Abelmoschus esculentus (L - the University of Maine at Fort Kent

Kermath, Bennett and Pulsipher - Food Plants in the Americs 

FOOD PLANTS IN THE AMERICAS: 

A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY 

Brian M. Kermath 

University of Maine at Fort Kent, Fort Kent, ME 04743 

brian.kermath@maine.edu -- 951-823-3507 

Bradley C. Bennett 

Florida International University, Miami, FL 

bennett@fiu.edu -- 305-348-358 

Lydia M. Pulsipher 

University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 

lpulsiph@utk.edu -- 865-524-9954 

DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE OR DISTRIBUTE 

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Table of Contents 

Section Title Pages 

Food Plants in the Americas A-Z 3-834 

Latin Name Index 835-955 

Index to Common Names 956-1153 

Bibliography 1154-1258 


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Food Plants in the Americas A-Z 

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench [syn. Hibiscus esculentus L.] 

FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow) 

ENGLISH: bamia, bandakai, gobbo, gombo, gumbo, lady’s-fingers, 

ochro, ocoro, ocro, okra 

PORTUGUESE: gombô, gombó, quigombô, quigombó, quiabo 

SPANISH: ají turco, algalia, bombey, candia, candiá, chaucha turca, 

chicombó, chimbombo, gombo, guicombo, guingambó, lagarto, 

molondrón, naju, ñajú, quiabo, quimbombó, quimgombó, quingombó, 

ruibarbo 

USES/NOTES: Elongated green pod with its mucilaginous seeds is 

eaten as a cooked vegetable, added to soups and stews, or 

pickled. Mature seeds are eaten cooked, contain an edible oil 

used for cooking, and when dried and ground are used as a coffee 

substitute called café de pobre in some Spanish-speaking areas. 

Young leaves, flowers, and calyces are eaten cooked. The plant, 

introduced to Brazil in 1658 with the slave trade, is also 

medicinal and widely cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Africa, perhaps Ethiopia 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1982, Martin 

and Ruberté 1978a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Terra 1966, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. [syn. Hibiscus manihot L.] 


ENGLISH: aibika, bele, bush cabbage, bush spinach, edible hibiscus, 

flowering okra, hibiscus spinach, island cabbage, palmate-leaved 

hibiscus, peli, silk flower, slippery cabbage, sunset hibiscus, 

sunset musk-mallow, sweet hibiscus, sweet mallow, yellow 

abelmoschus, yellow hibiscus 

PORTUGUESE: quiabo, quiabeiro 

SPANISH: abelmosco 

USES/NOTES: High-yielding and nutritious leaves are eaten cooked and 

flower buds are edible. Although an important vegetable in 

Melanesia and elsewhere in the Old World tropics, A. manihot is not 

extensively cultivated in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, the South Pacific, and northeastern 

Australia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, GIPI 2006, Wiersema 

and León 1999 

Abelmoschus moschatus (L.) Medikus [syn. Hibiscus abelmoschus L.] 


ENGLISH: annual hibiscus, musk, musk mallow, musk okra, ornamental 

okra, tropical jewel hibiscus 

PORTUGUESE: ambreta, falso-algodão, quiabeiro, quiabo, rosaalmiscarada 


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SPANISH: ahoga, algalia, almizcle, almizcle vegetal, almizclillo, 

ambarina, amiklío, malva almizclera, mishuisma, pishquisma, tsere 

kata, tserékat, tserékata 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, young shoots, roots, and young pods are eaten, and 

seeds are used to flavor beverages. Also a source of an essential 

oil used as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Asia or Southeast Asia, widely naturalized in the 

Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Fryxell 1992, GIPI 

2006, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Abies amabilis Douglas ex Forbes 

FAMILY: Pinaceae (pine) 

ENGLISH: amabilis fir, Pacific silver fir, silver fir 

PORTUGUESE: abeto 

SPANISH: abeto 

USES/NOTES: Young branch tips have been used like tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to northern 

California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Munz 1968, Turner 

and Szczawinski 1978 

Abies balsamea (L.) Miller 


ENGLISH: balsam fir 

PORTUGUESE: abeto, pinheiro-do-Canadá 

SPANISH: abeto, abeto balsámico, abeto canadiense, pinabete 

USES/NOTES: Young twig tips are made into tea, trunk’s resin has 

been used like chewing gum or to flavor sweets, and cambium 

(inner bark) has been used as an emergency flour source, though 

described as having a disagreeable flavor. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America from West Virginia to Alberta, Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Morton 1976aa, 

Peterson 1977, Turner and Szczawinski 1978 

Abies grandis (Douglas ex D. Don in Lamb.) Lindley [syn. A. 

excelsior Francis] 


ENGLISH: giant fir, grand fir, great silver fir, lowland white fir, 

white fir 


SPANISH: abeto, abeto blanco americano, abeto de Vancouver 

USES/NOTES: Young branch tips have been made into tea, cambium has 

been used as an emergency food source, and gum may be chewed. 

NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia and the northwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, Munz 

and Keck 1959, Turner and Szczawinski 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. 


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ENGLISH: alpine fir, sub-alpine fir 


SPANISH: abeto, abeto alpino, abeto blanco americano, abeto 

subalpino, pinabete 

USES/NOTES: Young branch tips are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska through California and highland Arizona 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Turner and 

Szczawinski 1978 

Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. 

FAMILY: Nyctaginaceae (four o’clock) 

ENGLISH: fragrant verbena, fragrant white abronia, heart’s-delight, 

sand verbena, snowball, snowbell, sweet sand-verbena 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of New Mexico ground the roots and added 

them to corn preparations. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Great Plains from Texas north to the Pacific 

Northwest 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, LBJWC n.d., Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Abronia latifolia Eschsch. 


ENGLISH: seacoast abronia, yellow sand-verbena 

USES/NOTES: Roots were eaten by the Chinook Indians primarily as an 

emergency food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, 

Kunkel 1984, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Abrus precatorius L. 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or 

pea) 

ENGLISH: coral pea, crab’s-eye, Indian licorice, jequirity bean, 

jequirity seeds, jumbie beads, lucky beans, paternoster beans, 

precatory-bean, rosary pea, wild liquorice 

PORTUGUESE: tento-pequeno 

SPANISH: chubaroki, huailulo, jequerite, ojo de cangrejo, peonía, 

peronilla 

USES/NOTES: Roots have been used like common licorice (Glycyrrhiza 

glabra) as a flavoring agent. Deeply colored black and red, 

poisonous seeds, known as jequirity beans, are used as beads for 

necklaces and similar ornaments. Abrin, a deadly phytotoxin 

extracted from the seed, is used in medicines in India. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, widely naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Cid 1978, Duke 1986, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Abuta obovata Diels 

FAMILY: Menispermaceae (moonseed) 


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USES/NOTES: Mesocarp of this forest liana is edible and medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Peru, Amazonian Colombia, 

Amazonas (Brazil), southern Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Krukoff 1982, MBG n.d., 

Vásquez 1997 

Abutilon esculentum A. St-Hil. and A. megapotamicum (Sprengel) A. 

St-Hil. & Naudin 


ENGLISH: abutilon, Brazilian mallow 

PORTUGUESE: malva 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Lovelock 1973, 

Mabberley 1987 

Acacia acatlensis Benth. [syn. A. pueblensis Brandegee] 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea) 

SPANISH: borrequitos, guayalote, guayote, yepaquihle, yepaquilitl 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds are eaten in bean tamales or mashed into a 

meal and consumed variously. 

NATURAL RANGE: Puebla, Mexico to El Salvador 

REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Hersch- 

Martínez 1999 

Acacia angustissima (Miller) Kuntze 


ENGLISH: prairie acacia, prairie wattle, whiteball acacia 

SPANISH: carboncillo, cabello de ángel, guache, guaje, guaje 

blanco, guaje de bajillo, guajillo, guanacaste blanco, palo de 

pulque, quebracho rojo, siraku k’amataraku, timbe, timben, 

timbre, xixit 

USES/NOTES: Bark is fermented into an alcoholic beverage called 

pulque (a term generaly applied to alcoholic beverages made from 

Agave spp.) in Mexico, and fruit pods are edible. The fruit is 

also used to “induce” fermentation in agave pulque. Also 

cultivated as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, MBG n.d., Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Acacia cornigera (L.) Willd. 


ENGLISH: bull-horn acacia 

SPANISH: carne suelo, cornizuelo, ixcanal 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are eaten by children in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Poveda and Sánchez 1999 

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. 



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ENGLISH: cassie flower, popinac, sponge tree, sweet acacia 

PORTUGUESE: espinheiro, esponjinha 

SPANISH: aromo, espino, espino blanco, guizache, huisache, huisache 

dulce, huizache, pela, uña de cabra, vinorama 

USES/NOTES: Young, green fruit pods (which become reddish-brown 

when mature) may be eaten cooked, leaves are used as a seasoning 

like tamarind (Tamarindus indica), and gum has been used as a 

famine food. The small, thorny tree, cultivated by the early 

1600s in Italy, is grown as an ornamental for its flowers, 

delicate feathery leaves, and interesting form, and its fragrant, 

yellow, round flowers are used in cassie perfume. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics perhaps to the southern U.S. (Texas, New 

Mexico, Arizona, California, and Florida), though now widely 

naturalized and invasive in places; previously considered to be 

tropical African 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, 

Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Pereira and Aparecida 

n.d., Poveda and Sánchez 1999, Sturtevant 1972, Taylor 1998, 

Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Acacia greggii Gray 


ENGLISH: catclaw, catclaw acacia, cat’s claw, cat’s paw, devil’s 

claw, Gregg’s catclaw, paradise flower, Texas mimosa, wait-a-bit 

tree, wait-a-minute tree 

SPANISH: gatuño, tesota, uña de gato 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich pods and seeds are eaten raw or boiled. 

Dried pods have been used as a flour source by Amerindians of 

southwestern North America. Plant parts also contain prunasin a 

poisonous cyanogenic glycoside. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent southwestern U.S. from Texas to 

Utah, Nevada, and southern California 

REFERENCES: Castetter and Underhill 1935, Chihuahuan Desert Museum 

n.d., Clarke 1977, Ebeling 1985, Kirk 1970, Knight and Walter 

2002, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. [syn. A. verek Guill. & Perrottet, 

Mimosa senegal L.] and A. nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. [syn. A. 

arabica (Lam.) Willd.] 


ENGLISH: acacia, babul, babul acacia, babul gum, Egyptian acacia 

(A. nilotica), Egyptian mimosa (A. nilotica), Egyptian thorn (A. 

nilotica), gum acacia, gum arabic, gum-arabic tree, kher, 

Senegal-gum (A. senegal), Sudan gum-arabic 

PORTUGUESE: acácia 

SPANISH: acacia, goma arábica 

USES/NOTES: Gum arabic, gum acacia, or babul gum, derived from the 

sap of these drought-tolerant arborescent, woody legumes, is used 

in confections, processed foods, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals. 

Flowers and young pods are edible. 


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NATURAL RANGE: A. senegal from North Africa, possibly to India and 

A. nilotica from tropical Africa to tropical Asia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Prasad 1964, Rhem and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968, Wiersema et 

al. 1990 

Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck [syn. A. pentagonus (L.) 

Britton & Rose, A. pitajaya Dugand Ex Croizat] 

FAMILY: Cactaceae (cactus) 

ENGLISH: barbed-wire cactus, dildo cactus 

SPANISH: dildo espinoso, pitahaya, pitahaya morada, pitajaya, xacub 

USES/NOTES: Shiny, scarlet fruits and cooked stems are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela, Central America, eastern 

Mexico, southern coastal Texas, the Florida Keys, and Guadeloupe 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963, Duke n.d., Hoyas 

1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Uphof 1968 

Acanthosyris falcata Griseb. 

FAMILY: Santalaceae (sandalwood) 

ENGLISH: nara cherry 

SPANISH: sacha-pera, saucillo, yva he’e 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, though often fibrous yellowish drupes (~1.5cm) 

are sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, López et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Uphof 1968 

Acanthosyris spinescens (Mart. & Eichler) Griseb. 


PORTUGUESE: sombra-de-touro 

SPANISH: quebrachillo, quebracho flojo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Chifa et al. 2000, Martin et al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997 

Acer circinatum Pursh 

FAMILY: Aceraceae (maple) 

ENGLISH: vine maple 

USES/NOTES: Sap is a minor source of sugar and syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America from California to 

Alaska 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and 

Tucker 1979, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996 

Acer glabrum Torrey [syn. A. neo-mexicanum Greene] 


ENGLISH: California mountain maple, Douglas maple, dwarf maple, 

mountain maple, New Mexico maple, Rocky Mountain maple, Sierra 

maple 


8


USES/NOTES: Young shoots of this deciduous shrub to small tree have 

been eaten like asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) and sap may be 

used for syrup, though with a lower sugar content than some Acer 

species. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from New Mexico to Nebraska, 

North Dakota, Montana, and Alberta west to the coast to Alaska 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Koelling and 

Heiligmann 1996 

Acer grandidentatum Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: big-tooth maple, canyon maple, sugar maple, uvalde bigtooth 

maple 

USES/NOTES: Sap is used for syrup typically by hobbyists and not 

for commercial production. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico through western Texas and the Rockies 

to Washington and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, 

Koelling and Heiligmann 1996 

Acer macrophyllum Pursh 


ENGLISH: big-leaved maple, Oregon maple 

USES/NOTES: Sap is a source of maple syrup of some commercial 

consequence and may be boiled down further to sugar. Seed sprouts 

and inner bark are also edible. Leaves may be wrapped around food 

like grape leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America from California to 

British Columbia 


Tucker 1979, Gunther 1981, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Kunkel 

1984, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974 

Acer negundo L. [syn. Negundo aceroides (L.) Moench, N. mexicanum 

DC., N. negundo (L.) H. Karsten nomen illegit.] and including A. 

negundo L. var. arizonicum Sarg., var. californicum (Torrey & A. 

Gray) Sarg., var. interius (Britton) Sarg. [syn. A. interius 

Britt.], var. mexicanum (DC.) Standley & Steyerm. [syn. A. 

mexicanum (DC.) Pax, Negundo mexicanum DC.], var. negundo, var. 

orizabense (Rydb.) Standley & Steyerm., var. texanum Pax, var. 

violaceum (Kirchn.) Jaeger 


ENGLISH: Arizona boxelder (var. arizonicum), ash-leaved maple, 

ashleaf maple, box elder, box-elder maple, California boxelder 

(var. californicum), Manitoba maple, western boxelder 

PORTUGUESE: acer-negundo, bôrdo-negundo 

SPANISH: abundio, acer, acezintle, arce, arce maple, arce negundo, 

negundo, negundo mexicano, palo blanco, sácere, zapoxihul 

USES/NOTES: Trunk is a minor source of syrup and sugar and the 

cambium (inner bark) has been eaten as an emergency food. 


9


Historically leaves were used to pack around apples, roots and 

other foods to help preserve freshness. The varieties 

californicum, mexicanum, and orizabense are uncertain and may be 

considered under A. negundo var. negundo. 

NATURAL RANGE: At the level of species, Acer negundo occurs 

naturally from southern Canada through the 48 contiguous American 

states, Mexico, and portions of northern Central America (perhaps 

Guatemala only). The included varieties have the following 

natural ranges: arizonicum – Arizona and New Mexico; californicum 

– California; interius – the Great Plains, Rockies, and Great 

Basin of North America; mexicanum – Mexico; negundo – widespread 

in eastern and central North America with disjunct populations in 

the Pacific Northwest; orizabense – southern Mexico to Guatemala; 

texanum – south-central U.S. extending into the mid-Atlantic 

states and Ohio; violaceum – central U.S. to Maine and Washington 

and adjacent southern Canada from coast to coast 

REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, CONAFOR n.d., 

Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, 

Harrington 1967, Kermath (notes), Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, 

Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968 

Acer nigrum Michaux 


ENGLISH: black maple, black sugar-maple, hard maple, rock maple 

USES/NOTES: Abundant sap is used to make a quality maple syrup and 

is second to the true sugar maple (A. saccharum) as a source of 

commercial maple syrup. Seeds are eaten boiled then roasted and 

cambium is eaten cooked then ground, generally used as a 

thickener. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., excluding Maine and Florida, and 

southeastern Canada, west to Arkansas and southern Minnesota and 

South Dakota 

REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, 

Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, McPherson and McPherson 1977, 

Medsger 1939 

Acer pensylvanicum L. 


ENGLISH: moosewood, striped maple 

SPANISH: arce jaspeado 

USES/NOTES: Abundant sap is used to make a quality maple syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada and northeastern U.S., south through 

the highlands to Georgia, and west to Minnesota 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, 

Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Radford et al. 1968 

Acer rubrum L. 


ENGLISH: red maple, scarlet maple, southern red maple, swamp maple 

SPANISH: arce rojo 


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USES/NOTES: Sap, though not as abundant as in A. nigrum and A. 

saccharum, is sweet and can be consumed as a beverage, a 

sweetener, or a quality maple syrup after boiling. The tree is 

probably the third leading source of commercial maple syrup after 

A. saccharum and A. nigrum. Seeds may be eaten cooked, sprouted 

seeds are eaten raw, and cambium is edible cooked. The deciduous 

tree is an attractive shade specimen for its red displays of 

spring flowers and samaras (fruits) and fall foliage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Canada (east 

to Manitoba) to Florida and eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, 

Kermath (notes), Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, McPherson and 

McPherson 1977, Nelson 1994, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976, Weiner 

1980 

Acer saccharinum L. 


ENGLISH: silver maple, soft maple 

PORTUGUESE: ácer-prata, ácer-prateado, bordo, bôrdo, bôrdo-prateado 

SPANISH: ácere, arce plateado, maple 

USES/NOTES: Sap is used occasionally for sugar and syrup, and 

cambium is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to South Dakota and Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Koelling and Heiligmann 

1996, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968 

Acer saccharum J. Marsh 


ENGLISH: sugar maple, striped maple 

PORTUGUESE: bôrdo-açucareiro 

SPANISH: ácere, arce, arce de azúcar, arce sacarino, azcarrio, 

maple 

USES/NOTES: Sweet sap is the principal source of commercial maple 

syrup. Sap is also made into sugar. The cambium (inner bark) is 

also edible, having been consumed cooked and ground into flour in 

times of food scarcity. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Louisiana and the Dakotas in 

the lower U.S. states and Manitoba in Canada 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Koelling and Heiligmann 

1996, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Acer saccharum Marshall subsp. floridanum (Chapman) Desmarais 

[syn. A. barbatum Michaux, A. floridanum (Chapman) Pax] 


ENGLISH: Florida maple, hammock maple, southern sugar maple 

SPANISH: arce de Florida 

USES/NOTES: Sap is a syrup source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern North America from Virginia and southern 

Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Koelling and Heiligmann 1996 


11


Acer spicatum Lam. 


ENGLISH: mountain maple 

USES/NOTES: Sap, though not abundant, makes a quality syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Georgia and Alabama north into 

eastern Canada and west to Minnesota in the North 


Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Koelling and Heiligmann 1996, Radford et 

al. 1968 

Achatocarpus nigricans Triana 

FAMILY: Achatocarpaceae (achatocarpus) 

SPANISH: canfuncia, cuenta de agua, espino blanco, espuela de 

gallo, guirakupeti, limoncillo, palo dulce, palo verde, pico de 

paloma, totocal, zamurito 

USES/NOTES: Drupes, whitish- to greenish-white-translucent when 

ripe, are edible (as reported in Mexico), but can be unpleasant 

tasting, and leaves are eaten in Bolivar, Colombia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland 

REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Eliasson 1993, 

FUDENA n.d., MBG n.d., Martínez-García 1985, Todzia 2001 

Achillea millefolium L. 

FAMILY: Asteraceae or Compositae (aster, composite, or sunflower) 

ENGLISH: fern-leaf yarrow, milfoil, yarrow 

PORTUGUESE: alevante, anador, aquilea, aquiléia, cibalene, erva-decarreteiros, 

erva-de-cortaduras, erva-do-carpinteiro, mil-emrama, 

mil-folhada, mil-folhas, milefólio, pronto-alívio, surcilde-vênus 

SPANISH: altarreina, aquilea, artemisa bastarda, colchón de pobre, 

mil-hojas, milefolio, milenrama, millenrama, plumajillo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in salads and soups or for tea. Leaves 

and flowers are made into a medicinal tea used for coughs, for 

stomach and urinary tract complaints, and a menstruation aid. 

Leaves also have been used as a tobacco substitute and a mosquito 

repellant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe or subtropical Asia, widely 

naturalized 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973, 

Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, 

Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tucker 1994, Uphof 1968, Usher 

1974, Van Feu n.d. 

Achlys triphylla (Sm. in Rees) DC. 

FAMILY: Berberidaceae (barberry) 

ENGLISH: deerfoot, sweet-after-death, vanilla leaf 

USES/NOTES: Leaves have an aroma similar to vanilla (Vanilla 

planifolia) and reportedly have been used as a flavoring agent. 


12


NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast range of North American from 

northwestern California to western British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990 

Achyranthes aspera L. [syn. Achyranthes indica (L.) Mill.] 

FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed) 

ENGLISH: man-better-man, prickly chaff flower, worry vine 

PORTUGUESE: prega-prega, rabo-de-coati 

SPANISH: lengua de vaca, rabo de gato 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and medicinal. Ashes are used as a 

salt source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Duke n.d., Rojer 1997, Uphof 1968 

Acmella brachyglossa Cass. 


PORTUGUESE: jambu, shia-pa 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice in Acre, Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Mexico and perhaps the 

Antilles to Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Hokche et al. 2008, Jansen 1985, MBG n.d., Strother 

1999, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Acmella ciliata (Kunth) Cass. 


PORTUGUESE: agrião, jambó, jambu 

SPANISH: botoncillo, botoncite, sesa 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice in Acre, Brazil and leaves are 

added to salads in the Manaus area of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Darién, Panama 

REFERENCES: Funk et al. 2007, Jansen 1985, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen [syn. Spilanthes acmella var. 

oleracea (L.) C.B. Clarke ex Hook.f., Spilanthes oleracea beta. 

fusca (Lam.) DC., Spilanthus oleracea L. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: alphabet plant, Brazil cress, Brazilian cress, Pará cress, 

perennial Pará cress, spilanthes, toothache plant 

PORTUGUESE: abecedária, acmela, agrião, agrião-da-ilha-de-frança, 

agrião-da-mata, agrião-do-Brasil, agrião-do-norte, agrião-do- 

Pará, agrião-silvestre, berro-do-prato, botão-de-ouro, cardaminado-prato, 

erva-das-crianças, erva-de-malaca, jambu, jambu-açu, 

jambu-do-rio, jambu-no-rio, jambu-rana, malaca, mastruço, 

mastruço-do-Pará, nhambu, pimenta-da-costa, pimenta-do-Pará, 

rainunculo-brasileiro 

SPANISH: berro de Pará, botón de oro, botoncillo, cres de Pará, 

yambo, yanuco 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flower heads are added to salads and 

as an herb to popular Amazonian dishes that contain tucupi (the 

juice of Manihot esculenta) such as tacacá (shrimp/gum soup) or 


13


pato-no-tucupi (duck soup). The phytochemical spilanthol (or 

affinin), which causes the tongue to tingle and heightens its 

sensitivity to other flavors, is lost upon cooking; thus, in 

cooked foods, A. oleracea must be added at the end of the cooking 

process, if spilanthol’s effects are to be appreciated. Flower 

heads and leaves are steeped in hot water for tea used to aid in 

digestion or treat lung ailments including tuberculosis. Some 

cultivars are less pleasing to the palate than others. The plant 

is also being investigated as an insecticide. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps upland forests of Amazonian Brazil 

(eastern Amazonia?), or eastern Peru, now widespread in Amazonia 

and cultivated on a small scale elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro 

Martins 1989, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gottlieb 1985, 

Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Jansen 1985, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1990, Kermath (notes), Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, PFAF n.d., 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Wiersema 

and León 1999 

Acmella oppositifolia (Lam.) R.K. Jansen [syn. Spilanthes 

americana (Mutis ex L.f.) Hieron., S. oppositifolia (Lam.) 

D’Arcy] and A. oppositifolia (Lam.) R.K. Jansen var. repens 

(Walter) R.K. Jansen [syn. A. repens (Walter) Rich., Spilanthes 

americana (Mutis ex L.f.) Hieron var. repens (Walt.) A.H. Moore] 


ENGLISH: button of gold, creeping spotflower (var. repens), 

opposite-leaf spotflower 

PORTUGUESE: jambu 

SPANISH: botón de oro, botoncillo, chisaca, chisaca calentano, 

chisaca de cafetal, rizaca, santa maria, yuyo quemado 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and used medicinally to treat the 

liver by the Tupisa Choco. The Chorote people of the 

Argentine/Bolivian/Paraguayan border region prepare the leaves by 

cutting and/or chewing them then placing them in water with wild 

Capsicum peppers, salt, and other plants as a salad. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida to Texas to Peru and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Arenas et al. 1986, Duke n.d., 

Jansen 1985, Strother 1999 

Acnistus arborescens (L.) Schlecht. 

FAMILY: Solanaceae (nightshade or potato) 

ENGLISH: wild tobacco 

SPANISH: gallinero, palo de gallina 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or as jelly. Leaves are 

medicinal with potential anti-cancer properties. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through tropical South America and 

the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Acorus calamus L. 


14


FAMILY: Araceae (arum or aroid) 

ENGLISH: calamus, calamus root, flag root, myrtle sedge, sweet 

flag, sweet root 

PORTUGUESE: acoro, cálamo-aromático 

SPANISH: acore, ácoro, ácoro indio, ácoro verdadero, cálam, 

calamís, calamo, cálamo acuático, cálamo aromático, cálamo 

verdadero, lasturrin 

USES/NOTES: Spicy rootstocks of this aquatic herb are eaten candied 

and contain calamus oil, an essential oil used to flavor 

cordials, beer, gin, liqueurs, vinegar, and mouthwash, and to 

scent perfumes. Young unfurling leaves are added to salads. Also 

medicinal and an attractive ornamental for wet gardens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and temperate Eurasia, 

introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), 

Kindscher 1987, Marshall 1993, Peterson 1977, Plowman 1969, 

Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart. [syn. A. antioquensis 

Posada-Arango, A. erioacantha Barb. Rodr., A. intumescens Drude, 

A. lasiospatha Mart., A. media Cook, A. mexicana Karw. ex Mart., 

A. panamensis Bailey, A. sclerocarpa Mart., A. totai Mart., A. 

vinifera Oersted] 

FAMILY: Arecaceae or Palmae (palm) 

ENGLISH: babosa, butter tree, corojo palm, corozo, coyol, coyoli 

palm, gri-gri, groo-groo, gru-gru nut, gru-gru palm, macaw palm, 

macaya oil palm, maccafat, Mexican gru-gru palm, mocaya palm, 

Paraguay palm, prickly palm, totai, wine palm 

FRENCH: corosse 

PORTUGUESE: barriguda, bocaiúva, coco-babão, coco-baboso, coco-decatarro, 

coco-de-espinho, coco-xodó, grou-grou, macaíba, macaíbamirim, 

macajuba, macauba, macaúba, macaúba-mirim, mocajá, 

mocajuba, mucaiá, mucujá (fruit), mucujazeiro (tree), palmeiramucajá, 

parenta 

SPANISH: amankayo, bocaiá, bocaiuva, catay, catey, cayara, cayiete, 

chunta, coco, coco baboso, coco de catarro, cocoyol, coquito, 

corojo, corozo, corozo a molado, corozo caucano, corozo criollo, 

corozo grande, coyai, coyol, coyol espinoso, coyul, grugru, grugru, 

huicoyol, macaja, macamba, macauba, macaúba, mbocayá, 

micauba, mocarya, mocaya, mocayá, mucajá, ocori, pacora, palma de 

vino, palma redonda, palmito de coyol, tamaco, totaí, tucumo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten and are an edible oil source, fruit 

juice and stem sap are made into wine (vino de coyol in Spanish), 

and terminal leaf and heart are eaten as vegetables. Roots are 

used for a medicinal tea. Henderson et al. (1995) have lumped 

many previously recognized species of Acrocomia as synonyms of A. 

aculeata. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, 

northern South America (Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas), 

Brazil (except central and western Amazonia and the coastal zone 


15


from Bahia south), through Paraguay and eastern Bolivia, perhaps 

into northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balick 1990, Balslev and Moraes 1989, 

Cavalcante 1991, Duke n.d., Grayum 2003b, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Lentz 1990, 

León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Martínez et al. 2001, McCurrach 1960, Mutchnick and McCarthy 

1997, OAS 1973, Quero 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al. 

1992, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Villachica 1996, Williams 1981 

Acrostichum aureum L. 

FAMILY: Pteridaceae (maidenhair fern) or Adiantaceae (fern) 

ENGLISH: leather fern, mangrove fern, marsh fern, swamp fern 

SPANISH: esnargan, helecho de manglar 

USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics including the Americas to 

southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Duke n.d., FNAEC 1993, Uphof 1968, Zarucchi 

1998 

Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fischer 

FAMILY: Pteridaceae (maidenhair fern) or Adiantaceae (fern) 

ENGLISH: giant fern, giant leather-fern, inland leather-fern, 

leather fern, swamp fern 

SPANISH: helecho 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of South Florida ate young buds as a 

vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida, Central America, portions of the West 

Indies, and northern tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, FNAEC 1993, Stolze 1981 

Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planchon ex Miq. 

FAMILY: Actinidiaceae (Chinese gooseberry or kiwifruit) 

ENGLISH: arguta, baby kiwi, bower actinida, bower berry, grape 

kiwi, hardy kiwi, hardy kiwifruit, tara vine, wee-ki 

USES/NOTES: Small, green, smooth-skinned, sweet fruits have an 

agreeable flavor, and sap is potable. Though still rare in the 

Americas, cultivation is on the rise, notably in the Pacific 

Northwest of North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate China and North Korea, and perhaps Japan 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Ferguson 1999, 

Tanaka 1976 

Actinidia callosa Lindley 


ENGLISH: hardy kiwifruit, kiwi vine, red-spotted kiwifruit 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweetish/tart pulp of the ovoid, large berry is 

eaten out of hand, though is rare in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Taiwan, mainland China, Bhutan, Nepal, India, 

Myanmar, and Thailand 


16


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d. 

Actinidia chinensis Planchon 


ENGLISH: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi, kiwifruit 

PORTUGUESE: groselha-chinesa, kiwi 

SPANISH: kiwí 

USES/NOTES: Green, sweetish/tart pulp of the ovoid, brown fruit 

(botanically a berry), rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, is 

eaten out of hand or in fruit salads and is used in fruit juice 

blends or made into a quality wine. Leaves have been eaten as an 

emergency food. Though from China’s Yangtze Valley, the common 

name in English, kiwifruit (or kiwi for short), came from New 

Zealand producers in the 1950s, who were looking for a more 

marketable name. Once considered synonymous with A. delisiosa, A. 

chinensis is botanically very similar to its more widely marketed 

relative, but has less hairy and generally smaller fruits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate China 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Ferguson 1999, Morton 1987a, 

Nihoul 1976 

Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R. Ferguson [a 

horticultural species derived possibly from A. chinensis] 


ENGLISH: Chinese gooseberry, kiwi, kiwifruit, kiwi vine 

PORTUGUESE: groselha-chinesa, kiwi 

SPANISH: kiwí 

USES/NOTES: Green, sweetish/tart pulp of the ovoid, brown, fuzzy 

fruit (botanically a berry), rich in vitamin C and other 

nutrients, is eaten out of hand or in fruit salads and is used in 

fruit juice blends or made into a quality wine. Though from 

China’s Yangtze Valley, the common name in English, kiwifruit (or 

kiwi for short), came from New Zealand producers in the 1950s, 

who were looking for a more marketable name. One of the few 

plants domesticated in the 20 th century, A. delisiosa is the 

principle kiwifruit cultivated and marketed outside of China. 

NATURAL RANGE: Yangtze Valley of northern China and the Zhejiang 

Province of eastern coastal China 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Ferguson 1999, Guia Rural n.d., 

Morton 1987a, Nihoul 1976, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968, 

Vietmeyer 1987 

Actinidia kolomikta (Maxim. & Rupr.) Maxim. 


ENGLISH: Arctic beauty kiwi, hardy kiwi, kolomikta, Manchurian 

gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits and leaves of this cold-hardy vine are 

edible. Very rarely seen in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: China and Japan 


17


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Ferguson 1999, 

Tanaka 1976 

Actinidia polygama (Siebold & Zucc.) Maxim. 


ENGLISH: silver vine 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and leaves are edible. Grown primarily as a 

landscape plant in the U.S. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976 

Adansonia digitata L. 

FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Bombacaceae (silk-cotton) 

ENGLISH: baoba, baobab, cream-of-tartar tree, Ethiopian sour gourd, 

monkey bread 

SPANISH: baoba, baobab 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used to flavor foods, proteinrich 

seeds are eaten roasted or fermented, and leaves are used as 

a potherb. Bark and leaves may be eaten in times of food 

shortages or like pepper. Young seed shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa, rarely cultivated in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Adelia barbinervis Schltr. & Cham. 

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae (spurge) 

SPANISH: ata 

USES/NOTES: A common weed of maize milpas, young leaves and shoots 

are occasionally eaten as cooked greens in the Huasteca region of 

Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Mexico from just north of Mexico 

City, south into Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Molina 1975 

Adenanthera pavonina L. 


ENGLISH: red sandalwood, redhead 

SPANISH: coralitos 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropics, widely naturalized in warm regions including 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Long and Lakela 

1971, Molina 1975 

Adenostoma sparsifolium Torrey 

FAMILY: Rosaceae (rose) 

ENGLISH: red shanks, redshank 

SPANISH: chamizo colorado 

USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are edible. 


18


NATURAL RANGE: Southern California just into northern-most Baja 

California 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Sweet 1962 

Aechmea bracteata (Sw.) Griseb. 

FAMILY: Bromeliaceae (pineapple) 

ENGLISH: bromeliad 

SPANISH: piña de playón 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten or made into juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Aechmea hoppii (Harms) L.B. Sm. 


ENGLISH: aechmea 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Luther 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Aechmea longifolia (Rudge) L.B. Smith & M.A. Spencer [syn. 

Bromelia longifolia Rudge, Streptocalyx longifolius (Rudge) 

Baker] 


SPANISH: gan ata 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp surrounding the seeds of the variously 

colored fruit of this epiphyte is edible and used in beverages in 

places. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Amazonian Bolivia, Amazonian 

Brazil, Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000, Krömer et al. 1999, Luther 

1989, MBG n.d 

Aechmea magdalenae (André) André ex Baker 


ENGLISH: aechmea, pingwing 

SPANISH: ixtle, piñuela, pita, pita floja 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten raw or cooked, made into juice, or 

fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Also grown as an ornamental 

epiphyte and as a rope fiber source that is resistant to salt 

water. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Venezuela and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, OAS 1973, Ticktin 2002 

Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. 

FAMILY: Rutaceae (citrus or rue) 

ENGLISH: bael, bael fruit, bael tree, bel, bel fruit, Bengal 

quince, bilva, golden apple, golden orange, siriphal 

SPANISH: bael, bela, membrillo de Bengala 


19


USES/NOTES: Hard, greenish-yellow ripe fruits are consumed usually 

as juice and to treat dysentery, unripe fruit rind is the source 

of a yellow dye and marmelle (an essential oil), flowers are used 

to scent water, and roots and bark are used in tonics and 

medicines. 

NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas of northern India and Pakistan, possibly to 

Burma 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Roy and Singh 1979, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Williams 

and Williams 1969 

Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. 

FAMILY: Hippocastanaceae (buckeye or horse-chestnut) 

ENGLISH: California buckeye, California horse-chestnut, horsechestnut 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were a food source for Amerindians in California, 

but must be boiled with several changes of water to remove 

poison. All plant parts are poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, 


Aesculus hippocastanum L. 

FAMILY: Hippocastanaceae (buckeye or horse-chestnut) 

ENGLISH: European horse-chestnut, horse-chestnut 

PORTUGUESE: castanheiro-da-Índia 

SPANISH: castaño de indias 

USES/NOTES: Leached seeds reportedly have been used as a flour 

source, though untreated seeds and other plant parts contain 

poisonous glycosides. Peterson states that even treated seeds 

should not be ingested. 

NATURAL RANGE: Balkan Peninsula 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977, 


Afrocarpus gracilior (Pilger) C.N. Page [syn. Podocarpus gracilior 

Pilger] 

FAMILY: Podocarpaceae (podocarpus) or Taxaceae (yew) 

ENGLISH: African fern pine, fern pine, fern podocarpus, weeping 

podocarpus 

SPANISH: cobola, pino 

USES/NOTES: Red arils are edible. Also a landscape shrub in warm 

regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Africa including Ethiopia, Kenya, Lybia, 

Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda 

REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Agastache cana (Hook.) Wooton & Standley 

FAMILY: Labiatae or Lamiaceae (mint) 


20


ENGLISH: hoary balm of Gilead, hummingbird mint, mosquito plant, 

wild hyssop 

USES/NOTES: Greens can be used as a fragrant herb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America from Texas to Colorado, 

Utah, and Arizona, perhaps into Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972 

Agastache foeniculum (Pursh) Kuntze 


ENGLISH: anis, anise hyssop, blue giant hyssop, fragrant giant 

hyssop, giant hyssop, lavender giant hyssop, licorice mint 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used in teas and as a flavoring 

agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976aa 

Agastache mexicana (Kunth) Linton & Epling 


ENGLISH: Mexican giant hyssop, Mexican lemon hyssop 

SPANISH: melisa mexícana, toronjil morado 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic greens are used as a potherb, tea, or 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Morton 1976aa 

Agastache urticifolia (Benth.) Kuntze 


ENGLISH: giant hyssop, sawtooth mountain-mint 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic greens and flowers are used for tea, and seeds 

are edible. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974 

Agave americana L. [syn. A. complicata Trel. ex Ochot., A. 

gracilispina Engelm. ex Trel., A. melliflua Trel. ex L. Bailey] 

FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or 

Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

ENGLISH: agave, American aloe, century plant, common century plant, 

New World aloe 

PORTUGUESE: agave, coroatá-açu, gravatá-açu, pita, piteira, sisal 

SPANISH: agave, cabuya, cabuya negra, cabuyo, cabuyo negro, cabuyo 

verde, chuchao, kellupancarita, magué, maguey, maguey meco, 

maguey mexicano, maguey México, mara, motua, pacpa, pappa, paqpa, 

penca, pinca, pita, pita común, sabía dulce, siglo 

USES/NOTES: Grown mainly as an ornamental and a durable fiber 

source, though juice is drunk as aguamiel, fermented into pulque, 

and used medicinally. Young flower stalks are eaten as a cooked 

vegetable and large leaf bases are eaten roasted. The name 

century plant is derived from the popular belief that a century 


21


must pass before flowers emerge, though fewer than ten years may 

be enough. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico, widely cultivated and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Gentry (H.) 

1982, Grayum 2003a, Kermath (notes), MBG n.d., Naranjo 1991, OAS 

1973, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970, Towle 1961, Williams and 

Williams 1969 

Agave angustifolia Haw. 

FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

ENGLISH: Caribbean agave, century plant, pulque agave, variegated 

Caribbean agave (marginata cultivar from the Caribbean) 

SPANISH: babsi, espadín, ixtle, maguey de ixtle, maguey de monte, 

maguey espadilla, maguey espadín, maguey lechugilla, mexcalmetl, 

quiote 

USES/NOTES: Historically the agave of choice and currently one of 

the five officially recognized agaves for the production of the 

distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export. The plant is also 

a favored source of aguamiel (unfermented juice) and pulque (the 

fermented form of the juice). 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, probably Mexico, perhaps to Costa Rica and 

the Caribbean 

REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Bahre and 

Bradbury 1980, Brücher 1989, Chadwick 2003, Kermath (notes), 

Nobel 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Torres n.d. 

Agave asperrima Jacobi [syn. A. caeciliana A. Berger, A. scabra 

Salm-Dyck nomen illegit., A. wislizeni Engelm. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: rough-leaved century plant, rough century plant 

SPANISH: maguey áspero, maguey bruto, maguey de cerro, maguey 

cenizo 

USES/NOTES: The plant is a source of aguamiel (unfermented juice) 

and pulque (the fermented form of the juice). Stem and leaf 

juices are used as sweeteners. Young stems are sweet. The plant 

is currently one of officially recognized agaves for the 

production of the distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export. 

The accepted Latin binomial is in question and “A. asperrima” is 

seen incorrectly in the literature as “A. esperrima.” 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas to south-central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chadwick 2003, Correll and 

Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998, Gentry (H.) 1982, ITIS 

n.d., Kunkel 1984, Ullrich 1992, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Agave atrovirens Karw. [syn. A. latissima Jacobi] 


ENGLISH: agave, American aloe, pulque agave 

PORTUGUESE: agave 


22


SPANISH: cacayas (flowers only), chahuar, guapilla, maguey, maguey 

manso, maguey meco, maguey pulquero, mescal, zapalote 

USES/NOTES: Thick stems are cooked down to a gelatinous substance, 

rich in vitamins B and C, which is consumed as food or fermented 

and distilled into an alcoholic beverage called mescal or 

aguardiente. Uncooked sap can be consumed fresh as aguamiel or 

fermented into pulque. Fruits and flowers are eaten in Mexico, 

and leaf cuticles are used to wrap foods, especially tortillas. 

A. atrovirens is one of the chief pulque sources and is also a 

fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Loyola 1956, Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, 

Sauer 1993, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams and 

Williams 1969 

Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck 


ENGLISH: Bombay aloe, cantala, maguey, Manila maguey 


SPANISH: cantala, maguey, maguey de Manila 

USES/NOTES: Used like other agaves as a pulque source, though grown 

mainly for its leaf fiber used for making twine, hammocks, and 

mats. An important fiber source in the Philippines and Indonesia. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gentry (H.) 1982, León 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Agave deserti Engelm. 


ENGLISH: desert agave 

SPANISH: mezcal 

USES/NOTES: Leaf bases and young flower stalks are boiled down to a 

sweet mescal, sap is used for aguamiel and pulque, flowers and 

young buds are eaten as vegetables, and nectar can be consumed 

directly from flowers. Seeds are said to be flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California, Arizona, and adjacent 

northwestern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974, Nobel 1994, Uphof 1968 

Agave karwinskii Zucc. [syn. A. bakeri Ross, A. corderoyi Baker] 


SPANISH: cirial, maguey cirial, tobasiche 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated on a small and diminishing scale in Oaxaca 

as a mezcal source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca and Puebla, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Gómez Arriola 2005, Kermath (notes) 

Agave lecheguilla Torrey 



23


ENGLISH: istle fiber agave, tula istle fiber agave 

SPANISH: istle, lecheguilla, lechuguilla, tula istle, tzuta 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible and the base is a source for 

pulque and bacanora, a similar acaholic beverage. Leaves are the 

source of tula istle fiber in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico/New Mexico/Texas border region 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher 1989, Bye et al. 1975, 

Castetter and Underhill 1935, CONAFOR n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982, 

Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Sheldon 1980 

Agave mapisaga Trel. 


ENGLISH: agave 

SPANISH: lecheguilla, lechuguilla, maguey 

USES/NOTES: Transparent cuticle and underlying epidermal cell layer 

of leaves are used to wrap and add flavor to foods such as 

mixiote, which contains chicken or meat mixed with vegetables and 

chopped nopalitos (cactus pads), made especially during Christmas 

and Easter. The plant is also a source of quality aguamiel and 

pulque, although used less often than some less desirable species 

because of its slower growth. 


REFERENCES: Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Kermath (notes), Nobel 1994 

Agave missionum Trel. [syn. A. portoricensis Trel.] 


ENGLISH: Puerto Rican century plant 

SPANISH: corita 

USES/NOTES: Flower stalks of this huge agave are a juice source, 

flowers and central buds are edible, and flowers are a honey 

source. A. missionum and A. portoricensis have been treated as 

distinct species with former having a wider range and the latter 

restricted to Puerto Rico and a few nearby islands. 

NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and nearby islands 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Liogier and Martorell 2000, 

Nellis 1994 

Agave palmeri Engelm. 


ENGLISH: Palmer’s century plant 

SPANISH: maguey 

USES/NOTES: Central buds may be eaten as a fresh or dried vegetable 

or candied. Plant bases were eaten as a cooked vegetable. Plant 

bases and perhaps leaves are a wild pulque and mescal source. 

Seeds have been used as a flour source. Indigenous people baked 

and chewed the flower stalks for juice. The Apache (and perhaps 

the Hopi, Navajo, and other native Americans) once mixed the 

strained juice with fermented maize into “tiswin” (tizwin) or 

“tiswin water.” 


24


NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico and adjacent Arizona and New 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Buskirk 1986, Castetter and Bell 

1942, Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994 

Agave parryi Engelm. subsp. neomexicana (Wooton & Standley) 

Ullrich [basionym A. neomexicana Wooton & Standley] 


ENGLISH: New Mexico agave, mescal, Parry’s agave 

SPANISH: maguey de Nuevo México 

USES/NOTES: Young flowers are eaten cooked and nectar is made into 

syrup. Base is a mescal and pulque source. Flower stalks may 

reach over five meters. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern New Mexico and adjacent Texas and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, FNAEC 

1993, Gentry (H.) 1982, ITIS n.d., Ullrich 1992 

Agave parryi Engelm. subsp. parryi Engelm. [syn. A. wislizeni 

Engelm. nomen illegit.] and A. parrasana A. Berger [syn. A. 

wislizeni Engelm. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: century plant, huachuca agave, mescal, mescal agave, 

Parry’s agave, Parry’s century plant, rough agave 

SPANISH: huachuca, mescal yapavai 

USES/NOTES: Leaf bases and young flower stalks of this small agave 

are boiled down to a sweet thick porrage known as mescal (though 

more similar to nonalcoholic aguamiel opposed to the mescal of 

commerce), sap is used for aguamiel and fermented pulque, flowers 

and young buds are eaten as vegetables. Young flowers are eaten 

cooked, nectar is made into syrup or consumed directly, and 

flower stalks are eaten raw or cooked and store well. Base is a 

mescal and pulque source. Young leaves have been eaten roasted 

and dried. The Apache baked the crowns in pits, then pounded the 

fleshy centers and ate them. The Apache also ate roasted roots. 

Dried leaf base cakes and flower stalks store well. Seeds can be 

cooked, ground and added to bread. The species name "wislizenii" 

has been advocated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balls 1975, Basehart 1974, 

Buskirk 1986, Castetter 1935, Castetter and Opler 1936, Facciola 

1990, Gentry 1982, ITIS n.d., Kunkel 1984, Nobel 1994, Ullrich 

1992, Villarreal et al. 2005, Yanovsky 1936 

Agave potatorum Zucc. [syn. A. verschaffeltii Lem.] 


ENGLISH: butterfly agave 

SPANISH: maguey de tobalá, maguey tobalá, mescalmetl, papalometl, 

tobalá 

USES/NOTES: Wild and cultivated varieties of the powdery blue-gray, 

stout, succulent agave is one of the officially recognized 


25


sources of mezcal for export and is also a source of aguamiel and 

pulque. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas, and Puebla) 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chadwick 2003, Gentry (H.) 1982, 

Kermath (notes) 

Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck subsp. crassispina (Trel.) Gentry 

[syn. A. crassispina Trel. ex L. Bailey] 


SPANISH: maguey manso, maguey mezcalero, maguey silvestre, maguey 

verde 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in Mexico as an export grade mezcal source 

and for pulque. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Gentry (H.) 1982, Uphof 1968 

Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck var. ferox (K. Koch) Gentry [syn. 

A. ferox K. Koch] 


ENGLISH: giant agave, ornamental pulque agave 

SPANISH: maguey de pulque, maguey gigante 

USES/NOTES: Central base is a pulque source in the cenrtal portion 

of Mexico’s Eastern Sierra Madre and likely elsewhere, though it 

is less desired than A. mapisaga, which is less abundant and 

slower growing. The plant is a horticultural variety. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexico, Guanajuato to Puebla and 

Oaxaca 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gentry (H.) 1982, Kermath 

(notes) 

Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck var. salmiana [syn. A. 

cochlearis Jacobi, A. lehmannii Jacobi, A. mitriformis Jacobi, A. 

quiotifera Trel.] 


ENGLISH: agave, pulque agave 


SPANISH: ixtle, maguey ceniso, maguey pulquero, maguey mexcalero, 

maguey verde 

USES/NOTES: Sap of the principal pulque agave is consumed as a 

fresh beverage (aguamiel) or fermented into the highly perishable 

alcoholic drink pulque. Transparent cuticle and underlying 

epidermal cell layer are used to wrap, and add flavor to foods 

such as mixiote, which contains chicken or meat mixed with 

vegetables and chopped nopalitos (cactus pads), popular at 

Christmas and Easter. Sweet flower stalks are chewed like those 

of sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum). The plant is currently one 

of officially recognized agaves for use in the production of the 

distilled alcoholic beverage mescal for export. Also used as 

animal feed. 


26



REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Gentry (H.) 1982, 

Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994, Sauer 1993, 


Agave shawii Engelm. 


ENGLISH: coastal agave, coastal century plant, Shaw’s agave 

SPANISH: mescal, maguey primavera 

USES/NOTES: Nectar, from this endangered species, is consumed 

directly from flowers and stem pith is eaten roasted. Flowering 

panicles are fed to animals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California and adjacent Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., Kunkel 

1984 

Agave sisalana Perrine 


ENGLISH: hemp plant, sisal, sisal hemp 

PORTUGUESE: sisal 

SPANISH: fique, maguey, sisal, sisal tuxtlecs, yacci, yaxcí 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated primarily for its durable, course fiber, 

though new shoots are eaten and sap from the flower stalks is 

fermented into pulque. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher 

1989, Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), OAS 1973 

Agave tequilana Weber [includes A. tequilana Weber var. azul nomen 

illegit.] 


ENGLISH: blue agave, tequila agave 

PORTUGUESE: agave da tequila 

SPANISH: cabuya, chino azul, maguey de tequila, maguey tequilero, 

mexic, mezcal, mexcalmetl, pita, teometl 

USES/NOTES: Leaf bases or heads, known in Spanish as cabezas or 

piñas, from this agave are the only ones that can be used legally 

to make tequila, a doubly distilled and aged, highly desirable 

mescal. An extract from the plant has been popularized in recent 

years to flavor beer and other beverages. Tequila production is 

legally restricted to the Mexican states of Jalisco, Michohacán, 

Tamaulipas, Nayarit, and Guanajuato. Commercial tequila 

production depends legally on the cultivated variety A. tequilana 

var. azul, though other varieties are used to make other mescals. 


REFERENCES: Chadwick 2003, Dalton 2005, Gentry (H.) 1982, Guia 

Rural n.d., Gómez Arriola 2005, Gómez Arriola and López Morales 

2006,, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Luna 1991, Nobel 1994, Sánchez 

and Orellana 2004, Sánchez et al. 1998, Sauer 1993, Valanzuela- 

Zapata and Nabhan 2004, Vega et al. 2001 


27


Agave utahensis Engelm. 


ENGLISH: agave, century plant, mescal agave, Utah aloe 

USES/NOTES: Plant centers, buds, short inflorescence stalks, and 

leaf bases, are removed and roasted in pits to produce a thick 

liquid consumed directly or fermented to make an alcoholic 

beverage similar to mescal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cool, dry highlands of western North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Nobel 1988, Uphof 1968 

Agave weberi Cels. ex Poisson 


ENGLISH: Weber’s agave, Weber’s century plant 

SPANISH: maguey de mezcal, maguey liso 

USES/NOTES: One of the officially recognized sources for export 

grade mezcal and an aguamiel and pulque source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas and adjacent northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Chadwick 2003, Uphof 1968 

Agave wocomahi Gentry 


ENGLISH: wocomahi agave 

SPANISH: ojcome, wocomahi 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and stem tops or piñas are eaten and the juice 

of the stems is added to tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage, of the 

Tarahumara people, based on a mash derived mainly of maize (Zea 

mays), or to make mescal, an agave-based alcoholic beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Chihuahua, adjacent Sonora, and into 

Durango, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Gentry (H.) 1982, MBG 

n.d. 

Agoseris aurantica (Hook.) E. Greene [syn. Macrorhynchus 

troximoides Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: false dandelion, mountain dandelion, orange agoseris 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in what is now Nevada to Utah ate the 

leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to New Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Agoseris glauca [includes A. villosa Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: false dandelion, mountain dandelion, pale agoseris, pale 

goat-chicory 

USES/NOTES: Latex was a chewing gum source for the Thompson Indians 

of British Columbia. A. villosa Rydb. is likely an illegitimate 

name. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central and western North America 


28


REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Aiphanes aculeata Willd. [syn. A. caryotifolia (Kunth) H. Wendl., 

A. orinocensis Burret, Bactris praemorsa Poeppig ex Mart., 

Martinezia caryotifolia Kunth, Martinezia ernesti Burret] 


ENGLISH: ruffle palm, spine palm 

PORTUGUESE: chica-chica, pupunha-brava, pupunha-da-mata, pupunhade-metro 

SPANISH: chascacay, chascara, cocos rura, corozo de chascara, 

macagüita, marará, mararay, palma de chascara, quindio 

USES/NOTES: Oily fruits, eaten out of hand or candied, are a good 

source of vitamin A and protein. 

NATURAL RANGE: Highland Colombia and Venezuela and southwestern 

Amazonian Brazil (state of Acre) to adjacent Peru and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Balick and Gershoff 1990, Bernal 1992, Duke 1986, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 

1995, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Aiphanes eggersii Burret 


ENGLISH: Eggers plam 

SPANISH: chontaruro, corozo 

USES/NOTES: Mesocarp and the endosperm are eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Ecuador possibly into extreme northwestern 

Peru 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d. 

Aiphanes linearis Burret 


SPANISH: chirca, corozo de agüita 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Colombian highlands 

REFERENCES: Borchsenius and Bernal 1996, Henderson et al. 1995 

Aiphanes macroloba Burret [syn. A. chocoensis A.H. Gentry] 


SPANISH: chascaraza, palmito 

USES/NOTES: Heart is eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: West-central to southwestern Colombian and 

northwestern Ecuadorian highlands from 600-1400 meters 

REFERENCES: Borchsenius and Bernal 1996, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG 

n.d. 

Aiphanes minima (Gaertner) Burret [syn. A. acanthophylla (Mart.) 

Burret] 


ENGLISH: coyure palm, grigri palm, macaw palm 

SPANISH: coyore 


29


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Also grown as an 

ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Lesser 

Antilles 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, Uhl and 

Dransfield 1987, Uphof 1968 

Alcea rosea (L.) Cav. [syn. Althaea rosea (L.) Cav.] 


ENGLISH: garden hollyhock, hollyhock, stock rose 

PORTUGUESE: malva-da-Índia, malva-rosa, malvaísco, malvarisco 

SPANISH: alcea, malva arbórea, malva loca, malva real, malvarrosa 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a potherb and flowers and cooked 

buds are eaten in salads. Flowers also are made into tea and 

taken as a demulcent, diuretic, and for chest ailments. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 

1990, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974 

Aleurites moluccanus (L.) Willd. [syn. A. triloba Forst., Croton 

moluccanus L., Jatropha moluccana L.] 


ENGLISH: Belgaum walnut, candleberry, candlenut oil tree, candlenut 

tree, China wood-oil, Chinese tung-oil, Indian walnut, tung-oil 

tree, varnish tree 

Belgaum walnut, candleberry, candlenut oil tree, Indian walnut, 

varnish tree 

PORTUGUESE: bancoulier-dos-franceses, nogueira-da-praia, nogueirade-óleo, 

nogueira-de-Santa-Catarina, nogueira-do-iquape, noz-dasmolucas, 

tungue 

SPANISH: árbol candil, calumbán, camirio, lumbán, nuez de India 

USES/NOTES: Seeds may be eaten roasted, though the tree is better 

known for the inedible, drying seed oil that is used for 

illumination and finishing wood as well as other industrial 

applications. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely naturalized in tropical and frost-free 

subtropical regions 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Stuppy et al. 1999, Wunderlin 

1998 

Alibertia concolor (Cham.) Schum. 

FAMILY: Rubiaceae (coffee or madder) 

PORTUGUESE: marmelada, marmeladinha 

SPANISH: café bravo 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE:Tropical South America from Brazil, and adjacent 

Bolivia, Argentina, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: EMBRAPA 2006, MBG n.d. 


30


Alibertia edulis (A. Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC. [syn. A. panamensis L. 

Riley] and A. myrciifolia Spruce ex K. Schum. 


PORTUGUESE: apuruí, apuruizinho, arapuruí, goiaba-preta, marmelada, 

marmelada-de-bezerro, marmelada-de-cachorro, marmelada-de-cavalo, 

marmelada-lisa, marmeleiro, motu, puruí, puruí pequeno, 

puruizinho, puruzinho 

SPANISH: guayabito de monte, guaiabo, huitillo, lagartillo, madroño 

de comer, perija, perita, pitajoní hembra, trompillo, trompito, 

trompo, tutumillo, zumbo 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s pulp is edible. Leaves and bark are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: A. edulis from Greater Amazonia to Nicaragua and A. 

myrciifolia from greater Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Cavalcante 1991, Condit and Pérez n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Jardim et al. 2003, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, OAS 1973, 

Posey 1984, Posey 1985, Poveda and Sánchez 1999, Renner et al. 

1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Alibertia hadrantha Standley 


PORTUGUESE: apuruí 


NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Amazonian Brazil, perhaps restricted to 

the state of Acre, and adjacent Peru into Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Alibertia hexagyna H. Karsten (?) [perhaps conspecific with A. 

edulis (A. Rich.) A. Rich. ex DC.] 


SPANISH: pera 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987 

Alibertia macrophylla Schum. 


PORTUGUESE: marmelada, marmelada-de-cachorro 



REFERENCES: EMBRAPA 2006 

Alibertia sessilis (Vell.) Schumann [syn. A. melloana Hook.f.] 


PORTUGUESE: marmelada-de-cachorro, marmelinho-do-campo 

SPANISH: madroño 


NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, EMBRAPA 2006, Martin et al. 1987 


31


Alibertia sorbilis Ducke [syn. Borojoa sorbilis (Ducke) Cuatrec., 

Thieleodoxa sorbilis Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: puruí grande 

SPANISH: borjó 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonas state, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona 

et al. 1992 

Alibertia tutumilla Rusby 


SPANISH: bicito, bisillo, tutumilla, vi chico 

USES/NOTES: Fruit may be bitter and also sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, MBG n.d. 

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. 

FAMILY: Alismataceae (water plantain) 

ENGLISH: mad-dog weed, water plantain 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten dried then cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979 

Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze [syn. Diplothenium maritimum 

Mart.] 


ENGLISH: sand palm, seashore palm 

PORTUGUESE: buri-da-praia, caxandó, coco-da-praia, coco-guriri, 

guri, guriri 

SPANISH: palma costera 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten or made into a beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s south-central coast 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Hoyas 1989, IBGE 

1980, Martin et al. 1987, Moraes 1996 

Allagoptera campestris (Mart.) Kuntze [syn. Diplothenium campestre 

Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: ariri, buri, buri-do-campo, emburi, guriri-do-campo, 

imburi, pissandó 

USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central interior Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987 

Allagoptera leucocalyx (Mart.) Kuntze 


PORTUGUESE: coco-da-chapada, guriri 

SPANISH: motacuchí 


32


USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Bolivia to adjacent southwestern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995 

Allantoma lineata (Mart. ex Berg) Miers 

FAMILY: Lecythidaceae (Brazil nut) 

ENGLISH: skittle nut 

PORTUGUESE: ceru, cheru, churu, tauari, xuru 

SPANISH: tabari 

USES/NOTES: Nuts occasionally are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and northern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Prance and Mori 1979 

Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande 

FAMILY: Cruciferae (mustard) or Brassicaceae (brassica) 

ENGLISH: garlic mustard 

USES/NOTES: Finely chopped leaves can be added to salads, young 

leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, and flowers and young seedpods 

are said to be eaten raw. All plant parts have a mild mustard and 

garlic flavor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized and invasive in North America 

REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990 

Allium canadense L. 

FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) 

ENGLISH: Canada garlic, Canada onion, meadow garlic, meadow leek, 

outlaw of the lily family, prairie onion, wild garlic, wild onion 

USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are eaten raw, cooked, or pickled, and 

leaves and flowers are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Canada to Texas and Florida 

REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Kindscher 

1987, Peterson 1977 

Allium cepa L. var. cepa 


ENGLISH: onion 

PORTUGUESE: cebola, cebola-cabeça-branca, cebola-do-reino, cebolagigante, 

cebola-pêra, cebola-roxa, cebola-vermelha 

SPANISH: cebolla, cebollo 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are the principal commercial onion, used as a 

condiment and a vegetable, raw, cooked, or pickled. Also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Iran and Pakistan 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jones 

and Mann 1963, Purseglove 1972 

Allium cepa L. var. solaninum P. Allen 


ENGLISH: eschallot, shallot 

PORTUGUESE: cebolinha, cebolinha branca 


33


SPANISH: cebolla escalonia, cebolleta, chalote 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs and leaves are used as condiments or in salads. 

Bulbs are eaten pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, 

Purseglove 1972, Usher 1974 

Allium cernuum Rydb. 


ENGLISH: lady’s leek, nodding onion, nodding pink onion, nodding 

wild onion 

USES/NOTES: Strong-flavored bulbs and leaves are used to flavor 

soups, stews, and meats. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. from New York and Georgia to Minnessota and 

Arizona 

REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977 

Allium chinensis G. Don f. [syn. A. bakeri Regel] 


ENGLISH: Chinese onion 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten, often pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: China 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uphof 1968 

Allium drummondii Regel 


ENGLISH: wild onion 

SPANISH: cebolla del monte 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten as a vegetable or a condiment. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Kindscher 1987, 

Latorre and Latorre 1977 

Allium fistulosum L. 


ENGLISH: bunching onion, green onion, Japanese bunching onion, 

Peruvian onion, spring onion, Welsh onion 

PORTUGUESE: cebola-de-todo-ano, cebolinha, cebolhina-comum, 

cebolhina-verde 

SPANISH: cebolla de hoja, cebolla de invierno, cebolla junca, 

cebolla peruana, cebolleta, cebollín, cebollina galesa, cebollino 

inglés 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated as an edible and medicinal herb, 

often added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern China to Siberia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural 

1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1972, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté 1984, Usher 1974 

Allium geyeri S. Watson [also A. dicotymum E. Greene] 


34



ENGLISH: Geyer(’s) onion 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs and leaves are used to flavor soups, stews, and 

meats. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967 

Allium glandulosum Link & Otto [syn. A. kunthii G. Don f.] 


SPANISH: cebolla del monte, cebollita 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are added to sauces. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984 

Allium porrum L. [syn. A. ampeloprasum var. porrum (L.) Gay] 


ENGLISH: leek 

PORTUGUESE: alho-macho, alho-por, alho-poró, alho-porro, alhoporrum 

SPANISH: ajito tierno, ajo porro, ajo puerro, cebollino, cebollita, 

porrino, porro, puerro, puerro silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Large, elongated leaf bases (or false stems), bulbs, 

and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean Europe, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d, Guia Rural 1990, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976aa, Purseglove 1972, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Usher 

1974, Uphof 1968 

Allium sativum L. 


ENGLISH: garlic 

PORTUGUESE: alho, alho-comum, alho-hortense, alho-manso 

SPANISH: ajo 

USES/NOTES: Cloves are the garlic of commerce, used to flavor 

foods. Also medicinal and an oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe to Central Asia 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Leung 1961, Morton 1976aa, 


Allium schoenoprasum L. 


ENGLISH: chives 

PORTUGUESE: cebolinha, galega 

SPANISH: ajo moruno, cebolla, cebolla de rama, cebolleta, 

cebollino, cebollino francés 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs, hollow leaves, and flowers are added to salads, 

soups, and other prepared dishes. Dried, chopped leaves are used 

as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe perhaps through temperate Asia 


35


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 

1990, Kunkel 1984, Leung 1961, Morton 1976aa, Omawale 1973, 

Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Allium stellatum Fraser 


ENGLISH: prairie onion, wild onion 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as condiments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Saskatchewan to Ohio 

REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Allium tricoccum Aiton 


ENGLISH: ramp(s), wild leek, wood leek 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten cooked and bulbs are used like common 

leeks (Allium porrum) added to salads or in cooking. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to Georgia and Iowa 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1962, Peterson 1977, Uphof 

1968 

Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. 


ENGLISH: Chinese chives, Chinese leek, garlic chives 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Allium unifolium Kellogg 


ENGLISH: one-leaf onion 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs and shoots are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993 

Allium ursinum L. 


ENGLISH: ramsoms, wild garlic, wood garlic 

PORTUGUESE: alho-de-urso 

SPANISH: ajo silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as condiments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Eurasia, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Schneider 

1987 

Allium validum S. Watson 


ENGLISH: swamp onion 

USES/NOTES: Fibrous bulbs are used for flavoring in cooked foods. 



36


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, 

Hickman 1993 

Allium vineale L. 


ENGLISH: crow garlic, false garlic, field garlic, wild garlic 

SPANISH: ajo silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Hollow leaves and roots are used as condiments. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Mabberley 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Allophylus edulis (A. St-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.) Radlk. [syn. 

Schmidelia edulis A. St-Hil., Cambess. & A. Juss.] 

FAMILY: Sapindaceae (soapberry or soapwort) 

PORTUGUESE: baga-de-morcego, chala-chala, chale-chale, frutade-parão, 

fruta-de-passarinho, fruta-de-pomba, murtabranca, 

murta-vermelha, olho-de-pomba, ovo-de-pomba, paupombo, 

vacum, vacunzeiro 

SPANISH: chal-chal, cocó, cocú, koku 

USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, the Guyanas, 

Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay 

REFERENCES: López et al. 1987, Lorenzi 2000, Martin et al. 1987 

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don f. 


ENGLISH: elephant ear, giant taro 

PORTUGUESE: inhame-gigante, toyoea 

SPANISH: taro 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, although rarely eaten, must be properly 

prepared as they may be cyanogenic. Grown more frequently as an 

ornamental for its large, decorative leaf and as a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka, possibly to Malaya 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Sauer 1993, Uphof 1968 

Aloë vera (L.) Burm.f. [syn. A. barbadensis Miller] 

FAMILY: Aloeaceae (aloe) 

ENGLISH: aloe, aloe vera, Barbados aloe, bitter aloes, burm, burn 

plant, Curaçao aloe, medicinal aloe, Old World aloe, sempervivum, 

senteebyebee, sinkle bible, true aloe, unguentine cactus 

PORTUGUESE: aloés, babosa, babosa-ananás, caraguatá-de-jardim, 

erva-babosa, erva-de-azebre 

SPANISH: acíbar, alóe, lináloe, sábila, savila, zábila 

USES/NOTES: Leaves contain a thick, gelatinous substance used 

widely in topical medicines (as an oil, gel, or dried powder) and 

less frequently in foods such as jelly. Leaves are edible and 

their pulp is used to flavor alcoholic and non-alcoholic 

beverages, frozen desserts, baked goods, and confections. Seeds 

reportedly are edible. 


37


NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region or perhaps southern Africa, 

introduced widely and rarely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Branch and Silva 1983, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, 

Nellis 1994, Price 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 

1987, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Aloysia citriodora Palau [syn. A. triphylla (L’Hérit.) Britton] 

FAMILY: Verbenaceae (verbena) 

ENGLISH: lemon verbena 

PORTUGUESE: cidrão, cidrilha, cidrilho, cedrina, cidró, erva-luísa, 

falsa-erva-cidreira, limonete, lúcia-lima, salva-limão 

SPANISH: hierba luisa, té cedrón 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in teas and to flavor liqueurs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile, 

Peru, and perhaps Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, 

Morton 1976a, Zuloaga 1997 

Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook.) Tronc. [syn. A. lycioides 

Cham., Verbena gratissima Gillies & Hook.] 


ENGLISH: bee brush, Mexican oregano, white brush 

PORTUGUESE: alfazema-do-brasil, erva-da-graça, erva-de-nossasenhora, 

erva-santa 

SPANISH: ángel, arrayan, azahar de campo, cedrón, cedrón de campo, 

cedrón de monte, cidrón, lamuña, muña, niño rupa, niño-urupá, 

palo amarillo, quebradora, resedá de campo, romerillo, usillo 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves and flowers are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Disjunct populations in New Mexico, southern Texas 

and adjacent Mexico; northern Argentina, Bolivia, southern 

Brazil, and Paraguay; and perhaps Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., MBG n.d., Troncoso 1979, Tull 

1978, Zuloaga 1997 

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L. Burtt & R.M. Sm. [syn. A. speciosa 

(Wendl.) Schumann] 

FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger) 

ENGLISH: shell flower, shell ginger 

SPANISH: alpinia 

USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in the Americas, though stems, 

leaves, and flowers may be eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Alstroemeria aurantiaca D. Don [also A. haemantha Ruiz & Pavón, A. 

revoluta Ruiz & Pavón, and A. versicolor Ruiz & Pavón] 

FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or Liliaceae (lily) 


38


ENGLISH: herb lily (A. haemantha), Peruvian lily, purple-spot 

parrot-lily (A. haemantha) 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes, though bland are nutritious and a good starch 

source. The plant is ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: A. aurantiaca and A. haemantha from Chile and 

Argentina to Peru, A. revoluta from Chile and Argentina to 

Bolivia, A. versicolor possibly restricted to Chile 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985, Parodi 1934, Ravenna 1969, Uphof 1968 

Alstreoemeria ligtu L. 

FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) or Liliaceae (lily) 

ENGLISH: Peruvian lily 

SPANISH: chuno de concepción 

USES/NOTES: Roots are a starch source sold in Chilean markets. Also 

grown as an ornamental for its orange flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal cloud forests of Chile and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, 


Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze 


ENGLISH: Brazil chaff-flower, Brazilian amaranth, Brazilian 

joyweed, purple alternanthera 

PORTUGUESE: caaponga, ervanço, perpétua, perpétua-do-brasil, 

perpétua-do-mato 

SPANISH: perpetua 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a cooking herb. Flowers are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, likely beyond 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mears 1977, Mentz et al. 1997 

Althaea officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: altea, marsh mallow, marshmallow, white mallow 

PORTUGUESE: alteia (altéia), althaea, malva-branca, malva-dopântano, 

malvarisco 

SPANISH: malva de pantano, malvavisco, melcocha 

USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were prepared to make a mucilaginous 

paste used like egg whites and to make the base of the original 

marshmallow — a gummy confection made with a sweetened root 

decoction variously mixed with egg whites and thickeners like gum 

arabic (Acacia spp.). Today, marshmallows (bombón de merengue 

blanco in Spanish) are made with gelatin or gum thickeners, corn 

syrup, sugar, and flavorings. Roots and leaves have been used for 

tea, roots can be eaten in salads, and flower buds have been used 

like capers (Capparis spinosa). Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 

1990, Gibbons 1966, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Soukup 1970, 

Usher 1974 


39


Amaioua guianensis Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: amaina, canela-de-veado, cedro-bravo 


NATURAL RANGE: upland forests of the Guianas, southern Venezuela, 

and Amazonian Brazil and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark 

et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Amaranthus acanthochiton Sauer [syn. Acanthochiton wrightii 

Torrey] 


ENGLISH: greenstripe, greenstrip amaranth 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are eaten fresh or dried, often 

as a famine food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Chihuahua, 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Castetter 1935, Correll and Johnston 1970, Hough 1897, 

Uphof 1968, Whiting 1939 

Amaranthus albus L. [syn. A. graecizens L.] 


ENGLISH: prostrate amaranth, prostrate pigweed, spreading pigweed, 

stiff tumbleweed, tumble pigweed, tumbleweed, tumbleweed 

amaranth, white amaranth, white pigweed 

PORTUGUESE: bredo verdadeiro, caruru-de-porco 

SPANISH: bledo, cochino, quelite manchado 

USES/NOTES: Young plant is eaten cooked, and seeds are eaten raw, 

cooked, as cereal or mush, and as flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, 

Kindscher 1987 

Amaranthus arenicola I.M. Johnston [syn. A. torreyi auct. non 

(Gray) Benth. ex S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: pigweed, sand amaranth, sandhill amaranth, sandhills 

amaranth, sandhills pigweed, Torrey amaranth 

PORTUGUESE: amaranto 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. Great Plains, from Texas to South Dakota, 

naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson 


ENGLISH: amaranth, creeping amaranth, mat amaranth, matweed, 

prostratre amaranth, prostrate pigweed, spreading amaranth 

PORTUGUESE: bredu, erva-aranha 


40


SPANISH: amaranto, baleo, bledo, bledo rojo, bledos, bletos, breo, 

ceñiglo, cenizo, hebreo, quelite manchado, sabía 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in the western U.S. ate young plants, 

leaves, and seeds in various ways. Small nutritious seeds were 

eaten raw or ground and prepared in pinole. Young plants were 

added to cooked meals dried or fresh and leaves have been used as 

a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska and Quebec to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Castetter 1935, Elmore 1944, Everitt et al. 2007, 

Moerman n.d., Reagan 1929, Saunders 1976, Vestal 1940, Yanovsky 

1936 

Amaranthus caudatus L. [syn. A. edulis Speg., A. mantegazzianus 

Passer.] 


ENGLISH: amaranth, bush green, cat-tail, Inca wheat, love-liesbleeding, 

pendant amaranth, red-hot cattail, tassel flower, 

tumbleweed 

PORTUGUESE: amaranto, amaranto de cauda, bredu, caruru 

SPANISH: abanico, achis, achita, amaranto, ataco, ataco morado, 

blero, bledo, bledos, borlas, chaquilla, chaquillon, coime, 

coimi, coyo, cuimi, jataco, kiwicha, millmi, moco de pavo, 

qamaya, quichuicha, quichuicha, quihuicha, quinchincha, 

quinchuicha, quinoa, quínoa, quínoa de castilla, quínoa del 

valle, sangoracha, sangorache, trigo del Inca, trigo Inca 

USES/NOTES: Lysine-rich seeds are eaten as flour, popped, or 

parched. Leaves are used as an herb or a vegetable like spinach 

(Spinacia oleracea). Attempts to revitalize this once important 

Andean staple crop are underway. 

NATURAL RANGE: Domesticated in the Andes from Ecuador to 

northwestern Argentina, though it was also cultivated early in 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, 

Downton 1973, Early 1992, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural 1990, 

Kauffman and Weber 1990, León 1987, Leung 1961, Lobb 1993, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin and Telek 1979, Marx 1977, Myers 1983, 

Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté 

1984, Sauer 1993 

Amaranthus crassipes Schlecht. 


ENGLISH: clubfoot amaranth, spreading amaranth, tropical spreading 

amaranth 

SPANISH: tsakam chith 

USES/NOTES: Plant is eaten as a cooked green in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Arizona and Texas, and perhaps New Mexico, 

and northern Mexico, naturalized in Florida, the Antilles, 

Venezuela, and likely elsewhere 



41


Amaranthus cruentus L. [syn. A. paniculatus L.] 


ENGLISH: achita, amaranth, amaranthus, careless weed, Mexican grain 

amaranth, pigweed, prince’s feather, princess feather, purple 

amaranth, red amaranth, reuzen amaranth, scarlet amaranth 

PORTUGUESE: bredo, caruru-de-porco 

SPANISH: achita, alegría, bledo, calalú, hisquilite, huautle, 

quelite 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious white seeds are made into baking flour, and 

nutritious leaves are used like spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Once 

an important food of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. Also medicinal. 

Possibly derived from A. hybridus. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexican and/or Guatemalan highlands, diffused into 

Central America and the southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brouk 1975, Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990, 

Ford 1984, Guia Rural n.d., Hernández Xolocotzi 1993, Kauffman 

and Weber 1990, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Martin and Telek 1979, 

OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Tucker 1986, 

Weatherford 1988 

Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell. [syn. A. tristis Willd.] 


ENGLISH: amaranth, calalu, caterpillar calalu, pigweed, wild 

spinach 

PORTUGUESE: caruru 

SPANISH: blero, calalú 

USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are eaten as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Honychurch 1980, Martin and 

Telek 1979, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956 

Amaranthus hybridus L. [syn. A. chlorostachys Willd., A. quitensis 

Kunth] 


ENGLISH: achita, amaranth, green amaranth, prince’s feather, 

princess feather, rough pigweed, slim amaranth, smooth amaranth, 

smooth pigweed, spleen amaranth, wild beet 

PORTUGUESE: bredo, caruru-de-porco 

SPANISH: achita, airampo, ataco, bledo, calalú, chan, cuiritze, 

hisquilite, huautle, quelite, sangorache, xtez 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious seeds and leaves are eaten; seeds are 

roasted or ground into flour and baked. Leaves are eaten cooked 

like purslane (Portulaca oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southern U.S., highland Mexico and 

Central America, and probably the high tropical Andes and the 

plains of temperate South America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Early 1992, Espejo Serna et al. 

n.d., Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Harrington 1967, Kauffman 

and Weber 1990, OAS 1973, Martin and Telek 1979, Sauer 1993, 

Tucker 1986, Yanovsky 1936 


42


Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. [syn. A. leucocarpus S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: burgundy amaranth, mercado grain amaranth, prince’s 

feather 

SPANISH: chith, guegui bledo, huauhtli, kiwicha, sith 

USES/NOTES: Once an important food source in Mesoamerica especially 

among the Aztecs, the eaves are cooked as greens and seeds are 

toasted and ground for atole or eaten popped. Possibly a hybrid 

of A. cruentus x A. powellii. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mesoamerica 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Early 1992, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Sauer 1993, Uphof 1968, Weatherford 1988 

Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson 


ENGLISH: pigweed 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, leaves, and tender young plants are edible. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Amaranthus powellii S. Watson [syn. A. retroflexus var. powellii 

(S. Watson) Boivin] 


ENGLISH: amaranth pigweed, careless weed, pigweed, Powell’s 

amaranth, Powell’s pigweed 

USES/NOTES: Parched seeds are eaten whole or ground into meal. 

Young shoots and leaves are eaten as greens. Once cultivated or 

encouraged by Amerindians of the Rocky Mountains. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, widely naturalized annual weed of 

disturbed sites 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, ITIS n.d., Tomikel 1986 

Amaranthus retroflexus L. [syn. A. retroflexus var. salicifolius 

I.M. Johnston] 


ENGLISH: green amaranth, pigweed, redroot, redroot pigweed, redwood 

amaranth, wild beet 

SPANISH: quintonil 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten parched, and young shoots and leaves 

are eaten as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America, now a cosmopolitan weed 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Foster and Cordell 1992, 

Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Tomikel 1986 

Amaranthus spinosus L. [syn. A. caracasanus Kunth] 


ENGLISH: prickly amaranth, prickly calalu, red-root amaranth, spiny 

pigweed 

PORTUGUESE: bredo-de-espinhas, caruru-bravo 


43


SPANISH: amaranto, ataco, bledo, bledo espinoso, bledo macho, bledo 

rojo, pira brava 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable. The fruit is 

edible. Also used to treat fevers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pan-tropical 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bourke et al. 

