strong>r Industrie nicht nur in Forschung und<br />
Entwicklung tätig, son<strong>de</strong>rn auch als Produktmanager. In<br />
dieser Funktion müssen sie sich um drei Fragen kümmern:<br />
a) wie leistungsstark und erprobt sind die <strong>de</strong>m Produkt und<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Herstellprozess zugrun<strong>de</strong> liegen<strong>de</strong>n Technologien, b)<br />
wie gut <strong>de</strong>ckt das Produkt heutige und zukünftige Kun<strong>de</strong>nanwendungen<br />
ab und c) wie wird es sich am Markt behaupten?<br />
Um <strong>de</strong>n wirtschaftlichen Erfolg <strong>de</strong>s Produkts zu<br />
sichern, müssen alle drei Fragen kohärent, also im Kontext<br />
positiv beantwortet sein. Die Abhängigkeit <strong>de</strong>r Fragestellungen<br />
voneinan<strong>de</strong>r spiegelt sich zum Beispiel bei <strong>de</strong>r Festlegung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Produktkonzepts wi<strong>de</strong>r: einerseits möchte man<br />
ein entsprechend grosses Angebot an Produktvarianten,<br />
um ein möglichst breites Kun<strong>de</strong>nspektrum abzu<strong>de</strong>cken;<br />
an<strong>de</strong>rseits erfor<strong>de</strong>rn die für <strong>de</strong>n Markterfolg zu minimieren<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Herstell- und Vertriebskosten die Beschränkung auf<br />
nur wenige Varianten. Selbst wenn man <strong>de</strong>n Wi<strong>de</strong>rspruch<br />
dadurch löst, dass man die Produkte baukastenmässig aus<br />
Modulen aufbaut, bleibt <strong>de</strong>nnoch die Frage b) zu beantworten,<br />
ob sich damit auch alle gewünschten Kun<strong>de</strong>napplikationen<br />
erfüllen <strong>la</strong>ssen?<br />
Man sieht, dass die drei Fragestellungen ein profun<strong>de</strong>s<br />
Verständnis <strong>de</strong>r technisch-kommerziellen Abhängigkeiten<br />
erfor<strong>de</strong>rn, beson<strong>de</strong>rs, wenn neue Technologien ins Spiel<br />
ge<strong>la</strong>ngen. Während die Marktaspekte von Marketingleuten<br />
abge<strong>de</strong>ckt wer<strong>de</strong>n können, muss die Schnittstelle <strong>de</strong>r Applikationen<br />
gemeinsam von Marketing und F&E bearbeitet<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n. Sollte sich das angesprochene Modu<strong>la</strong>rkonzept<br />
dann als geeignet und machbar erweisen, ist es Aufgabe<br />
<strong>de</strong>r F&E - Wissenschaftler, die Funktionalität und die Struktur<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Module festzulegen. Nur wie lässt sich in diesem<br />
iterativen und mit vielen Fragezeichen versehenen Prozess<br />
mehr Gewissheit über das richtige Vorgehen gewinnen?<br />
Ein sehr leistungsstarkes Werkzeug dazu sind sogenannte<br />
Lead-User-Workshops, wo man als Produkthersteller mit<br />
Repräsentanten wichtiger Kun<strong>de</strong>n gemeinsam herauszufin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
versucht, welche neuen Anwendungen durch <strong>de</strong>n Einsatz<br />
kommen<strong>de</strong>r Technologien <strong>de</strong>nkbar wären, und welche<br />
Produktvarianten dazu infrage kämen? Der Meinungsaustausch<br />
geschieht im gegenseitigen Interesse, da danach<br />
bei<strong>de</strong> Seiten die Folgen anstehen<strong>de</strong>r Entschei<strong>de</strong> besser<br />
einzuschätzen vermögen. Bevor im Folgen<strong>de</strong>n auf die Gestaltung<br />
eines solchen Workshops eingegangen wird, sei<br />
am Beispiel <strong>de</strong>r Optikindustrie illustriert, dass Veranstaltungen<br />
dieser Art zur Bildung von auch in Krisensituationen<br />
be<strong>la</strong>stbaren Interessengemeinschaften (Communities) führen<br />
können.<br />
Bernhard Braunecker und Richard Wenk<br />
41<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Alpha-Beziehungen von Physikern zwischen Firmen<br />
Unter diesem Begriff sei verstan<strong>de</strong>n, wenn die Geschäftsbeziehung<br />
zweier Firmen über das übliche Kun<strong>de</strong>n/Lieferantenverhältnis<br />
hinausgeht, wenn also bei<strong>de</strong>r Primärinteressen<br />
strategisch in die gleiche Richtung zielen. Als<br />
k<strong>la</strong>ssisches Beispiel gilt das in <strong>de</strong>r Optikindustrie enge<br />
Verhältnis zu <strong>de</strong>n G<strong>la</strong>sherstellern, <strong>de</strong>ren beste Lieferqualität<br />
gera<strong>de</strong> gut genug ist für hochwertige Optiksysteme.<br />
Beson<strong>de</strong>rs wichtig war und ist <strong>de</strong>r Kontakt zwischen <strong>de</strong>n<br />
Optikentwicklern im <strong>de</strong>utschsprachigen Raum und <strong>de</strong>n<br />
G<strong>la</strong>sexperten von Schott in Mainz, um die hohen Qualitätsansprüche<br />
ans G<strong>la</strong>s, aber auch die Komplexität <strong>de</strong>r G<strong>la</strong>sproduktion<br />
jeweils <strong>de</strong>r an<strong>de</strong>ren Seite verständlich zu machen.<br />
Dazu organisiert Schott seit Jahrzehnten regelmässig<br />
sogenannte "Designer"-Treffen, zu <strong>de</strong>nen die gesamte Optikindustrie<br />
ihre Wissenschaftler schickt, um Probleme und<br />
Anregungen zu artikulieren.<br />
Als Folge dieser Treffen bil<strong>de</strong>te sich unter <strong>de</strong>n Optikentwicklern<br />
eine Gemeinschaft über Firmengrenzen hinaus<br />
und bei vielen Kollegen zusätzlich auch ein enges Verhältnis<br />
zu <strong>de</strong>n G<strong>la</strong>sproduktionsleuten, das sich zur Lösung von<br />
Problemfällen in <strong>de</strong>r täglichen Praxis als vorteilhaft erweist.<br />
Als vor einigen Jahren japanische G<strong>la</strong>sherstellern überraschend<br />
"bleifreie" Gläser am Markt <strong>la</strong>ncierten, konnte<br />
Schott unter Mithilfe <strong>de</strong>r Experten aller grosser Optikfirmen<br />
im <strong>de</strong>utschsprachigen Raum rasch und gezielt auf die neue<br />
Situation reagieren. Diese "Alpha-Beziehungen" sind daher<br />
für bei<strong>de</strong> Seiten ein wirksames Mittel <strong>de</strong>r Risikominimierung<br />
(risk mitigation), sowohl in technischen Be<strong>la</strong>ngen, wie<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r strategischen Ausrichtung.<br />
Konzept eines "Lead-User-Workshops"<br />
Im Folgen<strong>de</strong>n wird die Vorgehensweise beschrieben, wie<br />
vor einigen Jahren bei Leica Geosystems in Heerbrugg ein<br />
Lead-User-Workshop zum anstehen<strong>de</strong>n Thema <strong>de</strong>r Digitalisierung<br />
von Vermessungsgeräten organisiert wur<strong>de</strong>. Dazu<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n 15 Experten aus aller Welt aus <strong>de</strong>n Bereichen <strong>de</strong>r<br />
amtlichen Lan<strong>de</strong>svermessung, <strong>de</strong>r Industrie, <strong>de</strong>m Bauwesen<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r Denkmalpflege (cultural heritage) einge<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Das Ziel war, internes Technologie-Knowhow mit <strong>de</strong>m Applikations-Knowhow<br />
<strong>de</strong>r externen Experten zu kombinieren.<br />
Im Vorfeld <strong>de</strong>s WS wur<strong>de</strong>n verschie<strong>de</strong>ne, für Leica interessante<br />
Applikationsfel<strong>de</strong>r (total 6) <strong>de</strong>finiert, die dann am<br />
WS vorgestellt und bearbeitet wer<strong>de</strong>n sollten. Dabei sollten<br />
die externen Experten nach Kenntnis <strong>de</strong>r neuen Technologieansätze<br />
sich nicht nur mit <strong>de</strong>n möglichen Folgen für<br />
ihr eigenes Arbeitsgebiet auseinan<strong>de</strong>rsetzen, son<strong>de</strong>rn auch<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m ihrer Kollegen. Das sollte wichtige Argumente für<br />
die erwähnte Modu<strong>la</strong>risierung liefern.
