Facial <strong>An</strong>thropology and Reconstruction 251 Where manual three-dimensional facial reconstructions are produced, wigs may be attached, false eyes inserted, colored clay or paint or cosmetics employed to represent skin color, and clothing given to the sculpture (Iscan and Helmer 1993, Taylor and <strong>An</strong>gel 1998, Stratomeier et al. 2005). Two-dimensional manual practitioners will utilize colored media and add hairstyles, clothing, or accessories, and computer-generated work can include color images of these appearance details (Taylor 2001). Computer-generated three-dimensional facial reconstructions employ varying degrees of realism to the finished face, using simple manual coloration or complex texture wrapping (Lorenzi 2004). It is unclear whether photographic realism will increase face recognition. Indeed, there is evidence to suggest that we recognize familiar faces more readily from caricatures than from accurate drawings (Bruce and Young 1998). The manner in which a facial reconstruction is presented to the public varies, depending upon the country, media interest, and time of year. In the U.K., the police often attempt to show the face from multiple views in order to provide the maximum amount of facial morphology information. Consequently, three-dimensional work, both manual and computer-based, is more popular and, typically, a video of a full head rotation will be produced. In the U.S., where greater numbers of investigations will utilize facial reconstruction work, the media interest is lower than in the U.K. Websites are frequently employed to publicize the investigations and, therefore, two-dimensional reconstructions are preferred, and single views are presented. It is unclear whether multiple views produce higher recognition levels than single views, but where single views are utilized, the frontal view is the most reliable. References Auslebrook, W.A., Becker, P.J., and Iscan, M.Y., Facial soft tissue thicknesses in the adult male Zulu, Forensic Science International 79, 83–102, 1996. Bibb, R., Freeman, P., Brown, R., Sugar, A., Evans, P., and Bocca, A., <strong>An</strong> investigation of threedimensional scanning of human body parts and its use in the design and manufacture of prostheses, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers [H] 214, 589–594, 2000. Bongartz, J., Giel, D., and Hering, P., Living human face measurements using pulse holography, SPIE 4149, 303–309, 2000. Bruce, V. and Young, A., In the Eye of the Beholder, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998, pp. 165–176. Buhmann, D., Bellman, D., Kahler, K., Haber, J., Seidel, H.P., and Wilske, J., Computer-aided soft tissue reconstruction on the skeletonised skull, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts (RSFP), Potsdam, Germany, 2003, pp. 37–39. Bush, K. and <strong>An</strong>tonyshyn, O., Three-dimensional facial anthropometry using a laser surface scanner; validation of the technique, Plast Reconstr Surg 98(2), 226–235, 1996. Caldwell, M.C., The Relationship of Details of the Human Face to the Skull and Its Application in Forensic <strong>An</strong>thropology, Masters thesis, Arizona State University, 1981. Clauwaert, P., Facial reconstruction exhibited as part of the comparative study, 2nd International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts (RSFP), Remagen, Germany, 2005. Clement, J.G. and Ranson, D.L., Craniofacial Identification in Forensic Medicine, Arnold Publishers, Sydney, Australia, 1998. Colledge, H., Loss of Face? The Effect on the Outcome of Craniofacial Reconstruction When Part of the Skull is Missing, M.Sc. thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
252 Forensic Human Identification Curry, S., Baumrind, S., Carlson, S., Beers, A., and Boyd, R., Integrated three-dimensional craniofacial mapping at the Craniofacial Research Instrumentation Laboratory, Seminars in Orthodontics 7, 258–265, 2001. Davy, S.L., Schofield, D., and Evison, M.P., Creating a three-dimensional skull model from twodimensional images: problems and practicalities in computerized facial reconstruction, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts, Remagen, Germany, 2005. Eliasova, H., Dvorak, D., and Prochazka, I.O., Facial three-dimensional reconstruction, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts (RSFP), Potsdam, Germany, 2003, pp. 45–48. El-Mehallawi, I.H. and Soliman, E.M., Ultrasonic assessment of facial soft tissue thicknesses in adult Egyptians, Forensic Science International 117, 99–107, 2001. Evenhouse, R.M., Rasmussen, M., and Sadler, L., Computer-aided forensic facial reconstruction, J Biol Chem 19, 22–28, 1992. Evison, M.P., Computerised Three-Dimensional Facial Reconstruction, www.shef.ac.uk/assem/1/ evison.html, 1996. Evison, M.P., The body in the bag, Presented at the 2nd British Association of Human Identification (BAHID) conference, Bradford, U.K., 2002. Evison, M.P., Finegan, O.M., and Blythe, T.C., Computerized 3-D facial reconstruction: research update. assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/4, 1999. Evison, M.P., Davy, S.L., March, J., and Schofield, D., Computational forensic facial reconstruction, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Reconstruction of Soft Facial Parts (RSFP), Potsdam, Germany; 2003, pp. 29–34. Fedosyutkin, B.A. and Nainys, J.V., The relationship of skull morphology to facial features, in Forensic <strong>An</strong>alysis of the Skull, Iscan, M.Y. and Helmer, R.P., Eds., Wiley-Liss, New York, 1993, pp. 199–213. Freedman, A.D., Death and Dying, The 1996 Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, 1996. Gatliff, B.P. and Snow, C.C., From skull to visage, Journal Biocommunication 6(2), 27–30, 1979. George, R.M., <strong>An</strong>atomical and artistic guidelines for forensic facial reconstruction, in Forensic <strong>An</strong>alysis of the Skull, Iscan, M.Y. and Helmer, R.P., Eds., Wiley-Liss, New York, 1993, pp. 215–227. Gerasimov, M.M., The Face Finder, Lippincott, New York, 1971. Gerasimov, M.M., The Reconstruction of the Face from the Basic Structure of the Skull, trans. W. Tshernezky, Publishers unknown, Russia, 1955. Giel, D., Frey, S., Thelen, A., Bongartz, J., Hering, P., Nuchter, A., Surmann, H., Lingemann, K., and Hertzberg, J., Ultra-Fast Holographic Recording and Automatic Three-Dimensional Scan Matching of Living Human Faces, http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/719490.html, 2004. Gordon, I. and Shapiro, H.A., Forensic Medicine: A Guide to the Principles, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1975. Haglund, W.D. and Raey, D.T., Use of facial approximation in identification of Green River serial murder victims, American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12, 2, 132–142, 1991. Helmer, R., Schädelidentifizierung durch elektronische Bildmischung, Kriminalistik-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1984. Helmer, R., Rohricht, S., Petersen, D., and Moer, F., Plastische Gesichtsrekonstruktion als Möglichkeit der Identifizierung unbekannter Schädel (II), Archives Kriminology 184, 5–6, 142–160, 1989. His, W., <strong>An</strong>atomische forschungen ueber Johan Sebastian Bach’s gebeine und antlitz’nesbst bemerkungen ueber dessen bilder, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Konigl. Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften 22, 379–420, 1895. © 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Section 8 IDENTIFICATION FROM PERSO
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Part A Biological Indicators and Me
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DNA WILLIAM GOODWIN SIBTE HADI Cont
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