1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Naranjo 1991, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Amaranthus tricolor L. [syn. A. gangeticus L.] 


ENGLISH: amaranth greens, Chinese amaranth, Chinese spinach, edible 

amaranth, elephant-head amaranth, Joseph’s coat 

PORTUGUESE: amaranto, bredo-roxo, bredo-vermelho, caruru-da-mata, 

caruru-grande, caruru-vermelho, crista-de-galo 

SPANISH: ala de oro, bledo, pira, tampala 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and medicinal. Also grown as an 

ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Mexico and Central America, or West Asia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bhat 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, 

IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979 

Amaranthus viridis L. [syn. A. gracilis Desf.] 


ENGLISH: bhajee, bhaji, calalu, chow roi bhajee, garden calalu, 

green amaranth, green calalu 

PORTUGUESE: bredo 

SPANISH: bledo 

USES/NOTES: New shoots are eaten as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, 

Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968 

Ambelania acida Aublet [syn. A. tenuiflora Müell. Arg.] 

FAMILY: Apocynaceae (dogbane) 

FRENCH: paraveris, quienbiendent 

PORTUGUESE: pau-de-colher, pepino-do-mato 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, 

and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 

1987, Steyermark et al. 1995, Zarucchi 1987 

Ambelania occidentalis Zarucchi 


SPANISH: awíshru papáajiri, cuchara caspi, cucharilla, tawíshru 

papájiri 

USES/NOTES: Ripe yellow fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997 


44


Ambrosia artemisifolia L. [syn. A. maritima L.] 


ENGLISH: hogbrake, ragweed 

PORTUGUESE: artemesia 

USES/NOTES: Achenes contain an edible oil (oil of ragweed) similar 

to that of soybeans (Glicene max). 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970, 

Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Voeks 1997 

Ambrosia trifida L. 


ENGLISH: buffalo weed, giant ragweed, great ragweed, horse weed, 

ragweed 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and medicinal, though better known as 

a hay fever source. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kindscher 1987 

Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer [syn. A. florida 

Lindley] 


ENGLISH: northwestern serviceberry, Pacific serviceberry, Saskatoon 

serviceberry, western shadbush 

SPANISH: cornijuelo, cornillo, madronillo, membrillo, tlaxisqui 

USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed out of hand and in pies, puddings, 

juice, preserves, and desserts. Leaves are used for tea. Wood is 

dense and used for small tools and canes. Also grown as an 

ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America and perhaps other north temperate 

regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson 

1985, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii (Fern.) C. Hitchc. [syn. A. 

cusickii Fern.] 


ENGLISH: Cusick’s serviceberry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990 

Amelanchier arborea (Michaux f.) Fern. 


ENGLISH: downy serviceberry, serviceberry, shadblow, shadbush 

USES/NOTES: Tiny, dark red to deep purple berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996 


45


Amelanchier bartramiana (Tausch) M. Roemer 


ENGLISH: Bartrum shadblow 

USES/NOTES: Oval- to pear-shaped berry was been eaten by the 

Blackfoot. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936 

Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medikus 


ENGLISH: downy shadblow, june berry, serviceberry, shadbush 

SPANISH: guillomo de Canadá, madronillo, membrillo, níspero del 

Canadá, tlaxisqui 

USES/NOTES: Berries, once important to Amerindians, are used in 

pies, puddings, juice, preserves, and desserts. Also grown as an 

ornamental and for its hard wood, used for small tools and canes. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974 

Amelanchier laevis Wiegand [syn. A. x grandiflora Rehder] 


ENGLISH: Allegheny shadblow, apple serviceberry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jam or wine. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Kartesz 1994 

Amelanchier obovalis (Michaux) Ashe 


ENGLISH: southern juneberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern North America 


Amelanchier ovalis Medikus [also A. asiatica Schröder] 


ENGLISH: European june berry, snowy mespilus, swamp pear, swamp 

sugar pear 

SPANISH: bullonera, cornijuelo, cornillo, curruñé, madronillo, 

membrillo, tlaxisqui 


NATURAL RANGE: Europe, A. asiatica from temperate Asia 


1985, Simmons 1972, Usher 1974 

Amelanchier stolonifera Wiegand 


ENGLISH: dwarf june berry, Quebec berry 




46


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Simmons 1972 

Amelanchier utahensis Koehne 


ENGLISH: Utah serviceberry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970 

Ammandra dasyneura (Burret) Barfod [syn. Phytelephas dasyneura 

Burret] 


SPANISH: ñume’mba, patisak’o, tú-te-se-wa, yarina blanca, yume 

USES/NOTES: Liquid endosperm is drunk and leaves are used for 

thatch. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995 

Ammandra decasperma Cook [syn. Phytelephas decasperma (Cook) R. 

Dahlgren] 


SPANISH: cabecita 

USES/NOTES: Soft immature endosperm is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of Colombia 


Amomyrtus luma (Molina) Legrand & Kausel [syn. Myrtus luma Molina] 

FAMILY: Myrtaceae (myrtle) 

ENGLISH: Chilean guava, Chilean myrtle 

PORTUGUESE: temo 

SPANISH: cauchao, chauchau, luma, palo madrona 


NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina, possibly to southern Brazil, 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kausel 1966, Landrum 1988, 

Legrand 1962, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987 

Amoreuxia palmatifida Moçiño & Sessé ex DC. 

FAMILY: Bixaceae (box or boxwood) or Cochlospermaceae 

(cochlospermum) 

SPANISH: pochotilla, saya, taraqui, temasqui, yuquilla, zaya 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and roasted roots are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, Mexico, Central America, and Colombia 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Poppendieck 1981 

Amorpha canescens Pursh 


pea) 

ENGLISH: leadplant, prairie shoestrings, tea plant, wild tea 


47


USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea. The name “leadplant” 

derives from the grayish appearance of the fine hairs that cover 

the leaves, stems, and flower buds. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America from Michigan west to Manitoba and 

Montana, south to New Mexico and Texas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, 

Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky 1936 

Amorpha fruticosa L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bastard indigo, false indigo, indigo bush 

USES/NOTES: Small, one-seeded, curved fruit pods may be used as a 

condiment. Showy purple and yellow flowers are attractive. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, wet areas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Nelson 1996, 

Wilbur 1975 

Ampelocera hottlei (Standley) Standley 

FAMILY: Ulmaceae (elm) 

SPANISH: cautivo, frijolillo, guaya de monte 

USES/NOTES: Small edible fruits are sold in local markets in 

Veracruz, Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Panama 

REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997 

Ampelocissus acapulcensis (Kunth) Planchon 

FAMILY: Vitaceae (grape) 

SPANISH: huragüe, parra, uva cimarrona, uva silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and small red to purple fruits were eaten by 

Amerindians in Mexico. Fruits are described as bitter, sweet, and 

with potential for breeding with other grapes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Honduras 

REFERENCES: Lombardi 2000, MBG n.d., Reyes-García and Sousa 1997 

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. [syn. A. 

brevipedunculata (Maxim.) Trautv. var. maximowiczii (Regel) 

Rehder, A. heterophylla (Thunb.) Siebold & Zucc.] 


ENGLISH: amur peppe-rvine, creeper, porcelain-berry, turquoiseberry, 

wild grape 

SPANISH: vaya de porcelana 

USES/NOTES: Small multi-colored, shiny berries may be eaten raw or 

cooked and young leaves and stems are edible cooked, though all 

with little appreciation. 

NATURAL RANGE: Far eastern Asia from Siberia, China, Korea, and 

Japan; naturalized and invasive in the eastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Kunkel 1984, Tanaka 1976 

Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. [syn. A. monoica (L.) Elliott] 


48



pea) 

ENGLISH: Dakota pea, ground peanut, hog peanut, pea vine, talet 

bean, wild peanut 

USES/NOTES: Subterranean seeds are eaten like boiled and though 

similar to a peanut in life form, the seeds are sweet and more 

pea-like in flavor. Generic name seen as Amphicarpa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from New Brusnwick to central 

Florida to eastern Mexico and Manitoba 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et 

al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Peña et al. 1999, Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Amphipterygium adstringens (Schltdl.) Standley [syn. Hypopterygium 

adstringens Schltdl., Juliania adstringens (Schltdl.) Schltdl.] 

FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy) or Julianaceae 

(juliania) 

SPANSIH: carano, chalalate, coachalalate, copal caraño, cuacha, 

cuachalalá, cuachalalate, cuachalalatl, cuachinalá, cuauchalalá, 

huachinango, macerán, matixerán, muaxalaxlitli, palo de rosa, 

pacueco, volador, yalaguitu 

USES/NOTES: Peduncle is edible. “Juliania” appears incorrectly as 

“Juliana” in some sources. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and 

Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Molina 1975, 

Stevens et al. 2001 

Amyris elemifera L. 


ENGLISH: sea amyris, torchwood 

SPANSIH: incienso 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, ovoid drupe is edible. Fragrant resinous 

wood is flammable and has been used for torches. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal peninsular Florida through the Keys, the 

Bahamas, the northern Antilles, coastal southeastern Mexico, and 

Central America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 

Anacardium excelsum (Kunth) Skeels [syn. A. rhinocarpus (Kunth) DC., 

Rhinocarpus excelsa Kunth] 

FAMILY: Anacardiaceae (cashew or poison ivy) 

ENGLISH: wild cashew 

PORTUGUESE: caracoli 

SPANISH: caracolí, espavé, espavé acajú, espavel, espavel amarillo, 

espavel rosado, marañón, mija, mijagua, mijao 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, 

Colombia, and Ecuador to the Pacific coast of Guatemala 


49


REFERENCES: Barfod 1987, CTFS n.d., Fournier 2002, Martin et al. 1987, 

MBG n.d., OAS 1973 

Anacardium giganteum Hancock ex Engl. 



PORTUGUESE: caju-açu, caju-da-mata, cajuí, cajuí-da-mata, oloi 

SPANISH: sacha cashú 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy red peduncles, or pseudo-fruits, similar to the 

common cashew (A. occidentale), are eaten in northern Amazonia and 

the Guianas. Ka’apor use the plant for ceremonial beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonia through northern South America 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva 

et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Anacardium humile A. St-Hil. 


ENGLISH: monkey nut 

PORTUGUESE: caju-do-campo, caju-do-cerrado, cajueiro-do-campo, cajuí, 

cajuzinho, cajuzinho-do-cerrado 

USES/NOTES: Edible, oily seeds are similar to the common cashew (A. 

occidentale). 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian Cerrado and adjacen regions of Bolivia and 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Killeen and Schulenberg 1998, Martin et al. 1987, Muñoz 

1990 

Anacardium nanum A. St-Hil. [includes A. pumilum Walp.] 


PORTUGUESE: cajueiro-rasteiro 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Perhaps best treated as A. occidentale 

var. nanum or possibly conspecific with A. corymbosum Barb. Rodr. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bicalho and Rezende 2001, Garruti et al. 2003, Martin et 

al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Anacardium negrense Pires & Fróes ex G.A. Black & Pires 


PORTUGUESE: cajutim, caiu-tim 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Negro and Vaupes rivers of northwestern Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Anacardium occidentale L. [syn. A. macrocarpum Engl. nomen 

illegit., A. microcarpum Ducke, Acajuba occidentalis (L.) 

Gaertn.] 


ENGLISH: cashew, cashew apple, cashew nut 


50


PORTUGUESE: acaiju, acaju, acajaíba, acajaúba, acajuíba, caju, cajuaçu, 

caju-assu, caju-do-campo, caju-manso, cajueiro, cascaantidiabética, 

oacaju 

SPANISH: acajú, acayoba, acayocha, anacardo, cacho, cajú, cajuil, 

casha, cashú, casú, cayo, cayutero, jocote marañón, marañón, merei, 

merey, nucñú baras, nucñu bares, nuez de la India, pajuí, pajuil, 

nuez del Brasil, uaipinu 

USES/NOTES: Kidney-shaped nut is the cashew of international commerce, 

typically eaten roasted, in confections, or as cashew butter, which 

is an important culinary ingredient in the Brazilian Northeast in 

such dishes as vatapá. Red to yellow fruit (actually a thick, 

fleshy peduncle or pseudo-fruit), called cashew apple, is consumed 

fresh, as juice or wine (cajuado in Brazil), or preserved. Sap is 

the source of a gum similar to gum arabic. Nut shells, leaves, and 

roots are medicinal. Phenol is extracted from the shell. Pericarp 

contains cardol, a poisonous oil used in dyes, varnishes, and 

lubricants. The plant was introduced to the Old World by the 

Portuguese in the mid 1500s and is today widely cultivated in 

favorable tropical locations. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern coastal Brazil, from where it spread in 

pre-Columbian times to eastern Amazonia, the Guianas, eastern 

Venezuela, and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Boom 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, 

Cavalcante 1991, Cid 1978, Cundall 1995, Duke 1986, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Garruti et al. 2003, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Johnson 1972, Johnson 1974, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Markley 

1957, Mitchell and Mori 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Prance and 

Balick 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Silva et 

al. 1977, Soukup 1970 

Anacardium parvifolium Ducke 



PORTUGUESE: cajuí 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997 

Anacardium spruceanum Benth. ex Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: caju-açu, cajuí, cajuí-da-mata 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Venezuela and Suriman 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Ananas ananassoides (Baker) L.B. Sm. 


ENGLISH: wild pineapple 

PORTUGUESE: ananaí, ananás-bravo, ananás-do-mato 


51


SPANISH: piña silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Acid fruits are edible and medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Berg 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977 

Ananas bracteatus (Lindley) Schultes f. in Roemer & Schultes 


PORTUGUESE: ananás-de-cerca, carauatá 

SPANISH: karaguatá ruhá, piña de playón 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Leaf fiber is used for hammocks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, Ecuador, and 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 

1987 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Surinam through Brazil to northern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Hoyas 1989, Smith et al. 1992 

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. [syn. A. parguazensis Camargo & L.B. Sm., 

A. sativus Schultes f., Ananassa sativa Lindley, Bromelia comosa 

L.] 


ENGLISH: pineapple, wild pineapple (A. parguazensis) 

PORTUGUESE: abacaxi, abacaxi-do-campo, ananaí(A. parguazensis), 

ananás, gravatá (A. parguazensis), nana, nanás 

SPANISH: abacachí, abacaxí, aberas, achupalla, ananá, ananás, ananáz, 

cacama, chulu, chiju, garrafón piña, gebero piña, huacamayo piña, 

jambo piña, lagarto piña, matzalt, osi, piña, piña blanca, piña de 

América, piña de azúcar, piña de Indias, piña montañera (A. 

parguazensis), piña negra, piña silvestre (A. parguazensis), piña 

tropical 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed edible fruits of this domesticated species 

are the pineapples of world commerce. Bromelain, from the fruit and 

leaf are used medicinally and as a meat tenderizer. Juice from the 

leaf is made into a sugary syrup and alcoholic beverages. The plant 

is also grown for the leaf fiber and as an ornamental. Introduced 

to the Old World in 1548 by the Portuguese. Wild growing escapees 

exhibit smaller, seedy fruits than their cultivated counterparts 

and have been recognized as A. parguazensis. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably domesticated in southwestern to south-central 

Brazil from wild progenitors that ranged from southwestern Brazil 

through northern Paraguay; A. parguazensis is described as ranging 

from Colombia to Surinam through Brazil to northern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, 

Boom 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Smith et al. 1992, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975 


52


Ananas lucidus Miller [syn. Ananas erectifolius L.B. Sm.] 


SPANISH: guragua, piña montañera 

USES/NOTES: The plant is cultivated for its edible fruit, which is 

similar to the common pineapple in appearance, though smaller. 

NATURAL RANGE: coastal Ecuador and perhaps coastal Colombia, Amazonian 

Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, and northern South America, perhaps to 


REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Brücher 1989, Holst 1994, Smith and Downs 

1979 

Ananas nanus (L.B. Sm.) L.B. Sm. [syn. A. ananassoides var. nanus 

L.B. Sm.] 


PORTUGUESE: abacaxi-bravo 

USES/NOTES: Small, pineapple-like fruit is eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balée 1994, Smith 1971, Smith and 

Downs 1979 

Anaueria brasiliensis Kosterm. 

FAMILY: Lauraceae (laurel) 

SPANISH: añushi morena 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Andromeda polifolia L. var. glaucophylla (Link) DC. [syn. A. 

glaucophylla Link] 

FAMILY: Ericaceae (heath) 

ENGLISH: bog rosemary 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians reportedly made a tea from the leaves. Also 

reported as toxic. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Androstephium coeruleum (Scheele) E. Greene 


ENGLISH: blue funnel lily, funnel lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. 


Anethum graveolens L. 

FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (carrot) 

ENGLISH: anethum, aniseed, baby dill (leaves), dill, dillweed (leaves) 

PORTUGUESE: aneto, dill, endro 

SPANISH: abesón, abezón doméstico, anego, aneldo, aneto, eneldo, 

hinojo hediondo 


53


USES/NOTES: Leaves, of the dill of commerce, are used as an herb, and 

seeds, oil, and flowers are used as a spices, especially in 

pickling. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe or southeastern Russia 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, 

Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983 

Angelica archangelica L. 


ENGLISH: angelica 

PORTUGUESE: angélica, mendonha 

SPANISH: angélica, archangélica, gélica 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten candied or in salads, and are added to 

wines and benedictine for flavoring. Roots reported to be eaten 

boiled. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Europe 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Angelica atropurpurea L. 


ENGLISH: Alexander’s angelica, angelica, masterwort, purple angelica 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten in salads, boiled as a vegetable, 

or added to stews. Roots and stems are eaten candied. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Harris 1972, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977, 

Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 1968 

Angelica lucida L. [syn. Archangelica actaeifolium Michaux, 

Archangelica gmelini DC., Coelopleurum actaeifolium (Michaux) 

Coulter & Rose] 


ENGLISH: seacoast angelica, sea watch, wild celery 

USES/NOTES: Young stems are eaten like celery (Apium graveolens). Rare 

in portions of its natural range. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, Atlantic coast of from Virginia north and 

Pacific coast from northern California north 

REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Hickman 1993, ITIS n.d., Uphof 

1968 

Angostura trifoliata (Willd.) Elias [syn. Galipea febrifuga Baillon, 

G. officinalis J. Hanc. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: angostura, angostura bark, quina 

SPANISH: ajamata, angostura, angostura febrífuga, cuspa, cuspare, 

quiina blanca, wesochai ejichü 

USES/NOTES: Bark is a source of angostura bitters, used to flavor 

beverages such as gin and various tonics. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela 


54


REFERENCES: Kallunki and Pirani 1998, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., 

Steyermark et al. 1995 

Aniba canelilla (Kunth) Mez [syn. Cryptocarya canelilla Kunth] 


PORTUGUESE: canela-do-Maranhão, canelão, casca-cheirosa, cascapreciosa, 

casca-do-Maranhão, folha-preciosa, pau-precioso, preciosa 

SPANISH: canela buena, peumo 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic bark and wood shavings are used in teas. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, IBGE 1980, Kainer and Duryea 1992, 

Kermath (notes), Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Aniba firmula (Nees & Mart.) Mez [syn. Aydendron firmulum Nees & 

Mart.] 

FAMILY: Luaraceae (laurel) 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic seeds have been used as a condiment in Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Kubitzki and Renner 1982, Uphof 1968 

Annona acutiflora Mart. 

FAMILY: Annonaceae (custard-apple) 

PORTUGUESE: pau-de-Guine 


NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Annona ambotay Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: embirataia, envira-iodo, envirataia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia to central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Annona aurantiaca Barb. Rodr. 




REFERENCES: Uphof 1968 

Annona cacans Warm. 


PORTUGUESE: araticum, araticum-cagão, articum 


NATURAL RANGE: South-Central Brazil and neighboring Paraguay 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d. 

Annona cherimola Miller 


ENGLISH: annona, cherimoya, cherimoyer, custard apple, tukib 


55


PORTUGUESE: anona-do-Chile, cabeça-de-negro, cherimólia, chirimolia, 

fruta-do-conde, grabiola, graveola, graviola 

SPANISH: anón, anona, anona blanca, anona de tierra fría, anona del 

Perú, anona poshté, bichichinejo, cachimán de la China, catuche, 

cherimalla, cherimola, cherimolia, cherimoya, cherimoyales, 

chirimolla, chirimorriñón, chirimoya, chirimoyo, chirimoyo del 

Perú, girimoya, masa, momona, poox, poshté, pox, usisuiti 

USES/NOTES: Sweet to tart fruit pulp is eaten fresh or used in drinks, 

ice cream, and sherbet. Seeds contain an oil used in paints and 

insecticides. Leaves and seeds are used in folk remedies. Widely 

cultivated and more cold-hardy than most Annona species. The 

atemoya, a hybrid of A. cherimola and A. squamosa, developed in 

Florida, combines the hardiness of the cherimoya (A. cherimola) 

with the sweetness of the sugar apple (A. squamosa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Cool Andean highlands of Peru 

REFERENCES: Bonavia et al. 2004, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, 

Duke 1986, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 

1987, Morton 1987a, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992 

Annona coriacea Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: araticum, araticum-de-tabuleiro, cabeça-de-negro 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983 

Annona cornifolia St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: aranticó-mirim 




Annona crassiflora Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: araticum, araticum-do-cerrado, coração-de-boi, marolo, 

ongrê 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Seeds and leaves are used for medicnal 

tea, though seeds themselves are toxic. 


REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 

1989, Martin et al. 1987, Posey 1984, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983 

Annona densicoma Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: araticum-do-mato 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp of the large, aromatic, oval fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil 


56


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Frechione et al. 

1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Annona diversifolia Saff. 


ENGLISH: cherimoya, cherimoya-of-the-lowlands, ilama, papauce 

SPANISH: anona blanca, anona roja, ilama, izlama, mono blanco, 

papauce, papaunce, papusa, posta 


NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands from southern Mexico through Guatemala and El 

Salvador 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, León 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, OAS 

1973, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992 

Annona echinata Dunal 


PORTUGUESE: ata-de-rama 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977 

Annona excellens R.E. Fries 


SPANISH: anona 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Spichiger et al. 1989 

Annona glabra L. [syn. A. palustris L.] 


ENGLISH: alligator-apple, monkey apple, pond-apple 

PORTUGUESE: anona, araticum-paná 

SPANISH: anón de puerco, anón liso, boga, corcha, corazón cimarrón, 

coyur 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit’s pinkish pulp, though not the best of the 

annonas, is used in preserves or occasionally eaten out of hand. 

Leaves and twigs are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: American tropical coastal zone to southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, 

FNAEC 1997, Maxwell and Maxwell 1991, Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, 

Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992 

Annona globifera Schltr. 


SPANISH: anonilla, anonita de papagayos 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are snacked on. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa and Cabrera 1983 


57


Annona hypoglauca Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: graviola 

SPANISH: guanábana sacha 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Annona impressivenia Saff. ex R.E. Fries 


PORTUGUESE: graviola-brava 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is similar to the sour sop (A. muricata), 

though smaller, not as good, and not eaten often. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Annona jahnii Saff. [syn. A. guaricensis Pittier] 


SPANISH: manirito, manrito 

USES/NOTES: Poor quality fruits are occasionally eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1985 

Annona longiflora S. Watson 


ENGLISH: wild cherimoya 


NATURAL RANGE: West-central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Annona lutescens Saff. 


SPANISH: anona amarilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, 

Williams 1981 

Annona montana Macfad. [syn. A. marcgravii Mart., A. pisonis Mart.] 

[also A. nitida Mart. and A. monticola Mart.] 


ENGLISH: araticum, cimarrona, custard apple, mountain soursop, wild 

soursop 

PORTUGUESE: araticu, araticum, araticum-açu, araticum-apé, araticumcagão, 

araticum-cagão-marolo, araticum-ponhe, araticurana, atinha, 

pasmada 

SPANISH: anonilla, araticú, araticú grande, catuche cimarrón, 

cimarrona, guanábana cimarrona, guanábana de loma, guanábana de 

perro, guanabanana, guanábano, guanábano de monte, huanábana, 

masasambra, pohne, turagua, turaguo 


58


USES/NOTES: Fruits are rich in sugar and fat, but inferior to the 

soursop (A. muricata) in flavor. Fruit, seeds, and leaves are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru, the Guianas, Venezuela, and 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Branch and Silva 

1983, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Estrella 1991, IBGE 1980, 

Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, Kermath (notes), Morton 1987a, 

Silva et al. 1977, Smith 1977, Smith and Schultes 1990, Soukup 

1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Annona muricata L. [syn. A. bonplandiana Kunth., A. cearensis Barb. 

Rodr., A. macrocarpa Werkl.] 


ENGLISH: corossol, guanabana, jacama, prickly custard apple, soursop 

PORTUGUESE: araticum-de-comer, araticum-grande, araticum-manso, 

coração-de-rainha, curassol, graviola, jaca-de-pobre, jaca-do-Pará 

SPANISH: anona, catoche, catuche, chirimoya, chirimoya brasileña, 

guanaba, guanábana, guañábana, guanábano, huanábano, masasamba, 

nejo, sinini, suiti, zapote agrio 

USES/NOTES: Large (to 20cm long), somewhat heart-shaped, highly 

esteemed fruits have a white, somewhat fibrous, sweetish-tart pulp 

that is consumed fresh, as juice, as ice cream, in desserts, or as 

wine. Leaves may be made into a tea that induces sleep, crushed 

fresh leaves are said to have the effects of smelling salts to 

treat fainting, and extracts are being tested as a cancer 

treatment. The soursop is the most commercially important Annona. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics most likely the Caribbean coast of southern 

Central America, perhaps to adjacent areas of South America, and 

and most likely areas of the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Bonavia et al. 2004, Campbell 

1984, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, de Candolle 1902, Duke 1986, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Joyal 1987, 

Kermath (notes), León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1966, OAS 

1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Smith et 

al. 1992, Soukup 1970 

Annona nutans R.E. Fries 


SPANISH: araticum 


NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Spichiger and Mascherpa 1983 

Annona paludosa Aublet 


ENGLISH: custard apple 

PORTUGUESE: araticum, graviola 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though less flavorful than many of 

the cultivated Annonas. 


59


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Annona punctata Aublet 



NATURAL RANGE: Guianas 


Annona purpurea Moçiño & Sessé 


ENGLISH: soncoya 

PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-negro 

SPANISH: cabeza de negro, guanabana torete, guanacona, manirote, 

sincuya, soncoya, toreta 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, but of limited appeal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands of southern Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Condit and Pérez n.d., Duke 1986, Editorial Panapo 1988, 

Hartshorn and Poveda 1983, León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 

1987, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Williams 1981 

Annona reticulata L. 


ENGLISH: bullock’s heart, custard apple, Jamaica-apple, sugar apple 

PORTUGUESE: condessa, coração-de-boi, pinha 

SPANISH: anon, anón, anon injerto, anón pelón, anona, anona colorada, 

anona corazón, anonillo, chirimoya, chirimoya roja, corazón, 

corazón de buey, mamón, guanábano, sacha anona 

USES/NOTES: Tasty, somewhat grainy, yellowish fruit pulp is consumed 

fresh, as juice, or as ice cream. Leaf is medicinal. Introduced to 

Europe in 1690. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the West Indies to Peru and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Duke 1986, Hartshorn 

and Poveda 1983, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Mowry et al. 1967, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Samson 1980, Vásquez and 

Gentry 1989 

Annona sanctae-crucis S. Moore 


SPANISH: anona 


NATURAL RANGE: Humid tropical Brazil 


Annona scleroderma Saff. 


SPANISH: poshté 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh or in desserts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Belize to Panama 


60


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Smith et 

al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Annona sericea Dunal 


ENGLISH: wild soursop 

PORTUGUESE: ata-brava 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten in Guyana and by the Ka’apor of 

Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and the Guianas to eastern Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Annona spraguei Saff. 


ENGLISH: custard apple 

SPANISH: chikiqwa, chirimoya, negrito, nonita de mono, toreta, tub 

galet 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit contains desirable, sweet pulp. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama 

REFERENCES: Condit and Pérez n.d., MBG n.d. 

Annona squamosa L. [syn. A. cinera Dunal] 


ENGLISH: annona, custard apple, sugar apple, sweetsop 

PORTUGUESE: ata, fruta-do-conde, fruta-do-conde-anon, pinha 

SPANISH: anón, anón morado, anona, anona blanca, atá, até, cachimán, 

chirimoya, manzana canella, riñón, saramullo, saramuyo 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, sweet fruits are consumed fresh, as 

juice, in ice cream, or in desserts. Roots and leaves are medicinal 

and are burned to repel insects. The atemoya, a hybrid of A. 

cherimola and A. squamosa, developed in Florida, combines the cold 

hardiness of the cherimoya (A. cherimola) with the flavor of the 

sugar apple (A. squamosa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Antilles, now widespread in the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FNAEC 1997, 

Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), León 1987, OAS 1973, 

Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Annona testudinea Saff. 


SPANISH: anona del monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Central America 


Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht. 



61


SPANISH: alache, alachi, altea, amapolita morada, huinarillo, itsucua 

tsipata, malva, malva chica, malvavisco, quesito, requesón, 

violeta, violeta de campo, violeta del país 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea or a green vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bye 1993, Correll and Johnston 

1970, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Fryxell 1987 

Anredera baselloides (Kunth) Baillon [syn. Boussingaultia baselloides 

Kunth] 

FAMILY: Basellaceae (basella) 

ENGLISH: madeira vine, mignonette vine 

SPANISH: arroz con coco 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten like spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and 

tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South America from Peru to Mexico and possibly Texas 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970, Duke 

n.d., Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Uphof 1968 

Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis 


ENGLISH: madeira vine, mignonette vine 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its succulent, edible greens and tubers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Subtropical and Andean South America, perhaps Brazil, 

Ecuador, and Peru, naturalized in California 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hickman 1993, Jørgensen and León- 

Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Anredera diffusa (Moq.) Sperling 


USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten in Peru. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru 

REFERENCES: Phillips 1991 

Anredera vesicaria (Lam.) Gaertner [syn. A. leptostachys (Moq.) 

Steenis] 


SPANISH: sacacil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Flroida through Mexico, the West Indies and 

tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Martínez-García and Avendaño Reyes 1996 

Antennaria microphylla Rydb. 


ENGLISH: pussy-toes 

PORTUGUESE: antenária, pé-de-gato 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible. 



62



Antennaria neglecta E. Greene 


ENGLISH: cat’s-foot, cat’s paw, field pussy-toes, pussy-toes 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are chewed like gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern to north-central North America 


Anthriscus cereifolium (L.) Hoffm. 


ENGLISH: cerefolio, chervil 

PORTUGUESE: cerefolho, cerefólio, salsa-frisada 

SPANISH: cerafolio, cerafollo, perifollo 

USES/NOTES: Young greens are used as a condiment. Leaves are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Asia to Iran, perhaps domesticated in Russia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., 

Sturtevant 1972 

Anthurium breviscapum Kunth [syn. A. acrobates Sodiro] 


ENGLISH: anthurium 

SPANISH: eep 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten like cabbage or used as a condiment by 

the Shuar of Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999 

Anthurium fosteri Croat sp. nov. ined. 


ENGLISH: anthurium 

PORTUGUESE: antúrio 

SPANISH: jergón quiro 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are burned as a source of vegetable salt. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pereira and Aparecida n.d. 

Anthurium rubrinervium (Link) G. Don [syn. A. alienatum Schott] 


SPANISH: eep 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten like cabbage or used as a condiment by 

the Shuar of Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to Panama 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999 

Anthurium scandens (Aublet) Engl. [syn. A. rigidulum Schott] 


SPANISH: bejuco real, corazón de Jesús, elotillo, maicillo, piragua 


63


USES/NOTES: Purple fruits reportedly are edible. Stems are used as 

cordage and juice is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Peru and Guyana, Trinidad, and the 

Greater Antilles 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Plowman 1969 

Anthurium triphyllum Brongn. ex Schott 


SPANISH: tsenke eep 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten in soups by the Shuar of Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to the lower elevations of the eastern 

Andes, perhaps restricted to Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Renner 

et al. 1990 

Antidesma bunius (L.) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: bignai, Chinese bignay laurel, China laurel, laurel, 

salamander tree 

PORTUGUESE: louro 

SPANISH: antidesma, árbol salamandra, bignaj 

USES/NOTES: Pectin-rich berries are made into jelly, syrup, or brandy, 

and rarely eaten out of hand. Young leaves are eaten as a 

vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, probably Malaysia 

REFERENCES: Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Antidesma ghaesembilla Gaertner [syn. A. paniculatum Roxb.] 


ENGLISH: antidesma 

SPANISH: antidesma, bignai 

USES/NOTES: Slightly tart, ripe fruits are eaten out of hand or made 

into a non-alcoholic beverage or wine. Leaves are used to flavor 

foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Antidesma platyphyllum Mann 


ENGLISH: bignay 

SPANISH: antidesma 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into jelly, wine, or syrup. Aslo a lumber 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Hawaii 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. 

FAMILY: Polygonaceae (buckwheat) 


64


ENGLISH: coral vine, Mexican creeper, love chain, mountain rose, 

queen’s jewels, queen’s wreath 

SPANISH: bellisima, cadena de amor, coamecatl, colación, coralilla, 

coralita, enredadera, mecate rojo, rosa de montaña 

USES/NOTES: Tubers and flowers are eaten, the former reportedly having 

a “nutty” flavor, the latter typically as a cooked vegetable and 

only rarely. Climbing vine is also planted for its showy pink to 

white, papery flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, widely naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., FLEPPC 

2003, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Williams 1981, 


Aphandra natalia (Balslev & Henderson) Barfod [syn. Ammandra natalia 

Balslev & Henderson] 


PORTUGUESE: piaçaba, piaçava, piassaba, piassava 

SPANISH: chilimoyo, piassaba, tagua, wamowe 

USES/NOTES: Immature liquid endosperm is drunk, mesocarp is eaten, and 

heart is edible. Leaf fiber is used for weaving or for brooms and 

hard seed is a vegetable ivory source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia, from Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 

1995, Pedersen and Skov 2001 

Apios americana Medikus [syn. A. tuberosa Moench, Glycine apios L.] 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or pea) 

ENGLISH: American potato bean, apios, Dakota peas, ground bean, 

groundnut, hopniss, Indian potato, pea vine, potato bean, sea 

vines, wild-bean, wild potato, wild sweet potato 

SPANISH: apio 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet tubers, appearing chain-like in form, are 

eaten boiled, roasted, or fried, and were an important pre- 

Columbian food for Amerindians and early European colonists of 

eastern North America. The tubers, which taste somewhat like 

turnips, were harvested primarily from the wild, though the plant 

was cultivated on a small scale in the southeastern U.S. Fruits, 

flowers, and seeds are said to be edible as well, the latter eaten 

like dried peas. Introduced to Europe as early as 1597. 

NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in eastern and central North America 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Duke 1992, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Reynolds et al. 1990, Seabrook 1973, Sturtevant 

1972, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990, Yanovsky 1936 

Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Miller) Pers. 


ENGLISH: celery 

PORTUGUESE: aipo, aipo-bravo, aipo-hortense, aipo-silvestre, rabaça, 

salsão, salsão-selvagem (refers to wild-growing, naturalized 

plants) 


65


SPANISH: apio, apio de laguna, apio de monte, apio hortense, apio 

palustre, apio silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and petioles (leaf stalks) are used as a vegetable 

and for seasoning. Seeds are used as a spice. The celery of 

commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, 

Purseglove 1968, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 

1983 

Apium graveolens L. var. rapaceum (Miller) Gaudich. 


ENGLISH: celeriac, celery root, knob celery, turnip-rooted celery 

PORTUGUESE: aipo, aipo-d’água, aipo-dos-pântanos, salsão 

SPANISH: apio, panul 

USES/NOTES: Stems are eaten raw, roots are eaten cooked, and seeds and 

leaves are used as a spice. Used primarily as a spice in the 

lowland tropics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern European and Asian marshlands 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), Morton 

1976a, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Apocynum cannabinum L. 


ENGLISH: dogbane, Indian hemp 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians chewed the latex. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman 


Aponogeton distachyus L.f. 

FAMILY: Aponogetonaceae (pondweed) 

ENGLISH: cape asparagus, cape pondweed, water hawthorne, water onion 

USES/NOTES: Tender tips are used like common asparagus (Asparagus 

officinalis). 

NATURAL RANGE: South Africa 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Apuleia ferrea (Mart.) Baill. 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpinioideae (bean or 

pea) 

PORTUGUESE: pau-ferro 




Arachis hypogaea L. 


ENGLISH: early almond, earth nut, goober, groundnut, monkey nut, 

peanut 


66


PORTUGUESE: amendoim, mani, mendoim, mendubi, mendubim, mudubim 

SPANISH: aráquida, cacahuate, cacahuete, cacao de la tierra, cacao 

maní, cachuate, inchic, inchik, maní, manía, mandubí, manduví, 

manoví, maui 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the peanuts of commerce, eaten raw, boiled, 

roasted, in soups, in baked goods, in beverages, or in ice cream. 

Roasted seeds are ground into peanut butter. Peanut oil is used in 

cooking, food processing, soaps, lubricants, and pharmaceuticals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean lowlands of Bolivia through Paraguayan Chaco, 

northern Argentina, and southwestern Brazil, perhaps first 

domesticated in Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Coe 

1994, Duke 1981, Estrella 1991, Ferwerda 1984, Ford 1984, Guia 

Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Krapovickas 1969, Krapovickas and Gregory 

1994, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Singh and 

Singh 1992 

Aralia cordata Thunb. 

FAMILY: Araliaceae (aralia or ginseng) 

ENGLISH: Japanese asparagus, udo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and young shoots are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 


Aralia hispida Vent. 


ENGLISH: bristly sarsaparilla 

USES/NOTES: Roots have been used to flavor beverages, such as root 

beer and tea. 



Peterson 1977 

Aralia nudicaulis L. 


ENGLISH: wild sarsaparilla 

USES/NOTES: Roots have been used to flavor beverages, such as root 

beer and tea. Fruits reportedly are edible. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Aralia racemosa L. 


ENGLISH: American spikenard, life-of-man, pettymorrel 

USES/NOTES: Roots are used to flavor beverages, such as root beer, 

berries are eaten preserved, and young shoots are added to soup. 



67


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 

1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Yanovsky 1936 

Aralia spinosa L. 


ENGLISH: angelica tree, devil’s walking stick, Hercules’ club 

USES/NOTES: Young triangular leaves are used as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New Jersey to Iowa and central Florida 

to eastern Texas 


Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey 1988, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson 

1994 

Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze [syn. A. brasiliensis A. 

Rich.] 

FAMILY: Araucariaceae (Chile pine) 

ENGLISH: araucaria, Brazilian monkey puzzle tree, Brazilian pine, 

monkey puzzle tree, Parana pine, pine nut 

PORTUGUESE: araucária, pinhão, pinheiro-brasileiro, pinheiro-do-Paraná 

SPANISH: araucaria, huén, pino, pino del Brasil, pino Paraná, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, mealy seeds and gum are edible. Related to the 

ornamental Norfolk Island pine (A. excelsa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1977, Molina 1975, Soukup 1970, Uphof 

1968 

Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch. [syn. A. imbricata Pav.] [A. 

imbricata possibly not conspecific with A. araucana] 

FAMILY: Araucariaceae (Chile pine) 

ENGLISH: araucaria, Chile nut, Chile pine, Chilean pine, monkey 

puzzle, monkey puzzle tree 

PORTUGUESE: araucária-do-Chile, desespero-dos-macacos, pinhão 

SPANISH: araucaria, araucaria de Chile, araucaria flácida, arauco, 

huén, pehuén, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten and made into an alcoholic beverage. 

Related to the ornamental Norfolk Island pine (A. excelsa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile to west-central Argentina 

REFERENCES: Aagesen 1998, Bourke et al. 1987, CONAFOR n.d., Mabberley 

1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Arbutus arizonica (A. Gray) Sarg. [syn. A. xalapensis Kunth var. 

arizonica A. Gray] 

FAMILY: Ericaceae (health) 

ENGLISH: Arizona madrone 

SPANISH: madroña, nancite macho 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico to 

Jalisco in central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995, Sargent 1965 


68


Arbutus menziesii Pursh 


ENGLISH: Pacific madrone 

SPANISH: madroña 

USES/NOTES: Soft fruits are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from southern British Columbia to 

southern California 

REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1968, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974 

Arbutus xalapensis Kunth [syn. A. glandulosa M. Martens & Galeotti, 

A. texana Buckley] 


ENGLISH: lady legs, lady’s leg, madrone, manzanita, Mexican madrone, 

naked Indian, Texas madrone 

SPANISH: aile, auako-uri wirárika, banutzin, curibitso, jucay, madrón, 

madroña, madroño, manzanita, nuzundu, nuzu-ndu, panagsi, panángsuni, 

roćoló, tunto, tuntu, ulúbasi, ulúbsi, urúbisi 

USES/NOTES: Soft, fleshy, red/orange fruit is edible. The species is 

threatened and is distinctive due its bright smooth red trunks and 

peeling bark. 

NATURAL RANGE: New Mexico and Texas to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, González 1990, Hazlett 1979, Kermath 

(notes), Luteyn 1995, Torres n.d., Tull 1978, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Arctium lappa L. 


ENGLISH: big burdock, burrs, beggar’s buttons, edible burdock, gobo, 

great bur, great burdock, Japanese burdock root 

PORTUGUESE: bardana, bardana-maior, bardana-ordinária, gob 

SPANISH: bardana mayor 

USES/NOTES: Tender fresh roots and young leaves and stems are eaten in 

salads. Aging roots are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate regions, perhaps first domesticated in Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Duke 1992, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968 

Arctium minus Bernh. 


ENGLISH: bardana, common burdock 

PORTUGUESE: bardana, carrapicho, pega-pega 

SPANISH: bardana 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and dried roots are a diuretic and appetite 

enhancer. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Duke 1992, IBGE 1980, Usher 1974 

Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper in Piper & Beattie 



69


ENGLISH: Columbia manzanita 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked or made into a cider like 

beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America 


Arctostaphylos glauca Lindley 


ENGLISH: big cherry manzanita, bigberry manzanita, great-berried 

manzanita, great manzanita 

SPANISH: manzanita 

USES/NOTES: Fruit was an important food source for Amerindians of 

California and is a source of vinegar, cider, brandy, and jelly. 

Raw fruit must be consumed in moderation, however, as over 

consumption may have ill side affects. 

NATURAL RANGE: California and Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Clarke 1977, Luteyn 1995, Yanovsky 

1936 

Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry 


ENGLISH: manzanita 


USES/NOTES: Berries are made into jelly and cider. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oregon to northern Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968 

Arctostaphylos patula E. Greene 


ENGLISH: greenleaf manzanita 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruit of this evergreen shrub is used in jellies. 



Medsger 1939, Weatherford 1988 

Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth 


ENGLISH: bear-berry, bear’s grape, kinnikinnick, manzanita, Mexican 

manzanita, mealberry, mountain cranberry, pointleaf manzanita 

SPANISH: guayuba del país, leño colorado, madreselva, madroño, madroño 

colorado, mansanilla, manzana, manzanilla, manzanillo, manzanita, 

manzanita mexicana, palo de pingüica, pingua, pingüica, pingüita, 

tepesquis-uchil, tepesquite, tepezquite, tepezquitl, tomazquitl, 

uhih, uitzara, uji, uví, wichari 

USES/NOTES: Marketed in places, the small dark yellowish- to orangebrown-bronze 

berries are used to make jelly and wine and are 

occasionally eaten out of hand, though they can be dry and mealy. 

The plant is also grown ornamentally. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to southern Utah and western Texas, south to 

Oaxaca, Mexico 


70


REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Kermath (notes), Leung 

1961, Luteyn 1995, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Munz 1974, Torres 

n.d., Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Weatherford 1988 

Arctostaphylos stanfordiana Parry 


ENGLISH: mayacoma manzanita, Stanford’s manzanita 

SPANISH: mayacoma 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit is eaten dried. 



Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindley 


ENGLISH: wooly-berry manzanita, wooly manzanita 


USES/NOTES: Fruit was an important food source for Amerindians in 

California and is a source of vinegar, brandy, cider, and jelly. 

Too much of the raw fruit may be dangerous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico to British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1995, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: bear-berry, kinnikinnick, manzanita 

PORTUGUESE: uva-ursina 

SPANISH: gayuba 

USES/NOTES: The most widespread manzanita, raw seeds of this evergreen 

shrub are eaten as an emergency food, and leaves are used for tea. 

Also reported to be effective against urinary tract infections. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern high latitutes to mountain summits of 

Guatemala, though possibly absent in Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Fernald 

et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Ardisia compressa Kunth 

FAMILY: Myrsinaceae (myrsine) 

SPANISH: chukil, hualpuchun, kamaku, wal puchun 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is used as a snack food in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Lundell 1966, Molina 1975, Sommeijer et al. 

n.d. 

Ardisia coriacea Sw. [syn. A. tinifolia Sw.] 


ENGLISH: beefwood 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987 


71


Ardisia crenata Sims [also A. elliptica Thunb.] 


ENGLISH: ardisia, coral ardisia, coral berry, hen’s eyes, 

scratchthroat 

PORTUGUESE: ardísia 

SPANISH: manzanita piracanta, piracanto, sarsil 

USES/NOTES: Red berries have little flavor, but reportedly have been 

used as food. Widely planted as an ornamental for its abundant and 

persistent berries and leathery, crenate, evergreen leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan and southeastern China to perhaps India, 

naturalized in Florida, Hawaii, Louisiana, and other warm regions 

of the Americas 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Usher 1974, USDA-NRCS 2004, 

Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Wunderlin and Hansen 2003 

Ardisia escallonioides Shiede & Deppe ex Schltdl. & Cham. 


ENGLISH: marlberry 

SPANISH: capulín agrio, hualpuchun, pelat puchum, pejte, wal puchun 

USES/NOTES: Small, black, juicy, drupe (to one cm in diameter), though 

with little pulp, is pleasantly tart and eaten as a snack out of 

hand, or used in atole in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, and peninsular 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, 

Taylor 1998, Williams 1981 

Ardisia esculenta Ruiz & Pavón 



NATURAL RANGE: Mid and low Andes of Peru 

REFERENCES: Macbride 1959b, Martin et al. 1987 

Ardisia guadalupensis Duchass. & Walp. ex Griseb. 


ENGLISH: Guadeloupe marlberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. The little taxanomic information suggests 

that this combination may include A. obovata Desv. ex Hamilton 

[syn. Icacorea guadalupensis (Duchass. ex Griseb.) Britton] and 

perhaps should be listed as A. obovata Desv. ex Hamilton. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guadeloupe, St. Lucia, and likely other West Inidian 

islands and French Guiana 


Ardisia guianensis (Aublet) Mez [syn. Icacorea guianensis Aublet] 


PORTUGUESE: icacoré-caatinga 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, through the West Indies, possibly to Ecuador and 

southern Florida 


72


REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Renner 

et al. 1990 

Ardisia manglillo Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: manglillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of South America 


Ardisia panurensis Mez 


PORTUGUESE: cururureçá 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, small dark berries are edible. The common name 

cururureçá means “frogs eyes” in reference to the berries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro of northern Amazonia west to Amazonian 

Peru 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Lundell 1981 

Ardisia revoluta Kunth [syn. Icacorea revoluta (Kunth) Standley] 


SPANISH: cereto, guastomate, oreja de coyote, tecuico 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Lundell 1966, Martin et al. 1987, Sommeijer et al. n.d., 

Torres n.d. 

Ardisia sapida Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: hayuelo 




Ardisia semicrenata Mez 


PORTUGUESE: ardisia, icacoré caatinga 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Brazil and the Guianas 


Areca catechu L. 


ENGLISH: areca nut, areca palm, betel nut 

PORTUGUESE: palmeira-betel 

SPANISH: areca, betel, catechu, palmera de betel 

USES/NOTES: Immature leaves are eaten as a vegetable, fruit skin is 

edible, and kernel (betel nut) slices are chewed as a stimulant in 

Southeast Asia. 


73


NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, León 1987, Menninger 1987, 

Raghavan and Baruah 1958, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. [syn. A. saccharifera Labill.] 


ENGLISH: black sugar-palm, sugar palm 

SPANISH: barú, palma de azúcar, palmera azucarera 

USES/NOTES: Peduncle contains a sweet liquid, used as a sugar or 

vinegar source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia, infrequently cultivated in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, León 1987 

Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels [syn. A. sideroxylon Roemer & Schultes] 

FAMILY: Sapotaceae (sapodilla) 

ENGLISH: argan tree, ironwood 

PORTUGUESE: pau-ferro 

SPANISH: argán, erguén 

USES/NOTES: Seeds contain oil used like olive oil, gum is edible, and 

fruits are fed to animals. Rare in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Morocco 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Houaiss 1982, Mabberley 1987, Morton 

and Voss 1987 

Ariocarpus fissuratus (Engelm.) K. Schum. 


ENGLISH: living rock 

USES/NOTES: Juice of this dull gray, cactus, which looks like a rock, 

is used in the preparation tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage that is 

generally made from maize (Zea mays). A feeling of intoxication 

reportedly may also be achieved by chewing the plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coahuila and Zacatecas, Mexico and Texas 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Steinkraus 1983, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott 


ENGLISH: green dragon 

USES/NOTES: Dried roots can be eaten after cooking to remove calcium 

oxalate crystals. 


REFERENCES: Taylor 1998 

Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott in Schott & Endl. 


ENGLISH: cuckoo plant, Indian turnip, Iroquois breadroot, Jack-in-thepulpit, 

wild turnip 

USES/NOTES: Corms are prepared by boiling, peeling, mashing, 

thoroughly washing then cooking to remove poisonous calcium oxalate 

crystals, or they can be eaten sliced and roasted until crisp. 


74



REFERENCES: Gibbons 1966, Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968, Taylor 1998, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Aristolochia maxima Jacq. 

FAMILY: Aristolochiaceae (birthwort or Dutchman’s-pipe) 

ENGLISH: Dutchman’s-pipe, Florida Dutchman’s-pipe 

PORTUGUESE: aristolóquia 

SPANISH: contracapetano, cuajilote, guaco de sur 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is eaten in parts of Costa Rica. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South 

America, naturalized in southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke n.d., FNAEC 1997, Uphof 1968 

Aristotelia chilensis (Molina) Stuntz 

FAMILY: Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus) or Tiliaceae (linden) 

SPANISH: clon, koelon, macqui, maqui, maquie, queldron 

USES/NOTES: Small black fruit is eaten out of hand or preserved, and 

is used to color wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Chile 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et 

al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997 

Armatocereus laetus (Kunth) Backeb. ex A.W. Hill [syn. Lemaireocereus 

laetus (Kunth) Britton & Rose] 


USES/NOTES: Green fruit’s white pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Ecuador to central Peru 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertner, Meyer & Scherb. [syn. A. 

lapathifolia Gilib., Cochlearia armoracia L., Nasturtium armoracia 

(L.) Fries, Radicula armoracia (L.) B.L. Robinson, Rorippa 

armoracia (L.) A.S. Hitche.] 


ENGLISH: horseradish 

PORTUGUESE: rábano-bastardo, rábano picante, rábano silvestre 

SPANISH: rábano de caballo, rábano picante, rábano rusticano, rábano 

rústico, rábano salvaje, rábano silvestre, vagisco, vagueo 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten pickled or as a condiment and tender young 

leaf sprouts are eaten in salads or as cooked green. Roots are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Europe, perhaps into Asia and now widely 

cultivated and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Schneider 1987 

Arnoglossum atriplicifolium (L.) H. Robinson [syn. Cacalia 

atriplicifolia L.] 


ENGLISH: pale Indian plantain 


75


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are edible. 



Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr. [syn. A. esculenta DC.] 


ENGLISH: arracacha, arracacia, Peruvian carrot, Peruvian parsnip, 

white carrot 

PORTUGUESE: arracachá, baroa, batata-baroa, batata-cenoura, batatasalsa, 

batata-suíça, cenoura-amarela, mandioquinha, mandioquinhasalsa 

SPANISH: apio, apio criollo, apio peruviano, arracha, arracacha, 

arracachá, arracache, arrakacha, arrecate, arroz racacha, birracas, 

huaysapilla, lacachu, morada, racacha, rackhacha, raqacha, rumuracacha, 

sacarracacha, virraca, zanahoria blanca 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and firm, whitish, carrot-sized roots are 

eaten cooked. Mature leaves and stalks are fed to animals. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central to northern Andean highlands 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, 

Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Kermath 

(notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Price 1990, 

Soukup 1970, Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983 

Artemisia absinthium L. 


ENGLISH: absinth, absinthe, absinthium, wormwood 

PORTUGUESE: absíntio-comum, absinto, aluína, alvina, erva-santa, ervados-vermes, 

losna, losna-maior 

SPANISH: ahinhus, ajenjo, ajenjo común, maestra, prodigiosa, Santa 

Lucía 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and leaves contain a bitter, green aromatic oil 

called absinthol, used in absinthe liqueur and vermouth wine. Oil 

is said to cause delirium. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, perhaps southern Europe 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 

n.d., IBGE 1980, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Artemisia dracunculus L. 


ENGLISH: dragon herb, dragon’s-wort, estragon, French tarragon, 

Russian tarragon, tarragon, wild tarragon 

PORTUGUESE: estragão 

SPANISH: dracúnculo, dragoncillo, estragón, tarragón 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaf is used as a spice or a condiment in cooked 

foods and to flavor vinegar. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to the Himalayas and Siberia, possibly to far 

northwestern North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Garrett 1996, Guia 

Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974 


76


Artemisia dracunculus L. subsp. dracunculina (S. Watson) H.M. Hall & 

Clements [syn. A. dracunculoides Pursh] 


ENGLISH: estragon, false tarragon 

PORTUGUESE: estragão 

SPANISH: estragón, tarragón 

USES/NOTES: Cooked leaves and oil-rich seeds are edible, and leaves 

are used as a spice and to flavor vinegar. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Artemisia frigida Willd. 


ENGLISH: fringed wormwood, fringed sage 

SPANISH: estafiate 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, often to flavor corn. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harris 1998, Kirk 


Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. [syn. A. ludoviciana subsp. mexicana 

(Willd. ex Spreng.) D.D. Keck, A. mexicana Willd. ex Spreng.] 


ENGLISH: cudweed, Louisiana wormwood, Mexican oregano, white prairiesage 

SPANISH: estafiate, teposano 

USES/NOTES: Plant is primarily medicinal, though seeds are edible and 

the leaves are used to flavor aguardiente, which is then called 

yolixpa in Mexico’s Sierra Madre Oriental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to southern Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balick et al. 2000, 

Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kermath (notes), 


Artemisia tridentata Nutt. 


ENGLISH: basin big sagebrush, big sagebrush, sage, wormwod 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten raw, dried, or as meal. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Artemisia tripartita Rydb. 


ENGLISH: artemisia, threetip sagebrush 


NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Canada 


Artemisia vulgaris L. 


77



ENGLISH: artemisia, Indian wormwood, mugwort 

PORTUGUESE: artemísia, losna, losna-brava 

SPANISH: ajenjo, artemisa, artemisia 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are eaten boiled or used as a 

seasoning. Leaves and roots contain an oil used in tonics, 

medicines, and mosquito repellents. 


REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1990, Price 1990, Tucker 1994, Usher 1974 

Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish) Standley [Salicornia subterminalis 

Parish] 

FAMILY: Amaranthaceae (amaranth or pigweed), previously 

Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot) 

USES/NOTES: Coahuilla Indians of California used the seeds as an 

edible meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and California 

REFERENCES: Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosb. [syn. A. incisa (Thunb.) L.f., 

A. communis Forster & Forster f.] 

FAMILY: Moraceae (mulberry) 

ENGLISH: breadfruit, breadfruit tree, breadnut (seeded variety), 

Fosberg breadfruit, katahar (seeded variety) 

PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-pão, fruta-pão, pão-de-massa 

SPANISH: albopán, árbol de pan, árbol del pan, arbopén, buen pan, 

castaña, castaño de malabar, fruta de pan, guampán, madupuru, 

mapén, marure, mazapán, pan, pan de año, pan de fruta, pan de masa, 

pan de ñame, pan de palo, pan de pepita, pan de pobre, pan de todo 

el año, pan del norte, pan del árbol, pana, pana cimarrona, pana de 

pepitas, panapén, pandicho, pandilla, pandisho, pantriba, pepa de 

pan, topán, túpan 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten boiled, baked, roasted, fried, or 

curried, made into flour, and used medicinally. Seeds are eaten 

roasted, boiled, or curried. Leaves are used in folk medicine in 

some regions. Also a popular ornamental for its large, dark green, 

shiny leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Possibly the Sunda Archipelago of Indonesia, or 

elsewhere in Southeast Asia, or perhaps the South Pacific islands 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 

n.d., Horst 1992a, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Laguerre 1987, Morton 

1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Quijano and 

Arango 1979, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, 

Yamaguchi 1983 

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. [syn. A. integrifolia L.] 


ENGLISH: jaca, jackfruit, jak, jakfruit, kowa 

PORTUGUESE: jaca 


78


SPANISH: castaño, jac, jaca, jaquero, pana cimarrona, pandicho, rima, 

yaca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, among the largest tree fruits, are eaten fresh or 

cooked as a vegetable when green, added to liqueurs, or fed to 

animals. Seeds are eaten boiled, roasted or ground into flour. Each 

fruit can yeild up to a pound of flour from the seeds. Jackfruit 

entered Jamaica in 1782. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid west coast of Indian and/or Malaysian lowlands 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Guia Rural n.d., 

León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Usher 


Artocarpus integer Merr. [syn. A. champeden Lour. Sprengel, A. 

polyphena Pers.] 


ENGLISH: champedak 

SPANISH: champedak, fruta de pan 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten with rice, immature fruits are used in 

soups, and roasted seeds are edible. Similar to A. heterophyllus, 

though infrequent in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaya 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Morton 1987a 

Artocarpus lacucha Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham [syn. A. lacoocha Roxb.) 


ENGLISH: barahar, lakoocha, monkey jack 

USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, sub-acid fruits are edible, though 

infrequent in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: North Indian lowlands 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968 

Artocarpus nitidus Trécul subsp. lingnanensis (Merr.) F.M. Jarrett 

[syn. A. lingnanenis Merr.] 


ENGLISH: kwai muk, kwai muk breadfuit 

USES/NOTES: Seen infrequently in the Americas, the reddish-orange, 2- 

5cm, sweetish-tart fruit is eaten fresh, dried, or preserved. 


REFERENCES: Morton 1987a 

Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco 


SPANISH: marang 

USES/NOTES: Similar to the jackfruit (A. heterophyllus), the pulp is 

edible. Cultivated in Florida and Venezuela. 

NATURAL RANGE: Philippines to Indonesia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Arundinaria gigantea (Walter) Muhlenb. [syn. Arundinaria macrosperma 

Michaux] 


79


FAMILY: Gramineae or Poaceae (grass) 

ENGLISH: cane, large cane, southern cane, switch cane 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians and early European settlers used seeds like 

wheat. Young shoots are prepared as bamboo shoots or asparagus 

(Asparagus officinalis). 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 

1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Peterson 

1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Arundo donax L. 


ENGLISH: arundo, carrizo, giant cane, giant reed, Spanish cane, wild 

cane 

PORTUGUESE: cana, cana-brava 

SPANISH: carrizo, carrizo grande 

USES/NOTES: Bamboo-like grass’ young shoots may be eaten as a cooked 

vegetable or potherb and rhizomes are eaten cooked as a vegetable 

or ground and mixed with grain flour. Now being considered as a 

biofuel crop. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably fresh water margins of India, though once 

considered of Mediterranean origin, now widely naturalized in 

tropical and subtropical regions and regionally invasive 

REFERENCES: Bell 1997, Coyle and Roberts 1975, Kunkel 1984 

Asarum canadense L. 


ENGLISH: American wild ginger, Canadian wild ginger, wild ginger 

USES/NOTES: Roots and flowers of this perennial forb are used as a 

ginger substitute, mixed with brown sugar to make candy, or used 

for tea. Leaves can irritate the skin. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southeastern Manitoba to Nova 

Scotia south to eastern Oklahoma through Louisiana to the Carolinas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 

1962, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 

Asarum caudatum Lindley 


ENGLISH: long-tailed wild ginger 

USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a ginger substitute, and leaves are used 

for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific northwestern U.S. and southwestern Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk 


Asclepias asperula (Decne.) Woodson var. decumbens (Nutt.) Shinners 

[syn. Asclepiodora decumbens (Nutt.) A. Gray] 

FAMILY: Asclepiadaceae (milkweed) 

ENGLISH: spider antelope horn 

USES/NOTES: Latex has been used for chewing gum. 


80



REFERENCES: Kaul et al. 1991, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. 


ENGLISH: woollypod milkweed 

USES/NOTES: Latex is used as a source of chewing gum. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Moerman 1998, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Asclepias incarnata L. 


ENGLISH: swamp milkweed 

USES/NOTES: Menominee used heads for soup. Fruits are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nova Scotia to Florida and Utah 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Moerman 1998, Uphof 


Asclepias involucrata Engelm. ex Torrey 


ENGLISH: dwarf milkweed 

USES/NOTES: Hopi used the latex as chewing gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Sundell 1990, Uphof 1968 

Asclepias speciosa Torrey 


ENGLISH: milkweed, showy milkweed, silkweed 

USES/NOTES: Very young shoots are cooked and eaten like asparagus 

(Asparagus officinalis), and latex can be used as chewing gum. Raw 

plants, however, are poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Correll and Johnston 

1970, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Asclepias syriaca L. 


ENGLISH: common milkweed, milkweed, silkweed 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are cooked like asparagus (Asparagus 

officinalis), young flowers, buds, and immature fruits are eaten 

cooked, and flowers are a sugar source. Toxins must be removed from 

the plant by thoroughly cooking in water. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, 

Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 

1968 

Asclepias tuberosa L. 



81


ENGLISH: butterfly milkweed, butterfly weed, chigger flower, Indian 

paintbrush, pleurisy root, tuberroot 

USES/NOTES: Boiled fruit pods reportedly are edible, traditionally 

prepared with buffalo meat, flowers are said to have been used for 

sugar, and young shoots, young leaves, and young inflorescences are 

said to be eaten as cooked vegetables. Boiled roots are said to be 

edible. Perkins and Payne and Peterson warn that the entire plant 

is poisonous. Tubers are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Maine and Ontario to Florida 

and Texas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, 

Medsger 1939, Perkins and Payne 1978, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Asimina reticulata Shuttleworth ex Chapman [syn. A. cuneata 

Shuttleworth ex A. Gray, Pityothamnus reticulatus (Shuttleworth ex 

Chapman) Small] 


ENGLISH: dog banana, flatwoods pawpaw, netted pawpaw, reticulate 

pawpaw 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the oblong, yellow-green berry is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peninsular Florida extending to the Georgia border 


Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal [syn. Annona triloba L.] 


ENGLISH: American pawpaw, common pawpaw, dog banana, false banana, 

Indian banana, Michigan banana, ornamental pawpaw, papaw, pawpaw 

SPANISH: papayo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet creamy pulp of the oblong berries, yellow-green to 

brownish when ripe, tastes vaguely like a banana. Once more 

important as a food item, efforts to revive the rather large (to 15 

cm long), pulpy fruit are underway. Fruits of the related Asimina 

obovata (flag or Florida pawpaw) and Asimina parviflora (dwarf, 

small-flowered, or small-fruited pawpaw) are said to be edible 

though undesirable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Ontario to northern 

Florida and northeastern Texas, related species A. obovata 

restricted to Florida and A. parviflora to the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Elias and Dykeman 1982, 

Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Kermath 

(notes), Kral 1960, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, 


Asparagus officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: asparagus, garden asparagus 

PORTUGUESE: aspargo, espargo, melindre 

SPANISH: coralillo, espárrago(s), esparraguera, montecillo, saucecillo 


82


USES/NOTES: Young, tender to fiberous stems and flowers are eaten as a 

cooked vegetable. Seeds may be used like coffee (Coffea spp.). The 

asparagus of commerce is also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean or temperate eastern Europe 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Soukup 

1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, Yamaguchi 1983 

Aster macrophyllus L. 


ENGLISH: big-leaf aster, rough tongues 

USES/NOTES: Newly opened leaves have been used as a potherb or like 

common spinach (Spinacia oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to the mountains of North Carolina 

REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Astragalus canadensis L. 


ENGLISH: Canadian milkvetch, locoweed 

USES/NOTES: Roots have been eaten by the Blackfoot, however, ingestion 

is not recommended unless positive identification is made. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, 

Radford et al. 1968 

Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. [syn. A. caryocarpus Ker-Gawler, A. 

succulentus Richardson, A. mexicanus A. DC., Geoprumnon succulentum 

(Richardson) Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: buffalo bean, buffalo pea, Indian pea, ground plum, milkvetch 

USES/NOTES: Immature pods are eaten raw, boiled or pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Rocky Mountains to Texas 


Isely 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968 

Astragalus plattensis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Platte River milkvetch 

USES/NOTES: Immature fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Turner 1959 

Astrocaryum acaule Mart. 


ENGLISH: unabai 

PORTUGUESE: palmeira lú, tucuma-í, tucumã-í, tucumãí 

SPANISH: corocito, corozo, espina, ma-tav-icú-li, quidíja 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is similar to the more common A. 

aculeatum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Brazil and southern Venezuela and 

the Guianas, especially abundant in the upper Rio Negro basin 


83


REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, 

Silva et al. 1977 

Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret [syn. A. ayri Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: brajaúva, brejaúva 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Bahia to Santa Catarina 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987 

Astrocaryum aculeatum G. Meyer [syn. A. macrocarpum Huber, A. 

princeps Barb. Rodr., A. manaoense Barb. Rodr., A. tucuma Mart.] 


ENGLISH: acqueero, akuyuru, kuru, star-nut palm, tucuma, tucuma palm, 

tucumou 

PORTUGUESE: coco-de-tucumã, palmeira-tucumá-assi, tucum, tucum-assu, 

tucum-da-serra, tucum-do-mato, tucum-purupuru, tucumã, tucumã-açu, 

tucumã-arara, tucumã-do-Amazonas, tucumã-piririca, tucumã-uassurana, 

tucumã-verdadeiro, uri 

SPANISH: chambira, chambirá, chonta, chontilla, cumare, hericungo, 

macanilla, panima, tucum, tucumá, tucuman, yavaide 

USES/NOTES: Thin, mealy, typically orange mesocarp contains three 

times or more vitamin A than carrots and is eaten out or hand, 

mashed into a thick beverage called vinho de tucumã (tucumã wine) 

in Brazil, or made into a nutty tasting ice cream seen frequently 

in Manaus, Brazil. Pulp is less fibrous than that of A. vulgare. 

Pulp oil (tucuma oil), similar in quality to coconut oil, is used 

in cooking or to make soap. Kernel fat is used to make margarine. 

Hearts, of this single-stemmed, spiny palm, are appreciated by 

rural inhabitants of Barcelos on the middle Rio Negro in Amazonian 

Brazil. Burnt leaves are a source of vegetable salt. Hard, straight 

stem tissue is used to make bows and arrow heads. Leaves contain 

strong fibers useful especially for hammocks and nets. Encouraged 

around dwellings, though rarely cultivated. Has been considered 

conspecific with A. vulgare Mart. 

NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, the Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil just into 

adjacent Colombia and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1984, Boom 1987, Boom 1989, 

Cavalcante 1991, Dugand 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 

1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 1992, 

Kermath (notes), Peret 1985, Plotkin 1993, Posey 1984, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Schultes 1988, Silva et al. 1977, Wessels Boer 1965 

Astrocaryum campestre Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: jarivá, tucuma 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazil just into eastern Bolivia 



84


Astrocaryum chambira Burret [syn. A. vulgare Wallace] 


ENGLISH: fiber palm, tucum 

PORTUGUESE: tucum, tucuma, tucumã 

SPANISH: bataí, chambirá, chambira, chonta, coco, coco de mono, 

corombolo, cumare, güere, hericungo, kumari, macanilla, mataa, 

palma de cumare, palma coco, panima, takone, tucum, tucumá, 

tucuman, tuinfa 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin A-rich fruit pulp, from this spiny palm, is eaten 

and made into wine, liquid endosperm is drunk, and kernel fat is 

used to make margarine. Leaves contain strong fibers used for 

hammocks and nets, pulp oil is used to make soap, and wood is used 

to make bows and arrow heads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil, Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, 

and Peru, just into southwestern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Bennett et al. 2001, Balick 1984, Boom 

1987, Boom 1989, Dugand 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 

1995, Kahn and de Granville, León 1987, Pedersen and Balslev 1992, 

Plotkin 1993, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schultes 1988, Smith et al. 1992 

Astrocaryum gynacanthum Mart. [syn. A. munbaca Mart.] 


ENGLISH: urishi, wulo 

PORTUGUESE: espinho-preto, ju, jupihu, marajá, maraju, mumbaca, 

munbaca, munbaca-de-preta, yu, yu-’y 

SPANISH: amaint-nak, caburra, coco de puerco, cubarro, devéke, ruire’gö 

USES/NOTES: Mesocarp, of this spiny-stemmed palm, is edible and its 

heart is burned for vegetable salt. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil and 

Colombia, just into Amazonian Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin 

et al. 1987 

Astrocaryum jauari Mart. [syn. A. guara Burret] 


ENGLISH: jauari palm, sauarai 

PORTUGUESE: coqueiro-javari, jauari, joari 

SPANISH: albarico, alvarico, chambirilla, guara, güiridima, huirima, 

huiririma, huirririma, jauari, ko-rü-ne, oco-be-totupí, tupí, 

yauari, yavarí 

USES/NOTES: Hearts, harvested from the wild, are of especially good 

flavor and texture and support a small commercial industry in 

Barcelos, Brazil on the middle Rio Negro — though now being phased 

out for plantation-grown peach palms (Bactris gasipaes). Because of 

the tree’s cespitose (or multiple stem) form, hearts can be 

harvested without killing individual plants. Fruits have been used 

to make flour and as an oil source, and their liquid endosperm is 

rarely drunk. Fruits also are used as fish bait. 


85


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, southern 

Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1987, Balick 1988, Coradin and Lleras 1988, 

Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992, 

Kermath (notes), Mejia C. 1988, Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Silva et 

al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Astrocaryum mexicanum Liebm. ex Mart. 


SPANISH: chaparrera, chichón, chocho, chocón, lancetilla 

USES/NOTES: Endosperm and emmerging inflorescence are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Mexico (from Veracruz) to northeastern 

Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Balick et al. 2000, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Henderson et 

al. 1995, Standley and Steyermark 1958 

Astrocaryum murumuru var. huicungo (Kahn & Millán) Henderson [syn. A. 

huicungo Dammer ex Burret] 


SPANISH: huicungo, uicungu 

USES/NOTES: Heart and fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean foothills of Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and 

likely Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, DeWalt et al. 1999, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Henderson et al. 1995 

Astrocaryum murumuru Mart. var. murumuru 


ENGLISH: murumura, murumuru palm 

PORTUGUESE: murumuru 

SPANISH: chonta, chuchana, mocora, murumur, murumurá, palma murumuru 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make flour, endosperms are eaten fresh 

or used as fish bait, and edible hearts are of high quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Fearnside 1985, Henderson 1995, Henderson 

et al. 1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992, León 1987, Pedersen and 

Balslev 1992, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970 

Astrocaryum sciophilum (Miq.) Pull. [syn. A. plicatum (Mart.) Drude] 


ENGLISH: bulishi, mumu 

PORTUGUESE: murumuru 




Astrocaryum standleyanum Bailey 


ENGLISH: black palm 

SPANISH: chonta, chunga, guerregue, güérregue, mocora, pejibaye 


86


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten infrequently and hearts are of good 

quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Colombia’s Pacific lowlands, and 

northwestern Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Duke 1986, Henderson et al. 1995, Leung 1961, 

Martin et al. 1987, Pedersen 1994, Tabora et al. 1993 

Astrocaryum vulgare Mart. [syn. A. awarra de Vriesse, A. tucuma 

Wallace, A. segregatum (Mart.) Drude, A. tucumoides (Mart.) Drude] 


ENGLISH: aouará, aoura, awara, awarra palm, ocherie, tucuma palm 

PORTUGUESE: awara, brejaúba, coco-tucum, cumari, takamã, tucum-bravo, 

tucum-piranga, tucumã-do-Pará, tucumãí, tucum-verdadeiro 

SPANISH: awarra, chontilla, cumare, hambirá, hericungo, tucumá 

USES/NOTES: Orange fruit’s pulp is consumed out of hand, prepared as a 

beverage (vinho de tucumã), or in ice cream, and contains an edible 

oil, which also is used to make soap. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Brazil, French Guiana, and 

Surinam 

REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Balick 1988, Cavalcante 1991, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 1992, León 

1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, 

Pereira and Aparecida n.d., Wessels Boer 1965 

Atriplex argentea Nutt. 



ENGLISH: silverscale saltbush, silvery orach 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western half of the U.S. and portions of adjacent 

Canada, perhaps into Mexico 


Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. 



ENGLISH: chamiza, four-wing saltbush, shadescale 

SPANISH: cenizo, chamizo, costilla de vaca, saladillo 

USES/NOTES: Ground seeds and leaf ashes are used as a substitute for 

baking powder. Seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico, Canada, U.S., Europe, Asia, and North 

Africa 

REFERENCES: CONAFOR n.d., Tull 1978 

Atriplex confertifolia (Torrey & Frémont) S. Watson 



ENGLISH: shadescale 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten as bread or mush. Leaves are boiled and 

the water is used to flavor corn pudding. 


87


NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America 


Atriplex hastata L. 



ENGLISH: hastate orache 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and leaves are used as a cooked 

vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990 

Atriplex hortensis L. 



ENGLISH: aracah, butter leaves, garden orache, mountain spinach, orach 

SPANISH: armuelle de huerta, quenopodio de los jardines, rache 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultivated in North America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, 


Atriplex lentiformis (Torrey) S. Watson 



ENGLISH: quail bush 

USES/NOTES: The Pima of Arizona ate the seeds. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1974, Curtin 1949, Shreve and Wiggins 

1964 

Atriplex patula L. 



ENGLISH: halberd-leaved saltbush, orache, saltbush, spearscale 

SPANISH: armuelle 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and tender tips are added to salads or eaten 

cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Tull 1978 

Atriplex polycarpa (Torrey) S. Watson 



ENGLISH: allscale 

USES/NOTES: The Pima of Arizona ate the seeds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and southern California and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Curtin 1949, Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. 


88




ENGLISH: Australian saltbush 

USES/NOTES: Red berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Australia, naturalized in temperate North and South 

America 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985 

Atriplex subspicata (Nutt.) Rydb. 



ENGLISH: orache, saltbush, spearscale 

USES/NOTES: Greens and shoots are eaten cooked, seeds are eaten raw, 

cooked or used for tea, and salty ashes are used for leavening. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia 

REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987 

Atriplex wrightii S. Watson 



ENGLISH: Wright’s saltbush 

USES/NOTES: Greens and shoots are eaten cooked, young shoots are eaten 

raw, and seeds are parched and made into a nutritious meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Castetter and Bell 1942, Ebeling 1986, Flores Olvera 1992, 

Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Attalea allenii H.E. Moore 


SPANISH: igua, mangué, taparín, táparo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten and liquid endosperm is drunk. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwester Colombia and Atlantic Panama 


Attalea amygdalina Kunth [syn. A. uberrima Dugand, A. victoriana 

Dugand] 


SPANISH: almendrón, mangué, milpesos, táparo 

USES/NOTES: Oily seeds, of this endangered palm, are edible and fruits 

are made into a beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cauca Valley, Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bernal 1989, Duke n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et 

al. 1987, OAS 1973, Ruíz 1984 

Attalea butyracea (Mutis ex L.f.) Wess. Boer [syn. Scheelea 

bassleriana Burret, S. cephalotes (Poeppig ex Mart.) Karsten, S. 

costaricensis Burret, S. excelsa Karsten, S. liebmannii Becc., S. 

lundellii Bartlett, S. macrocarpa Karsten, S. preussii Burret, S. 

tessmannii Burret, S. zonensis L. Bailey] 


89



ENGLISH: American oil palm, wine palm, yagua palm 

PORTUGUESE: cocão, jaci 

SPANISH: canambo, coquito, coroba, corozo, coyol real, huilote (rachis 

only), manaca (leaves only), palla, palma de agua, palma de vino, 

palma real, shapaja, shebón, yagua, zonza 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source and sap is made into wine 

in Colombia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Venezuela, 

Trinidad and Tobago, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 

1992, Uphof 1968, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uhl and Dransfield 1987 

Attalea cohune Mart. [syn. Orbignya cohune (Mart.) R. Dahlgren ex 

Standley, Orbignya guacuyule (Liebm. ex Mart.) E. Hernández] 


ENGLISH: cohune, cohune nut, cohune palm 

SPANISH: cohume, cohune, coquito de aceite, coquito de colima, coroz, 

corozo, coyol, manaca, palma de corozo, tutz, yagua 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the source of cohune oil, used in foods, 

cooking, soaps, and oil lamps. Young buds and heart are eaten as a 

vegetable, fruit’s flesh is candied, and sap is made into wine. 

Leaves are used for thatch, stems are used for construction, and 

nuts are fed to livestock. Previously described as Orbignya cohune 

on the Atlantic side and O. guacuyule on the Pacific side. 

NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coastal plain from northern Nicaragua, through 

coastal Honduras, Belize, and southern Quintana Roo, Mexico, west 

through Guatemala’s Petén, into Chiapas, and along the Pacific 

coastal plain from El Salvador through Mexico’s central coast. 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach 1960, 

McSweeney 1995, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, von Reis Altschul 

1973 

Attalea colenda (Cook) Balslev & Henderson 


SPANISH: palma real 

USES/NOTES: Seed contains an edible oil similar in quantaty and 

quality to that of the African oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). 

NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador’s western lowlands 

REFERENCES: Balslev and Blicher-Mathiesen 1991, Blicher-Mathiesen and 

Balslev 1990, Henderson et al. 1995 

Attalea crassispatha (Mart.) Burret [syn. Bornoa crassispatha Cook, 

Cocos crassispath Mart., Maximiliana crassispatha Mart.] 


FRENCH: carossier 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Very rare, only some 25 individuals 

remain in the wild. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Haiti 


90


REFERENCES: Henderson and Balick 1991, Henderson et al. 1995 

Attalea cuatrecasana comb nov. [syn. Orbignya cuatrecasana Dugand] 


SPANISH: corozo, táparo, táparos 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of Colombia, possibly into coastal Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley 1987 

Attalea dubia (Mart.) Burret [syn. Pindarea fastuosa Barb. Rodr.] 