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Auswahl <strong>de</strong>r externen Teilnehmer<br />
Die Auswahl <strong>de</strong>r Experten ist die wichtigste Aufgabe, die<br />
von <strong>de</strong>n Marketing- und Vertriebsleuten, gemeinsam mit<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Aus<strong>la</strong>ndsvertretern, vorgenommen wer<strong>de</strong>n muss. Als<br />
Kriterien gelten, dass zu <strong>de</strong>n Personen ein <strong>la</strong>ngjähriges<br />
Vertrauensverhältnis besteht, dass sie als Entscheidungsträger<br />
mit technischem Hintergrund noch Kenntnis <strong>de</strong>r Abläufe<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r täglichen Praxis haben, und dass sie offen für<br />
Neues sind.<br />
• In unserem Falle waren die Experten in folgen<strong>de</strong>n Organisationen<br />
tätig:<br />
a) Fünf Ingenieurbüros und KMUs mit Fokus auf Architektur,<br />
Katastervermessung, Hoch-/Tiefbau, Tunnelbau,<br />
b) fünf Institutionen (Universitäten, Behör<strong>de</strong>n, Ämter für<br />
Denkmalpflege), und c) fünf "Big p<strong>la</strong>yers" (Shell Oil, British<br />
Rail, CERN & US-Freeway companies).<br />
• Sie kamen aus vier Regionen, logarithmisch gewichtet:<br />
Figur 1: Teilnehmer eines Lead User Workshops<br />
bei Leica Geosystems<br />
42<br />
a) Schweiz, b) Deutsch<strong>la</strong>nd / Österreich, c) Europa, d)<br />
USA,<br />
• Und sie <strong>de</strong>ckten folgen<strong>de</strong> Applikationsfel<strong>de</strong>r ab:<br />
a) Traditionelle Märkte, b) Nischenmärkte mit Wachstumspotential,<br />
c) Neue Märkte.<br />
Gruppeneinteilung<br />
Es wur<strong>de</strong>n drei Arbeitsgruppen mit jeweils fünf externen<br />
Experten gebil<strong>de</strong>t, wobei in je<strong>de</strong>r Gruppe alle vier Regionen<br />
vertreten waren. Je<strong>de</strong>r Gruppe wird zugeteilt ein Mo<strong>de</strong>rator,<br />
sowie ein Produktmanager aus Marketing und ein<br />
technischer Berater aus F&E, die nur bei Klärungsbedarf<br />
eingreifen sollten.<br />
Ab<strong>la</strong>uf <strong>de</strong>r Veranstaltung<br />
Die Teilnehmer in <strong>de</strong>n 3 Gruppen mussten jeweils zwei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Applikationsfel<strong>de</strong>r wie folgt bearbeiten:<br />
Schritt 1: Erarbeiten von speziellen Messabläufen (User<br />
Workflow) in <strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>finierten Applikationsfel<strong>de</strong>rn.<br />
Schritt 2: I<strong>de</strong>ntifizieren von Problemen und <strong>de</strong>ren Lösung,<br />
um <strong>de</strong>n Messab<strong>la</strong>uf wesentlich zu vereinfachen und zu verkürzen.<br />
Schritt 3: I<strong>de</strong>ntifizieren von Kun<strong>de</strong>nanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen für zukünftige<br />
Messsysteme.<br />
Schritt 4: Erarbeiten von Konzeptvorschlägen für zukünftige<br />
Messsysteme.<br />
Der Workshop (Figur 1) wur<strong>de</strong> dreiteilig angelegt:<br />
• Im Teil 1 schil<strong>de</strong>rte je<strong>de</strong>r Teilnehmer typische Abläufe<br />
seiner täglichen Arbeit und verwies auf Probleme und<br />
Verbesserungswünsche (Schritte 1 & 2). Damit gewann<br />
je<strong>de</strong>s Gruppenmitglied Kenntnis über die Tätigkeiten<br />
<strong>de</strong>r An<strong>de</strong>ren. Nach <strong>de</strong>r Gruppenarbeit präsentierte <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Mo<strong>de</strong>rator im Plenum vor allen Teilnehmern erste Gemeinsamkeiten<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r noch sehr heterogenen Analyse<br />
und skizzierte erste Verbesserungswünsche.<br />
• Im Teil 2 informierte <strong>de</strong>r F&E-Leiter <strong>de</strong>r ein<strong>la</strong><strong>de</strong>n<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Firma, welche neuen Technologien in nächster Zeit zu<br />
erwarten sind. Dieser Schritt ist <strong>de</strong>r psychologisch wichtige<br />
Icebreaker, <strong>de</strong>r im geschil<strong>de</strong>rten Fall auch zu einer<br />
spürbaren Solidarisierung <strong>de</strong>r Experten untereinan<strong>de</strong>r<br />
und mit <strong>de</strong>m Veranstalter führte.<br />
• Im Teil 3 wur<strong>de</strong>n in neuer Zusammensetzung <strong>de</strong>r Gruppen<br />
die Konzeptvorschläge für zukünftige Messsysteme<br />
(Schritte 3 & 4) diskutiert, nun allerdings im Wissen kommen<strong>de</strong>r<br />
Technologiemöglichkeiten. Da die Grundaufgaben<br />
aller Teilnehmer meist ähnlicher Natur waren, war<br />
die Diskussion in allen Gruppen <strong>de</strong>utlich einheitlicher als<br />
am ersten Tag. Die darauf vorbereiteten Mo<strong>de</strong>ratoren<br />
lenkten <strong>de</strong>shalb die Diskussion in Richtung allgemein<br />
einsetzbarer Hardware- und Softwaremodule. Nach<br />
erneuter Präsentation <strong>de</strong>r Gruppenarbeiten im Plenum<br />
gab <strong>de</strong>r Vertreter <strong>de</strong>s Veranstalters dann eine erste Zusammenfassung<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Erkenntnisse (Wrap up).<br />
Ergebnis, Auswertung, weitere Schritte<br />
Nach Ab<strong>la</strong>uf <strong>de</strong>s WS wur<strong>de</strong>n die gesammelten Kun<strong>de</strong>nanregungen<br />
für verschie<strong>de</strong>ne Applikationen in <strong>de</strong>n pre<strong>de</strong>finierten<br />
Anwendungsfel<strong>de</strong>rn in drei Bereiche unterteilt:<br />
generelle Anwen<strong>de</strong>r-, Technologie- und Produktanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen.<br />
In je<strong>de</strong>m Bereich wur<strong>de</strong>n die Empfehlungen dann<br />
konsolidiert, also möglichst vereinheitlicht über alle Anwen-
dungsfel<strong>de</strong>r hinweg. So konnte man bei <strong>de</strong>n generellen Anwen<strong>de</strong>ranfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
vier Untergruppen bil<strong>de</strong>n, für Genauigkeitssteigerungen,<br />
höhere Effizienz <strong>de</strong>s Messsystems,<br />
geringere Störanfälligkeit und mehr Bedienerfreundlichkeit;<br />
im Bereich <strong>de</strong>r Technologie gab es neun Untergruppen wie<br />
Empfehlungen für Echtzeit-Systeme und vereinheitlichtes<br />
Datenformat und im Bereich <strong>de</strong>r Produktanfor<strong>de</strong>rungen<br />
sieben Untergruppen, wie z.B. für handhaltbare statt stativmontierte<br />
Instrumente, Multisensor Systeme, etc.<br />
Aus diesen Anfor<strong>de</strong>rungskatalogen wur<strong>de</strong>n dann Funktionen<br />
für die verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Produktgruppen abgeleitet.<br />
Grundsätzlich wur<strong>de</strong> dabei unterschie<strong>de</strong>n zwischen Produktverbesserungen,<br />
also Optionen für die unmittelbare<br />
Zukunft, Innovationen, die interne F&E Anstrengungen<br />
benötigen, und Visionen, also Konzepte für zukünftige Systeme,<br />
die eine Grund<strong>la</strong>genentwicklung mit Hochschulpartnern<br />
bedingen. Daraus wur<strong>de</strong>n dann konkrete Produkti<strong>de</strong>en<br />
abgeleitet, woraus letztendlich für die verschie<strong>de</strong>nen<br />
Produktkategorien 17 Produktvorschläge resultierten.<br />
Diese Produkti<strong>de</strong>en flossen dann bei <strong>de</strong>n entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Divisionen in <strong>de</strong>ren Roadmap-Prozess ein, wur<strong>de</strong>n von<br />
<strong>de</strong>n Produkt- und Technologiespezialisten dort hinterfragt,<br />
und es wur<strong>de</strong>n realistische Produktentwicklungen<br />
<strong>de</strong>finiert. Einige dieser I<strong>de</strong>en konnten noch in bereits <strong>la</strong>ufen<strong>de</strong><br />
Produktentwicklungen eingebracht wer<strong>de</strong>n, an<strong>de</strong>re<br />
wur<strong>de</strong>n verworfen aus Grün<strong>de</strong>n <strong>de</strong>r Machbarkeit o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
weil <strong>de</strong>r Bedarf aus Kun<strong>de</strong>nsicht noch nicht gegeben war,<br />
wie<strong>de</strong>r an<strong>de</strong>re wur<strong>de</strong>n zurückgestellt, beziehungsweise als<br />
Kandidaten für externe Entwicklungen mit Hochschulen<br />
vorgesehen. Dabei wur<strong>de</strong> verstärktes Augenwerk auf eine<br />
mögliche Modu<strong>la</strong>risierung gerichtet, also auf die Mehrfachverwendung<br />
von Grundmodulen (Principal Components) in<br />
verschie<strong>de</strong>nen Instrumenten und Dienstleistungen.<br />
Optimales Konzept <strong>de</strong>s Variantenmanagements<br />
Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse aus einem Lead-User-Workshop<br />
fliessen in die Auslegung zukünftiger Instrumente ein.<br />
History of Physics (4)<br />
43<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Wie einleitend ange<strong>de</strong>utet, soll ein breites Angebot an Produktvarianten<br />
möglichst viele Kun<strong>de</strong>napplikationen ab<strong>de</strong>cken,<br />
<strong>de</strong>mzufolge sich aus Logistik- und Kostengrün<strong>de</strong>n<br />
ein modu<strong>la</strong>r hierarchischer Aufbau (Figur 2) empfiehlt: Teure<br />
Basismodule wie Optik, Mechanik und Elektronik wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
standardisiert, also konstruktiv vereinheitlicht, während die<br />
Produktdifferenzierung möglichst weit ans En<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Wertschöpfungskette<br />
geschoben wird, im I<strong>de</strong>alfall sogar in reine<br />
Softwaremodule. Im Gegensatz zu früher kann <strong>de</strong>shalb<br />
auch die kostengünstigste Variante die beste Hardware<br />
enthalten, wenn es sich wegen <strong>de</strong>r grösseren Stückzahl<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r Fertigungsautomatisierung lohnt. Die eigentliche<br />
Kernfrage <strong>la</strong>utet <strong>de</strong>shalb, mittels welcher Modulfunktionen<br />
kann Redundanz reduziert und die angestrebte Vollständigkeit<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Applikation<strong>ssp</strong>ektrum realisiert wer<strong>de</strong>n? Bei <strong>de</strong>r<br />
Beantwortung dieser Frage helfen die wichtigen Erkenntnisse<br />
aus <strong>de</strong>m Lead User Workshop.<br />
Figur 2: Produktvarianten P1…P5: Die Hardwarep<strong>la</strong>ttformen Optik<br />
& Mechanik sind konzeptionell zu vereinheitlichen und an einem<br />
Standort vol<strong>la</strong>utomatisch herzustellen. Der Einbau <strong>de</strong>r "intermediate"<br />
Module von Elektronik & Sensorik kann weltweit an mehreren<br />
Standorten durchgeführt wer<strong>de</strong>n, während die applikation<strong>ssp</strong>ezifischen<br />
Software-Module im I<strong>de</strong>alfall vom Kun<strong>de</strong>n selber freigeschaltet<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n können.<br />
Richard Wenk ist CTO und Vizepräsi<strong>de</strong>nt bei Hexagon<br />
Geosystems, zu <strong>de</strong>r auch Leica Geosystems in Heerbrugg<br />
gehört.<br />
From Static to Expanding Mo<strong>de</strong>ls of the Universe<br />
At the end of some historical remarks in the article on the<br />
2011 Nobel Prize [1], it was announced that the author<br />
would indicate in a historical essay the interesting early history<br />
of cosmology. One of the reasons is that this is not<br />
even well-known among cosmologists, and is often distorted.<br />
In the words of the <strong>la</strong>te Allen Sandage: "In 1929, Edwin<br />
Hubble published a paper that corre<strong>la</strong>ted redshifts of ga<strong>la</strong>xies<br />
with distances he had estimated from calibration of their<br />
absolute magnitu<strong>de</strong>s previously ma<strong>de</strong> in 1926. Writers of<br />
both popu<strong>la</strong>r accounts and technical textbooks have often<br />
<strong>de</strong>scribed this as the discovery of the expanding universe.<br />
This is not so." [2]<br />
Norbert Straumann, Uni Zürich<br />
Einstein's static mo<strong>de</strong>l of the universe<br />
On 8 February 1917, in the middle of the most terrible time<br />
during the First World War, Einstein gave a talk in the Preussian<br />
Aca<strong>de</strong>my of Sciences on an application of his general<br />
re<strong>la</strong>tivity on the universe as a whole. One week before the<br />
German military lea<strong>de</strong>rship had <strong>de</strong>c<strong>la</strong>red in the same city<br />
the unconstrained submarine war. Einstein’s first paper on<br />
cosmology [3] marks in many ways the beginning of mo<strong>de</strong>rn<br />
cosmology.<br />
Perhaps the main reason why Einstein turned so soon after<br />
the completion of general re<strong>la</strong>tivity to cosmology had<br />
much to do with Machian i<strong>de</strong>as on the origin of inertia,
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
which p<strong>la</strong>yed in those years an important role in Einstein’s<br />
thinking. His intention was to eliminate all vestiges of absolute<br />
space. He was, in particu<strong>la</strong>r, convinced that iso<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
masses cannot impose a structure on space at infinity. Einstein<br />
was actually thinking about the problem regarding the<br />
choice of boundary conditions at infinity already in spring<br />
1916. In a letter to Michele Besso from 14 May 1916 he<br />
also mentions the possibility of the world being finite. A few<br />
months <strong>la</strong>ter he expan<strong>de</strong>d on this in letters to Willem <strong>de</strong><br />
Sitter. It is along these lines that he postu<strong>la</strong>ted a Universe<br />
that is spatially finite and closed, a Universe in which no<br />
boundary conditions are nee<strong>de</strong>d 1 . He then believed that<br />
this was the only way to satisfy what he <strong>la</strong>ter [5] named<br />
Mach’s principle, in the sense that the metric field should<br />
be <strong>de</strong>termined uniquely by the energy-momentum tensor.<br />
In addition, Einstein assumed that the Universe was static.<br />
This was not unreasonable at the time, because the re<strong>la</strong>tive<br />
velocities of the stars as<br />
observed were small. (Recall<br />
that astronomers only<br />
learned <strong>la</strong>ter that spiral nebu<strong>la</strong>e<br />
are in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt star<br />
systems outsi<strong>de</strong> the Milky<br />
Way. This was <strong>de</strong>finitely<br />
established when in 1924<br />
Hubble found that there<br />
were Cepheid variables in<br />
Andromeda and also in other<br />
nearby ga<strong>la</strong>xies. Einstein<br />
compares the observed<br />
small peculiar velocities of<br />
Edwin Hubble<br />
stars with the speed of light.)<br />
These two assumptions<br />
were, however, not compatible with Einstein’s original field<br />
equations. For this reason, Einstein ad<strong>de</strong>d the famous Lterm,<br />
which is compatible with the principles of general<br />
re<strong>la</strong>tivity. The cosmological term is, in four dimensions, the<br />
only possible complication of the field equations if no higher<br />
than second or<strong>de</strong>r <strong>de</strong>rivatives of the metric are allowed<br />
(Lovelock theorem). This remarkable uniqueness is one of<br />
the most attractive features of general re<strong>la</strong>tivity. (In higher<br />
dimensions additional terms satisfying this requirement are<br />
allowed.)<br />
For the static Einstein universe the field equations with the<br />
cosmological term imply the two re<strong>la</strong>tions<br />
1 2<br />
4rGt<br />
= = K ,<br />
a<br />
where � is the mass <strong>de</strong>nsity of the dust filled universe (zero<br />
pressure) and a is the radius of curvature. For L = 0 the<br />
<strong>de</strong>nsity � would have to vanish. (We remark, in passing, that<br />
the Einstein universe is the only static dust solution; one<br />
does not have to assume isotropy or homogeneity.) Einstein<br />
was very pleased by this direct connection between<br />
the mass <strong>de</strong>nsity and geometry, because he thought that<br />
this was in accord with Mach's philosophy.<br />
Einstein conclu<strong>de</strong>s with the following sentences:<br />
"In or<strong>de</strong>r to arrive at this consistent view, we admittedly had<br />
to introduce an extension of the field equations of gravitation<br />
which is not justified by our actual knowledge of grav-<br />
1 The spatial geometry in Einstein's mo<strong>de</strong>l is that of a three-sphere, i.e.,<br />
the surface of a sphere in four-dimensional Eucli<strong>de</strong>an space. This is a<br />
prototype of a highly symmetric compact manifold without boundary.<br />
44<br />
itation. It has to be emphasized, however, that a positive<br />
curvature of space is given by our results, even if the supplementary<br />
term is not introduced. That term is necessary<br />
only for the purpose of making possible a quasi-static distribution<br />
of matter, as required by the fact of the small velocities<br />
of the stars."<br />
To <strong>de</strong> Sitter he emphasized in a letter on 12 March 1917,<br />
that his cosmological mo<strong>de</strong>l was inten<strong>de</strong>d primarily to settle<br />
the question "whether the basic i<strong>de</strong>a of re<strong>la</strong>tivity can be<br />
followed through its completion, or whether it leads to contradictions".<br />
And he adds whether the mo<strong>de</strong>l corresponds<br />
to reality was another matter.<br />
Only <strong>la</strong>ter Einstein came to realize that Mach's philosophy<br />
is predicated on an antiquated ontology that seeks to reduce<br />
the metric field to an epiphenomenon of matter. It<br />
became increasingly clear to him that the metric field has<br />
an in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt existence, and his enthusiasm for what he<br />
called Mach's principle <strong>la</strong>ter <strong>de</strong>creased. In a letter to F. Pirani<br />
he wrote in 1954: "As a matter of fact, one should no<br />
longer speak of Mach's principle at all." GR still preserves<br />
some remnant of Newton’s absolute space and time.<br />
De Sitter mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
Surprisingly to Einstein, <strong>de</strong> Sitter discovered in the same<br />
year, 1917, a completely different static cosmological mo<strong>de</strong>l<br />
which also incorporated the cosmological constant, but<br />
was anti-Machian, because it contained no matter [6]. For<br />
this reason, Einstein tried to discard it on various grounds<br />
(more on this below). The original form of the metric was:<br />
2<br />
g (<br />
r 2 2<br />
) dt<br />
dr<br />
2 2 2<br />
=-81 - B + sin<br />
R 1 - (<br />
r + r ^dj + j d{<br />
h .<br />
2<br />
)<br />
R<br />
Here, the spatial part is the standard metric of a threesphere<br />
of radius R, with R = (3/L) 1/2 . The mo<strong>de</strong>l had one<br />
very interesting property: For light sources moving along<br />
static world lines there is a gravitational redshift, which<br />
became known as the <strong>de</strong> Sitter effect. This was thought<br />
to have some bearing on the redshift results obtained by<br />
Slipher. Because the fundamental (static) worldlines in this<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l are not geo<strong>de</strong>sic, a freely-falling object released by<br />
any static observer will be seen by him to accelerate away,<br />
generating also local velocity (Doppler) redshifts corresponding<br />
to peculiar velocities. In the second edition of his<br />
book [7], published in 1924, Eddington writes about this:<br />
"<strong>de</strong> Sitter's theory gives a double exp<strong>la</strong>nation for this motion<br />
of recession; first there is a general ten<strong>de</strong>ncy to scatter<br />
(...); second there is a general disp<strong>la</strong>cement of spectral<br />
lines to the red in distant objects owing to the slowing down<br />
of atomic vibrations (...), which would erroneously be interpreted<br />
as a motion of recession."<br />
I do not want to enter into all the confusion over the <strong>de</strong> Sitter<br />
universe. One source of this was the apparent singu<strong>la</strong>rity at<br />
r = R = (3/L) 1/2 . This was at first thoroughly misun<strong>de</strong>rstood<br />
even by Einstein and Weyl. ("The Einstein-<strong>de</strong> Sitter-Weyl-<br />
Klein Debate" is now published in Vol. 8 of the Collected<br />
Papers [4].) At the end, Einstein had to acknowledge that<br />
<strong>de</strong> Sitter's solution is fully regu<strong>la</strong>r and matter-free and thus<br />
in<strong>de</strong>ed a counter example to Mach's principle. But he still<br />
discar<strong>de</strong>d the solution as physically irrelevant because it<br />
is not globally static. This is clearly expressed in a letter
from Weyl to Klein, after he had discussed the issue during<br />
a visit of Einstein in Zürich [8]. An important discussion of<br />
the redshift of ga<strong>la</strong>xies in <strong>de</strong> Sitter's mo<strong>de</strong>l by H. Weyl in<br />
1923 should be mentioned. Weyl introduced an expanding<br />
version 2 of the <strong>de</strong> Sitter mo<strong>de</strong>l [9]. For small distances his<br />
result reduced to what <strong>la</strong>ter became known as the Hubble<br />
<strong>la</strong>w. In<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>ntly of Weyl, Cornelius Lanczos introduced<br />
in 1922 also a non-stationary interpretation of <strong>de</strong> Sitter's<br />
solution in the form of a Friedmann spacetime with a positive<br />
spatial curvature [10]. In a second paper he also <strong>de</strong>rived<br />