PORTUGUESE: babassu, bacuaçu, camarinha, coco-indaiá, indaiá, 

indaiaçu, palmito-do-chão 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s southeastern coast 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987 

Attalea exigua Drude 


PORTUGUESE: catolé, indaiá-rasteiro 

USES/NOTES: Endosperm is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Brazilian cerrado 


Attalea funifera Mart. ex Sprengel 


ENGLISH: Bahia piassava, coquilla nut, piassava palm 

PORTUGUESE: curuá, piaçaba, piaçava, piassava, piassava-da-Bahia 

SPANISH: coquilla, piasava de Bahia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and seeds contain an edible oil. More 

economically important, however, for the abundant fibers near the 

leaf bases, used for brooms and handicrafts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central coast of Brazil 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Guia Rural n.d., 

León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach 1960, Purseglove 1972, 

Voeks 1987, Voeks and Vinha 1988 

Attalea geraensis Barb. Rodr. [syn. A. guaranitica Barb. Rodr., A. 

monogyna Burret] 


PORTUGUESE: andaiá, indaiá-do-campo, indaiá-rasteiro, insiá 

SPANISH: urucuri 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are rarely eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Brazil to southeastern Paraguay 


Attalea humilis Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: catolé, indaya, pindoba 


91


SPANISH: yagua 

USES/NOTES: Martin et al. report the seed to be an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s central coast 


Attalea maripa (Aublet) Mart. in Orb. [syn. Maximiliana maripa 

(Aublet) Drude in Mart., M. martiana Karsten, M. regia Mart., M. 

stenocarpa Burret] 


ENGLISH: cocorite palm, curcurita palm, inaja, inajá palm, jaguá palm, 

kokerit palm, kokerite, kokerite palm 

PORTUGUESE: anajá, coco-anaiá, coco-anajá, coco-inajá, coco-najá, 

inajá, najá 

SPANISH: cucurito, huacava, inajá, inayuga, incham, shapajilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, medicinal, and burned to smoke Hevea 

rubber, terminal buds and hearts are eaten as a vegetable, and 

seeds contain abundant edible oil similar to babassu (Attalea 

speciosa). Petioles are used to make darts. Villagers of Brazil’s 

middle Rio Negro in the state of Amazonas seek out wild trees for 

their quality hearts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through central and eastern Venezuela and the 

Guianas 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 

1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kermath (notes), 

Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 

1977, Tabora et al. 1993 

Attalea microcarpa Burret [syn. Orbignya polysticha Burret] 


ENGLISH: mountain maripa 

PORTUGUESE: coco-curuá 

SPANISH: catarina, catirina, mavaco, shapaja 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and terminal buds are edible and sap is made into a 

fermented beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonia from northeastern Peru, southeastern 

Colombia, southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995 

Attalea oleifera Barb. Rodr. [syn. A. compta Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: andaiá, catolé, pindoba 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are an edible oil source, and leaves are used for 


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil 


Attalea phalerata Mart. ex Sprengel [syn. A. excelsa Mart., A. 

princeps (Mart.) Karsten, Scheelia martiana Burret] 


92



PORTUGUESE: acuri, aricuri, bacuri, cabeçudo, motacu, naiá, naya, 

uacuri, uricuri, uricuri-vermelho, urucuri 

SPANISH: motacú, shapaja, shapajilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit’s sweet mesocarp, and seed oil and the stem’s inner 

heart are edible. Ashes from the burned peduncular bract are added 

to coca chew in the tree’s western range. Oil is also used in 

shampoos and medicines. Roots were made into a kind of “bread” 

called bró in eastern Brazil that was fed to cattle. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Bolivia to eastern Amazonian Brazil, 

through the Brazilian Planalto to northern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Cunha 1944, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Moraes et al. 


Attalea racemosa Spruce 


PORTUGUESE: catolé-de-terra-firme 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten and liquid endosperm is drunk. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru through 

Venezuelan Guiana 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Sprengel [syn. Orbignya barbosiana Burret, 

O. martiana Barb. Rodr., O. phalerata Mart., O. speciosa (Mart.) 

Barb. Rodr.] 


ENGLISH: babassu palm 

PORTUGUESE: aguaçu, auaçu, babaçu, babassu, baguaçu, baguaçuí, bauaçu, 

coco-de-babaçu, coco-de-macaco, coco-pindoba, kunuana, palha 

vermelha, uauaçu 

SPANISH: babasu, coruba, cusi, palha, palma real, shapaja 

USES/NOTES: Edible seed kernel is used in infant formulas, to make 

flour, as an edible oil source, as animal feed, and for fertilizer. 

Abundant and nearly colorless kernel oil is the source of some 60 

percent of all edible oil consumed in Brazil. Trees produce up to 

3,300 pounds of fruit per year, more than any other known vegetable 

oil source. Yet most production comes from wild and semi-wild trees 

that have not been improved. Endocarp is used for charcoal, leaves 

for thatch, woven articles, and the like, and stems for 

construction. Oil is used in insect repellent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia through southern Amazonian Brazil and 

a disjunct population in Guyana and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Anderson and May 1985, Anderson et al. 

1991, Balée 1989, Balick 1979a, Balick 1984, Cárdenas 1969, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kahn and de 

Granville 1992, May et al. 1985, May 1992, OAS 1973, Prance 1990, 

Rhem and Espig 1991, Schultes 1979b, Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez and 

Gentry 1989 


93


Attalea spectabilis Mart. [syn. Orbignya spectabilis (Mart.) Burret] 


PORTUGUESE: curuá, guruá, palha vermelha 

USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s pulp and seed oil are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern interior Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 


Attalea tessmannii Burret 


PORTUGUESE: cocão 

SPANISH: chonta, conta 

USES/NOTES: Seed is edible. Endocarps are burned to smoke raw latex in 

the processing of rubber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Shanley and 

Medina 2005 

Auxemma oncocalyx Taubert 

FAMILY: Boraginaceae (borage) 

PORTUGUESE: pau-branco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and the plant contains oncocalyxone, 

a potential anti-cancer chemical. 

NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to Ceará, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Ducke 1959, Martin et al. 1987, Pessoa et al. 2004 

Avena byzantina C. Koch 


ENGLISH: Indian oat, red oat 

SPANISH: avena 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible seeds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Burkart 1969, Facciola 1990 

Avena fatua L. 


ENGLISH: wild oat 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have been used as a flour source in California. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized and pestiferous in North America 

REFERENCES: Graber 1995, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Avena nuda L. 


ENGLISH: hulless oat, naked oat 

SPANISH: avena 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into flour. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982 


94


Avena sativa L. 


ENGLISH: oat, oats 

PORTUGUESE: aveia 

SPANISH: avena, avena cultivada 

USES/NOTES: Seed is the oat of commerce, used as a quality grain, 

fermented into alcoholic beverages, and made into a refreshing 

juice when blended with with water and sugar and a variety of atole 

preparations. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably East-central Europe 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Purseglove 1972, 

Soukup 1970, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Averrhoa bilimbi L. 

FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel) 

ENGLISH: bilimbi, bilimbing, bimbling plum, birambi, citronell, 

cucumber tree, sourie, tree sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha, bilimbi, bilimbino, biri-biri, carambolaamarela, 

groselha-China, limão-caiana, limão-de-caiena 

SPANISH: bilimbi, bilimbín, calamias, camias, grosella carambola, 

grosella china, limón chino, mimbro, pepino de las Indias, 

tiriguro, vinagrillo 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is consumed pickled, preserved in syrup, 

salted, in relish, or as juice. Flowers are edible preserved. Fruit 

juice is used to remove stains and tarnish from metal. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Silva and Tassara 1996, Vásquez 

and Gentry 1989, Will 1991, Williams and Williams 1969 

Averrhoa carambola L. 

FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood sorrel) 

ENGLISH: caramba, carambola, carambola tree, coolie tamarind, fivefinger, 

star fruit 

PORTUGUESE: camerunga, carambola, caramboleiro, limão de Cayena 

SPANISH: árbol de pepino, caramba, carambola, caramboler, carambolera, 

carambolero, carambolo, grosella carambola, pepino de la India, 

tamarindo chino, tamarindo dulce, tiriguro, vinagrillo 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish, elongated, star-shaped, translucent fruit has a 

mild, though tart, pear-like flavor and is consumed out of hand, in 

fruit salads, or juiced. Flowers are also edible. Fruit contains 

oxalic acid, which makes it useful as a metal cleaner. Leaf, root, 

and fruit are used in folk medicine. Arrived in Brazil in 1817. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka, the Moluccas, or Indonesia, or possibly China 

or Malaysia, widely cultivated in the tropics 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 

1991, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Maxwell and Maxwell 1991, Morton 1987a, 


95


Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Schneider 1987, Vietmeyer 1985, Williams 

and Williams 1969 

Avicennia germinans (L.) L. 

FAMILY: Avicenniaceae (black mangrove) or Verbenaceae (verbena) 

ENGLISH: black mangrove, mangrove 

SPANISH: aili, calumate, madre de sal, mangle blanco, mangle negro, 

mangle prieto, mangle salado, palo de sal, puyeque 

USES/NOTES: Sprouts and sprouting seeds are eaten cooked. Uncooked 

seeds, however, are poisonous. Salt covered leaves are used as a 

salt source. Though called “black mangrove,” this species is 

lightest in color of the mangroves and does not grow on stilt 

roots. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical coasts to southeastern coastal North America 

and tropical western Africa 

REFERENCES: CONAFOR n.d., Duke n.d., Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, 

Nellis 1994 

Baccharis gaudichaudiana DC. 


PORTUGUESE: carqueja-doce 

SPANISH: carquesia 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea, typically to treat stomach 

ailments, but also as a soothing beverage tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil to east-central Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Mentz et al. 1997 

Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. [identified as B. triptera Mart. by 

Carneiro Martins] 


PORTUGUESE: bacanta, cacalia-amara, cacalia-amarga, carque, carqueja, 

carqueja-amarga, carqueja-amargosa, tiririca-de-babado, vassoura, 

vassorinha 

SPANISH: carquesia, hu-kuchu, quimsa-kuchu, yaguareté-ka’á 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea, typically to treat stomach and 

other ailments, but also as a soothing beverage tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia to Ecuador, or 

perhaps restricted originally to Andean Peru 

REFERENCES: Cabrera 1978, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural 1990, 

Kermath (notes), Mentz et al. 1997 

Baccharis viminea DC. 


ENGLISH: groundsel tree, mule’s fat 

USES/NOTES: Leaf shoots have been eaten in times of scarcity by 

Amerindians. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998 


96


Bactris acanthocarpoides Barb. Rodr. [syn. B. acanthocarpa var. 

crispata Drude] 


ENGLISH: jawi, ulukpana 

PORTUGUESE: marajá, pupunha-de-macaco 

SPANISH: ñeja 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to red fruit is reported edible by Duke and Vásquez 

who use ñeja as the common Spanish name, yet Henderson et al. 

describe the species as occurring in Brazil and the Guianas only, 

which are not Spanish speaking areas and do not cite it as having 

an edible fruit. Moreover, Henderson et al. use ñeja as a common 

Spanish name for B. maraja. It could be that Duke and Vásquez 

incorrectly used ñeja and that B. acanthocarpoides does not have an 

edible fruit. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et al. 


Bactris brongniartii Mart. 


ENGLISH: bango palm 

PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajá-de-cacho, marajá-pupunha, maraja’i, 

maraj’y, maria-ci, maria-wa, murumuru, tucum-bravo 

SPANISH: cachepai montañero, caña negra, chacarrá, cubarro, komora, 

maradai, ñejilla 

USES/NOTES: Marketed fleshy mesocarps are edible or used to flavor 

beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to southern Venezuela and the Guianas with a 

disjunct population in western Colombia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 


Bactris concinna Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: marajá 

SPANISH: ansepara, chontilla, kamancha, marajaú, ñejilla, ñiejilla, 

palmera, nu-que, paipigu, síi 

USES/NOTES: Edible, fleshy, yellow-brown fruits are sold in local 

markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil, southern-most Amazonian 

Colombia, Amazonian Ecuador and Peru, and most of Amazonian Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 

1995, Henderson et al. 1995 

Bactris gasipaes Kunth [syn. B. insignis (Mart.) Baillon, B. speciosa 

(Mart.) Karsten, Guilielma chontaduro Triana, G. gasipaes (L.) 

Bailey, G. gasipaes (Kunth) Bailey, G. insignis Mart., G. speciosa 

Mart., G. utilis Oersted] 



97


ENGLISH: paripi, peach palm, peachnut, pewa, pewa nut, poupounha, 

spiny-club palm, tembe 

PORTUGUESE: babunha, casipaes, ceriba, palmeira-chonta, pejibaye, 

pirajá-pupunha, pirijão, popunha, pupunha, pupunha-marajá, pupunhaverde-amarela 

SPANISH: bobi, cachipay, chenga, chichaguai, chichagui, chima, chonta, 

chonta de castilla, chonta de comer, chonta pala, chonta ruru, 

chontadura, chontaduro, chontaduro colombiano, chontaruro, 

contaruro, gachipaes, gea, huanima, ico, jijirre, macanilla, 

macasnilla, mantiene-moza, masato, melocotón, nalu, palma de 

durazno, palma melocotonera, palma real, pechevaye, pegibay, 

pejibay, pejibaya, pejibaye, pejijuayo, pejivalle, pichiguao, 

pifayo, pifuayo, pihiguao, pihuayo, pijiguao, pijuanyo, pijuayo, 

pipire, piriguao, pisba, pisbae, piva, pixabay, pixbá, pixbae, 

posho-guayo, puca pijuaio, pisho-guayo, sara-pifuayo, sara pijuaio, 

tembé, tempé, tenga, uvito, uwí, woy 

USES/NOTES: Starchy mesocarp, rich in protein, carbohydrates, vitamin 

A, and fat, of the variably colored (orange/red/yellow) fruit is 

eaten boiled, sometimes mashed or added to other cooked foods, and 

is an important food source in parts of the Neotropics. Fruit also 

contains an edible oil and juice that is made into an alcoholic 

drink (chicha in Spanish-speaking countries, caxixi in Brazil). 

Calcium-rich heart (or palmito) is of good quality and has become 

an item of international commerce. Plants with cespitose forms, as 

opposed to those with solitary stems, are preferred as their hearts 

can be harvested without killing the plant. Young shoots are eaten 

locally like palm hearts. Some indigenous groups add boiled 

inflorescences with herbs to sauces. Cultivated widely in Central 

America and tropical South America, the domesticated peach palm is 

thought to have potential for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably the Andean foothills of southwestern Amazonia 

in Bolivia and Peru, possibly Amazonian Bolivia to Panama, or 

western Ecuador perhaps to Costa Rica and Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1984, Balick 1988, Boom 1987, Bourke 

et al. 1987, Camacho 1969, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Clement 

1988, Clement 1989, Clement 1992, Clement and Mora Urpí 1987, Duke 

1986, Ferreira 1999, Ferreira et al. 1993, Ferreira et al. 1980, 

Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Hunter 1969, IBGE 1980, 

Johannessen 1967, Kermath (notes), Metzler et al. 1992, Morton 

1987a, OAS 1973, Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Prance 1984, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Schultes 1977b, Seibert 1950a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith 

et al. 1992, Soria 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Bactris guineensis (L.) H.E. Moore [syn. B. minor Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: black palm, spiny-club palm 

SPANISH: biscoyol, cana brava, corozo, coyolito, lata, lata de playón, 

lata hembra, piritu, uvero de lata, uvita, uvita de monte 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten or mashed for its juice. 


98


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Venezuela and Colombia to southwestern 

Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Dugand 1961, Duke 1986, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Usher 1974 

Bactris macana (Mart.) Pittier 


PORTUGUESE: pupunha-brava, pupunha-da-mata, pupunha-do-mato 

SPANISH: chinamato, chonta, chontilla, macanilla, pijuayo del monte 

USES/NOTES: Round yellow fruit and heart from this small, spiny, 

single-stemmed palm are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Amazonian Brazil (Acre), southern Amazonian 

Peru, Amazonian Bolivia, and a disjunct population in northern 

Colombia and western Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Ferreira 1999, Henderson et al. 1995, Pedersen and Skov 


Bactris macroacantha Mart. 



SPANISH: kamancha, ñeeinó 

USES/NOTES: Round yellow fruit from this small palm is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Rio Solimões margins of Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian 

Peru just into southern Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Balick 1984, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995 

Bactris major Jacq. var. infesta (Mart.) Drude [syn. B. infesta 

Mart.] 



SPANISH: cubarro, marayáu 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and the Guianas through Amazonian 

Brazil and Bolivia 


Bactris major Jacq. var. major [syn. B. subglobosa H. Wendl.] 


ENGLISH: hones 

SPANISH: caña brava, cubarro, huiscoyol, jahuacté, lata 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, northern Colombia and 

Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad 


Bactris major Jacq. var. megalocarpa (Trail) Henderson [syn. B. major 

Jacq. var. megalocarpa Trail] 




99


SPANISH: cubarro 


NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, and 

northeastern Amazonian Brazil 


Bactris major Jacq. var. socialis [syn. B. socialis Mart.] 


SPANISH: marayáu 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia 


Bactris maraja var. chaetospatha (Mart.) Henderson [syn. B. 

chaetospatha Mart.] 





NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil 


Bactris maraja var. juruensis (Trail) Henderson [syn. B. penicillata 

Barb. Rodr., B. piranga Trail] 


PORTUGUESE: marajá-piranga, palmeira-marajá-piranga, ubim-com-espinho 



NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, 

Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Bactris maraja Mart. var. maraja [syn. B. actinoneura Drude & Tril, 

B. monticola Barb. Rodr., Pyrenoglyphis maraja (Mart.) Burret] 


ENGLISH: maraja 

PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajá-açu, marajá-do-igapó, mombaca, palmeirinha, 

paxiubinha, tucum-bravo 

SPANISH: chontilla, ñejilla, niejilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sold in local markets for their edible pulp. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, the Guianas, northwestern Colombia, Panama, 

and southern Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Silva 


Bactris setosa Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: coco-de-natal, coco-de-ticum, coco-de-tucum, jucum, 

marajá, tucum 


100


USES/NOTES: Purple to black, juicy fruit and its oil are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil 


Bactris simplicifrons Mart. [syn. B. amoena Burret, B. arenaria Barb. 

Rodr.] 


ENGLISH: parapi-balli 

PORTUGUESE: marajá, marajazinha 

SPANISH: chontaduro de rana de rastrojo, chontaduro de tintín, 

cubarillo, cúwarahííba, ñejilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, the Guianas, and one isolated population in 

northwestern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et al. 

1977 

Bactris tomentosa Mart. var. shaerocarpa (Mart.) Henderson [syn. B. 

shaerocarpa Trail] 


PORTUGUESE: marajá-fino 

SPANISH: ñejilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Amazonian Peru and 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Bactris tomentosa Mart. var. tomentosa Trail [syn. B. arundinacea 

(Trail) Drude] 


PORTUGUESE: marajá, palmeira-lú, palmeira-lú-i 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987 

Bagassa guianensis Aublet 


ENGLISH: bagasse 

PORTUGUESE: tatajuba 


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern South America to Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987 

Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. 


ENGLISH: Puget balsamroot 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten cooked, young sprouts are eaten raw, and 

seeds are made into bread. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968 


101


Balsamorhiza hookeri Nutt. 


ENGLISH: Hooker’s balsam root 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten cooked and seeds are edible. 


REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. 


ENGLISH: arrowleaf balsamroot, balsamroot, Oregon sunflower 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy roots are eaten cooked, seeds are a flour source, 

and young stems and leaves are eaten as vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S. and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Bambusa vulgaris Schrader ex Wendl. [syn. B. arundinaceae (Retz.) 

Willd.] and Bambusa tuldoides Munro 

FAMILY: Bambusaceae (bamboo) or Gramineae or Poaceae (grass) 

ENGLISH: bamboo, bamboo shoots, spiny bamboo, thorny bamboo 

PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, takenoto, taquara 

SPANISH: bambú, bambú común, bambuc, cañaza, chogro, nala, otate, 

patamba 

USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots, seeds, and sweet sap are 

edible. Over 1,200 bamboo species throughout the tropics and 

subtropics. Most economically-important species are from Asia. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke n.d., Guia Rural 

1990, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Mabberley 1987, 

McClure 1955, Molina 1975, Rehm and Espig 1991, Ruberté 1984, Smith 

et al. 1992 

Banisteria crotonifolia A. Juss. 

FAMILY: Malpighiaceae (malpighia) 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Paraguay 


Barbarea verna (Miller) Asch. [syn. B. praecox (Sm.) R. Br., Campe 

verna (Miller) A. Heller] 


ENGLISH: American cress, Belle Isle cress, early water cress, early 

wintercress, early yellow-rocket, land cress, Normandy cress, 

scurvy grass, spring cress, upland cress, winter cress 

PORTUGUESE: agrião-da-terra, agrião-dos-jardins 

SPANISH: berro de jardín 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin A rich leaves are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely naturalized in favorable environments 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1971, Hickman 1993, IBGE 

1980, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Yanovsky 1936 


102


Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. in Aiton f. 


ENGLISH: garden yellow rocket, rocket, winter cress, yellow rocket 

SPANISH: berro terrestre, hierba de Santa Bárbara 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin A rich greens are eaten cooked as a vegetable, in 

salads, or in soups, and unopened flowers are eaten like broccoli 

(Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons 1962, 

Harris 1972, Hickman 1993, Tomikel 1986 

Basella alba L. [syn. B. rubra L.] and B. crodifolia Lam. 


ENGLISH: Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, Malabar nightshade, Malabar 

spinach, poi, vine spinach 

PORTUGUESE: baiano, bertalha, bretalha, couve-de-cerca, couvemanteiga, 

espinafre, João-Gomes 

SPANISH: bretana, bretaña, espinaca blanca, espinaca de Ceilán, 

espinaca de Malabar 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are edible, sap and berries (dried and 

ground) are used to color foods, and roots are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, perhaps tropical India, or South Africa 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 

1990, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Noda et al. 1984, Omawale 1973, Ruberté 

1984, Terra 1966, Usher 1974 

Batis maritima L. 

FAMILY: Batidaceae (saltwort) 

ENGLISH: American saltwort, beachwort, glasswort, Jamaica samphire, 

saltwort, wild banana 

PORTUGUESE: barriheira, barrilheira-gramata, salicórnia, soda, sodamaior 

SPANISH: almajo, almarjo, barrilla, salado, salicor, sapina, sosa 

USES/NOTES: Salty leaves are eaten pickled or in salads. Succulent 

coastal dune herb also has been burned to produce ash used to make 

soap and glass. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical and subtropical American coasts 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Houaiss 1982, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977, 

Nellis 1994, Rojer 1997, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Batocarpus amazonicus (Ducke) Fosberg 


PORTUGUESE: guariúba-branca 

SPANISH: mashonaste, najahe, tulpay 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also a good lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Batocarpus orinocensis Karsten 


103



SPANISH: pitiu 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993 

Bauhinia dipetela Hemsley 


pea) 

SPANISH: bauhinia, uña de vaca, xobots’ 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten as a snack and flowers are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexican and Guatemalan highlands 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Standley and Steyermark 1946 

Bauhinia esculenta Burch. [syn. Tylosema esculentum A. Schreib.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: camel-foot, camel’s foot, gemsbok-bean, marama bean, morama 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and seed oil are edible. Recently introduced to the 

Americas for its potential as a drought-tolerant legume. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Africa 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Powell 1987, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 

1990 

Bauhinia purpurea L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: butterfly tree, camel’s foot 

PORTUGUESE: pata-de-vaca 

SPANISH: orquidillo 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds, young flowers, and young leaves are eaten 

cooked. Also planted as a flowering ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: India to Malaysia, naturalized in Florida and Texas and 

other warm regions of the Americas 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, USDA-NRCS 

2004, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Bauhinia variegata L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bauhinia, mountain ebony, orchid tree 

PORTUGUESE: mororó, pata-de-boi, pata-de-vaca, unha-de-boi, unha-devaca 

SPANISH: pata de vaca 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, flowers, fruit pods, and seeds are edible. 

Also a popular ornamental in warm regions for its showy orchidlike, 

white to purplish flowers. 


REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 


104


Begonia barkeri Knowles & Wescott 

FAMILY: Begoniaceae (begonia) 

ENGLISH: begonia 

SPANISH: begonia, tepexocoyolli, xocoyolli, xocoyolli criollo 

USES/NOTES: Edible petioles are sold in markets of northern Puebla, 

Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003 

Begonia franconis Liebm. 



SPANISH: begonia, hiliy ts’ohool 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and petioles are cooked as greens and added to 

soups. Petioles of many other Begonia species are edible, though of 

limited appeal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976 

Begonia fusca Liebm. 



SPANISH: begonia, mazatxocoyolli, xocoyolli cimarrón 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central and southern Mexico to Honduras 

REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985 

Begonia gracilis Kunth. 



SPANISH: caña agria, carne de doncella, flor de agosto, sangre de 

toro, toruri iurhiri, tsitsiki agosturi 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua to Oaxaca, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Torres n.d. 

Begonia heracleifolia Cham. & Schlecht. 



PORTUGUESE: begonia 

SPANISH: begonia, pesoxocoyolli, spililixcutni, xocoyolli 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico through Central America, perhaps to 

Peru 

REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985, Molina 1975 


105


Begonia incarnata Link and Otto 



SPANISH: begonia, quiquiriqui 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico from northern Puebla and Hidalgo to 

Oaxaca 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Basurto-Peña et al. 2003 

Begonia manicata Brongn. ex F. Cels 



SPANISH: begonia, comida de danto, mantecaxocoyolli, parona, pavana, 

sakil poshil majben, stalangaxcutni, tecosxocoyolli 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt- 

Utley 1985 

Begonia nelumbiifolia Cham. & Schlecht. 



SPANISH: begonia, shyash poshil, xocoyolli 


Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central Mexico to Colombia and Puerto Rico 

REFERENCES: Basurto-Peña et al. 2003, Burt-Utley 1985 

Begonia sp. 


SPANISH: omencai 

USES/NOTES: Succulent stems are chewed as a spice and taste like 

rhubarb. 


REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983 

Beilschmiedia anay (Blake) Kostern [syn. Hufelandia anay Blake] 


ENGLISH: anay, anaya 

SPANISH: aguacatón, anay, anaya, escalán, excalán, payta 

USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal, thin-skinned, purplish-black, oily fruit, 

rich in fats and protein (8%), is used like the common avocado 

(Persea americana var. americana), eaten out of hand, mashed, or in 

ice cream. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowland tropics of southern Mexico through Central 

America and parts of Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Borys et al. 1993, Duke n.d., 

Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Nishida 1999 


106


Bellucia aequiloba Pilger 

FAMILY: Melastomataceae (dissotis or melastome) 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Killeen et al. 1993, MBG n.d. 

Bellucia costaricensis Cogn. 


SPANISH: coronillo, manzano de montaña, papaturro agrio 


NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Standley and 

Williams 1963 

Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana [syn. B. brasiliensis Naudin, 

Melastoma grossularioides L.] 


ENGLISH: bell apple, chiganet 

PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-anta, goiaba-de-anta, goiaba-de-anta-branca, 

muuba, papa-terra-branca, níspero 

SPANISH: guayabo de danta, huicama, manzana de corona, níspero, 

pomarrosa, sachi 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp of this species, similar to B. imperialis, is 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, Panama, and Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996, FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973, 

Renner 1989, Silva et al. 1977, Sturtevant 1972, Vásquez and Gentry 

1989 

Bellucia imperialis J. Saldanha & Cogn. 


ENGLISH: chiganet 

PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-anta, araçá-de-anta-vermelha, goiaba-de-anta, 

goiaba-de-anta-vermelha, muuba, papa-terra-vermelha 

SPANISH: manzana de corona 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is similar to that of B. 

grossularioides. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, perhaps beyond 


Bellucia pentamera Naudin [syn. B. axinanthera Triana] 


SPANISH: manzana de corona, níspero, sacha níspero, tunguia 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Renner 1989 


107


Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. [syn. B. cerifera Savi] 

FAMILY: Cucurbitaceae (gourd) 

ENGLISH: ash pumpkin, batwa, Chinese preserving melon, Chinese winter 

melon, hairy melon, petha, wax gourd, white gourd, white pumpkin, 

winter melon 

SPANISH: calabaza China, melón blanco, melón de cera, tonka 

USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are boiled and eaten as a vegetable, mature 

fruits are eaten candied, seeds are eaten fried, and young leaves 

and buds are cooked as greens. Very fast growing. 

NATURAL RANGE: Java 

REFERENCES: Heiser 1979b, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, 

Price 1990, Purseglove 1968, Walters and Decker-Walters 1989 

Berberis aquifolium Pursh [syn. Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: blue barberry, holly barberry, holly mahonia, mountain grape, 

Oregon grape, Oregon hollygrape 

SPANISH: uva de Oregón 

USES/NOTES: Small, blue berries are eaten raw or made into juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S. and British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 

1939 

Berberis buxifolia Lam. 


ENGLISH: Magellan barberry 

SPANISH: calafate, michai, michay, palo amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Dark berries are eaten out of hand or in baked foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina 


Berberis canadensis Miller 


ENGLISH: Allegheny barberry, American barberry, eastern barberry 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, roundish, red berries, about a cm across, are 

consumed preserved, in baked goods, as a refreshing beverage, or 

rarely out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Pennsylvania to northern Alabama and 

Georgia west to Missouri 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, 


Berberis darwinii Hook. 


ENGLISH: Darwin barberry 

SPANISH: calafate, mechay, michai, michay 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, juicy berries are eaten out of hand or 

preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Patagonian Argentina, naturalized in coastal 

California and Oregon 


108


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Hendrickson 1981 

Berberis haematocarpa Wooton [syn. Mahonia haematocarpa (Wooton) 

Fedde] 


ENGLISH: barberry, Mexican barberry, red hollygrape 

SPANISH: algerita 

USES/NOTES: Bright, dark red to purple, tart, juicy berries are made 

into jelly. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967, 

Medsger 1939, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968 

Berberis nervosa Pursh [syn. Mahonia nervosa (Pursh) Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: longleaf hollygrape, Oregon grape 

USES/NOTES: Tart, blue berries are eaten cooked with sugar or 

preserved and leaves are edible cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern California through southern British 

Columbia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Simmons 1972 

Berberis pinnata Lagasca [syn. Mahonia pinnata (Lagasca) Fedde] 


ENGLISH: cluster hollygrape 

SPANISH: lena amarilla 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, blue berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oregon and California to Baja California, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Berberis repens Lindley [syn. B. aquifolium Pursh var. repens 

(Lindley) Scoggan, Mahonia repens (Lindley) G. Don f.] 


ENGLISH: creeping barberry, creeping holly grape, creeping mahonia, 

creeping Oregon grape, holly grape, Oregon grape 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this low-growing ground cover were eaten by 

Amerindians and early settlers and are now made into jellies and 

drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alberta and British Columbia to California and New 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, 

Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Berberis swaseyi Buckley ex M.J. Young [syn. Mahonia swaseyi (Buckley 

ex M.J. Young) Fedde] 


ENGLISH: chaparral berry, holly grape, Texas mahonia, wild currant 

SPANISH: agrito 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange tart fruits are edible. 


109


NATURAL RANGE: South-central Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987 

Berberis trifoliolata Moricand [syn. Mahonia trifoliolata (Moricand) 

Fedde] 


ENGLISH: agarita, currant-of-Texas, Laredo mahonia, Mexican barberry 

SPANISH: agarita, agarito, agrito, algerita 

USES/NOTES: Succulent red berries ripen in early summer and are eaten 

fresh or made into jellies, preserves, or desserts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico, and 

southeastern Arizona 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Martin 

et al. 1987, Tull 1978 

Berberis vulgaris L. 


ENGLISH: barberry, common barberry, European barberry, sourberry 

PORTUGUESE: uva-espim 

USES/NOTES: Red to purple, oblong, tart berries are consumed out of 

hand, preserved, in baked goods, or as a refreshing beverage. 

Leaves have been used for tea. Also a yellow dye source and a 

common landscape shrub with many thorns. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized and pestiferous in the 

northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada and the Great Lakes region 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, 

Harris 1972, Peterson 1977 

Berlandiera lyrata Benth. 


ENGLISH: chocolate flower 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used as a seasoning. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central to southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936 

Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. [syn. B. nobilis Miers] 


ENGLISH: Brazil nut, brazilnut, cream nut, Pará nut 

PORTUGUESE: amêndoa-da-América, amendoeira da América, castanha, 

castanha-do-Brasil, castanha-do-Pará, castanha-mansa, castanhamaranhense, 

castanha-verdadeira, castanheira, castanheiro, 

castanhais, tocari 

SPANISH: almendra, almendro, almendra del Beni, castaña, castañas del 

Brasil, castaño de Pará, coquito del Brasil, jubia, juvia, lubia, 

nuez del Brasil, nuez de Pará, nuez del Pará, tocari, turury 

USES/NOTES: Protein- and selenium-rich seed is the Brazil nut of world 

commerce. Large, round, dark brown woody fruit pods (to over 2 

kilograms) contain between 10 and 20 or more nuts and are harvested 

after they fall from the huge (to 50 meters), wild growing trees. 

Efforts to raise Brazil nut trees on plantations have met with 


110


limited success, hence brazil nuts are harvested from the wild. Due 

to habitat loss, the tree is now considered threatened. Fibrous 

bark of young specimens is used as a crude rope for lashing. A 

medicinal tea is made from the fruit husks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably originated in Amazonian Brazil and then spread 

to Amazonian Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Venezuela, and the 

Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983, 

Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, IBGE 1980, IUCN 2002, Kermath (notes), La Rotta 1992, 

Mabberley 1987, Mori and Prance 1990a, Prance and Mori 1979, Samson 

1980, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970, Taylor 

1998, Uphof 1968, van Roosmalen 1985, von Reis Altschul 1973, Will 

1991 

Beta vulgaris L. subsp. cicla (L.) Koch 



ENGLISH: chard, Indian spinach, rainbow chard, seakale, seakale beet, 

spinach beet, Swiss chard 

PORTUGUESE: acelga, beterraba-branca, beterraba-campestre, roleso, 

selga 

SPANISH: acelga, armuelle 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are eaten as cooked vegetables. Stalks 

and leaf veins may be variably and intensly colored. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), Rehm and Espig 1991, Yamaguchi 1983 

Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima (L.) Arcang. 



ENGLISH: sea spinach, wild sea beet 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and stalk are eaten uncooked in salads when young and 

as a cooked vegetable when mature. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Europe from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 


Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris 



ENGLISH: beet, common beet, mangel wurzel, sugar beet 

PORTUGUESE: beterraba 

SPANISH: betabel, betabel azucarera, betarraga azucarera, betarrata 

azucarera, beteraba, remolacha, remolacha azucarera 

USES/NOTES: Hypocotyl, leaf, and root are edible. Sugar and molasses 

are produced from the root of some varieties. Also grown as forage. 

The sugar beet has been treated by some authors as B. vulgaris L. 

var. conditiva and the common beet as B. vulgaris var. esculenta 

Salisb. 


111



REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Guia 

Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983 

Betonica officinalis L. [syn. Stachys officinalis (L.) Trev.] 


ENGLISH: betony, bishop’s wort 

SPANISH: betónica 

USES/NOTES: White tubers and shoots are eaten cooked in the western 

U.S. and Eurasia. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Zarucchi 1998 

Betula lenta L. 

FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) 

ENGLISH: American birch, black birch, cherry birch, sweet birch 

SPANISH: abedul 

USES/NOTES: Sap is made into various brews including birch beer, young 

twigs and root bark are used for tea, and inner bark can be made 

into flour as an emergency food. Leaves and twigs are ground up, 

then added to vinegar. Birch barrels are used to age beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Alabama 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Harris 

1972, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986 

Betula pubescens subsp. pubescens Ehrh. [syn. B. alba L.] 

FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) 

ENGLISH: downy birch, European white birch, paper birch, pubescent 

birch, white birch 

PORTUGUESE: betula 

SPANISH: abedul, abedul pubescente 

USES/NOTES: Inner bark can be made into flour, leaves may be used for 

tea, and sap has been used for wine or vinegar. Also medicinal. B. 

alba may not be an accepted synonym. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, 

Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936 

Bidens bigelovii Gray 


ENGLISH: beggar’s ticks 

USES/NOTES: Native Americans in Texas made a beverage from the 

flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Mexico 


Bidens pilosa L. 



112


ENGLISH: beggar’s lice, beggartick, blackjack, hairy beggarticks, 

needle grass, railway beggar-ticks, Spanish needle, sticktight 

PORTUGUESE: carrapicho, carrapicho-agulha, carrapicho-de-duas-pontas, 

cuambu, erva-picão, fura-capa, goambu, herbes malingres, macela-docampo, 

paconca, picão, picão-das-hortas, picão-do-campo, picãopreto, 

piolho-de-padre, sirvulaca 

SPANISH: acahual, acahual blanco, aceitilla, amor seco, arponcito, 

cadillo, cadillo de huerta, cadillo de perro, cadillo rocera, 

chipaca, duarte, flamenquilla, kelem, kiku, maravilla, masiquia, 

pacunga, pacunja, papunga, pegarropa, pirca, rosilla, saetilla, 

satuchi, sirvulaca, té de milpa 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are eaten steamed or otherwise 

cooked, or rarely raw or dried, or used for tea. Shoots are mixed 

with rice to make wine in the Philippines. Plant derivatives are 

used to treat eye inflammation and skin lacerations. 

NATURAL RANGE: unknown, widespread weed throughout the tropics and 

subtropics 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 

1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Espejo Serna et 

al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990, 

Honychurch 1986, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970, Van Feu 

n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Bidens squarrosa Kunth 


ENGLISH: beggarticks 

SPANISH: kelem ts’aah 

USES/NOTES: Stems are used for tea by the Huastec Maya of Mexico. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, 

Molina 1975, Nelson 1976 

Bidens tripartita L. 


ENGLISH: water agrimony 

SPANISH: cáñamo acuático 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in warm regions 


Bignonia capreolata L. [syn. Tecoma crucigera (L.) Bureau] 

FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (bignonia or trumpet vine) 

ENGLISH: cross vine, quarter vine, trumpet flower, trumpet vine 

USES/NOTES: Roots are a source of the flavoring agent sarsaparilla. 

Also grown as an ornamental vine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. 


Bixa orellana L. 

FAMILY: Bixaceae (box or boxwood) 


113


ENGLISH: achiote, anatto, annatto, arnatto, lipstick tree, parwah, 

roucou 

PORTUGUESE: açafroa, açafroa-da-serra, annato, colorau, ocucu, uruuva, 

urucu, urucum 

SPANISH: achihiuti, achiolillo, achiote, achiote amarillo, achiote 

colorado, achote, bija, bijo, bijo de monte, cacicuto, caituco, 

changuarica, cuajachote, esacacuya, haru, k’u-zub, ku’xub, mandur, 

maxë, misar, onato, onotillo, onotillo rebalsero, onoto, onoto 

montañero, oronoto, piatu, pumacua, rocú, rouco, rucú, sacha 

achote, shambre, shambu, shambu huayo, shambu quiro, shambu-shambu, 

urucú, urucúm, urukú 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in vitamin A, are used as a spice and are 

covered by a red to red/orange or yellow paste used as a body 

paint, insect repellent, textile dye, or commercial food colorant, 

now widely used in the food industry. Fruits can be eaten cooked 

with butter, leaves can be brewed into a stimulating beverage, and 

bark is the source of a gum that can be used like gum arabic 

(Acacia spp.). Also grown as a medicinal, a living fence, and an 

ornamental. One of the first domesticated plants in the Neotropics, 

now widely cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps southwestern Amazonian Brazil, widely 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Antúnez de Mayolo 1989, Boom 1987, Bourke et 

al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Estrella 1991, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Mors and Rizzini 1966, Omawale 1973, OAS 

1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Roosmalen 1985, 

Schultes 1984, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970, 

Williams and Williams 1969 

Blakea spp. 


USES/NOTES: Fruit of some species are edible. The genus has many rare 

and endemic species. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Mexico to Bolivia and portions 

of the Antilles 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987 

Blephilia ciliata (L.) Benth. 


ENGLISH: downy wood-mint 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used for tea. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, 


Blephilia hirsuta (Pursh) Benth. 


ENGLISH: Cherokee mint, hairy wood-mint 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used for tea. 


114



REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, 


Blighia sapida Koenig 


ENGLISH: ackee, akee, red poison fruit 

PORTUGUESE: aki 

SPANISH: akee, akí, aqui, bien-me-sabe, huevo vegetal, pan y quesito, 

seso vegetal 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit’s cream-colored aril is typically eaten cooked 

as a vegetable, primarily with fish, but also fried, boiled, in 

soups, cooked with rice or breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), or 

roasted. Ripe arils are occasionally eaten raw. The aril must be 

prepared soon after ripening on the tree, as it is highly poisonous 

until it is ripe and quickly becomes rancid after ripening. The 

ackee is a main ingredient in Jamaican cuisine, especially the 

national dish ackee and saltfish. Introduced to the New World 

probably during the slave trade of the 1700s, the ackee is now 

cultivated in many parts of the neotropics, but more so in the 

Antilles, and especially in Jamaica. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa, probably coastal Guinea, now 

naturalized in the neotropics 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale 

1973, Rashford 2001, Uphof 1968, Williams and Williams 1969 

Blutaporon vermiculare (L.) Mears [syn. Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) 

R. Br. ex Sm.] 


ENGLISH: saltweed, samphire 

USES/NOTES: Succulent stems and leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to subtropical America from Florida to 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Nellis 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995, Taylor 1998 

Boerhavia erecta L. 


PORTUGUESE: erva-tostão-de-Minas 

SPANISH: apats’ akw’aal 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as cooked greens. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, IBGE 1980 

Bomarea acutifolia (Link & Otto) Herbert 

FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are eaten in Mexico 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uphof 

1968 


115


Bomarea edulis (Tussac) Herbert 


ENGLISH: white Jerusalem artichoke 

SPANISH: coyolxóchitl 

USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps domesticated in the Dominican 

Republic and/or Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hernández 

Xolocotzi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Phillips 1991, Uphof 

1968 

Bomarea glaucescens (Kunth) Baker 


USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers are eaten in Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uphof 

1968 

Bomarea ovata (Cav.) Mirbel 


USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten in the Dominican Republic. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Uphof 

1968 

Bomarea salsilla (L.) Herbert 


USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile 

REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uphof 1968 

Bombax ellipticum Kunth 


SPANISH: mococ, mokok 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Standley and Steyermark 1949 

Bontia daphnoides L. 

FAMILY: Myoporaceae (emu bush) 

ENGLISH: white-alling 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and northern South America 

REFERENCES: Nellis 1994 

Borago officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: borage 

PORTUGUESE: borragem 

SPANISH: becoquino, borraja 


116


USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are edible. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Pérez- 

Arbeláez 1956, Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968 

Borassus aethiopum Mart. [perhaps conspecific with B. flabellifer] 


ENGLISH: African fan palm, black rhum palm, palmyra palm 

PORTUGUESE: palmira 

SPANISH: boraso, palma de palmira, palma palmira, palmira 

USES/NOTES: Large (to >10cm), nearly round, yellow to brown fruits and 

their seeds, which contain a whitish liquid endosperm, are edible, 

sap is used for toddy, sugar, and vinegar, heart is eaten as a 

vegetable, and leaves are a salt source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa from Ethiopia to Ghana 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, 

Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1987, Molina 1975, Morton 

1988 

Borassus flabellifer L. [perhaps conspecific with B. aethiopum] 


ENGLISH: palmyra palm 

PORTUGUESE: palmeira-da-Índia, palmira 

SPANISH: boraso, palma de palmira, palma palmira, palmira 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are edible, sap is used for toddy, sugar, 

and vinegar, heart is eaten as a vegatable, and leaves are a salt 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps Malaya 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 

1987, Menninger 1987, Morton 1988 

Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec. 


ENGLISH: borojo 

SPANISH: borojó 

USES/NOTES: Marketed locally for its esteemed fruit, often eaten 

preserved or in desserts. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombian Chocó, now spread to Ecuador, Panama, and 

Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Pérez-Arbeláez 

1956, Ricker et al. 1997 

Borojoa stipularis (Ducke) Cuatrec. [syn. Thieleodoxa stipularis 

Ducke] 





Borrichia arborescens (L.) DC. 


117



ENGLISH: sea oxeye, seaside oxeye 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, the West Indies, and southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994 

Bouea macrophylla Griffith [syn. B. gandaria Blume] 


ENGLISH: bandaria, gandaria, maprang 

SPANISH: bandaria, gandaria 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible fresh or in jams. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably lowland Malaysia 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Samson 1980, Usher 1974 

Bourreria huanita (La Llave & Lex.) Hemsley [syn. B. formosa (DC.) 

Hemsl] 


ENGLISH: popped maize-flower 

SPANISH: esquizuchitl, palo de rosa, rosa blanca 

USES/NOTES: Flower was used by the Aztecs to flavor chocolate. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, portions of Guatemala, El Salvador, and 

Nicaragua, to Guanacaste, Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Gibson 1970, MBG n.d. 

Bourreria ovata Miers 


ENGLISH: Bahama strongbark, oval-leaf strongbark, strongbark 

USES/NOTES: Small, round, red drupes are edible, though not especially 

pleasing to the palate. Leaves are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida to the Bahamas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Nelson 

1994, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Bourreria succulenta Jacq. 


ENGLISH: pigeon berry 


NATURAL RANGE: Florida, West Indies, Mexico, Central America, Colombia, 

and Venezuela 


Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lagerh. ex Griffith 


ENGLISH: blue grama 

USES/NOTES: Though primarily a pasture grass today, seeds were a food 

source for Amerindians in at least parts of the plant’s range. 




118


Brahea armata S. Watson [syn. Erythea armata (S. Watson) S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: blue fan palm, blue hesper palm, hesper palm, Mexican blue 

palm, rock palm 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is reportedly is edible. Plant is similar to 

Washingtonia palms. 

NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and a small population on the eastern 

shore of the Sea of Cortez in Sonora, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 

1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 


Brahea brandeegei (Purpus) H.E. Moore 


ENGLISH: San José hesper palm 

SPANISH: palma de tlaco, palma negra 

USES/NOTES: Heart is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Baja California and a small population on the 

eastern shore of the Sea of Cortez in Sonora, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Henderson et al. 1995, Tabora et 

al. 1993 

Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart. [syn. B. salvadorensis H. Wendl. ex 

Becc.] 


ENGLISH: rock palm 

SPANISH: capulín, cocaisle, miche, michire, palma abanico, palma de 

sombrero, palma dulce, soyal, soyate, suyate 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet and seeds contain an edible oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Guatemala, northern El Salvador, Belize, 

and Honduras into northern Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Guzmán-Rivas 1984, Henderson et 

al. 1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Martin et al. 1987, McCurrach 


Brahea edulis H. Wendl. ex S. Watson [syn. Erythea edulis (H. Wendl.) 

S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: Guadeloupe fan palm, Guadeloupe Island fan palm, Guadeloupe 

palm 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the fleshy, round (2.5 cm) fruit and young shoots 

are edible. The ten meter tall tree is threatened in the wild due 

to introduced goats. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Guadeloupe Island off the Pacific coast of Baja 

California 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 

1995, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 


Brasenia schreberi J. Gmelin 


119


FAMILY: Cabombaceae (water-shield), previously Nymphaeaceae (waterlily) 

ENGLISH: purple wen-dock, water-shield 

USES/NOTES: Young, opening leaves are eaten seasoned with vinegar in 

Japan, and roots are edible cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and western Canada and U.S., Mexico, Central 

America, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, southeastern Venezuela, East 

Asia, eastern Australia, and Africa 

REFERENCES: Burger 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 

1979, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Brassica chinensis L. 


ENGLISH: cabbage, celery cabbage, Chinese cabbage, choi sum, mustard, 

pak choi, shantung cabbage 

PORTUGUESE: couve-chinesa, couve-da-China, repolho-chinês 

SPANISH: col China, col de China 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are eaten as vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, perhaps China 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 

1974, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Purseglove 1968 

Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak. 


ENGLISH: brown mustard, Indian mustard, leaf mustard, mustard greens 

PORTUGUESE: mostarda, mostarda-da-China, mostarda-da-India, mostardade-folha, 

mostarda-vermelha 

SPANISH: mostaza 

USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are eaten cooked or uncooked. Seeds are 

used to make mustard spreads. Probably derived from B. campestris 

and B. nigra. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia to India 

REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Harrington 

1967, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974 

Brassica napus L. 


ENGLISH: canola (a widely adopted trade name), colza, rape, rapeseed 

PORTUGUESE: colza, nabiça, nabo silvestre 

SPANISH: nabo de invierno 

USES/NOTES: Seed oil, marketed as Canola or Puritan oil, is used in 

cooking, medicines, and industry. Seeds and inflorescence are 

edible. Plant is used as fodder. Well-suited to cool climates. 


REFERENCES: Clayton 1994, Downey 1990, Howard 1994, Leung 1961, 

Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993 

Brassica napus L. var. napobrassica (L.) Reichb. [syn. B. 

napobrassica (L.) Miller] 


120



ENGLISH: rutabaga 

PORTUGUESE: couve-nabo, nabo sueco, rutabaga 

SPANISH: rutabaga 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are edible. Also fed to livestock. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe 

REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968 

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch 


ENGLISH: black mustard, mustard, wild mustard 

PORTUGUESE: mostarda-preta 

SPANISH: mostaza, mostaza negra 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the source of the common mustard paste, used as 

a condiment and the source of an emetic oil. Leaves are eaten as 

cooked greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterannean region, now widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Schneider 

1987, Usher 1974 

Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. 


ENGLISH: borecole, collard, collard greens, common kale, kale, Scotch 

kale 

PORTUGUESE: couve, couve-crespa, couve-de-folhas, couve-manteiga, 

couve-palmito, couve-repolhuda 

SPANISH: berza común 

USES/NOTES: Dark green leaves are eaten as a vegetable and fed to 

livestock. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1968, 

Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983 

Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis 


ENGLISH: broccoli, cauliflower 

PORTUGUESE: brcolis, brócolo, couve-brócolo, couve-flor 

SPANISH: brecól, coliflor 

USES/NOTES: Floret (or head) is eaten as a vegetable. Green cultivars 

are known in English as broccoli and white cultivars as 

cauliflower. Seeds, rarely allowed to develop, can be used like 

those of mustard (B. nigra). 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and the Mediterranean region 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974 

Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. 


ENGLISH: cabbage, common cabbage, European cabbage 

PORTUGUESE: couve, repolho 


121


SPANISH: berza, col común, repollo 

USES/NOTES: Leafy, green head is used as a vegetable, cooked or 

uncooked. Cultivated in the West Indies about 1500. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Omawale 1973, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Schwanitz 1966 

Brassica oleracea L. var. gemmifera (DC.) Lenke 


ENGLISH: Brussels sprouts (seen also as Brussel’s sprouts or Brussel 

sprouts) 

PORTUGUESE: couve-de-Bruxelas, repolho-de-Bruxelas 

SPANISH: bretón, bretón de Bruselas, col de Bruselas 

USES/NOTES: Round, golf ball-sized, green axillary buds are eaten as a 

vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe to the Mediterranean region 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., 

Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968 

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. 


ENGLISH: Hungarian turnip, knol-khol, kohlrabi 

PORTUGUESE: couve-rábano 

SPANISH: berza perruna, colinabo, naba 

USES/NOTES: Stem is eaten as a vegetable and the plant is fed to 

animals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, probably southern Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis Tanaka & Ono [syn. B. pekinensis 

(Lour.) Rupr.] 


ENGLISH: bok choi, celery cabbage, chihli, Chinese cabbage, pak choi, 

Peking cabbage, Shantung cabbage, wong-bok 

PORTUGUESE: couve-China, couve-chinesa, repolho-chinês 

SPANISH: col China 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are eaten as vegetables. Seed is an oil 

source. 


REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, IBGE 1980, 

Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 

1974 

Brassica rapa var. rapa L. [syn. B. campestris L., B. campestris L. 

var. rapa (L.) Hartman] 


ENGLISH: bird rape (seed), turnip (root) 

PORTUGUESE: colza (seed), nabo (root), rábano (root) 


122


SPANISH: jitka (seed), llullu (seed), mostacilla (seed), mostaza 

(seed), naba (root), nabicol (root), nabo (root), nabo gallego 

(root), nabo gordo (root), nabo redondo (root), nabos (root), 

rapush sangra sangra (seed), urqun (seed), yuyo (seed) 

USES/NOTES: The root of some cultivars and the seed of others are 

edible. Seed oil is used as a lubricant, luminant, for cooking, and 

in soap. Bran is used in bird seed mixes. The plant is fed to 

animals. Leaves are eaten as greens. B. campestris has been used 

for the seed cultivar and B. campestris var. rapa has been used for 

the root cultivar. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, seed cultivar from southern European highlands, 

root cultivar from eastern or central Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 

n.d., Leung 1961, Soukup 1970, Tsunoda et al. 1980, Usher 1974, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Brodiaea douglasii S. Watson 


USES/NOTES: Corms and seed pods are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Canada through California 

REFERENCES: Kirk 1970 

Brodiaea pulchella (Salisb.) Greene 


ENGLISH: blue dicks 

USES/NOTES: Corms and flowers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990 

Bromelia alsodes St. John [syn. B. slyvestris Burm.f.] 


SPANISH: ahuama, cardoncillo, guapilla, jalbay, piña silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a snack and their juice is fermented 

to make a kind of pulque (an alcoholic beverage often associated 

with Agave species). 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett 2000 

Bromelia chrysantha Jacq. 


SPANISH: maya, piña silvestre, piñuela 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh or in jams and drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Bromelia hemisphaerica Lam. 


ENGLISH: pinuela 

SPANISH: piñuela 


123


USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten or made into fermented and unfermented 

beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000 

Bromelia nidus-puellae (André) André ex Mez 


SPANISH: croata, piñuela, piraju, piro 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten or made into fermented and unfermented 

beverages. Also grown as a living fence and used medicinally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Duke n.d. 

Bromelia pinguin L. [syn. B. fastuosa Lindley, Agallostachys fastuosa 

(Lindley) Beer, A. ignea Beer, A. pinguin (L.) Beer, 

Karatas pinguin (L.) Miller] 


ENGLISH: bromelia, pinguin 

PORTUGUESE: banana-do-mato, bromélia, caraguatá, caroá, caroatá, 

coroá, coroatá, croá, curauá, gravatá, oa, pinguin, pita, 

Caraguatá, 

SPANISH: aguama, carata, chaguar, chaguarí, chibe-chibe, chibichibe, 

chigüichigüe, chilemotate, curujujul, guamara, huipilla, karaguatá, 

maya, motate, muta, oa, penca, piña de ratón, pinguin, piñuela, 

piñuelo, piro 

USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, though somewhat fibrous, variously 

colored fruits (green, yellow, orange, red, or maroon) are eaten or 

made into either fermented or unfermented beverages. Inflorescence 

and flowers are eaten fried. A fiber, known in Brazil as caraguatá, 

gravatá, or pita, is obtained from the leaves. With its sharply 

spined leaves, the herbaceous, perennial, pineapple-like plant 

forms dense colonies and makes an effective living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, the West Indies, the Guianas, Venezuela, 

Colombia, and Ecuador, perhaps into Peru, naturalized in some warm 

regions (e.g., Florida) 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., Editorial Panapo 1988, 

Facciola 1990, Holst 1994, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, 

Luther 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 

1956, Silva and Tassara 1996, Smith and Downs 1979, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974, Utley and Burt-Utley 1994, Will 1991 

Bromelia plumieri (E. Morren) L.B. Sm. [syn. B. karatas L., Karatas 

plumieri E. Morren] 


ENGLISH: bromelia, pinuela 

SPANISH: chaguar, chaguarí, chigüichigüe, karaguatá, maya, maya de 

puerco, muta, piñuela, ts’uxuum 

USES/NOTES: Young inflorescence is eaten as a vegetable or made into 

marmalade, ripe, slightly acid, pleasant-tasting fruits are made 

into a beverage called atol de piñuela or atol de piña in Spanish, 


124


and young leaf bases are eaten cooked. Also grown as a living fence 

and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Mexico to Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett 2000, Horst 1992a, Hoyas 1989, 

Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, 

Williams 1981 

Bromelia trianae Mez ex Mez 


SPANISH: piñuela 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Smith and Downs 1979 

Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn. 


ENGLISH: California brome 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this drought tolerant perennial are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Bromus catharticus Vahl [syn. B. angustatus Pilg., B. unioloides 

Kunh] 


USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten by Amerindians of Chile. 

NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in the Americas from southern Canada to 

Argentina and Chile, occuring in the highlands in the tropics 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Peterson and Planchuelo 1998, Schmeda- 

Hirschmann et al. 1999 

Bromus mango E. Desv. 


SPANISH: mango 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, once an important food of Amerindians of 

the southern Andes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Argentina and Chile 

REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Zeven and de Wet 1982, 

Zuloaga et al. 1994 

Bromus porteri (J.M. Coulter) Nash [may include B. anomalus Rupr. ex 

Fourn.] 


ENGLISH: brome, Porter brome, Porter’s chess 

SPANISH: bromo cebadillo, bromo frondoso 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a yeast source in the production of 

tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage of northern Mexico important in 

Rarámuri (Tarahumara) culture. Some resources suggest that B. 

porteri may be synonymous with B. anomalus. 

NATURAL RANGE: B. porteri is more restricted from southern Mexico to 

portions of New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, whereas B. anomalus 


125


ranges from Panama through Mexico into the southwestern U.S. to 

Colorado 

REFERENCES: Beetle et al. 1987, Bye 2004, MBG n.d., Torres n.d. 

Brosimum acutifolium Huber 


PORTUGUESE: muira piranga, mururé, mururé-da-terra-firme 

USES/NOTES: Seed is edible. Bark and roots are antirheumatic and used 

to treat malaria. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Brosimum alicastrum Sw. [syn. B. terrabanum Pittier] 


ENGLISH: breadnut tree, breadnut, Mayan breadnut, ramon, ramón, ramon 

breadnut tree 

SPANISH: a-agl, apomo, capomo, guáimaro, hairi, hairi-te, huje, huji, 

Juan Diego, lan-fe-la, masico, mosaico, nazareno samaritano, nuez 

de pan, ojite, ojoche, ox, oox, k án oox, ramón, ramón blanco, 

tunumi-taján 

USES/NOTES: Primarily a famine food, the seed may be consumed raw, 

cooked, mashed, dried, ground and made into tortillas, or prepared 

in beverages. Latex is said to be potable. Fruits are eaten boiled. 

Leaves are used for fodder. Drought tolerant species often is 

associated with Mayan ruin sites. Introduced as an ornamental 

outside its natural range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, and the 

Greater Antilles 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke n.d., 

Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Lambert and Arnason 1982, 

Mabberley 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Pohl and Miksicek 

1985, Schlesinger 2002, Turner and Miksicek 1984, Usher 1974, Will 

1991 

Brosimum costaricanum Liebm. 


SPANISH: masicarán, ojoche 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama 

REFERENCES: CTFS n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973 

Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul 


PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-cera, mama-cadela, maminha-de-cadela 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and sap are edible. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et 

al. 1987, Pereira and Aparecida n.d. 


126


Brosimum guianense (Aublet) Huber [syn.B. aubletii Poeppig & Endl., 

B. discolor Schott.] 


ENGLISH: leopard-wood, snakewood 

PORTUGUESE: inharé-mole, muira pinima 

SPANISH: coquillo, machinga, tamamuri 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Brosimum lactescens (S. Moore) C. Berg 


PORTUGUESE: caucho, inharé, manitê, manixi, mururé 

SPANISH: cajimán, charo, charo colorado, charo macho, guaímero, 

machinga, matapalo, misionero negro, tamamuri, yuquito 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into the Colombian Chocó and perhaps into the 

Venezuelan Llanos 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Ramírez- 

Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Brosimum potabile Ducke 

PORTUGUESE: amapá-doce 


SPANISH: machinga 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru, perhaps 

beyond 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987 

Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier [syn. B. galactodendron D. Don] 


ENGLISH: cow tree 

SPANISH: árbol de leche, avichurí, guaimaro, leche vegetal (sap), 

lechero, mastate, palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vaco 

USES/NOTES: Latex, known as leche vegetal in Spanish, is potable and 

may be made into a cheese-like food. Fruit is edible raw or cooked. 

Latex is also used for torches. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973 

Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier subsp. longifolium (Ducke) C. Berg 

[syn. B. longifolium Ducke] 



PORTUGUESE: amapá-murué 

SPANISH: árbol de la leche, árbol vaca, avichurí, chingonga, leche 

vegetal (sap), machinga, palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vacuno 


127


USES/NOTES: Mainly medicinal, though the latex reportedly is edible 

and used as a chewing gum base. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, OAS 

1973, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Brosimum utile (Kunth) Pittier subsp. ovatifolium (Ducke) C. Berg 

[syn. B. ovatifolium Ducke] 



PORTUGUESE: garrote 

SPANISH: árbol de la leche, árbol vaca, avichurí, leche vegetal (sap), 

palo de leche, palo de vaca, sande, vacuno 

USES/NOTES: Mainly medicinal, though the latex reportedly is edible 

and used as a chewing gum base. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, 


Buddleja cordata Kunth [syn. B. humboldtiana Roem. & Schultes] 

FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon), Loganiaceae or 

Buddlejaceae (butterfly-bush) 

ENGLISH: butterfly bush 

PORTUGUESE: verbasco 

SPANISH: batowí, cayolozán, matowí, salvia silvestre, tepoza, tepozán, 

tepozán blanco, zompán 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of this shrub to small tree are used as a spice in 

eastern/central Mexico. The genus has been spelled Buddleia with an 

“i” as opposed to a “j.” 

NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua and Durango, Mexico to Panama 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Norman 2000, Torres n.d. 

Bunchosia argentea (Jacq.) DC. 


ENGLISH: peanut-butter fruit 

SPANISH: ciruelo de fraile, ciruela de monte, ciruelo de monte 

USES/NOTES: Small brownish to red fruits have a sweet rich flavor and 

a texture similar to peanut butter, though are not much 

appreciated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Andean South America from Peru to Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Renner et al. 1990 

Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC. 


PORTUGUESE: ameixa-do-Peru 

SPANISH: chico mamey, ciruela, ciruela de fraile, ciruela verde, 

indano 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in parts of Ecuador and Colombia for its fruit, 

eaten fresh or preserved. 


128


NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes, perhaps restricted to Ecuador, but likely 

from Colombia to Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Popenoe 1924, 


Bunchosia costaricensis Rose 


SPANISH: cereza, ciruela 




Bunchosia glandulifera (Jacq.) Kunth 


SPANISH: café falso, cerezo, cerezo de fraile, ciruela, ciruela de 

fraile 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and the plant is widely cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Antilles through Venezuela (and perhaps the Guianas) to 

eastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d. 

Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) DC. 


PORTUGUESE: almeixa, ameixa-braba, ameixa-do-Pará, café-do-Amazonas, 

caferana, caramela, ciruela, ciruela-de-graile 

SPANISH: cabra, cabrita, café forastero, ciruela, ciruela-de-la-China, 

ciruela verde, yeso 



REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Bunchosia lanceolata Turcz. 


SPANISH: ciruela, miinte’ 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten toasted or fried and fruits are eaten out 

of hand, mainly by children. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Hazlett 1979 

Bursera hindsiana (Benth.) Engler 

FAMILY: Burseraceae (frankincense or torchwood) 

ENGLISH: copal 

SPANISH: copal, torote prieto 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten in times of food scarcity. Tree is used a 

living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Sonora and Baja California, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Lauri 2000, Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg. 



129


ENGLISH: gumbo limbo, naked Indian, red birch, turpentine tree, West 

Indian birch 

SPANISH: almácigo, caraña, carate, caratero, chaca, chacah, chaco, 

chakaj, chibu, cucheme, ginicuiste, gumbolimbo, incienso, indio 

desnudo, isicaguo, jicuite, jiñocuavo, jinote, jiote, jobo liso, 

mara, marare, mararo, mulato, palo chino, palo de incienso, palo 

jiote, palo mulato, pellejo de indio, picagua, quiote, resbalamono, 

sasafrás 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea (primarily medicinal), resin has 

been used to flavor confections, and young shoots are said to be 

eaten as a cooked vegetable. Also the source of chibou, cachibou, 

or gomart resin, used in varnishes, incense, and medicines. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, 

Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Nellis 

1994, Nelson 1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, Niembro Rocas 1993, OAS 

1973, Schlesinger 2002 

Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc. [syn. Cocos capitata Mart., C. odorata 

Barb. Rodr., C. pulposa Barb. Rodr., Cocos australis nomen 

illegit.] 


ENGLISH: butia palm, jelly palm, pindo palm, wine palm 

PORTUGUESE: butiá, butiá-açu, butiá-azedo, butiá-da-praia, 

butiazeiro, cabeçudo, coco-azedinho, coqueiro-cabeçudo 

SPANISH: butiá 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh or jellied, juice is used for 

vinegar, and the seed is an edible oil source. The tree is also 

grown as an ornamental throughout the tropics and subtropics for 

its blue/green feather-like, pinnate leaves, small size (to five 

meters), and cold hardiness. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from Bahia and Goiás south into Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Maixner 

1977/78, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et al. 1997, Pereira and 

Aparecida n.d., Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Butia eriospatha Becc. [syn. Cocos eriospatha Mart. ex Drude] 


PORTUGUESE: butiá, butiá-da-serra, butiá-verdadeiro, iataí 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used to make an alcoholic 

beverage. 


REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, 

Mentz et al. 1997 

Butia yatay Becc. [syn. B. capitata subsp. yatay (Mart.) Herter nomen 

illegit., Cocos yatay Mart., Syagrus yatay (Mart.) Glassman] 


ENGLISH: jelly palm, yatay palm 

PORTUGUESE: coqueiro-yatay 


130


SPANISH: arir, butía, palma yatay, yataí, yatay 


NATURAL RANGE: Border region of Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Jozamí and Muñoz 

1983, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uhl and Dransfield 1987 

Byrsonima aerugo Sagot 


ENGLISH: sour pear 

PORTUGUESE: muruci-da-mata 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten in Guyana. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, southern Venezuela, and Roraima, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Nunes 1998 

Byrsonima chrysophylla Kunth [syn. B. peruviana A. Juss., B. 

peruviana var. eglandulosa A. Juss.] 


PORTUGUESE: murici pinima 

SPANISH: indano 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Bark is medicinal in Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to lowland Peru and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth [syn. B. cinerea DC., B. cotinifolia 

Kunth, B. ferruginea, Malpighia crassifolia L.] [B. cinerea 

possibly not conspecific with B. crassifolia] 


ENGLISH: byrsonima, craboo, crapoo, golden spoon, huria, nance, wild 

cherry 

PORTUGUESE: mirixi, murici, murici-do-campo, murici-pitanga, muruchi, 

muruci, muruci-da-praia, muruci-do-campo 

SPANISH: agrio, chaparro changogo, changunga, chaparro de chinche, 

chaparro manteca, chengua, chi, cimarrón, huizaa, mami-hña, 

manteco, maricas, maricao cimarrón, maricao verde, nananche, nance, 

nancé, nancé manteca, nanche, nancite, nancito, noro, palo de 

gallina, paralejo, peraleja, peralejo, sabanero, tapal, tax, u-e, 

u-eo, yaga-huizaa, yoco, yuco 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C rich, small yellow fruit (2cm) is consumed as 

juice, in sweets and ice cream, as an ingredient in chicha, and as 

a flavoring agent in liqueurs. Fruit also yields an edible butterlike 

substance and is used as green dye. Wood is a charcoal source 

and the plant is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico or Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Bye and 

Linares 1990, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Clement et al. 1982, 

Duke 1986, Duke n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Niembro 

Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Usher 1974, Will 1991, 

Williams 1981 


131


Byrsonima crispa A. Juss. 


PORTUGUESE: murici, murici-da-mata, muruci-da-mata 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, 


Byrsonima densa (Poiret) DC. [syn. B. amazonica Griseb., Malpighia 

densa Poiret] 


PORTUGUESE: murici branco, murici-vermelho, muruci-vermelho 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian upland forests 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 

1991, Martin et al. 1987 

Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss. 


PORTUGUESE: gangica 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Paraguay, and Peru 


Byrsonima laevigata DC. 


PORTUGUESE: muruci-do-mato 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana to eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994 

Byrsonima lancifolia A. Juss. 


PORTUGUESE: murici-de-capoeira, murici-miúdo, muruci-da-capoeira, 

muruci-miúdo 



REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Byrsonima lucida (Miller) DC. 


ENGLISH: key byrsonima, locustberry 

USES/NOTES: Reddish-brown, juicy fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and the Florida Keys 

REFERENCES: Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998 

Byrsonima lucidule Huber 


PORTUGUESE: murici-vermelho 


132





Byrsonima nitida D. Don 


PORTUGUESE: muruci 



REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989 

Byrsonima sericea DC. [syn. B. brasiliensis Griseb., B. chrysophylla 

Mart., Malpighia rutilans Salzm.] 


PORTUGUESE: murici, murici-da-fruta-miuda, murici-da-praia murici-dobrejo, 

murici-miúdo, murici-penima 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lorenzi 2000, Martin et al. 1987, Silva and 

Tassara 1996, Voeks 1996 

Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) Kunth [syn. B. coriacea (Sw.) DC. var. 

spicata (Cav.) Niedenzu, Malpighia spicata Cav.] 


PORTUGUESE: maricao, murici, murici vermelho, mirixi 

SPANISH: indano, indano colorado, maricao, paralejo, peralejo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten. Astringent bark is medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kennard 

and Winters 1960, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Byrsonima stipulacea A. Juss. 


PORTUGUESE: muruci-do-mato 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Ka’apor of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela, eastern and central Amazonian 

Brazil, and Amazonian Bolivia 


Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) Rich. ex A. Juss. 


PORTUGUESE: douradinha-falsa, murici-cascudo, murici-de-tabuleiro, 

murici-rasteiro, orelha-de-burro, orelha-de-veado 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 


Byttneria aculeata (Jacq.) Jacq. [syn. B. carthagenensis Jacq.] 

FAMILY: Malvaceae (mallow), previously Sterculiaceae (chocolate) 


133


PORTUGUESE: cipó-malva 

SPANISH: bolool othow 

USES/NOTES: Considered a famine food, shoots are eaten as greens. 

Roots are a substitute for sarsaparilla. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to South America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Cristóbal 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Cabralea canjerana (Vell.) Mart. 

FAMILY: Meliaceae (mahogany) 

PORTUGUESE: cangerana, canjerana, canarana, cajarana, canharana, 

caiarana, cedro-bravo, cedro-canjerana, jitó 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. [syn. C. crista L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bonduc, fever nut, gray nickel, gray nicker, gray nicker 

bean, hold-back, nicker bean, nickernut, sea bean 

SPANISH: calentura, mato 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, called “warry stones” or “pet rocks” in the West 

Indies and “sea pearls” elsewhere, are used as beeds and in maracas 

and are said to be used as a coffee substitute when roasted, though 

Taylor notes that the seeds are poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to perhaps other warm regions of the 

Americas and possibly beyond, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Isely 1975, Lewis 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1996, Taylor 1998 

Caesalpinia gilliesii (Wallich ex Hook.) D. Dietr. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bird of paradise tree, desert bird of paradise, yellow bird 

of paradise 

SPANISH: barba de chivo, mal de ojo, ponciano 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated primarily as an ornamental for its showy yellow 

and scarlet flowers. Stamens are dried, ground, and added to 

saffron (Crocus sativus). Seeds reportedly contain anti-tumor 

compounds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Uruguay and adjacent southern Brazil and northern 

Argentina, widely naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw. 


pea) 


134


ENGLISH: Barbados flower fence, Barbados pride, bird of Paradise 

flower, flower fence, paradise flower, peacock flower, pride of 

Barbados 

PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-ave-do-paraíso, barba-de-barata, brio-deestudante, 

chagas-de-Jesus, chagueira, flamboianzinho, flor-da-avedo-paraíso, 

flor-de-pavão, flor-do-paraíso, maravilha, poincianaanã, 

renda-de-ouro 

SPANISH: angelite, clavellina, flor de pavo, gallito, ponciana, 

tabachín 

USES/NOTES: Young seeds and yellow flowers are said to be edible, 

though the plant is also a purgative and has been used to treat 

epilepsy. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, now pantropical 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, 

Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Voeks 1997 

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. [syn. C. bicolor DC., C. cajan (L.) Huth 

var. bicolor, C. flavus DC., C. indicus (L.) Millsp., C. indicus 

Sprengel] 


ENGLISH: Angola pea, arhar dahl (dwarf variety, C. cajan var. bicolor 

DC.), bush bean, Congo bean, Congo pea, dahl, gandul, green pea, 

gungo pea, no-eye pea, pigeon pea, red gram, yellow dahl 

PORTUGUESE: andu, andu-feijão, feijão-andu, feijão-crista, feijãocuandu, 

feijão-guando, feijão-guiné, feijão-quandu, feijão-setecamadas, 

guando, guandu-de-fava-larga 

SPANISH: alberja, alverja, arbeja, arveja, cachito, cascabelillo, 

cerudo, chícaro de árbol, chícaro de cumaná, chicaros, chícharo, 

chícharo de árbol, chícharo de paloma, chícharo de vaca, 

chimbolito, cumandá, cumandá-ibiraí, frejol cerudo, fréjol de palo, 

frijol canario, frijol chino, frijol de palo, frijol de gandul, 

frijol gandul, frijol quinchoncho, frijoles del monte, frijolillo, 

gandal, gandul, gandules, garbanzo falso, guand (dwarf variety), 

guando, guandó, guandu, guandú, guandul, guardarraya, guisante de 

Angola, guisante de paloma, guisante enano, ibiraí, kumandá ibiraí, 

lenteja, poroto gandul, puspo-poroto, puspu-poroto, quimbolillo, 

quinchoncillo, quinchoncho, quinconcho, timbolillo 

USES/NOTES: Young pods are eaten as a vegetable, and dried seeds are 

eaten boiled and mashed or ground into flour. Important in many 

tropical countries for forage, ground cover, hedges, windbreaks, 

and medicine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably eastern-central Africa to Egypt, previously 

thought to have come from India 

REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin 

1984a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Singh and Singh 1992, Soukup 1970, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 


135


Cakile edulenta (Bigelow) Hook. 


ENGLISH: American sea rocket, sea rocket 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten in salads and as a potherb. Rootstocks 

are ground and added to flour as an emergency food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Cakile lanceolata (Willd.) O. Schulz 


ENGLISH: sea rocket 

USES/NOTES: Fresh or cooked leaves and cooked stems, buds, and fleshy 

fruit pods are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern coastal U.S. through Central America and the 

West Indies to northern South America 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, 

Taylor 1998 

Cakile maritima Scop. 


ENGLISH: sea rocket 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, stems, buds, and pods are edible and ground 

roots are used in breads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal North Africa and Europe, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987 

Caladium bicolor (Aiton) Vent. [syn. C. sororium Schott, Arum bicolor 

Aiton] 


ENGLISH: caladium, dog’s ear, heart-of-Jesus, Jesus’ heart 

PORTUGUESE: aninga-d’agua, mangara, tajá 

SPANISH: capa de rey, corazón de Jesús, corazón de maripa, corazón 

sangrienta, hoja de leche, oreja de perro, paleta del pintor, 

quequeshque manchade, toyoba brava 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, seeds, leaves, and rhizomes are eaten cooked. Also 

medicinal and ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to the lower elevations of the eastern Andes 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1984, 

Croat and Lambert 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Madison 1981, 

Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968 

Caladium lindenii (André) Madison [includes Phyllotaenium lindenii 

André, Xanthosoma lindenii (André) Engl.] 


ENGLISH: angel’s wing, elephant ear, Indian kale 

SPANISH: picha de gato, yautía 

USES/NOTES: Tuber is eaten cooked, though cultivated primarily as 

an ornamental elephant ear. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia into Panama’s Darién and San Blas regions 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Madison 1981, MBG n.d. 


136


Caladium schomburgkii Schott 


ENGLISH: caladium 

SPANISH: napiniu wanchup, tsánku 

USES/NOTES: The rhizome is eaten in eastern Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas, Venezuela, and adjacent Amazonian Brazil, 

perhaps to eastern Ecuador where it is cultivated 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Madison 1981, 

MBG n.d., Steyermark et al. 1995 

Calandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavón) DC. [syn. C. menziesii (Hook.) 

Torrey & A. Gray, C. micrantha Schltdl.] 

FAMILY: Portulacaceae (purslane) 

ENGLISH: redmaids, rock purslane 

PORTUGUESE: beldroega 

SPANISH: hierba San Nicolás 

USES/NOTES: Twigs and leaves are used as a potherb or garnish and 

black seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Leung 1961, Uphof 

1968 

Calathea allouia (Aublet) Lindley [syn. C. macrosepala Schumann, C. 

violacea (Roscoe) Lindley, Allouya americana Lam.] 

FAMILY: Marantaceae (arrowroot) 

ENGLISH: allouya, calathea, dale-dale, dali-dali, leren, Guinea 

arrowroot, sweet corm root, sweet corn root, tambu, tampo, topeetambo, 

topee-tambu, topi-tambo, topi-tamboo, topinambour, 

topeetampo 

FRENCH: alléluia, touple nambours 

PORTUGUESE: ariá, batata-ariá, cauaçu, cauassu, láirem 

SPANISH: agua bendita, ariá, bijao, casupo, chufle, cocurito, dale, 

dale-dale, faldita morada, irwa, kakiska, láiren, lairén, leren, 

lerén, lerenes, llerén, llerenes, macús, maxán, motelilla enana, 

sal, tambu, topitambo, tumpinambou, uariá, yeren, yerén 

USES/NOTES: Starchy rhizomes store well and are eaten like potatoes, 

young flower clusters are eaten cooked, young shoots are eaten 

cooked, and mature leaves are used to wrap food, make blankets, 

mattresses, pillows, umbrellas, and baskets. Leaves also are 

medicinal in parts of South America. Cultivated or collected from 

the wild. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America and the West Indies, possibly to 

western Amazonia, introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, 

Bueno and Weigel 1981, Denevan 1985, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Gragson 1997, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Cabanillas 1976, Noda et al. 

1984, Noda et al. 1994, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Posey 

1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Yamaguchi 1983 


137


Calathea lutea Schultes 


ENGLISH: calathea 

PORTUGUESE: cauassu 

SPANISH: bijagüa, bijao, cauasú, hoja blanca, hoja de verijado, 

tirita, urwa gassib 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a spice. Cooked roots are 

medicinal. Leaf undersides produce cauassu wax, similar to carnaúba 

wax from Copernica prunifera. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics likely including Peru and Brazil north to 

Colombia and the Antilles and perhaps Central America and southern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brücher 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra- 

Manríquez et al. 1997, Kennedy et al. 1988, Mabberley 1987, MBG 

n.d., Schultes 1979b 

Calendula officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: calendula, common marigold, pot marigold, ruddles, scotch 

marigold 

PORTUGUESE: calêndula, malmequer 

SPANISH: caléndula, caléndula oficinal, caldo, chuncho, maravilla, 

maravillosa, mercadela, uchu k’aspa, virreina 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible and are consumed dried to aid in 

digestion or as a stimulant. Also used to color butter and thicken 

soups. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe to the Middle East 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 1990, Duke 

n.d., Franquemont et al. 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sanecki 1974, Usher 

1974 

Calla palustris L. 