the redshift for the non-stationary interpretation [11].<br />
From static to expanding world mo<strong>de</strong>ls<br />
Until about 1930 almost<br />
everybody believed that the<br />
Universe was static, in spite<br />
of the two fundamental papers<br />
by Friedmann [12] in<br />
1922 and 1924 and Lemaître's<br />
in<strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt work [13]<br />
in 1927. These path breaking<br />
papers were in fact<br />
<strong>la</strong>rgely ignored. The history<br />
of this early period has - as<br />
is often the case - been distorted<br />
by some wi<strong>de</strong>ly read<br />
Alexan<strong>de</strong>r Friedmann documents. Einstein too<br />
accepted the i<strong>de</strong>a of an expanding<br />
Universe only much <strong>la</strong>ter. After the first paper of<br />
Friedmann, he published a brief note c<strong>la</strong>iming an error in<br />
Friedmann's work; when it was pointed out to him that it<br />
was his error, Einstein published a retraction of his comment,<br />
with a sentence that luckily was <strong>de</strong>leted before publication:<br />
"[Friedmann's paper] while mathematically correct<br />
is of no physical significance". In comments to Lemaître<br />
during the Solvay meeting in 1927, Einstein again rejected<br />
the expanding universe solutions as physically unacceptable.<br />
According to Lemaître, Einstein was telling him: "Vos<br />
calculs sont corrects, mais votre physique est abominable".<br />
It appears astonishing that Einstein - after having studied<br />
carefully Friedmann's papers - did not realize that his static<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l is unstable, and hence that the Universe has to be<br />
expanding or contracting. On the other hand, I found in the<br />
archive of the ETH many years ago a postcard of Einstein<br />
to Weyl from 1923, re<strong>la</strong>ted to Weyl's reinterpretation of <strong>de</strong><br />
Sitter's solution, with the following interesting sentence: "If<br />
there is no quasi-static world, then away with the cosmological<br />
term".<br />
It also is not well-known that Hubble interpreted in 1929<br />
the redshifts of radiation emitted by distant 'nebu<strong>la</strong>e' in the<br />
framework of the <strong>de</strong> Sitter mo<strong>de</strong>l, as had been suggested<br />
by Eddington.<br />
Lemaître discovers the expanding universe<br />
We repeat what we said in [1] about Lemaître's key role<br />
in the founding period of cosmology. He was the first person<br />
who seriously proposed an expanding universe as a<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l of the real universe. He <strong>de</strong>rived in his crucial paper of<br />
1927 the general redshift formu<strong>la</strong>, and showed that it leads<br />
2 The <strong>de</strong> Sitter mo<strong>de</strong>l has many different interpretations, <strong>de</strong>pending on<br />
the choice of the velocity field for the subdominant matter flow.<br />
45<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
for small distances to a linear re<strong>la</strong>tion, known as Hubble's<br />
<strong>la</strong>w. He also estimated the Hubble constant H 0 based on<br />
Slipher's redshift data for about 40 nebu<strong>la</strong>e, and Hubble's<br />
1925 distance <strong>de</strong>termination to Andromeda, as well as the<br />
the magnitu<strong>de</strong>s of nebu<strong>la</strong>e published by him in 1926. Two<br />
years before Hubble he found a value only somewhat higher<br />
than the one Hubble obtained in 1929. (Actually, Lemaître<br />
gave two values for H 0 .) But this seminal work was almost<br />
completely ignored. The general attitu<strong>de</strong> is well illustrated<br />
by the following remark of Eddington at a Royal Society<br />
meeting in January, 1930: "One puzzling question is why<br />
there should be only two solutions. I suppose the trouble is<br />
that people look for static solutions."<br />
Lemaître, who had been for a short time a post-doctoral<br />
stu<strong>de</strong>nt of Eddington, read this remark in a report on the<br />
meeting published in Observatory, and wrote to Eddington<br />
pointing out his 1927 paper. Eddington had seen that paper,<br />
but had completely forgotten about it. But now he was<br />
greatly impressed and recommen<strong>de</strong>d Lemaître's work in a<br />
letter to Nature. He also arranged for a trans<strong>la</strong>tion which<br />
appeared in MNRAS [13]. Eddington also "pointed out that<br />
it was immediately <strong>de</strong>ducible from his [Lemaître's] formu<strong>la</strong>e<br />
that Einstein's world is unstable, so that an expanding or a<br />
contracting universe is an inevitable result of Einstein's <strong>la</strong>w<br />
of gravitation."<br />
Lemaître's successful exp<strong>la</strong>nation of Hubble's improved<br />
data, carefully analysed by <strong>de</strong> Sitter in a series of papers,<br />
finally changed the viewpoint of the majority of workers in<br />
the field. At this point, after a stay with Eddington, and a visit<br />
to the Mount Wilson Observatory, Einstein rejected the cosmological<br />
term as superfluous and no longer justified [14].<br />
At the end of the paper in which he published his new view,<br />
Letter from Lemaître to Eddington
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Albert Einstein and Georges Lemaître<br />
Einstein adds some remarks about the age problem which<br />
was quite severe without the L-term, since Hubble's value<br />
of the Hubble parameter was then about seven times too<br />
<strong>la</strong>rge. Einstein is, however, not very worried and suggests<br />
two ways out. First he says that the matter distribution is<br />
in reality inhomogeneous and that the approximate treatment<br />
may be illusionary. Then he adds that in astronomy<br />
one should be cautious with <strong>la</strong>rge extrapo<strong>la</strong>tions in time.<br />
After the L-force was rejected by its inventor, other cosmologists,<br />
such as Eddington and Lemaître, retained it. One<br />
major reason was that it solved the problem of the age of<br />
the Universe when the Hubble time scale was thought to<br />
be only 2 billion years (corresponding to the value H 0 ~ 500<br />
km s -1 Mpc -1 of the Hubble constant). This was even shorter<br />
than the age of the Earth. In addition, Eddington and others<br />
overestimated the age of stars and stel<strong>la</strong>r systems.<br />
For this reason, the L-term was employed again and a<br />
mo<strong>de</strong>l was revived which Lemaître had singled out from the<br />
many solutions of the Friedmann-Lemaître equations 3 . This<br />
so-called Lemaître hesitation universe is closed and has a<br />
repulsive L-force (L > 0), which is slightly greater than the<br />
value chosen by Einstein. It begins with a big bang and<br />
has the following two stages of expansion. In the first the<br />
3 I recall that Friedmann inclu<strong>de</strong>d the L-term in his basic equations. I find<br />
it remarkable that for the negatively curved solutions he pointed out that<br />
these may be open or compact (but not simply connected).<br />
46<br />
L-force is not important, the expansion is <strong>de</strong>celerated due<br />
to gravity and slowly approaches the radius of the Einstein<br />
universe. At about the same time, the repulsion becomes<br />
stronger than gravity and a second stage of expansion begins<br />
which eventually inf<strong>la</strong>tes. In this way a positive L was<br />
employed to reconcile the expansion of the Universe with<br />
the age of stars.<br />
Lemaître was also the first who associated in 1933 the<br />
cosmological constant with vacuum energy. Actually, Pauli<br />
ma<strong>de</strong> before the advent of the new quantum mechanics<br />
some simple, but profound remarks on this issue [15].<br />
To a minority of cosmologists who had read the French<br />
original of Lemaître's 1927 paper, it was known that a few<br />
paragraphs were <strong>de</strong>leted in the trans<strong>la</strong>tion, notably the one<br />
in which Lemaître assessed the evi<strong>de</strong>nce for linearity of the<br />
distance-velocity re<strong>la</strong>tion and estimated the expansion rate.<br />
Fortunately, the origin of this curious fact has very recently<br />
been completely cleared up [16]. It was Lemaître himself<br />
who trans<strong>la</strong>ted his original paper. The correspon<strong>de</strong>nce of<br />
him with the editor of MNRAS, quoted in [16], shows that<br />
Lemaître was not very interested in establishing priority. He<br />
saw no point in repeating in 1931 his findings four years<br />
earlier, since the quality of the observational data had in the<br />
meantime been improved. This is one of the reasons that<br />
Hubble was elevated to the discoverer of the expanding<br />
universe.<br />
For much more on all this I refer again to the recent excellent<br />
book [17] of our Swiss colleagues Harry Nussbaumer<br />
and Lydia Bieri.<br />
References<br />
[1] N. Straumann, The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, SPG Mitteilungen,<br />
Nr. 36, Januar 2012.<br />
[2] A. Sandage, Preface to [17].<br />
[3] A. Einstein, Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. phys.-math. K<strong>la</strong>sse<br />
VI, 142 (1917). See also: [4], Vol. 6, p. 540, Doc. 43.<br />
[4] A. Einstein, The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vols. 1-12,<br />
Princeton University Press, 1987–. See also: [http://www. einstein.<br />
caltech.edu/].<br />
[5] A. Einstein, On the Foundations of the General Theory of Re<strong>la</strong>tivity.<br />
Ref. [4], Vol. 7, Doc. 4.<br />
[6] W. <strong>de</strong> Sitter, Proc. Acad. Sci., 19, 1217 (1917); and 20, 229<br />
(1917).<br />
[7] A. S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Re<strong>la</strong>tivity. Chelsea<br />
Publishing Company (1924). Third (unaltered) Edition (1975).<br />
See especially Sect.70.<br />
[8] Letter from Hermann Weyl to Felix Klein, 7 February 1919; see<br />
also Ref. [5], Vol. 8, Part B, Doc. 567.<br />
[9] H. Weyl, Phys. Zeits. 24, 230, (1923); Phil. Mag. 9, 923 (1930).<br />
[10] C. Lanczos, Phys. Zeits. 23, 539 (1922).<br />
[11] C. Lanczos, Zeits. f. Physik 17, 168 (1923).<br />
[12] A. Friedmann, Z.Phys. 10, 377 (1922); 21, 326 (1924).<br />
[13] G. Lemaître, L’univers en expansion. Ann. Soc. Sci. <strong>de</strong> Bruxelles<br />
47, 49 (1927). Trans<strong>la</strong>ted in MNRAS 91, 483 (1931).<br />
[14] A. Einstein, S. B. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. (1931), 235.<br />
[15] N. Straumann, Wolfgang Pauli and Mo<strong>de</strong>rn Physics, Space<br />
Science Reviews 148, 25 (2009).<br />
[16] M. Livio, Nature 479, 208-211 (2011).<br />
[17] H. Nussbaumer and L. Bieri, Discovering the Expanding Universe,<br />
Cambridge University Press (2009).
Über <strong>de</strong>n Einfluss <strong>de</strong>s Lichtes auf <strong>de</strong>n Menschen<br />
47<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Mit <strong>de</strong>n bei<strong>de</strong>n folgen<strong>de</strong>n Artikeln dringen wir in das Gebiet <strong>de</strong>r Biophysik ein. Was liegt näher im Jahrhun<strong>de</strong>rt <strong>de</strong>s Photons,<br />
als <strong>de</strong>n Einfluss <strong>de</strong>s Lichtes auf das menschliche Verhalten zu beschreiben? Vieles, was bis<strong>la</strong>ng nur empirisch erfasst<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n konnte, kann heutzutage als Abfolge physikalisch/chemischer Zeitprozesse quantitativ erklärt und mo<strong>de</strong>lliert wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Für die Beleuchtungsindustrie öffnet sich ein riesiges Aktionsfeld, um die Wirkung <strong>de</strong>s Lichtes auf das Wohlbefin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Menschen technisch umzusetzen.<br />
Nicht-visuelle Lichtwirkungen beim Menschen<br />
Christian Cajochen, Zentrum für Chronobiologie, Universität Basel<br />
Ohne sichtbares Licht ist bewusstes Sehen für <strong>de</strong>n Menschen<br />
unmöglich. Einfallen<strong>de</strong>s Licht wird in <strong>de</strong>n Augen gesammelt<br />
und weiterverarbeitet, damit ein Abbild <strong>de</strong>r Umgebungswelt<br />
in unserem Gehirn entsteht. Die Netzhaut im<br />
Auge wan<strong>de</strong>lt die eintreffen<strong>de</strong>n Lichtimpulse in Nervensignale<br />
um und leitet sie über <strong>de</strong>n Sehnerv ans Gehirn weiter.<br />
Neben <strong>de</strong>n Hirngebieten, die verantwortlich fürs Sehen<br />
sind, trifft die Lichtinformation auch auf Hirnregionen, die<br />
eine wichtige Rolle für die Regulierung circadianer (circa<br />
diem = ungefähr ein Tag) Rhythmen und <strong>de</strong>r Verarbeitung<br />
von Gedächtnisinhalten und Emotionen spielen. Licht spielt<br />
somit eine zentrale "nicht-visuelle" Rolle, die zur Zeit intensiv<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>m Gebiet <strong>de</strong>r Chronobiologie, <strong>de</strong>r Sch<strong>la</strong>fforschung,<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Kognitionsforschung, aber zunehmend auch<br />
von Lichtp<strong>la</strong>nern und Architekten erforscht wird.<br />
Licht- mehr als nur fürs Sehen<br />
Lichtwirkungen, die nicht unmittelbar mit <strong>de</strong>m Sehen zusammenhängen,<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n als sogenannte nicht-visuelle<br />
Lichtwirkungen bezeichnet, welche folgend zusammengefasst<br />
sind.<br />
Abbildung 1. Die Eichung <strong>de</strong>r inneren Uhr durch Licht. Die endogene Circadianrhythmik wird<br />
in <strong>de</strong>n suprachiasmatischen Kernen (SCN), einem Hirngebiet im vor<strong>de</strong>ren Hypotha<strong>la</strong>mus, generiert.<br />
Das Signal wird über <strong>de</strong>n paraventrikulären Nukleus (PVN), über das superiore Zervikalganglion<br />
im Rückenmark (SCG) zur Pinealis, <strong>de</strong>m Ort <strong>de</strong>r Me<strong>la</strong>toninproduktion weitergeleitet.<br />
Die Sekretion <strong>de</strong>s Hormons Me<strong>la</strong>tonin ist tagesrhythmisch unter <strong>de</strong>r Kontrolle <strong>de</strong>r SCN.<br />
Falls Dauerlicht o<strong>de</strong>r Dauerdunkelheit aufs Auge fällt, ist <strong>de</strong>r Tagesgang <strong>de</strong>s Me<strong>la</strong>tonins nicht<br />
synchronisiert und läuft „frei“, gemäss <strong>de</strong>r endogenen Circadianperiodik, die von 24 Stun<strong>de</strong>n<br />
abweicht (oberes Beispiel). In diesem Beispiel verzögert sich die Me<strong>la</strong>toninproduktion<br />
je<strong>de</strong>n Tag um ca. 0.8 Stun<strong>de</strong>n, weil die endogene Tagesperiodik 24.8 Stun<strong>de</strong>n beträgt. Falls<br />
<strong>de</strong>r periodische Licht-Dunkelwechsel, <strong>de</strong>r durch die Erdrotation genau 24 Stun<strong>de</strong>n beträgt,<br />
wahrgenommen wird, wird dieses Signal vom Auge, über die Netzhaut, via <strong>de</strong>n retinohypotha<strong>la</strong>mischen<br />
Trakt (RHT) direkt zu <strong>de</strong>n SCN weitergeleitet. Dieser Licht-Dunkelwechsel wirkt<br />
als Zeitgeber, das heisst die Endogenperiodik wird auf die Exogenperiodik <strong>de</strong>s 24-Stun<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Lichtdunkelwechsel abgeglichen, man spricht von circadianem „Entrainment“.<br />
1. Licht eicht die innere Uhr.<br />
Die Tagesrhythmik (Circadianrhythmik) ist eine Spontanrhythmik,<br />
die eigentlich in je<strong>de</strong>r Körperzelle tickt, aber von<br />
einem reiskorngrossen Hirngebiet, das ca. 2 cm hinter<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Nasenwurzel liegt, kontrolliert wird. Dieses Hirngebiet<br />
liegt in <strong>de</strong>n sogenannten suprachiasmatischen Kernen<br />
und umfasst ungefähr 10 bis 20000 Nervenzellen, die als<br />
Schrittmacher fungieren, in<strong>de</strong>m sie eine endogene Spontanaktivität<br />
mit einer Rhythmik von 24 Stun<strong>de</strong>n generieren<br />
(Abbildung 1). Falls kein Licht vorhan<strong>de</strong>n ist, o<strong>de</strong>r Dauerlicht<br />
herrscht, misst man bei Menschen eine Spontanrhythmik,<br />
die im Durchschnitt etwas länger als 24 Stun<strong>de</strong>n, nämlich<br />
24.2 Stun<strong>de</strong>n beträgt. Die Perio<strong>de</strong>nlänge ist individuell<br />
verschie<strong>de</strong>n und zum Teil genetisch <strong>de</strong>terminiert. So haben<br />
Frühtypen (Lerchen) eher kürzere als 24 Stun<strong>de</strong>n Perio<strong>de</strong>nlängen,<br />
während Abendtypen (Eulen) eher <strong>la</strong>ngsamer ><br />
24.8 Stun<strong>de</strong>n ticken. Leben Menschen unter Dauerdunkelheit<br />
(z.B. Sehbehin<strong>de</strong>rte) o<strong>de</strong>r Dauerlicht, <strong>la</strong>ufen die Tagesrhythmen<br />
frei- gemäss <strong>de</strong>r endogenen Periodik (Abbildung<br />
1 oberes Beispiel). Das heisst, die Rhythmen sind nicht<br />
auf <strong>de</strong>n Tag-Nachtwechsel abgestimmt. Der immer wie<strong>de</strong>rkehren<strong>de</strong><br />
Licht-Dunkelwechsel, <strong>de</strong>m wir normalerweise<br />
täglich ausgesetzt sind, gleicht diese Spontanrhythmik<br />
auf die exakte 24-Stun<strong>de</strong>n Periodik<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Erdrotation ab (Abbildung 1 unteres<br />
Beispiel). Licht wirkt <strong>de</strong>shalb<br />
als Zeitgeber. Zuwenig Licht für einige<br />
Zeit, o<strong>de</strong>r Licht zur falschen<br />
Zeit (z.B. bei <strong>de</strong>r Schichtarbeit),<br />
bringt die innere Uhr aus <strong>de</strong>m Lot<br />
mit <strong>de</strong>m natürlichen 24-Stun<strong>de</strong>n-<br />
Licht-Dunkelwechsel, was zu circadianen<br />
Sch<strong>la</strong>fstörungen führt. Das<br />
geschieht sehr oft bei Leuten mit<br />
Sehbehin<strong>de</strong>rungen, bei Schichtarbeitern<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r wenn man nach <strong>de</strong>m<br />
Überfliegen von mehreren Zeitzo-<br />
nen mit einem "Jet<strong>la</strong>g" zu kämpfen<br />
hat. Folgen einer dauern<strong>de</strong>n circadianen<br />
Desynchronisation sind neben<br />
Sch<strong>la</strong>fstörungen auch gastrointestinale<br />
Beschwer<strong>de</strong>n, Depressionen<br />
und kardiovaskuläre Störungen. Dosis<br />
Wirkungsstudien haben ergeben,<br />
dass beim Menschen Lichtstärken<br />
ab ca. 100 lux wirksam sind für die<br />
Eichung <strong>de</strong>r inneren Uhr (Abbildung<br />
2). Mit Morgenlicht verschiebt man<br />
die innere Uhr nach vorne, also in<br />
eine östliche Zeitzone, während
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
Abbildung 2. Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehung<br />
zwischen <strong>de</strong>r Beleuchtungsstärke<br />
und <strong>de</strong>r phasenverschieben<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Wirkung<br />
von Licht nach Zeitzer 1999.<br />
Je<strong>de</strong>s Quadrat symbolisiert eine<br />
Versuchsperson, die während<br />
6.5 Stun<strong>de</strong>n mit je einer unterschiedlichen<br />
Lichtstärke (2-<br />
10000 lux) bestrahlt wur<strong>de</strong>.<br />
Licht am Abend die innere Uhr zurückverschiebt in eine<br />
westliche Zeitzone. Mit einem einzigen Lichtpuls von 10000<br />
lux für 3 Stun<strong>de</strong>n kann man die Circadianrhythmik bis zu 2<br />
Stun<strong>de</strong>n vor- bzw. nachverschieben.<br />
2. Licht macht wach.<br />
Eine tagaktive Spezies wie <strong>de</strong>r Mensch empfin<strong>de</strong>t das<br />
Licht als "Wachstimulus". Im Gegensatz dazu wirkt Licht<br />