ENGLISH: bog arum, calla, calla lily, water arum, water dragon, wild 

calla, wild dragon 

USES/NOTES: Starchy rhizomes are mashed and dried for a long period of 

time, then used for bread. Dried seeds may also be used for bread, 

young leaves can be eaten boiled, and berries are said to be 

edible. The plant contains calcium oxalate crystals, which irritate 

the skin and can cause death if ingested in large quantities. Thus, 

care must be taken in handling the plant and proper preparation 

must precede eating. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bogs, swamps, and water body margins of north temperate 

regions – from eastern Canada and northeastern U.S. to Alaska in 

the Americas 

REFERENCES: Cody 2000, Coffey 1993, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Schofield 1989, Tomikel 1986 

Callicarpa americana L. 


138



ENGLISH: American beauty-berry, beauty berry, beautyberry, beautybush, 

Bermuda mulberry, French mulberry, sour berry, sow berry, Spanish 

mulberry 

USES/NOTES: Tiny, magenta (rarely white) drupes, which cluster around 

petioles, may be eaten out of hand or preserved. Out of hand, the 

fruits are often flavorless to astringent at times and often mealy. 

Leaves of the Japanese species (Callicarpa japonica) are used for 

tea. Recent literature suggests possible placement in the mint 

family (Labiatae or Lamiaceae). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Maryland, to Florida, to Texas, 

northeastern Mexico, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and parts of Cuba 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 

1994, Taylor 1998, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Callicarpa japonica L. 


ENGLISH: Japanese beautyberry, Japanese callicarpa 

USES/NOTES: Although cultivated as an ornamental in the Americas, the 

leaves are used for tea in Japan. The cultivated variety 

“leucocarpa” produces white fruit instead of magenta. Recent 

literature suggests possible placement in the mint family (Labiatae 

or Lamiaceae). 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan and China perhaps to Korea, naturalized in North 

Carolina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d. 

Callirhoe digitata Nutt. 


ENGLISH: fringed poppy mallow, winecups 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the roots. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Callirhoe involucrata (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: buffalo rose, finger poppy-mallow, low poppy-mallow, purple 

poppy-mallow, winecups 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten like sweet potatoes and leaves are used to 

thicken soups. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from south-central Canada and 

North Dakota through Texas into Mexico and west to Utah, 

naturalized in Florida and elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, 

Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus aureus S. Watson [once considered conspecific with C. 

nuttallii (Bailey Hortorium)] 

FAMILY: Calochortaceae (mariposa lily) or Liliaceae (lily) 


139


ENGLISH: golden mariposa, sego lily 

USES/NOTES: The Navajo and Hopi of the American West ate the Bulds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Cronquist et al. 1977, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus barbatus (Kunth) J.H. Painter 


ENGLISH: mariposa lily 


NATURAL RANGE: Central and northwestern Mexico, into southern 

California and perhaps beyond in the southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Balls 1975, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus clavatus S. Watson 


ENGLISH: Arroyo de la Cruz mariposa lily, club-hair mariposa lily, 

slender mariposa lily 



REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, PFAF n.d., Yanovsky 

1936 

Calochortus elegans Pursh 


ENGLISH: elegant mariposa lily, northwestern mariposa lily, star tulip 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of the American Northwest have been known to 

eat the bulbs. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to Washington and Montana and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Calochortus flexuosus S. Watson 


ENGLISH: bent-stem mariposa, mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily 

mariposa, straggling mariposa lily, twining mariposa, weak-stem 

mariposa lily, winding mariposa lily 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb, seeds are made into an edible 

paste, and flowers are added to salads. Once an important food for 

Amerindians and early European settlers in the American West. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from Colorado to California 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974 

Calochortus gunnisonii S. Watson 


ENGLISH: Gunnison mariposa, mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily 

mariposa 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb, seeds are made into an edible 

paste, flowers are eaten in salads, bulbs are eaten raw or cooked, 

and dried bulbs are a flour source. Cheyenne dried the sweet bulbs 


140


for winter use. Once an important food of Amerindians and early 

European settlers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western and central U.S. and adjacent Canada 



Calochortus luteus Douglas ex Lindley 


ENGLISH: cat’s ear, gold nuggets, golden mariposa, yellow mariposa 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus macrocarpus Douglas 


ENGLISH: green-banded mariposa, mariposa lily, sagebrush mariposa, 

sego lily 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to salads, and bulbs are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. including at least California to Washington 

and Montana and probably beyond 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998, 

Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: mariposa lily, Nuttall’s mariposa lily, sego lily, segolily 

mariposa, yellow mariposa 

USES/NOTES: Greens of Utah’s state flower are used as a potherb, seeds 

are made into an edible paste, flowers are used in salads, and 

bulbs are eaten raw, boiled, or fried. Once an important food of 

Amerindians and early European settlers, C. nuttallii saved the 

lives of many Mormon’s in 1848 when pests damaged crops. Cheyenne 

dried the sweet bulbs for winter use. 


REFERENCES: Craighead et al. 1963, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, 

Hickman 1993, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968 

Calochortus pulchellus Douglas ex Benth. 


ENGLISH: canary globe-tulip, mount diablo fairy-lantern, mount diablo 

globe-lily, mount diablo globe-tulip, mount diablo mariposa-lily, 

Oakland star-tulip 

USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are eaten raw or roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to the Mount Diablo area of California 


Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. 


ENGLISH: cat’s-ears, beavertail grass, Tolmie star-tulip 

USES/NOTES: Small bulbs are eaten raw or roasted. 


141


NATURAL RANGE: California, Oregon, and Washington, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus uniflorus Hook. & Arn. 


ENGLISH: globe tulip, Monterey mariposa lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten raw or roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: California and Oregon 

REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Hickman 1993, Yanovsky 1936 

Calochortus venustus Douglas ex Benth. 


ENGLISH: beautiful mariposa, butterfly mariposa lily, white mariposa 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Balls 1975, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974, Sweet 1962, Yanovsky 

1936 

Calophyllum inophyllum L. 

FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia) 

ENGLISH: Alexandrian laurel, Indian laurel, laurelwood, mast wood 

SPANISH: maría 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and seeds are edible and seeds are an edible oil 

source. Also ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized in Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, 

Mabberley 1987, Stevens et al. 2001 

Calopogonium caeruleum (Benth.) C. Wright ex Sauvalle 


ENGLISH: wild jícama 

SPANISH: cudzú criollo, jícama de monte 

USES/NOTES: Mayan people ate the vine’s root primarily in times of 

food shortages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Mexico to northern Argentina 

and portions of the Antilles 

REFERENCES: Carvalho-Okano and Leitão Filho 1985, Coe 1994, MBG n.d. 

Caltha leptosepala DC. 

FAMILY: Ranunculaceae (buttercup) 

ENGLISH: marsh marigold, western marsh marigold 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves make an excellent potherb, and buds are eaten 

pickled like capers (Capparis spinosa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alaska to northern New Mexico 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995 

Caltha palustris L. 


ENGLISH: buttercup, cowflock, cowslip, kingcup, marsh marigold, 

mayblob, meadow bright 


142


USES/NOTES: Leaves, roots, and stems are eaten cooked and flower buds 

are eaten pickled. Also reported as poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1966, Hyam and 

Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Calycanthus floridus L. 

FAMILY: Calycanthaceae (calycanthus) 

ENGLISH: Carolina allspice, pineapple shrub, spicebush, strawberry 

shrub, sweet scrub, sweet shrub 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic bark is used as a spice like cinnamon. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from southern Pennsylvania to northern 

Florida and Mississippi 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, 

Mabberley 1987, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Calycanthus occidentalis Hook. & Arn. 

FAMILY: Calycanthaceae (calycanthus) 

ENGLISH: California allspice 

USES/NOTES: Bark can be used as a spice. 



Calycolpus moritizianus (O. Berg) Burret [syn. Psidium caudatum 

McVaugh] 


SPANISH: cínaro 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are said to be good to eat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and perhaps elsewhere in northern South 

America 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Landrum 1989 

Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes [syn. C. borealis (Sw.) Salisb.] 

FAMILY: Orchidaceae (orchid) 

ENGLISH: calypso, cytherea, fairy slipper, pink slipper orchid 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the tubers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canadian boreal forests to New Mexico in the 

southwestern U.S. 


Calyptranthes aromatica A. St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: craveiro-da-terra 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits are used like allspice (Pimenta dioica)and 

flowers like cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) in Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: South America 

REFERENCES: Figueiredo Filho 2005, Legrand 1962, Uphof 1968 

Calyptranthes grandifolia O. Berg 



143


PORTUGUESE: brasaviva 



REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Martin et al. 1987 

Calyptranthes pallens Griseb. [syn. Eugenia pallens Poiret] 


ENGLISH: pale lidflower 

SPANISH: tapón blanco 

USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, red to dark purple berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, Florida Keys, West Indies, and 

southeastern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994 

Calyptranthes plicata McVaugh 


SPANISH: cowadewe, saka, venado panga yura 

USES/NOTES: The Waorani of Ecuador eat the ripe fruits and the Shuar 

use the leaves medicinally. 


REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997 

Calyptranthes schiedeana O. Berg. [syn. Myrcia aromatica Schltdl.] 


SPANISH: cinco negritos 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico perhaps to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Uphof 1968 

Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Sw. [syn. Myrtus zuzygium L.] 


ENGLISH: myrtle-of-the-river 

USES/NOTES: Small black berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alain 1953, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson 1994 

Calyptronoma plumeriana (Mart.) Lourteig [syn. C. dulcis (C.H. Wright 

ex Griseb.) L. Bailey 


SPANISH: confite, manaca 

USES/NOTES: Sweet flower petals are collected and eaten, sometimes 

candied. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Kunkel 1984 

Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. 

FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet-potato) 

ENGLISH: hedge bindweed 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and boiled roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics 


144



Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Watson [seen as Quamasia] 


ENGLISH: Atlantic camass, eastern camass, Leichtlin’s camass, wild 

hyacinth 

SPANISH: camasia 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs, once an important food source in North America, are 

eaten raw, boiled, baked, fried, cooked in pies, or dried. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 

1987, Yanovski 1936 

Camassia quamash (Pursh) E. Greene [seen as Quamasia] 


ENGLISH: blue camass, camas, camash, camass, camass lily, meadow 

hyacinth, meadow quill, quamash, wild camass 


USES/NOTES: Bulbs, once an important food source for Amerindians and 

early European settlers, were eaten raw, fried, baked, steamed, in 

camass pie, or ground and made into bread. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 

1979, Harrington 1967, Heiser 1993, Mabberley 1987 

Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory [syn. C. esculenta (Raf.) Cory, C. 

hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton] 


ENGLISH: camass 


USES/NOTES: Bulbs are edible, though primarily cultivated as an 

ornamental. 


REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Camellia japonica L. 

FAMILY: Theaceae (tea) or Camelliaceae (camellia) 

ENGLISH: camellia, camillia, garden camellia 

PORTUGUESE: camélia 

SPANISH: camelia, camelio 

USES/NOTES: Dried flowers can be eaten as a vegetable, seeds are an 

edible oil source, and leaves can be brewed into tea, though 

primarily a popular flowering ornamental in warm regions of the 

Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Asia 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Zeven 

and de Wet 1982 

Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. thea Link, Thea sinensis L.] 

FAMILY: Theaceae (tea) or Camelliaceae (camellia) 


145


ENGLISH: Chinese tea, common tea, Japanese tea, tea 

PORTUGUESE: chá, chá-da-Índia, chá-japonês, chá-preto 

SPANISH: té 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, buds, and internodes are the principal tea of 

commerce. Fruits and seed oil are edible. 


REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Hobhouse 1986, IBGE 1980, Steinkraus 

1983, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and 

Lipp 1982 

Campanula rapunculoides L. 

FAMILY: Campanulaceae (bellflower) 

ENGLISH: creeping bellflower, harebell, rover bellflower 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are eaten as a potherb or in 

salads. Roots are eaten boiled, roasted, or fried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967 

Campnosperma panamense Standley 


SPANISH: sajo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Economically important in the Chocó. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands of eastern Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa 

Rica, and Panama, and western Colombia, and northwestern Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Barfod 1987, Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1979 

Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O. Berg [syn. C. cerulea O. Berg, 

C. obscura O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: guabiroba, guaviramí 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are eaten out of hand, made into juice, or 

made into an alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente in Paraguay. 


REFERENCES: Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Reed 1995 

Campomanesia aromatica (Aublet) Griseb. [syn. Psidium aromaticum 

Aublet] and C. guaviroba (DC.) Kiaerskov [syn. Abbevillea fenzliana 

O. Berg, nomen illegit., Psidium guaviroba DC.] 


ENGLISH: guabiroba, guava strawberry, guavaberry 

PORTUGUESE: gabiraba, gabiroba, gabirova, guabiroba, guaviroba, 

palilho 

SPANISH: michinche, palillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and leaves are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: South America and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bernardi 1985, Bonuccelli 1989, Cavalcante 

1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987, 

Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 


146


Campomanesia lineatifolia Ruiz & Pavón [syn. C. cornifolia Kunth, 

Psidium rivulare DC.] 


PORTUGUESE: araçá-lima, guabiraba 

SPANISH: guayaba de leche, guayaba de mono, guayabo anselmo, 

michinche, palillo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent fruit pulp is consumed primarily in 

juices, ice creams, and preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke n.d., 

Landrum 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992 

Campomanesia phaea (O. Berg) Landrum [syn. Paivaea langsdorffi O. 

Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: cambuci, cambucizeiro 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Wood is used to make tool handles. 

NATURAL RANGE: São Paulo highlands, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987 

Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg 


PORTUGUESE: guabiroba 

SPANISH: guavirá pytá 

USES/NOTES: Fruit, collected from the wild, are eaten out of hand. 


REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Mentz et al. 1997, Reed 1995 

Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg var. xanthocarpa [syn. C. 

crenata O. Berg] 


SPANISH: guaviramí 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are eaten out of hand or made into an 

alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente. 


REFERENCES: Landrum 1986, Legrand and Klein 1977, Reed 1995 

Campsiandra angustifolia Spruce ex Benth. 


pea) 

SPANISH: huacapurana 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Cowan 1961, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Campsiandra comosa Benth. and C. comosa var. laurifolia (Benth.) 

Cowan [syn. C. laurifolia Benth.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: apikara 


147


PORTUGUESE: acapurana 

SPANISH: chigo, guamo chigo, huacapurana 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and can be soaked in water to form a 

paste used to make a beverage. Also to treak dysentery. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Cowan 1953, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Hoyas 1989, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Silva et al. 1977 

Canarium commune L. 


SPANISH: almendro de Java, canari 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are rich in oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaysia or Java, cultivated in Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Uphof 1968 

Canarium ovatum Engl. 


ENGLISH: pili nut 

SPANISH: nuez de Filipinas, nuez pili 

USES/NOTES: Kernel oil is used in pastries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Luzon Island, Philippines 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Leung 1961, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. [syn. C. ladiata DC., Dolichos 

ensiformis L., Malocchia ensiformis (L.) Savi] 


ENGLISH: chickasaw lima, giant stockbean, grudge pea, horse bean, jack 

bean, Jamaican horse bean, overlook bean, overlooker plant, sabre 

bean, sama, sword bean, wonderbean 

PORTUGUESE: feijão-de-porco 

SPANISH: abono negro, café soga, canavalia, chilipuca montés, coca, 

fréjol gigante, fréjol machete, frijol de abono, frijol de caballo, 

haba blanca, haba común, haba criolla, haba de burro, haba de 

caballo, habilla, judía de caballo, kumandá as, kumandá usú, 

nescafé, pallar de los gentiles, quemasusu, sia, yatiguá 

USES/NOTES: Ripe pods and seeds are eaten well cooked. Dried seeds 

have been used as a coffee substitute, though unripe seeds have 

been described as toxic. Also grown for forage, as green manure, 

and for erosion control. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, introduced widely 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Facciola 1990, Kay 1979, 

Kitajima et al. 1979, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 

1989, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Canavalia gladiata (Jacq.) DC. 


ENGLISH: swordbean 


148


SPANISH: canavalia, pallar de los gentiles, habilla 

USES/NOTES: Seeds may be eaten as a vegetable if carefully prepared. 

Also medicinal and grown for cover and forage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia or Africa 

REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Estrella 1991, León 1987 

Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. [syn. C. maritima Thouars] 


ENGLISH: bay bean, beach pea, Mackenzie bean, seaside bean 

USES/NOTES: Young fruit pods are edible cooked and seeds may be 

roasted and brewed like coffee (Coffea spp.). Mature seeds may be 

toxic according to Taylor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical shores 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciolla 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, 

Taylor 1998 

Canavalia villosa Benth. 


SPANISH: choncho, koxol wits 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, perhaps to South America 


Canella winterana (L.) Gaertner [syn. C. alba A. Murr., Laurus 

winterana L.] 

FAMILY: Canellaceae (wild cinnamon) 

ENGLISH: canella, cinnamon bark, white cinnamon, wild cinnamon 

SPANISH: barbasco, canela blanca, cúrbana 

USES/NOTES: Grey bark is used like cinnamon in spice blends and as a 

tobacco additive. Dried, immature, green berries (red when mature) 

are used as a spice. Also planted sparingly as a landscape plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and the West Indies to northeastern South 

America 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS 


Canna flaccida Salisb. 

FAMILY: Cannaceae (canna) 

ENGLISH: golden canna 

USES/NOTES: Rhizome is an edible starch source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958 

Canna glauca L. 


ENGLISH: canna 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten in Brazil and the Antilles. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Texas to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Correll and Johnston 1970, Uphof 1968 


149


Canna indica L. [syn. C. coccinea Miller, C. edulis Ker-Gawler] [also 

C. paniculata Ruiz & Pavón] 


ENGLISH: achira, Australian arrowroot, canna lily, edible canna, 

Indian shot, purple arrowroot, Queensland arrowroot, Spanish 

arrowroot, tous les mois (refers to the starch), wild tapioca 

PORTUGUESE: araruta bastarda, bananeirinha, bandua de uribe, berg, 

bery, birú manso, imbrig, imbiry, merú 

SPANISH: acher, achera, achinachinata, achira, achira cimarrona (C. 

paniculata), adeira, adura, anchera, araruta bastarda, atsera, 

bandera, bandera de uribe, cañaacoros, capacho, chisgua, chisqua, 

gruya, imocona, kaska, luano, maraca, piriquitoya, platanillo, 

punyapong, sugú, tikas, tolumán 

USES/NOTES: Edible rhizomes are rich in starch, called tous les mois. 

The plant is medicinal, grown as a forage plant, and ornamental. C. 

paniculata, with similar common names, also is edible, medicinal, 

and ornamental. C. indica pre-dates maize (Zea mays) and cassava 

(Manihot esculenta) as a cultivated plant in coastal Peru. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mid-elevations of the tropical Andes 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, Facciola 

1990, Kartesz 1994, Kay 1973, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 

1991, Purseglove 1972, Sauer 1952, Sturtevant 1969, Ugent et al. 

1984, Yamaguchi 1983 

Canna lutea Miller 


SPANISH: k’uuwaap, tabil 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are eaten as an emergency food and leaves are 

used to wrap tamales. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America 


Cannabis sativa L. 

FAMILY: Cannabaceae (cannabis or hemp) 

ENGLISH: cannabis, cannabis sativa, dope, ganja, grass, hash, hashish, 

hemp, marihuana, marijuana, maryjane, pot, weed 

PORTUGUESE: atchi, birra, cânhamo, cânhamo-da-Índia, diamba, diambo, 

fumo-d’Angola, haxixe, liamba, liambo, maconha, moconha 

SPANISH: canac, cáñamo, churras, hachich, hachís, haschich, henequén 

europeo, mariguana, marihuana, marijuana, zacate inglés 

USES/NOTES: The illegal marijuana of commerce. Stem fiber of some 

varieties is the hemp of commerce. Though rarely eaten, nutritious 

seeds are high in protein and Omega alpha-linolenic acids and may 

be added to baked goods and cereals, and have appeared as a healthy 

powdered condiment; seed oil has industrial uses and can be used in 

foods; though rarely eaten, leaves and flower buds are prepared as 

tea or smoked for their psychoactive properties, and are used as a 

medicinal and ceremonial psychoactive drug by traditional peoples; 

flower resin is smoked as a psychoactive drug. Though illegal in 

most places, the plant also has medicinal uses for treating 


150


glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, and the nausea of chemotherapy. 

Taxonomic uncertainty exists: C. sativa subsp. indica (Lam.) Small 

& Cronq. (C. indica Lam.) has been applied to plants with higher 

levels of the intoxicant delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely cultivated and naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Comitos 1975, de Gámez 1973, Duke 

1986, Duke 1992, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967, 

Kermath (notes), Kirk 1970, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, 

Purseglove 1968, Rubin 1975, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Capparis spinosa L. 

FAMILY: Brassicaceae (brassica) or Capparidaceae (caper) 

ENGLISH: caper, capers, common caperbush 

PORTUGUESE: alcaparra 

SPANISH: alcaparra, alcaparrera, alcaparro, alcaparrón 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds are the capers of commerce, typically pickled 

or used as a condiment. Berries can be eaten pickled, and young 

sprouts are eaten cooked. Infrequently cultivated in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Africa, perhaps to Mediterranean Europe 

REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Creasy 

1982, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 


Capirona decordicans Spruce [syn. Loretoa peruviana Standley] 


PORTUGUESE: escorrega-macaco, mamalu, mamaluco, mamaluco-escorregamacaco, 

mulateiro-escorrega-macaco, pau-mulato-da-terra-firme 

SPANISH: meto huayo 

USES/NOTES: Nut is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Macbride 1936, Pinedo-Vásquez et 

al. 1992, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Renner et al. 1990, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Capraria biflora L. 

FAMILY: Scrophulariaceae (figwort or snapdragon) 

ENGLISH: goatweed, Jamaica tea, West Indian tea, wild tea 

PORTUGUESE: balsaminha, chá-bravo, chá-da-América, chá-da-terra, cháde-Marajó, 

mate 

SPANISH: savadilla, té de santa maría, té del país 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics from Florida and Texas through 

the Bahamas, the West Indies, and Central America to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998, 

UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus 


ENGLISH: Chinese cress, lady’s purse, salt-and-pepper, shepherd’s 

purse, water chestnut vegetable 


151


PORTUGUESE: bolsa-de-pastor 

SPANISH: paniquesilla 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its green pod, rich in vitamins A and C, 

used as a peppery spice or a salad green. Leaves are used like 

spinach (Spinacia oleracea), seeds are eaten ground into meal, and 

roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Peterson 

1977, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978 

Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum [syn. C. annuum var. grossum (L.) 

Sendtner, C. grossum L.] 


ENGLISH: hot varieties- capsicum pepper, cayenne, chili pepper, chilli 

pepper, ginnie pepper, Hungarian wax pepper, jalapeño, little 

monkey dick pepper, monkey dick pepper, pepper, red pepper; sweet 

varieties- banana pepper, bell pepper, cherry pepper, cubanelle, 

Italian pepper, mango pepper, paprika, pepperoncini, pimento, 

squash pepper, sweet bell pepper, sweet pepper, sweet red pepper, 

tomato pepper 

PORTUGUESE: hot varieties- malagueta, malaguetão, pimenta, pimenta-de- 

Caiena, pimenta-de-cheiro, pimenta vermelha; sweet varieties- 

páprica, pimenta-americana, pimenta-doce, pimentão, pimentão-doce, 

pimentão-quadrado, pimienta gorda 

SPANISH: hot varieties- ají, ají boniato, ají largo, ají jalapeño, ají 

pingüita de mono, ancho (when dry), bombalón, cacho de cabra 

(cayenne cvr.), caloro, caribe, chamborote, chile cayena (cayenne 

cvr.), chile chocolate, chile de agua, chile de relleno, chile 

joto, chile max, chile para rellenar, chile piquín grande, chile 

poblano, chile verde (when unripe), chilhuacqui, chiltomo, chorro 

(when dry), guajillo, güero (yellow cultivars), jalapeño, pasilla, 

miahuateco (when dry), mirasol, mulato (when dry), pimienta, 

pimiento, pimiento de perro, pingüita de mono, poblano, 

quitonquillón (cayenne cultivar), Santa Fe Grande, serranito, 

serrano, uchu, uchú; sweet varieties- ají dulce, cerecilla, chile 

de relleno, chile dulce, chile morrón, morrón, pimienta roja, 

pimiento, pimientón, pimentón, pucunucho 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of the many cultivars come in different sizes, 

colors, shapes, and degrees of hotness. Chili cultivars are made 

into chili powder, added to sauces such as mole, or added with 

skins removed to cooked dishes such as chiles rellenos. Sweet 

varieties are eaten raw, pickled, or cooked, and (red varieties) 

are used for paprika to stuff olives, or as salad vegetables. 

Capsaicin, a complex of vanillyl amides from Capsicum peppers, is 

used in attack/defense sprays. Capsaicin, is said to produce 

euphoria when taken in large concentrations and may be mildly 

addictive. Fruit also contains oleoresin, an edible coloring agent. 

Taxonomy and nomenclature of the capsicums are extremely confusing, 

as common names frequently cross over taxa lines. 


152


NATURAL RANGE: Capsicums probably originated in southeastern Bolivia 

into the Brazilian cerrado, C. annuum var. annuum probably was 

domesticated in Mesoamerica, though varieties have emerged 

throughout tropical and subtropical America and beyond — 

ancho/poblano from near Pueblo, Mexico; serrano from central 

Mexico, perhaps in the mountains north of Pueblo; jalapeño from 

Mexico; paprika from Mesoamerica; cayenne possibly from French 

Guiana 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, 

D’Arcy 1987a, Dille and Belsinger 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al. 1983, Guia Rural 

n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Loaiza-Figueroa et al. 1989, Nee 

1986, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Pickersgill 1969, Pickersgill 

1984, Pickersgill 1988, Purseglove 1972, Robbins 1992, von Reis 

Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Capsicum annuum L. var. aviculare (Dierbach) D’Arcy & Eshbaugh [syn. 

C.a. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill, C.a. var. 

minimum (Miller) Heiser, C. frutescens L. var. frutescens, C. 

hispidum var. glabriusculum Dunal, C. indicum var. aviculare 

Dierbach, C. minimum Miller] 


ENGLISH: arbol chili (long cv.), bird chili, bird pepper, bird’s-eye 

pepper, Brazil pepper (long cv.), chilpiquín, chiltecpin, chiltepin 

(short cv.), fish-eye pepper, long bird-pepper, pinhead pepper, 

piquin, short bird-pepper, tepin (small round), tree chili (long 

cv.), tree pepper (long cv.) 

PORTUGUESE: malagueta (generally refers to C.a. var. frutescens), 

murupi (generally applied to cultivars of C. chinense), pimenta-demesa, 

quau-chile 

SPANISH: ají pajarito, amash, amomo, chicniqui, chile amomo, chile 

bravo, chile Chiapas, chile chiltepe, chile congo, chile de iguana, 

chile de árbol, chile de pájaro, chile de perro, chile del monte, 

chile enano, chile max, chile montero, chile mosquito, chile 

parado, chile pepe, chile piquín (short cv.), chile pulga, chile 

silvestre, chili piquín (short cv.), chilillo pequeño, chilipiquín 

(short cv.), chillipiliento, chilpaya, chilpiquín, chiltecpín, cola 

de rata, chiltepec, chiltepillo, chiltepín, chiltepiquín, 

chiltipiquín, diente de tlacuache, estiércol de pájaro, guindilla, 

huarahuao, imiá, kabur, korí sivre, max, max-ic, pájaro pequeño, 

parado, pico de pájaro, pico de paloma, piquén, piquín, sibili, 

sivuli, skapín, tecpintle, tempenchile, tepín, tlilchilli, 

totocuitlatl de pájaro, ululte 

USES/NOTES: Highly variable in size from small, ovoid or conical to 

long and thin, very hot red fruits are used as a piquant condiment. 

Leaves may be used as a potherb. Cultivation began before 3,500 

B.C. Today, although some landraces are considered semidomesticated 

and others are cultivated, fruit from wild populations 

are harvested in the Sonoran Desert region and likely in other 

places as well. Two basic cultivars are recognized: the short bird- 


153


pepper and the long bird-pepper. Taxanomic uncertainty persists 

with some recent authors listing the aviculare variety as a synonym 

of glabrisculum (ITIS n.d.), while others place aviculare under 

glabrisculum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Arizona, southern Texas, and southern Florida 

through Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama and into Colombia and 

the Bahamas, cultivated and naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Bye 1985, D’Arcy 

1987, D’Arcy and Eshbaugh 1974, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, 

Eshbaugh et al. 1983, Gentry and Standley 1974, Heiser 1969, ITIS 

n.d., Kermath (notes), Long-Solís 1986, Martínez et al. 2001, MBG 

n.d., Nabhan et al. 1989, Nee 1986, Perramond 2005, Reyes-García 

and Sousa 1997, Sauer 1993, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Stevens et al. 

2001, Tewksbury et al. 1999, Torres n.d. 

Capsicum annuum L. var. conicum (G.F.W. Meyer) Voss [includes C. 

conicum G.F.W. Meyer and perhaps includes C.a. var. conoide 

(Miller) Irish, C. conicum Lam. all of which are probably best 

treated as C.a. var. annuum conoid cultivar group] 


ENGLISH: cone pepper 

SPANISH: coralito, carolito 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are among the hottest cultivated capsicums. 



Capsicum annuum var. frutescens (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. frutescens L.] 


ENGLISH: bird pepper, goat pepper, red pepper, tabasco, wiri-wiri 

PORTUGUESE: comarim, cumarim, malagueta, malaguetinha, pimenta-branca, 

pimenta-cumari, pimenta-de-comari, pimenta-de-salão, pimentalambari, 

pimenta-madeira, pimenta-malagueta, pimenta-tabasco, 

pimentinha, tabasco 

SPANISH: ají agujeta, ají arnaucho, ají bravo, ají caballero, ají 

caribe, ají chirel, ají coralillo, ají guaguao, ají pajarito, ají 

picante, ají tabasco, ajicito montecino, ajillo, arnacucho, 

arnaucho, arnauchox, charapilla, chile chiltepín, chile de zope, 

chile juipín, chilepete, chilpepe, chiltepe, chiltepín, chirel, 

chivato, conguito, coralito, kapur, tabasco 

USES/NOTES: Small, typically elongated red peppers are used primarily 

in hot sauces. Also grown as an ornamental and for its medicinal 

leaf. Taxanomically perhaps the least certain of the Capsicum spp. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia or perhaps Peru 

REFERENCES: Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Austin and Bourne 1992, Berg 

1984, Duke 1986, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al. 

1983, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, 

León 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pickersgill 1969, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Soukup 1970 


154


Capsicum baccatum L. - including var. pendulum (Willd.) Eshbaugh 

[syn. C. pendulum Willd.] and var. praetermissum (Heiser & P.G. 

Sm.) Hunz. 


ENGLISH: Andean ají, Brazilian tree pepper (var. praetermissum), 

Brown’s pepper, golden horn pepper, golden pepper, kellu-uchu, 

orchid pepper, Penn’s golden pepper, Peruvian pepper, yellow chili, 

yellow Peruvian chili 

PORTUGUESE: cambuci, chapéu-de-frade, chifre-de-veado, dedo-de-moça, 

pimentinha, quau-chile, sertãozinho 

SPANISH: ají amarillo, ají chirel, ají escabeche (red cultivar), ají 

flor, ají limón, ají oro, ají puca-uchu, ají verde (unripe), cuerno 

de oro, cuerno de oro (puca uchu cvr.), cusqueño (dried), cuzqueño 

(dried), kellu-uchu, munición uchu, nupu uchu, puca-uchu, uchu 

USES/NOTES: Extremely hot fruits are added to a variety of dishes 

throughout the central Andes and beyond. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bolivian Andes or central coastal Peru 

REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Editorial Panapo 1988, Eshbaugh 1968, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh et 

al. 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, León 1987, Macbride 

1962, NRC 1989 

Capsicum cardenasii Heiser & Sm. 


SPANISH: ulupica 

USES/NOTES: Small pungent round red fruits are edible. When crossed 

with the rocoto (C. pubescens) the result is referred to as a 

rocopica. Of the purple flowered group, closely related to C. 

eximium and C. pubescens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean South America 

REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Facciola 1990, Heiser 1969, Onus and 

Pickersgill 2000 

Capsicum chacoense Hunz. 


SPANISH: a’teshiuk, a’tesiuk, ají del campo, ají del monte, ají 

quitucho, ‘pahana, puta-parió 

USES/NOTES: Small, generally red pungent fruits are used raw as a 

condiment. Harvested from home gardens or small farms or from the 

wild the fruits are consumed domestically or marketed locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina and adjacent Bolivia and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Del Vitto et al. 1997, Serrano and 

Terán 2000 

Capsicum chinense Jacq. 


ENGLISH: bonnet pepper, bonnie pepper, datel pepper, datil, datil 

pepper, habanero, mindoran, minorcan, scotch bonnet, scot’s bonnet, 

West Indian hot pepper, yellow date pepper 


155


PORTUGUESE: bode, cumari-do-Pará, murici, murupi, pimenta-de-cheiro, 

pimenta-bode, pimenta-habaneiro 

SPANISH: ají dátil, chaki-uchú (dried), charapillo (habanero), chile 

dátil, chinchi-uchú, común-uchú, habanero, habañero, rocotillo, 

uvilla grande 

USES/NOTES: Hot, generally squat (though the datil is elongated) 

fruits, among the hottest widely distributed peppers, are used 

primarily in sauces and cooked foods. The “red savina” cultivar is 

said to be the hottest pepper at 577,000 Scoville units, or 50 

times hotter than most jalapeños. Capsaicin, a complex of vanillyl 

amides from Capsicum peppers is used in attack/defense sprays. 

Capsaicin is said to produce euphoria when ingested in high 

concentrations and may be mildly addictive. Popular among home 

gardeners in the U.S. Perhaps conspecific with C. annuum. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably northern South America, or perhaps Peru, 

cultivars from diverse locations: datil from the West Indies (to 

St. Augustine, Florida some 200 years ago); habanero from Cuba or 

the Yucatán Peninsula; scotch bonnet and West Indian hot from the 

West Indies 

REFERENCES: Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, D’Arcy 1987, Dille and 

Belsinger 1994, Eshbaugh 1980, Eshbaugh 1993, Eshbaugh et al. 1983, 

Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), León 1987, Nee 1986, Pickersgill 

1966, Pickersgill 1984, Pickersgill 1988, Renner et al. 1990, 

Robbins 1992 

Capsicum eximium Hunz. 


SPANISH: ulupica 

USES/NOTES: Small, fruits of this wild, though incipient domesticate 

are marketed in Bolivia. Of the purple flowered group, closely 

related to C. cardenasii and C. pubescens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina and adjacent Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Eshbaugh 1993, Onus and Pickersgill 2000 

Capsicum galapagoensis Hunz. 


USES/NOTES: Small red fruits of this wild species are hot. 

NATURAL RANGE: Isabela and Santa Cruz Islands of the Galapagos 

Archipelago 

REFERENCES: Eshbaugh 1993 

Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pavón 


ENGLISH: apple chili, rocoto pepper 

PORTUGUESE: pimento 

SPANISH: aguyi, ají picante, ají-rocoto, chile amarillo (yellow cv.), 

chile caballo, chile canario (yellow cv.), chile jutiapa, chile 

llata, chile manzano (red cv.), chile perón, chinchi-huaika, 

escabeche, gatlo uchu, locoto, lokoto, marati, misti uchu, 

panameño, pimienta, piris, piscu uchu, pluana uchu, puma quiru, 


156


rocot uchu (antiquated), rocoto, rokkoto, sempiri, siete caldos, 

tomate uchu, uchu, yucute 

USES/NOTES: Domesticated some 5,000 years ago, fruits may be nearly as 

hot as C. chinense, though vary widely in hotness, and are used 

widely in cooking and as a tasty pepper sauce, which is highly 

esteemed in Bolivia and Peru. Distinguished from other Capsicum 

spp. by having purple instead of white flowers, black rather than 

white seeds, and hairy (or pubescent) leaves. The plant is grown 

widely in home gardens for domestic consumption and on small farms 

for sale in local markets. When crossed with the ulupica (C. 

cardenasii) the result is referred to as a rocopica. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bolivian and perhaps Peruvian Andes, from 1,500 and 

2,900 meters, widely cultivated elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Andrews 1992, Andrews 1995, Andrews 1998, Heiser 1969, 

Joyal 1987, Kermath (notes), León 1987, NRC 1989, Rick 1950, Sauer 

1993, Soukup 1970 

Cardamine bonariensis Pers. [syn. C. nasturtioides Cambess.] 


SPANISH: berro, berro blanco, berros 

USES/NOTES: Fresh leaves are added to salads. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, 

MBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Zuloaga 1997 

Cardamine diphylla (Michaux) Wood [syn. Dentaria diphylla Michaux] 

and C. concatenata (Michaux) O. Schwartz [syn. Dentaria lacinata 

Muhlenb. ex Willd.] 


ENGLISH: crinkleroot, cut toothwort (C. concatenata), pepper-root, 

two-leaved toothwort, toothwort 

USES/NOTES: Iroquois ate the crisp, white roots raw or boiled. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 

1979, Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Cardamine hirsuta L. 


ENGLISH: bitter cress, hairy bitter cress, lady’s smock, lamb’s cress 

USES/NOTES: Greens are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, perhaps to highland Africa, now widespread in 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 

1970, Fernald 1950, Hickman 1993, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. in Torey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: bitter cress, few-seeded bittercress, little western 

bittercress, spring cress 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be eaten as a vegetable. 


157



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz 1974 

Cardamine pensylvanica Muhl. 


ENGLISH: Pennsylvania bittercress 

USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used like water-cress (Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum) 

in salads and soups. 


REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kunkel 1984, Uphof 1968 

Cardamine pratensis L. 


ENGLISH: cuckoo flower, lady’s smock, meadow cress, spinks 

USES/NOTES: Leaves used like water cress (Rorippa nasturtiumaquaticum) 

and an emergency food. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Carduus nutans L. [syn. C. thoermeri Weinm.] 


ENGLISH: musk thistle, nodding plumeless thistle, Scotch thistle 

PORTUGUESE: cardo 

SPANISH: cardo pendiente 

USES/NOTES: Dired flowers have been used to curdle milk, and the pith 

may be eaten cooked like asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe through Siberia, widely naturalized and invasive 

in North America 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Carica papaya L. [syn. C. peltata Hook. & Arn., Papaya carica (L.) 

Gaertner] 

FAMILY: Caricaceae (papaya) 

ENGLISH: melon tree, papaw, papaya, pawpaw 

PORTUGUESE: mamão, papaieira, pinoguaçu 

SPANISH: ababaya, árbol de melón, fruta bomba, kwarkwatta, lechosa, 

lechoso, mamón, mamona, mapayo, melón zapote, papanajo, papaya, 

papaya de mico (C. peltata), papayo, sach papaya, utsun 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious fruits, highly variable in size, color, and 

flavor, are eaten fresh when ripe or cooked as a vegetable when 

unripe. Roots are eaten boiled with sugar, seeds are used as a 

peppery spice, and leaves, inflorescences, young stems, and flowers 

are eaten as cooked vegetables. Leaves, roots, and seeds are also 

medicinal. Latex contains papain, an enzyme used in meat 

tenderizers, to make beer, cheese, chewing gum, medicines, and in 

tanning. C. peltata has been treated as a distinct species of 

either Central or South American origin. C. papaya is now 

considered to be the only Carica species based on geographic 

isolation in Central America and its hollow, as opposed to pithy 


158


stems; all others were recently placed in the closely related 

Vasconcellea genus. 

NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain; previously believed to be of northern Andean 

origin, but recent research suggests Central America, perhaps 

naturally spreading north to southern Mexico and south to Andean 

Ecuador, now widely naturalized in humid, frost-free regions 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Aradhya et al. 1999, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 

1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Lewis and Woodward 1950, Martin 

et al. 1987, Morshidi 1997, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, 

Prance 1984, Purseglove 1968, Smith et al. 1992, Stevens et al. 

2001, Storey 1976, Van Feu n.d., von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Cariniana pyriformis Miers 


ENGLISH: Colombian mahogany 

PORTUGUESE: ceru, jequitibá-amarella, jequitibá-rosa, tauary 

SPANISH: abarco, bacu, chibugá 

USES/NOTES: Threatened tree’s fruit aril is edible. Also a fine lumber 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Calderón et al. 2002, La Rotta 1992, Prance and Mori 1979 

Carissa carandas L. 


ENGLISH: Christ’s thorn, karanda 

PORTUGUESE: karanda 

SPANISH: caranda, karanda 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten typically preserved. Also grown as an 

ornamental or a hedge. 

NATURAL RANGE: India 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Carissa macrocarpa (Ecklon) A. DC. [syn. C. grandiflora (E. Meyer) A. 

DC.] 


ENGLISH: amatungula, carissa, natal plum 

SPANISH: cerezo de natal, ciruela de natal 

USES/NOTES: Egg shaped, reddish berry is eaten fresh, as jelly or jam, 

canned, or in sherbets. Also a valued ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to Southern Africa 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al. 1967, Nelson 1996, Uphof 1968, 


Carludovica palmata Ruiz & Pavón 

FAMILY: Cyclanthaceae (cyclanthus) 

ENGLISH: hat palm, jipijapa, jippi jappa, Panama hat palm, Panama hat 

plant, screw pine 


159


PORTUGUESE: bombonassa, chila, jipijapá, lucativa, xila 

SPANISH: alagua, api-ttara, atadero, bombonaje, cestillo, chidra, 

guachibán, guachiván, hiraca, iraca, jipi, jipijapa, junco, kuskin, 

lucaica, lucatero, lucua, murrapo, nacumas, naguala, oropo, paja 

toquilla, palma de jipijapa, palma de sombrero, palmilla, porto 

rico, portorrico, sabalet, soso, sombonaza, toquilla, toquillo 

USES/NOTES: Young leaf shoots (nacumas in Spanish), young 

inflorescences, and rhizomes are eaten locally. Leaf fiber is used 

to make Panama hats, brooms, mats, baskets, etc., and for roof 

thatch. Also medicinal. Ecuador is the world’s leading producer for 

commercial fiber. In parts of the Yucatán the plant’s fibers are 

crafted in caves – often dug near dwellings – to maintain optimal 

temperature and humidity. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, perhaps first cultivated in Panama, 

introduced and escaped in some warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett 1992, Bennett et al. 1992, Bristol 

1961, Cid 1978, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), 

Kunkel 1984, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 


Carnegiea gigantea (Engelm.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus giganteus 

Engelm., Pilocereus engelmannii Lem. nom nov., P. giganteus 

Rumpler] 


ENGLISH: giant cactus, saguaro cactus, sahuaro cactus 

PORTUGUESE: mandacaru 

SPANISH: saguaro, sahuaro 

USES/NOTES: Large, red to purple fruits are consumed raw, cooked, 

dried, preserved, or juiced. Seeds are ground into flour or made 

into a buttery paste used on tortillas, and are an edible oil 

source. Juice is made into a fermented beverage. Also, the largest 

of all cacti, to over 20 meters. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the Southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Carpinus caroliniana Walter [syn. C. americana Michaux] 

FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Carpinaceae (carpinus) 

ENGLISH: American hornbeam, blue beech, blue hornbeam, ironwood, 

musclewood, water beech 

SPANISH: carpe, palo de barranco 

USES/NOTES: Small ribbed nutlet may be eaten parched. Also an 

attractive understory tree with fine, deciduous foliage and an 

interesting muscled trunk. Hard wood has been used for tool 

handles. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., wet woods 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 



160


Carpobrotus aequilaterus (Haw.) N.E. Br. [syn. C. aequilateralis 

(Willd.) J. Black, Mesembryanthemum aequilateralum Haw.] 

FAMILY: Aizoaceae (carpetweed or fig-marigold) 

ENGLISH: pig’s face, sea fig 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten cooked, and fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western American and Australian coasts 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Carpobrotus chilensis (Molina) N.E. Br., [syn. Mesembryanthemum 

chilense Molina] 


ENGLISH: sea fig 

SPANISH: hielitos 


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Oregon to Baja California in North America and 

Chile 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976 

Carpobrotus deliciosus (L. Bolus) L. Bolus 


ENGLISH: sweet hottentot fig 




Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E. Br. [also C. dulcis L. Bolus, C. muirii 

(L. Bolus) L. Bolus] 


ENGLISH: hottentot fig 

PORTUGUESE: chorão 

SPANISH: deditos 

USES/NOTES: Succulent leaves and large, yellow to purple fruits are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: all three from South Africa, C. edulis naturalized in 

California, others’ status in the Americas is uncertain 


Carpotroche brasiliensis (Raddi) A. Gray 

FAMILY: Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia) 

PORTUGUESE: canudo-de-pito, pau-de-lepra, sapucaínha 

USES/NOTES: Tart to sweet, whitish aril is said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, southern Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gallia 2000-2003, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956 

Carpotroche longifolia Poeppig & Benth. 


SPANISH: cacahuillo, champa huayo 

USES/NOTES: Aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America into Panama 


161


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Sleumer 1980 

Carthamus tinctorius L. 


ENGLISH: kurdee, Mexican saffron, safflower 

PORTUGUESE: açafroa 

SPANISH: alazor, azafrán bastardo, cártama, cártamo 

USES/NOTES: Flower heads contain an edible red dye used to color 

butter, liqueurs, breads, candles, and cosmetics, especially rouge. 

An edible and drying oil, known as kurdee oil, is extracted from 

the seed. Edible fruits are used in chutney and as poultry feed. 

Seeds are fed to cattle. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, perhaps Egypt 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971, 

Weiss 1983, Yanovsky 1936 

Carum carvi L. 


ENGLISH: caraway, kummel, wild caraway 

PORTUGUESE: alcarávia, alcavária, cariz, carvi, cominho 

SPANISH: alcarahueya, alcarava, alcaravea, alcaravia, alcosoria, 

carvi, carvia, comino del prado, hinojo de prado, hinojo del prado 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a condiment and in medicines, leaves are 

eaten as a vegetable, and roots are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia Minor, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., 

Harris 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, 

Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983 

Carya aquatica (Michaux f.) Nutt. 

FAMILY: Juglandaceae (walnut) 

ENGLISH: bitter pecan, water hickory 

USES/NOTES: Kunkel says that the kernels, otherwise described as 

bitter, are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. from Virginia to Florida to eastern 

Texas 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Kunkel 1984 

Carya cordiformis (Wagenh.) K. Koch [syn. Hicoria cordiformis (Wang.) 

Britton] 


ENGLISH: bitternut, bitternut hickory, pignut 

USES/NOTES: Thin shelled nuts contain edible, though bitter kernels. 

The large deciduous tree is similar in appearance to the pecan (C. 

illinoinensis). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southeastern Canada to 

Minnesota, to northern Florida, and eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Graves 1956, Kunkel 1984, Yanovsky 1936 


162


Carya floridana Sarg. 


ENGLISH: Florida hickory, Florida scrub hickory, scrub hickory 

USES/NOTES: Small kernels of this small to medium sized, somewhat rare 

tree are sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peninsular Florida 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes) 

Carya glabra (Miller) Sweet [syn. C. ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg., Hicoria 

glabra (Miller) Britton, Hicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton] 


ENGLISH: hognut, littlenut hickory, pignut, pignut hickory, small 

pignut, sweet pignut 

USES/NOTES: Thick shelled kernels of this large, deciduous, attractive 

tree can be sweet or bitter. The small-fruited variety (littlenut 

hickory or small pignut) has been treated as a distinct species (C. 

ovalis). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Vermont, Ontario, southern 

Michigan, and Illinois, to central Florida and eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey 

1988, Graves 1956, Kermath (notes), Manning 1950, Nelson 1994, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch [syn. C. oliviformis (Michaux 

f.) Nutt., Hickoria pecan (Marsh.) Britton] 


ENGLISH: pecan, pecan nut 

PORTUGUESE: noz-pecã, pecã 

SPANISH: nogal morado, nogal pecanero, nuez encarcelada, nuez pecan, 

pacana, pecana 

USES/NOTES: Giant (to over 50 meters), shaggy-barked deciduous tree is 

commercially cultivated for its sweet nut, which comes in a hardshelled, 

oblong, green fruit. Nut oil is used in cosmetics. The 

Texas state tree has some 500 named varieties. The Latin binomial 

is also seen spelled as C. illinoensis. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mississippi floodplain including some tributaries of the 

U.S. from southern Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico, eastern Oklahoma and 

Texas, and small isolated populations in northeastern Mexico, 

sparsely naturalized in favorable locations 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Guia Rural 

n.d., Hall 2000, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Nelson 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Woodroof 1979 

Carya laciniosa (Michaux f.) Loudon [syn. Hicoria laciniosa (Michaux 

f.) Sarg.] 


ENGLISH: big shellbark hickory, king nut, shellbark hickory 

USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels are edible and an edible oil source, and sap 

can be made into syrup. 


163


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Ontario and New York 

to northeastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 

1997, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939 

Carya myristiciformis (Michaux f.) Nutt. 


ENGLISH: nutmeg hickory 

SPANISH: nogal 

USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels of this rare species are edible and an 

edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Mexico to the south-central U.S. 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Manning 1949, Martin et al. 1987 

Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch [syn. C. mexicana Engelm. ex Hemsley, 

Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton], includes C. ovata var. australis 

(Ashe) Little [syn. C. carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. & 

Graebn.] 


ENGLISH: Carolina hickory, Mexican hickory, scalybark hickory, 

shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory, Southern shagbark hickory 

(var. australis) 

USES/NOTES: Kernels are sweet and an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southeastern Canada, through 

the eastern U.S. into northeastern Mexico; var. australis ranges 

from Deleware to Georgia 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Carya pallida (Ashe) Engl. & Graebn. 


ENGLISH: pale hickory, sand hickory 

USES/NOTES: Small kernel is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Maryland to northern Florida 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988 

Carya texana Buckley [syn. C. buckleyi Durand] 


ENGLISH: black hickory 

USES/NOTES: Small kernel is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central U.S. from southern Illinois to central Texas and 

western Georgia 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997 

Carya tomentosa (Poiret in Lam.) Nutt. [syn. C. alba K. Koch, Hicoria 

alba (L.) Britton] 


ENGLISH: mockernut, mockernut hickory, white-heart hickory 

USES/NOTES: Sweet kernels are eaten as nuts or used as an edible oil 

source. 


164



REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987 

Caryocar amygdaliferum Mutis 

FAMILY: Caryocaraceae (souari) 

ENGLISH: cariocar, sawarri nut, suari nut 

PORTUGUESE: piquiá 

SPANISH: achiotillo, almendrón, caqui, chachapoyas, mani, nogal de 

Barquisimeto, nuez souari 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible roasted and are much appreciated. Edible 

kernel oil is called sawarri fat or souari fat in some Englishspeaking 

areas and aceite de piquia in Colombia. Wood is used in 

general carpentry. Potential for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and just into Panama, and perhaps into adjacent 

Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Prance, Ghillean and Freitas 

da Silva 1973, Schultes 1979a, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Caryocar coriaceum Wittm. 


PORTUGUESE: pequi, pequi-branco, pequiá, piquiá, piquiarana 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are much appreciated eaten out of hand, and are an 

edible oil source. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Planalto of central Brazil 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Prance and Silva 1973 

Caryocar cuneatum Wittm. 


PORTUGUESE: piqui, piquizeiro 



REFERENCES: Prance and Silva 1973 

Caryocar glabrum (Aublet) Pers. 


ENGLISH: almendra, soapwood 

PORTUGUESE: cabeleira, jiqui, piquiá-da-areia, piquiá-arana, 

piquiarana, piquiarana-vermelha 

SPANISH: almendra colorada, almendro colorado 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Silva 1973, Salick 1992, 


Caryocar microcarpum Ducke 


ENGLISH: bat sawari 

PORTUGUESE: pequia-rana, pequiarana-do-igapó 


165


SPANISH: almendra, almendra de bajo, almendro blanco, almendro 

colorado, barbasco, cojón de verraco, jigua 

USES/NOTES: Kernel is edible, though fruit pulp reportedly is 

poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles to northern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Prance 

and Silva 1973, Silva et al. 1977 

Caryocar nuciferum L. 


ENGLISH: butter nut, butter nut of Guiana, Guiana butternut, Guiana 

nut, paradise nut, pekea-nut, sawari, sawari nut, souari, souari 

nut, suari nut 

FRENCH: arbre de beurre, noisette indienne, pékéa tata-youba, portenoix 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa-do-Peru, pequiá, piqui, piquia branco, piquiáverdadeiro, 

piquiarana, tata-yuba 

SPANISH: aceite de piquia, achiotillo, ajo, almendra, almendro, 

almendrón cagüí, almendrón maní, nuez souari 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible roasted and are much appreciated. Edible 

kernel oil is called sawarri fat or souari fat in some Englishspeaking 

areas and aceite de piquia in Colombia. Wood is used in 

general carpentry. Potential for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, southern 

Venezuela and adjacent Colombia, perhaps into eastern Peru 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Clay and Clement 1993, Coe 1994, Duke 

1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1987, NRC 1975, OAS 

1973, Peret 1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Caryocar pallidum A.C. Sm. 


PORTUGUESE: piquiarana, piquirana 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Caryocar tomentosusm Willd. 


ENGLISH: suari tree 




Caryocar villosum (Aublet) Pers. [syn. C. butyrosum (Aublet) Willd.] 

and C. brasiliense Cambess. 


ENGLISH: bats sauari, butter nut, pequi, piquia-oil plant, souri, 

suari nut 


166


PORTUGUESE: amêndoa-de-espinho, amêndoa-do-Peru, pequi, pequiá-brava, 

pequiá, pequiá-pedra, pequizeiro, piqui, piquiá, piquiá-verdadeiro, 

ruamahi, suari 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed yellow fruit pulp is eaten fresh or made 

into a liqueur popular in Brazil, kernels are eaten raw or roasted 

and used as a condiment, oil extracted from the kernel and the 

pericarp is edible and used in paint, cotyledons are eaten, and 

leaves are medicinal. Endocarp is used for fuel, dried or as 

charcoal. Wood is used for furniture and is a yellow dye source. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. brasiliense from central Brazil to adjacent Paraguay 

and Bolivia; C. villosum from the central Brazilian Cerrado, north 

through central Amazonia, possibly to French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, NRC 1975, Prance and Balick 1990, 

Prance and Silva 1973, Silva et al. 1977 

Caryodendron amazonicum Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-porco, castanhola, castaninha, mamaluco 

USES/NOTES: Medium to large tree’s seeds are eaten raw or cooked by 

local populations. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upland primary forests of western Amazonian Brazil and 

adjacent Amazonian Colombia to Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Shanley and Medina 2005, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Caryodendron grandifolium (Müell. Arg.) Pax 


PORTUGUESE: castanhola 

USES/NOTES: Seed is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil and Amazonian Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Caryodendron orinocense Karsten 


ENGLISH: tacay nut 

SPANISH: cacay, caquetá, castaño, inche, inchi, maní de árbol, meta, 

meto huayo, nogal de Barquisimeto, palo de nuez, putumayo, tacay, 

taque 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten toasted and are the source of a quality 

cooking oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Orinoco of Venezuela and Colombia and adjacent 

Amazonas, Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brücher 1989, Duke n.d., Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Nieto and Rodríguez 

2002a, Schultes 1979b 

Caryota urens L. 


ENGLISH: fish-tail palm, jaggary palm, toddy palm 


167


PORTUGUESE: palmeira-rabo-de-peixe 

SPANISH: palma de sagú de Malabar, palmera de sagú de Malabar 

USES/NOTES: Terminal bud and heart are eaten as a cooked vegetable, 

stem juice is made into alcoholic beverages and is a sugar source, 

and stem is a starch source. Also ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Asia 

REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, 

Standley and Steyermark 1958, Tabora et al. 1993, Uphof 1968 

Casasia clusiifolia (Jacq.) Urban [syn. Genipa clusiifolia (Jacq.) 

Grisb.] 


ENGLISH: seven-year apple 

USES/NOTES: After the pear-shaped, green fruit ripens and becomes 

prune-like in appearance, its seedy, dark pulp is eaten. Some say 

it tastes like licorice, others like a dried apple. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida 

REFERENCES: Bush and Morton n.d., Long and Lakela 1971, Morton 1977, 

Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 

Casearia combaymensis Tul. 


PORTUGUESE: piabinha 

SPANISH: shulla muyo 

USES/NOTES: Shrub to small tree has a yellow fruit with an aril that 

is eaten in Amazonian Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Boom 1989, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997 

Casearia corymbosa Kunth [syn. C. pringlei Briq.] 


ENGLISH: casearia 

SPANISH: cafecito de costa, canjura, cerillo, cerito, chilamate, 

comida de culebra, coralillo, frutilla, pata de cotuza, plomillo 

blanco, raspa lengua, raspa guacal, tica, vara blanca 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to red fruit’s red aril is edible, but the plant is 

poisonous. Casearia nitida (L.) Jacq. May be conspecific. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico and the Caribbean to Colombia and 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, MBG n.d., Pool and Smith 2001 

Casearia decandra Jacq. [syn. C. parviflora Willd. nomen illegit., C. 

nitida Sieber ex Grisebach nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: biscuitwood, pipewood, wild honey-tree 

FRENCH: bois jaune, caca ravet, caséaria á petites, feuilles, jaune 

d’oeut 

SPANISH: cerezo, cerito, cotorrelillo, fortuga capsi, gia mausa, limón 

capsi, machacomo, tapaculo, tostado. 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s aril is edible. 


168


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Mexico to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Fouqué 1973, Martin et al. 

1987, Martínez et al. 2001, Sleumer 1980 

Casearia fasciculata (Ruiz & Pavón) Sleumer 


SPANISH: tamarillo, yepenemoncawe 

USES/NOTES: Sweet arils are eaten in Amazonia. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sleumer 1980 

Casearia prunifolia Kunth 


SPANISH: siccha muyo, yamakainim, yepenemoncawe 

USES/NOTES: Sweet arils are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Sleumer 1980, MBG n.d 

Casimirella ampla (Miers) R.A. Howard [syn. Humirianthera ampla 

(Miers) Baehni, Humirianthera duckei Huber] 

FAMILY: Icacinaceae (icacina) 

PORTUGUESE: manga-brava, surucuína 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are eaten after treatment. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and southern Venezuela 


Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex. 


ENGLISH: casimiroa, matasano, Mexican apple, white sapote 

SPANISH: abché, ahache, mango tarango, matasano, pera criolla, sapote 

blanco, zapote, zapote blanco 

USES/NOTES: Tart, aromatic, apple-sized fruit is consumed raw or in 

drinks. Also used in folk remedies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexican highlands, now widespread 

in the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 

1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Casimiroa sapota Oersted 


SPANISH: matasano, matazano 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Sousa and 

Cabrera 1983 

Casimiroa tetrameria Millsp. 



169


ENGLISH: wooly leaf sapote 

SPANISH: matasano de mico, yuy, zapote blanco 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Sousa and Cabrera 

1983 

Cassia fistula L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: golden shower 

SPANISH: caña fistola, cañafístola, cañafítula, guayaba cimarrona, 

lluvia de oro 

USES/NOTES: Yellow flowers are edible, though leaves and pods are 

laxative. Shrub is grown in the Americas as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lower valleys of the southern Himalyas to Sri Lanka, 

widely cultivated and naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d., Molina 1975 

Cassia grandis L.f. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: horse cassia, licorice tree, stinking toe 

SPANISH: bucte, cañadonga, cañafístola cimarrona, canafístula 

cimarrona, cañafístula cimarrona, cañafístula de castilla, 

cañafístula, canaflote, cañaflote, cañandonga de masa, cañandonga, 

capote, carago, caragua, caragüe, carámbano, carao, carmano, 

chácara, marimari, marimarí, sandal, sandalo, saragundín 

USES/NOTES: Unpleasant smelling fruit is edible, though laxative. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Irwin 1966b, Irwin and Barneby 

1982, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992, 


Cassia leiandra Benth. 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: ingá-mari, marimari, marimari-da-várzea, seruaia 

USES/NOTES: Long, cylindrical fruit pod is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonas and Pará, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992 

Castanea dentata (Marshall) Borkh. 

FAMILY: Fagaceae (beech or oak) 

ENGLISH: American chestnut, chestnut 

PORTUGUESE: castanha 

SPANISH: castaña 

USES/NOTES: Edible kernels are highly esteemed as nuts eaten out of 

hand or cooked in various foods. Oil is also edible. Trees have 

suffered greatly, especially since 1930, from chestnut blight 


170


imported from Asia. Efforts are underway to revive the once 

commercially important American tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Canada to northern 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Mabberley 

1987, Woodroof 1979 

Castanea mollissima Blume 


ENGLISH: Chinese chestnut 


SPANISH: castaña 

USES/NOTES: Edible nuts are rich in carbohydrates and low in fats and 

oil. The tree is resistant to chestnut blight. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China and Korea 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Menninger 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Castanea pumila (L.) Miller var. pumila [syn. C. alnifolia Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: Allegheny chinkapin, ashe chinkapin, chinkapin, chinquapin, 

downy chinquapin, dwarf chestnut, trailing chinquapin 


SPANISH: castaña, chinquapín 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet nuts are eaten roasted or raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central and southeastern U.S. to from Pennsylvania 

to Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, 

Medsger 1939, Smith 1976, Uphof 1968 

Castilla ulei Warb. 


PORTUGUESE: caucho, uli 

SPANISH: caucho, hebe, hule, ule 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Latex is used to make a rubber inferior 

to Pará rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kainer and Duryea 1992, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Renner et al. 1990 

Castilleja linariaefolia Benth. 

FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape), previously Scrophulariaceae 

(figwort or snapdragon) 

ENGLISH: Indian paintbrush, Wyoming paintbrush 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990 

Catesbaea spinosa L. 



171


ENGLISH: lilythorn 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975 

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don f. [syn. Lochnera rosea (L.) Reichb., 

Vinca rosea L.] 


ENGLISH: churchyard blossum, goat rose, Madagascar periwinkle, old 

maid, old maid’s oleander, periwinkle, ram rose, rosy periwinkle, 

vinca periwinkle 

PORTUGUESE: boa noite, bom dia, maria-sem-vergonha 

SPANISH: isabelita, ojo de nocia, vinca 

USES/NOTES: Though very young leaves of this otherwise toxic plant are 

edible, the rosy periwinkle is best known for the alkaloids 

vincristine and vinblastine used to treat cancer including 

Hodgkin’s disease and childhood leukemia. Also widely cultivated, 

along with related species, as an ornamental ground cover for its 

showy flowers, evergreen foliage, and hardy nature. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Madagascar, widely naturalized in warm 

regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Berg 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nellis 

1994, Niembro Rocas 1993, Plotkin 1990, Rojer 1997, Voeks 1997, 

Wilson 1992 

Caulanthus glaucus S. Watson [syn. Streptanthus glaucus Jepson] 


ENGLISH: wild cabbage 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the plant as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nevada, Utah, and California 


Cavanillesia platanifolia (Bonpl. in Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth 


SPANISH: cuipo, macondo 

USES/NOTES: Large seeds of this fast growing, huge tree are edible. 

Roots are a potable water source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America to northern South America 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Martin et al. 1987 

Cavanillesia umbellata Ruiz & Pavón 


SPANISH: árbol del tambor, lupuna bruja, pretino, puca lupuna 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and a cooking oil source. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Cavendishia adenophora Mansf. 



172


SPANISH: quereme, quereme rosa, uvito 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits reportedly are sold in markets of Cali, 

Colombia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia’s Cordillera Occidental 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983 

Cavendishia bracteata (Ruiz & Pavón ex J. St-Hil.) Hoerold [syn. C. 

cordifolia (Kunth) Hoerold] 


SPANISH: clavel georgino, flor de montaña, flor de niño, gualicón, 

shash, uvito, uva, uvo, uvo de anís 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Central America to Bolivia, widespread 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Martin et al. 1987 

Cavendishia divaricata A.C. Sm. 


SPANISH: uva, zanca de mula 

USES/NOTES: Large, sweet, abundant fruits are edible and with much 

commercial potential. 



Cavendishia dulcis Luteyn 


USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are of good quality with commercial 

potential. 



Cavendishia pubescens (Kunth) Hemsley 


SPANISH: camarona, manzana, manzanito, quemadera, quereme, uva, uva de 

monte, uvito, uvito noble 

USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996, 


Cavendishia tarapotana (Meissner) Benth. & Hook. var. gilgiana 

(Hoerold) Luteyn [syn. C. gilgiana Hoerold] 


SPANISH: espelma 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, though not sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Border region of Andean Ecuador and Colombia 

REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996 

Cayaponia ruizii Cogn. 


SPANISH: cagiwenca 


173


USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten by the Waorani of eastern Ecuador. 



Ceanothus americanus L. 

FAMILY: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn) 

ENGLISH: buckbrush, ceanothus, Indian tea, inland ceanothus, Jersey 

tea, New Jersey tea, mountain sweet, redroot, snowbrush, soapbloom, 

wild lilac, wild snowball 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make a beverage or medicinal tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Texas to Quebec 

REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 

1987, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: snowbrush, wild lilac 

SPANISH: bracillo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used for tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974 

Ceanothus fendlari A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Fendler(‘s) buckbrush, Fendler(‘s) ceanothus 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967 

Ceanothus herbaceous Raf. [syn. C. ovatus auct. non Desf.] 


ENGLISH: New Jersey tea, smaller red-root 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Harrington 1967, 

Kartesz 1994 

Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh 


ENGLISH: Oregon tea tree 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Munz and Keck 1959 

Ceanothus velutinus Douglas ex Hook. 


ENGLISH: sticky laurel, tobacco brush 

USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American plains 



174


Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol. 

FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree-grape) 

SPANISH: chancarro, guaruma, guarumbo, guarumo, yarumo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten infrequently and are medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Berg and Franco Rosselli 1993, Duke n.d., Ibarra-Manríquez 

et al. 1997, OAS 1973, Niembro Rocas 1993, Sousa and Cabrera 1983 

Cecropia palmata Willd. 


ENGLISH: snakewood tree, trumpet tree, yarumo 

PORTUGUESE: imbaúba 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, similar to common figs (Ficus carica), are eaten 

fresh or in baked goods. Young buds also are edible. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kunkel 1984, Mowery et al. 1967, 

OAS 1973 

Cecropia peltata L. 


ENGLISH: congo pump, Indian snakewood, snakewood, trumpet tree, 

trumpetwood, wild pawpaw 

PORTUGUESE: ambaí, ambaíba, ambaitinga, ambati, ambau, árvore-dapreguiça, 

ibaíba, ibaituga, imbaúba, pau-de-lixa, umbaúba 

SPANISH: eporro, guarumba, guarumo, nilauala, yarumo 

USES/NOTES: Buds occasionally are eaten as a potherb or cooked 

vegetable, fruits can be eaten in moderation, pith is edible, and 

leaves are medicinal. Leaves of an unidentified Cecropia species, 

called congo pump, reportedly are used for tea in Guyana. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Cecropia sciadophylla Mart. 


ENGLISH: cecropia 

PORTUGUESE: imbaúba-da-mata, imbaúba-gigante, imbaúba-roxa, imbaúbavermelha 

SPANISH: cetico, guarumba, guarumo, purma cetico, yarumo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are appreciated in Amazonian Ecuador, roots are a 

potable water source, and leaf ashes are added to coca chew. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Ceiba aesculifolia (Kunth) Britton & Baker [syn. Eriodendron 

aesculifolium (Kunth) DC.] 



175


SPANISH: ceibillo, pochote 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and fruit pulp are eaten roasted or boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Yucatán through Central America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Niembro 

Rocas 1993, Uphof 1968, Williams 1981 

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner [syn. C. occidentalis (Spreng.) 

Burkill, Bombax pentandrum L., Eriodendron anfractuosum DC.] 


ENGLISH: ceiba, kapok, kapok tree, silk cotton tree, silk cottonwood 

PORTUGUESE: kapok, paina, sumaúma, sumaúma-verdadeira, sumaumeira 

SPANISH: árbol capoc, barrigón, bonga, capoc, capoca, capoquero, 

ceiba, ceiba de lana, ceiba yuca, ceibo, ceibón, cumaca, habillo, 

huimba, idu, igarwala, jabillo, kapoc, kapok, lupona, lupona 

blanca, lupuna, lupuna blanca, miraguano, murules, palo santo, 

parana, pasayo, pochote, puto, saquisaqui, toborochi 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves of this massive rainforest canopy emergent 

species are edible, young fruits are eaten cooked and mashed, and 

seeds from the ripe fruit pods contain an edible oil, which is also 

used in soaps and burned for illumination. Large fruit pods contain 

kapok, a silky fiber used for insulation, to stuff mattresses and 

life preservers, and to tie blowguns together. Trunks occasionally 

are used for dugout canoes. In some regions, a wrap made from the 

tree is placed around trunks of fruit trees to guard against leafeating 

ants. Ceiba pentandra is the source of the kapok of 

commerce, the national tree of Guatemala, and is an icon in the 

humid tropics for its tremendous vertical reach (50m to 65m 

occasionally), huge spreading crown (to 45m in diameter), and 

massive buttresses. Considered sacred and of the spirit world by 

some cultures, kapok trees are called “God trees” and “devil trees” 

in parts of the Caribbean and “jumbie trees” in parts of Guyana – a 

“jumbie” is a ghost-like spirit rooted in African traditions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Although nearly pan-tropical under favorable conditions 

today, exact diffusion mechanisms (natural and human) from probable 

Neotropical (perhaps Central American), though less likely African 

origin remain unclear 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kermath (notes), León 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin and Rubarté 1979, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Celastrus scandens L. 

FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) 

ENGLISH: American bittersweet, bittersweet, climbing bittersweet, 

false bittersweet, staff-vine, waxwork 

SPANISH: falsa dulcamara 

USES/NOTES: Bark, twigs, and cambium of this spreading deciduous vine 

were eaten in times of food scarcity. Today leafless bittersweet 

stems bearing brightly colored, persistent yellowish-red to 


176


reddish-orange fruit are harvested in the fall for use in home 

decorations. The fruit and uncooked plant parts are poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: All U.S. states east of the Rockies except Florida and 

perhaps New Mexico and in southern Canada from Quebec to 

Saskatchewan and perhaps Alberta 

REFERENCES: Dillingham 1907, Fernald 1950, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Celtis ehrenbergiana (Klotzsch) Liebm. [syn. C. pallida Torrey, C. 

sellowiana Miq., C. spinosa var. pallida (Torrey) M.C. Johnston, C. 

tala Gillies ex Planchon, C. tala var. pallida (Torrey) Planchon] 

FAMILY: Celtidaceae (celtis) or Ulmaceae (elm) 

ENGLISH: desert hackberry, spiny desert hackberry, spiny hackberry 

SPANISH: acébuche, garabato, granjeno, latón, satajche, tala 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in honey production and fruits are 

edible. Wood is used for fence posts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Arizona, New Mexico, southern Florida, and 

Texas through Mexico, Central America, and South America to 

northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Berg and Dahlberg 2001, FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Martin et 

al. 1987, Nee n.d., Romanczuk 1987, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982, Weatherford 1988, Zuloaga 1997 

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg. [syn. C. boliviensis Planchon, C. 

brasiliensis (Gardner) Planchon, C. morifolia Planchon, C. 

pubescens Spreng., C. spinosa Sprengel] 


ENGLISH: hackberry, iguana hackberry, snaky 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-farinha-seca, grapia 

SPANISH: azufaifo, barimiso, bejuco cagalero, bejuco espino del 

diablo, berraco, cagalera, cagalero, cali cali, cali cali casha, 

casha huasca, chichapí, gallito, gavilán, granjeiro, guacharaguero, 

guarabato blanco, madroño, marimiso, maíz tostado, meloncito 

blanco, mogroño, palo blanco, raspador, rina de gato, rompecaite, 

satajchi, satasche, surrumbo, uña de gato, urcu quiru 

USES/NOTES: Mature fruits are edible, medicinal, and used in curare 

preparations. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, possibly to southern Florida, though 

unconfirmed 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg and Dahlberg 2001, Boom 1989, 

Carauta 1974, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke n.d., Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Nee n.d., 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Celtis laevigata Willd. 


ENGLISH: hackberry, Mississippi hackberry, southern hackberry, 

sugarberry 

SPANISH: latón, palo blanco 


177


USES/NOTES: Small, orange to reddish-brown drupes are sweet, though 

with little pulp. Also, a potentially large, attractive, deciduous 

shade tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to Texas and northeastern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kermath 

(notes), Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977 

Celtis occidentalis L. 


ENGLISH: American hackberry, beaver wood, common hackberry, hackberry, 

nettle tree, sugarberry 

SPANISH: almez americano 

USES/NOTES: Yellow or dark red to purple drupes are nibbled for their 

sweet, though scant pulp or are pounded, seeds and all, and used to 

flavor prepared foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central and eastern Canada and much of the eastern 

and central U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Graves 1956, Harris 

1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Celtis reticulata Torrey [syn. C. douglasii Planchon, C. laevigata 

Willd. var. reticulata (Torrey) L. Benson] 


ENGLISH: hackberry, netleaf hackberry, sugarberry 

SPANISH: palo blanco 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 

1968, Weatherford 1988 

Celtis triflora (Klotzsch) Miq. [syn. C. glycycarpa Mart. ex Miq.] 


PORTUGUESE: grão-de-galho 

SPANISH: tala 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Argentina to Peru 

REFERENCES: Carauta 1974, Martin et al. 1987 

Centropogon cornutus (L.) Druce 


PORTUGUESE: aninga, bico-de-papagaio, crista-de-peru 

SPANISH: gallo-cresta-rango 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and fruits are eaten boiled. Plant is also used as 

a fish poison. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Jeppesen 1981, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks 

1997 

Cerastium semidecandrum L. 


178


FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (pink) 

ENGLISH: mouse ear chickweed 

USES/NOTES: Plant is eaten as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, introduced in North America 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 1968 

Ceratonia siliqua L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: algarroba bean, carob, carob tree, locust bean, Saint John’s 

bread 

PORTUGUESE: alfarrobeira 

SPANISH: algarrobo, ervilla, arveja, arvejera, caroba, algarrobo 

europeo, algarroba 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is eaten or used more frequently as animal feed, 

pod’s gum is used as a food thickener, seeds are used as a coffee 

and chocolate substitute, and bean pulp is made into molasses. Also 

grown as an ornamental, medicinal, and for industrial applications. 

From the Bible, these are John the Baptist’s "husks that the swine 

did eat." 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean (perhaps Syria), introduced to the 

U.S. and Mexico by Spanish missionaries by the mid-1800s 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1981, Mabberley 1987, Morton 

1987a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brongn. 

FAMILY: Parkeriaceae (water fern) 

ENGLISH: water fern 

SPANISH: helecho de agua 

USES/NOTES: Young stem, leaf, and friut are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia to Japan 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 

1973 

Cercis canadensis L. [syn. C. occidentalis Torrey & A. Gray] and 

several varieties including C. canadensis var. mexicana (Rose) M. 

Hopkins [syn. C. mexicana Rose] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: California redbud (C. occidentalis), eastern redbud, Judas 

tree, Mexican redbud (var. mexicana), redbud, western redbud (C. 

occidentalis) 

SPANISH: algarrobo loco, árbol de Judea, árbol del amor canadiense, 

ciclamor, duraznillo, durazno de madera 

USES/NOTES: Flat, knife-shaped fruit pods are eaten raw (best when 

immature), boiled, or sautéed; flowers are added to salads in 

Mexico or may be eaten out of hand as a snack; and flower buds may 

be eaten pickled. Flowers and pods taste somewhat like bean 

(Phaseolus vulgaris) and pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars and were 


179


eaten by Amerindians throughout the plant’s range and by early 

European settlers in the eastern U.S. Small trees also are widely 

cultivated for their abundant, magenta to pink, spring flowers. The 

California redbud (C. occidentalis) has been treated both as a 

distinct species and a synonym of C. canadensis. The name “Judas 

tree” refers more appropriately to a western Asian Cercis species, 

probably C. siliquastrum L. (árbol del amor in Spanish), from witch 

Judas is said to have hung himself. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America; var. mexicana from Texas and northern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 

and Tucker 1979, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Nelson 

1994, Peterson 1977, Sternberg and Wilson 1995, Tull 1978, Uphof 

1968 

Cereus columna-trajani Karw. 


SPANISH: higos de tetezo 



REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987 

Cereus hexagonus (L.) Miller 


SPANISH: cacto columnar, ciergé pascal, pitajón, yaurero 

USES/NOTES: White to pinkish fruit pulp is eaten fresh. Widely 

cultivated for its showy flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America and the southern West Indies 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin 

et al. 1987 

Cereus jamacaru DC. 


PORTUGUESE: jamacaru, mandacaru, mandacaru-de-boi 

USES/NOTES: White pulp from the large, red fruit is eaten fresh, and 

stems are eaten as a vegetable. Large plants also are planted for 

their showy, night-blooming white flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, naturalized in the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Britton and Rose 1963, Pio Corrêa 1984 

Cereus margaritensis Johnston [syn. Subpilocereus margaritensis 

(Johnston) Backeb., S. russelianus (Otto) Backeb.] 


SPANISH: cardón higo, yarero de Margarita 


NATURAL RANGE: Margarita Island, Venezuela perhaps to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Cereus pernambucensis Lemaire [syn. C. variabilis Pfeiffer] 



180


PORTUGUESE: jumbeba 

USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s white pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from north of Bahia south to Uruguay, 

inland perhaps to Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Cereus repandus (L.) Miller [syn. C. peruvianus Miller, Pilocereus 

repandus (L.) Schumann, Subpilocereus repandus (L.) Backeb., 

Stenocereus peruvianus (Miller) Kiesling] 


ENGLISH: apple cactus, hedge cactus, torch thistle 

PORTUGUESE: cacto, mandacaru, tuna, urumbeva 

SPANISH: pitahaya, cardón blanco, dato blanco, yaurero 

USES/NOTES: Deep pink fruit is tasty. Also grown as an ornamental and 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and northern South America, widely 

cultivated 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 

1989, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1987a, Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Ceroxylon echinulatum Galeano 


ENGLISH: Andean wax palm 

SPANISH: palma real, pumbo 

USES/NOTES: Boiled peduncles are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and rarely western Andean slopes of Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Uhl and Dransfield 1987 

Cestrum nocturnum L. 


ENGLISH: jasmine, lady-of-the-night, night jessamine 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten cooked with tortillas. Widely cultivated 

for its fragrant flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, widely naturalized in the tropics and 

subtropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, 

Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai 


ENGLISH: flowering quince, Japanese quince, japonica 

PORTUGUESE: camélia, japoneira 

SPANISH: camelia japonesa, membrillero del Japón, membrillero japonés, 

membrillo japonés 

USES/NOTES: Hard, acid fruits are eaten preserved. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973, Houaiss 1982, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Pearce and Thieret 1991 


181


Chaerophyllum bulbosum L. 


ENGLISH: parsnip chervil, tuberous chervil, turnip-rooted chervil 

PORTUGUESE: batata-baroa, batata-baronesa, cerefólio-de-raiz, 

cerefólio-tuberoso, mandiquinha-salsa 

USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980 

Chamaedorea costaricana Oersted 


ENGLISH: pacaya palm 

PORTUGUESE: camedórea-da-Costa-Rica 

SPANISH: pacaya, pacayita, tenera 

USES/NOTES: Young inflorescence is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Hodel et al. 1995, Williams 1981 

Chamaedorea elegans Mart. [syn. Collinia elegans (Mart.) Liebm. ex 

Oersted] and C. graminifolia H. Wendl., C. pinnatifrons (Jacq.) 

Oersted [syn. C. pacaya Oersted], C. sartorii Liebm., and C. 

seifrizii Burret [syn. C. erumpens H.E. Moore] 


ENGLISH: bamboo palm (C. seifrizii), chapai (C. graminifolia), goodluck 

palm, monkey-tail pacaya, pacaya (C. pinnatifrons), parlor 

palm 

PORTUGUESE: bimi (C. pinnatifrons), camedórea-elegante (C. elegans), 

murumuru (C. pinnatifrons), palmeirinha (C. pinnatifrons), ubim (C. 

pinnatifrons) 

SPANISH: cashipana (C. pinnatifrons), chaté, chontilla (C. 

pinnatifrons), corozillo, hembra, jatatilla (C. pinnatifrons), 

molinillo (C. pinnatifrons), neanthe bella (C. elegans), pacaya, 

palmilla, San Pablo (C. pinnatifrons), tepejilote (C. sartorii), 

tepejilotillo (C. pinnatifrons), xate, xaté, xiat, xiaat 

USES/NOTES: Unopened, slightly bitter inflorescence is eaten as a 

vegetable, raw, boiled, or fried. Astringent terminal bud and heart 

(or garrote in parts of Guatemala) are eaten fresh, boiled, or 

roasted. Flowers are edible. Leaves are used in the cut foliage 

trade for floral arrangements and holiday decorations, and are now 

included in sustainable development strategies in parts of their 

ranges. Small, shade-tolerant palms are widely grown as 

houseplants, especially C. elegans (generally solitary stem or 

colony-forming), C. seifrizii (multi-stemmed and colony-forming), 

and C. pinnatifrons (solitary stem) to a lesser degree. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. elegans from southern Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala, 

perhaps beyond; C. graminifolia from Atlantic side of southern 

Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and northern Costa Rica; C. pinnatifrons 

from southern Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil; C. sartorii has 

disjunct populations, one in south-central Mexico, the other on the 


182


north coast of Honduras; C. seifrizii from southern Mexico, 

northern Guatemala, Belize, and northwestern Honduras 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balick et al. 2000, Graf 1974, Henderson et 

al. 1995, Hodel 1992, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin 1992, Nelson 1976, Niembro Rocas 1992, Perera 1993, Quero 

1994, Reining and Heinzman 1992, Tabora et al. 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d., 

Williams 1981 

Chamaedorea tepejilote Liebm. [syn. C. wendlandiana (Oersted) 

Hemsley] 


ENGLISH: pacaya palm 

PORTUGUESE: camedórea-pacaia 

SPANISH: boda, bola, caña verde, chaté, hembra, nuru, pacaya, 

palmilla, palmito dulce, tepejilote, xate, xiat, xiaat 

USES/NOTES: Unopened, slightly bitter inflorescence (called pacaya) is 

eaten as a vegetable, raw, boiled, or fried, protein-rich terminal 

bud and heart (garrote in Guatemala) are eaten fresh, boiled, or 

roasted, and flowers are edible. Cut leaves are included in floral 

arrangements and holiday decorations. Small, shade-tolerant palms 

also are widely grown as houseplants, and are important in 

sustainable harvest strategies in parts of southern Mexico and 

Central America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to northwestern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Castillo Mont et al. 1994, Duke 1986, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Hodel et al. 1995, Kermath (notes), Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1992, Niembro Rocas 1992, Perera 1993, 

Reining and Heinzman 1992, Standley and Steyermark 1958, Williams 

1981 

Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. [syn. Anthemis nobilis L.] 


ENGLISH: camomile, camomille, chamomile, English chamomile, romaine, 

Roman chamomile 

PORTUGUESE: camomila, camomila-dos-alemães, camomila-nobre, camomilaromana, 

camomila-verdadeira, macela-dourada 

SPANISH: camamile, camomila, camomila de jardín, manzanilla, 

manzanilla común, manzanilla de castilla, manzanilla dulce, 

manzanilla romana 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used for tea, in tonics, or as a flavoring 

agent, and contain oil used in cosmetics and liqueurs. Sprigs are 

used as a cooking herb. The plant is also used to flavor beer. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 

1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hickman 1993, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Chamaerops humilis L. 


ENGLISH: dwarf fan palm, European fan palm, hair palm, palmetto 


183


PORTUGUESE: palmeira-leque-da-Europa 

SPANISH: palmera enano, palmito europeo 

USES/NOTES: Though rarely eaten in the Americas, the fruit and heart 

of Europe’s only native palm are edible, the latter reportedly of 

good quality. Popular in the Americas as a cold-hardy, small 

landscape palm. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and North Africa 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Graf 1974, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, 

Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tabora et al. 1993, Uphof 1968 

Chamaesarcha coronopus (Dunal) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: false nightshade 

USES/NOTES: Berries have been eaten by Hopi and Navajo people in the 

western U.S. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Chamissoa altissima (Jacq.) Kunth 


SPANISH: akw’aalil palats, bejuco pedorro 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical America from southern Mexico to 

northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Duke 

n.d. 

Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert [syn. Matricaria chamomilla L., M. 

recutita L.] 


ENGLISH: camomile, wild chamomile 

PORTUGUESE: camomila, matricária 

SPANISH: camomila 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Dillon 1981, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, 

Guia Rural 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977 

Cheiloclinium cognatum (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. Salacia cognata (Miers) 

Peyr.] 

FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocrateaceae (dehiscent 

fruit) 

PORTUGUESE: uarutama 

USES/NOTES: Succulent, sweet pulp is edible. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boom 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 

1991, Renner et al. 1990 


184


Chelyocarpus ulei Dammer 


PORTUGUESE: chila, xila 

SPANISH: sacha aguajillo, sacha bombanaje, ushpa aguaje 

USES/NOTES: Stems are burned for vegetable salt. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia Peru just into adjacent Brazil, Colombia, and 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Chemerion latifolium (L.) Holub [syn. Chamaenerion latifolium (L.) 

T.C.E. Fries & Lange] 

FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening primrose) 

ENGLISH: dwarf fireweed, river beauty 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are eaten cooked and mature leaves 

are used as tea. 




Chenopodium album L. 



ENGLISH: common lambsquarters, fat-hen, goosefoot, lamb’s quarters, 

lambsquarters, pigweed, white goosefoot 

PORTUGUESE: anserina-branca, quenopódio 

SPANISH: anserina, armuelle, cenizo, cenizo blanco, ceñiglo, quelite, 

quenopodio 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a potherb and seeds are used as 

flour. Fruits are fed to chickens. Seeds were possibly an important 

food for early inhabitants of the North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North and South America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Ford 1984, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Miller 1960, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith 1984, Usher 


Chenopodium ambrosioides L. [syn. C. ambrosioides L. var. 

anthelmiticus (L.) A. Gray, C. anthelminticum L., Teloxys 

ambrosioides (L.) Weber] 



ENGLISH: American goosefoot, American wormseed, bitter weed, epazote, 

goosefoot, hedge mustard, Jerusalem parsley, Jerusalem tea, Mexican 

tea, skunkweed, Spanish tea, sweet pigweed, West Indian goosefoot, 

wormseed, wormweed 

PORTUGUESE: ambrósia, anserina-vermifuga, caacica, cravinho-do-mato, 

erva-de-Santa-Maria, erva-formigueira, erva-santa, formigueira, 

herva-das-cobras, herva-das-lombrigas, herva-de-Santa-Maria, herva 

santa, herva vomiqueira, lombrigueira, mastruço, mastruz, 

menstruço, menstrusco, mentrusco, mentrusto, mentruz 


185


SPANISH: amush, apasote, apazote, baíco, camatai, cashiva, cashua, 

epasote, epasote de comer, epasotle, epazote, hierba fatua, hierba 

hormiguera, hormiguera, huacatay, karé, lipasote, lukum, paicco, 

paico, páico, paico mocho, paiko, pasote, payco, payqu, pazoli, 

pazote, pazotl, pyco, qhishwa pimpinilla, té de España, té de 

México, té español, yerba de santa maría, yerba sagrada, yerba 

santa 

USES/NOTES: Young plant is used to add its unique pungent flavor to 

cooked foods in Ecuador and Mexico and medicinally elsewhere. 

Leaves are added to tamales and other foods in Mexico. Seeds are 

also edible. Leaf and root are used to combat intestinal worms. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and subtropical America, now widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, 

Duke 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Foster and Cordell 1992, 

Franquemont et al. 1990, FUDENA n.d., Joyal 1987, Kermath (notes), 

Leung 1961, Mujica et al. 2001, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 

1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Soukup 1970, 

Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 

1982, Wiersema and León 1999 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. 



ENGLISH: bacon weed, chou grass, fat-hen, frostblite, goosefoot, 

Indian spinach, lamb’s quarters, lambsquarters, netseed 

lambsquarters, pigseed goosefoot, pigweed, pitseed goosefoot, 

poulette, southern huauzontle, wild spinach 

SPANISH: bledo extranjero, chía roja, huauzontle 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten raw or cooked, and seeds are eaten 

dried and cooked or ground into meal. Seeds were possibly an 

important food for early inhabitants of the North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico to southern Alaska 

REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Heiser 1993, 

Kindscher 1987, León 1987, Miller 1960, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, 

Sauer 1993, Smith 1984 

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. subsp. nuttalliae (Saff.) H.D. Wilson & 

Heiser [syn. C. nuttalliae Saff.] 



ENGLISH: Nuttall’s goosefoot, southern huauzontle 

SPANISH: bledo extranjero, huauthli, huazontle 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are a minor cereal grain and leaves are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser and Nelson 1974, Wiersema and León 

1999, Wilson and Heiser 1979 

Chenopodium botrys L. 




186


ENGLISH: ambrosia, feather geranium, Jerusalem oak, Jerusalem oak 

goosefoot 

PORTUGUESE: ambrósia-dos-boticas 

SPANISH: bien granada 

USES/NOTES: An aromatic tea reportedly is made from the leaves. Also 

reported to be poisonous to animals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe to western Asia, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, 

Kunkel 1984, Wiersema and León 1999 

Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Asch. [syn. Blitum capitatum L.] 



ENGLISH: beetberry, blite goosefoot, Indian-paint, strawberry blite, 

strawberry spinach 

SPANISH: bledo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and young shoots are used together as a potherb, 

fleshy fruits are eaten cooked or raw, and seeds are edible. 



Yanovsky 1936 

Chenopodium carnosulum Moq. 



ENGLISH: ridged goosefoot 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. through Mexico, Central America, and 

the Andes to Argentina and Chile 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, 

Mujica et al. 2001 

Chenopodium fremontii S. Watson 



ENGLISH: chenopodium, desert lambsquarters, Fremont’s goosefoot 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into meal and the plant is used as a 

potherb or salad green. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from northern Baja California to 

western Canada 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Moerman 1998, 

Wiggins 1980, Yanovsky 1936 

Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. 



ENGLISH: avian goosefoot 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves of this wild progenitor of common quioa 

(C. quinoa) are edible. 


187


NATURAL RANGE: South America from Brazil to Ecuador and south, perhaps 

having evolved in northern Andean Argentina 

REFERENCES: Mujica et al. 2001, Wiersema and León 1999, Wilson and 

Heiser 1979 

Chenopodium incanum (S. Watson) Heller 



ENGLISH: chenopodium, mealy goosefoot 



NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and southwestern U.S. to South Dakota 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Munz 1974 

Chenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Watson 



ENGLISH: chenopodium, narrow-leaf goosefoot, narrow-leaf lambsquarters 



NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Mexico to British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Dorn 1984, Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Chenopodium murale L. 



ENGLISH: Australian spinach, green fat-hen, lamb’s quarters, netleaf 

goosefoot, nettle-leaved goosefoot, salt greens, sowbane, wall 

goosefoot 

PORTUGUESE: pé-de-ganso 

SPANISH: pie de ganso, quinoa negra 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground and the plant is used 

as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Old World, perhaps South America’s 

Pacific coast, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 

1990, Wiersema and León 1999, Yanovsky 1936 

Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen [syn. C. canihua Cook] 



ENGLISH: canihua, kaniwa 

SPANISH: aara, ahara hupa, ajara, ayara, cañagua, canahua, cañahua, 

cañigua, cañihua, cañiwa, cuchi-quinoa, iswalla hupa, kañagua, 

kañahua, kañawa, kañiwa, qañawi, quinua silvestre, quitacañigua 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are toasted then mixed with a variety 

of solid and liquid foodstuffs. Plant is tolerant of cold, drought, 

saline soils, and pests. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia and Peru 


188


REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Gade 1970, Heiser 1979a, 

Heiser and Nelson 1974, Hunziker 1943, Macbride 1937, Mujica et al. 

2001, NRC 1989, Risi and Galwey 1984, Sauer 1993 

Chenopodium petiolare Kunth 



SPANISH: llipocha 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten boiled in the Vilconaota Valey of 

Peru. 

NATURAL RANGE: Highlands of Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and northern Chile 

and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Gade 1975, López 2000, Marticorena and Quezada 1985 

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. 



ENGLISH: Inca rice, kinoa, Peruvian rice, petty rice, quinoa, quinua, 

sweet quinoa, white quinoa 

PORTUGUESE: arroz-miúdo-do-Peru, espinafre-do-Peru, quinoa 

SPANISH: arrocillo, arroz del Perú, cañahua, candonga, dahué (whiteseeded 

variety), guanache (white-seeded variety), guañaschi (whiteseeded 

variety), huazontle, kinoa, quínia, quinoa, quínoa, quinua, 

quinua dulce, quinqua, suba, supha, trigo Inca, trigrillo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in lysine and other amino acids, have been an 

important grain in the Andes for up to 5,000 years. They are often 

prepared with potatoes and capsicum peppers in soup called quinoa 

uchu, or consumed toasted, brewed into beer, or mixed with milk or 

cheese. Leaves are eaten like common spinach (Spinacia oleracea) or 

used as a potherb. Stems are burned to a lime-rich ash for use in 

coca chew. Attempts to revitalize this traditional crop have been 

under way for some time. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. quinoa’s likely progenitor, C. hircinum Schrad. 

(avian goosefoot), may be from northern Andean Argentina, but 

domestication must have occurred in the Peruvian and/or Bolivian 

Andes, probably near Lake Titicaca, but had diffused to southern 

Ecuador and northern Chile by the time of the Spanish encounter 

REFERENCES: Bruno and Whitehead 2003, Heiser 1979a, Heiser and Nelson 

1974, Joyal 1987, Lobb 1993, McCamant 1992, Mujica et al. 2001, NRC 

1975, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Risi and Galwey 1984, Sauer 1993, Smith 

1994, Soukup 1970, Wilson 1988, Zimmerer 1992 

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. var. melanospermum Hunziker 



ENGLISH: black quinoa, wild quinoa 

SPANISH: ashpa quinoa, ayaras, quinoa ayara, quinoa negra 

USES/NOTES: This weedy relative of the domesticated quinoa (C. quinoa) 

was grown along side its emerging domesticate in antiquity. The 


189


seeds, though smaller and dark, and leaves presumably were eaten 

along with the gastronomically superior quinoa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes 

REFERENCES: Bruno and Whitehead 2003, Foster 1958, Heiser and Nelson 

1974, Mujica et al. 2001 

Chenopodium simplex (Torrey) Raf. [syn. C. gigantospermum Aellen] 



ENGLISH: giant-seed goosefoot, large-seed goosefoot, mapleleaf 

goosefoot, tree spinach 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb or in salads and large seeds 

may be ground into an edible meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. and Canada 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Martin and Hutchins 1980, 


Chenopodium urbicum L. 



ENGLISH: city goosefoot, upright goosefoot 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used like spinach (Spinacia oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: north temperate regions, perhaps Europe, naturalized 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Marticorena and Quezada 1985 

Chimaphila maculata (L.) Pursh 


ENGLISH: spotted wintergreen 

SPANISH: encinilla, hierba de madroño, hierba del hígado 

USES/NOTES: Plant contains a fermenting agent used to make the 

alcoholic beverage tesgüino in Mexico. Leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., Mexico, and Central America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Luteyn 

1995, Molina 1975, Steinkraus 1983 

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Barton 


ENGLISH: pipsissewa, prince’s pine 

SPANISH: encinilla, hierba de madroño, hierba del hígado 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea or as a flavoring agent. Plant is 

used medicinally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, possibly to North America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald et 

al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, 

Morton 1976a, Steinkraus 1983 

Chiococca alba (L.) A. Hitchc. 


ENGLISH: David’s root, snowberry 


190


SPANISH: lágrimas de maría, puut’ ts’aah 

USES/NOTES: Small, white drupes are eaten as a snack, or used to treat 

snake bites. Also, small tree is grown as an ornamental for its 

unusual display of white fruit clusters. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to south Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke 1986, 

Mabberley 1987, Taylor 1998 

Chionanthus virginicus L. 

FAMILY: Oleaceae (lilac or olive) 

ENGLISH: flowering ash, fringe flower, fringe tree, grandsie-graybeard, 

greybeard, old man’s beard, snowdrop tree, white fringe tree 

USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, one to two cm long, dark blue/purple fruits 

can be eaten like common olives (Olea europaea) pickled in vinegar 

or apple cider. They are, however quite astringent. Grown today for 

its showy, hanging, fragrant flowers and dark green deciduous 

foliage. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from central Florida to New Jersey, eastern 

Texas, and Ohio 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), 

Kunkel 1984, Moerman 1998, Nelson 1994, PFAF n.d., Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth 


ENGLISH: amole, soap plant, wild potato 

USES/NOTES: Tubers and young shoots are eaten cooked. Young leaves are 

eaten raw. 



Chondodendron platyphyllum Miers 


PORTUGUESE: abutua, abutua legítima, abutua preta, abutua verdadeira, 

baga-da-praia, buta, butua, jaboticaba-de-cipó, jabuticaba-de-cipó, 

jabutocabeira-de-cipó, orelha-de-onça, parreira-brava, uva-do-mato 

USES/NOTES: Vine’s red fruit pulp, similar to a grape (Vitis spp.) or 

a jaboticaba (Myrciaria spp.), is said to be edible. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Chondrodendron tomentosum Ruiz & Pavón 


ENGLISH: curare, pareira root 

PORTUGUESE: curare, pareira-brava 

SPANISH: ampihuasca, curaré 

USES/NOTES: Martin et al. claim that the fruit pulp of this liana is 

edible. More important, however, roots are the source of 

Dtubocurarine, a muscle relaxant used in surgery and curare, a 

poison concoction generally including ingredients from several 


191


species, for arrows and darts. Wild C. tomentosum remains the sole 

source of D-tubocurarine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Davis 1996, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hyam and Pankhurst 

1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Myers 1992, 

Phillips 1991 

Chromolaena collina (DC.) R.M. King & H. Robinson [syn. Eupatorium 

collinum DC.] 


SPANISH: yerba de ángel 

USES/NOTES: Used as a hops (Humulus lupulus) substitute in beer. 


REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989b, Uphof 1968 

Chrysanthemum coronarium L. 


ENGLISH: crown daisy 

USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten as a cooked vegetable. 



Chrysanthemum segetum L. 


ENGLISH: corndaisy, corn marigold 

PORTUGUESE: crisântemo 

SPANISH: espinaca China 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Leung 1961, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975 

Chrysobalanus icaco L. 

FAMILY: Chrysobalanaceae (coco plum) 

ENGLISH: cocoplum, fatpork, icaque, kulimiro, Spanish nectarine, 

zicaque 

PORTUGUESE: abajeru, agiru, ajiru, ajuru, ariu, guajiru, guajuru, 

uajuru 

SPANISH: ciruela de América, hicaco, hicaco de costa, icacillo, icaco, 

icaco dulce, icaco negro, icaco rosado, icaquero, jicaco, uichup, 

xicaco 

USES/NOTES: Dark purple drupes, one to four cm long, are eaten out of 

hand, preserved, or stewed, and their seeds are eaten roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics from Mexico and South Florida through 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 

1986, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, 

Omawale 1973, Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977, Will 1991 

Chrysolepis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) Hjelmquist [syn. 

Castanopsis chrysophylla (Douglas ex Hook.) A.DC.] 


192



ENGLISH: giant chinkapin, giant chinquapin, golden chinkapin, golden 

chinquapin, giant golden chinkapin, giant golden chinquapin 

USES/NOTES: Small, hard-shelled, sweet nuts were esteemed by 

Amerindians from northern California to Washington. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central California through Oregon, and Washington west 

of the Sierras 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939, Smith 1976 

Chrysolepis sempervirens (Kellogg) Hjelmquist 


ENGLISH: bush chinquapin, bush golden chinquapin, sierra chinkapin, 

sierra chinquapin 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: California through southwestern Oregon 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939, 

Smith 1976 

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. argenteum [syn. C. glabrum 

Jacq., C. microcarpum Sw.] 


ENGLISH: milky iron, smooth star apple, wild kaimit, wild star apple 

FRENCH: boui, caimitier bois, peti bouis, petit caimitier bois, petite 

caimite 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito cocuyo, caimito dulce, caimito 

largo, caimito lechero, caimito morado, caimito negro, caimito 

verde, guajirote de agua, lechecillo, macanabo, macauabo, veru 

caimito 


NATURAL RANGE: Antilles and northern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Fouqué 1973, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 


Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. auratum (Miq.) Penn. [syn. C. 

auratum Miq. in Mart., C. sericeum A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: small bullet wood, sururuburuen, wild star apple 

PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maparajuba, rozada braba 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito dulce, caimito largo, caimito 

lechero, caimito morado, caimito negro, guajotire de agua, 

guanavanillo, majagua negra, níspero caimito, pauhui montañero, 

verraco 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, 

and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Penn. 

[syn. C. ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Steudel, C. pavonii Cronq., 


193


Cynodendron ferrugineum (Ruiz & Pavón) Bernardi, Nycterisition 

ferrugineum Ruiz & Pavón] 


SPANISH: barbasco caspi, caimitillo, caimito, chacalema, chirinumi, 

masaranduvilla, palo barbasco, quinilla, yaso 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian slopes of Andean Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq. subsp. panamense (Pittier) Penn. 


ENGLISH: wild star apple 

SPANISH: caimito, caimito morado, caimo de monte, caimo liso de monte 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet, though rich in latex. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, western Colombia, and western 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum bombycinum Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana-da-folha-grande, coquirana 

SPANISH: balatillo, caimitillo-hoja-grande 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Chrysophyllum cainito L. [syn. C. bicolor (Poiret) Baehni, C. 

monopyrenum Sw.] 


ENGLISH: caimit, caimite, caimito, cainit, cainito, damsel, golden 

leaf, green-skinned star apple, kaimit, purple star apple, star 

apple, star-plum, white-skinned star apple 

FRENCH: abiaba, buis, caimite, caïnite, macoucou, pied caimite or 

caimitier a feuilles d’or, pomme étoilée, pomme de lait, pomme 

surette 

PORTUGUESE: ajara, camiquié, caimitier, caimiteiro, cainito, camitié 

SPANISH: ablaca, aguay, caimillo, caimitero, caimito, caimito 

maduraverde, caimo, caimo morado, cauje, estrella, guayabillo, 

maduraverde, murucuja, olivoa, sapotillo 

SURINAMESE: apra, goudblad boom, sterappel 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated fruits are sweet and much appreciated, 

but produce a sticky, glue-like latex when very ripe. Horizontally 

cut fruit exposes a star pattern on the cut surface. Wood is good 

for lumber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Antilles, widely introduced and cultivated 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, 

Cavalcante 1991, Foster and Cordell 1992, Fouqué 1973, Morton 

1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974 


194


Chrysophyllum cuneifolium (Rudge) A. DC. in DC. [syn. Ecclinusa 

cuneifolia (Rudge) Aubrév. nomen illegit.] 


FRENCH: balata poire, couata beauly, kwata bobi, oulapele, quilapele, 

wilapele, zolive 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum eximium Ducke [syn. C. rufocupreum Ducke] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Surinam 


Chrysophyllum gonocarpum (Mart. & Eichler) Engl. [syn. C. 

lucumifolium Griseb.] 


PORTUGUESE: aguaí, aguaí da serra, aguaí guazu, bapeba, baulia de 

onça, cutite branco, guatambu 

SPANISH: aguaí, aguaí blanco, aguaja, bvoi’i, guatambu 

USES/NOTES: Marketed fruits are made into sweets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeast Brazil (Ceará) to Paraguay, northern 

Argentina, Uruguay, and Bolivia 


Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum Pires & Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu branco, cariuba, guajara 

SPANISH: aguai, almendra, cajure, caimito, canoche, capure, capurillo, 

chaparo manteco, chupón, palo manteco 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, western Ecuador and Peru, Venezuela, 

and Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Chrysophyllum macoucou Aublet 


FRENCH: caimitier macoucou, macoucou, z’olivo 


NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana and perhaps Guyana 


Chrysophyllum manaosense (Aubrév.) Penn. [syn. Prieurella manaosense 

Aubrév.] 


SPANISH: caimitillo, quinilla, sacha caimito 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to Surinam 



195


Chrysophyllum mexicanum Brandegee in Standley 


ENGLISH: chike, damsel, siciya, wild cocoplum, wild star apple 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito cimarrón, camitillo, cimarrón, 

palo de muerto, pisouabite, siguiya, sikiya, siquilla, thiiw 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is eaten mostly by children. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 

1997, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. subsp. oliviforme [syn. C. cainito L. 

var. b, C. monopyrenum Sw. var. microphyllum (Jacq.) Miq. in Mart.] 


ENGLISH: damson-plum, olive plum, satin leaf, star apple, tuko, wild 

star apple 

FRENCH: petite caïmite 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, eslo, pipa, teta de burra 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits, similar in appearance to olives (Olea 

europaea), are sweet and make good preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and South Florida 

REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Facciola 

1990, Fouqué 1973, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, 

Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum peruvianum Penn. 


SPANISH: caimitillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru 


Chrysophyllum pomiferum (Eyma) Penn. 


ENGLISH: haimara-kushi, limonabali, paripiballi 

FRENCH: balata jaune d’oeuf 

PORTUGUESE: abiurana 

SPANISH: capurillo, felipe pena, punte, purguillo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is similar to C. cainito, and latex is added 

to chicle in places. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, and 

Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990 

Chrysophyllum prieurii A. DC. [syn. Ecclinusa prieurii (A. DC.) 

Aubrév.,] 


FRENCH: balata jaune d’oeuf, balata poirier, jaune d’oeuf a grandes 

feuilles, malobi, pepe boiti, pepe poirer, talakama, zolive 


196


PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana-maçaranduba, abiurana-vermelha, 

castanha vermelha, maçarandubarana, massaranduba 

SPANISH: bolaquiro, caimitillo negro, carana, coto quinilla, cuyuri, 

nuoma, palo de cuyure, quinilla colorada, renaco 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, Venezuela, Amazonian 

Peru, Colombia, and Panama 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973, Pennington 1990, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Chrysophyllum revolutum Mart. & Eichler in Miq. 


SPANISH: ahuashi yacu, shaina 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though insipid. 

NATURAL RANGE: San Martín, Peru 


Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. balata (Ducke) 

Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, balata, balata-braba, balata-branca, balataucuquirana, 

coquirana, coquirana-braba, coquirana-da-caatinga, 

coquirana-dorada, coquirana-folha-grande, coquirana-mollenita, 

coquirana-visguenta, irana 

SPANISH: balata blanca, marat, ocuquirana, saunan-yek, ucuquirana, 

ucuquirana brava, ucuquirana de altura, ucuquirana de selva baja, 

ucuquirana de tierra firme 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Latex is a balata source, used to make 

figurines and industrial compounds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru, central Amazonian Brazil, 

southern Venezuela, and Guyana 


Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. sanguinolentum 

[syn. Ecclinusa sanguinolenta Engl.] 


ENGLISH: balata-balli, balata pomme, barataballi, bartaballi 

FRENCH: balata singe rouge, mama doosou, suitiamini 

SPANISH: balata sapotina, moyeja 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and the Guianas to Amapá, Brazil, and 



Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum (Pierre) Baehni subsp. spurium (Ducke) 

Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiu, balata-braba, balata-rana, balata-ucuquirana, 

cajurana-coquirana, coquirana-braba, coquirana-brava, coquiranaverde, 

ucuquirana, ucuquirana-brava 


197


SPANISH: balata, balata sapotina, ka-he-pa, moyeja, moyera, 

paloyancha, temare, temare montañero 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Latex is a balata source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela 


Chrysophyllum scalare Penn. 



NATURAL RANGE: Northern Venezuela 


Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum Klotzsch ex Miq. in Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: abiu grosalia, abiu ucuuba, mangabarana 

SPANISH: pascualito 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia and Brazil through Guyana and 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Pennington 1990, 


Chrysophyllum venezuelanense (Pierre) Penn. [syn. C. excelsum Huber, 

Cornuella venezuelanensis Pierre] 


ENGLISH: sebul, wild zapote 

FRENCH: zolive 

PORTUGUESE: abiu-bravo, guajara, guajará, sorva-do-Peru 

SPANISH: caimitillo, canistel de montaña, chicozapote del monte, 

chupón negro, chupón risa, jaguilla, magaranduva, matasano, nupi, 

palo de sobo, plátano, sapote apestoso, sapote de monte, sapotilla, 

shato, taco, tapaón, trompillo de montana, zapote de chango, zapote 

de mico 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit pulp is edible, though can be insipid. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Central America, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, and French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez 

et al. 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Chrysothamnus nauseosus (Pallas ex Pursh) Britton 


ENGLISH: rabbit brush, rubber rabbit-brush 

USES/NOTES: Latex was chewed by Amerindians. Also a possible rubber 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern California and Nevada to New Mexico 


Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. [may include C. confinis E. 

Greene] 



198


ENGLISH: Douglas rabbit-brush, green rabbit-brush, rabbit brush, 

yellow rabbit-brush 

USES/NOTES: Latex from the root has been used as chewing gum and 

salted flower buds have been eaten by Amerindians in New Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from southern British Columbia 

through California, Montana and New Mexico to Mexico 


Cicer arietinum L. 


ENGLISH: Bengal gram, chickpea, dove’s dung, garbanzo bean, Indian 

pea, sparrow’s dung, yellow-gram 

PORTUGUESE: chicaro, ervanço, grão-de-bico, homos 

SPANISH: garbanza, garbanzo, gravancos 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich, yellowish seeds, young sprouts, leaves, and 

pods are widely eaten. Seeds are eaten whole, made into flour, and 

mashed. Roasted roots are used as a coffee substitute. The plant is 

also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, the Caucasus, or the Himalayas 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Singh and Singh 1992, 

Smartt 1976, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Cichorium endivia L. 


ENGLISH: endive, escarole 

PORTUGUESE: almeirão, chicória, escarola 

SPANISH: achicoria, achicoria de rizada, endibia, endivia, escarola 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are added to salads or used as a 

vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, possibly southern Europe, India, Egypt, or 

China 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, 

Van Feu n.d. 

Cichorium intybus L. 


ENGLISH: Belgian endive, blue sailors, chiccory, chicory, radicchio 

(red-leaf variety), succory, wild chicory, wild endive, wild 

succory, witloof 

PORTUGUESE: almeirão, almeirão-selvagem, almeirão-silvestre, 

catalônha, catalônia, chicória-amarga, chicória-selvagem, 

escarola, radite 

SPANISH: achicoria, achicoria amarga, achicoria de bruselas, 

achicoria silvestre, almirón, amargón, ambubeya, barbaja, 

camaroja, camarroya, chicoria, endivia, hierba de café, xicoria 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten roasted or ground and used like coffee, 

often blended with coffee, and leaves are eaten uncooked in 

salads or cooked as a vegetable. 


199


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe or the Middle East, widely cultivated 

and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Harris 

1972, IBGE 1980, Kermath Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Prance and 

Balick 1990, Schneider 1987, Sokolov 1991, Usher 1974 

Cinchona calisaya Wedd. [also C. ledgeriana Bern. Moens, C. 

officinalis L., C. pubescens Vahl (syn. C. cordifolia Mutis, C. 

succirubra Pavón ex Klotzsch)] 


ENGLISH: cinchona, crown bark (C. officinalis), loxa bark (C. 

officinalis), quinine, red cinchona (C. pubescens), yellow bark 

PORTUGUESE: cinchona, quina, quina-morada (C. pubescens), quinina, 

quinino 

SPANISH: calisaya, capirona del bajo, cascarilla, cascarilla 

amarilla, cinchona, costrona fina, loja, quina, quina roja, 

quinquina 

USES/NOTES: Bark (called cinchona bark) contains the alkaloid 

quinine used medicinally to treat malaria, or to flavor beverages 

like tonic water, bitters, ice cream, and baked goods. C. 

calisaya is the principal commercial quinine source today, while 

C. pubescens was the first such source. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. calisaya and C. officinalis from montane forests 

of the eastern tropical Andes (Colombia to Peru), some other 

species range into Central America 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, 

Facciola 1990, Hobhouse 1986, Houaiss 1982, Joyal 1987, Mabberley 

1987, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968 

Cinnamomum verum J. Presl [syn. C. zeylanicum Nees, Laurus 

cinnamomum L.] 


ENGLISH: Ceylon cinnamon, cinnamon, spice 

PORTUGUESE: canela, canela-da-Índia, canela-de-cheiro, canela-do- 

Ceilão, canela-verdadeira, cinamomo 

SPANISH: alcanfor, canela, canelo, canelo de Ceilán 

USES/NOTES: Bark is the source of the commercial cinnamon spice, 

aromatic oil is used as a flavoring agent and in incense and 

perfumes, and leaves are used as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands of southwestern India or Sri Lanka 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, 

Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Ilyas 1978, Oldfield 

1981, Omawale 1973 

Cirsium drummondii Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Drummond’s thistle, dwarf thistle 

SPANSIH: thistle enano 


200


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used in salads, mature leaves are used 

for tea, and cooked roots, cooked stalks, fruits, and prickly 

flowers (thistles) are edible. Once a food source of Amerindians 

and early American settlers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky 

1936 

Cirsium edule Nutt. [syn. Carduus edulis (Nutt.) E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: edible thistle, Indian thistle 

SPANSIH: thistle comestible 

USES/NOTES: The Cheyenne and other Amerindians peeled and ate the 

soft, sweet stems. Roots and young shoots are also edibe. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S., western Canada, and southern 

Alaska 

REFERENCES: Saunders 1976, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Cirsium horridulum Michaux 


ENGLISH: bull thistle, purple thistle, spiny thistle, yellow 

thistle 

SPANISH: thistle amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southeastern U.S. from Maine to Texas and 

into Mexico 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Cronquist 1980, Tull 1978 

Cirsium ochocentrum Gray 


ENGLISH: yellow-spined thistle 

USES/NOTES: Stems and roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968 

Cirsium pallidum Wooton & Standley 


ENGLISH: pale thistle 

SPANSIH: thistle pálido 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians have eaten the seeds cooked or made into 

flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: New Mexico and Colorado 

REFERENCES: Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Cirsium texanum Buckley 


ENGLISH: Texas thistle 

SPANSIH: thistle de Texas 

USES/NOTES: Greens are eaten in salads or as a cooked vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri 


201


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Tull 1978, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: thistle, wavy-leaved thistle 

SPANSIH: thistle de la ondulado-hoja, thistle gris 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible cooked, raw stalks can be eaten 

peeled, flowers, roots, and seeds are eaten raw or cooked, and 

seeds are made into an edible meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America west of the Mississippi and the Great 

Lakes region 

REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 


ENGLISH: bull thistle, bur thistle, common thistle, Johnny green 

SPANISH: thistle común, thistle de la lanza, thistle escocés 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and peeled stalks are eaten raw or cooked after 

thorns have been removed. Roots are eaten raw as a survival food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized and invasive in North 

America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 

Cissampelos pareira L. [syn. Abuta grandifolia (Mart.) Sandw.] 


ENGLISH: false pareira root 

PORTUGUESE: abuta, abútua, catuaba, cipó-abuta, cipó-de-cobra, 

erva-de-nossa-senhora, parreira-brava, parreirinha-do-mato, 

pitomba-da-mata, uva-do-rio, xexuá 

SPANISH: abuta, abutua, ancabesux, barbasco, bejuco de ratón, 

butua, caimitillo, imchich masha, k’on k’ach, motelo sanango, 

palo de motelo, pancha muca, pareira, pareira brava, quaymitu, 

sanango, soga, trompetero sacha 

SURINAMESE: bofrusiri 

USES/NOTES: Brown to yellowish fruits of this liana are edible, 

though the plant is known primarily for its medicinal qualities. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to Maranhão, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Blanco 

2002, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, 

Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Van Feu n.d. 

Cissus biformifolia Standley [syn. C. erosa L.] 


SPANISH: come mano, navarria 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten in Guyana. Elsewhere used to treat 

arthritis. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Väsquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 

Sommeijer et al. n.d. 


202


Cissus gongylodes (Baker) Burchell ex Planchon 


ENGLISH: curtain vine, winged-stemmed grape ivy 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-aquecer-leite 

SPANISH: terés 

USES/NOTES: Cultivaed by the Kayapo for its edible fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from Amazonian Brazil, Bolivia 

and Peru to Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Lombardi 2000, MBG n.d., Múlgura 1978, Phillips 1991 

Cissus verticillata (L.) Nicolson & C.E. Jarvis [syn. C. sicyoides 

L., Vitis sicyoides (L.) Miq.] 


ENGLISH: possum grape, pudding withe, snake withe, toad vine 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-puca 

SPANISH: ampato huasca, bejuco iasú, paja de culebra, sapo huasca, 

tripa de zopilote, uva silvestre, vid silvestre, yedra 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, ripe fruits reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador and possibly Brazil, the West 

Indies, and perhaps southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Martin et al. 1987, Taylor 1998 

Citharexylum fruticosum L. 


ENGLISH: fiddlewood 

SPANISH: palo de guitarra, pendula 

USES/NOTES: Small (to a cm in diameter), reddish-brown drupe is 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to central Florida 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973 

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumura & Nakai [syn. Cucurbita 

citrullus L.] and Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus [syn. C. 

vulgaris Schrader] 


ENGLISH: watermelon 

PORTUGUESE: melancia, melão-d’água 

SPANISH: cuchuña, melón de agua, paitilla, patilla, sandía, sanía, 

sandla 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits (the watermellons of commerce) and seeds 

of this vine are edible and medicinal. Seeds contain an edible 

oil. Rind can be eaten preserved in vinegar or sugar. 

NATURAL RANGE: Kalahari Desert region of Africa 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994, 

León 1987, Leung 1961, Munz 1974, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970 

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle [syn. Limonia aurantifolia 

Christm.] [also C. limetta Risso] 


203



ENGLISH: key lime, lime, Mexican lime, sour lime, West Indian lime 

PORTUGUESE: lima, lima-comum, lima-da-Pérsia, lima-de-bico, limão, 

limãozinho 

SPANISH: lima, lima boba, limasa, limón, limón agrio, limón 

mexicano, limón sutil, limonero, limonero mexicano, naranjo 

cajero, rimo, sutí 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit of this small. thorny tree is consumed as 

juice, in desserts, pickled, or as a seasoning. Essential oil is 

used in perfumes. Key lime cultivars are popular for use in the 

key lime pie of Florida. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern India and the East Indies, possibly to 

southern China, naturalized in many tropical and nearly frostfree 

subtropical regions 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, 

IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, 

Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Samson 1980, 

Sokolov 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Citrus x aurantium L. [hybrid of C. maxima x C. reticulata] 


ENGLISH: bigarade, bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange 

PORTUGUESE: laranja-amarga, laranja-azeda, laranja-bigarade, 

laranja-branca, laranja-da-terra, laranja-de-Sevilha 

SPANISH: apepú, cajel, naranja, naranja agria, naranja cajero, 

naranjo, naranjo agrio, naranjo amargo, naranjo cajero, zamboa 

USES/NOTES: Sour to bitter fruits are used in marmalades and 

occasionally in pie similar to Key lime pie. Rind is used in 

distilled orange-flavored liqueurs, is a flavoring oil source, 

and is medicinal. Flowers are used in perfumes. Also used as a 

rootstock for other citrus cultivars. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Leung 

1961, Morton 1987a, Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson 

1980, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974 

Citrus aurantium L. subsp. bergamia (Risso & Poit.) Wight & Arn. 

[syn. C. bergamia Risso & Poit.] 


ENGLISH: bergamot citron, bergamot orange 

PORTUGUESE: bergamota, lima 

SPANISH: apepú, bergamota, bergamote, bergamoto, cajel 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated primarily for the essential oil bergamot 

extracted from the fruit rind and used in perfumes and other 

scented products, though the fruit occasionally is eaten. Also 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Taylor 1970, Usher 1974 

Citrus aurantium var. brasiliensis Tanaka 


204



ENGLISH: riverside navel orange, Washington navel orange 

PORTUGUESE: laranja-Bahia, laranja-baianinha, laranja-banana, 

laranja-catarina, laranja-sem-caroços, laranja-tacuari, laranjaumbigo 

SPANISH: apepú, cajel, naranja, naranja agria, naranjo, nébula 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this New World variety of an Asian fruit is 

edible. Leaf is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: New World variety of Asian Citrus 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, OAS 1973, Usher 1974 

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f. [hybrid of C. aurantifolia x C. medica] 


ENGLISH: lemon 

PORTUGUESE: limão, limão-amargo, limão-azedo, limão-china, limãocomum, 

limão-de-molho, limão-mirim, limão-rosa, limão-silvestre, 

limão-taiti 

SPANISH: limón, limón ácido, limón agrio, limón amargo, limón 

criollo, limón de cabro, limón francés, limón real, limón sutil, 

limonero, limonia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is used for flavoring or a diluted juice, and 

rinds are eaten candied. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Southeast Asia to the subtropical 

zone 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 

1973, Peret 1985, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Samson 1980, Sauer 

1993, Usher 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Citrus maxima (Burm.f.) Merr. [syn. C. decumana (L.) L., C. 

grandis (L.) Osbeck ] 


ENGLISH: forbidden fruit, pamplemousse, pamplemusa, pomelo, pumelo, 

pummelo, pompelmous, shaddock 

PORTUGUESE: pomelo, toranja 

SPANISH: cidra, pomela, toranja 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, variable in color, shape, and size (though 

generally large), are edible fresh, juiced, or fermented into 

alcoholic beverages. The largest citrus fruit, larger than the 

grapefruit (C. paradisi). Also an essential oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, perhaps Malaya 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, 

Sauer 1993, Samson 1980, Usher 1974 

Citrus medica L. 


ENGLISH: citron, citron 

PORTUGUESE: cidra, cidrat, limão-galego 

SPANISH: azambo, azamboero, cidra, cidratero, cidrato, cidrera, 

cidrero, cidro, cedro limón, citrón, lima, limón cidra, poncidre, 

poncil, toronja 


205


USES/NOTES: Thick skinned fruits are consumed as juice or candied, 

though are more important medicinally and ceremonially. 

NATURAL RANGE: India or perhaps Southwest Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al.1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Leung 1961, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Citrus paradisii Macfad. [hybrid of C. grandis and C. sinensis] 


ENGLISH: grapefruit 

PORTUGUESE: grêpe, grapefruit, pomelo, toranja, toronja 

SPANISH: pamplemusa, pomelo, toranja, toronja 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its large, generally tart fruits. 

Wood is used for fuel. 

NATURAL RANGE: Hybrid most likely developed in the West Indies, 

probably Barbados, in the mid 18th century from C. grandis and C. 

sinensis. 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1987a, Omawale 

1973, Renner et al. 1990, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970, 


Citrus reticulata Blanco [also hybrids C. reticulata x Fortunella 

spp. (reported as Citrofortunella spp.) and C. reticulata x C. 

sinensis] 


ENGLISH: calamondin (C. reticulata x Fortunella spp.), king orange 

(C. reticulata x C. sinensis), mandarin orange, satsuma, satsuma 

orange, tangerine 

PORTUGUESE: bergamoto, michirica, tangerina 

SPANISH: calamondín (C. reticulata x Fortunella spp.), fruto 

cítrico de Filipinas (C. reticulata x Fortunella spp.), 

mandarina, mandarino, naranja de China (C. reticulata x C. 

sinensis), satsuma, tangerina 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are highly esteemed. Oil from the fruit 

skin is used to flavor foods and liqueurs. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. reticulata from Cochin, China, C. reticulata x 

Fortunella spp. from the Philippines, and C. reticulata x C. 

sinensis from China or Japan 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, 

Leung 1961, León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Samson 1980, Usher 


Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck [syn. C. aurantium var. sinensis L.] 


ENGLISH: common orange, orange, sweet orange 

PORTUGUESE: laranja-caipira, laranja-comum, laranja-da-China, 

laranja-doce, laranja-sina 

SPANISH: china, chino, naranja, naranja de China, naranja dulce, 

naranjo dulce 


206


USES/NOTES: Fruit is the principal orange of commerce, consumed out 

hand, as juice, or as a dessert fruit. Rind is a flavoring agent, 

pectin, and oil source. Flowers are used in honey production. The 

hybrid C. sinensis x C. paradisii, known as chironja, is popular 

in places. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern China, possibly to Malaysia, the hybrid C. 

sinensis x C. paradisii is from Puerto Rico 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bueso 1980, IBGE 1980, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson 1980, 

Usher 1974 

Cladium jamaicense Crantz [syn. C. mariscus (L.) Pohl subsp. 

jamaicense (Crantz) Kükenth.] 

FAMILY: Cyperaceae (sedge) 

ENGLISH: saw grass 

USES/NOTES: Shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S., Mexico, the West Indies, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett (unpublished), Breedlove 1986, 

Correll and Johnston 1970 

Clarisia ilicifolia (Spreng.) Lanj. & Rossberg [syn. C. strepitans 

(Allemão) Lanj., Sahagunia racemifera Huber, Sahagunia strepitans 

(Allemão) Benth. & Hook.] 


PORTUGUESE: fura-fura, janitá 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is reportedly edible and the latex potable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropical South America from Venezuela and 

Surinam to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels 


ENGLISH: wampee, wampi 

PORTUGUESE: vampi 

SPANISH: lansio, uampi, wampi 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish, grape-like, sweet to sour fruit is edible. 

Also an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: South China 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Houaiss 1982, León 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Clavija lancifolia Desf. 

FAMILY: Theophrastaceae (theophrasta) 



REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989 

Clavija tarapotana Mez 


PORTUGUESE: maspã 


207


SPANISH: yampak 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru and western Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Clavija weberbaueri Mez 


PORTUGUESE: maspa 

SPANISH: yampak 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru and western Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Ståhl 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Claytonia acutifolia Pallas ex Willd. 


ENGLISH: Bering Sea springbeauty, springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Native Alaskans eat the fleshy taproots, leaves are 

eaten raw or cooked, and raw flowers are added to salads or may 

be nibbled on. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate and Arctic zones 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Schofield 1989, Uphof 1968 

Claytonia caroliniana Michaux 


ENGLISH: broad-leaved springbeauty, Carolina springbeauty, 

springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Small, starchy corms are good, though tedious to gather 

and prepare. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Canada to northern Georgia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977, 


Claytonia lanceolata Pursh 


ENGLISH: lance-leaf springbeauty, western springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Starchy corms and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 

1936 

Claytonia megarrhiza (A. Gray) Parry ex S. Watson 


ENGLISH: alpine springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are eaten cooked. Flowers are also 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. highlands 


208


REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973, 

Harrington 1967 

Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. var. perfoliata [syn. Montia 

perfoliata (Willd.) J. Howell, Limnia perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.) 

Haw.] 


ENGLISH: Cuban spinach, Indian lettuce, miner’s lettuce, winter 

purslane 

USES/NOTES: An important food source for Amerindians and early 

American settlers in the Rockies, now cultivated and eaten as a 

fresh green in many regions. Roots and flowers are also edible. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 


Claytonia sibirica L. [syn. Montia sibirica (L.) Howell] 


ENGLISH: pink purslane, Siberian purslane 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Canada and U.S. 

REFERENCES: Elias and Dykeman 1982, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993 

Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex Schultes 


ENGLISH: tuberous springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Native Alaskans ate the tuberous corms, leaves arte 

eaten raw or cooked and are a good source of vitamins A and C, 

and raw flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska and northeastern Russia 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Schofield 

1989, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Claytonia umbellata Watson 


ENGLISH: Great Basin springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Corms, leaves, and flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Great Basin of Oregon, Nevada, and California 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., Schofield 1989, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Claytonia virginica L. 


ENGLISH: fairy spuds, springbeauty, Virginia springbeauty 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, stems, and starchy roots are eaten raw or 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to Georgia and Texas 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Harrington 

1967, Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 


209


Cleistocactus acanthurus (Vaupel) D. Hunt [syn. Borzicactus 

acanthurus (Vaupel) Britton & Rose, B. eriotrichus (Werderm. & 

Backeb.) Backeb.] 


USES/NOTES: Globular fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Peru 


Cleistocactus baumannii (Lemaire) Lemaire 


ENGLISH: firecracker cactus, scarlet bugler 

SPANISH: candelilla, pitahayacita 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s white pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina, 

and Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, MBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973 

Cleistocactus sepium (Kunth) F.A.C. Weber [syn. Borzicactus sepium 

(Kunth) Britton & Rose] 


SPANISH: muyusa 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten in Ambato, Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Britton and Rose 1963, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Cleistocactus smaragdiflorus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton and Rose 


SPANISH: sitiquira 

USES/NOTES: Globose fruit’s pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina perhaps to adjacent Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Cleome gynandra L. 


ENGLISH: African spider-flower, bastard-mustard, cat whiskers, 

cat’s-whiskers, spiderwisp, wild spider flower 

SPANISH: acaya, mouzambi, volat 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a potherb or a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, naturalized in the Americas from 

the southern U.S. to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987 

Cleome isomeris E. Greene [syn. Isomeris arborea Nutt. in Torrey & 

A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: bladderbush, bladderpod, bladderpod spider-flower, 

burrowfat 

USES/NOTES: Green fruit pods are eaten cooked, traditionally in the 

ground. 


210


NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, California, and Baja California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Cleome lutea Hook. 


ENGLISH: golden cleome, yellow bee plant, yellow cleome, yellow 

spider-flower 

USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a potherb and seeds are ground into 

meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967 

Cleome serrulata Pursh [syn. C. integrifolia (Nutt.) Torrey & A. 

Gray] 


ENGLISH: clammy weed, Rocky Mountain bee plant, spiderflower, 

stinking clover 

USES/NOTES: Shoots, leaves, and flowers are used as potherbs after 

boiling with several changes of water. Blackish residue from the 

water is used as a dye. Seeds are ground into an edible meal. 

Amerindians in New Mexico ate the plant with cornmeal porridge, 

after removing its alkaline taste. Once cultivated or encouraged 

around dwellings by Amerindians of the American West. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 

1967, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Cleome speciosa Raf. [syn. Gynandropsis speciosa (Kunth) DC.] 


ENGLISH: spider plant 




Cleome viscosa L. [syn. Polanisia viscosa (L.) DC.] 


ENGLISH: spiderflower 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are eaten cooked, seeds and 

juice are used as spices, and pods are eaten pickled. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Lawesson et al. 1987 

Clerodendrum ligustrinum (Jacq.) W.T. Aiton [syn. Clerodendron 

ligustrinum (Jacq.) E.Br. nomen illegit.] 


SPANISH: icimte, itzimte, mosqueta, musté, muzte 

USES/NOTES: The Maya once used the plant to flavor sweet potatoes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala to Panama 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Coe 1994, Cowan 1983, Molina 1975, 

Sousa and Cabrera 1983 


211


Clethra occidentalis (L.) Kuntze [syn. C. tinifolia Sw.] 

FAMILY: Clethraceae (white-alder) 

ENGLISH: soapwood, sweet pepper, wild pear 

SPANISH: asajarillo, zapote 


NATURAL RANGE: Tropical mainland America from southern Mexico to 

Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Stevens et 

al. 2001 

Cleyera theaeoides (Sw.) Choisy [syn. C. panamensis (Standley) 

Kobuski, Eurya theaeoides (Sw.) Blume] 

FAMILY: Theaceae (tea) 

ENGLISH: wild damson 

SPANISH: aceituna 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in parts of Cuba as a tea substitute 

and fruit are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Mexico, and Central America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hazlett 1979, Standley and Williams 1961, 

Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Clidemia chinautlana Triana 




REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Cowan 1983, Uphof 1968 

Clidemia heterophylla (Desr.) Gleason [syn. Maieta heterophylla 

DC.] 


ENGLISH: bush currant 


NATURAL RANGE: Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987 

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don 


ENGLISH: bush currant 

PORTUGUESE: folha-do-fogo, pixirica 

SPANISH: camaey peludo, mullaca, mullaca morada 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and the plant is medicinal and magical. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Peru and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 

1987, Molina 1975, Uphof 1968, Voeks 1996 

Clidemia petiolaris (Schltdl. & Cham.) Schltdl. ex Triana [syn. C. 

deppeana Steudel, C. naudiniana Cogn.] 


SPANISH: tsakam chikab ts’ohool 


212


USES/NOTES: Fruits and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico through Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Cowan 1983, Molina 1975, 


Clinopodium vulgare L. [includes Satureja vulgaris (L.) Fritsch.] 


ENGLISH: field basil, wild basil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice or as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and eastern North America 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977, Voss 1996 

Clintonia borealis (Aiton) Raf. [also C. umbellata (Michaux) 

Morong] 


ENGLISH: bluebead, corn lily, cow tongue, speckled wood-lily, straw 

lily 

USES/NOTES: Very young leaves are used in salads and as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 

1968 

Clitoria ternatea L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: blue pea, blue vine, butterfly pea, kordofan pea 

SPANISH: yuca de ratón 

USES/NOTES: Pods are eaten like common green beans, flowers produce 

an edible blue dye, and leaves are edible and the source of a 

food colorant. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Neotropics, perhaps Mexico and Central 

America, now pantropical 

REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Bourke et al. 

1987, Facciola 1990, Janzen and Liesner 1980, Mabberley 1987, 


Clusia sp. 


SPANISH: mora, palo de tinta amarilla 

USES/NOTES: An unidentified Clusia sp. reportedly is eaten in the 

Guatemalan Petén. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps the Petén of Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Miller) I.M. Johnston [syn. Jatropha 

aconitifolia Miller] 


ENGLISH: chaya, stinging nettle, tree spinach 

PORTUGUESE: cansancao, favela 

SPANISH: chay, chaya, mala mujer 


213


USES/NOTES: Leaves occasionally are eaten like spinach (Spinacia 

oleracea), though they have irritating hairs that persist until 

cooked. Also medicinal. Previously an important quielite (green 

leafy vegetable) for the Maya. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical America, probably Central 

America, north through Mexico, possibly into Texas 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Martin and Ruberté 1978b, Martin 

and Ruberté 1979, NRC 1975, Price 1991, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Cnidoscolus chayamansa McVaugh 


ENGLISH: chaya, Mayan spinach, tree spinach 

PORTUGUESE: cansancao, favela 

SPANISH: chaaya, chay, chaya, chayamansa 

USES/NOTES: Large, palmate, dark green, sometimes bitter leaves and 

young shoots, rich in protein, carotene, calcium, and iron, are 

eaten boiled like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sometimes flavored 

with citrus juice in the Yucatán. Leaves have fine, somewhat 

irritating hairs that become imperceptible when boiled. Fast 

growing herbaceous plant adapts to a wide range of habitats, but 

is not cold hardy. Also used as an animal feed and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to adjacent Central America 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), León 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1978b, 

Martin and Ruberté 1979, Niembro Rocas 1992, NRC 1975, Price 

1990, Ross-Ibarra and Molina-Cruz 2002, Ruberté 1984 

Cnidoscolus multilobus (Pax) I.M. Johnston 


ENGLISH: spurge nettle, tread-softly 

SPANISH: ‘ak, ay uätiktäua, chaya, chaya silvestre, chichicastle, 

hortiga, mala mujer, popo 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten fried with eggs and young shoots are 

cooked as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, MBG n.d. 

Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Müll. Arg.) Pax & L. Hoffm. [syn. 

Jatropha phyllacantha Müell. Arg.] 


ENGLISH: faveleira nut 

PORTUGUESE: favela, faveleira, faveleiro 



REFERENCES: Daun et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Lima 1996 

Cnidoscolus texanus (Müell. Arg.) Small 


ENGLISH: bull nettle 

SPANISH: mala mujer 



214


NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Tull 1978 

Cnidoscolus urens (L.) Arthur [syn. C. marcgravii Pohl, Jatropha 

urens L.] 


ENGLISH: pendo tree, spurge nettle, tread softly 

PORTUGUESE: cansancão-de-leite, cansanção, jojofá, pinhaquemadeira, 

urtiga-branca, urtiga-cansancão 

SPANISH: piñon 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and a source of cooking oil. Roots are 

medicinal and the plant is cultivated as a living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles and southern Mexico to southern 

Argentina 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Uphof 1968, Voeks 1997 

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt [syn. C. indica Wight & Arn., C. 

cordifolia (L.) Cogn.] 


ENGLISH: baby cucumber, baby pumpkin, ivy gourd 

SPANISH: papasan 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand, typically by children, or 

prepared in sweets. Young shoots are edible. 


REFERENCES: León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rhem and Espig 

1991 

Coccocypselum aureum (Sprengel) Cham. & Schlecht. 


SPANISH: yutwinaek 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Shuar in Ecuador. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001 

Coccoloba caracasana Meissner 


SPANISH: papaturro, papaturro blanco 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Coccoloba densifrons Mart. ex Meissner [syn. C. barbeyana Lindley] 


SPANISH: vino huayo 



REFERENCES: Brandbyge 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. [syn. C. floridana Meissner] 



215


ENGLISH: dove plum, mountain grape, pigeon plum, snailseed, tietongue 

SPANISH: cucubano, uvilla 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to nearly black, egg-shaped fruit is 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: coastal southern Florida, Bahamas, the West Indies, 

and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, 

Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994 

Coccoloba marginata Benth. 


SPANISH: vino huayo 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Howard 1960 

Coccoloba obovata Kunth 


SPANISH: uvillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical 


Coccoloba pichuma Huber 


PORTUGUESE: pixuna 




Coccoloba plumieri Griseb. [syn. C. polystachya Wedd. var. 

jamaicensis F. & R.] 


ENGLISH: mountain grape 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible, though often astringent. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972 

Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L. 

FAMILY: Polygonaceae (Buckwheat) 

ENGLISH: Jamaican kino, sea grape, seaside grape 

PORTUGUESE: uva de praia 

SPANISH: cocolobo, guiabara, micongo, niche, nii-che, nula, 

sargazo, uva caleta, uva de la playa, uva de mar, uvera, uvero, 

uvero de playa, uvero macho 

USES/NOTES: Nearly round to egg-shaped, one to two cm long, 

reddish/purple fruit is consumed fresh, as juice, preserved, or 

as wine. Bark and roots are medicinal. Sap is used as a dye and 

for tanning leather. 


216


NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast of the Neotropics and subtropics from 

central peninsular Florida and the Bahamas through the West 

Indies, southern Mexico, Central America, and northern South 

America to the Guianas, now widespread in warm coastal zones 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Creasy 

1982, Duke 1986, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, 

Nelson 1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Usher 

1974 

Coccoloba venosa L. 


SPANISH: calambrena 


NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico 


Coccothrinax argentata (Jacq.) L. Bailey 


ENGLISH: Biscayne palm, Florida silver palm, seamberry palm, silver 

palm, silver thatch palm, silvertop, thatch palm 

SPANISH: knacás, palma de guano, palmicha, yaraguana de costa 

USES/NOTES: Purple to black fruit is eaten or made into wine, and 

heart is eaten as a vegetable. Also planted as an ornamental and 

used for thatch. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern coastal Florida through the Florida 

Keys, the Bahamas, parts of Cuba, the Cayman Islands, Jamaica, 

coastal Yucatán, and the Bay Islands of Honduras 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS 

1973, Taylor 1998 

Cocculus spp. 


ENGLISH: moonseed 

PORTUGUESE: abutua 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of some species are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Phillips 1991 

Cocos nucifera L. [syn. Palma cocos Miller] 


ENGLISH: coconut, coconut palm 

PORTUGUESE: coco, coco-da-Bahia, coco-da-praia, coco-de-Índia, 

coco-de-Bahia 

SPANISH: coco, cocotero, ogop, palma de coco, palma indiana 

USES/NOTES: Fruit’s pulp (or meat) is edible, liquid endosperm is 

drunk, and oil is used in cooking, industry, and medicine. 

Terminal bud and heart are edible. Leaves, stems, husks, shells, 

and bracts are used in various ways. The coconut of international 

commerce was introduced to Hispaniola early in the 1500s. 


217


NATURAL RANGE: South Pacific (Melanisia or Polynesia), or perhaps 

Indochina or Indonesia, though now widely naturalized throughout 

tropical coastal zones 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Ferreira et al. 1998, 

Ferwerda 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Horst 1997, IBGE 1980, 

Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Schneider 1987 

Coffea arabica L. 


ENGLISH: Arabian coffee, arabica coffee, common coffee, coffee 

PORTUGUESE: café 

SPANISH: cabi, café, café arábica 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the principal coffee beans of commerce, used 

to make the morning beverage coffee, liqueurs, and confections. 

Roasted whole seeds are eaten as a snack, and red fruit pulp is 

eaten locally. Also medicinal and a caffeine source. In economic 

terms, coffee beans are second to petroleum as an internationally 

traded commodity. 

NATURAL RANGE: uplands of southwestern Ethiopia, southeastern Sudan, 

and northern Kenya 

REFERENCES: Anthony et al. 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cid 1978, Duke 

1986, Ferwerda 1976, Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), Kushalappa 

1989, Oldfield 1981, Smith et al. 1992, Wrigley 1988 

Coffea canephora Pierre ex Fröhner [syn. C. robusta] 


ENGLISH: Congo coffee, Río Nuñez coffee, robust coffee, robusta 

coffee 


SPANISH: café, café robusta 

USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used to make coffee, especially 

instant coffee and cheap blends. The plant resists coffee leaf 

rust, is more tolerant of direct sun, is more productive, and is 

better suited to the lowland tropics than other Coffea species. 

Also a caffeine source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guinea coast and Congo Basin to Uganda, and perhaps 

Madagascar 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Oldfield 1981, 

Omawale 1973, Sauer 1993, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974 

Coffea liberica W. Bull ex Hiern 


ENGLISH: abeokuta coffee, liberica coffee, Liberian coffee 


SPANISH: café, café Liberia, café de Liberia 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are blended as a filler with other coffee 

sources, though becoming less important than C. canephora and C. 

arabica. Also a caffeine source. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Africa, probably Liberia 


218


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Oldfield 1981, 

Omawale 1973, Smith et al. 1992 

Coix lacryma-jobi L. 


ENGLISH: adlay, Job’s tears, jumbie beads, virgin’s tear, wheat 

PORTUGUESE: adlai, adlay, biurá, capim-de-contas, capim-missanga, 

capim-de-Nossa-Senhora, capim-de-contas, capim-rosário, lágrimasde-Job, 

lágrima(s)-de-Nossa-Senhora, trigo-de-Israel, trigo-deverão, 

tsiku 

SPANISH: adlay, camándula, lágrimas de Davíd, lágrimas de Job, 

lágrimas de la virgen, lágrimas de San Pedro, larmes de Job, 

mulla de la virgen, mullo de la virgen, mullo huayo, oi, ovina, 

ruema, ta, trigo tropical, uchpa mullo, ullpa mullo, zacate de 

perla 

USES/NOTES: Young seeds are used as cereal grains, often mixed with 

common wheat (Triticum aestivum), for tea, to make flour, and 

medicinally. Dried seeds are used as rosary beads, used for 

religious purposes. Roasted seeds have been used as a coffee 

substitute. The plant is also grown for fodder. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Joyal 1987, 

Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick 

1989, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Williams and Williams 1969 

Cola acuminata (Pal.) Schott & Endl. 


ENGLISH: abata cola, cola nut, kola nut 

PORTUGUESE: cola, noz-de-cola, obi 

SPANISH: abata kola, cola, colatero (the tree), kola, nuez de cola 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are a source of caffeine and a principal flavoring 

agent for cola soft drinks, also used to flavor ice cream, 

liqueurs, and other beverages, and as a masticant. Red kernels 

are used to color foods. Also a stimulant and diuretic. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical western and central Africa, cultivated in 

portions of the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Menninger 1987, Morton 1976a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al. 

1992, Usher 1974, Voeks 1997 

Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. 


ENGLISH: cola nut, kola nut 

PORTUGUESE: abaja, café-de-Sudão, cola, cola-africana, cola-debalayi, 

cola-medicinal, cola-vera, colaeira, colateira, coleira, 

goucou, guru, mangone, nangone, noz-de-cola, noz-de-gondja, nozde-guran, 

noz-de-Sudão, obi, orobo, oubi, riquezu 

SPANISH: cola, colatero (the tree), kola, nuez de cola 


219


USES/NOTES: Nuts are a source of caffeine and a flavoring agent for 

cola soft drinks, ice cream, liqueurs, and other beverages. Also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical West Africa 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Mabberley 1987, Smith et al. 1992 

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott [syn. C. esculenta var. antiquorum 

(Schott) Hubb. & Rehder, C. antiquorum Schott, C. esculenta var. 

esculenta (L.) Schott, Arum colocasia L., Caladium colocasia L., 

Caladium esculentum L.] 


ENGLISH: Barbados eddo, Chinese eddo, Chinese taro, Chinese tayer, 

coco, cocoa-fingers, cocoyam, curcas, dasheen, eddo, eddoe, 

elephant ear, old cocoyam, malanga, tannia, tanier, tannier, 

tanyah, taro, white eddo, wild taro 

PORTUGUESE: coió-rosa, inhame, inhame quiçaré, inhame-água, inhamechinês, 

inhame-d’água, inhame-São-Tomé, inhame-taiá, quiçaré, 

taiá-japonês, taioba, taioba-São-Tomé 

SPANISH: bore, chonque, choque, cocoyán, colocasia, danchi, guagui, 

impanti, impati, mafafa, malagay, malanga isleña, malanga tayoba, 

malangay, malangu, maranga, mesusu, moena, ñame, ocumo culin, 

otoe, papa china, pelma, pituca, quiquisque, tarkwa, tayoba, 

tuyo, uncú, uncucha, usami, yautía, yautía malanga 

USES/NOTES: Small central corm, of some cultivars, its many large 

cormels, and leaves are edible, though the leaves of the dasheen 

(C. esculenta var. esculenta) are more highly esteemed. The 

dasheen cultivar is the source of Portland arrowroot. The large 

corm and its smaller cormels of the eddo variety are eaten 

roasted, baked, or boiled. Young leaves of some cultivars are 

eaten as a vegetable, though they must be cooked properly to 

remove the calcium oxalate. Young shoots are eaten like asparagus 

(Asparagus officinalis). The Hawaiian dish, poi, is made by 

pounding boiled corms and fermenting the paste. The lamina is 

chopped and boiled with other ingredients to make calaloo soup in 

Trinidad. The plant is among the most shade-tolerant food plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, or perhaps Polynesia, arrived in the 

West Indies via Africa with the early slave trade, naturalized in 

warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and Nutrition 

Institute 1974, Coe 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003, 

Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, Kermath (notes), NRC 1975, 

O’Hair 1990, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Salick 1989, Sauer 

1993, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983 

Colubrina asiatica (L.) Brongn. 


ENGLISH: Asian naked-wood, Asian snakeroot, Asian snakedwood, 

Asiatic colubrina, common colubrina, hoop withe, leather-leaf, 

wild coffee 



220


NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, naturalized in warm regions and invasive 

in Florida, Hawaii, and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberely 1987 

Colubrina elliptica (Sw.) Briz. & Stern [syn. C. reclinata 

(L’Hérit.) Brongn., Ceanothus reclinatus L’Hérit.] 


ENGLISH: mawbie, nakedwood, smooth snakebark, soldierwood 

SPANISH: bijáguara, mabi, quitarán, yayajabico 

USES/NOTES: Bark is used to make a drink called mabi champán in 

Puerto Rico, and mabee or mawbie elsewhere in the Caribbean. The 

tree is considered endangered in Florida where occurs in the Keys 

and Miami-Dade County. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Venezuela, Mexico, Guatemala, and 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberely 1987, Morton 1977, OAS 1973, 


Colubrina ferruginosa Brongn. 


ENGLISH: black velvet, snake wood 

USES/NOTES: Bark is made into a refreshing beverage, mabi in Puerto 

Rico and mabie in Antigua. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida, West Indies, and southern Mexico to Honduras 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Standley and Steyermark 

1949b 

Colubrina texensis (Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: hog plum 

SPANISH: coma 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a tart beverage. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Latorre and 

Latorre 1977 

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. 

FAMILY: Santalaceae (santal) 

ENGLISH: bastard toadflax, comandra, false toadflax 



REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberely 1987, Uphof 1968 

Comarostaphylis arbutoides Lindley subsp. arbutoides 


SPANISH: chilú, nariz de chucho, nariz de perro 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this shruby tree are eaten in Honduras. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chiapas, Mexico to Panama 



221


Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs subsp. discolor 


SPANISH: flor de mayo, garambullo, madroño, madroño borracho 


NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico to Guatemala from 2,000-3,000 meters 


Comarostaphylis longifolia (Benth.) Klotzsch 


SPANISH: madroñillo, madroño, tepemesquite 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly are edible. 



Comarum palustre L. [syn. Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop.] 


USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kunkel 1984 

Commelina communis L. 

FAMILY: Commelinaceae (spiderwort) 

ENGLISH: common dayflower, dayflower, spreading dayflower 

USES/NOTES: The young plant is edible cooked as a green or chopped 

fresh and added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tomikel 1986 

Commicarpus tuberosa (Lam.) Standley [syn. Boerhaavia tuberosus 

Lam.] 


SPANISH: yerba de purgación 

USES/NOTES: Roots are edible. 



Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B. Gillett [syn. Bursera 

leptophloeos Mart.] 


ENGLISH: bursera 

PORTUGUESE: emburana, imburana, umburana 



REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Compsoneura atopa (A.C. Sm.) A.C. Sm. 

FAMILY: Myristicaceae (nutmeg) 

SPANISH: josebé 




222


REFERENCES: La Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987 

Comptonia peregrina (L.) J. Coulter 

FAMILY: Myricaceae (wax-myrtle) 

ENGLISH: sweetfern 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves may be used for tea or as a spice and 

fruits may be eaten as a snack. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Manitoba to 

southern Nova Scotia in the north to the mountains of northern 

Georgia 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 

and Tucker 1979, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939, 

Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Conanthera bifolia Ruiz & Pavón [also C. simsii Sweet] 

FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 




Condalia mexicana Schltdl. 


SPANISH: capul 




Condalia spp. [either C. obovata Hook. or C. hookeri M.C. 

Johnston] 


ENGLISH: bluewood, brasil, condalia, purple haw, graythorn 

SPANISH: brasil, capul negro, espino, guetzat 

USES/NOTES: Purple to black fruit is eaten raw or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Conostegia xalapensis (Bonpl.) D. Don ex DC., C. arborea 

(Schltdl.) Steudel, C. mexicana Cogn., and C. icosandra (Sw. ex 

Wikstr.) Urban [syn. C. subhirsuta DC.] 


SPANISH: capirote, capulín, capulincillo, chi-cab, chikab té, dos 

caras, nigua, nigua grande (C. xalapensis), papelillo, quita 

manteca, raspa lengua, serin, serita (C. xalapensis), teshuate 

(C. xalapensis) 

USES/NOTES: Small round fruit capsules, generally dark when ripe, 

green and pubescent when immature, are eaten as a snack food in 

the Huasteca region of Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. arborea possibly restricted to Mexico, others from 

Mexico to Colombia 


223


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, CTFS n.d., Espejo Serna et al. n.d., 

Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Sommeijer et al. 

n.d., Uphof 1968, Williams 1981 

Conradina verticillata Jennison 


ENGLISH: Cumberland false rosemary, Cumberland rosemary, Cumberland 

snow, Cumberland snow conradina, mountain rosemary, upland 

rabbitbane 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic needle-like leaves of this endangered low 

growing evergreen shrub with purple flowers can be used as a 

cooking herb like common rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). 

“Snow” in the common names refers to a white-flowered variety. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. and restricted to north-central 

Tennessee and adjacent Kentucky, with a possible disjunct 

population South Carolina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, USFWS 1996 

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. 


ENGLISH: Canada fleabane, horseweed 

PORTUGUESE: conizina-do-Canadá 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and seedlings are eaten as a cooked vegetable, 

and are the source of an edible essential oil used to flavor 

food. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, 

Neumann n.d. 

Copaifera sp. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Brazilian copaiba, copaiba, copaíba, Jesuit’s balsam, 

maran 

PORTUGUESE: copaíba, copaíba-branca, copaíba-jutaí, copaíbaverdadeira, 

copaibeira-de-Minas, mal-dos-sete-dias, mari-mari, 

pau-de-oleo 

SPANISH: aceite de palo, básamo de copayba, cabima, calimbo, 

cobeni, copaíba, copal, palo de aceite 

USES/NOTES: Seed of an unidentified Copaifera species is an edible 

oil source in Guyana and called maran. The Spanish names above 

refer to C. officinalis (Jacq.) L., which may or may not be the 

species identified by Johnston and Colquhoun as containing edible 

oil. C. officinalis and other species of the same genus are the 

source of balsam of copaíba, an oleoresin used widely in 

traditional medicine, non-prescription popular herbal medicine, 

and in commercial medicinal preparations, especially as a topical 

treatment for skin ailments. 



224


REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Roosmalen 

1985 

Copernicia prunifera (Miller) H.E. Moore [syn. C. cerifera (Arruda 

ex Koster) Mart.] 


ENGLISH: carnauba palm, carnauba wax palm, wax palm 

PORTUGUESE: carnaúba 

SPANISH: caranday, carnauba, cera (de) carnauba, palma de cera 

USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a flavoring agent, fruits and 

inflorescences are edible, seeds may be used like coffee, and 

stems are an edible starch source. Leaves’ waxy coating is the 

carnauba wax of commerce, used for candles and automobile 

polishes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arid northeastern Brazil, now cultivated beyond 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Dahlgren and Glassman 1961, Genders 

1994, Guia Rural n.d., Johnson 1970, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, 

Rehm and Espig 1991 

Corchorus capsularis L. 

FAMILY: Tiliaceae (linden) 

ENGLISH: jute, white jute 

PORTUGUESE: juta 

SPANISH: cáñamo de las Indias, yute 

USES/NOTES: Plant’s long fiber is the principal jute of commerce, 

made into sacks, such as those used for dried foodstuffs like 

coffee beans, and other durable woven items. Young shoots are 

eaten like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), though consumed 

infrequently in the Americas, and leaves can be used like tea. 

Grows well in inundated areas. The. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern China, diffused to India and beyond, or 

perhaps India, now naturalized in many areas of the tropics 

REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Denton 1993, Facciola 1990, Fearnside 1985, Guia Rural n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979 

Corchorus olitorius L. 


ENGLISH: bush okra, Jew’s mallow, jute, tossa jute 

PORTUGUESE: juta 

SPANISH: cáñamo de las Indias, yute 

USES/NOTES: Plant’s long fiber is made into sacks, such as those 

used to contain dried foodstuffs like coffee beans, and other 

durable woven items. Young shoots can be eaten like spinach 

(Spinacia oleracea), though consumed infrequently in the 

Americas, leaves are a tea substitute, and fruits are edible. 

Grows well in upland sites. Uncommon in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps India or elsewhere in South 

Asia, or possibly Africa 


225


REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Denton 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 

1979 

Corchorus siliquosus L. 


ENGLISH: American jute, slippery bur 


NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, Central America, Mexico, Florida, and 

Texas 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Long and Lakela 1971, Uphof 

1968 

Cordia alba (Jacq.) Roemer & Schultes [syn. C. dentata Poiret] 


ENGLISH: black sage, cordia 

SPANISH: chachalaca, chirimo, uvito 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, stems are used to clean teeth, 

and leaves are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Colombia 

REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, 

Omawale 1973 

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pavón) Oken [syn. Cerdana alliodora Ruiz 

& Pavón] 


ENGLISH: clammy cherry 

PORTUGUESE: freijó 

SPANISH: ajos quiro, alatrique, amapa hasta, añallo caspi, árbol de 

ajo, baría, bojón, bojón prieto, canalete, canjelón, capá, capá 

prieta, capá roja, caujaro, copá prieta, hormiguero, hormigillo, 

laurel, laurel blanco, laurel macho, laurel negro, palo de rosa, 

palo maría, pardillo, peterebí, solera, suchicahue, tambor, 

varía, varía negra, varía prieta 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and bark is used as a condiment. Also 

an important timber source in the Neotropics. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Cordia boissieri A. DC. 


ENGLISH: wild olive 

SPANISH: anacahuite, anacuahuitl, nacahuita, nacahuite, rascaviejo, 

siricote, trompillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten and used for molasses. The plant also 

has medicinal properties, is a dye source, and an ornamental. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., 

von Reis Altschul 1973 


226


Cordia calocephala Cham. 


PORTUGUESE: clariaba 




Cordia collococca L. 


ENGLISH: clammy cherry, manjack 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Miller 1988 

Cordia dodecandra A. DC. [syn. C. angiocarpa A. Rich., 

Plethostephia angiocarpa (A. Rich.) Miers] 


ENGLISH: laurel 

SPANISH: anacahuite, canalete, cericote, chacopte, chak k’ kopté, 

chak’opté, ciricote, cópite, cópite trampillo, cópte, cupape, 

cupapé, freijo, koop-té, k’oopté, kópte´, kopté, kópte, laurel, 

peterebi, siricote, trompillo, zericote, ziricote 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though unfortunately the tree is 

less common in the wild due to over-harvest for its attractive 

high quality, dark, hard wood used in cabinetry, flooring, and 

for carvings. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico from the Yucatán and Veracruz through 

Tabasco and Chiapas into Belize, Guatemala, El Salvador, 

Honduras, and possibly to Cuba 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Molina 1975, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Niembro Rocas 1992, 

Niembro Rocas 2002a, Uphof 1968 

Cordia grandiflora (Desv.) Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: jaguara-muru 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Cordia lomatoloba I.M. Johnston 



NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to the Guianas, southern 

Venezuela, and Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Cordia nodosa Lam. 