bei nachtaktiven Tieren sch<strong>la</strong>finduzierend. Ab etwa 100<br />
lux wirkt Licht bei jungen Menschen wachheitssteigernd.<br />
Das entspricht einer nicht allzu starken Raumbeleuchtung.<br />
Diese Helligkeit kann aber schon vor einem Computerbildschirm<br />
sitzend erreicht wer<strong>de</strong>n. Neben <strong>de</strong>r Lichtstärke<br />
spielt auch die Wellenlänge, also die farbliche Zusammensetzung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Lichts, eine wichtige Rolle. So hat Licht<br />
mit hohen B<strong>la</strong>uanteilen eine stärkere wachheitssteigern<strong>de</strong><br />
Wirkung als Licht in an<strong>de</strong>ren Farben, weil spezielle Lichtrezeptoren<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Netzhaut beson<strong>de</strong>rs bei B<strong>la</strong>ulicht aktiv<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n, und so die nicht-visuellen Lichtwirkungen gezielt<br />
auf das Gehirn weitervermitteln. Es wird vermutet, dass die<br />
Rezeptoren für die nicht-visuellen Lichtwirkungen eng mit<br />
<strong>de</strong>n k<strong>la</strong>ssischen visuellen Rezeptoren, <strong>de</strong>n Stäbchen und<br />
Zäpfchen, kommunizieren. Je nach Lichtstärke und Dauer<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Lichtstimulus beteiligen sich Stäbchen, Zäpfchen<br />
o<strong>de</strong>r sogenannte "intrinsisch photosensitive Ganglienzellen<br />
in <strong>de</strong>r Netzhaut" unterschiedlich stark an <strong>de</strong>r Vermittlung<br />
nicht-visueller Lichtwirkungen.<br />
3. Licht macht helle.<br />
Neue Untersuchungen zeigen, dass Licht auch direkte<br />
Auswirkungen auf die kognitive Leistungsfähigkeit von<br />
Menschen hat. Wir konnten zum Beispiel feststellen, dass<br />
Versuchspersonen, die eine Lernaufgabe vor einem mit<br />
Leuchtdio<strong>de</strong>n (LED) mit vielen B<strong>la</strong>uanteilen bestückten<br />
Abbildung 3. Positive<br />
Wirkung von LED Computerbildschirmen<br />
auf<br />
höhere kognitive Funktionen<br />
im Vergleich zu<br />
nicht-LED Computerbildschirmen,<br />
die weniger<br />
B<strong>la</strong>uanteile im<br />
Lichtspektrum haben.<br />
48<br />
Computerbildschirm besser lösten, als wenn sie die gleiche<br />
Aufgabe vor einem "normalen" Computerbildschirm<br />
ohne LEDs <strong>de</strong>r gleichen Lichtstärke meistern mussten (Abbildung<br />
3). Neben <strong>de</strong>m Gedächtnis für <strong>de</strong>k<strong>la</strong>ratives Lernen<br />
wer<strong>de</strong>n auch sogenannt höhere kognitive Funktionen im<br />
Bereich <strong>de</strong>r Exekutivkontrolle und <strong>de</strong>r Daueraufmerksamkeit<br />
mit b<strong>la</strong>uangereichertem Licht im Vergleich zu Glüh<strong>la</strong>mpenlicht<br />
verbessert.<br />
4. Licht wirkt anti<strong>de</strong>pressiv.<br />
Die Lichttherapie ist das Mittel erster Wahl bei <strong>de</strong>r Behandlung<br />
von Winter<strong>de</strong>pressionen, und <strong>de</strong>ren Kosten wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
schon seit über 20 Jahren von <strong>de</strong>n <strong>Schweizerische</strong>n Krankenkassen<br />
vergütet. Zu<strong>de</strong>m zeigen neue Studien, dass<br />
Licht auch bei an<strong>de</strong>ren psychiatrischen Erkrankungen anti<strong>de</strong>pressiv<br />
und gegen die häufige Tagesmüdigkeit wirkt.<br />
Hier ist <strong>de</strong>r Wirkungsmechanismus weitgehend unbekannt.<br />
Neuere Untersuchungen mit bildgeben<strong>de</strong>n Verfahren für die<br />
Hirnaktivitätsmessung zeigen, dass Licht direkt auf die sogenannten<br />
Man<strong>de</strong>lkerne wirkt. Das ist ein wichtiges Hirngebiet<br />
für die Verarbeitung von Gefühlen und Emotionen.<br />
Konsequenzen für das Licht am Arbeitsp<strong>la</strong>tz<br />
Am Arbeitsp<strong>la</strong>tz müssen die Lichtbedingungen vor allem<br />
bezüglich visuellem Komfort optimal abgestimmt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
In letzter Zeit spielen aber auch die nicht-visuellen Lichtwirkungen<br />
zunehmend eine grössere Rolle. Aufgrund <strong>de</strong>r neuen<br />
Forschungsresultate wie Lichtqualität und Wohlbefin<strong>de</strong>n<br />
zusammenhängen, hat die Lampenindustrie ein neues Geschäftsfeld<br />
ent<strong>de</strong>ckt. So erhofft man sich positive Effekte<br />
auch von besserem Licht am Arbeitsp<strong>la</strong>tz. Ob diese Hoffnung<br />
berechtigt ist, haben Forscher <strong>de</strong>r Universität Surrey<br />
in einem Bürogebäu<strong>de</strong> in Eng<strong>la</strong>nd untersucht. Sie bestrahlten<br />
je ein Stockwerk zuerst vier Wochen mit weissem Licht<br />
und dann vier Wochen mit b<strong>la</strong>u angereichertem Licht o<strong>de</strong>r<br />
umgekehrt. Sowohl Aufmerksamkeit als auch Gemüts<strong>la</strong>ge,<br />
Leistung, Konzentration und Sehkomfort waren beim<br />
b<strong>la</strong>uweissen Licht signifikant verbessert. Auch konnten die<br />
Proban<strong>de</strong>n in <strong>de</strong>r Nacht besser sch<strong>la</strong>fen. Wichtige Lichtquellen<br />
im Büro sind nicht nur Lampen, son<strong>de</strong>rn auch die<br />
Bildschirme. Biologisch beson<strong>de</strong>rs aktiv sind Mo<strong>de</strong>lle <strong>de</strong>r<br />
neueren Generation mit LEDs, <strong>de</strong>nn sie emittieren stark<br />
im b<strong>la</strong>uen Wellenlängenbereich. Neben <strong>de</strong>r geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit<br />
wie oben erwähnt, wirken LED Bildschirme<br />
auch auf physiologische Messgrössen beim Menschen wie<br />
zum Beispiel die abendliche Produktion <strong>de</strong>s Dunkelhormons<br />
Me<strong>la</strong>tonin und die elektro-enzephalographisch gemessene<br />
Hirnaktivität (siehe 1).<br />
Neben <strong>de</strong>r Lichtgestaltung mit künstlichem Licht im Büro<br />
ist aber auch <strong>de</strong>r Einbezug von natürlichem Tageslicht sehr<br />
wichtig. Schon 1971 <strong>de</strong>finierte <strong>de</strong>r Biologe Stephen Boy<strong>de</strong>n<br />
das Bedürfnis nach Tageslicht als eine <strong>de</strong>r "well-being<br />
needs": als Voraussetzung für ein Leben ohne stressbedingte<br />
Krankheiten. Man weiss, dass Mitarbeiter, die wenig<br />
Tageslicht abbekommen, unzufrie<strong>de</strong>ner und gesundheitlich<br />
anfälliger wer<strong>de</strong>n (Berliner Ergonomic Instituts für Arbeits-<br />
und Sozialforschung). Darum arbeiten Physiker, Lichtp<strong>la</strong>ner,<br />
Architekten und Chronobiologen fieberhaft an ausgeklügelten<br />
Systemen und Gebäu<strong>de</strong>grundrissen, um das Tageslicht<br />
bis in hinterste Zimmerwinkel zu leiten. Eine i<strong>de</strong>ale Lösung<br />
wäre, eine biodynamische Lichtquelle am Arbeitsp<strong>la</strong>tz zu<br />
haben, die punkto Intensität und Wellenlänge (Farbe) <strong>de</strong>m
natürlichen Wechsel <strong>de</strong>s Tagelichts möglichst nahe kommt.<br />
Denn evolutionsgeschichtlich gesehen, wur<strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>r Mensch<br />
nicht fürs Büro konzipiert. Für uns wäre es normal, wenn<br />
wir tagsüber draussen im Hellen wären. Einen sehr innovativen<br />
Ansatz, dieses Dilemma zu entschärfen, kommt<br />
<strong>de</strong>rzeit vom Fraunhofer Institut, das eine dynamische Licht<strong>de</strong>cke<br />
mit Tausen<strong>de</strong>n kleiner LEDs entwickelt hat, welche<br />
<strong>de</strong>m Büroangestellten das Gefühl vermittelt, unter freiem<br />
Himmel zu arbeiten (http://www.fraunhofer.<strong>de</strong>/en/press/research-news/2012/january/sky-light-sky-bright.html).<br />
Erste<br />
Untersuchungen zeigen, dass ein solches Lichtszenario vor<br />
allem bei <strong>de</strong>r Verrichtung von kreativen Arbeiten am Computer<br />
auf grossen Ank<strong>la</strong>ng stösst.<br />
Neben dieser kreativen technischen Lösung <strong>de</strong>r Bürobeleuchtung<br />
versucht man eine nüchterne Vornorm zu erstellen,<br />
um die wichtige Begriffe zur cirkadianen, nicht-visuellen<br />
Wirkung von Licht auf <strong>de</strong>n Menschen zu klären (DIN<br />
V 5031-100). Das Ziel ist es, aufzeigen, wann und wie biologisch<br />
wirksame Beleuchtung einzusetzen ist, und wie viel<br />
wirksamer sie ist als normales Licht. Viele Forscher g<strong>la</strong>uben<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
allerdings, dass es für eine solche Richtlinie noch zu früh<br />
ist. Es sind noch zu viele Fragen offen, und es mangelt an<br />
Studienergebnissen, um sich <strong>de</strong>rart festzulegen. Es ist aber<br />
sehr positiv, dass neben <strong>de</strong>n visuellen Aspekten nun vermehrt<br />