227


ENGLISH: maho 

PORTUGUESE: caramurizinho, grão-de-galho, ovo-de-mucura, pau-deformiga, 

saco-de-mucura 

SPANISH: añallo caspi, chinkias, ovo-de-galo, uvilla blanca 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 

Salick 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Soler Alarcón 2005, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Cordia scabrifolia A.DC. 



NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to the Guianas, southern 

Venezuela, and Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Cordia sebestena L. 


ENGLISH: geiger tree 

SPANISH: anaconda, avellano criollo, vomitel colorado 

USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, 3-5 cm fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, the West Indies, southern Mexico, 

Central America, Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 

1987, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Cordia sellowiana Cham. 


PORTUGUESE: chá-de-bugre, freijó, louro-mole, mata-fome 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp may be eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Cordia superba Cham. 


PORTUGUESE: babosa branca 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987 

Cordia tetranda Aublet 


ENGLISH: clammy cherry, glue berry 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by children. Also sticky fruit pulp is 

used as a glue and a coagulant, leaf extract is used to treat 

stomach ailments, and wood is a local lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Neotropics, though many Cordia species with 

similar uses are found throughout the tropics 

REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Usher 1974 


228


Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. var. tinctoria [syn. C. cardaminefolia 

(DC.) Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: annual coreopsis, tickseed 

USES/NOTES: Decoction of the plant has been used as a beverage by 

the Zuni Indians. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central to southwestern U.S. 


Coriandrum sativum L. 


ENGLISH: cilantro, Chinese parsley, coriander (seed only) 

PORTUGUESE: coentro 

SPANISH: cilandro, cilantrico, cilantro, colentro, coriandro, 

culandro, culantro, culantro del país, verdecito 

USES/NOTES: Sweetish, mildly lemon flavored seeds are ground and 

used as a spice used in cooking and to flavor liqueurs. Aromatic 

fresh greens are used as an herb (cilantro). Seeds also are used 

in medicines and perfumes, and are thought to be an aphrodisiac. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia 

Rural n.d., Joyal 1987, Leung 1961, Purseglove et al. 1981, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987 

Coriaria ruscifolia L. 

FAMILY: Coriariaceae (coriarias) 

SPANISH: dew 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Chile 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et 

al. 1987, Zuloaga 1997 

Cornus canadensis L. 

FAMILY: Cornaceae (dogwood) 

ENGLISH: bunchberry, dwarf cornel 

USES/NOTES: Bright red, somewhat dry fruits may be eaten preserved 

or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern North America from Alaska to West Virginia 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 

1979, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977 

Corylus americana Walter [syn. C. americana var. indehiscens 

Palmer & Steyerm.] 

FAMILY: Betulaceae (birch) or Corylaceae (hazelnut) 

ENGLISH: American hazel, American hazelnut, filbert, hazel, havel 

brush, hazelnut 

PORTUGUESE: avelã 

SPANISH: avellana, avellano 


229


USES/NOTES: Small nut is of good quality and is eaten raw, cooked, 

or ground as flour. The large shrub is considered a pest for its 

thicket-forming habit and rough texture, which makes it nearly 

impenetrable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to north-central North America 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974 

Corylus avellana L. [also C. maxima Miller] 


ENGLISH: European hazel (C. avellana), European hazelnut (C. 

avellana), filbert, giant filbert, hazelnut 


SPANISH: avellana, avellana común, avellana grande, avellano, 

avellano turco (C. maxima) 

USES/NOTES: Nut is eaten raw, in pastries, or made into butter. Nut 

oil is used in food preparations, and the leaf is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. avellana from eastern Europe to Iran, naturalized 

in British Columbia, C. maxima from the Balkan Peninsula through 

Turkey to the Caucuses 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 

1993 

Corylus cornuta subsp. californica (A. DC.) E. Murray [syn. C. 

californica (A. DC.) Rose] 


ENGLISH: California hazel, California hazelnut 




NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from southern British Columbia 

to central California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Corylus cornuta Marshall subsp. cornuta [syn. C. rostrata Aiton] 


ENGLISH: beaked hazel, beaked hazelnut, hazelnut 



USES/NOTES: Nut is eaten raw, in baked goods, or ground into meal, 

and is used in liqueurs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to western Canada 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica (Engelm.) W.T. Marshall [syn. 

C. arizonica Engelm.] 


ENGLISH: sour cactus 

USES/NOTES: Sour green fruits are eaten dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona perhaps into Utah and northern Mexico 


230


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990 

Cosmos caudatus Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: flor-de-branco 

SPANISH: margarita 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and young tops are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Costus amazonicus (Loes.) J.F. Macbr. subsp. krukovii Maas 

FAMILY: Costaceae (spiral flag) or Zingiberaceae (ginger) 

PORTUGUESE: boita, orelha-de-onça 

SPANISH: iwajyu 

USES/NOTES: Stem is a potable water source. The plant is used to 

treat anemia in Acre, Brazil 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Costus erythrocoryne Schumann 


SPANISH: gone-quemo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sucked for their spicy juice and to 

alleviate hunger while traveling in the forest. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Colombia 


Costus pulverulentus C. Presl [syn. C. ruber Wright ex Griseb.] 


SPANISH: pakab olom 

USES/NOTES: Stems are chewed to relieve thirst and the plant is the 

source of numerous medicinal concoctions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to the West Indies 


Costus scaber Ruiz & Pavón 


PORTUGUESE: orelha-da-onça 

SPANISH: cañagre 

USES/NOTES: Waorani suck the stems as a spicy refreshment and use 

the herb as a condiment. 


REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kainer and 

Duryea 1992 

Costus speciosus (J. König) Sm. 


ENGLISH: spiral-flag, wild ginger 


231


USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental, though shoots may be eaten as 

a cooked vegetable and fruits and rhizomes are said to be edible. 


REFERENCES: Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976 

Couepia bracteosa Benth. 


ENGLISH: aruadan, pajura 

PORTUGUESE: coró, mariana, oiti, pajurá, pajurá-de-racha, pajurá 

verdadeiro, papuá do mato, uiti curube 

SPANISH: olosapo, payura 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated on a small scale for the oval, brown 

fruit’s fleshy, cream-colored mesocarp, considered among the best 

in Amazonia. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, southern Venezuela, and the 

southern Guianas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987, 

Peret 1985, Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977, von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982 

Couepia chrysocalyx (Poeppig & Endl.) Benth. ex Hook. 


PORTUGUESE: parinari 

SPANISH: parinari, sapay ocote 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its edible fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Colombia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a 

Couepia dolicopoda Prance 


PORTUGUESE: parinari 

SPANISH: hamaca huayo, parinari 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1989a 

Couepia edulis (Prance) Prance [syn. Acioa edulis Prance] 


PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-cutia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten locally, and seeds contain 73 % of an 

edible oil with commercial potential. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Couepia guianensis Aublet 


SPANISH: merecure 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil 


232


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, Prance 

1989a 

Couepia longipendula Pilger 


PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-galinha, castanha-pêndula 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten and are an edible oil source. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, 

Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992 

Couepia paraensis (Mart. & Zucc.) Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: caripé, oiti, pirauxi, tucuriba, umirirana, uxirana-doigapó 

SPANISH: parinari 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit pulp is of good quality and is similar to 

the uxi (Endopleura uchi), though little known beyond its native 

range. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1972a, 


Couepia polyandra (Kunth) Rose 


SPANISH: olosapo, olozapote, zapote amarillo, zapote bolo, 

zapotillo amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, fibrous fruits are found in local markets of 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Central America, perhaps to 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Martin et al. 


Couepia rufa Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: coró-de-Pernambuco, oiti-coró 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible fruits, sold in markets of 

Recife, Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pernambuco, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Prance 1972a 

Couepia subcordata Benth. [syn. C. amazonica R.E. Fries.] 


PORTUGUESE: marirana, umarirana 

SPANISH: parinari, supay ocote 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are rarely eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador and 

Peru 


233


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, 


Couma guatemalensis Standley 


USES/NOTES: Latex has been used as a chewing gum base. 



Couma guianensis Aublet 


ENGLISH: star apple 

PORTUGUESE: sorva 

SPANISH: poirier de la Guiana, sorva 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and latex is used locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guiana and northern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1987 

Couma macrocarpa Barb. Rodr. 


ENGLISH: cow tree, milk tree, sorb, sorva, sorva gum, sowa 

PORTUGUESE: cumã, cumã-açu, omnamshifi, sorva, sorva-da-mata, 

sorva-grande 

SPANISH: árbol de leche, aso, avichuri, capirona, chicle, fransoca, 

juansoco, leche caspi, leche huayo, osurba, palo de vaca, 

perillo, pero, popa 

USES/NOTES: Latex is used as a chewing gum base and sweet fruits 

are occasionally sold in local markets. Sorva latex is 

economically important in portions of South America, especially 

Amazonia, and has captured a small, though not insignificant, 

percentage of the international chewing gum market from Manilkara 

zapota. 


REFERENCES: Arkoll 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), Nations 1992, Padoch and de 

Jong 1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, 

Usher 1974, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 

1982 

Couma rigida Müell. Arg. 


PORTUGUESE: itapeuá 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Venezuela 


Couma utilis (Mart.) Müell. Arg. [syn. C. dulcis Spruce] 



234


PORTUGUESE: couma, cumã, huansoco, sorva, sorva-miuda, sorvapequena, 

sorvarana, sorvinha 

SPANISH: couma, juansoco, leche caspi 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, green fruits are sold in western and 

central Amazonian markets, frequently tied in bunches to small 

sticks. Latex is used as a chewing gum base, sold as leche caspi 

in Peru, juansoco in Colombia, and sorva in Brazil. Also planted 

in urban environments for its attractive flowers. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Couroupita guianensis Aublet subsp. surinamensis (Mart.) Eyma 

[syn. C. surinamensis Mart.] 


ENGLISH: cannonball tree 

PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-macaco, coité-de-macaco 

SPANISH: ayahuma, coco de mono, coco hediondo, mamey hediondo, 

muco, mucurutú, taparo de monte, taparón 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and the unpleasant-smelling pulp of the large 

fruits (to 20cm) reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987, 

Mori and Prance 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Couroupita subsessilis Pilger 


SPANISH: ayahuma 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and 

Prance 1990 

Coussarea brevicaulis Krause 


PORTUGUESE: bacuri, casca-doce, João-mole 

SPANISH: omancomo, supinin 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are eaten by the Waorani and Shuar of 

eastern Ecuador and reported as edible in Acre, Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Cowania mexicana D. Don 


ENGLISH: cliffrose, quinine bush 

USES/NOTES: Large, evergreen shrub’s leaves have been used for tea. 



Craniolaria annua L. 


235


FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (pedalium) or Martyniaceae (unicorn) 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy roots are eaten preserved in sugar. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995, Uphof 1968 

Crataegus aestivalis (Walter) Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: apple haw, may haw, may hawthorn 

USES/NOTES: Small, red, slightly acidic, juicy, round fruits make a 

fine jelly. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern North America 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1994, Yanovsky 1936 

Crataegus x anomala Sarg. (pro sp.) [syn. C. arnoldiana Sarg.] 

[possible hybrid of C. intricata x C. mollis, and perhaps best 

treated under C. mollis, although the Freckmann Herbarium 

indicates that C. arnoldiana Sarg. is a synonym for C. submollis 

Sarg.] 


ENGLISH: anomalous hawthorn, Arnold hawthorn 


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gleason 1968, Sargent 1965 

Crataegus douglasii Lindley syn. [syn. C. brockwayae Sarg.] 


ENGLISH: black haw, black hawthorn 

USES/NOTES: Sweet and juicy fruit pulp is eaten preserved or 

occasionally out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America east in the north to 

northwestern Wisconsin 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979 

Crataegus flava Aiton 


ENGLISH: hawthorn, summer haw, yellow haw 

SPANISH: espino amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Small, pectin-rich fruits, typically red-orange, though 

variously yellow to greenish-yellow, to red or purple, are used 

in jellies or to make tea. Also attractive spring flowers. 


REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Peterson 


Crataegus greggiana Egglest. 


ENGLISH: Gregg’s hawthorn 

SPANISH: tejocote rojo 

USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible. Shrub to small tree is rare. 


236


NATURAL RANGE: Edward’s Plateau of Texas through portions of Coahila 

and Nuevo León in northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: USDA-NRCS 2004 

Crataegus marshallii Egglest. 


ENGLISH: parsley haw, parsley-leaved haw 

USES/NOTES: Bright red fruits are edible or may be used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to central U.S. 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988 

Crataegus mollis Scheele 


ENGLISH: downy haw, downy hawthorn, red haw, summer haw, turkey 

apple 

SPANISH: acerola roja 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used for jellies or may be eaten out of 

hand. Fruit and twigs have been used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gilmore 1913, Medsger 1939, 


Crataegus pubescens (Kunth) Steudel [syn. C. mexicana Moçiño ex 

Sessé, C. stipulosa Steudel] 


ENGLISH: manzanita, Mexican hawthorn 

PORTUGUESE: estrepeiro, pilriteiro 

SPANISH: chiste, crategus, fruto de piedra, huagra manzana, 

karhashi, manzanilla, manzanita, tejocote, tejocote cimarrón, 

texócotl 

USES/NOTES: Cold hardy small yellow to red fruit is used locally 

and regionally, being consumed fresh, preserved, or in syrups and 

punches (ponches in Mexico). Also a pectin source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Highlands of Mexico and Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bye and Linares 1990, Duke 1992, 

Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberely 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Torres n.d., Uphof 1968, Usher 

1974 

Crataegus punctata Jacq. 


ENGLISH: dotted hawthorn 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into jelly. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979 

Crataegus succulenta Schrad. ex Link 


ENGLISH: fleshy hawthorn, succulent hawthorn 

USES/NOTES: Bright, scarlet juicy fruits are made into jelly. 


237




Crataegus uniflora Münchh. 


ENGLISH: dwarf haw, one-flowered haw, one-flowered hawthorn 

USES/NOTES: Brownish-red, one cm fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Florida and adjacent Georgia and Alabama 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Yanovsky 1936 

Crataeva gynandra L. 


ENGLISH: bat-and-ball 

PORTUGUESE: pau-d’alho, tapiá 

SPANISH: cachimbo amarillo, estrella, granado macho, manzana de 

playa, naranjillo, palo de guaco 


NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Brazil 

REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956 

Crataeva tapia L. 


ENGLISH: garlic pear, garlic pear tree 

PORTUGUESE: capança, pau-d’alho, tapiá, trapiá 

SPANISH: cachimbo, cahuara micuna, cascarón, colocmaax, kolo, 

kolokmaax, kolomaax, manzana de playa, palo de guaco, poporo, 

tamara blanca, tapia, tejoruco, trompo, xkolocmaax, yuy, 

zapotilla amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are edible, bark is used to treat 

dysentery, as a tonic, and to reduce fevers, and roots are 

applied to blistered skin. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bolles 1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Espejo 

Serna et al. n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974 

Crepidospermum goudotianum (Tul.) Triana & Planchon 


PORTUGUESE: bawã-piei-muka, breu-de-campina 

USES/NOTES: Aril is edible. Amerindians in Acre, Brazil also use 

the plant to treat dizziness. 


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Crepidospermum prancei Daly 


SPANISH: copal blanco 



REFERENCES: Daly 1987a, Duke and Vásquez 1994 


238


Crescentia cujete L. 

FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (trumpet creeper) 

ENGLISH: calabash, calabash gourd, calabash tree, tree-calabash 

PORTUGUESE: cabaça, coite, cuia, cuiera, cuiete, cuio, cuite 

SPANISH: árbol de las calabazas, buhango, calabacero, calabaza, 

calabazo, camasa, cayeira, cochopi, crescencia, cujete, guacal, 

guaje, guaromo, guarumo, güira, güiro, higüero, huingo, jícaro, 

joma, júcaro, mase, mate, paguacha, pamuco, pate, pati, pumuko, 

quire, taparito, taparo, taparo de caño, tecomate, totumillo, 

totumo, tutuma, tutumo 

USES/NOTES: Large, durable fruit shell has many uses: cut in half, 

it becomes a bowl or a cup for eating and drinking or a scoop 

used frequently by Amazonian peasants to bail water from canoes. 

Cut closer to one end and keeping the end as a cap, taparas (in 

Venezuela) are used to carry and store liquids. Fruit pulp is 

rarely eaten, and leaves are made into bush tea in places. Leaf 

and fruit’s pulp and juice are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps western Amazonia or southern 

Mexico and Central America, widely cultivated and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Berg 1984, Boom 1987, Bourke et 

al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Clement 1989, Coe 1994, Ducke and Black 

1954, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Estrella 1991, Gentry 

1993, Heiser 1979b, Kermath (notes), Mors and Rizzini 1966, 

Niembro-Rojas 1992, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup 

1970, Sturtevant 1972 

Crocus sativus L. 

FAMILY: Iridaceae (iris) 

ENGLISH: crocus, saffron 

PORTUGUESE: açafrão 

SPANISH: azafrán 

USES/NOTES: Dried and ground scarlet stigma of the flower is used 

to flavor and color foods, as a dye, and in incense. Some 50,000 

stigmas are needed for a half pound of spice, making Saffron 

among the most expensive spices. Demand has been diminishing due 

to cost and competition from alternatives. Roots are eaten 

cooked. Also used to aid in menstruation. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe to Iran 

REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Morton 1976a, Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Crotalaria longirostrata Hook. & Arn. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: crotalaria 

PORTUGUESE: crotalária 

SPANISH: chapile, chepil, chepilín, chipilín, crotalaria, cumandáguirá, 

quinchonchillo 


239


USES/NOTES: Leaves, shoots, and flowers are eaten cooked or 

uncooked, especially appreciated when added to tamales. 


REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Facciola 

1990, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uphof 1987, Usher 1974 

Crotalaria vitellina Ker-Gawler [syn. C. carmioli Polakows, C. 

guatemalensis Benth. ex Oersted] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: rattlebox 

SPANISH: chinchín de zope, chipilín de caballo, chipilín de venado, 

chipilín de zope, chipilín montés, cohetillo, quiebra plato, 

zapatito del obispo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a potherb or as a cooked vegetable 

like spinach (Spinacia oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989a, Coe 1994, 

Ducke 1953, Duke n.d., Lewis 1987, Standley and Steyermark 1946, 

Uphof 1968, Wiersema and León 1999 

Croton eluteria Sw. 


ENGLISH: cascarilla, cascarilla bark, croton 

PORTUGUESE: cascarija, cascarilha 

SPANISH: cascarilla, cascarillo, crotón, sasafrás 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic bark is used as incense and in tonics. Bark, 

root, sap, and leaf decoctions are used to treat skin, eye, and 

intestinal complaints. Seeds of this and other Croton species are 

used as a purgative, fish stupifier, and insecticide. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies including the Bahamas, possisbly to 

Mexico, Colombia, and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974, von 

Reis Altschul 1973 

Croton niveus Jacq. 


ENGLISH: copalchi bark 

SPANISH: copalchí 

USES/NOTES: Bark is used in tonics and bitters. 



Croton reflexifolius Kunth 


SPANISH: copalchí, hoja amarga, sasafrás, oliy 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a famine food and along with 

aromatic fruits and bark are used to flavor rum. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990 


240


Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Müell. Arg. 


ENGLISH: skunkweed 

USES/NOTES: Reportedly used for tea. Also an insecticide source. 



Cryosophila nana (Kunth) Blume ex Salomon [syn. Acanthorrhiza 

aculeata (Liebm.) H. Wendl.] 


SPANISH: escoba, zoyamiche 

USES/NOTES: White fruit’s juice is feremented into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of Mexico 

REFERENCES: Evans 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987 

Cryosophila stauracantha (Heynh.) R. Evans [syn. C. argentea 

Bartlett] 


ENGLISH: give-and-take 

SPANISH: escobo 

USES/NOTES: Parts are eaten in the Petén. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, northern Guatemala, and Belize 

REFERENCES: Evans 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Mutchnick and 

McCarthy 1997 

Cryptocarya alba Looser 


SPANISH: peumo 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999 

Cryptocarya moschata Nees & Mart. 


ENGLISH: Brazilian nutmeg 

PORTUGUESE: noz-moscada-do-Brasil 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is used as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Minas Gerais to Bahia, Brazil 


Cryptotaenia canadensis (L.) DC. 


ENGLISH: honeywort, wild chervil 

USES/NOTES: Stems and leaves are used as greens or dried and used 

as herbs, and roots are eaten fried. Cultivated in Japan. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America to temperate East Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986 


241


Cucumis anguria L. [syn. C. anguria var. longipes (Hook.f.) 

Meeuse] 


ENGLISH: bur gherkin, gherkin, West Indian gherkin, wild cucumber 

PORTUGUESE: cornichão-antilhano, maxixe, maxixe-bravo, maxixe-domato, 

maxixeiro, maxixo, maxixola, pepininho, pepino-castanha, 

pepino-de-burro, pepino-de-espinho 

SPANISH: cocombro, mashishe, mashishi, melón de coyote, meloncillo, 

pepinillo, pepinito, pepino 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated, the small, green, cucumber-like 

fruits, covered with pliable barbs, are eaten as a fresh 

vegetable, pickled, cooked, or sometimes curried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Africa, though long established in the Neotropics, 

especially the southern Caribbean 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Correll and Johnston 

1970, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kitajima 

et al. 1979, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984b, Molina 

1975, Purseglove 1968, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Terra 1966, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Cucumis melo L. var. canteloupensis Naudin [syn. C. melo L. var. 

chate] 


ENGLISH: canteloupe, melon, ogen melon, rock melon 

PORTUGUESE: melão, cantalupe 

SPANISH: melón 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: C. melo probably from West Africa or Asia, possibly 

first domesticated in the Nile Valley, C. melo var. 

canteloupensis may be from Europe 

REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 


Cucumis melo L. var. inodorus 


ENGLISH: cassaba melon, honeydew melon, winter melon 

PORTUGUESE: melão 

SPANISH: melón tuna 

USES/NOTES: Pale green fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: North Africa or Asia 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974 

Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus 


ENGLISH: musk melon, netted melon, nutmeg melon 

PORTUGUESE: melão 

SPANISH: melón 

USES/NOTES: Orange fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: North Africa or Asia 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Usher 1974 


242


Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin 


ENGLISH: African horned melon, horned cucumber, jelly-melon, kiwano 


NATURAL RANGE: Africa 

REFERENCES: Morton 1987b, Uphof 1987 

Cucumis sativus L. 


ENGLISH: cucumber, gherkin (when immature) 

PORTUGUESE: pepino 

SPANISH: cohombro, cohombros, machicho, pepinillo, pepino de 

castilla, pepino 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a vegetable or pickled and contain 

an edible oil. Seeds are edible roasted or raw. Immature fruits 

are called gherkins. 

NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas of India 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., León 

1987, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Usher 


Cucurbita argyrosperma J.C. Huber subsp. argyrosperma [syn. C. 

argyrosperma J.C. Huber var. callicarpa Merrick & D.M. Bates, C. 

mixta Pangalo, C. moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poiret 

var. argyrosperma Naudin] 


ENGLISH: cushaw, greenstripe cushaw, mixta squash, pipian, pumpkin, 

winter squash 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora moranga, jerimum 

SPANISH: ayote, calabaza, calabaza de pepita gruesa, calabaza 

pinta, calabaza pipiana, chihua, ka, pipián, pipitoria, sakil, 

saquil, tamalayote, xka 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten as a vegetable, seeds are eaten 

roasted, and flowers are eaten fried. The plant was domesticated 

by at least 7,000 years ago in the highlands of southern Mexico. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, CONANP 

2006, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, 

Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema and 

León 1999 

Cucurbita digitata A. Gray 


ENGLISH: coyote gourd, fingerleaf gourd, finger-leaved gourd 

SPANISH: calabacilla, calabaza amarga, chichicayote, meloncillo, 

melón de coyote 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seed is edible, but fruit pulp is 

poisonous. The name coyote is often used with wild relatives of 

domesticated plants in southwestern North America. 


243


NATURAL RANGE: Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico and the 

adjacent Mexican states of Baja California del Norte, Chihuahua, 

and Sonora 

REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Dimmitt 2000, Munz 1974 

Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché [syn. Pepo ficifolia Britton, P. 

malabaricus Sagaret] 


ENGLISH: black-seed squash, cidra, figleaf gourd, malabar gourd, 

sidra, victoria squash 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora-chila, cafuzo, mestiço, mulato, vitória-régia, 

zambo 

SPANISH: alcayata, alcayota, alcayota común, alcayote, cabello de 

ángel, cayote, chilacayote, chilacayotl, chiberre, chiverre, 

cidra, cidra cayote, cidracayote, cucurbita, lacahuiti, lacayote, 

pepian, sidra, tzilacayote, tzilacayotli, victoria, vitoria, 

zambo 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits are eaten like zucchini squash (C. pepo), 

large mature fruits (often as alrge as and resembling large 

watermelons) are sweet and used for desserts, and seeds are eaten 

roasted prepared with honey and eaten as a desert in Chiapas, 

Mexico known as palanquetas. Fruits keep exceptionally well. Also 

reported to cause nausea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Domesticated species probably originated in the 

northern Andean highlands, or perhaps highland Mexico or Central 

America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 

1969, Coe 1994, Heiser 1979b, Hernández Bermejo and León 1994, 

Houaiss 1982, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 

1984b, Naranjo 1991, Nee 1990, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Sauer 1993 

Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth 


ENGLISH: buffalo gourd, chili coyote, coyote gourd, fetid gourd, 

Missouri gourd, stinking gourd, wild pumpkin, wild pumpkin gourd 

SPANISH: aala, aisiki arisi, alidimai, ara chiki, calabacilla, 

calabacilla amarga, calabacilla de burro 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground for mush or dried and salted. Roots 

are processed for their starch and protein. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Texas and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Lira and Caballero 2002, 

Tull 1978 

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne 


ENGLISH: acorn squash, autumn squash, gourd, hubbard squash, 

mammoth squash, melon pumpkin, pumpkin, squash gourd, winter 

squash 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora, abóbora menina, jerimum, girimu, moranga 


244


SPANISH: ahuyama, auyama, ayote, calabaza, calabaza amarilla, 

calabaza grande, calabazona, casposo, hoyito, liso, moranga, 

sapayo, tamacayota, tamalayota, zapallitos de árbol, zapallo, 

zapallu 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten as a vegetable, raw, cooked, or 

roasted. Seeds are eaten roasted and contain an oil used for 

cooking and lighting. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal and/or perhaps Andean Peru 

REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Cid 1978, 

Coe 1994, Foster and Cordell 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Houaiss 1982, 

IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung 1961, National Research Council 1989, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Purseglove 1968, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, West and Whitaker 1979, Whitaker and Davis 

1962 

Cucurbita moschata (Duchesne ex Lam.) Duchesne ex Poiret [syn. C. 

pepo var. moschata Duchesne ex Lam.] 


ENGLISH: butternut squash, buttersquash, crookneck, crookneck 

squash, Cuban pumpkin, cushaw, golden cushaw, Japanese pumpkin, 

melon squash, muskmelon, musky pumpkin, musky squash, musky 

winter squash, squash, pumpkin, Seminole pumpkin, summer squash, 

winter crookneck, winter squash, winter straightneck squash 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora cheirosa, abóbora almiscar, abóbora catinga, 

abóbora melão, abóbora rasteira, jerimum 

SPANISH: ahuyama, anco, andaí, aullama, auyama, ayote, calabacín, 

calabaza, calabaza de pepita menuda, calabaza moscada, chaay 

k’uum, chaay pach, ch’um, joko, kalamasa, kum, lacahuite, 

lacayote, lakawiti, mocure, sapayo, seiyou, semheeya, xnuk kuum, 

zapallo, zapayo, zapotilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is cooked as a vegetable or dried and used 

for flour, seed is edible after roasting, and leaves of some 

varieties are eaten. Cucurbita moschata cultivars are a common 

source of canned pumpkin pie filling in North America. 


REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, 

CONANP 2006, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Madsen 1991, MBG n.d., Naranjo 1991, Niembro Rocas 

1992, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Soukup 1970, Yamaguchi 1983 

Cucurbita pepo L. 


ENGLISH: autumn pumpkin, autumn squash, bush scallop, bush squash, 

common pumpkin, field pumpkin, gem squash, gourd, marrow, 

pumpkin, summer pumpkin, summer squash, vegetable marrow, winter 

squash, zucchini 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora-carneira, abóbora-cheirosa, abóbora-de-porco, 

abóbora-mocanga, abóbora-moranga, abóbora-porqueira, abóborarasteira, 

cambuquira, jerimu, jurumum 


245


SPANISH: ayote, bonetera, calabacín, calabacera, calabaza, calabaza 

común, calabaza mensejo, calabazo, chamol, escariote, hüicoy, kan 

tsol, lacayote, loche, mensejo, pipián, purú, sapaelis, sapallu, 

sapuyo, ts’ol, tsol, tsolitas, zambo, zapallito italiano, 

zapallo, zapallo del tiempo, wolis tsol 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, seeds, and flowers are eaten. Domesticated 

some 8,000 years ago possibly from C. pepo subsp. fraterna (L. 

Bailey) Andres and C. pepo subsp. ovifera var. texana (Scheele) 

Decker [syn. C. texana Scheele]. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, perhaps to the central U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bates et al. 1989, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, CONANP 2006, Decker 1988, 

Foster and Cordell 1992, Heiser 1979a, Heiser 1993, IBGE 1980, 

Leung 1961, MBG n.d., NRC 1989, Price 1990, Purseglove 1968, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970, Whitaker and 

Davis 1962 

Cucurbita pepo subsp. fraterna (L. Bailey) Andres [syn. C. 

fraterna L. Bailey] 


SPANISH: calabacilla, calabacilla loca, calabaza amargosa 

USES/NOTES: Immature fruits and seeds are edible. C. fraterna is a 

likely progenitor of C. pepo and appears C. pepo subsp. fraterna. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Mexico, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Lira and Caballero 2002, Sanjur et al. 2002, Sauer 1993 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Alef. 


ENGLISH: courgettes, Zucchini 

PORTUGUESE: abobrinha, abobrinha-italiana, abóbora-de-moita, 

abóbora-árvore 

SPANISH: auyama 

USES/NOTES: Young fruit is eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987 

Cuminum cyminum L. 


ENGLISH: cumin 

PORTUGUESE: cominho 

SPANISH: anís comino, comino, comino común, cumín, cumino 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic seed is an important spice, used in stews, 

soups, cheeses, liqueurs, and other foodstuffs, and is the source 

of an aromatic edible oil used as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, probably Egypt or Turkey 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, 

Uphof 1968, Yamaguchi 1983 

Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton 



246


ENGLISH: dittany, Maryland dittany, stone mint 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Illinois and New York to Texas and Florida 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Morton 

1976a, Peterson 1977 

Cupania prisca Standley 


SPANISH: tzol 

USES/NOTES: Plant is eaten in the Petén. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Petén, Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Curcuma longa L. [syn. C. domestica Lour.] 


ENGLISH: curcuma, turmeric 

PORTUGUESE: açafroa, açafrão-da-Índia, açafrão-da-terra, batatinhaamarelo, 

cúrcuma, gengibre-amarelo, mangarataia, mangaratiá 

SPANISH: achirilla, azafrán, azafrán de la India, batatilla, 

camotillo, cúrcuma, guisador, jengibrillo, palillo, raíz 

americana, tumérico, turmero, yuquilla 

USES/NOTES: Dried and ground, yellow to orange rhizome is used as a 

condiment, a spice, an edible yellow dye, and a stimulant. Widely 

used as a colorant and flavoring agent in yellow mustards and 

curry powder. Also hailed by the herbal suppliments industry due 

to the compound curcumin as an anti-inflammatory effective 

against arhtritic and other pain and an antioxidant with possible 

anti-cancer effects. Extract, known as curcuma longa, in 

combination with sweet flag (Acorus calamus) is said to repel 

mosquitoes that transmit yellow fever. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Asia to the East Indies, probably domesticated 

in India 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cobley 1956, Duke 1986, Duke 1997, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1990, León 1987, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, 

OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Plotkin 1993, Terra 1966, 

Tucker 1994, Usher 1974 

Curupira tefeensis G.A. Black 

FAMILY: Olacaceae (American hog plum) 

PORTUGUESE: castanha curupira, curupira 



REFERENCES: Silva et al. 1977 

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L.) Taubert [syn. C. psoraloides DC.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: cluster bean, guar, gwar 

PORTUGUESE: guar 


247


SPANISH: guar 

USES/NOTES: Pods and protein-rich seeds are edible and the seed is 

the source of guar gum, used as a thickening agent in cooked and 

processed foods, especially sauces, dressings, and ice cream. 

Also grown as a cover and forage crop. 

NATURAL RANGE: India and Pakistan, or perhaps Africa 

REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, NRC 1975, Usher 

1974, Whistler and Hymowitz 1979 

Cycas circinalis L. 

FAMILY: Cycadaceae (cycad) 

ENGLISH: crozier queen sago, false sago, queen sago, sago palm 

SPANISH: palma brashic, pelo ponte 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are leached to remove toxins then ground into an 

edible starchy meal. Also grown widely as a landscape plant for 

the tropical look its elegant palm-like leaves impart. 


REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hyam and Pankhurst 

1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Watkins and Sheehan 

1975 

Cycas revoluta Thunb. 

FAMILY: Cycadaceae (cycad) 

ENGLISH: Japanese sago-palm, sago palm 

PORTUGUESE: cico, palmeira-sagu, sagu 

SPANISH: palmera de sagú, sagú 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and heart are edible, the former after removing 

toxins. More cold hardy than C. circinalis. 


REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Cyclanthera dissecta (Torrey & A. Gray) Arn. 


ENGLISH: cutleaf cyclanthera, cyclanthera 

SPANISH: aca’hua, chayotillo, huisquilete, macuilquilitl 

USES/NOTES: Young greens and fruits are eaten as a quelite 

vegetable in Puebla, Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to Kansas to Louisiana south through Texas to 

Panama 

REFERENCES: Lira and Caballero 2002, Lira and Casas 1998, Nee 1993, 

Stevens et al. 2001 

Cyclanthera explodens Naudin 



NATURAL RANGE: Northern Andes 

REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, León 1987 

Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrader [syn. C. edulis Naudin] 


248



ENGLISH: cyclanthera, slipper gourd, stuffing cucumber, wild 

cucumber 

PORTUGUESE: taimiá de cipó, taimiá de comer 

SPANISH: achoca, achocha, achoccha, achogcha, achojcha, achokkcha, 

achoncha, achoscha, archucha, caigua, caihua, caygua, cayhua, 

cayua, chayotero, korila, maxixi peruano, pepino andino, pepino 

de comer, pepino de rellenar, pepino de relleno, pepino hueco 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit is eaten as a vegetable like cucumbers, 

fresh or pickled. Seeds are made into a medicinal tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: high tropical Andes of South America 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Estrella 1991, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, Naranjo 1991, NRC 

1989, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Williams 1981 

Cyclanthera tonduzii Cogn. 


SPANISH: caiba 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits and tender shoots are eaten in rural 

areas. 


REFERENCES: Williams 1981 

Cyclanthus bipartitus Poit. 

FAMILY: Cyclanthaceae (cyclanthus) 

SPANISH: calzón panga 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible raw or cooked, salt is produced from 

the ash of the burned plant, and leaves are used to wrap fish. 

Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and lower Andean forests of Peru and 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994 

Cycloloma atriplicifolia (Sprengel) Coulter [syn. Salsola 

atriplicifolia Sprengel] 

FAMILY: Chenopodaiceae (goosefoot) 

USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are eaten in cakes, typically with 

cornmeal 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Munz 1974, 


Cydonia oblonga Miller [syn. C. vulgaris Pers., Pyrus cydonia L.] 


ENGLISH: quince 

PORTUGUESE: marmelo, marmelo da Europa 

SPANISH: marumero, membrillo, zamboa 


249


USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated in temperate regions of the Americas 

for its tart to astringent pectin-rich fruit, which is used 

primarily in preserves, sweet meats, and wines, though also eaten 

out of hand and variously cooked. Mucilage from the seed is used 

as a topical skin treatment. 

NATURAL RANGE: Caspian Sea to the Black Sea, probably Iran 

REFERENCES: Andrada 2000, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 

1987, Schneider 1987 

Cylindropuntia leptocaulis (DC.) F.M. Knuth [syn. Opuntia 

leptocaulis DC.] 


ENGLISH: desert Christmas cactus, jumping cactus, pencil cholla 

SPANISH: aguijilla, tasajillo 

USES/NOTES: Red to yellow fruits are tasty, though possibly 

hallucinogenic. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Nobel 1994, Tull 1978, Vigueras 

and Portillo 2001 

Cymbopetalum costaricense (Donn. Sm.) Saff. 


ENGLISH: ear flower 

USES/NOTES: Flower petals have been used to flavor chocolate. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama and likely Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Nelson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Cymbopetalum penduliflorum (Sessé & Moç. ex Dunal) Baillon [syn. 

Porcelia cinnamomea Ruiz & Pavón ex G. Don] 


ENGLISH: ear flower, guanabano, mata boni, mataboni 

SPANISH: orejuelo, teunacaztli, uei nacaztli, xochinacaztli 

USES/NOTES: Aztecs and other Mesoamericans used the dried, earshaped, 

spicey flowers of this large tree to flavor chocolate. 

“Guanabano” and “mataboni” are both listed as being used in 

Belize; what is not mentioned, however, is whether the terms are 

used by Spanish or English speakers. It may that “guanabano” is 

derived from the Spanish term “guanábano” and used by English 

and/or other non-English speakers. It is also possible that 

Spanish speaking Belizians use the term. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Coe 1994, MBG n.d., Murray 1993, 

Wagner 1964 

Cymbopetalum sp. 


PORTUGUESE: aku-cabiá 

USES/NOTES: Unsepcified parts of an undetermined species are said to 

be eaten in the state of Acre of western Amazonian Brazil. 


250


NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre) 


Cymbopogon citratus (DC. ex Nees) Stapf 


ENGLISH: citronella, lemongrass, West Indian lemongrass 

PORTUGUESE: capim-barata, capim-cheiroso, capim-cidrão, capimcidreira, 

capim-cidró, capim-de-cheiro, capim-limão, capimmarinho, 

capim-santo, chá-de-estrada, citronela, erva-cidreira, 

erva-príncipe, jacapé, vervena 

SPANISH: caña de limón, citronella, hierba de limón, hierba luisa, 

limoncillo, malojillo, maría luisa, pasto limón, té limón, yerba 

limón, yerba luisa, zacate limón, zorra de limón 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is made into a beverage tea and a medicinal tea 

used to sooth the stomach and is the source of lemongrass oil, an 

essential oil used in perfumes, cosmetics, and flavorings. Also 

grown for soil conservation and mulch. More common in the 

Americas than C. nardus. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro 

Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Guia 

Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990, 

Purseglove 1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick 1989, Uphof 1968 

Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle [syn. Andropogon nardus L.] 


ENGLISH: Ceylon citronella, citronella, citronella grass, 

lemongrass, mana grass 

PORTUGUESE: citronela, citronela-de-Java 

SPANISH: citronela, citronella, hierba de limón, limoncillo, 

limoncillo de té, sontol, té limón, yerba de limón, yerba limón 

USES/NOTES: Plant contains citronella oil, an essential oil used in 

perfumes, cosmetics, insect repellents (sold commercially in 

candles, as mosquito repellent), and disinfectants. Leaf is used 

to flavor foods and to make tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka or India 

REFERENCES: Barber and Hall 1950, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 

1990, Tucker 1994, Uphof 1968 

Cymopterus acaulis var. fendleri (Gray) Goodrich [syn. C. fendleri 

Gray] 


ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, wafer parsnip, wild celerey 

USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are eaten raw or cooked 

and roots are added to meat for flavor. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 


251


Cymopterus bulbosus Nelson [syn. Phellopterus bulbosus (Nelson) 

Coulter & Rose] 


ENGLISH: biscuit root, bulbous springparsley, corkwing, onion 

springparsley, wafer parsnip, wild celerey 

USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, Uphof 


Cymopterus globosus (S. Watson) S. Watson 


ENGLISH: cympoterus, globe springparsley 

USES/NOTES: Roots and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central California, Nevada, and Utah 


Cymopterus longipes S. Watson [syn. Aulospermum longipes (S. 

Watson) Coulter & Rose] 





REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Cymopterus montanus Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray [syn. Phellopterus 

montanus Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray] 



USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Roots 

are made into flour. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Cymopterus newberryi (S. Watson) M.E. Jones 






Cymopterus purpurascens (Gray) M.E. Jones 


ENGLISH: biscuit root, corkwing, purple springparsley, wafer 

parsnip, wild celerey 

USES/NOTES: Roots, young stems, and leaves are eaten cooked or raw. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974 


252


Cymopterus purpureus S. Watson [syn. Aulospermum purpureum (S. 

Watson) Coulter & Rose] 


ENGLISH: purple springparsley 

USES/NOTES: Navajo used the plant as a potherb to flavor soups. 



Cynara cardunculus L. 


ENGLISH: artichoke thistle, cardon, cardoni, cardoon 

PORTUGUESE: alcachofra-brava, cardo, cardo-santo, cardona 

SPANISH: cardo, cardón 

USES/NOTES: Leaf stalks and roots are eaten as a vegetable, and 

dried flowers are used in flower arrangements. Some consider the 

artichoke of commerce (Cynara scolymus) as a variety of C. 

cardunculus. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely naturalized and invasive 

in the Americas from California to Chile 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974, 


Cynara scolymus L. 


ENGLISH: artichoke, French Artichoke, globe artichoke 

PORTUGUESE: alcachofra 

SPANISH: alcachofa, alcachofera, arcacil, cardo alcochofa, cardo de 

comer 

USES/NOTES: Immature flower head is the artichoke of commerce. The 

scale-like bracts, known botanically as phyllaries, are steamed 

and dipped in butter as a delicacy, and the flower head base and 

heart are much appreciated, often pickled. Some consider C. 

scolymus to be a variety of artichoke thistle (Cynara 

cardunculus). 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Africa 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1990, Leung 1961, Rehm and Espig 1991, Yamaguchi 1983 

Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck. 


ENGLISH: chufa, earth almond, ground almond, nut-grass, nut-sedge, 

rush nut, tiger nut, yellow nut-grass, yellow nut-sedge, zulu nut 

PORTUGUESE: chufa, juncinha-mansa, junça, junquinho 

SPANISH: chufa 

USES/NOTES: Sucrose- and starch-rich tubers are eaten as a 

vegetable, squeezed to produce a beverage, dried to make flour, 

and used as an additive for cocoa (Theobroma spp.) and coffee 

(Coffea spp.). Tubers also are the source of chufa oil, a nondrying 

cooking oil. Young plant bases are used in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nile River basin, widely cultivated and naturalized 


253


REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 

1967, Harris 1972, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Mentz et al. 1997, 

Pascual et al. 2000, Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, 

Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Cyperus rotundus L. 


ENGLISH: coco grass, nut-grass, tulillo 

PORTUGUESE: dandá, dandá-da-costa 

SPANISH: cebolleta, cobollín, coquí, coquillo, coquito, corocillo, 

coyolillo, junquillo, totorilla, totorillo, tulillo 

USES/NOTES: Air dried stems and tubers are eaten raw, baked, 

boiled, or as flour. Grounds also are used to brew a coffee-like 

beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Africa, naturalized widely in the Americas 

and elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 

1939, Morton 1977, OAS 1973, Tull 1978, Voeks 1997 

Cyperus squarrosa L. [syn. C. aristatus Rottb., C. inflexus 

Muhlenb.] 


ENGLISH: sedge 

USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots have been eaten by Amerindians of New 

Mexico. Plant’s aroma is similar to curry powder. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and warm temperate regions of the Americas 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Tucker 1994b, Uphof 1968 

Cyphomandra cajanumensis (Kunth) Walp. [syn. C. casana A. Child] 


SPANISH: casana, tomate silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru from 1,500-3,000 

meters 

REFERENCES: Bohs 1994, Child 1985, Facciola 1990 

Cyphomandra corymbiflora Sendtner 


PORTUGUESE: baga-de-veado, baga-de-veado-gigante 

SPANISH: tomate de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bohs 1994 

Cyphomandra crassicaulis (Ortega) Kuntze [syn. C. betacea (Cav.) 

Sendter, C. crassifolia (Ortega) Kuntze] 


ENGLISH: tamarillo, tree tomato 

PORTUGUESE: tomate chimango, tomate de árvore, tomate francês, 

tomateiro da serra 


254


SPANISH: árbol del tomate, berenjena, chilto, gallinazo panga, 

granadilla, lima tomate, naranjilla, naranjito, palo de tomate, 

pepino de árbol, pimiento, sima, tamarillo, tomarillo, tomate 

cimarrón, tomate de agua, tomate de árbol, tomate de castilla, 

tomate de la paz, tomate de lima, tomate de palo, tomate del 

campo, tomate del monte, tomate del serrano, tomate extranjero, 

tomate francés, tomate granadilla, tomate mora, tomate silvestre, 

toronjo, yuncatomate 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten raw or cooked, made into juice, and jam, 

and is medicinal. The principal tree tomato of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mid elevations of the central Andes, first cultivated 

in Peru, introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bohs 1989, Bohs 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 

1984, Duke 1986, Gregory 1960, Heiser 1984, Hume 1949, León 1987, 

NRC 1989, Popenoe 1974, Soukup 1970 

Cyphomandra diplocanes (Mart.) Sendtner 


PORTUGUESE: baga-de-bugre, baga-de-veado 

SPANISH: guava tamarillo 

USES/NOTES: Frutis repordedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from 50-1,000 meters 


Cyphomandra endopogon Bitter 


SPANISH: asna panga, chupo sacha del monte, ora panga, shuposacha 

machoa, takup 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and northeastern 

Peru, into western Brazil, from 100-1,000 meters 


Cyphomandra fragrans Sendtner 


SPANISH: guava tamarillo 

USES/NOTES: Orange fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: Child 1985, Facciola 1990 

Cyphomandra hartwegii (Miers) Walp. [syn. C. splendens Dunal] 


ENGLISH: tree tomato 

SPANISH: asna panga, fruta de agua, gallinazo panga, naranjilla, 

pepinillo, sandillo, tomate de árbol, tomate de indio, tomate del 

monte, tomate silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten out of hand, sweetened, or made into 

juice and jelly. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador and possibly Chile and Argentina 


255


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bohs 1986, Bohs 1994, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994 

Cyphomandra heterophylla Taubert 


SPANISH: pepinillo 




Cyphomandra naranjilla Pittier 


SPANISH: naranjilla 




Cyphomandra obliqua (Ruiz & Pavón) Sendtner 


PORTUGUESE: jurubeba 

SPANISH: asna panga, chupo sacha, cupa sacha, poshno rao, tomate de 

campo 



REFERENCES: Bohs 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Cyphomandra sibundoyensis Bohs 


SPANISH: tomate salvaje, tomate silvestre 


NATURAL RANGE: Sibundoy, Colombia 


Cyphomandra stellata Bohs 


SPANISH: sacha macho 

USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru (northeastern), Ecuador, and Colombia 


Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link [syn. Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) 

W.D.J. Koch, Spartium scoparium L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: broom, scotch broom 

PORTUGUESE: giesta, giesteira-das-vassouras 

SPANISH: escobón, hiniesta, retama de escoba 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds and fruit pods can be pickled, flowers are 

used like hops (Humulus lupulus), and seeds can be used as a 


256


coffee substitute. Introduced as an ornamental garden plant in 

the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in the Americas and regionally 

invasive in the western U.S. and portions of southern South 

America 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Neumann 

n.d., Parker et al. 1994, Peterson 1977 

Dacryodes belemensis Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: copal, tencanencahue 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of Colombia make a drink from the creamy 

yellow, round fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, and possibly present in 

Surinam and Bolivia and perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d. 

Dacryodes peruviana (Loes.) Lam. 


SPANISH: copal, cunchaya, guiimencahue, guiimonca, huaqueneeo, 

huyimonca, ichilia copal, kunché, macacao, macaco, numi kunchai, 

pene, qunché, shasha, tumbado, witageño, yaguarmuyu 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten after removing husks and ripe fruits 

are sweet. Latex is used for caulking and to ward off bad spirits 

in parts of Amazonian Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonian Brazil to Peru, 

Ecuador, and Colombia, and perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d., 

Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Dahlia coccinea Cav. 


SPANISH: dalia 

USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots were eaten in pre-Columbian Mexico. Now 

cultivated for its red to yellow flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Mabberley 1987, Nash 1976 

Dahlia lehmanii Hieron. 



USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots were eaten in pre-Columbian Mexico. Now 

cultivated as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994 

Dahlia pinnata Cav. [syn. D. rosea Cav.] 


ENGLISH: dahlia, garden dahlia 

PORTUGUESE: dália 


257



USES/NOTES: Tuberous roots are edible and an inuline source. Also 

grown as a flowering ornamental. Now cultivated in the Andes from 

Colombia to Bolivia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Molina 1975, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, 

West 1989a 

Dalea candida Willd. [syn. Petalostemon candidum Michaux] and 

Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torrey) Shinners [syn. 

Petalostemon oligophyllum (Torrey) Rydb.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: prairie clover, slender white prairie clover, white 

prairie clover 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were eaten raw by Amerindians of New 

Mexico, Dried leaves have been used as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Dalea lanata Sprengel var. lanata [syn. Parosela lanata (Sprengel) 

Britton] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: indigo bush 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were eaten fresh by the Hopi. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern to western North America and adjacent 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Isely 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Dalea purpurea Vent. [syn. Petalostemon purpureus (Vent.) Rydb.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: indigo bush, purple prairie clover, violet prairie clover 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and Native Americas of the 

Missouri River region chewed the roots. Also planted for its 

showy purple flowers, to attract butterflies, and to fix nitrogen 

in prairie plantings. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada, the U.S. and perhaps into northern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Isely 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Dasylirion cedrosanum Trel. 

FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis), or 

Nolinaceae (nolina), previously Liliaceae (lily) 

SPANISH: sereque, soto, sotol 

USES/NOTES: Sap is used to prepare sotol, an alcoholic beverage 

somewhat like mexcal, which is derived from Agave spp. 



258


REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d. 

Dasylirion leiophyllum Engelm. ex Trel. 



ENGLISH: desert candle, green sotol, smooth-leaved sotol, smooth 

sotol 

SPANISH: sereque, sotol brillante 

USES/NOTES: A sotol source and leaves have been used to make mats, 

baskets, and paper. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, southeastern New Mexico, and adjacent 

Coahila and Chihuahua, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bogler 1994, Correll and Johnston 1970 

Dasylirion texanum Scheele 



ENGLISH: green sotol, sotol, Texas sotol 

SPANISH: sereque, sotol 

USES/NOTES: Sweet central bud is eaten and sap is used to prepare 

the alcoholic beverage sotol. Also a fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Texas to the northern Mexican 

states of Coahuila and Chihuahua 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Dasylirion wheeleri S. Watson ex Rothr. 



ENGLISH: blue sotol, common sotol, desert candle, desert spoon, 

grey sotol, sotol, spoon plant, Wheeler’s sotol 

SPANISH: sereque, sotol de desierto 

USES/NOTES: Sweet central bud is eaten after cooking in pits, 

flowers are eaten cooked, sap is used to prepare sotol, seeds may 

be made into flour, and the plant is an alcohol and fiber source. 

Flower stalks may reach five meters. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas, and adjacent northern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Correll and Johnston 

1970, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Daucus carota L. subsp. carota 


ENGLISH: bird’s nest, Queen Anne’s lace, wild carrot 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a seasoning, and white roots are 

occasionally eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: temperate Eurasia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987 

Daucus carota subsp. sativus (L.) Schuebler & Martens 


259



ENGLISH: carrot, common carrot 

PORTUGUESE: cenoira, cenoura, cenourinha 

SPANISH: acenoria, azanoria, azenoria, carota, dauco, nabo 

amarillo, pastinaca selvaje, safranoria, zanahoria, zanoria 

USES/NOTES: Edible, orange roots are high in vitamin A and are the 

carrots of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan or Mediterranean Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 


Daucus pussilus Michaux 


ENGLISH: American carrot, rattlesnake weed 

USES/NOTES: Roots, once more important than today, are eaten raw or 

cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Davilla kunthii A. St-Hil. 

FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenias) 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-caboclo 

SPANISH: paujil chaqui 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten raw or cooked, and stem is a potable 

water source. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, 

Uphof 1968, Voeks 1996 

Davilla nitida (Vahl) Kubitzki 


PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-fogo 

USES/NOTES: Stem is a potable water source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Ecuador and Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Breedlove 1986 

Deeringothamnus rugelii (B.L. Rob.) Small [syn. Asimina rugelii 

B.L. Rob.] 


ENGLISH: pretty false pawpaw, royal false pawpaw, Rugel’s false 

pawpaw, Rugel’s pawpaw, yellow squirrel-banana 


NATURAL RANGE: Rare and endemic to east-central Florida, now 

restricted to portions of Volusia County 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Helkowski and Norman 1997, Kermath (notes), 

Kral 1960, Small 1930, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998 


260


Deeringothamnus rugelii (B.L. Rob.) Small var. pulchellus (Small) 

D.B. Ward [syn. D. pulchellus Small, Asimina pulchella (Small) 

Rehder & Dayton] 


ENGLISH: beautiful pawpaw, pretty false pawpaw, royal false pawpaw, 

squirrel-banana, white squirrel-banana 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the yellowish fruit, to 7 cm long, is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Endemic to central and southwestern Florida, perhaps 

restricted to Orange, Charlotte, and Lee counties 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kral 1960, Rehder and Dayton 1944, Taylor 

1998, Wunderlin 1998 

Dendrobangia boliviana Rusby 


SPANISH: iporuro de altura 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into an alcoholic beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Bolivia to central Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992, Rankin de Mérona et al. 

1992 

Dendrocalamus asper (Schultes f.) Heyne 


ENGLISH: bamboo 


SPANISH: bambú 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible. 

There are over 1,200 bamboo species throughout the tropics and 

subtropics, many of which have edible parts. Most economically 

important species are from Asia. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, Molina 

1975 

Dendrocalamus giganteus Munro 


ENGLISH: giant bamboo 



USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Burma 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987 

Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees 


ENGLISH: Calcutta bamboo, male bamboo 

PORTUGUESE: bambu, taboca, taquara 





261


REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Purseglove 1972, Mabberley 1987, 

Molina 1975 

Descurainia incana subsp. incisa (Englem.) Kartesz & Ghandi [syn. 

Sophia incisa (Engelm.) E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: tansy mustard 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground. 



Descurainia pinnata subsp. halictorum (Cockerell) Detling [syn. 

Sophia halictorum Cockerell] 



USES/NOTES: Pueblo Indians ate the tender greens. Seed is a minor 

oil source. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Descurainia pinnata subsp. pinnata (Walter) Britton [syn. 

Sisymbrium canescens Nutt., Sophia pinnata (Walter) Howell] 



USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten, contain an edible oil, and are made 

into a refreshing drink. 



Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl 


ENGLISH: flixweed, tansy mustard 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are parched and ground into an edible meal, used 

like common mustard (Brassica nigra), or made into pinole. Young 

shoots are used as a potherb. Reportedly poisonous to cattle. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Desmanthus illinoensis (Michaux) MacMillan ex. Robinson & Fern. 

[syn. D. brachylobus (Willd.) Benth.] 


ENGLISH: bundleflower, false sensitive plant, Illinois 

bundleflower, Illinois desmanthus, prairie bundleflower, prairie 

mimosa, prickleweed 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds may be mixed with other grains. 

Research is underway to develop a viable perennial commercial 

grain crop for human consumption. 



262


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kulakow 1999, 

Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman 1991 

REFERENCES: Brako et al. 1995, Correll and Johnston 1970, Cox et 

al. 2006, DeHaan et al. 2003, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., Kulakow 

1999, MBG n.d., PFAF n.d., Radford et al. 1968, Schwegman 1991 

Desmodium cinereum (Kunth) DC. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: tickclover 

SPANISH: hierba del ángel 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible. Also used as a green manure. 


REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Terra 1966, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975 

Desmodium incanum DC. [syn. D. frutescens Schindler] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: ironweed, kaimi-clover, watchman 

PORTUGUESE: carrapicho, vernônia 

SPANISH: ambrosía, rompezaragüelles 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem are made into tea. 


REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Wiersema et 

al. 1990 

Desmoncus cirrhiferus A. Gentry & Zardini 


SPANISH: bora negra, matamba 


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Colombia and Ecuador 


Desmoncus orthacanthos [syn. D. longifolius Mart., D. prostratus 

Lindman] 


ENGLISH: basket tie-tie, bayal, grigri palm, karwari 

PORTUGUESE: jacitara 

SPANISH: balaire, ballí, bayal, camuari, matamba, matambilla, 

urubamba, volador 


NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Mexico through South America East of the 

Andes to southeastern Brazil and Trinidad and Tobago 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Phillips 1991 

Desmoncus polyacanthos Mart. var. polyacanthos [syn. D. 

macroanthus Mart.] 


ENGLISH: kamawarri 


263


PORTUGUESE: coco-titara, espera-aí, jacitara, jassitara, jequitá, 

jipiti, titara 

SPANISH: bejuco alcalde, ca-mu-vé, enredadera, pishuallo rojo, vara 

casha, voladora, yasitara 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, larger than those of D. polyacanthos var. 

prunifer, contain edible pulp. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through most of Brazil, the Guianas, 

Trinidad, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, 1995, 

IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987 

Desmoncus polyacanthos var. prunifer (Mart.) Henderson [syn. D. 

prunifer Poeppig ex Mart.] 


SPANISH: jacitara, tipiti, vara casha 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Martin et al. 

1987 

Dialium guianensis (Aublet) Sandw. 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Caesalpiniaceae (bean or 

pea) 

PORTUGUESE: jutaí-pororoca, jutaicica, pororoca, roxinho, roxinhorana, 

sacupembinha, tamarina, tamarindo 

SPANISH: dicademo, guapaque, huapaque, palo de lacandón, palo 

sangre, paque, paquí, tamarindo silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Powdery, yellowish, tart aril is eaten dried or soaked 

in water. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Davis and Yost 1983, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Silva et al. 


Dialyanthera acuminata Standley 


SPANISH: cuángare 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Panama 


Diclidanthera penduliflora Mart. 

FAMILY: Polygalaceae (milkwort) 

SPANISH: coto huayo 

USES/NOTES: Powdery aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Peru 


Diclinanona tessmannii Diels 



264


PORTUGUESE: manga-de-anta 

SPANISH: tortuga blanca 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Spichiger et al. 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum (Mart.) H. Wendl. [syn. D. schultzei 

Burret] 


SPANISH: barrigona, barrigona blanca, basanco, palma barrigona, 

palma bombona, palma real, pona 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: patchy from eastern Panama through Bolivia 


Dicypellium caryophyllatum Nees & Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: caneleiro-cravo, craveiro-do-Maranhão, craveiro-domato, 

louro-cheiroso, louro-cravo, pau-cravo 

USES/NOTES: Clove-scented bark is sold in markets as a spice. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987 

Dilkea retusa Masters [syn. D. acuminata Masters, D. wallisii 

Mart.] 

FAMILY: Passifloraceae (passionflower) 

PORTUGUESE: grão-de-bode 

SPANISH: granadilla caspi 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Dillenia indica L. 


ENGLISH: chalta, dillenia, elephant apple, Indian dillenia 

PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-pataca, árvore-do-dinheiro, flor-de-abril 

SPANISH: coca, dilenia, hondapara, manzana de elefante, manzanote 

USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as an ornamnetal and for shade in the 

Americas, though the large apple-scented bitter fruit is used in 

curries, sauces, and preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: India and probably Malaysia, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Omawale 

1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, Stevens et al. 2001 

Dimerocostus strobilaceus Kuntze subsp. strobilaceus Maas 

FAMILY: Zingiberaceae (ginger) or Costaceae (spiral flag) 

PORTUGUESE: cana-de-macaco 

SPANISH: nenenquemo, untuntu 


265


USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a refreshing snack in Amazonian 

Ecuador. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Dimocarpus longan Lour. [syn. Euphoria nephelium L., Nephelium 

longana Cambess.] 


ENGLISH: longan, longyen, lungan 

PORTUGUESE: longan, longana, olho-de-boi, olho-de-dragão 

SPANISH: longán, mamoncillo chino 

USES/NOTES: Fruit’s bitter-sweet, though pleasant, juicy aril, 

similar to the litchi (Litchi chinensis), is eaten fresh, dried, 

canned, and in jellies. 

NATURAL RANGE: India, southern China, or Thailand 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al. 

1967, Will 1991 

Dioon edule Lindley 

FAMILY: Zamiaceae (zamia) or Cycadaceae (cycad) 

ENGLISH: chestnut dioon, dion, dioon, Mexican fern palm, sago palm 

SPANISH: chamal, palma de la virgen, palma de macetas 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten boiled or roasted then ground and used 

as a starchy flour for tortillas. Cultivated as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico from sea level to about 1,500m in the 

Sierra Madre Oriental 

REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Jones 1993, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 

1987, Stevenson et al. 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Dioscorea alata L. 

FAMILY: Dioscoreaceae (yam) 

ENGLISH: Chinese yam, greater Asiatic yam, greater yam, Guyana 

arrowroot, Lisbon yam, ten months yam, water yam, white yam, 

winged yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, cará-chinês, cará-cultivado, cará-da- 

Guiné, cará-de-agua, cará-de-Angola, cará-inhame, inhame-da- 

China, inhame-da-Índia, inhame-liso, sachapapa 

SPANISH: cabeza de negro, cará, chami papa, igname, iñame, malli, 

mallica, ñame asiático, ñame blanco, ñame chino, ñame de agua, 

ñame de mina, ñame grande, ñame mayor de Asia, ñame morado, ñame 

peludo, ñampi, nangate, ñangate, papa de montaña, tabena, tus, 

yame blanco 

USES/NOTES: The most widely cultivated Dioscorea species is grown 

for its edible bulbils and large starchy tubers, which may weigh 

50 kilograms. Large heart-shaped leaves and winged stems 

characterize this fast growing vine. 

NATURAL RANGE: South or Southeast Asia, perhaps near the Bay of 

Bengal, naturalized and pestiferous in warm regions 


266


REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Editorial Panapo 1988, FLEPPC 2003, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, 

Kay 1973, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Martin 1976, O’Hair 1984, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, 

Sauer 1969, Yamaguchi 1983 

Dioscorea brasiliensis Willd. 


PORTUGUESE: cará-branco 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious tubers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Silva et al. 1977 

Dioscorea bridgesii Griseb ex R. Knuth 


SPANISH: ñame 



REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 

1999 

Dioscorea bulbifera L. 


ENGLISH: acom, acom yam, aerial yam, air potato, bulbil bearing 

yam, otaheite potato, otaheite yam, potato yam, turkey-liver yam 

PORTUGUESE: batata-de-rama, batata-do-ar, cará-de-espinho, cará-de- 

São-Tomé, cará-de-sapateiro, cará-do-ar, cará-do-céu, carásapateiro, 

inhame-casco, inhame-de-Angola 

SPANISH: batata del aire, bondá, huayra papa, ñame, ñame congo, 

ñame criollo, ñame de mata, ñame del aire, ñame papa, ñati papa, 

papa caribe, papa del aire, papa voladora 

USES/NOTES: Young axillary bulbils, or aerial tubers, at the leaf 

bases of this aggressive climber are eaten cooked, though are 

often bitter. Tubers also are edible, though typically as a 

famine food and only after detoxification. Bulbils and tubers 

also are starch sources, and inflorescences reportedly are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Asia, naturalized and invasive in 

warm regions including the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 

1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, 

Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin 1974, O’Hair 1984, OAS 

1973, Schneider 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Dioscorea cayenensis Lam. 


ENGLISH: affoo, afou, cut-and-come-again yam, dye yam, Guinea yam, 

hard yam, negro yam, neroo yam, twelve months yam, yellow yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-amarelo, cará-de-Pará 


267


SPANISH: congo amarillo, mapuey morado, ñame amarillo, ñame 

amarillo de Guinea, ñame chomo, ñame de Guinea, ñame negro, 

niame, yame amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated, especially in the Antilles, for its 

sweetish tuber, which is eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Africa 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kay 1973, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, 

O’Hair 1984, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rodríguez 

Martínez 1987, Yamaguchi 1983 

Dioscorea cinnamonifolia Hook. [syn. D. teretiuscula Klotzsch, D. 

tuberosa Vell.] 


ENGLISH: yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-açu, cará-mimoso 

USES/NOTES: Large, starchy, tubers are harvested from wild and 

spontaneous plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern and central Brazil 

REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Uphof 1968 

Dioscorea dodecaneura Vell. [syn. D. hebantha Mart.?] 


PORTUGUESE: cará-barbado, caratinga-roxa, inhame-branco 


USES/NOTES: Cultivated, mucilaginous, almond-tasting tubers are 

eaten cooked or uncooked in Brazil. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South and Central America 


Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax [syn. D. triphylla L. var. 

dumetorum (Kunth) R. Knuth] 


ENGLISH: African bitter yam, bitter yam, cluster yam, three-leaved 

yam, trifoliate yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-trifoliado, inhame-bravo 

SPANISH: ñame amargo, ñame de tres hojas 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, highly variable in form, quality, and color, 

are edible, though highly toxic before being cooked. 


REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973, Rehm and 

Espig 1991 

Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill [syn. D. aculeata L.] 


ENGLISH: Asiatic yam, Chinese yam, lesser Asiatic yam, lesser yam, 

potato yam 

PORTUGUESE: bracanaã, cará-guine, cará-pé-de-anta, inhame-branco, 

inhame-da-costa, inhame-de-São-Tomé, tuia 


268


SPANISH: ñame asiático, ñame azucar, ñame boniato, ñame chino, ñame 

de China, ñame menor de Asia, ñame papa, ñame pequeño, tongo, 

yame papa, yampí 

USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indochina, perhaps Thailand 

REFERENCES: Alexander and Coursey 1969, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 

1991, Kay 1973, O’Hair 1984, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987 

Dioscorea hastata C. Presl 


ENGLISH: yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, cará-coco 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its edible tubers. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southeastern Brazil, and perhaps 

Mexico 


Dioscorea heptaneura Vell. 


ENGLISH: yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-preto, inhame-roxo 

USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous tubers are eaten as a vegetable, or are 

used as a coffee substitute after being roasted and ground. Also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps south-central Brazil 


Dioscorea humifusa Poeppig var. humifusa and D. humifusa var. 

gracilis (H. & A.) Navas 






1999 

Dioscorea macrostachya Benth. 


SPANISH: camote amarillo, cuculmeca, panil book 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, leaves, and shoots are eaten cooked. Also used 

to stun fish. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973 

Dioscorea matagalpensis Uline 


SPANISH: panil book 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Nicaragua 


269



Dioscorea oppositifolia L. [syn. D. batatas Decne.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese potato, Chinese yam, cinnamon vine, cinnamon yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-amarela, inhame-da-China 

SPANISH: ñame de China, yampi 

USES/NOTES: Cold-hardy, mucilaginous tuber is eaten in a variety of 

cooked dishes and is the source of Guiana arrowroot starch. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, perhaps southern China or Malaysia 

REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973, Facciola 

1990, Kitajima et al. 1979, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Dioscorea rotundata Poiret 


ENGLISH: eight months yam, Guinea yam, negro yam, Portuguese yam, 

proper yam, white Guinea yam, white yam 

PORTUGUESE: cará-branco, inhame-de-guine 

SPANISH: ñame blanco, ñame blanco de Guinea 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated in the Antilles and West Africa for 

its edible tuber. Similar to D. cayenensis. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Africa 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kay 1973, 

O’Hair 1984, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987 

Dioscorea trifida L.f. 


ENGLISH: bell yam, cush-cush yam, igname, Indian yam, mapuey yam, 

sweet yam, wild potato, yampee, yampi, yampie 

PORTUGUESE: batata-nambu, cará-doce, cará-mimoso, caraquento, 

inambu, inhame-caraquento, inhame-da-terra 

SPANISH: aja, ajé, mallica, mapuey, ñame, ñame cush-cush, ñame de 

la India, ñame mapuey, ñame morado, ñame papa, ñame vino, ñame 

ycampi, ñampí, papa de montaña, pëa, sacha papa, sacha papa 

morada, yampé, yampí 

USES/NOTES: Early domesticate of Amerindians, the tubers are easily 

digested. Also harvested from wild populations. Uncooked rhizome 

is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America, perhaps Guyana from where it 

may have spread naturally through the Caribbean to the 

southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bennett et al. 2001, Boom 1987, Chu and 

Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson 1997, 

IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, León 1987, Martin and Degras 1978, O’Hair 

1984, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Rodríguez 

Martínez 1987, Soukup 1970 

Dioscorea trifoliata Kunth in Humb. & Bonpl. & Kunth 


ENGLISH: yam 


270


PORTUGUESE: cará-pé-de-anta, caranambu, inhame-nambu 


USES/NOTES: Sweetish tubers are eaten in Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps southern Brazil, now widespread in 

the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Chu and Figueiredo-Ribeiro 1991, Kermath (notes), 

Steyermark et al. 1995, Uphof 1968 

Diospyros artanthaefolia Mart. ex Miq. [also D. praetermissa 

Sandw.] 

FAMILY: Ebenaceae (ebony) 

PORTUGUESE: cuquí 



REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Diospyros blancoi A. DC. [syn. D. discolor Willd., D. philippensis 

(Desr.) Guerke] 


ENGLISH: butter fruit, mabola, mabolo, peach bloom, Philippine 

persimmon, Velvet apple 

PORTUGUESE: mabolo 

SPANISH: camagón, mabolo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, apple-sized, pubescent fruit, with a cheese-like 

odor, is eaten fresh after peeling or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Philippines 

REFERENCES: Gregory 1960, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, 

Popenoe 1974, Usher 1974 

Diospyros conzattii Standley 


SPANISH: uzxaca, zapote negro silvestre 


NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca, Mexico to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Provance and Sanders 2006, Uphof 

1968 

Diospyros inconstans Jacq. [syn. Maba inconstans Griseb.] 


SPANISH: negra lora 


NATURAL RANGE: Antilles 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Diospyros kaki L.f. [syn. D. chinensis Blume] 


ENGLISH: caqui, Chinese date plum, Chinese persimmon , fuyu 

persimmon (non-astringent variety), hachiya persimmon (astringent 

variety), Japanese persimmon, kakee, kaki, kaki plum 


271


PORTUGUESE: caqui, caqui-chocolate 

SPANISH: caqui, fruta del Asia, gallina ciega, hachiya (astringent 

variety), locuá, kaki, kaki del Japón, níspero del Japón, palo 

santo, palosanto 

USES/NOTES: Orange-red fruit, with the general appearance of a 

tomato, is eaten raw or dried. Some varieties are juicy, some 

gelatinous. The hachiya variety is astringent until very ripe and 

soft and should not be eaten while still firm. The fuyu variety 

is squatter in form and can be eaten while still firm, as it is 

not astringent. The fruit is also a sugar source. The Chinese 

plant was taken to Japan where it was discovered by Americans and 

brought to the US in 1870. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Diospyros lotus L. 


ENGLISH: date plum 

PORTUGUESE: caqui 

SPANISH: ébano 

USES/NOTES: Ripe, dark, two cm long fruits taste like dates 

(Phoenix dactylifera) and are eaten out of hand, dried, or fresh. 

Also used as a rootstock for D. kaki. 

NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions of western Asia to China 

REFERENCES: Houaiss 1982, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968 

Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. 


SPANISH: ébano malabárico 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, though astringent ripe fruits are eaten fresh or 

in marmalades. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indo-Malaysia 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Mabberley 1987 

Diospyros revoluta Poiret [syn. D. ebenaster auct. non Retz.] and 

D. digyna Jacq. [syn. D. obtusifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., D. 

ebenaster (according to Mabberley)] 


ENGLISH: black persimmon, black sapote, chocolate pudding fruit 

PORTUGUESE: caqui, ebano 

SPANISH: barbacoa, caimitillo, ébano, ébano agrio, guayabota, 

matasano de mico, matazano de mico, sapote, sapote negro, 

sapuche, sapuchi, zapote de mico, zapote negro 

USES/NOTES: Soft, chocolate-colored ripe fruit pulp is eaten as a 

snack. Unripe fruits are poisonous and used as a fish poison. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal lowlands of Mexico to Costa Rica, D. digyna 

also to the West Indies 


272


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brücher 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 

1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, 

Usher 1974 

Diospyros texana Scheele 


ENGLISH: black persimmon, Texas persimmon 

SPANISH: chapote, sapote prieto, zapote negro 

USES/NOTES: Round, black, ripe fruit tastes somewhat like a prune 

(Prunus domestica), though unripe fruit is astringent. Flowers 

are a good honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Tull 1978 

Diospyros virginiana L. 


ENGLISH: American persimmon, common persimmon, North American 

ebony, persimmon, possumwood 

PORTUGUESE: caqui 

SPANISH: caqui, caqui americano, guayacán de Virginia, placaminero 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark orange fruits, once relished as a 

foodstuff in the eastern U.S., remain astringent until very ripe 

when they become soft and sweet and can be eaten out hand or in 

various cooked desserts. Leaves can be steeped into a quality 

tea, and seeds may be used as a coffee substitute. Potentially 

large, deciduous, hardwood tree has attractive fall foliage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New Jersey to southern Florida in 

the east to southeastern Kansas and eastern Texas in the west 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Godfrey 1988, Hyam and 

Pankhurst 1995, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), 

Peterson 1977, Popenoe 1974, Sokolov 1991, Stamps and 

Satterthwaite 1995 

Diphysa americana (P. Miller) M. Sousa [syn. D. robinioides Benth. 

ex Benth. & Oersted] 


pea) 

SPANISH: cuachipil, gauchipilín 

USES/NOTES: Yellow flowers are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sousa 1990 

Diplotaxis muralis (L.) DC. 


ENGLISH: sand rocket, stinking wall-rocket, wall rocket 

SPANISH: jaramago 

USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are eaten fresh in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and Southern Europe, sparsely naturalized 


273


REFERENCES: Bianchini et al. 1988, Holmgren et al. 2005, Zuloaga 

1997 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. 


ENGLISH: Lincoln weed, perennial wall-rocket, sand mustard, sand 

rocket, slimleaf wall-rocket, wall rocket, wild arugola, wild 

rocket 

PORTUGUESE: pinchão, rúcula 

SPANISH: jamargo, jaramago, jaramargo, rúcula 

USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are eaten fresh in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and Southern Europe, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Padulosi and Pignone 1996, Pensiero and Gutiérrez 2005, 

PFAF n.d., Fernald 1950, Zuloaga 1997 

Diplotropis martiusii Benth. 


pea) 

SPANISH: chonta quiro 

USES/NOTES: Salty leaf ash is mixed with coca leaf chew. Also a 

lumber source and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lima 

1985 

Dipteryx micrantha (Harms) Ducke [syn. Coumarouna micrantha 

(Harms) Ducke] 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: cumaru-ferro 

SPANISH: charapilla, shihuahuaco 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South American lowlands 

REFERENCES: Ducke 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Dipteryx odorata (Aublet) Willd. [syn. Coumarouna odorata (Willd.) 

Aublet] and D. punctata (S.F. Blake) Amshoff [syn. Coumarouna 

punctata S.F. Blake] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Dutch tonka, English tonka, rumara, tonka, tonka bean, 

tonka bean tree, tonka tree, tonquin bean 

PORTUGUESE: coumarou (refers to the fruit), cumaru, cumaru-amarelo 

(D. punctata), cumaru-de-cheiro (D. punctata), cumaru-de-ferro 

(D. odorata), cumaru-ferro (D. odorata), cumaru-roxa, cumaruverdadeiro, 

feijão (D. odorata) 

SPANISH: charapillo, charapilla del murciélago, choiba, choibá, 

choidá, coumarona punctata (refers to fruit), cumarín, cumarú, 

haba tonca, haba tonka, sarrapia/o, sarrapia real, shihuahuaco, 

shirihuaco, tonka, yape 


274


USES/NOTES: Coumarin, an aromatic oil extracted from the seed, is 

used as a vanilla flavoring substitute and to scent tobacco, 

snuff, soap, perfume, etc. Seeds occasionally are eaten boiled 

and are cured in rum in Trinidad. Sweet fruit pulp is eaten fresh 

in some places. Also medicinal and a construction lumber source. 

Tree is among the tallest in the forest. Cultivated in parts of 

its native range (most notably Venezuela), the West Indies, and 

Nigeria. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands of northern South America from northern 

Brazil, Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry 1993, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kainer and Dureya 1992, Kermath 

(notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, 

Plotkin 1993, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 


Dipteryx oleifera Benth. [syn. D. panamensis (Pittier) Record & 

Mell, Coumarouna oleifera (Benth.) Taub., Oleiocarpon panamense 

(Pittier) Dwyer] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: eboe, ebor, mountain almond, tonka bean tree 

SPANISH: almendro, almendro amarillo, almendro corozo, almendro de 

montaña, almendrón, choibá, choiva, igua, igua sapi 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this large tree are used like those of D. 

odorata, edible after boiling or roasting, cured in rum for their 

flavor, or to scent tobacco and other items. The large, 

attractive tree is used to shade cacao (Theobroma cacao) and the 

fruit is consumed by the increasingly endangered, great green 

macaw (Ara ambigua). 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands of northern Ecuador through Colombia to 

Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Uphof 

1968 

Disterigma acuminatum (Kunth) Nied. 


SPANISH: mortiño blanco, pipisiki 

USES/NOTES: Translucent whitish fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: Luteyn 1987, Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002 

Disterigma alaternoides (Kunth) Nied. [syn. D. popenoei Blake] 


SPANISH: chirimote, fiapilla, mortiño, perlillo, tirá, zchirpe 

USES/NOTES: Translucent whitish to pink, or reddish-wine colored 

fruit is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and 

Bolivia 


275


REFERENCES: Luteyn 1987, Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 

1987, MBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Wilbur 1992 

Distichlis palmeri (Vasey) Fassett ex I.M. Johnston [syn. Uniola 

palmeri Vasey] 


ENGLISH: Palmer’s saltgrass, wild wheat 

SPANISH: trigo gentil 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten as a nut or a cereal grain. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Foster and Cordell 1992, Gould and Moran 

1981, Yensen 1987 

Ditaxis heterantha Zucc. [syn. Argythamnia heterantha Müll.] 

FAMILY: Euphorbiaceae(spurge) 

SPANISH: azafrán de bolita 

USES/NOTES: Extract from the protein and oil-rich seed is used to 

color and flavor other foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Semi-arid regions of central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Méndez-Robles et al. 2004, Webster 1994 

Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. 


ENGLISH: Florida hopbush, hopbush, hopseed bush, hopwood, native 

hops, native hopseed, purple hopseed bush (purpurea cultivar), 

sticky hopbush, varnish-leaf 

PORTUGUESE: erva-de-veado, faxina-vermelha, vassoura-vermelha 

SPANISH: cachoveano, candelas, canelillo, chacatca, chacatía, 

chamalo, chamana, chanchillo, chapulixctli, chapulixtle, chirca, 

chirca de monte, chivo, crestona, jarilla, jarilla de día, 

matagusano, ocotillo, pirumu 

USES/NOTES: Although little used as food plant, the three-winged 

fruit capsules have been used as a substitute for hops (Humulus 

lupulus), though perhaps not in the Americas, and the seeds 

reportedly may be used as a spice, though they are also described 

as astringent and bitter. The shrub to medium-sized tree is 

cultivated primarily as a specimen tree or hedge. The purpurea 

cultivar, with its purplish fruits, is especially popular as a 

landscape plant. Most plant parts also have medicinal 

applications and poisonous leaves are high in tannin. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical and warm temperate regions of all continents 

and most archipelagos with disjunct populations in the U.S. 

including peninsular Florida, southern California and southern 

Arizona, and perhaps southern Louisiana and along the Texas 

coast, and from the Bahamas through the Antilles and from Mexico 

through Central America to Uruguay and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1991, Foster 1958, 

MBG n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Niembro Rocas 1986, Pesman 1962, 

Torres n.d. 


276


Doliocarpus dentatus (Aublet) Standley, D. macrocarpus Mart. ex 

Eichler, and D. major J. Gmelin subsp. major 


ENGLISH: watervine 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-de-agua 

SPANISH: puca huasca 

USES/NOTES: Stems contain potable water. 



Dovyalis abyssinica (Eichler) Warb. [syn. D. engleri Gilg, Aberia 

abyssinica Clos] [also the hybrid D. abyssinica x hebecarpa 

(Gardner) Warb.] 


ENGLISH: Abyssinian gooseberry, African dove plum, African 

gooseberry, apricot velvet berry (hybrid), Florida gooseberry 

(hybrid), hybrid dovyalis, kitembilla (hybrid), tropical apricot 

(hybrid) 

SPANISH: aberia, kei (hybrid), ketembilla (hybrid), mukambura 

(hybrid) 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, apricot-colored fruits are eaten fresh, stewed, 

or preserved. Fuzzy, dark purple to brown hybrid fruits are eaten 

out of hand or preserved. Dovyalis has appeared incorrectly 

spelled as Doryalis. 

NATURAL RANGE: Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda, hybrid from South Asia 

or Florida 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Campbell 1984, Facciola 1990, 

León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 

1987a, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Dovyalis caffra (Hook.f. & Harvey) Warb. [syn. Aberia caffra 

Harvey & Sonder] 


ENGLISH: kei-apple, umkokolo, umkolo 

SPANISH: aberia, kei, manzana de kei 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are made into jams, tarts, and desserts, 

unripe fruits are made into jelly. Also grown as an ornamental 

hedge. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Africa 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., León 1987, Mabberley 1987, 

Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb. [syn. Aberia gardneri Clos, 

Roumea hebecarpa Gardner] 


ENGLISH: Ceylon gooseberry, ketambilla, kitambilla, kitembilla 

SPANISH: aberia, cereza de Ceilán, ketambila, ketembilla, 

kitembilla 

USES/NOTES: Reddish-purple, two and a half cm long fruits are eaten 

in jellies and preserves. 


277


NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably Sri Lanka, perhaps India 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gregory 1960, León 1987, Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et 

al. 1967, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Dracontium asperum K. Koch 


ENGLISH: dracontium 

PORTUGUESE: erva-jararaca, herva-de-Santa-Maria, jararaca, 

jararaca-tajá, milho-de-cobra, tajá-de-cobra, tája-de-cobra, 

tarumã 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil to southern Venezuela and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Plowman 1969, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Dracontium loretense K. Krause 


ENGLISH: fer-de-lance 

PORTUGUESE: milho-de-cobra 

SPANISH: hierba del jergón, jergón sacha 

USES/NOTES: Tubers reportadly are eaten cooked. 



Dracontium margaretae Bogner 


SPANISH: changuange sabanero 

USES/NOTES: Corms are eaten boiled, or boiled then roasted over an 

open fire. 

NATURAL RANGE: Paraguay and Brazil to central Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Gragson 1997 

Dracontium pittieri Engl. 


SPANISH: hombrón 

USES/NOTES: Large tubers are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Plowman 1969 

Dracontium polyphyllum L. 


PORTUGUESE: jararaca-mirim, jiracaca 

SPANISH: jararaca merim, jergón sacha 

USES/NOTES: Tuberous rootstocks are eaten cooked. Also used to 

treat snakebites. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to Peru 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968 

Drimys winteri Forster & Forster f. [syn. D. chilensis DC., D. 

punctata Lam.] 


278


FAMILY: Winteraceae (winteria) 

ENGLISH: winter’s bark 

SPANISH: boighe, canelo, chachaca, chilillo, cupís, palo de ají, 

palo de chile, palo de mambo, quinón 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic bark is used as a spice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, 

Zuloaga 1997 

Duckesia verrucosa (Ducke) Cuatrec. [syn. Sacoglottis verrucosa 

Ducke] 

FAMILY: Humiriaceae (bastard bullet tree) 

PORTUGUESE: uchi-cora, uxi-corôa, uxicuruá 

SPANISH: loro shungo, manchari caspi 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Cuatrecasas 1961, Duke and Vásquez 


Dudleya edulis (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) Moran [syn. Cotyledon 

edulis (Nutt.) Brewer, Stylophyllum edule (Nutt.) Britton & Rose] 

and D. lanceolata (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) Britton & Rose 

[syn. Cotyledon lanceolata (Nutt.) Brewer & Watson] 

FAMILY: Crassulaceae (stonecrop) 

ENGLISH: mission lettuce (D. edulis) 

USES/NOTES: Tender leaves and sweetish, though somewhat chalky 

stems are edible. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica Moran [syn. D. pulverulenta 

(Nutt.) Britton & Rose, Cotyledon pulverulenta (Nutt.) Brewer & 

Watson] 


ENGLISH: chalk lettuce, teilplant 

USES/NOTES: Tender leaves and sweetish, though chalky stems are 

edible. 


REFERENCES: Moran 1943, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Duguetia bahiensis Maas [syn. D. bracteosa Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: pinhão 



REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1993, Martin et al. 1987 

Duguetia flagellaris Huber 



279


SPANISH: cherimoya del monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Salick 1992 

Duguetia lanceolata St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: beribá, beribazeiro, pindaíva 




Duguetia macrophylla R.E. Fries 


SPANISH: júúmyba, tortuga caspi 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and bark is used in a medicinal balm. 



Duguetia marcgraviana Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: ameiju, beribá, biribá-verdadeiro, envireira, jaca-depobre, 

meiju, pindaeua 

SPANISH: tortuga caspi 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh or made into a beverage. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 

1987 

Duguetia riparia Huber [syn. D. insculpta R.E. Fries] 


PORTUGUESE: envirataí, imbirataia, invirataí 


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten by the Ka’apor of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana, Suriname, Amazonian Brazil to 

Amazonian Bolivia, Colombia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boggan et al. 1997, GIPI 2006, Hashimoto 

2002, Maas et al. 2003 

Duguetia spixiana Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: biribarana, envira-conduru 

SPANISH: amero, chirimoillo, chirimoya del monte, dupurari, huabu 

midha, huevo de tortuga, pancho de chancho, tortuga caspi 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from western Amazonian Brazil and 

Amazinian Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Duguetia stenantha R.E. Fries 


280



PORTUGUESE: jaboti, mão-de-cabra, pé-de-jaboti 


USES/NOTES: Yellowish, sometimes fibrous sweet pulp of the 

irregularly shaped fruit, with numerous globular sections 

(similar to Annona spp.), is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central to western Amazonia 


Vásquez 1994, Smith et al. 1992 

Duranta erecta L. [syn. D. macrophylla Bose, D. plumieri Jacq., D. 

repens L.] 


ENGLISH: duranta, golden dewdrop(s), pigeon-berry, skyflower 

PORTUGUESE: puruí-grande 

SPANISH: espino chivo 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, widely naturalized and invasive in warm, 

humid regions 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Durio zibethinus A. Murray 


ENGLISH: civet fruit, durian 

PORTUGUESE: durião 

SPANISH: durián, durio, durión, erizo de árbol 

USES/NOTES: Large, spiny fruit (to 30 cm in length and 8 kg) has an 

unpleasant odor when ripe, yet is highly esteemed in Asia for its 

abundant, creamy, sweet aril, eaten out of hand, in desserts, 

dried, as a paste, or cooked as a vegetable before ripening. 

Seeds are eaten boiled, roasted, or fried. Widely cultivated in 

tropical Asia, though uncommon in the Americas. Thailand is the 

leading producer today. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Malaysia, probably domesticated in Borneo 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 

1961, Morton 1987a, Myers 1992, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Smith et al. 1992, Steinkraus 1983, Subhadrabandhu 

and Ketsa 2001, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Duroia eriopila L.f. 


ENGLISH: komaramara 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Guianas and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996 

Duroia genipoides Hook.f. ex Schumann [syn. Amaioua genipoides 

Spruce ex Benth. & Hook.f.] 


ENGLISH: komaramara 


281


PORTUGUESE: apuruí, jenipapinho, puruí, puruí-do-igapó 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is similar to, though smaller than jenipapo 

(Genipa americana). 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Guianas and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Silva et al. 1977, 


Duroia hirsuta (Poeppig & Endl.) K. Schum. 


PORTUGUESE: sapequeiro 



REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Duroia macrophylla Huber 


PORTUGUESE: apuruí, cabeça-de-urubu, puruí-grande-da-mata 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is similar in flavor to tamarind (Tamarindus 

indica). 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Duroia saccifera (Mart. ex Roemer & Schultes) Hook.f. ex Schumann 


PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, puruí, puruí-da-mata, puruí-grande 

SPANISH: hormiga caspi 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 

1987, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermak et al. 1995 

Ebenopsis ebano (Berland.) Barneby & Grimes) [syn. Acacia 

flexicaulus Benth., Chloroleucon ebano (Berland.) L. Rico, Mimosa 

ebano Berland., Pithecellobium ebano (Berland.) C.H. Muller, 

Pithecellobium flexicaule (Benth.) Coulter] 


ENGLISH: Texas ebony 

SPANISH: ébano 

USES/NOTES: Young pods and toasted or boiled seeds are eaten and 

seed coats are used as a coffee substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Rico-Arce 1991, Yanovsky 1936 

Ecclinusa bullata Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: balata, coquirana-de-pelo 

SPANISH: cuquirana, irana, pendare, pendare de sapo 

USES/NOTES: Latex is added to chicle preparations. 


282


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and adjacent northern Amazonian 

Brazil 


Ecclinusa guianensis Eyma [syn. Chrysophyllum guianensis (Eyma) 

Baehni] 


ENGLISH: bartabali, parai, purah 

PORTUGUESE: abiurana-abiu, abiurana-bacuri, abiurana-caju, 

abiurana-guiina, bacuri, caramuri, cauchorana, guajaraí 

SPANISH: balatilla, chicle, chicle de capure, chupón chicle, 

patillo, pulguillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Latex is mixed with superior balata. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, the Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil, 

possibly to Peru 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973, 

Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Ecclinusa lanceolata (Mart. & Eichler) Pierre 


PORTUGUESE: coquirana, coquirana braba, coquirana-do-igapó 

SPANISH: balata 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and latex is used for chewing gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, the Guianas, and Amazonian Peru and Brazil 


Ecclinusa ramiflora Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: abiu-fofo, aca preto, barpeba preta, coquirana braba 

grande, coquirana brava 

SPANISH: balata barbacona, balatilla, moregum negro 

USES/NOTES: Mature fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Surinam, 

Amazonian and coastal Brazil, and Bolivia 


Echinocactus grandis Rose [includes E. platyacanthus Link & Otto 

fo. grandis (Rose) Bravo] 


SPANISH: biznaga, viznaga 

USES/NOTES: Pulp from the huge stem is used to make candy called 

“acitrón” or “dulce de viznaga” in southern Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central and southern Mexico from Puebla and 

Oacxaca 

REFERENCES: Bravo-Hollis 1978, Bravo-Hollis and Sánchez-Mejorada 

1991, Britton and Rose 1963, Espejo Serna et al. n.d, Facciola 

1990, Kermath (notes) 

Echinocactus horizonthalonius Lem. 



283


SPANISH: manca caballo 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and 

adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Echinocactus ingens Zucc. ex Pfeiffer 


USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is eaten in salads or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984 

Echinocereus conglomeratus Forster 


SPANISH: alicoche, pitahaya de agosto, pitahya de agosto 

USES/NOTES: Globular fruit’s pulp is edible, though somewhat acid 

and seedy. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 


Echinocereus engelmannii (Parry ex Engelm.) Lem. 


ENGLISH: calico cactus, Engelmann hedgehog, Engelmann’s hedgehog 

cactus, hedgehog cactus, Indian strawberry, strawberry cactus 

SPANISH: órgano-pequeño fresa 

USES/NOTES: Spiny, ovoid fruits are eaten fresh or preserved and 

taste somewhat like strawberries. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, 

ITIS n.d. 

Echinocereus enneacanthus Engelm. 


ENGLISH: hedgehog cactus, pitaya, smallspine pitaya, strawberry 

cactus 

SPANISH: órgano-pequeño alicoche real 

USES/NOTES: Globular, juicy fruits are eaten fresh or preserved and 

taste like strawberries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern New Mexico and Texas and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Echinocereus pectinatus (Scheidw.) Engelm. and E. pectinatus var. 

dasycanthus (Engelm.) W. Earle ex N. Taylor [syn. E. dasyacanthus 

Engelm.] 


ENGLISH: hedgehog cactus (E. pectinatus var. dasycanthus), rainbow 

cactus 


284


SPANISH: chihuahua, órgano-pequeño peine 

USES/NOTES: Small, greenish-purple fruits are sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: E. pectinatus from central Mexico, E. pectinatus var. 

dasycanthus from southwestern U.S. and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Echinocereus stramineus (Engelm.) Rumpler 


ENGLISH: Mexican strawberry, strawberry cactus, strawberry hedgehog 

cactus 

SPANISH: órgano-pequeño sanjuanero 

USES/NOTES: Red spiny fruits, eaten fresh or preserved, taste like 

strawberries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, New Mexico, and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, ITIS n.d., Tull 1978, Uphof 


Echinocereus triglochidiatus Engelm. 


ENGLISH: claretcup cactus, hedgehog cactus, kingcup cactus, Mohave 

mound cactus, Mojave mound cactus, red-flowered hedgehog cactus, 

red hedgehog cactus, strawberry cactus 

SPANISH: órgano-pequeño copa de vino 

USES/NOTES: Bright red fruit’s pulp is eaten fresh, cooked, or 

pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, 


Echinochloa frumentacea Link [syn. E. crusgalli var. frumentacea 

(Link) W. Wight] 


ENGLISH: barnyard grass, barnyard millet, billion dollar grass, 

Japanese millet, jungle rice, sanwa millet 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into flour. Also grown as a food 

source in Japan and Korea and cultivated as a forage crop in the 

U.S. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World, naturalized in the U.S. 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 

1936 

Echinodorus paniculatus Micheli 

FAMILY: Alismataceae (water-plantain) 

ENGLISH: arrowroot 

USES/NOTES: Edible, starchy root is used like common arrowroot 

(Maranta arundinacea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropcal South America 

REFERENCES: Reed 1995 


285


Echinopsis chiloensis (Colla) Friedrich & G.D. Rowley [includes 

Cactus chiloensis Colla, Cereus chiloensis (Colla) DC., Cereus 

quisco Remy, Trichocereus chiloensis (Colla) Britton & Rose] 


SPANISH: cactus, cardón de candelabro, quisco 

USES/NOTES: Globular fruits are eaten or made into drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998, 

Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Ehretia anacua (Teran & Berland.) I.M. Johnston 


ENGLISH: anacua, anaqua, sugarberry 

SPANISH: anacua, manzanita del monte, raspa sombrero 

USES/NOTES: Reddish-yellow to orange fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico and southern Texas to Arizona 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Latorre and Latorre 1977, Tull 1978 

Ehretia bourreria L. 


ENGLISH: currant tree 




Ehretia elliptica DC. 


ENGLISH: knock away, sugarberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the southern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ehretia tinifolia L. 


ENGLISH: bastard cherry 


NATURAL RANGE: West Indies 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975 

Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub. [syn. E. speciosa Kunth, 

Piaropus crassipes (Mart.) Britton, Pontederia crassipes Mart.] 

FAMILY: Pontederiaceae (pickerel weed) 

ENGLISH: water hyacinth 

PORTUGUESE: aguapé 

SPANISH: buchón de agua, camalote, clara agua, icina de agua, 

jacinto acuático, jacinto de agua, lechuga de agua, lechuguilla, 

no-me-olvide, putu-putu, santa clara, taruya 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, petioles, and flower spikes are edible 

cooked, but have little flavor. Because of its nutritional value 

and productive nature, NASA has considered it as a possible food 


286


source for astronauts. While growing, the aquatic plant serves as 

a natural water filter, and it has been used as an animal feed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru (and perhaps Colombia) to 

Venezuela and the Guianas, naturalized and pestiferous in 

waterways of many warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Guia Rural n.d., Kunkel 1984, Usher 1974 

Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. [also E. argentea Pursh] 

FAMILY: Elaeagnaceae (oleaster) 

ENGLISH: silverberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten dried, cooked, or made into jelly. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern North America 


Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. and E. pungens Thunb. 


ENGLISH: cherry elaeagnus, goumi, longipe bush, silverthorn (E. 

pungens) 

USES/NOTES: Small, acid fruits are made into preserves and 

fermented into alcoholic beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: E. multiflora from Japan, E. pungens from Japan and 

China, infrequently naturalized in the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Johns and Stevenson 1985, 

Usher 1974, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Elaeagnus philippensis Perrottet 


ENGLISH: lingaro 

USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish tart fruits are eaten out of hand. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. [syn. E. melanococca Gaertner] 


ENGLISH: abbey palm, African oil palm, oil palm, red palm 

PORTUGUESE: caiaué, coco-dendê, coco-de-dendê, dendê, dendêafricana, 

dendezeiro, mariuô (young leaves) 

SPANISH: corojo, palma aceitera, palma africana, palma africana de 

aceite, palmera aceitera africana, palmera de aceite, uruta 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and kernel are the source of commercial palm 

oil, an edible cooking and industrial oil rich in vitamins A and 

E. Pressed endosperm cakes are fed to cattle and chickens, 

endocarp is used as fuel, and ash from burned infructescence is 

used as a fertilizer. Widespread in the Americas, especially 

Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Ferwerda 1984, Frechione et al. 1989, Guia 

Rural n.d., Henderson 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 

1992, León 1987, Mors and Rizzini 1966, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, 


287


Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Schultes 1990, Simpson and Conner- 

Ogorzaly 1986, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Voeks 1997 

Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés [syn. E. melanococca Mart., 

Alfonsia oleifera Kunth, Corozo oleifera (Kunth) L. Bailey] 


ENGLISH: American oil palm, noli palm 

PORTUGUESE: caiaué, dendê-do-Pará 

SPANISH: coquito palmiche, corojo, corozo, nolí, peloponte, puma 

yarina 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is an edible oil and wine source, thought to have 

much potential for economic expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: Honduras to northern Colombia, French Guiana and 

Surinam, and Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Schultes 

1990, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Elaeocarpus serratus L. 


ENGLISH: Ceylon elaeocarpus, Ceylon olive 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used like the common olive (Olea europaea). 

NATURAL RANGE: North India to Malaysia 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Elaeoluma glabrescens (Mart. & Eichler) Aubrév. [syn. Gymnoluma 

glabrescens (Mart. & Eichler) Baillon, Lucuma glabrescens Mart. & 

Eichler in Miq.] 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, jaraí-do-igapó, lombrigueira, mangue, pau-derato 

SPANISH: boya de mono, yuquito banero 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this typically wetland, small tree is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Peru, and 

southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Elaeoluma schomburgkiana (Miq.) Baillon 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, lombrigueira, mangue, pau-de-rato 

SPANISH: boya de mono, yuquito banero 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela, Guyana, and Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Henschel [syn. E. tuberosa Schultes, 

Scripus tuberosus Roxb.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese water chestnut, water chestnut, waternut 


288


SPANISH: cabezas de negrito 

USES/NOTES: White, crisp corms are eaten as a fresh or cooked 

vegetable, typically sold canned in the U.S. Cultivated varieties 

also are grown for starch or poultry feed. Leaves are used to 

make baskets. 


REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, Kay 1973, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 

1991 

Elettaria cardamamomum (L.) Maton 


ENGLISH: cardamom 

PORTUGUESE: cardamomo 

SPANISH: cardamomo 

USES/NOTES: Seed is used as a condiment, and its oil is used in 

liqueurs, medicines, and perfumes. Europe has imported cardamom 

since Roman times. Guatemala is among the world’s leading 

exporters. 

NATURAL RANGE: India and Sri Lanka 

REFERENCES: Elbow 1989, Guia Rural 199ba, León 1987, Mabberley 1987 

Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertner 


ENGLISH: African millet, coracan, finger millet, ragi 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten or fermented into alcoholic beverages. 

Among the first domesticated plants in Africa. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Africa 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987 

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertner 


ENGLISH: crab grass, goose grass, wiregrass, yard grass 

PORTUGUESE: capim-de-burro, capim-de-cidade, capim-de-galhina, 

capim-pé-de-galhina, grama-sapo, pé-de-papagaio 

SPANISH: grama, pasto estrada, pata de gallina 

USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as a forage grass in the Americas, 

though seeds can be added to soup and young blades may be eaten 

as a vegetable. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, IBGE 

1980, Mabberley 1987 

Eleuththerine bulbosa (Miller) Urban 


SPANISH: tsakam apats’ 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993 

Elymus canadensis L. 


289


FAMILY: Gramineae of Poaceae (grass) 

ENGLISH: Canada wild rye 

USES/NOTES: Wild seeds were eaten by Amerindians of Nevada and 

Utah. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Doebley 1984, Kindscher 1987 

Elymus repens (L.) Gould [syn. Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv., 

Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson var. repens] 

FAMILY: Gramineae of Poaceae (grass) 

ENGLISH: couch grass, quackgrass, twitch grass, wheatgrass, witch 

grass 

SPANISH: hierba estañera 

USES/NOTES: Tough rhizomes are dried and ground into flour, and 

seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, 

Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Emmotum fagifolium Desv. ex Hamilton [also E. nitens (Benth.) 

Miers] 


ENGLISH: manobodin 

PORTUGUESE: mariana-da-mata, muiraximbé 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 


Empetrum nigrum L. 

FAMILY: Empetraceae (crowberry) 

ENGLISH: crowberry, curlew berry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed out of hand, dried, or added to 

sour milk. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America, perhaps to other north 

temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Gleason 1968, Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Encelia farinosa Gray ex Torrey 


ENGLISH: brittlebush, white brittlebush 

SPANISH: incienso 

USES/NOTES: Resin is used as chewing gum or incense. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Encyclia cochleata (L.) Lemée [syn. Epidendrum cochleatum L.] 


ENGLISH: tree orchis 


290


USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous pseudobulbs are edible. 


REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Facciola 1990 

Endopleura uchi (Huber) Cuatrec. [syn. Sacoglottis uchi Huber] 


PORTUGUESE: uchi, uixi, uxi, uxi-amarelo, uxi-liso, uxi-pucu, 

uxipuca 

SPANISH: uchi 

USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting, variably colored (green, yellow, to 

red-purple or dark purple), oily fruits, somewhat egg-shaped and 

three cm long, are consumed fresh, as juice, in ice cream and 

desserts, and as a folk medicine. Seeds are an edible oil source. 

Also an ornamnetal fruit tree. Fruits are harvested from the wild 

or from cultivated trees. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, 

and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Frechione et al. 1989, Kermath 

(notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985, Shanley and 

Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977 

Entada gigas (L.) Fawcett & Rendle [syn. Entada scandens Benth.] 


ENGLISH: cacoon, climbing entada, Mackay bean, nicker bean, sea 

bean, St. Thomas bean, sword bean 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves of this liana are eaten as a vegetable and 

flat, brown seeds are eaten roasted. Also a saponin and fiber 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, tropical South America, West Indies, 

and tropical Africa 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett 1995, 


Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb. [syn. Inga cyclocarpa 

(Jacq.) Willd., Mimosa cyclocarpa Jacq.] 

FAMILY: Fabaceae, or Leguminosae subfam. Mimosoideae (bean or pea) 

ENGLISH: ear-tree, earpodtree, elephant-ear, elephant’s ear, 

guanacaste, monkey soap 

SPANISH: anjera, árbol de orejas, carito, caro, conacaste, corotu, 

curutú, dormilón, guanacaste, Juan de Acaste, oreja, orejero, 

oviero, palo de orejas, parota, piche, piñón, piñón de oreja, 

tusipono 

USES/NOTES: Young pods and seeds are eaten cooked, toasted seeds 

are ground after removing the testa and used like coffee, fruit 

and bark are used as soap, and sap is medicinal. Durable wood is 

used for canoes, water troughs, and cabinets. The fast-growing, 

decorative, huge tree is the source of goma de caro gum, and is 

grown as a landscape plant, though it is highly susceptible to 

breakage. 


291


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America, 

naturalized in many warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 

1986, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 

1974, Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990, Uphof 1968 

Ephedra americana Humb. ex Bonpl. [also E. antisyphilitica 

Berland. ex C. Meyer and E. ochreata Miers] 

FAMILY: Ephedraceae (ephedra or joint-fir) 

ENGLISH: American ephedra, Californica desert tea (E. 

antisyphilitica), clapweed (E. antisyphilitica), ephedra, erect 

ephedra (E. antisyphilitica), Indian tea, joint-fir, Mexican tea, 

Mormon tea, squaw tea 

SPANISH: belcho, canadillo, canatilla, cola de caballo, efedra, 

naranja naranja, pfiuco, pfirco, pinco-pinco, pingo-pingo, pinkupinku, 

popote (E. antisyphilitica), popotillo, suelda consuelda, 

suelda-suelda, té Mormón 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were ground into flour and made into bread by 

several Amerindian groups. An infusion of the stems and roots is 

used locally as a diuretic and to “purify” the body. Many other 

speicies in Eurasia have similar uses. Fruit of E. ochreata is 

said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: E. americana from North and South America, E. 

antisyphilitica from Mexico and the southwestern U.S., and E. 

ochreata from Argentina and Chile 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, 

Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974 

Ephedra nevadensis S. Watson 


ENGLISH: boundary ephedra, desert tea, ephedra, grey ephedra, 

Indian tea, Mexican tea, Mormon tea, Nevada ephedra, Nevada 

joint-fir, squaw tea 

SPANISH: cañutillo, efedra, efedra de Nevada, popotillo, té Mormón, 

tutut 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were ground into flour and made into bread by 

several Amerindian groups. Stems were made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oregon and California through Utah and western Texas 

into Mexico 

REFERENCES: Castetter and Underhill 1935, Chihuahuan Desert Museum 

n.d., Eberling 1986, Jaeger 1969 

Ephedra torreyana S. Watson 


ENGLISH: Brigham tea, Brigham Young tea, joint-fir, Mexican tea, 

Mormon tea, Torrey ephedra, Torrey’s joint fir 

SPANISH: cañutilla, cañutillo, popotillo, té Mormón, tepopote 

USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, and 

Chihuahua 


292


REFERENCES: Chihuahuan Desert Museum n.d., Correll and Johnston 

1970, Gibbons 1973, Harrington 1967 

Ephedra trifurca Torrey ex S. Watson 


ENGLISH: desert tea, joint fir, joint pine, longleaf ephedra, 

Mexican tea, Mormon tea 

SPANISH: hierba de las coyunturas, té Mormón 

USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make desert or teamster tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas to California and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, 

Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uphof 1968 

Ephedra viridis Coville 


ENGLISH: green ephedra, Mormon tea 

SPANISH: té Mormón 

USES/NOTES: Stems are used to make a medicinal tea and seeds are 

edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974 

Epilobium angustifolium L. subsp. angustifolium [syn. Chamaenerion 

angustifolium (L.) Scop.] 


ENGLISH: blooming Sally, fireweed, willow herb 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten like asparagus (Asparagus 

officinalis). Tender young leaves are used as a potherb, in 

salads, and tea. Older leaves are bitter. Gelatinous pith is used 

to thicken soups. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 


Epiphyllum biforme (Lindley) Don 


SPANISH: paxte de palo 

USES/NOTES: Dark reddish-purple fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Standley and 

Williams 1962 

Epiphyllum phyllanthus (L.) Haw. 


SPANISH: flor de baile 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s white pulp is eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America through Panama 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett et al. 2001, Britton and 

Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 


293


Equisetum arvense L. 

FAMILY: Equisetaceae (horsetail) 

ENGLISH: horsetail 

PORTUGUESE: cavalinha, cavalinha-dos-campos, cola-de-cavalo, rabode-cavalo 

USES/NOTES: Young plants are cooked as greens and peeled shoots are 

eaten as a vegetable. Dried shoots were used as tea. Older plants 

and those which have been cut for more than two days should not 

be eaten. Romans ate the cooked shoots like asparagus (Asparagus 

officinalis) and made tea from the dried leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., 

Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968, Van Feu n.d. 

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun 



SPANISH: cañuela, cola de caballo 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians made an edible mush from the plant. 


REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1968, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. 



USES/NOTES: Rhizomes have been eaten by Amerindians in Minnesota. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate North America 


Erechtites valerianifolius (Link ex Spreng) DC. 


ENGLISH: Brazilian fireweed 

PORTUGUESE: capiçoba, capiçoba-vermelha, capiçova-vermelha, caruruamargoso 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Williams 1976b 

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindley [syn. Photinia japonica 

Thunb.] 


ENGLISH: Japanese medlar, Japanese plum, loquat, nispero 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa-amarela, ameixa-do-Japão, nêspera, nêspera-do- 

Japão 

SPANISH: ciruela japónica, locuá, manzanilla, níspero, níspero de 

España, níspero del Japón, níspero japonés, víspero 

USES/NOTES: Acidic, yellow to orange, 3 cm long, ovoid fruits, are 

eaten fresh or preserved. Cultivated widely in warm regions as an 


294


ornamental fruit tree. Has become a food source for exotic birds 

and a host for the Caribbean fruit fly in South Florida. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central China to Japan, widely naturalized in humid 

tropical and subtropical America from Florida to Peru and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, IBGE 1980, Johns 

and Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Works 1990, 

Wunderlin 1998 

Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torrey 

FAMILY: Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf) 

SPANISH: yerba santa 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are chewed for refreshment and are used for tea. 

Leaf extract is used as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Morton 1976a, 

Munz and Keck 1959 

Eriogonum corybosum Benth. 


ENGLISH: umbrella plant, wild buckwheat 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in Arizona ate boiled leaves with cornmeal. 



Eriogonum inflatum Torrey 


ENGLISH: desert trumpet, umbrella plant, wild buckwheat 

USES/NOTES: Young stems are eaten raw before flowers appear. 



Eriogonum longifolium Nutt. & Frémont 


ENGLISH: Indian turnip 




Eriotheca gracilipes (Schumann) Robyns [syn. Bombax gracilipes 

Schumann] 



NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay 


Erisma calcaratum (Link) Warm. 

FAMILY: Vochysiaceae (vochysia) 

SPANISH: cacahuillo, jabuti, quillo sisa 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and medicinal. 


295




Erisma japura Spruce ex Warm. 


PORTUGUESE: japurá 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are ground into an oily butter that is eaten with 

other foods in Amazonia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonia to Colombia and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Dufour 1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et 


Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hérit. ex Aiton 

FAMILY: Geraniaceae (African violet) 

ENGLISH: alfilerea, filaree, heronbill, red-stemmed filaree, 

stork’s-bill 

USES/NOTES: Greens are eaten raw in salads or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in North and South America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Hérit. 

FAMILY: Geraniaceae (African violet) 

ENGLISH: common heronbill, musk-clover, white-stem filaree 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads or used as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in North and South America 


Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. subsp. sativa (Miller) Thell. [syn. E. 

sativa Miller] 


ENGLISH: arugula, garden rocket, rocket, rocket salad, roquete, 

roquette, rucola, rugola, rugula 

PORTUGUESE: pinchão, roquete, rúcola, rúcula, taramira 

SPANISH: arugula, jaramago, rúcula 

USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves and flowers are eaten fresh in salads, 

and seeds are the source of a pungent edible oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Europe, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Ferwerda 1984, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Padulosi and Pignone 1997, Rehm and 

Espig 1991 

Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii (Gray) Mathias & Constance [syn. 

E. floridanum Coulter & Rose] 


ENGLISH: Florida eryngo, sea holly 

SPANISH: acapatate 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Usher 1974 


296


Eryngium foetidum L. 


ENGLISH: false coriander, fitweed, goat chaser, New World 

coriander, prickly herb, spirit-weed, voodoo devil, wild 

coriander 

PORTUGUESE: chicória, coentro-de-caboclo, recão-de-monte 

SPANISH: chillangua, cilantro, cilantro de monte, cilantrón, 

culantrillo de monte, culantro, culantro coyote, culantro de 

monte, kawawat, sacha culantro, silandro sabanero, sinca cardo, 

sinca culantro, siuca, siuca culantro, suico culantro 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are used as seasonings, fruits are 

edible, and leaves are eaten pickled or used for tea. Leaf and 

root also are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Cid 1978, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 

1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990, Ríos 1991, Soukup 

1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982 

Eryngium maritimum L. 


ENGLISH: sea eryngo, sea holly 

USES/NOTES: Roots are candied and used in tonics. Young sprouts are 

eaten like asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Erythrina americana (Dryand.) Miller 


pea) 

ENGLISH: coral bean, coral tree, naked coral-tree 

SPANISH: chak-mol-che, colorín, flor de colorín, moté, parencsuni, 

patol, pemoche, pito, sompantle, te’batai, tzompantle, xoyo, 

zumpantle 

USES/NOTES: Beautiful red flowers are soaked in water or boiled 

then dried and cooked with eggs, or cooked and added to salads 

and soups, or steeped as tea. Tender, young leaves are eaten as 

greens. Flowers are also medicinal and the tree is grown as an 

ornamental, to shade and support coffee, cacao, and other crops, 

as a living fence, and for animal feed. Poisonous red seeds are 

used as beads for jewelry. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico through Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, García-Mateos et al. 2001, 

Mabberley 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Erythrina berteroana Urban 


pea) 


297


ENGLISH: coral bean, machete 

PORTUGUESE: mulungu 

SPANISH: búcaro, bucayo, cañaro, cresta de gallo, elequeme, 

gallito, palo santo, parsu, pernilla de casa, pito, pito de 

peronilla, poro, porotón, quilite, sacha porota 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are eaten as vegetables. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Leung 1961, Naranjo 1991, OAS 

1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Erythrina corallodendron L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: coral bean, cutlass bush, duppy machete, Spanish machete 

SPANISH: amapola, bucare peonía, chocho, colorín, coral, elequeme, 

gualiqueme, pito, yaca 

USES/NOTES: Young flowers and leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nellis 1994, OAS 1973 

Erythrina edulis Triana [syn. E. esculenta Sprague] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: basul 

PORTUGUESE: chachafruto, mulungu 

SPANISH: antipurutu, balú, baluy, balsuy, basul, boleú, 

chachafruto, chafruto, calú, frisol calú, nopás, pajuro, poroto, 

fréjol de árbol, anteporoto, frijol de árbol, frijol de Inca, 

pachullo, amasisa, pajurro, pisonay, poroto pashigua, sachafruto, 

sachapuruto, sacha puruto, sachaporoto, shapurutu 

USES/NOTES: Eaten as a side dish and a famine food, the seed must 

be cooked first to remove toxins, typically boiled with salt. 

Tree is grown as a living fence and to shade coffee and other 

crops. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes 

REFERENCES: Barrera Marín 1991, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 

1969, Gentry 1992, Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970 

Erythrina glauca Willd. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bucare, swamp immortelle 

PORTUGUESE: mulungu 

SPANISH: ahuejote, ahuijote, amasisa, anauco, assacu, assasu rana, 

cámbulo, moté manso, palo prieto, pito 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten cooked or used as a condiment by 

native Amazonians. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala through tropical South America and the West 

Indies 


298


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, García-Mateos et al. 

2001, Kermath (notes), OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Williams 1981 

Erythrina herbacea L. [syn. E. arborea (Chapman) Small, E. 

rubrinervia Jacq.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: cardinal-spear, Cherokee bean, coral bean, eastern coral 

bean, red cardinal 

SPANISH: búcaro, bucayo, gallito, jutucu, pitp 

USES/NOTES: Five cm long scarlet flowers are eaten boiled. 

Poisonous, hard, red seeds are used as beads and contain an 

extract used in rat poison. A decoction of the roots is used to 

reduce fevers. Shrub to small tree is also planted occasionally 

in urban landscapes in the southeastern U.S. for its attractive 

flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern North America, Mexico, and the West 

Indies 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 

1994, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, von Reis Altschul 1973, 

Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Erythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O.F. Cook 


pea) 

SPANISH: poró, poro gigante 

USES/NOTES: Flowers taste like green beans and are used similarly. 

NATURAL RANGE: neotropics BO, BR, EC, PU, CO, Antilles, VE, CA 

Barry Hammel 1996, Lewis 1987, Neill and Palacios 1989 

Erythrina standleyana Krukoff 


pea) 

SPANISH: hutucu, jutucu 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten boiled, dried, then fried, often with 

tamales, and immature fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Belize, and Cuba 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Sousa and Cabrera 1983 

Erythronium albidum Nutt. 


ENGLISH: white trout-lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are eaten raw or cooked, leaves are eaten 

raw in salads or cooked, and flowers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Gleason and 

Cronquist 1991 

Erythronium americanum Ker-Gawler 



299


ENGLISH: trout-lily, yellow adder’s tongue 

USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are eaten as a cooked vegetable, leaves 

are added to salads or eaten as cooked greens, yellow flowers are 

edible, young plants are used as a potherb, and corms are eaten 

in salads. Corms also may have emetic properties. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 

1967, Tomikel 1986 

Erythronium grandiflorum Pursh [syn. E. parviflorum (S. Watson) 

Goodding] 


ENGLISH: adder’s tongue, dogtooth violet, fawnlily, glacierlilly, 

trout-lily, yellow fawnlily, yellow glacierlily 

USES/NOTES: Petals, leaves, and corms are eaten raw in salads, but 

may have emetic properties. Young plants are used as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kermath (notes), Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Erythronium oreganum Applegate 


ENGLISH: trout-lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbous roots are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Kunkel 1984 

Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. coca Lam. 

FAMILY: Erythroxylaceae (coca) 

ENGLISH: Bolivian coca, coca, coca shrub, Huanuco coca 

PORTUGUESE: coca, epadu, hayo, ipadu 

SPANISH: coca, coca huánuco, cuca, hayo, huánuco, jaya, spadic 

USES/NOTES: Cocaine-containing leaf, widely chewed in the Andean 

highlands as a stimulant and to relieve hunger pangs and altitude 

sickness, is a minor source of vitamins A, C, and D. Leaf also is 

the source of a commonly consumed tea called mate de coca in 

Spanish, and an extract (with the cocaine removed) used to flavor 

Coca Cola®, and wine. Cultivated for at least 5,000 years, E. 

coca var. coca is the most commercially important source of the 

alkaloid cocaine, widely used as an illicit drug and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes of Ecuador, Peru, and/or Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Boucher 1991, Burchard 1975, Cooper 1949, 

Duke et al. 1975, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), Plowman 

1979, Plowman 1984, Schultes 1984, Weatherford 1988 

Erythroxylum coca Lam. var. ipadu Plowman 


ENGLISH: Amazonian coca 

PORTUGUESE: epadu, ipadu 

SPANISH: coca, hayo, jaya, yapadú 


300


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used medicinally, as a cocaine source, in 

mate de coca tea, and as a chew for their stimulative effects and 

infrequently to relieve hunger pangs and altitude sickness. 

Though lower in cocaine content than other Erythroxylum spp., E. 

coca var. ipadu is the most important coca in lowland Amazonia. 

Some commercial production has moved to the Colombian Llanos. 

Also grown as a medicinal in home gardens in rural Amazonia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Clement 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984, Schultes 1984 

Erythroxylum havanense Jacq. [syn. E. chiapense Lundell, E. 

mexicanum Kunth] 


ENGLISH: bracelet 

SPANISH: chilillo, tetilla 

USES/NOTES: Purple to bright red succulent fruit reportedly is 

edible. 


REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Plowman 1991, 

Plowman and Hensold 2004 

Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron. var. novogranatense 

Rusby 


ENGLISH: Colombian coca 

PORTUGUESE: coca, ipadu 

SPANISH: coca 

USES/NOTES: Leaf occasionally is chewed for its stimulating effects 

or used for mate de coca tea and is a minor cocaine source. Plant 

has the greatest environmental range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Andes of Colombia and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984 

Erythroxylum novogranatense (Morris) Hieron. var. truxillense 

(Rusby) Plowman [syn. E. truxillense Rusby] 


ENGLISH: Trujillo coca 

PORTUGUESE: coca 

SPANISH: coca 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is a cocaine source, though less commercially 

important than E. coca var. coca, used as a masticant by Andean 

peasants to relieve altitude sickness and hunger pangs, and for 

mate de coca tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Drier Andean valleys of northern Peru and/or Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Plowman 1979, Plowman 1984 

Eschscholzia californica Cham. in Nees 

FAMILY: Papaveraceae (poppy) 

ENGLISH: California goldpoppy, California poppy, desert goldpoppy 


301


SPANISH: amapola de California, amapola del campo, copa de oro 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, of California’s state flower, are eaten boiled 

or roasted. Also widely cultivated for its variable, showy 

flowers, which are famous for blanketing the landscape with a 

golden glow. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico, widely 


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, FNAEC 1997, Marticorena and Quezada 

1985, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968 

Eschweilera compressa (Vell.) Miers [syn. Lecythis angustifolia 

(Mart.) Engl. ex O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: sapucaia-mirim 

USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b 

Eschweilera grandiflora (Aublet) Sandw. [syn. Lecythis grandiflora 

Aublet] 


SPANISH: machimango 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas through Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and 

Prance 1990b, Uphof 1968 

Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers [syn. Lecythis ovata Cambess.] 


PORTUGUESE: biriba, biriba-branca, biriba-preta, ibiraba, imbiriba, 

sapucaia, sapucaínha, tauarisinho 

USES/NOTES: Though primarily exploited for lumber, seeds are an 

edible oil source and wood is used to make the bow of the 

berimbau, a single-stringed instrument used especially for 

capoeira music in northeastern Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazilian forests from Amapá to Espirito 

Santo to the interior of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul 

REFERENCES: Graham and Robinson 2003, Gusson 2003, Kermath (notes), 

Martin et al. 1987, Mori 2001, Mori and Prance 1990b 

Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Buxbaum 


ENGLISH: ball cactus, bunch cactus, cushion cactus, golfball 

cactus, mammillaria, nipple cactus, pincushion cactus, purple 

mammillaria, spinystar, sprouting pincushion cactus 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are eaten raw or cooked, and stems 

are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America from southern 

Canada 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kindscher 1987 


302


Escontria chiotilla (Schumann) Rose 


SPANISH: chiotilla, geotilla, jiotilla, tuna 

USES/NOTES: Sold in local markets, purple, scaly fruits are eaten 

fresh or dried and are said to taste like gooseberries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico from Guerrero, Michoacán, Oaxaca, and 

southern Puebla 



Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: cottonball, Peruvian old man cactus 

SPANISH: soroco 

USES/NOTES: Whitish fruit pulp is eaten fresh. 

NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and northern Peru 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Gómez 1966, 

Madsen 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm. [syn. Nicolaia elatior (Jack) 

Horan, Phaeomeria speciosa nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: Philippine waxflower, torch ginger 

SPANISH: bastón del emperador 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated as an ornamental. Inflorescence, stem 

centers, and fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990 

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. [also other Eucalyptus spp.] 


ENGLISH: blue gum, eucalyptus, fever tree 

PORTUGUESE: eucalipto 

SPANISH: eucalipto 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a dilute tea, and leaf’s 

essential oil is used as a flavoring agent and in medicines. Wood 

is used for fuel. 

NATURAL RANGE: Victoria and Tasmania, Australia, naturalized and 

invasive in the New World, especially in the Andes and parts of 

Central America and California 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Schneider 1987, Tanaka 

1976, Usher 1974 

Eugenia acapulcensis Steudel [syn. E. maritima DC.] 


SPANISH: arrayán, barazón, capulín, chilonche, guayabillo, muñeco, 

palo agrio 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are eaten off the tree and sold 

occasionally in local markets. 


303


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Belize to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Sánchez- 

Vindas 1990, Stevens et al. 2001 

Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaerskov 


ENGLISH: cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande 

SPANISH: cerezo de Río Grande 

USES/NOTES: Reddish-purple, tart fruits are eaten fresh or 

preserved. 


REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 

1987, Mowry et al. 1967 

Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd. 


ENGLISH: black cherry, white stopper 

SPANISH: chamiso, escobo, grajo, guairaje 

USES/NOTES: Red to blue/black, sweet berries are eaten out of hand. 

The plant’s common name (stopper) comes from the use of its 

leaves to treat, or “stop” diarrhea. The plant emits an odor 

similar to the odor of skunks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal central Florida through the Keys, the West 

Indies, southern Mexico, and northern Central America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, 

Taylor 1998 

Eugenia biflora (L.) DC. 


ENGLISH: black-rodwood 

PORTUGUESE: murta, murtinha 

SPANISH: hoja menuda, pitanga, pitanguera 

USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish/red to dark, pubescent fruits are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1969, Nelson 

1994, Silva et al. 1977 

Eugenia brasiliensis Lam. [syn. E. dombeyi (Sprengel) Skeels, E. 

dombeyana DC.] 


ENGLISH: Brazil cherry, Brazilian cherry 

PORTUGUESE: cagateira, cereja-brasileira, grumichama, grumixama, 

gruixameira, pitomba 

SPANISH: cumbixaba, grumichama, grumixaba, grumixama, pomarosa 

forastera, pomarrosa forastera, 

USES/NOTES: Small, yellow, red, or dark red, globose fruits are 

consumed fresh, jellied, in pies, or fermented into wine. Leaf 

and bark are medicinal. Bark is used to tan leather and wood is 


304


used in carpentry. Slender, erect tree, to about 8 m, is grown as 

an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern coastal Brazil perhaps to Peru 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Guia Rural n.d., 

Hoyas 1989, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Eugenia capuli (Schltdl. & Cham.) O. Berg 


SPANISH: capulín, guacoquito, yaga 



REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia catingiflora Griseb. [includes E. actiniflora Wr., 

Pseudanamomis catingflora (Griseb.) Bisse] 



NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and the West Indias 

REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia confusa DC. [syn. E. garberi Sarg., E. krugii Kiaerskov] 


ENGLISH: ironwood, red stopper, redberry eugenia, redberry stopper 

SPANISH: arrayán de baya roja, cieneguillo 

USES/NOTES: Small, round, bright red berry is juicy and edible. 

Also an attractive understory shrub for landscaping 

ORIGIN: South Florida (where it is endangered), Cuba, Puerto Rico, 

the Virgin Islands, and elsewhere in the Antilles 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alain 1953, Long and Lakela 1971, Nelson 

1994 

Eugenia conzattii Standley 


SPANISH: yaga 




Eugenia crenata Vell. 


PORTUGUESE: cambuhy 




Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce [syn. E. jambolana Lam., Syzygium cumini 

(L.) Skeels, Syzygium jambolanum DC.] 



305


ENGLISH: black plum, jamoon, jambolan, jambolan plum, jambolana, 

jambolim, java plum, Peru naval, plum rose, rose apple, sweet 

olive 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa, ameixa-do-Pará, fruta-azeitona, jalão, jamborosa, 

jambolão, jamboleiro, jamelão 

SPANISH: aceituna, aceituna dulce, ciruela del Japón, guayabo 

pescua, guayabo pesgua, jambolán, jambolana, jambolón, jambolona, 

jambul, mirto del Río, pesgua, poma rosa, puma rosa, uvero 

extranjero 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten fresh or made into wine. Also grown as 

an ornamental shade tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, naturalized in humid, frost-free regions 

REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and 

Nutrition Institute 1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

FLEPPC 2003, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Omawale 

1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, 

Will 1991 

Eugenia dichotoma DC. 


USES/NOTES: Small fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies perhaps to the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Eugenia discolorans Wright & Sauv. [syn. Marlierea glomerata 

Griseb.] 


ENGLISH: yellow jaboticaba 

PORTUGUESE: cambucá 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Brazil 

REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia disticha DC. 


ENGLISH: wild coffee 

USES/NOTES: Dark purple, ripe fruits are eaten. 



Eugenia domingensis O. Berg [syn. E. aeruginea DC.] 


SPANISH: guasábara, guásara, guasávara 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Sánchez-Vindas 1990 

Eugenia dulcis O. Berg 




306




Eugenia dysentericus O. Berg [syn. Stenocalyx dysentericus O. 

Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: cagaiteira 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in jellies, or as wine, but 

should be consumed in moderation, as they may be laxative. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Eugenia eggersii Kiaerskov 


SPANISH: guasábara 




Eugenia eurcheila O. Berg 




REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994 

Eugenia foetida Pers. [syn. E. buxifolia (Sw.) Willd., E. 

myrtoides Poir.] 


ENGLISH: boxleaf eugenia, boxleaf stopper, Spanish stopper 

SPANISH: anguila, chilonche 


NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, northern Antilles, Belize, Mexico’s 

Yucatán Peninsula, and the Petén of Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Correll and Correll 1982, Liogier and Martorell 2000, 

MBG n.d., Wunderlin 1992 

Eugenia guabiju O. Berg [possibly included with E. uruguayensis 

Cambess.] 


PORTUGUESE: guabiju, guabira-açu, guavira-açu, ibadiu 

SPANISH: guabijú 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Uruguay, and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia haematocarpa Alain 


ENGLISH: luquillo mountain stopper 

SPANISH: uvillo 


307


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Endangered. 



Eugenia inundata DC. 


SPANISH: juanache, mishquina 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or made into juice. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, McVaugh 1969 

Eugenia itacolumensis O. Berg 





Eugenia jambos L. [syn. Jambosa jambos (L.) Millsp., Jambosa 

vulgaris DC., Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston] 


ENGLISH: jamrosade, plum rose, rose apple 

PORTUGUESE: jambo-amarelho, jambo-branco, jambo-cheirosa, jambocomum, 

jambo-da-Índia, jambo-moreno, jambo-rosa, jamboverdadeiro, 

jambre, maçã-rosa 

SPANISH: arazá, fruta rosa, manzana, manzana de agua, manzana de 

rosa, manazana rosa, manzanita de rosa, poma-rosa, pomarosa, 

pomarrosa, pomarroso, pomo, puma rosa, yambo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten often preserved and are medicinal, 

flowers are edible, and the tree is ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, perhaps to the South Pacific, 

naturalized in humid, frost-free regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Duke 1986, FLEPPC 2003, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Ríos 1991, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Eugenia klotzschiana O. Berg 


PORTUGUESE: calabacinha-do-campo, pêra-do-campo, pereira-do-campo 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its aromatic, pear-shaped 

yellow fruits used in jellies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazil 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Popenoe 1974, Uphof 1968 

Eugenia lambertiana DC. [syn. E. schomburkii Benth.] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, the Guianas, and the southern Lesser 

Antilles 

REFERENCES: Amshoff 1951, Balée 1994 


308


Eugenia ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. 


ENGLISH: black cherry, privet stopper 

PORTUGUESE: grumixama-da-Índia, pitanga-miúda, pitangueira-do-mato 

SPANISH: arraiján, arrayán, birigí, escobón de aguja, granadillo, 

ibarubá, palo de muleta 


NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and possibly Brazil 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, IBGE 1980, Martin et 

al. 1987, TAMU-BWG n.d. 

Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg [syn. E. lucescens 

Nied., Phyllocalyx luschnathianus O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: pitomba, ubaia-do-campo, uvalha-do-campo, uvalheira 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, acid fruit pulp is eaten raw or preserved, and 

seed is eaten roasted. Seed also is used to treat dysentery. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bahia, Brazil 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 

1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Eugenia mcvaughii Steyerm. & Lasser 




REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989 

Eugenia monticola (Sw.) DC. [syn. E. maleolens Pers.] 


ENGLISH: bird cherry 

SPANISH: birijí, hija menuda 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from South Florida to Ecuador 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Stevens et al. 2001 

Eugenia muricata DC. [syn. E. riparia DC.] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil and the 

Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993 

Eugenia myrcianthes Niedenzu 


SPANISH: iba-jayi 

USES/NOTES: Tennis ball-sized, yellow fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Paraguay to southern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989 


309


Eugenia myrobalana DC. 


PORTUGUESE: guabiraba, guabiroba-do-Pará, guabirobeira 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia nhanica Cambess. 


PORTUGUESE: nanica, nhanica 

SPANISH: ñanica 




Eugenia oerstedeana O. Berg 


SPANISH: turú 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a snack. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, OAS 1973 

Eugenia origanoides O. Berg 


SPANISH: capulín 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico 

REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1963 

Eugenia patrisii Vahl [syn. E. inocarpa DC.] 


ENGLISH: fox cherry, hitchu, wild cherry 

PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-jaboti, ubaia 

SPANISH: sacha guayaba 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1969, 

Omawale 1973 

Eugenia pisiformis Cambess. 





Eugenia pitanga (O. Berg) Kiaerskov [syn. Stenocalyx pitanga O. 

Berg] 


ENGLISH: Surinam cherry 


310


PORTUGUESE: pitanga, pitanga-comum 

SPANISH: pitanga 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as jelly or occasionally out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes) 

Eugenia procera (Sw.) Poiret 


ENGLISH: ironwood 




Eugenia pseudopsidium Jacq. 



NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles (Martinique) to central Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Eugenia pumila Gardner 



NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and the Guianas 


Eugenia pyriformis Cambess. [syn. E. uvalha Cambess.] 


ENGLISH: kirschmyrte, uvaia 

FRENCH: jamboisier rouge 

PORTUGUESE: mapari, ubacaba, ubaia, ubaia-do-campo, ubalha, ubalhado-mato, 

uvaia, uvaia-do-mato, uvalha 

SPANISH: perita costeña, uvayema 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed in soft drinks, candies, as syrup, 

and in folk medicines. 


REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985, Pérez-Arbeláez 1978 

Eugenia rhombea (O. Berg) Krug & Urban 


ENGLISH: red stopper, spiceberry eugenia 

USES/NOTES: Small dark fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern-most peninsular Florida, Florida Keys, 

Greater Antilles, northern Lesser Antilles, northern Central 

America, and southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Kunkel 1984, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 

Eugenia selloi O. Berg [syn. Phyllocalyx edulis O. Berg] 


311



PORTUGUESE: pitangão, pitanga-preta, pitanga-tuba 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic pulp of the ribbed fruit is used in preserves. 


REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Eugenia stipitata McVaugh subsp. sororia McVaugh [also E. 

stipitata McVaugh subsp. stipitata] 


ENGLISH: araza 

PORTUGUESE: araçá-boi, araçá-comum-de-Pará, araçá-piranga, 

araçandiva, araçanduba, goiabarana, pichi 

SPANISH: arazá, arasa, araza buey, araza-boi, guaba brasiliensis, 

guayaba brasilera, pichi, rupina caspi 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich, tennis ball-sized, yellow fruit is 

consumed fresh, as juice, or in ice cream. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia, probably Peru, now somewhat widely 

spread 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Coomes and Ban 2004, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentil and Clement 1997, Guia Rural n.d., 

Kermath (notes), León 1987, McVaugh 1956, Morton 1987a, Silva et 

al. 1977, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Eugenia sulcata Spring ex Mart. [syn. Stenocalyx sulcatus (Spring 

ex Mart.) O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: pitanga 



REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand and Klein 1969, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia supraaxillaris Sprengel 


PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-tatu, guaiarajea, tala 



REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987 

Eugenia tapacumensis O. Berg 



NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia, the Guianas, and the Lesser 

Antilles 

REFERENCES: Amshoff 1951, Balée 1994 

Eugenia uniflora L. [syn. E. michelii Lam., E. oblongifolia Sagot, 

Plinia rubra Vell., Stenocalyx michelii O. Berg, Stenocalyx 

uniflorus (L.) Kausel] 



312


ENGLISH: Brazil cherry, Cayenne cherry, Florida cherry, fruiting 

myrtle, pitanga, pitanga cherry, Surinam cherry 

PORTUGUESE: caaginja, ginja, groselha, ibipitanga, ioioca, jabotí 

pitanga, jambo, jamboeiro de Malacca, murta, pitanga, pitanga-dejardim, 

pitanga-do-norte, pitanga-do-campo, pitanga-vermelha, 

pitangauba, pitangatuba, pitangueira-do-campo, pitangueiravermelha, 

umirirana 

SPANISH: arrayán, cajuilito de Surinam, cereza cuadrada, cereza de 

Suriname, cereza del Brasil, cerezo de Cayena, cerezo de Gayana, 

grosella de México, guinda, mangapiri, manzana de agua, manzana 

malaya, marañón de Curazao, marañón japonés, ñangapirá, ñangapiré, 

nangapiri, ñangapirú, pendanga, pitanga, pomagás, pomarrosa 

americana, pomarrosa de Malaca, pomarrosa del Brasil, puca quiro, 

puca rupiña, vara real 

USES/NOTES: Small, red, delicate-skinned, ribbed fruits are 

consumed out of hand or as juice. Leaves are used in folk 

medicine and as an insect repellent. Small tree also is grown as 

an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Brazil, possibly to eastern Paraguay, 

now widely cultivated and naturalized in the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FLEPPC 

2003, Gregory 1960, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kausel 1966, 

Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 

1974, Rutter 1990, Samson 1980, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 

1995, Will 1991, Works 1990 

Eulychnia acida (Schumann) Phil. 


SPANISH: copao, tuna de cobado 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy fruit pulp is acid, but eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Chile 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987 

Eulychnia spinibarbis (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: guillave 


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Chile 


Eupatorium dalea L. 


ENGLISH: cigar bush 

PORTUGUESE: eupatório 

USES/NOTES: Strong-scented leaves have been used as a vanilla 

substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Neumann n.d., Uphof 1968 


313


Euphorbia helioscopia L. 


ENGLISH: todai-gusa 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used for tea and young stems are eaten 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: north temperate regions, perhaps temperate regions, 

now widespread 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Marticorena 

and Quezada 1985, Munz 1974, Tanaka 1976 

Euphorbia marginata Pursh 


ENGLISH: snow-on-the-mountains 

USES/NOTES: Latex has been used for chewing gum. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 

1968 

Euterpe broadwayi Becc. ex Broadway 


ENGLISH: manac, manicol 

USES/NOTES: Hearts are consumed locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles from Trinidad to Dominica 


Euterpe catinga Wallace var. catinga [syn. E. controversa Barb. 

Rodr.] and E. catinga var. roraimae (Dammer) Henderson & Galeano 


ENGLISH: euterpe palm 

PORTUGUESE: açaizinho, açaí-caatinga, açaí-chumbo, açaí-da-catinga, 

açaí-mirim, assaí-chumbinho, assaí-cubinha, uaçaí-chumbo, uaçaímirim 

SPANISH: asaí de sabana, asaí paso, huasaí de varillal, manaca 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Contiguous range in northwestern Amazonian Brazil and 

adjacent Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, and western Guyana, with 

disjunct populations in western Amazonian Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, 

Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Euterpe edulis Mart. 


ENGLISH: euterpe palm 

PORTUGUESE: açaí, palmito-açaí, jiçara, joçara, juçara, palmito, 

palmito-doce, palmito-juçara 

SPANISH: yayih 

USES/NOTES: Commercially important heart is of excellent quality, 

but becoming scarce in places due to over-harvest. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Recife south to Santa Catarina 


314


REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Henderson and Galeano 1996, IBGE 

1980, Voeks 1996 

Euterpe oleracea Mart. [syn. E. badiocarpa Barb. Rodr., E. 

cuatrecasana Dugand, Catis martiana Cook] [incorrectly identified 

as E. edulis Mart.] 


ENGLISH: euterpe palm, heart palm, manicola palm, manicole, Pará 

palm 

PORTUGUESE: açaí, açaí-do-Pará, açaí-de-planta, açaí-de-touceira, 

açaí-pardo, assaí, assaí-do-Pará, jiçara, joçara, juçara, 

palmiteiro, palmito, palmito-açaí, palmito-doce, palmito-juçara, 

piná 

SPANISH: anare, asahí, asaí, manaca, morroque, naidí, palmito, 

panabi, uasaí 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible; deep maroon (sometimes yellow) fruit 

juice is used in ice creams and soups, or to make beverages 

generally referred to as vinho (wine) in Portuguese, often 

sweetened with sugar, sometimes fermented (known in Brazil as 

açaituira); kernel oil is used for cooking and in medicines; and 

terminal leaf buds and hearts are of good flavor and texture and 

are highly sought after for the commercial palm heart industry. 

With its its cespitose (multi-stemmed) growth form, which allows 

the plant to survive harvest, the tree is considered to be a more 

sustainable palm heart source than species with solitary stems. 

E. oleracea is the more commonly cultivated Euterpe palm for 

commercial production in eastern Amazonia. Extracts from the 

berries are said to have potential in dentistry for detecting 

plaque on teeth. The tree makes a graceful ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Venezuela through the Guianas and 

eastern and central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1988, Bennett et al. 2001, Bernal 1992, Boom 

1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Elias de Paula 

1975, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 

Kahn and de Granville 1992, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Strudwick 

and Sobel 1988, Sturtevant 1972 

Euterpe precatoria Mart. 


ENGLISH: euterpe palm, heart palm, manicola palm, mountain cabbage 

PORTUGUESE: açaí-da-mata, açaí-do-Amazonas, açaí-mirim, açaísolteiro, 

assaí, assaí-da-mata, assaí-mirim, guaçaí, juçara, 

palmito, palmito-mole 

SPANISH: asaí, chonta, huasaí, palma de rosario, palmiche de Río 

Negro, palmicho, palmito, panabi, winamoru 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, deep maroon (sometimes yellow) fruit 

juice is used in ice creams and soups, or to make beverages 

generally referred to as vinho (wine) in Portuguese, sometimes 


315


sweetened with sugar, sometimes fermented (known in Brazil as 

açaituira), kernel oil is medicinal and used for cooking, and 

terminal leaf buds and hearts are of good flavor and texture, 

highly sought after for the commercial palm heart industry. 

Numbers of wild plants are diminishing because of over-harvest. 

E. oleracea is thought to be more sustainable due to its 

cespitose (multi-stemmed) form. Leaf is used for thatch, to make 

brooms, and in the floral industry. Plant wastes are used to 

raise edible grubs known as suri in Spanish-speaking Amazonia. 

Also a graceful ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through Venezuela and Colombia, north into 

southern Belize 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1988, Bernal 1992, Boom 1987, Boom 1989, 

Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, Henderson 

et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kahn and de Granville 

1992, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Strudwick 

and Sobel 1988 

Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. [syn. Solidago graminifolia (L.) 

Salisb.] 


ENGLISH: fragrant goldenrod 



REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990 

Exellodendron barbatum (Ducke) Prance 


USES/NOTES: Drupes are eaten by the Ka’apor people of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela, the Guianas, and eastern 

Amazonian Brazil 


Eysenhardtia polystachya (Ortega) Sarg. [syn. Viborquia 

polystachya Ortega] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Arizona kidneywood, kidneywood 

SPANISH: árbol de palo dulce, coatillo, coatl, cohuatli, 

cualadulce, cuate, cuate blanco, cuatle, lanaé, cuate macho, palo 

azul, palo cuate, palo dulce, palo santo, rosilla, taray, 

tlapahuaxpatli, ursa, vara dulce, varaduz, yitu bishi 

USES/NOTES: Cooked inflorescence reportedly is edible and sold in 

local markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Disjunct distribution from southern Arizona, New 

Mexico, and Texas in the U.S. to Oaxaca, Mexico 

REFERENCES: CMCDG n.d., Hersch-Martínez 1995, McVaugh 1987, Sousa 

et al. 2003, Torres n.d. 

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench [syn. F. sagittatum L.] 


316



ENGLISH: buckwheat, kangra buckwheat 

PORTUGUESE: sarraceno, trigo-mourisco, trigo-preto, trigo-sarraceno 

SPANISH: alforfón, alforjón, trigo-sarraceno 

USES/NOTES: Kernals are edible as a cereal grain, or used for flour 

or to make beer, seedlings are added to salads, and leaves are 

eaten cooked. Also used as a ground-cover, a green manure, and an 

animal feed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nepal to Siberia 

REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 

n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant 


Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertner 


ENGLISH: duck wheat, Siberian buckwheat, tatarian buckwheat, 

tartary buckwheat 

PORTUGUESE: trigo-mourisco, trigo-preto, trigo-sarraceno 

SPANISH: alforfón, alforjón, trigo-sarraceno 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nepal to Siberia 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Guia 

Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant 1972, 


Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. 


ENGLISH: American beech, beech, beechnut 

USES/NOTES: Edible buds and nuts occasionally are sold in markets. 

Nuts are eaten roasted whole or as flour, are a quality oil 

source, and may be used like coffee (Coffea spp.). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Ontario to 

northern Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, 


Fagus sylvatica L. 


ENGLISH: beech, European beech, faia 

PORTUGUESE: landes-de-faia 

SPANISH: faia, haya, landes de faia 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are eaten roasted, oil is used for cooking, in 

soaps, or for illumination, and wood is used as charcoal. Wood 

also has been used for Windsor chairs in Chiltens, England. 

Occasionally cultivated in North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe to Central Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1989, FNAEC 1993, Harris 1972, 

Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Uphof 1968 

Faramea capillipes Müell. Arg. 


317




NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989 

Faramea miconioides Standley 


SPANISH: supinim yutai 




Faramea rectinervia Standley 


PORTUGUESE: coração-de-negra/negro 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador 


Feijoa sellowiana O. Berg [syn. Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian guava, feijoa, fig guava, guavasteen, pineapple 

guava 

PORTUGUESE: araçazeiro-do-campo, feijoa, goiaba, goiaba-da-serra, 

gioaba-do-campo, goiabeira-do-campo 

SPANISH: feijoa, guayabo, guayabo del país, guavastín 

USES/NOTES: Cream colored, aromatic pulp of the golf ball sized 

fruit, covered with a wrinkly green skin, is eaten fresh or 

preserved. Flower pedals are edible. Also planted widely in warm 

regions for its attractive flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and 

eastern Paraguay, naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Gentry 1993, Kermath (notes), León 1987, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Mattos 1983, Morton 1987a, 

Popenoe 1974 

Fernaldia pandurata (A. DC.) Woodson [syn. Echites pandurata A. 

DC., Echites pinguifolia Standley, Mandevilla velutina Schumann, 

Mandevilla potosina T.S. Brandeg., Urechites karwinskii Müell. 

Arg.] 


ENGLISH: fernaldia 

SPANISH: bajo de wey, floroco, lengua de vaca, loroco, quilite 

USES/NOTES: Unopened buds and flowers are eaten cooked and tender 

leaves and vine tips are eaten as vegetables. Flowers are said to 

taste like corn. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Honduras 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Morton et al. 1990, 



318


Ferocactus acanthodes (Lem.) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: barrel cactus 

USES/NOTES: Small oblong fruits are eaten raw, cooked, or dried and 

their juice is fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Liquid from 

the globular to columnar stem is drunk, stem pulp is candied, 

ground seeds are eaten mashed and made into a cake, and flower 

buds are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California, Nevada, and Baja California 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990 

Ferocactus hamatacanthus (Muehlenpfordt) Britton & Rose [syn. 

Hamatocactus hamatacanthus (Houghton) W.T. Marshall] 


ENGLISH: lemon cactus, Turk’s head 

SPANISH: biznaga de limilla 

USES/NOTES: Dark, brownish, oblong, juicy fruits, to 5 cm, are 

edible and used as a lemon substitute in cooking. Flower buds are 

eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas and New Mexico and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Ferocactus pilosus (Galeotti ex Salm-Dyck) Werdermann [syn. F. 

piliferus (Lemaire ex Labouret) G. Unger, F. pringlei (J.M. 

Coulter) Britton & Rose, F. stainesii (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose, 

F. stainesii (Hook.) Britton & Rose var. pilosus (Galeotti) 

Backeb., F. stainesii (Hook.) Britton & Rose var. pringlei 

(Coulter) Backeb., Echinocactus piliferus Lem. ex Labouret, 

Echinocactus pilosus Galeotti ex Salm Dyck var. 

pringlei J.M.Coulter, Echinocactus pilosus Galeotti var. 

stainesii Salm-Dyck, Echinocactus pringlei (Coulter) Rose, 

Echinocactus stanesii Hook.] 


ENGLISH: fire barrel cactus, Mexican fire barrel cactus, red barrel 

cactus 

SPANISH: cabuches (refers to flowers), viznaga de lima 

USES/NOTES: Flower buttons of this large barrel cactus with red 

spines are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Durango and Nuevo León, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d. 

Ferocactus viridescens (Torrey & A. Gray) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: coast barrel cactus 

USES/NOTES: Reddish, somewhat acidic fruits are eaten fresh and 

flower buds are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California and Baja California 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974 

Ferocactus wislizeni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose 


319



ENGLISH: Arizona barrel cactus, fish-hook cactus, southwestern 

barrel cactus 

SPANISH: bisnaga 

USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is a source of candy, stem juice is 

refreshing, and seeds are ground for flour or mush. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico and southwestern U.S. from 

western Texas to southern California 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Correll and Johnston 1970, 

Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ferula foetida (Bunge) Regel [syn. F. assa-foetida L.] 


ENGLISH: asafoetida, food-of-the-gods 

PORTUGUESE: férula, funcho-gigante 

USES/NOTES: Roots and leaves may be eaten as vegetables and roots 

are the source of a resin that is used as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely introduced 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d., Sturtevant 


Festuca paradoxa Desv. 


ENGLISH: fescue 




Festuca subverticillata (Pers.) Alexeev [syn. F. obtusa Biehler] 






Fevillea cordifolia L. 


ENGLISH: antidote cacoon, antidote vine, fevillea, segra seed 

PORTUGUESE: nhandiroba 

SPANISH: sequa 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are rich in oil, similar to peanut oil. 

Commercial potential as an edible oil source may be great. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru possibly to Honduras and 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Gentry and Wettach 

1986, Hoyas 1989, Molina 1975, Renner et al. 1990 

Ficus americana Aublet 


ENGLISH: stangler fig, West Indian laurel fig 


320


SPANISH: matapalo, renaco 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps beyond throughout the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997 

Ficus anthelminthica Rich. ex DC. [syn. Pharmacosicea 

anthelmintica Miq.] 


PORTUGUESE: cachimguba, cachinguba, caxinguba, coajinguva, 

cuaxinguba, gameleira-branca, gameleira-brava, gameleira-mansa, 

gameleira-roxa, guaxinduba-brava, lombrigueira, ogé, renaco, 

uapuim-açu 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and toxic latex is medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977 

Ficus aurea Nutt. 


ENGLISH: golden fig, stangler fig 

USES/NOTES: Small, paired, red fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern West Indies to southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 1997, FNAEC 1997, Taylor 1998 

Ficus benghalensis L. [syn. F. indica L.] 


ENGLISH: banyan, banyan tree, Indian fig, Krishna’s cup 

PORTUGUESE: árvore-do-banyan, figo 

SPANISH: árbol del banyan, higo 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and tender leaves are sometimes eaten. 

Fruit is an aphrodisiac, bark and roots are medicinal, and leaves 

are a silk worm food source. The tree begins as an epiphyte, but 

aerial roots become large trunks allowing the tree to spread to 

about 200 meters. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pakistan and India, perhaps to the Philippines, 

widely introduced in the humid tropics and naturalized in 

favorable locations 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974 

Ficus carica L. 


ENGLISH: common fig, edible fig, fig 

PORTUGUESE: figo 

SPANISH: brevo, higo, higuera 

USES/NOTES: The fig of commerce is eaten out of hand, candied, or 

in pastries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, introduced and escaped 

elsewhere 


321


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 

1987a, Schneider 1987 

Ficus citrifolia Miller [syn. F. laevigata Vahl] 


ENGLISH: shortleaf fig, wild banyan tree 

PORTUGUESE: figo, figueira 

SPANISH: amatillo, higo, majagua, matapalo, renaco 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, dark, round fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Paraguay to Mexico and South Florida 

REFERENCES: Berg and Villavicencio 2003, Burger 1977, Bush and 

Morton n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 1997, MBG n.d., Nellis 

1994, Taylor 1998 

Ficus dulciaria Dugand 


SPANISH: higuerón guayabo 



REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987 

Ficus gigantosyce Dugand 


SPANISH: higuerón 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Peru 


Ficus insipida Willd. subsp. insipida [syn. F. glabrata Kunth] 


PORTUGUESE: cachimguba, caxinguba, gameleira, subi-irã 

SPANISH: doctor ojé, higo, ojé 



REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 


Ficus involuta (Licbro.) Miq. 


SPANISH: amate, amato blanco, matapalo 




Ficus mathewsii (Miq.) Miq. [syn. F. erratica Standley] 


ENGLISH: kumakaballi 

SPANISH: shaa yapit 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. Latex is used 

in plaster in Guyana. 


322



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1984, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996 

Ficus obtusifolia Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: apuí 

SPANISH: palo de higo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is a snack food. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg et al. 1984, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Ficus pallida Vahl 


SPANISH: higuito, matapalo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and leaves are added to salads or 

cooked as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador, to 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 

1987 

Ficus pertusa L.f [syn. F. padifolia Kunth] 


SPANISH: bibosi palomo, camichón, igo, higo, higuillo, palo de 

coco, tsakam ts’uh 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are sold in local Mexican markets and 

eaten as a snack. FNAEC states that this is an illegitimate name 

for F. americana. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics from Mexico to Bolivia and 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Berg et al. 1984, Bernardi 

1985, FNAEC 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Ficus pseudopalma Blanco 


ENGLISH: Philippine fig 

SPANISH: higuera dracena, palmiforme 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989 

Ficus sapida (Liebm.) Miq. 


SPANISH: higuito 

USES/NOTES Fruit pulp is edible. 



Ficus surinamensis Miq. [possibly conspecific with F. citrifolia] 


323



ENGLISH: bird fig 

PORTUGUESE: figo 

SPANISH: higo 


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern South America 

REFERENCES: Omawale 1973 

Ficus velutina Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 


SPANISH: oticón 




Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. and. F. ramontchi L’Hérit. 


ENGLISH: governor’s plum, Madagascar plum, Indian plum, psidium, 

ramontchi 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa-de-Madagascar 

SPANISH: ciruela del gobernador, ciruela de Madagascar, ciruela 

gobernadora 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark fruits are eaten preserved, in pies, or out 

of hand occasionally, and are medicinal. Wood is used in 

construction. 

NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar or tropical Asia 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Mabberley 1987, Martin 

et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Usher 


Flacourtia inermis Roxb. 


ENGLISH: louvi, lovi-lovi, plum of Martinique, thornless rukam 

USES/NOTES: Acid fruits are eaten cooked. Widely cultivated in 

tropical Asia, but rare in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: South to Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1987a 

Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Räuschel [syn. F. cataphracta Roxb.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese plum, Indian plum, paniala, runeala plum 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa-de-Madagascar 

SPANISH: ciruela gobernadora 

USES/NOTES: Slightly acidic fruits are eaten raw or preserved. 

Cultivated widely in Madagascar and Southeast Asia, but rare in 

the Americas. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 

1987a, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 


324


Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Morton 


ENGLISH: Indian prune, rukam 

USES/NOTES: Rarely seen in the Americas, fruits are eaten cooked. 


NATURAL RANGE: India, Southeast Asia, and Oceania 

REFERENCES: Morton 1987a 

Foeniculum vulgare Miller [syn. F. officinale All.] 


ENGLISH: anise, bitter fennel, common fennel, fennel, Florence 

fennel, sweet anise, sweet fennel, wild fennel 

PORTUGUESE: anis-doce, erva-doce, funcho, funcho-de-Florença, 

funcho-doce, maratro, runchu 

SPANISH: anís, hinojo, semilla de anís 

USES/NOTES: Seed oil is used in liqueurs and perfume, seeds and 

leaves are used as seasonings, young sprouts are edible, and 

seeds, leaves, and roots are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely introduced and 

naturalized in places 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968, Van Feu 

n.d., Yamaguchi 1983 

Forestiera neo-mexicana A. Gray 


ENGLISH: New Mexican olive, wild olive 

USES/NOTES: Tiny fruits can be used like common olives (Olea 

europaea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Colorado and New Mexico to California 


Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle [also F. crassifolia Swingle, 

F. hindsii Swingle, and F. margarita (Lour.) Swingle] 


ENGLISH: comquat, cumquat, kumquat, Homg Kong wild kumquat (F. 

hindsii), large round kumquat (F. crassifolia), marumi kumquat 

(F. japonica), nagami (F. margarita), nagami kumquat (F. 

margarita), oval kumquat (F. margarita), round kumquat (F. 

japonica) 

PORTUGUESE: cunquate (F. margarita), kinkan, kunquat, laranjajabuticaba 

(F. margarita), laranja-kunquat, laranjinha-japonesa 

SPANISH: marumi (F. japonica), nagami (F. margarita), naranja 

china, naranjita japonesa, quinoto 

USES/NOTES: Acid fruit, similar to an orange, is used in preserves 

or eaten raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: F. japonica from southern China or Japan, others from 

southeastern China 


325


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton 

1987a, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Will 

1991 

Fouquieria splendens Engelm. 

FAMILY: Fouquieriaceae (ocotillo) 

ENGLISH: candlewood, coach-whip, ocotillo 

SPANISH: albarda, ocotillo, rotilla 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten fresh or dipped in batter and fried, 

or soaked in water to make a beverage. Nectar is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Durango, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley 

1987, Martínez 1990, Tull 1978 

Fragaria ananassa Duchesne [syn. F. grandiflora Ehrh.] 