die Wirkungen <strong>de</strong>s Lichts auf die innere Uhr und <strong>de</strong>ren<br />
Regu<strong>la</strong>tion <strong>de</strong>s Sch<strong>la</strong>f-Wachrhythmus, <strong>de</strong>r kognitiven<br />
Leistung sowie <strong>de</strong>r Stimmung berücksichtigt wer<strong>de</strong>n, <strong>de</strong>nn<br />
Licht ist mehr als nur Helligkeit.<br />
Prof. sc. natw. Christian Cajochen leitet das Zentrum<br />
für Chronobiologie an <strong>de</strong>r Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik<br />
in Basel. Seine Forschungsinteressen umfassen<br />
die circadiane und homöostatische Regu<strong>la</strong>tion<br />
<strong>de</strong>r Sch<strong>la</strong>f/Wachrhythmik beim Menschen, die nichtvisuelle<br />
Lichtwirkung in <strong>de</strong>r Chronobiologie, sowie<br />
circadiane Sch<strong>la</strong>f-Wachstörungen bei psychiatrischen<br />
Patienten.<br />
Lighting Application for Non-Visual Effects of Light<br />
Introduction<br />
The discovery of me<strong>la</strong>nopsin containing retinal ganglion<br />
cells with intrinsic photoreception (ipRGC) at the beginning<br />
of this millennium [1, 2, 3] evoked interest not only in the<br />
research community, but also in the lighting industry. Beneficial<br />
health effects of light have been discussed not only<br />
since evi<strong>de</strong>nce for the use of light in psychiatric disor<strong>de</strong>r<br />
therapy was achieved. One obvious drawback for broa<strong>de</strong>r<br />
application was always the need for additional energy, because<br />
clear effects with the typical light used for illumination<br />
purposes were <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt on higher illumination levels.<br />
It now has turned out, that the lighting used in previous <strong>la</strong>boratory<br />
and application studies was not sufficiently adapted<br />
to the non-visual reception system and cofactors could<br />
have masked these effects consi<strong>de</strong>rably. Though there is<br />
still discussion about the optimal lighting for non-visual effects<br />
with minimum energy use, there is no doubt in the<br />
scientific community that appropriately timed stimu<strong>la</strong>tion of<br />
the ipRGC during the day and avoidance of stimu<strong>la</strong>tion in<br />
the night stabilizes our circadian system. This leads to a<br />
more efficient nocturnal sleep and better daytime activity<br />
and alertness levels. Alertness is also directly affected by<br />
input to the ipRGCs, resulting in acutely increased performance<br />
in <strong>la</strong>boratory testing and higher activity levels in corresponding<br />
nuclei of the brain [4]. This article will highlight<br />
how to transfer scientific results on non-visual effects - also<br />
called biological effects - of light into lighting application.<br />
Andreas Wojtysiak, Alfred Wacker and Dieter Lang, Osram AG<br />
sponse is the curve for nocturnal me<strong>la</strong>tonin suppression.<br />
Several mo<strong>de</strong>ls have been <strong>de</strong>veloped to <strong>de</strong>scribe this response<br />
with minor <strong>de</strong>viations when these were used to rate<br />
white light with respect to its circadian input. The mo<strong>de</strong>ls of<br />
Gall [5] and Rea [6] differ with respect to the effect of light<br />
in the green wavelength region, which might be of interest<br />
when comparing small waveband (colored) light sources.<br />
In total, it can clearly be stated, that blue spectral components<br />
in light act on the internal clock system by affecting<br />
circadian amplitu<strong>de</strong> and phase.<br />
Fig. 1: action spectrum c(�) for biological effects and visual sensitivity<br />
curve v(�) combined from different sources.<br />
Lighting Technology for non-visual effects<br />
The mo<strong>de</strong>l from Gall [5] was implemented in the German<br />
prestandard DIN V 5031-100:2009 [7], which contains<br />
Light Sources<br />
terms and <strong>de</strong>finitions for biological effects of light. Us-<br />
A number of studies on the ipRGC have shown that the<br />
action spectrum of their photopigment me<strong>la</strong>nopsin peaks<br />
in the blue spectrum around 480 nm. No nervous cell responses<br />
were elicited by yellow or red light. The best <strong>de</strong>scribed<br />
action spectrum for a more complex biological re-<br />
49<br />
ing the metrics <strong>de</strong>scribed there, it is possible to rate <strong>la</strong>mp<br />
spectra according to their biological efficiency in addition<br />
to light output for vision. A <strong>la</strong>mp spectrum with a higher socalled<br />
biological action factor (a ≥ 0,8) has a high frac-<br />
biol v<br />
tion of short wavelength spectrum, a high corre<strong>la</strong>ted color
SPG Mitteilungen Nr. 37<br />
temperature, and is generally more suitable to represent the<br />
active and day time part of the circadian day, especially in<br />
the morning hours. Cool white light sources including LEDs<br />
and fluorescent <strong>la</strong>mps may be used for this purpose. While<br />
stabilizing circadian rhythms when applied over the day,<br />
this spectrum is not suited for the regenerative and nocturnal<br />
phases, typically in the <strong>la</strong>te evening and night. Warm<br />
white <strong>la</strong>mps with low biological action factors (a biol v ≤ 0,4)<br />
have a lower influence on the ipRGCs and on the internal<br />
clock. These <strong>la</strong>mps are more suited when light for vision is<br />
nee<strong>de</strong>d, but an influence on the circadian phase or an alerting<br />
effect should be avoi<strong>de</strong>d. Halogen <strong>la</strong>mps, warm white<br />
LEDs or fluorescent <strong>la</strong>mps are suited to achieve this.<br />
To ba<strong>la</strong>nce best with visual and ecological needs, it seems<br />
advisable to use different CCT <strong>la</strong>mps or light sources with<br />
high energy efficiency over the day and use them as nee<strong>de</strong>d.<br />
This will result in higher instal<strong>la</strong>tion costs in the short<br />
term, but will be the most sustainable solution in the long<br />
run.<br />
Luminaires<br />
The biological photoreceptors are wi<strong>de</strong>ly distributed over<br />
the eye’s retina and more sensitive in the nasal and inferior<br />
region than in the upper part [8]. For biological effects it is<br />
essential to address many of these receptors, like the sky<br />
does in nature. Good effects indoors will be achieved with<br />
light coming from the upper field of view and covering a<br />
wi<strong>de</strong> solid angle, e. g. from the ceiling and the upper surfaces<br />
of walls. Consequently, biologically effective illumination<br />
requires p<strong>la</strong>nning and luminaires fitting to this concept,<br />
with a high proportion of indirect lighting or <strong>la</strong>minar <strong>de</strong>sign,<br />
thus leading to suitable vertical illumination levels. Up to<br />
now, no dose-response curve <strong>de</strong>scribing the re<strong>la</strong>tionship<br />
between lighting area and biological effect size has been<br />
established. In the meanwhile, the general recommendation<br />
for application must be to "maximize" the lighting area,<br />
while keeping luminance levels low in or<strong>de</strong>r to avoid g<strong>la</strong>re<br />
effects.<br />
Controls and Light Management Systems (LMS)<br />
Natural daylight is highly variable, especially in terms of illuminance<br />
levels but also in terms of color temperature. It<br />
Fig. 2: Lighting concept with pendant luminaires for day-time office<br />
workers including non-visual effects of light:<br />
Left: Day scenario with task lighting by warm white direct light and<br />
50<br />
is clear that the dynamics of daylight follows a rhythmic<br />
change in the course of day and night, and that this is a<br />
benchmark for good artificial lighting also. For day time application,<br />
changes in biological efficiency of applied lighting<br />
with positive impact on circadian rhythm stability, sleep/<br />
wake cycle, alertness and cognitive performance can be<br />
achieved with light management technology already avai<strong>la</strong>ble.<br />
The biological effectiveness in nature emanates from<br />
a combination of spectral composition and illuminance<br />
level, being in average at highest level around noon and at<br />
minimum in the night. Technically, this situation can be simu<strong>la</strong>ted<br />
by dimming the re<strong>la</strong>tive contribution of <strong>la</strong>mps with<br />
different light colors against each other in or<strong>de</strong>r to have a<br />
white light color but with different portions of blue spectral<br />
components appropriate to the respective daytime.<br />
Warm colors with only little biological effects can maintain<br />
good vision without strongly influencing circadian effects<br />
in the evening, while cooler colors with enriched blue content<br />
used over the day are providing good vision and higher<br />
biological effectiveness simultaneously. The evening and<br />
night scenario also allows to reduce the <strong>la</strong>minar light distribution<br />
and a change to spot-like illumination exclusively.<br />
This allows also substantial reductions in amount of energy<br />
nee<strong>de</strong>d for lighting, as only the visual tasks and emotional<br />
aspects have to be respected in these hours. Reductions<br />
in energy consumption may further be achieved by including<br />
sensors and intelligent controls, without <strong>de</strong>ductions in<br />
illumination quality.<br />
Lighting Application Studies<br />
Application studies (like the examples below) showed, that<br />
non-visual effects of light may be achieved with mo<strong>de</strong>rate<br />
effort in energy consumption by using mo<strong>de</strong>rn lighting systems<br />
and control. The general strategy is to differentiate<br />
lighting according to time of the day and needs.<br />
Better lighting in nursing homes improved the nocturnal<br />
sleep and daytime activity as well as psychological scores<br />
of el<strong>de</strong>rly persons in several studies [9, 10]. Old persons are<br />
especially <strong>de</strong>pen<strong>de</strong>nt on a lighting change because of their<br />
reduced transmission of the dioptric apparatus. The hazing<br />
and yellowing of the lenses with age reduces drastically the<br />
additional cool white light to the ceiling and upper wall to address<br />
ipRGC. Right: Evening and night scenario with warm white task<br />
lighting only.
short wavelength light arriving at the retina. This effect was<br />
counteracted by the lighting.<br />
A stronger synchronization by daytime office light and improvements<br />
in subjective performance in office workers<br />
have been achieved with fluorescent <strong>la</strong>mps of higher CCT<br />
than the typical 4000 K <strong>la</strong>mps used in this application [11,<br />
12]. For daytime indoor workers, this could be a first step<br />
to a better lighting but it is nee<strong>de</strong>d to say that this scenario<br />
might not be optimal for <strong>la</strong>te office hours.<br />
Comparable benefits have been shown in schools, leading<br />
to increased scho<strong>la</strong>r performance of the pupils and in<br />
hospital settings, where the recovery phase could be shortened.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Although scientific researchers still have numerous questions<br />
in this field, these first results of application of the new<br />
findings on non-visual effects of light open a very promising<br />
future for improvements in interior illumination. This is<br />
true for the professional lighting as well as for the lighting<br />
at home.<br />
References<br />
[1] Brainard, G. C., et al. (2001). "Action spectrum for me<strong>la</strong>tonin regu<strong>la</strong>tion<br />
in humans: evi<strong>de</strong>nce for a novel circadian photoreceptor." J Neurosci<br />
21(16): 6405-12.<br />
[2] Thapan, K., et al. (2001). "An action spectrum for me<strong>la</strong>tonin suppression:<br />
evi<strong>de</strong>nce for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans."<br />
J Physiol 535 (Pt 1): 261-7.<br />
[3] Berson, D. M., et al. (2002). "Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells<br />
that set the circadian clock." Science 295(5557):1070-3.<br />
[4] Van<strong>de</strong>walle, G., P. Maquet, et al. (2009). "Light as a modu<strong>la</strong>tor of cognitive<br />
brain function." Trends Cogn Sci 13(10): 429-38.<br />
[5] Gall, D., Bieske, K. (2004). Definition and measurement of circadian<br />
radiometric quantities. CIE Symposium '04: Light and Health: non-visual<br />
effects, University of Performing Arts, Vienna, CIE.<br />
[6] Rea, M. S., et al. (2005). "A mo<strong>de</strong>l of photo¬transduction by the human<br />
circadian system." Brain Res Brain Res Rev 50(2): 213-28.<br />
[7] DIN V 5031-100:2009-06 Optical radiation physics and illuminating engineering<br />
- Part 100: Non-visual effects of ocu<strong>la</strong>r light on human beings<br />
- Quantities, symbols and action spectra<br />
[8] Glickman, G., et al. (2003). "Inferior retinal light exposure is more effective<br />
than superior retinal exposure in suppressing me<strong>la</strong>tonin in humans." J<br />
Biol Rhythms 18(1):71-9.<br />
[9] Van Someren, E. J., A. Kessler, et al. (1997). "Indirect bright light improves<br />
circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in <strong>de</strong>mented patients." Biol<br />
Psychiatry 41(9): 955-63.<br />
[10] Riemersma-van <strong>de</strong>r Lek, R. F., D. F. Swaab, et al. (2008). "Effect of<br />
bright light and me<strong>la</strong>tonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in el<strong>de</strong>rly<br />
resi<strong>de</strong>nts of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial." JAMA<br />
299(22): 2642-55.<br />
[11] Vetter, C., M. Juda et al. (2011) “Blue-enriched office light competes<br />
with natural light as a zeitgeber”; Scand J Work Environ Health 37(5): 437-<br />
445<br />
[12] Vio<strong>la</strong>, A. U., L. M. James, et al. (2008). "Blue-enriched white light in<br />
the workp<strong>la</strong>ce improves self-reported alertness, performance and sleep<br />
quality." Scand J Work Environ Health 34(4): 297-306.<br />
51<br />
Jet Lag and Shift Work<br />
Communications <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> SSP No. 37<br />
Natural light sets the internal clock, but humans often<br />
challenge this system with more or less voluntary<br />
changes in day/night behavior. Jet travel is such<br />
a challenge, shift work is another. The internal clock<br />
shifts about 1 hr per day in such scenarios. With timed<br />
biologically active light (as <strong>de</strong>scribed in the main text)<br />
and avoidance of light at other appropriate times, it<br />
appears possible to adapt to a new time zone much<br />
faster. Shifts of more than 3 hrs with one light episo<strong>de</strong><br />
have been achieved in <strong>la</strong>boratory settings [a]. But at<br />
present, there is no reliable and robust scientific base<br />
how to handle lighting for shift workers. Actual recommendations<br />
range from shortening the shift schedules<br />
in or<strong>de</strong>r to reduce frequent massive circadian disruption<br />
as stated by some ergonomics experts to shifting<br />
totally (also in the worker’s free times) to the new<br />
shift schedule as proposed by chronobiologists, with<br />
consi<strong>de</strong>rable consequences for social life of those affected<br />
[b].<br />
[a] Khalsa, S. B., M. E. Jewett, et al. (2003). "A phase response<br />
curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects." J Physiol 549<br />
(Pt 3): 945-52.<br />
[b] Roenneberg, T. (2009): "New approaches in investigating the<br />
consequences of shift-work". 3rd DIN Expert Panel Effect of Light<br />
on Human Beings, DIN. Berlin, Beuth Ver<strong>la</strong>g.<br />
Andreas Wojtysiak ist promovierter Biologe und nach<br />
Tätigkeiten am IMST in Kamp-Lintfort, in <strong>de</strong>r Medizinischen<br />
Fakultät <strong>de</strong>r privaten Universität Witten/Her<strong>de</strong>cke<br />
und bei BenQ Mobile in München seit 2008<br />
bei <strong>de</strong>r Osram AG München als Innovation Manager<br />
Light & Health beim Strategic Innovation Management<br />
(SIM) aktiv.<br />
Alfred Wacker (Dipl.-Ing.) war früher Leiter <strong>de</strong>s Marketings<br />
bei OSRAM und ist nun für seine Firma beratend<br />
und in internationalen Gremien und Komitees<br />
tätig, u. A. im "Lighting Technology Standards Committee<br />
NA 058-00-27 AA (FNL 27) 'Effects of light on<br />
human beings' at DIN", <strong>de</strong>m auch die Schweiz angehört.<br />
Dieter Lang (Dipl.-Phys.) forschte früher bei Osram<br />
an "ceramic metal hali<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>mps" und ist seit <strong>de</strong>r Formierung<br />
<strong>de</strong>s Corporate Innovation Management Department<br />
im Jahr 2004 als Head Europe zuständig für<br />
Innovationen.
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