ENGLISH: common strawberry, garden strawberry, pineapple 

strawberry, strawberry 

PORTUGUESE: morango 

SPANISH: fresa, fresa piña 

USES/NOTES: Large, hybrid fruit of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana 

is the principal strawberry of commerce. Some cultivars taste 

somewhat like a pineapple. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably developed in Europe, now nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Estrella 1991, Hancock and Luby 1993, NRC 1989, Pérez- 

Arbeláez 1956, Samson 1980, Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Fragaria ananassa var. cuneifolia (Nutt. ex Howell) Staudt (pro 

nm.) [syn. F. cuneifolia Nutt. ex Howell] 


ENGLISH: wild strawberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American escapee of the domesticated hybrid 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994 

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Miller 


ENGLISH: Chilean strawberry, chiloe strawberry 

SPANISH: frutilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or in preserves, jellies, 

and jams. Crossed with F. virginiana to produce the common 

strawberry (F. ananassa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America from northern 

California to Alaska, spread to the the central Chilean coast, 

and Hawaii perhaps by birds, probably first cultivated in Chile 

REFERENCES: Hancock and Luby 1993, Sauer 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 


326


Fragaria vesca subsp. americana (Porter) Staudt [syn. F. americana 

(Porter) Britton] 


ENGLISH: alpine strawberry, American strawberry, American wood 

strawberry, wood strawberry, wild strawberry 

PORTUGUESE: morango, morango-silvestre 

SPANISH: fresca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or in preserves, jams, and 

jellies, and leaves are dried and used for tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Neumann 

n.d., Peterson 1977, Sauer 1993, Yanovsky 1936 

Fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata (Heller) Staudt [syn. F. bracteata 

Heller] 


ENGLISH: strawberry, wild strawberry, woodland strawberry 



USES/NOTES: Fruits, a good source of vitamin C, are cultivated, 

especially for jam, in the tropical highlands and temperate 

regions of the New World. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and North America 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Martin et al. 

1987, Sauer 1993, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca (S. Watson) Staudt 


ENGLISH: Rocky Mountain strawberry, wild strawberry 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is eaten raw, cooked, or dried, and young 

leaves are dried and steeped for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Rocky Mountains of western Canada and the U.S. 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hancock and Luby 1993, Harrington 1967 

Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana [syn. F. australis (Rydb.) 

Rydb., F. ovalis (Lehm.) Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: scarlet strawberry, Virginia(n) strawberry, wild 

strawberry 



USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit, eaten raw, cooked, or dried, is of 

excellent quality. Young leaves are dried and steeped for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Winnipeg and 

Nova Scotia to Louisiana and central Florida 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), Hancock and Luby 1993, 

Kartesz 1994, Kindscher 1987, Tull 1978 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 



327


ENGLISH: American ash, Canadian ash, green ash, red ash 

PORTUGUESE: freixo 

SPANISH: ceniza, crucecilla (applied to other Fraxinus sp. in Baja 

California, not necessarily to F. pennsylvanica), fresno 

USES/NOTES: Ojibwa Indians ate the cooked cambium of this 

potentially large, attractive, deciduus tree, which has been 

over-planted in the eastern U.S. as a shade tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Quebec and Manitoba to 

Florida and Texas, perhaps to portions of Arizona 

REFERENCES: Hunter 1997, Yanovsky 1936 

Fritillaria camschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawler 


ENGLISH: black sarana, kamchatka lily, rice-of-the-earth 

USES/NOTES: Small bulbs have been eaten raw, dried, or cooked in 

Alaska and British Columbia and are said to be similar to rice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia to coastal northwestern North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Lovelock 1973, Mabberley 

1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: yellow fritillaria, yellow fritillary 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten raw or boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia and Montana to California and Utah 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Fuchsia arborescens Sims 


SPANISH: flor de verano, pipilito 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hazlett 1979, Molina 1975, von Reis 

Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981 

Fuchsia boliviana Carrière 


SPANISH: coralina, fuchsia 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, oblong (2 cm long) fruits are eaten out of hand 

or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala to Venezuela and Bolivia, naturalized 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hoyas 1989, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Fuchsia corymbifolia Ruiz & Pavón 


ENGLISH: fuchsia 

PORTUGUESE: brinco-de-princesa, fúchsia, fúcsia 

SPANISH: fuchsia, sarcillos, zarcillo, zarcillos 



328


NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Joyal 1987, Martin et al. 1987 

Fuchsia denticulata Ruiz & Pavón 





Fuchsia magellanica Lam. 


ENGLISH: hardy fuchsia 


NATURAL RANGE: Chile, widely cultivated and naturalized 


Fuchsia racemosa Sessé & Moçiño [syn. F. fulgens DC.] 





Fuchsia splendens Zucc. [syn. F. cordifolia Benth.] 


SPANISH: melocotón 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits are eaten out of hand to quench thirst. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hazlett 1979, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 

1975, Williams 1981 

Fusaea longifolia (Aublet) Saff. 


PORTUGUESE: fusáia, karatu’a’a 


NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from western Colombia to 

Amazonian Bolivia and pre-Amazonian Maranhão, Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, 


Gaillardia pinnatifida Torrey 


ENGLISH: adobe blanket-flower, blanket flower, Hopi blanket-flower, 

red dome blanket-flower 

SPANISH: coronilla 

USES/NOTES: Seeds may be used as a buttery spread. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southwestern U.S. to Durango, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, MBG n.d., Moerman 1998, Whiting 

1939 


329


Galinsoga parviflora Cav. and G. quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavón [syn. G. 

aristulata Bicknell, G. ciliata (Raf.) S.F. Blake] 


ENGLISH: galinsoga, gallant soldier(s), Kew weed, quickweed 

SPANISH: guascas 

USES/NOTES: Young plants may be consumed as a potherb, a vegetable, or 

prepared as juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Subtropical South America, now nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, 

Harris 1972, Leung 1961, Simmons 1979, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Galium aparine L. 


ENGLISH: bedstraw, cleavers, goose grass 

SPANISH: amor de hortelano 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are used as a potherb, dried seeds 

are used as a coffee substitute, and dried leaves are used for tea. 

Prickly hairs make uncooked greens difficult to eat. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Eurasia, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, 

Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. 


ENGLISH: sweet woodruff 

PORTUGUESE: aspérula-odorífera 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor beverages and snuff or as tea. 

Flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d. 

Galium verum L. 


ENGLISH: cheese rennet, lady’s bedstraw, yellow bedstraw 

PORTUGUESE: erva-coalheira 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are used to curdle milk, stems and 

leaves contain an edible yellow dye, and young flowers are used to 

flavor beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d., 


Garcinia benthamiana Planchon & Triana [syn. Rheedia benthamiana 

Planchon & Triana] 


ENGLISH: garcinia 

PORTUGUESE: bacuri-de-espinho, bacuri-selvagem 

SPANISH: charichuelo 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for the small fruit’s whitish, 

tart pulp. 


330



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Garcinia brasiliensis Mart. [syn. Rheedia brasiliensis (Mart.) 

Planchon & Triana] 


ENGLISH: bacupary, rheedia 

PORTUGUESE: bacu, bacupari, bacuri, bacuri-liso, bacuripari, 

bacuripari-liso 

SPANISH: bacupari, pakuri 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this small riparian tree are sold in local 

markets for their transluscent pulp, similar in flavor to the 

mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Reed 1995, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 

1968 

Garcinia cochinchinensis (Lour.) Choisy 


ENGLISH: garcinia 

PORTUGUESE: mangostão amarelo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh and leaves are added to cooked 

dishes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indochina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Sturtevant 1972 

Garcinia dulcis Kurz 


ENGLISH: baniti, sweet garcinia 

SPANISH: garcinia, mandu, manzana de oro 

USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are eaten, usually cooked. Green dye is 

extracted from the bark. 

NATURAL RANGE: Molucca Islands 


1985, Leung 1961, OAS 1073, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson 


ENGLISH: African mangosteen, imbe 

PORTUGUESE: imbé 

SPANISH: imbé 

USES/NOTES: Plum-sized, reddish-orange to reddish-purple fruits are 

consumed out of hand, preserved, or made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson 1985, León 1987, Uphof 

1968 


331


Garcinia macrophylla Mart. [syn. Rheedia macrophylla (Mart.) Planchon 

& Triana] 


ENGLISH: bacury-pary, rheedia 

PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacuri, bacuripari, bacuripari-selvagem, jamboboliviano 

SPANISH: achuni-caspi, bacupari, bacuri, bacuripari, bao, baro ehuhi, 

brea caspi charichuela, charichuela, charichuelo, cotoiba, cozoiba, 

cozoiba picuda, fruta de mono, guapomó, machari, madroño, manaju, 

pacuriguazu, penka, renaquilla, wadanidi-ishadu 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s slightly acidic, whitish aril is eaten out 

of hand or preserved. Wood is used for cabinets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and Panama 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and 

Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Cavalcante 1991, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 

1989, Kearns 1998, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, 

Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et 

al. 1992, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Will 1991 

Garcinia madruno (Kunth) Hemmel. [syn. Rheedia acuminata (Ruiz & 

Pavón) Planchon & Triana, R. floribunda (Miq.) Planchon & Triana, 

R. madruno (Kunth) Planchon & Triana] 


PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacuri, bacuri-azedo, bacuri-bexiga, bacuri-deespinho, 

bacuri-espinho, bacuri-pau, bacurizinho 

SPANISH: achachairú, brea huayo, cero, charichuelo, cozoiba, cozoiba 

negra, cozoiba rebalsera, fruta de mono, fruto mono, jorco, 

kamururu, machari, madroño, madruno, manaju, morón, naranjita, 

naranjito, ocoró crespo, peramán de agua, platanillo, shiquishi 

USES/NOTES: Whitish, translucent, tart aril is highly esteemed, eaten 

out of hand or preserved. Wood is used for cabinets and sap is used 

for treating sores and ulcers. Much taxonomic uncertainty. 


REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, 

Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FUDENA n.d., Hammel 1989, Hoyas 1989, 

Kearns 1998, León 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 

1991, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 

1970, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul and 

Lipp 1982, Will 1991 

Garcinia mangostana L. 


ENGLISH: dodol, mangosteen 

PORTUGUESE: mangosta, mangusta, mangustão 

SPANISH: jobo de la India, mangostán, mangostín, mangostino, manzana 

de oro 

USES/NOTES: Baseball-sized purple fruit’s aril is very flavorful, but 

does not keep well. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malayan Peninsula, Sunda Islands, and/or Molucca Islands 


332


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, Mabberley 

1987, OAS 1973, Usher 1974 

Garcinia pictorius (Roxb.) D’Arcy [syn. G. tinctoria Dunn, G. 

xanthochymus Hook.f. ex T. Anderson] 


ENGLISH: gamboge, kandis 

PORTUGUESE: guta 

SPANISH: kandis, rata-gorake 

USES/NOTES: Acid fruit is edible when fresh, preserved, in sherbets, 

and as a flavoring. The coloring agent gamboge used in watercolors 

and dyes is extracted from the trunk. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern India to western Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Will 1991 

Garcinia spiculata Hook.f. 


SPANISH: garcinia amarga 

USES/NOTES: Slightly bitter fruits are used in marmalades. 

NATURAL RANGE: India, cultivated in Venezuela and Florida 


Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. [syn. G. jasminoides J. Ellis] 


ENGLISH: cape jasmine, common gardenia, gardenia 

PORTUGUESE: gardênia, jasmim-do-cabo 

USES/NOTES: Nearly exclusively an ornamental in the Americas, though 

flowers may be used to scent teas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southesatern China, Taiwan, and Japan 

REFERENCES: Faucon 1998 

Gardenia brasiliensis Sprengel 


PORTUGUESE: bacupari-açu 

USES/NOTES: Orange-sized fruit reportedly is edible. The validity of 

the species, however, is questionable. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Gaultheria acuminata Schltdl. & Cham. 


SPANISH: achocapa, arrayán, axocapaque 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this shrub are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Honduras 


Gaultheria bracteata (Cav.) D. Don 


SPANISH: pachyla-pachyla 


333


USES/NOTES: Shrub’s fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peru to Bolivia 


Gaultheria bradeana Sleumer 


PORTUGUESE: urze de brade 




Gaultheria domingensis Urban 


FRENCH: myrtilles des hautes 

SPANISH: niquivá 


NATURAL RANGE: Hispaniola, Guadelupe, and Martinique 


Gaultheria erecta Vent. 


SPANISH: arrayán, axocarpa, macha macha, mortiño, mullaca, pachín, 

pasas, uva 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to southeastern Brazil and northern Argentina 


Gaultheria glomerata (Cav.) Sleumer 


SPANISH: borrachera, cachuito, mullaca, pata de gallo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are made into juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela to northern Bolivia 


Gaultheria hapolotricha A.C. Sm. 


SPANISH: cacahuito, mistela 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Venezuela to Bolivia 


Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhlenb. ex Bigelow [syn. Chiogenes 

hispidula (L.) Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: birchberry, creeping snowberry, moxie-plum 

USES/NOTES: Berries, sold in markets, are eaten raw or preserved. 

Berries and leaves are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 


334


Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. [syn. G. myrsinites Hook.] 


ENGLISH: alpine wintergreen, checkberry, creeping wintergreen, 

teaberry, western wintergreen 

USES/NOTES: Fresh leaves are made into tea, young tender leaves are 

eaten as cooked greens, and small dark fruits are made into jam. 



Yanovsky 1936 

Gaultheria insipida Benth. 


SPANISH: misijallo 

USES/NOTES: Shrub’s fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Ecuador 


Gaultheria ovatifolia A. Gray 


ENGLISH: mountain checkerberry, Oregon wintergreen 

USES/NOTES: Spicey, red berries are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970 

Gaultheria procumbens L. 


ENGLISH: checkerberry, mountain tea, partridge berry, teaberry, 

winterberry, wintergreen 

PORTUGUESE: gualtéria, oleo de gualtéria 

SPANISH: gaulteria, pirola 

USES/NOTES: Spicy berries are used in pies and tarts, or may be 

nibbled fresh, leaves are made into mountain tea, and may be added 

to salads when young, and the plant’s essential oil is used as a 

flavoring agent. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Gibbons 1966, Harris 1972, Houaiss 1982, Morton 

1976a, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Gaultheria schultesii Camp in Schultes 


SPANISH: capulincillo del diablo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oaxaca, Mexico 


Gaultheria shallon Pursh 


ENGLISH: salal, shallon 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw, in baked goods, and preserved, or 

used for syrups, drinks, and wine. 


335



REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Creasy 1982, Harrington 1967, Turner and 

Szczawinski 1979, Uphof 1968 

Gaultheria tomentosa Kunth 


SPANISH: duraznillo, laurel 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Ecuador to southern Peru 

REFERENCES: Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Luteyn 1995, Luteyn 1996 

Gaultheria vaccinoides Wedd. 


SPANISH: macha macha 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly are edible, though also reported 

to poison livestock and intoxicate humans if ingested in large 

quantities. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peru to northern Bolivia 


Gaussia maya (Cook) Quero & Read [syn. Opsiandra maya Cook] 


ENGLISH: palmasito 

SPANISH: cambo, pacaya, palma cimarrona, palmasito 

USES/NOTES: Reportedly eaten in the Petén, Guatemala. 

NATURAL RANGE: Quintana Roo, Mexico, Belize, and Petén, Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Sousa 

and Cabrera 1983, Standley and Steyermark 1958 

Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch 


ENGLISH: black huckleberry, huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded shiny black drupes are sweet and used like 

blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). 


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Gaylussacia brachycera (Michaux) Gray 


ENGLISH: box huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded, light blue drupes are sweet and may be used 

like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Gaylussacia buxifolia Kunth 






336


Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: dwarf huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Multi-seeded, juicy, shiny black drupes, though not as 

good as some Gaylussacia spp., are used like blueberries (Vaccinium 

spp.). 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Long and Lakela 

1971, Radford et al. 1968, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey var. nana A. 

Gray and G. frondosa (L.) Torrey & A. Gray ex Torrey var. tomentosa 

A. Gray 


ENGLISH: blue huckleberry, blue tangle, dangleberry, dwarf huckleberry 

(var. nana), tall huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Juicy and sweet, small light blue drupes, though seedy, 

are used like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). Nelson (1996) places 

these varieties as distinct species: G. nana (A. Gray) Small and G. 

tomentosa (A. Gray) Small. The Institute for Systematic Botany at 

the University of South Florida lists the taxon as G. frondosa var. 

tomentosa with var. nana as a synonym. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 


Gaylussacia resinosa (Aiton) Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: black huckleberry, high-bush huckleberry, whortleberry 

USES/NOTES: Drupe is said to be of good quality, eaten fresh, cooked, 

or preserved. 


REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986 

Gaylussacia ursina (M.A. Curtis) Torrey & A. Gray ex A. Gray 


ENGLISH: bear huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Seedy drupes are used like blueberries (Vaccinium spp.). 



Geissanthus longistamineus (A.C. Sm.) Pipoly [syn. Ardisia 

longistaminea A.C. Sm. ] 


SPANISH: capulí, fósforo blanco 

USES/NOTES: Round black fruit’s tart pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands of coastal Colombia, coastal and Amazonian 

Ecuador, and Amazonian Peru 


337


REFERENCES: Dodson and Gentry 1978, MBG n.d., Renner et al. 1990 

Genipa americana L. [syn. G. americana var. caruto Kunth, G. caruto 

Kunth] 


ENGLISH: genip, genipap, lana, marmaladebox genip 

PORTUGUESE: jenipá, jenipaba, jenipapo, jenipapo-manso, jenipapinho, 

yaco-huito 

SPANISH: abugui, bi, caruto, chipara, gapindá, genipap, genipapo, 

gigulaté, gigualtí, guaitil, guaytil blanco, huito, irayol, jagua, 

jagua dulce, jenipapo, maluco, nandipá, nanë, ñapindá, quipara, 

saptur, tambor, tiñedientes, vito, yaco huito 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, aromatic, wrinkled, brown, highly perishable, ripe 

fruits are in high demand as an excellent fruit juice, liqueur, or 

wine. Unripe fruits are the source of a dark blue dye used 

traditionally by indigenous peoples as body paint. Bark, fruit, and 

roots are medicinal. Wood is used for cabinets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1986, 

Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, 

Steyermark 1974, Will 1991 

Genipa curviflora Dwyer 


PORTUGUESE: apuruí 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Brazil to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Genipa spruceana Steyerm. 


PORTUGUESE: jenipapo 

SPANISH: yacuruna huito 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is used like G. americana, though of inferior 

quality. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Steyermark 1974 

Geoffroea decorticans (Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.) Burkart [syn. 

Gourliea decorticans Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.] 


SPANISH: chanal, chañar 

USES/NOTES: Regionally important, tart ripe fruits are eaten out of 

hand or made into an alcoholic beverage (aloja de chañar in 

Spanish). Leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central Chile and Argentina into the southern 

Chaco region 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985, Uphof 1968, Valenzuela et al. 1984 


338


Geoffroea superba Humb. & Bonpl. 


PORTUGUESE: almendoa, umari 

SPANISH: jigua 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and seeds are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Geonoma camana Trail 


PORTUGUESE: assaí-rana, juriti-ubim, ubim 

SPANISH: hoja de guacamayo 

USES/NOTES: Small palm is burned as a salt source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru to western 



Geonoma deversa (Poit.) Kunth [syn. G. macropoda Burret] 


PORTUGUESE: baruaru, ubim, ubim-bravo, ubim-juriti 

SPANISH: chontillo, jatata, palma de San Pablo, palmiche 

USES/NOTES: Small, understory, clump-forming palm is a salt and thatch 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Belize through Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and 

Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Flores and Ashton 2000, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Geonoma interrupta (Ruiz & Pavón) Mart. [syn. G. binervia Oersted] 


PORTUGUESE: ubim 

SPANISH: caña brava, chocho blanco, chontilla, coco macaque, 

cortadera, palmiche, San Pablo, súrtuba 

USES/NOTES: Uphof reported the inflorescence as being eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Lesser Antilles, Haiti, 

Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, northeastern Amazonian Brazil, 

northern Amazonian Bolivia, and Amazonian Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Uphof 1968 

Geonoma maxima (Poit.) Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: palmeirinha, ubim 

SPANISH: baru-baru, palmicha, pui paso 

USES/NOTES: Burned leaves are a vegetable salt source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, the Guianas, and the Magdalena Valley of 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 


339


Geophila cordifolia Miq. 



NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Renner et al. 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Geum rivale L. 


ENGLISH: avens, chocolate root, Indian chocolate, purple avens, water 

avens 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are used to make a beverage similar to 

chocolate. 



1979, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Geum triflorum Pursh 


ENGLISH: prairie smoke 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are used to make a tea-like beverage. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Kirk 1970 

Geum urbanum L. 


ENGLISH: avens root, clove root, herb bennet, wood avens 

PORTUGUESE: erva-benta, geum 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic rhizome has the scent of cloves or cinnamon and 

is used as a spice or to flavor liqueurs and beer. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, introduced in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Neumann n.d., Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Gevuina avellana Molina 

FAMILY: Proteaceae (protea) 

ENGLISH: Chilean hazel 

SPANISH: avellano 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, similar to hazelnuts (Corylus spp.), are eaten in 

Chile. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985, Menninger 1977, Uphof 1968 

Ginkgo biloba L. 

FAMILY: Ginkgoaceae (ginkgo or maidenhair tree) 

ENGLISH: ginkgo, maidenhair tree 

PORTUGUESE: ginco, ginkgo, ginkgo biloba, ginkgoácea, ginko, nogueirado-Japão 

SPANISH: árbol sagrado, gingo, ginkgo, ginko 

USES/NOTES: Extremely rare in the wild, this botanically ancient 

species dating back some 200 million years, sometimes known as a 


340


“living fossil,” is grown in the Americas principally as either a 

medicinal or a highly adaptable and tolerant ornamental, though 

seeds are eaten roasted, boiled, or ground as a spice in Japan, and 

are an edible oil source. The leaves and seeds are said to contain 

compounds that enhance human longevity and brain function, and are 

marketed as botanical health supplements. The largest ginkgo 

plantation in the world today is in South Carolina. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China, possibly to Japan in historic times, and 

perhaps worldwide in antiquity, now weakly naturalized in North 

America and elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Facciola 1990, Foster 1996, Huxley 

1992, Menninger 1987, Neumann n.d., Oken 1999, Tyler 1998, Young 

2001 

Glaux maritima L. 

FAMILY: Primulaceae (primrose) 

ENGLISH: sea milkwort 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten in salads. 


REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uphof 1968 

Glechoma hederacea L. 


ENGLISH: alehoof, gill-over-the-ground, ground ivy 

PORTUGUESE: hera-terrestre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and young shoots are edible 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in temperate North and South 

America 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Morton 1976a, 

Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Neumann n.d. 

Gleditsia triacanthos L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: common honey-locust, honey locust, honey-shucks locust, 

sweet-bean locust, sweet locust, thorny locust 

SPANISH: acacia, acacia de tres púas 

USES/NOTES: Sweet young pods are eaten like string beans (Phaseolus 

vulgaris), raw or boiled, or made into beverages including a beerlike 

fermented beverage. Thornless forms (G.t. f. inermis) have 

been selected for ornamental horticulture. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western slopes of the Appalachian Mountains from central 

Pennsylvania almost to New Orleans west to eastern Texas and north 

to eastern South Dakota including southern Wisconsin and Michigan, 

and outlier populations in northwestern Florida; now widely 

introduced and naturalized in places 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Godfrey 1988, Peterson 1977, 

Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 


341


Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. [syn. Robinia sepium Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: Aaron’s rod, grow-stick, mother of cocoa, Nicaraguan cacao 

shade, quick-stick 

SPANISH: baba, bala, balo, bien vestido, cacahuananche, cocoite, 

cocoíte, kakawanance, kan-te, madera negra, madero negro, madre, 

madre de cacao, madrecacao, madreado, madregao, madriado, madura, 

mata-ratón, muite, oreja de ratón, palo cubano, palo de hierro, 

piñón de Cuba, piñón cubano, piñón florido, primavera 

USES/NOTES: Flowers occasionally are eaten fried in Central America 

and leaves are used for bush tea in parts of the Caribbean, though 

grown primarily to shade crops (especially cacao and coffee), to 

add nitrogen to the soil, as a living fence, as a fuel wood source, 

and in reforestation efforts. Bark and seed extracts are used in 

rat poison. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and/or northern South America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Budowski 1987, Duke 1986, Horst 

1992a, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Price 

1990, Usher 1974, Williams and Williams 1969 

Gloeospermum sphaerocarpum Planchon & Triana 

FAMILY: Violaceae (violet) 

SPANISH: pepito, tamarillo 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Glycine max (L.) Merr. [syn. G. soja Siebold & Zucc., G. hispida 

(Moench) Maxim., Soja max (L.) Piper] 


ENGLISH: Cindarella bean, edamame, miracle bean, soy, soya, soya bean, 

soybean 

PORTUGUESE: semente-de-soja, soja 

SPANISH: semilla de soja, soja, soya 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are eaten cooked, often as tofu, or 

made into flour, juice is used in infant formula and dairy 

substitutes, seed oil is edible and used in pharmaceuticals, and 

young sprouts are eaten as a vegetable. Also may contain anticancer 

compounds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern to central China 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Borget 1992, de Candolle 1902, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Singh and Singh 1992 

Glycydendron amazonicum Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: castanha-de-porco, miridimba-doce 

USES/NOTES: Sweet latex and small, somewhat ‘wrinkly’ fruits are 

edible. 


342



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 

1977 

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. 


ENGLISH: common licorice, Italian licorice, licorice root, liquorice, 

Spanish licorice 

PORTUGUESE: alcaçuz, alcaçuz-da-Europa, alcaçuz-glabro, madeira-doce, 

raíz-doce 

SPANISH: agarradera, alcazuz, licórice, melosa, orozuz, palo dulce, 

paloduz, regaliz, raíz de orozuz 

USES/NOTES: Sweet rhizomes are the source of common licorice used to 

flavor and/or scent candy, foods, beer and other alcoholic 

beverages, medicines, and tobacco. Glycyrrhizin, contained in the 

roots, is many times sweeter than sucrose. Also, highly touted as a 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 

1989, Duke 1981, Duke 1997, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Usher 

1974 

Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh 


ENGLISH: American licorice, dessert root, licorice, wild licorice 

SPANISH: regaliz de América 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots are eaten cooked or uncooked, or dried and 

used for tea. Young shoots are edible. 


REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Kindscher 1987, Kirk 1970, Uphof 1968 

Gnetum gnemon L. 

FAMILY: Gnetaceae (gnetum) 

ENGLISH: buko, joint fir, melindjo 

PORTUGUESE: ituá 

SPANISH: manindio, uva marina, uvas de mar 

USES/NOTES: Shoots, young leaves, and roasted fruits and seed kernels 

are edible. Bark is a fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia from India, Indonesia, Myanmar, Papua New 

Guinea, Philippines, Thailand, southern China, Vietnam, Malaysia, 

rarely cultivated in the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Rehm and Espig 1991, Terra 

1966 

Gnetum leyboldii Tul. 



SPANISH: bala huayo, hambre huayo, paujíl ruro 


343


USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds taste like chestnuts and are eaten as a nut, 

ground into flour (called farinha-de-ituá in Brazil), or fried as a 

cracker after the flour has dried in the sun. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and southern Venezuela, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva et al. 1977, 


Gnetum nodiflorum Brongn. 


PORTUGUESE: hava, ituá 

SPANISH: bala huayo, hambre huayo, paujíl ruro 



cracker after the flour has dried in the sun. Also, bark is the 

source of a gummy medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, the Guianas, and southern Venezuela 


1987, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Gnetum paniculatum Spruce ex Benth. 






NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro basin of North-central Amazonian Brazil and 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Gnetum schwackeanum Taubert ex Markgraf 


PORTUGUESE: ituá, ituaí 




NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro basin of North-central Amazonian Brazil and 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Gnetum urens (Aublet) Blume 


PORTUGUESE: blume-huá-açu, cipó-do-caçador, cipó-grande, gneto-toá, 

itoá, ituá, toá 




NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas and southern 

Venezuela 


344


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 

1987, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Gnetum venosum Spruce ex Benth. 






NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Manaus 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al. 1977 

Gonolobus edulis Hemsley 


SPANISH: guayato 


NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica possibly to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Mabberely 1987 

Gonolobus niger (Cav.) Schultes in Roemer & Schultes 


SPANISH: ooy 

USES/NOTES: Immature fruits are eaten fried with maize dough and 

spices. 



Gossypium arboreum L. 


ENGLISH: cotton tree, tree cotton 

PORTUGUESE: algodão-moro 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and seeds contain an edible oil similar 

to olive oil (Olea europaea). Boll contains a minor textile fiber. 

NATURAL RANGE: warm regions of Asia 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, 

León 1987 

Gossypium barbadense L. [syn. G. peruvianum Cav.] 


ENGLISH: buck cotton, cotton, Sea Island cotton, South American 

cotton, tree cotton 

PORTUGUESE: algodão, amandiú, brum, mandiú 

SPANISH: algodón, algodón blanco, algodón de monte, algodón silvestre, 

huaxmënë, riñón 

USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source. Also, boll contains a long 

silky fiber used for cotton fabrics. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably first domesticated in its native southwestern 

Ecuador between 3500 and 3000 B.C., possibly independantly 

domesticated later in the Atlantic Sea Islands of North America 

and/or the West Indies 


345


REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Ayala Flores 1984, Bailey 

Hortorium 1976, Boom 1987, Boswell 1989, Damp and Pearsall 1994, 

Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Madsen 1991, Omawale 

1973 

Gossypium herbaceum L. 


ENGLISH: levant cotton, short-staple American cotton 

USES/NOTES: Seed is a source of cottonseed oil used in cooking, to 

make margarine, and as a lard substitute, pressed into an edible 

cake, roasted, or as a coffee substitute. Leaf is edible and boll 

contains a minor textile fiber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Africa, Asia Minor, and India 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, León 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Gossypium hirsutum L. 


ENGLISH: buck cotton, cotton, upland cotton 

PORTUGUESE: algodão, algodão-branco 

SPANISH: algodón 

USES/NOTES: Boll is the principal commercial cotton source. Fruit and 

seed are edible after removing the toxic gossypol, and seeds are 

the source of the commercially important and edible cottonseed oil. 

Boiled leaves are used to make medicinal baths. 

NATURAL RANGE: Middle America from Mexico to the Caribbean coast of 

South America, the West Indies, and South Florida, perhaps first 

domesticated in Mexico’s Yucatán 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Branch and Silva 1983, Facciola 

1990, Ford 1984, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, Omawale 1973, 

Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993 

Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urban [syn Banisteria lupuloides L.] 


ENGLISH: chew stick 

USES/NOTES: Bitter stems have been used like hops to flavor beer. Also 

chewed to clean teeth. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, West Indies, and Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977 

Gouania polygama (Jacq.) Urban 


SPANISH: limpia dientes 

USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used like hops to flavor beer. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to northern South America, the West Indies, and 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Williams 1981 

Goupia glabra Aublet 

FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Goupiaceae (goupia) 


346


PORTUGUESE: cupiúba 

USES/NOTES: Red to nearly black fruits are eaten by the Ka’apor of 

Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and the Guianas to Panama 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Greigia sodiroana Mez 


SPANISH: guicondo 


NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Luther 1989, Smith and Downs 1979 

Greigia sphacelata (Ruiz & Pavón) Regel 


PORTUGUESE: chapéu 

SPANISH: chupón, chupones, guicondo 



REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Usher 

1974 

Grias cauliflora L. 


ENGLISH: anchovy pear, wild mammy 

SPANISH: jaguay, jaguillo, madre de cocoa, membrillo, paco, pera de 

ancho, sacha mangua 

USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, unripe fruit is eaten raw or pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Jamaica, or elswhere in the West Indies, and 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Prance and Mori 1979 

Grias haughtii R. Knuth 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw or cooked into a syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori 1979 

Grias neuberthii J.F. Macbr. [syn. G. loretensis R. Knuth] 


ENGLISH: anchovy pear 

SPANISH: cocora, cocorro, pepe guare, sacha mango, sacha mangue, 

wingaca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are edible, the former typically as an 

emergency food by the Waorani. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Macbride 1941, Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori 

1979 


347


Grias peruviana Miers 


SPANISH: aguacate de mente, aguacatillo, apai, cocora, llanero, 

mancoa, pito, sacha mango, sacha mangua, sapote de perro 


NATURAL RANGE: Lowlands of Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance and 

Mori 1979, Uphof 1968 

Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal 


ENGLISH: gum plant, resinweed 

PORTUGUESE: mal-me-quer 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea and resinous covering of leaves 

and flower heads have been used as a chewing gum substitute. Also 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Kirk 1970, 

Mabberley 1987, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Guadua angustifolia Kunth and G. latifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: bambu 

SPANISH: guadúa 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. 


REFERENCES: Berendson and Araniva de González 1991, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Londoño and Davidse 1991, Morán Ubidia 1991, OAS 1973 

Guaiacum officinale L. 

FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (lignum-vitae) 

ENGLISH: lignum-vitae, guayacán 

PORTUGUESE: pau-santo 

SPANISH: guajacán negro, lignum-vitae 

USES/NOTES: Cooked fruits are edible and the vanillin-containing wood 

resin (guaicum) is used to flavor beverages, candy, ice cream, gum, 

baked goods, and other sweets. Also medicinal and a hard wood 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, West Indies, and northern South America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Nellis 1994, Neumann 

n.d. 

Guaiacum sanctum L. [syn. G. guatemalense Planchon] 

FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (lignum-vitae) 

ENGLISH: holywood, lignum-sanctum, lignum-vitae, roughbark lignumvitae, 

tree of life 

FRENCH: bois sant, gaïac blanc, gaïac femelle 

SPANISH: guayacán, guayacán blanco, guayacán de vera, guayacancillo, 

lignum sanctum, palo santo 


348


USES/NOTES: Resin is used to flavor beverages, candy, ice cream, gum, 

baked goods, and other foods. Also medicinal, a hard wood source, 

and a regionally popular landscape specimen for its showy blue 

flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles, the 

Yucatan, eastern Guatemala and Honduras, to the Florida Keys, 

cultivated elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Little and Wadsworth 

1964, Nelson 1994 

Guarea grandifolia DC. [syn. G. borisii Harms] 


SPANISH: bola requia 

USES/NOTES: Small drops of sap, though toxic, are added to chicha (a 

fermented beverage made from the juice of Manihot esculenta) to 

"increase" alcohol content. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia and adjacent lowland Andes 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington et al. 1981 

Guarea guidonia (L.) Sleumer [syn. G. guara (Jacq.) Wilson, G. 

trichilioides L.] 


ENGLISH: alligator wood, muskwood, West Indian redwood 

PORTUGUESE: acajou, itaubarana, jatuauba, jitó 

SPANISH: cabima, cabirma, cabirma santa, cedro macho, guanquero, 

guaraguao, latapi, lataqui, requia, trompillo, yamao, yamagua 

USES/NOTES: Brown fruit’s pulp is occasionally eaten. Grown mainly as 

a medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

OAS 1973, Pennington et al. 1981, Silva et al. 1977 

Guatteria buchtienii R.E. Fries 


SPANISH: chocolatillo negro, piraguina negra 


NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, MBG n.d. 

Guatteria elongata Benth. 



NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to eastern Amazonian Brazil 


Guatteria gracilipes R.E. Fries 




REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989 


349


Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. [syn. G. guazuma (L.) Cockerell, G. tomentosa 

Kunth] 


ENGLISH: bastard cedar, mutamba, West Indian elm 

PORTUGUESE: araticum bravo, cabeça-de-negro, embira, embiru, guazimamacho, 

guaxina, ibixuna, mutamba, mutamba-preta, mutamba-verdadeira 

periquiteira, mutambo, nutamba, pau-de-bicho, pojó 

SPANISH: atadijo, bolaina, cabeza de negrito, cablote, caulote, 

chicharrón, guácima, guácimo, guásimo, jacocalalu, pishoy, tablote, 

tepescohuite 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, mucilangenous fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980, Kainer and Duryea 1992, 

Little and Wadsworth 1964, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 

1968 

Guettarda argentea Lam. 


ENGLISH: black guava 

USES/NOTES: Small (~1cm), dark purple, soft fruit, is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987 

Guettarda scabra (L.) Vent. 


ENGLISH: rough velvetseed, velvetseed 

USES/NOTES: Red, velvety, berry-like, cm in diameter fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to south Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 

Guettarda speciosa L. 


PORTUGUESE: angélica 




Guettarda uruguensis Cham. & Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: velvet seed 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Uruguay 


Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. [syn. G. chilensis Lam.] 

FAMILY: Haloragaceae or Gunneraceae (gunnera) 

SPANISH: nalcas, pangue, panke 


350


USES/NOTES: Young, somewhat acidic leaf stalks are eaten peeled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile to Patagonian Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, OAS 

1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Gustavia augusta L. [syn. G. mexiana R. Knuth, Grias mexiana R. 

Knuth] 


PORTUGUESE: castanha-fedorenta, envira-fedorenta, general, geniparana, 

jeniparana, mata-matá-branco, mucurão 

SPANISH: chopé, sacha chopé 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Wood emits a disagreeable odor some days 

after cutting. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Macbride 1941, Prance and Mori 


Gustavia longifolia Poeppig ex O. Berg 


SPANISH: chopé, chopé masha, cocora, mangua, nonginca, sacha chopé, 

sacha manga, tripa de polla 


NATURAL RANGE: Western and central Amazonia from Brazil, Peru, and 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Prance and Mori 1979 

Gustavia macarenensis Philipson subsp. macarenensis 


SPANISH: chopé, iniaku 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. 


REFERENCE: Bennett et al. 2001, Prance and Mori 1979 

Gustavia nana Pittier 


SPANISH: achucalo, membrillo, pacó 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Panama 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance and Mori 1979 

Gustavia speciosa (Kunth) A. DC. subsp. speciosa 


SPANISH: chupa, chupo 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible nut and yellow fruit pulp, which 

may cause the skin to turn yellow if taken in excess. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, La Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 

and Mori 1979 


351


Gustavia superba (Kunth) O. Berg 


ENGLISH: wild mango 

SPANISH: chupo, chupo membrillo, pacó 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw or cooked and the mashed pulp is used 

like cooking greese. 



Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Kentucky coffee tree 

USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds may be eaten like nuts or ground and used as 

a coffee substitute. Fresh seeds and fruit pulp, however, are 

poisonous. Wood is a hard lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New York to eastern Oklahoma, 

principally west of the Appalachia 

REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Haageocereus decumbens (Vaupel) Backeb. 





Haageocereus pseudomelanostele (Werderm. & Backeb.) Backeb. 




REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Stuva et al. 2006 

Halesia carolina L. 

FAMILY: Styracaceae (storax) 

ENGLISH: Carolina silverbell, little silverbell, silverbell tree, wild 

olive 

USES/NOTES: Ripe, four-winged, tart fruits may be nibbled, while 

unripe fruits may be eaten pickled. Attractive, white-flowered, 

small trees make a nice landscape addition as well. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Michigan, to Florida, Texas, and 

California 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 

1958, Munz and Keck 1959, Nelson 1994 

Hamamelis virginiana L. 

FAMILY: Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel or sweet gum) 

ENGLISH: witch hazel 

PORTUGUESE: hamamelis 

SPANISH: nogal de la brujería 


352


USES/NOTES: Leaves of this yellow-flowered, attractive small tree are 

made into tea and oily seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from southern Canada to central 

Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Hamelia patens Jacq. 


ENGLISH: firebush, Mexican firebush, red berry, scarlet bush 

PORTUGUESE: valmoura 

SPANISH: anileto, azulillo, bálsamo, benzen yuca, cachimbilla, 

cascarilla, chacloc, chichipince, coralillo, palo camarón, pata de 

pájaro, pico de pájaro, pissi, tisicu panga, unkumutsuwake, usiaey, 

uvero, yoshin coshqui rao, yuto blanco, zapote maduro, 

zorrillo, zorrillo real 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to purplish-black, ovoid, juicy, ripe 

fruits, with a bland to pleasant flavor, are eaten out of hand or 

made into juice or alcoholic beverages. Fruit and other plant parts 

are also medicinal. Attractive, fast growing shrub is also used in 

urban landscaping in tropical to nearly frost-free regions for its 

abundant scarlet flowers and green to red foliage and because it 

attracts butterflies and hummingbirds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics from Paraguay and Bolivia to Mexico, 

the Antilles, central and southern peninsular Florida, and Bermuda 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bernardi 1985, Bush and Morton 

n.d., Duke n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), Lorence 

1999, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, Sommeijer et al. n.d., 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Hancornia speciosa B.A. Gomes 


PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-doente, mangaba, mangabeira, mangabinha-do-norte 

SPANISH: mangaba, mangabera, mango jsú 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, poisonous until fully ripe, are consumed fresh, in 

sherbets, preserved, or made into wine. Latex is the source of 

mangabeira rubber. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern to northeastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Schneider 1987, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex Krause 


ENGLISH: cape ash, kaffir plum 

SPANISH: ciruelo de kafir 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its fruit pulp, eaten fresh or in jellies. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 


353


Harrisia aboriginum Small 


ENGLISH: prickly apple-cactus, shellmound apple-cactus, west coast 

apple-cactus 

USES/NOTES: Globose yellow fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwester coastal Florida 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977 

Harrisia balansae (K. Schumann) N.P. Taylor & Zappi [syn. H. 

guelichii Britton & Rose, Cereus guelichii Speg.] 


USES/NOTES: Potentially spinless red fruit’s white pulp is said to be 

very sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina to adjacent Bolivia, Brazil, and 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kessler et 

al. 2000, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Harrisia eriophora (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: fragrant apple-cactus 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits, to 6 cm, are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963 

Harrisia fragrans Small [syn. H. eriophora (Pfeiffer & Otto) Britton 

var. fragrans (Small ex Britton & Rose) D.B.Ward, Cereus eriophorus 

var. fragrans (Small) L.D. Benson] 


ENGLISH: Caribbean apple-cactus, fragrant apple-cactus, Indian River 

prickly-apple 

USES/NOTES: Globose, 4-6 cm red prickly fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indian River region of Florida’s central-east coast 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977 

Harrisia pomanensis Weber [syn. H. bonplandii (Parmentier ex 

Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose] 


ENGLISH: apple cactus 

USES/NOTES: Globular red fruit’s white pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, Paraguay, and southwestern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Harrisia portoricensis Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: Puerto Rico apple-cactus 

SPANISH: higo chumbo 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s pulp is edible. 



354



Harrisia simpsonii Small in Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: apple cactus, Simpson’s apple-cactus 

USES/NOTES: Red to yellow fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central east coast and southern coastal Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 

1990, Morton 1977 

Hasseltia dioica (Benth.) Sleumer 

FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow), previously Tiliaceae (linden) or 

Flacourtiaceae (flacourtia) 

SPANISH: canelo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten in the Petén. 

NATURAL RANGE: Petén, Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Hechtia montana Brandegee 


SPANISH: chikana, haamxooíi, hichiconi, huidbori 

USES/NOTES: Rosette bases of this wild plant, called guasipari, are 

eaten roasted in portions of its range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arid to semiarid regions of Chihuahua, Sonora, Sinaloa, 

and Baja California del Sur 

REFERENCES: Felger 2000, Rios and Khan 1998, Smith and Downs 1974, 

Yetman and Van Devender 2002 

Hedeoma drummondii Benth. 


ENGLISH: New Mexican pennyroyal 

SPANISH: polello, poleo, toronjil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowering tops are brewed with teas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico into the southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul 1973, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Hedeoma pulegioides (L.) Pers. 


ENGLISH: American pennyroyal, squaw mint 

PORTUGUESE: hedeoma 

USES/NOTES: Dried leaves are used as a peppermint-like condiment, made 

into tea, and the source of a commercial essential oil used as a 

flavoring agent. Leaves are also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977 

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig [syn. H. spicatum Lodd.] 



355


ENGLISH: butterfly ginger, butterfly lily, garland flower, ginger-lily 

PORTUGUESE: borboleta, lágrima-de-moça, lírio-branco, lírio-brejo, 

lírio-do-brejo, napoleão 

SPANISH: amapola, caña de indio, lirio, mariposa 

USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in the Americas, though buds and 

showy, white, fragrant flowers may be eaten or used for flavoring. 

Fruits of some varieties reportedly are eaten cooked. Roots and 

leaf tea are used medicinally in parts of the neotropics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, widely naturalized in the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 

1987, Kunkel 1984, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Tanaka 

1976, Torres n.d., Vázquez et al. 1995 

Hedyosmum angustifolium (Ruiz & Pavón) Solms-Laub. 

FAMILY: Chloranthaceae (chloranthus) 

SPANISH: anís de monte, guayusa 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andes from Ecuador to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Todzia 1988 

Hedyosmum maximum (Kuntze) Schumann 


SPANISH: chavarquero, chisco de monte, granicillo, granizo, guayusa, 

guayusa hembra 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor alcoholic beverages. 



Hedyosmum mexicanum C. Cordem. 


SPANISH: almizcle, anillo, colchón de pobre, gallinazo, granizo, 

planta del soldado, silva-silva, té azteco, vara blanca 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, succulent, white fruits are edible and leaves are 

used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, from Mexico to northern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, MBG n.d., Molina 1975 

Hedyosmum nutans Sw. 


ENGLISH: headache bush 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola 


Hedyosmum racemosum (Ruiz & Pavón) G. Don f. 


SPANISH: canutillo, espejuelo, granizo, itacopa, pito, silva-silva 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used like tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to Bolivia 



356


Hedysarum alpinum L. [syn. H. alpinum var. americanum Michaux ex 

Pursh] 


ENGLISH: hedysarum 

USES/NOTES: Roots, eaten raw, boiled, or roasted, were an important 

food source for Native Alaskans. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern U.S. and Canada 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gleason 1968, Rollins 1940, Uphof 1968 

Hedysarum boreale subsp. mackenzii (Richardson) S.L. Welsh [syn. H. 

mackenzii Richardson] 


ENGLISH: liquorice root, sweet broom, sweet root 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central U.S. to Alaska 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970, 

Northstrom and Welsh 1970, Uphof 1968 

Hedysarum occidentale E. Greene 


ENGLISH: liquorice root, sweetvetch 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots, eaten raw or roasted, taste like licorice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Rollins 1940 

Helianthus annuus L. 


ENGLISH: common sunflower, sunflower 

PORTUGUESE: girassol 

SPANISH: acahual, chimalte, flor del sol, gigantón, girasol, maíz de 

Texas, maíz meco, maravilla, mirabel, mirasol, papa de caña, 

quisnaniquitonale, tornasol, xaricamata 

USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible and medicinal oil source, among the most 

commercially important vegetable oils. Seeds are eaten raw or 

cooked, young seed sprouts are eaten in salads, and flowers are fed 

to animals, grown for honey production, and are a dye source. Also 

medicinal and ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. into Mexico, possibly first domesticaed in 

the Gulf Coast region of Tabasco, Mexico, or the southern U.S., 

perhaps Arizona 

REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Espejo 

Serna et al. n.d., Guia Rural n.d., Heiser 1976, Lentz et al. 2001, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971, Weiss 1983 

Helianthus doronicoides Lam. 


ENGLISH: oblong-leaf sunflower 

USES/NOTES: Tubers were eaten by Amerindians of the central U.S. 


357


NATURAL RANGE: Central and western U.S. 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Helianthus giganteus L. 


ENGLISH: giant sunflower 

USES/NOTES: Choctaw people made bread from the ground seeds mixed with 

cornmeal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to the Mississippi 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky 1936 

Helianthus maximilianii Schrader 


ENGLISH: Maximilian sunflower 

USES/NOTES: Roots have been eaten by Amerindians. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to the southeastern U.S., Texas, and 

California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Helianthus tuberosus L. 


ENGLISH: Jerusalem artichoke, sunchoke, topinambur 

PORTUGUESE: alcachofra-de-Jerusalém, batata-tupinambá, girassolbatateiro, 

girassol-de-batata, topinambour, tupinambo, tupinambur 

SPANISH: aguaturma, alcachofa de Jerusalén, cotufa, papa de caña, 

pataca, topinámbur, tupinambo, tupinambur 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten raw or cooked and are the source of 

levulose sugar, tubers and leaves are medicinal, and seeds are an 

oil source. Also used for fodder. Widely cultivated in France as a 

forage plant and as an alcohol source. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bourke 1987, Brücher 1989, Duke 1992, Foster and Cordell 

1992, Guia Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Heliconia bihai (L.) L. [syn. H. humilis Jacq.] 

FAMILY: Heliconiaceae (heliconia) or Musaceae (banana) 

ENGLISH: balisier, false plantain, firebird, heliconia, lobster-claw, 

macaw flower, wild banana, wild plantain 

PORTUGUESE: bico-de-tucano 

SPANISH: heliconia, platanillo, riqui-riqui 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. Flowering bract is a brilliant 

red and yellow. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles through northern South America and 

northern Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Andersson 1981, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Dodson and Gentry 1978, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977, 


Heliconia caribaea Lam. 



358


ENGLISH: balisier, false plantain, heliconia, wild plantain 


USES/NOTES: Young shoots and dark blue fruit’s black seeds are eaten 

and roots are an edible starch source. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to Panama 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 


Heliconia hirsuta L.f. 


PORTUGUESE: bananeira-do-mato, bananeirinha, bananinha, bananinhabrava 

(perhaps) 

SPANISH: heliconia, millua situlli, platanillo, riqui-riqui 

USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and fermented into an alcoholic beverage. 


REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Schultes and 

Raffauf 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Heliconia latispatha Benth. 


ENGLISH: expanded lobster-claw, heliconia, lobster-claw 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and used for cooking in the Yucatán. 

NATURAL RANGE: moist lowlands of central Mexico, the Yucatán, and 


REFERENCES: Andersson 1992, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Niembro Rocas 1992 

Heliconia psittacorum L.f. 


ENGLISH: parakeet flower, parrot’s beack 


USES/NOTES: Rhizome is crushed and eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuelan dry forests, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Gragson 1997, Kress 1997 

Heliconia rostrata Ruíz and Pavón 


ENGLISH: lobster-claw 

PORTUGUESE: caeté, helicônia 

SPANISH: heliconia, platanillo, situlli 

USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and fermented into an alcoholic beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, tropical central Andes, to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Berry and Kress 1991, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994 

Heliconia velutina L. Andersson [illegitimate name according to 

Bailey Hortorium] 


SPANISH: heliconia, platanillo del monte 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to wrap food. 


359



REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Salick 1992 

Helicostylis elegans (Macbr.) C. Berg [syn. Perebea elegans Macbr.] 


PORTUGUESE: inharé 

SPANISH: misho chaqui 



REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Helicostylis scabra (Macbr.) C. Berg 


PORTUGUESE: inharé 

SPANISH: misho chaqui 




Helicostylis tomentosa (Poeppig & Endl.) Macbr. 


PORTUGUESE: atinha, inaré, inharé, mão-de-gato, pama, pama branca,f 

xubaco 

SPANISH: cajimán, charo macho, charo peludo, misho chaqui, pata de 

Morrocoy 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten cooked, and fruit are eaten by the Chácobo 

of Bolivia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Heliopsis buphthalmoides (Jacq.) Dunal 


SPANISH: botoncillo grande 

USES/NOTES: Dried, ground leaves are used as a condiment and fresh 

leaves are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Blake 1940 

Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. [syn. H. lilioasphodelus var. fulvus L.] 

FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Hemerocallidaceae (day-lily) 

ENGLISH: day-lily, double tawny day-lily, orange day-lily, tawny daylily 

PORTUGUESE: hemerocalis, lírio-amarelo 

SPANISH: lirio de un día 

USES/NOTES: Roots, flowers, and young shoots and leaves are eaten 

cooked, and roots are a starch source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia, perhaps to Europe, now widely naturalized in North 

America and somewhat naturalized in Central America 


360


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 

1967, Schwegman 1991 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. [syn. H. flava (L.) L., H. 

lilioasphodelus var. flavus L.] 

FAMILY: Liliaceae (lily) or Hemerocallidaceae (day-lily) 

ENGLISH: day-lily, lemon lily, yellow day-lily 

PORTUGUESE: hemerocalis, lírio 

SPANISH: lirio 

USES/NOTES: Roots, flowers, and young shoots and leaves are eaten 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1959 

Henriettea succosa (Aublet) DC. [syn. Melastoma succosa Aublet] 


SPANISH: oluka 


NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, the Guianas, Venezuela, Colonbia, Central 

America, and southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Standley and Williams 1963 

Heracleum maximum Bartram [syn. H. lanatum Midax] 


ENGLISH: cow parsnip 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the roots, young shoots and flowers are 

used as a potherb and in salads, older stems are peeled and eaten 

raw or cooked, and the plant base can be used as a salt substitute. 

The plant is also said to be poisonous, if improperly prepared. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America from Wisconsin to northern 

California and Alaska to northeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Facciola 1990, 

Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Heracleum sphondylium L. 


ENGLISH: common cow parsnip, cow parsnip, European cow parsnip, 

hogweed 

PORTUGUESE: heracleum 

USES/NOTES: Boiled leaves and fruits are made into an alcoholic 

beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America and northeast Asia 


Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uphof 1968 

Herrania albiflora Goudot [syn. Theobroma albiflora (Goudot) De 

Wild.] 


SPANISH: cacao cimarrón, cacao monteras 


361


USES/NOTES: Edible seeds sometimes are mixed with those of T. 

cacao. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Schultes 1958 

Herrania camargoana R. Schultes [syn. Theobroma camargoanum (R. 

Schultes) Ducke] 


USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are used to flavor meat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Venezuela to the Colombian Chocó 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Schultes 1958 

Herrania mariae (Mart.) Decne. ex Goudot var. mariae [syn. Abroma 

mariae Mart., Theobroma mariae (Mart.) Schumann] 


PORTUGUESE: cacaoti, cacau-quadrado, cacaurana, cacauú, cacau-jacaré 

SPANISH: cacao, chocolate 

USES/NOTES: Seed and fruit pulp are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: widespread in Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 

1987, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977 

Herrania nitida (Poeppig) R. Schultes [syn. Abroma nitida Poeppig, 

Theobroma nitidum (Poeppig) K. Schum. nomen illegit.] 


PORTUGUESE: cacau-jacaré 

SPANISH: boginca, cacahuillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and seeds are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Cerón 1995, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Macbride 1956, Schultes 1958, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez 1997 

Hesperis matronalis L. 


ENGLISH: dame’s rocket, dame’s violet, garden rocket, mother-of-theevening, 

purple rocket, rocket, scented rocket, sweet rocket, 

vesper-flower, white rocket 

USES/NOTES: Piquant leaves are eaten fresh in salads, seeds are an 

edible oil source, and seed sprouts are eaten in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Grieve 1931, PFAF n.d., Uphof 

1968, Zuloaga 1997 

Hesperomeles ferruginea (Pers.) Benth. [syn. H. lanuginosa Ruiz & 

Pavón ex Hook. nomen illegit., Eriobotrya cordata Lindl.] 


SPANISH: cerote, coca coca, norito, yanaquero 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet and tart. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia from Colombia and Venezuela to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 


362


Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer [syn. H. salicifolia (C. 

Presl) Abrams, Photina arbutifolia Lindley] 


ENGLISH: California holly, Christmas berry, tollon, toyon 

SPANISH: tollón, toyón 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw or roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to Baja California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Phipps 


Heteropsis sp. 


SPANISH: otome 

USES/NOTES: Waorani of Ecuador eat the yellow fruit and extract a 

strong fiber from the bark of an unidentified species. 



Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müell. Arg. 


ENGLISH: caoutchouc, hevea rubber, rubber, rubber tree, Pará rubber 

PORTUGUESE: borracha, seringa, seringa-real, seringa-verdadeira, 

seringueira 

SPANISH: árbol del caucho, árbol del cielo, carama jihui, caucho, 

caucho de Pará, goma de Pará, hule, jebe, jebe débil fino, 

sernambi, shiringa 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds are infrequently eaten after cooking to 

remove toxins. H. brasiliensis accounts for most of the world’s 

quality natural rubber, worth over $3 billion in exports annually. 

Malaysia is the most economically important producer followed 

closely by Indonesia. Brazil, the source of most natural rubber up 

untill World War I, is a net importer of rubber today. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern half of Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Fearnside 1989, Hunter 1997, Imle 1978, León 1987, 

Oldfield 1981, OAS 1973, Schultes 1977a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith 

et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Hevea guianensis Aublet 


ENGLISH: caoutchouc, hevea rubber, rubber, rubber tree 

PORTUGUESE: seringa, seringa-itaúba, seringa-taúba, seringa-vermelha 

SPANISH: shiringa amarilla 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are infrequently eaten after cooking to remove 

toxins. Latex is drunk by some indigenous groups, and is mixed with 

that of H. brasiliensis to make rubber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern half of Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Schultes 1977a, Silva et al. 1977, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 


363


Hevea pauciflora (Spruce ex Benth.) Müell. Arg. var. coriacea Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: seringa 

SPANISH: shiringa, shiringa maposa 

USES/NOTES: Seed has been eaten cooked. Latex is mixed with that of H. 

brasiliensis to make rubber. 



Hexachlamys edulis (O. Berg) Kausel & D. Legrand [syn. Eugenia edulis 

Benth., Myrciaria edulis (Vell.) Skeels nomen illegit.] 


USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into vinegar in Argentina. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Uruguay, eastern Paraguay, and 

southern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Mattos 1983, Uphof 1968 

Hibiscus bifurcatus Cav. [syn. H. uncinellus DC.] 


PORTUGUESE: algodão-do-brejo, algodoeiro-bravo, algodoeiro-do-brejo, 

amanduerana, amanduerana-bravo, amaniu-rana, campanha-de-canudo, 

faja, fajan, fanja-maioranta, fanjan, majorona, malva-vinagreira, 

mamorana, mata-cobras, mata-pinto, quiaborana, uaicima-do-brejo, 

vacina-do-brejo, vinagreira-do-campo 

SPANISH: flor de paisto 

USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are cooked as a vegetable and sap can be 

used to clarify syrups. Medicinal in Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Hibiscus cannabinus L. 


ENGLISH: ambari hemp, bimplipatum tree, Deccan hemp, hemp-leaved 

hibiscus, kenaf, kenaf hibiscus 

PORTUGUESE: cânhamo-brasileiro, papoula, papoula-São-Fransisco, umbaru 

SPANISH: amapola de San Francisco, cáñamo de gambó, cáñamo de la 

India, cáñamo falso, kenaf, linda mañana, mañanera, pavona 

encendida 

USES/NOTES: Though rarely used as food in the Americas, seeds are 

edible and the source of an edible cooking oil. Flowers and young 

leaves also are edible. Grown chiefly for its fiber, similar to, 

though coarser than jute (Corchorus olitorius), and abundant paper 

pulp, which requirs less bleaching than tree pulp. Yields three to 

five times more paper pulp than southern pine trees and reaches 

harvest age in half a year. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably East Africa, long naturalized in India 

REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 

1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, 

Wilson 1992 


364


Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. 


ENGLISH: China rose, Chinese hibiscus, hibiscus, shoe black, shoe 

flower 

PORTUGUESE: brincos, brinco-de-princesa, flor-de-graxa, goela-de-leão, 

graxa, graxa-de-estudante, graxa-de-soldado, hibisco, mimo-devênus, 

papoula, papoula-dobrada, rosa-da-China 

SPANISH: bis, bonche, cayena, clavel, cucarda, escandalosa roja, 

gallardete, hibisco, mar pacífico, marimoña, papo, pavona, 

resucitado, resucitado rojo, rosa china, rosa sínica, tapo, 

tilipán, tulipa, tulipán 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten raw, boiled, or fried, and are used as a 

natural food colorant. Young leaves are edible. Flowers are also 

medicinal. Also the principal ornamental hibiscus in tropical and 

frost-free subtropical regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical East Asia 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Berg 1984, Bhat 1994, Facciola 1990, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Van Feu n.d., Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. 


ENGLISH: African mallow, China rose, Florida cranberry, hibiscus tea 

flower, Indian sorrel, Jamaican sorrel, Jamaican tea flower, Java 

jute, pink lemonade flower, red sorrel, red tea, rosella, roselle, 

roselle hemp, rozelle, sorrel, Sudanese tea 

PORTUGUESE: agrilla, azeda, azedinha, caruru-da-Guiné, caruru-azedo, 

cuxá, graxa-de-estudante, groselheira, quiabo-azedo, quiabo-da- 

Angola, quiabo-róseo, quiabo-roxo, rosela, vinagreira 

SPANISH: acedera de Guinea, acedera rojo de Guinea, agrio de Guinea, 

agrilla, aleluya, cabitutu, cañamo de Guinea, chiriguata, flor de 

Jamaica, jamaica, jamica, maravilla, rosa de Jamaica, rosa Jamaica, 

rosella, serení, viña, vinagrillo, viñuela 

USES/NOTES: Enlarged, vitamin C- and pectin-rich, dark red, immature, 

acidic calyces and bracts have an acidic, sorrel- or cranberry-like 

flavor and are eaten fresh or made into teas and other tart 

beverages known as jamaica in Mexico, wines, sauces, pies and 

jellies and other preserves including Jamaica’s famous rosella jam. 

Leaves, young stems, and large yellow flowers are used as herbs, 

and leaves have been used as cooked greens with a somewhat tart 

flavor. Ground seeds are edible. Stems are the source of roselle 

fiber and the plant is medicinal. Roselle tea is used to treat 

hangovers in Guatemala. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably West Africa, though once considered part of the 

Indian flora and now widely cultivated and naturalized in the 

tropics 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Balick et al. 2000, Bourke et al. 

1987, Bown 1995, Crane 1949, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, 


365


Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Manandhar 2002, Morton 1987a, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973, Wilson 

1999 

Hibiscus syriacus L. 


ENGLISH: hibiscus, rose-of-Sharon, shrub althea 

SPANISH: rosa de Siria 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and flowers are eaten and used for tea. 

Fibrous roots can be used as a famine food. Though containing 

edible parts, H. syriacus is cultivated primarily as a flowering 

ornamental that is more cold hardy than many other Hibiscus 

species. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, though now naturalized in places and widely 



Mabberley 1987, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Hibiscus tiliaceus L. 


ENGLISH: cotton tree, cottonwood, hau, mahoe, sea hibiscus 

PORTUGUESE: algodão-da-praia, algodoeiro-da-Índia, algodoeiro-da-praia 

SPANISH: emajagua, majagua 

USES/NOTES: Tender inner bark and young leaves are edible, flowers are 

eaten raw, boiled or fried, and roots were an aboriginal food 

source. Also medicinal and a fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably tropical Pacific shores, now pantropical along 

seashores 

REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, 

FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley 1987, Nellis 1994, OAS 1973, Pio Corrêa 

1984, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Hippocratea volubilis L. 


fruit) 

ENGLISH: medicine vine 

PORTUGUESE: fava-de-arara 

SPANISH: bejuco camarón rojo, wayan ‘ak 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this high-climbing vine reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Florida and Mexico through tropical 

South America 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Hayden 2006, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., 

Wunderlin and Hansen 2003 

Hippuris vulgaris L. 

FAMILY: Hippuridaceae (mare’s tail) 

ENGLISH: female horsetail, mare’s tail, marsh-barren horsetail 

SPANISH: corregüela hembra 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb. 


366


NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions, across Canada and the northern 

U.S. to Maine in the east and to New Mexico in the south 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 

2004 

Hiraea reclinata Jacq. [syn. Malpighia obovata (Kunth) Nied., M. 

reclinata (Jacq.) Colla] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp of this climbing vine is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics from southern Mexico to Brazil 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Vásquez 1997 

Hirtella americana L. 


ENGLISH: pigeon plum, wild coco plum 

SPANISH: carita de negro, guauiluna, icaco de aura, icaco paludo, 

icatillo, pasa, pasito, yaya 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a 

Hirtella bicornis Mart. ex Zucc. 


SPANISH: coloradillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Hirtella bullata Benth. 


SPANISH: ururau 


NATURAL RANGE: Guyana through northern Brazil to Amazonian Bolivia 


Hirtella lightioides Rusby, H. pilosissima Mart. & Zucc., and H. 

racemosa Lam. var. racemosa 


PORTUGUESE: caripé (H. racemosa var. racemosa), macucu-peludo (H. 

racemosa var. racemosa) 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, H. racemosa var. racemosa from 

Central America, tropical South America, and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Hirtella triandra Sw. 


PORTUGUESE: caripé-branco 


367


SPANISH: barazón, camaroncille, carapate, chicharrón, icacillo, 

jicaco, pasito 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Hoffmanseggia glauca (Ortega) Eifert [syn. H. densiflora Benth., H. 

falcaria Cav.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: rush pea 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to western South America 


Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. 


ENGLISH: ocean spray 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw or cooked. 



Honckenya peploides (L.) Ehrh. subsp. peploides [syn. Arenaria 

peploides L.] 


ENGLISH: sea purslane, seabeach sandwort 

USES/NOTES: Inuits have eaten the leaves fresh or preserved in oil. 



Hordeum jubatum L. 


ENGLISH: foxtail barley, squirrel-tail grass 

USES/NOTES: Seed is edible and used as a coffee substitute. Also 

ornamental. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Hordeum vulgare L. [syn. H. distichon L.] 


ENGLISH: barley, common barley, four-rowed barley, six-rowed barley, 

two-rowed barley 

PORTUGUESE: cervejeira, cevada forrageira 

SPANISH: cebeda 

USES/NOTES: Domesticated some 10,000 years ago, seeds are eaten 

cooked, used in beer and whisky malts, and occasionally brewed lie 

coffee (Coffea spp.). 

NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent of the Middle East 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Purseglove 1972, Smith 1994 


368


Hovenia dulcis Thunb. 


ENGLISH: honey tree, Japanese raisin tree, raisin tree 

PORTUGUESE: chico-magro, passa-do-japão, uva-do-japão 

SPANISH: árbol de las pasas, hovenia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible fresh, dried, or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern China, Korea, and Japan, naturalized in warm, 

temperate regions of North and South America including Virginia and 

Texas, and northern Argentina through adjacent Brazil and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d. 

Huilaea ecuadorensis Wurdack 


SPANISH: tuno 



REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, 

Valencia et al. 2000 

Huilaea macrocarpa (L.) Uribe 


SPANISH: tuno 




Humiria balsamifera Aublet 


ENGLISH: taurniro 

PORTUGUESE: muréua, umiri 

SPANISH: couranira, oloroso 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits of this diminutive tree are edible. Also 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et 

al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Humirianthera rupestris Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: batata mairá, mauirá 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are eaten after treatment. 


REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Phillips 1991, Silva et al. 1977 

Humiriastrum cuspidatum (Benth.) Cuatrec. 






369


Humulus lupulus L. 

FAMILY: Cannabaceae (cannabis or hemp) 

ENGLISH: common hop(s), hop(s) 

PORTUGUESE: lúpulo 

SPANISH: lúpulo 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are the hops of commerce, used as a condiment or 

more importantly added to beer and ale malts. (In botanical terms, 

the word “hops” refers to the plant’s pistillate strobiles.) Young 

shoots are edible, and leaves and fruit are used for tea. Also the 

source of an edible aromatic oil and a medicinal. Domesticated in 

Europe with the brewing of hopped beer. 

NATURAL RANGE: The plant was domesticated in Europe and the wild forms 

present in the Americas were either native or have naturalized from 

escapees of introduced plants 

REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, DeLyser and Kasper 1994, Edwardson 1952, 

FNAEC 1997, IBGE 1980, Neve 1976, Parsons 1940, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Small 1980 

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michaux 


ENGLISH: waterleaf 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uphof 1968 

Hydrophyllum canadense L. 


ENGLISH: broad-leaved waterleaf, John’s salad, Shawnee salad 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are eaten boiled with one or more 

water changes. Roots are eaten as a famine food. 


REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 

1936 

Hydrophyllum occidentale (S. Watson in King) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: western squaw lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten in salads. 


REFERENCES: Munz and Keck 1959, Uphof 1968 

Hydrophyllum virginianum L. 


ENGLISH: Indian salad, John’s cabbage, Shawnee salad, Virginia 

waterleaf 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are eaten boiled with one or more 

water changes. 



370


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Hyam and Pankhurst 

1995, Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Hyeronima macrocarpa Müell. Arg. [syn. H. colombiana Cuatrec.] 


SPANISH: motilón 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, 

Martin et al. 1987 

Hylenaea comosa (Sw.) Miers [syn. Hippocratea comosa Sw.] 


fruit) 

PORTUGUESE: fava-de-arara 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, oily seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and 

León-Yánez 1999, Phillips 1991, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Hylocereus costaricensis (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: pitahaya 

USES/NOTES: Oblong, scarlet fruit, to 10 cm, of this climbing, 

epiphytic cactus is edible. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1988, 

Rivas 1995 

Hylocereus lemairei (Hook.) Britton & Rose [syn. H. polyrhizus 

Britton & Rose] 



USES/NOTES: Oblong, scarlet to purple fruit is eaten or made into 

refreshing beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad and Tobago, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, and 

Panama 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, 


Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus 

ocamponis Salm-Dyck] 


ENGLISH: cereus cactus, night-blooming cactus, night-blooming cereus, 

pitahaya, pitaya, strawberry pear 

PORTUGUESE: céreo 

SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya roja, pitajaya 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, wine-red fruit is eaten fresh or made into juice. 

Night-blooming flowers make for an interesting and showy 

ornamnetal. 


371


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, 

Morton 1987a, Standley and Williams 1962 

Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: cereus cactus, God okra, prickle withe, strawberry pear 

USES/NOTES: Large crimson fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963 

Hylocereus trigonus (Haw.) Saff. 



USES/NOTES: Large oblong fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies possibly to Panama 


Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose [syn. H. guatemalensis 

(Eichlam) Britton & Rose, Cereus trigonus var. guatemalensis 

Eichlam, Cereus undatus Haw.] 


ENGLISH: cereus cactus, night-blooming cactus, night-blooming cereus, 

pitahaya, pitaya, strawberry pear 

PORTUGUESE: cardo-ananás, cato-barse, céreo 

SPANISH: chacam, chacoub (red fruited variety), flor de caliz, junco, 

junco tapatío, pitahaya, pitahaya blanca, pitahaya cardón, pitahaya 

de cardón, pitahaya orejona, pitahaya roja, pitajava, pitajaya, 

pitaya, reina-de-la-noche, tasajo, zacoub (white fruited variety) 

USES/NOTES: Large, reddish/purple, green, yellow, or creamy-white 

fruit’s juicy pulp is consumed fresh, as juice, or made into syrup. 

Fruits are sold in markets. Tender stems and unopened flowers are 

eaten cooked. Large, beautiful, night-blooming flowers have made 

this climbing, sometimes epyphitic cactus a popular ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, perhaps Mexico to Costa Rica, now widely 

cultivated and naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963, 

Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Kermath (notes), León 

1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, 

Mowry et al. 1967, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, 

Usher 1974, Wunderlin 1998 

Hymenaea courbaril L. [syn. H. courbaril var. stilbocarpa (Hayne) 

A.T. Lee & Langenheim, H. stilbocarpa Hayne] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: anami gum, Brazilian cherry, Brazilian copal, copal, coubari, 

courbaril, dry courbaril, kerosene tree, kaúrabali, locust, Simiri 

locust, South American locust, stinking toe, West Indian locust 


372


PORTUGUESE: burandã, jassaí, jataí, jataíba, jatobá, jetaí, jutaí, 

jutaí-açu, jutaí-grande, jutaicita 

SPANISH: abatí, abatí tembary, algarroba, algarrobo, anime, avatí, 

azúcar huayo, copalhuallo, copalillo, copinol, corobore, coroboré, 

corama, courbaril, cuahupinoli, cuapile, cuapinol, cuapinoli, 

curbaril, guapinal, guapinol, guapinoli, gui-se, jaku huayaka, 

jatayva, lai-tus, limpia dientes, nazareno, nere, pacay, pacuy, 

pakay, paquió, paquío, tsa´pushan, tundityú 

USES/NOTES: Powdery, odoriferous pulp from hard-shelled, dark brown 

fruit pod is eaten fresh or cooked or used to make an alcoholic 

beverage. Sap is medicinal and burned as an illuminate. Fruits are 

collected from the wild, from cultivated trees, and from trees that 

arise spontaneously around dwellings and villages. Wood is used in 

construction for canoes and furniture. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and 

Silva 1983, Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991, 

Denevan 1985, Denevan et al. 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., 

Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Reed 1995, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Wiersema et al. 1990, 

Williams and Williams 1969, Uphof 1968 

Hymenaea courbaril var. altissima (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim [syn. 

H. altissima Ducke] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: courbaril 

PORTUGUESE: jataí, jatobá, jutaí 

SPANISH: copalillo, curbaril 



REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lee and Langenheim 1975 

Hymenaea intermedia Ducke 


pea) 

ENGLISH: locust 

PORTUGUESE: jatobá, jatobá-curuba 

USES/NOTES: Powdery fruit aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cruz et al. 2001 

Hymenaea martiana Hayne 


pea) 


PORTUGUESE: jataí, jatobá, jutaí 





373


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lee and Langenheim 1975 

Hymenaea oblongifolia Huber var. oblongifolia and H. oblongifolia 

Huber var. palustris (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim [syn. H. 

palustris (Ducke) A.T. Lee & Langenheim] 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: jatobá, jutaí, jutaí-da-folha-grande 

SPANISH: amahuaca, azúcar huayo 

USES/NOTES: Odoriferous powdery fruit pulp is edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lee and Langenheim 1975, OAS 1973, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Hymenaea parvifolia Huber 


pea) 

ENGLISH: copal 

PORTUGUESE: jutaí-curuba, jutaí-mirim 

SPANISH: paquió 

USES/NOTES: Powdery fruit pulp is edible. Fruit is smaller than H. 

courbaril. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Miller 1997 (pers. comm.), Silva et al. 1977 

Hymenaea reticulata Ducke 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: jatobá 

SPANISH: azúcar huayo 

USES/NOTES: Odoriferous powdery fruit pulp is edible. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Hymenaea stigonocarpa Mart. ex Hayne 


pea) 


PORTUGUESE: jataí, jatobá-capão, jatobá-de-casca-fina, jatobá-docampo, 

jatobá-do-cerrado, jitaí, jutaí, jutaicica 




REFERENCES: Ducke 1953, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, 

Rizzini 1976 

Hymenocallis spp. 


ENGLISH: spider lily 

SPANISH: lirio 


374


USES/NOTES: Well cooked roots of some species are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions of North America 


Hymenopappus filifolius Hook. 


ENGLISH: woolly white 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of New Mexico chewed the roots like gum. 


REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Hymenoxys odorata DC. [syn. Actinella odorata (DC.) Gray] 


ENGLISH: bitterweed 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are made into tea. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Hickman 1993, Uphof 1968 

Hypericum perforatum L. 

FAMILY: Clusiaceae (mangosteen) or Guttiferae (garcinia), previously 

Hypericaceae (St. John’s-wort) 

ENGLISH: goatweed, Klamath weed, St. John’s wort 

PORTUGUESE: erva-de-são-joão, hiperição, hipérico, milfurada 

SPANISH: corazoncillo, cori, hierba de San Juan, hipérico, hipericón 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are said to be edible, though the plant has been 

considered to be mildly toxic to animals. Leaves and fruits have 

been used for tea and now are added to commercially bottled herbal, 

health teas. Long used as an anti-depressant in Europe, now popular 

as an herbal dietary supplement used to treat mild depression. Also 

noted, due to the phytochemical hypericin, as an anti-viral. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized in temperate zones and 

pestiferous in places 

REFERENCES: Alves da Fonseca n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Crowhurst 1972, 

Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Krohne 1998, Marticorena and Quezada 

1985, Neumann n.d., Sirvent et al. 2002, Uphof 1968 

Hyptis albida Kunth 


SPANISH: amargocilla, dosábali, rosáwori, salvia 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor food. 


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Bye 1985, Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Hyptis emoryi Torrey [syn. H. lanata Torrey] 


ENGLISH: desert lavender 

SPANISH: chía 


NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico 



375


Hyptis multiflora Pohl 


PORTUGUESE: betônia, betônica, betônica-brava 

SPANISH: betónica 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and medicinal. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980 

Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. 


ENGLISH: comb hyptis, piaba 

PORTUGUESE: neves 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Epling 1949, Facciola 

1990, Molina 1975 

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. 


ENGLISH: bush tea plant, konivari, pignut, spikenard 

PORTUGUESE: mentrasto-do-grande, neve-cheiroso 

SPANISH: ajonjolí cimarrón, botón morado, chán, chana, chía de colima, 

chía gorda, chía grande, chichinguaste, clavito, confitura, 

confiturilla, conibare, conivari, goyohuali, guarijio conivari, 

herva cidreira, hierba de la reuma, hierba de las muelas, jujure, 

lavaplatos, mamajuana, marubio, mastrantillo, mastranto, mastranto 

de perro, mastranto de sabana, mastronto, menta, mentrasto-dogrande, 

orégano, orégano cimarrón, salvia purgaperro, sangura, 

yerba de la mula, yerba de las muelas, yerba de reuma 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used like tea, mucilaginous seeds are made into 

a beverage, and shoot tips are used to flavor other foods. Also 

contains potential anti-cancer compounds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now pantropical 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Epling 1949, Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Lobb 

1997, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, 

Torres n.d., Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams 1981 

Ibicella lutea (Lindley) Eselt. 

FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (pedalium) or Martyniaceae (unicorn) 

ENGLISH: yellow unicorn plant 

USES/NOTES: Abundant fruits are eaten pickled or as a sweetmeat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bretting 1984, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974, Soraru 1979 

Ilex amara Loes. in Engl. & Prantl 

FAMILY: Aquifoliaceae (holly) 

SPANISH: mate 

USES/NOTES: Leaves sometimes are mixed with those of I. paraguariensis 

to make maté, a pleasant, tea-like hot beverage. 


376


NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, southern Brazil, and Paraguay 


Ilex cassine L. 


ENGLISH: cassena, cassina, cassine, Christmas berry, dahoon, dahoon 

holly 

SPANISH: acebo 

USES/NOTES: Dried and generally roasted leaves were crushed and made 

into a caffeine-free tea by the Creek people. Caution is advised, 

however, as ill side effects may result. Berries can cause nausea 

and diarrhea and should not be consumed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., coastal plain from possibly Virginia, 

to southern Florida, to southeastern Texas, portions of the 

Bahamas, and Cuba 


Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 

1939, Morton 1977, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Wunderlin and 

Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Ilex conocarpa Reissek 


USES/NOTES: Leaves, often mixed with those of I. paraguariensis, are 

used to make maté, a pleasant, tea-like beverage. 



Ilex glabra (L.) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Appalachian tea, bitter gallberry, gallberry, inkberry, 

winterberry 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a caffeine-containing tea. 

Flowers are a honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Wet areas of North America’s coastal plain from Nova 

Scotia, to Florida, to eastern Texas 


Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Watkins & Sheehan 1975, Wunderlin and 


Ilex guayusa Loes. 


PORTUGUESE: congonha, mate-falso 

SPANISH: guayusa 

USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich leaves are brewed into a stimulating tea, 

consumed alone or blended with alcoholic and other beverages. Also 

used to "cleanse" the body and to relieve hangovers and the ill 

side effects of the halucinigen ayahuasca (Banisteriopsis caapi). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern slopes of the central Andes 


377


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cooper 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Naranjo 1991, Patiño 1968, Schultes and 

Raffauf 1990 

Ilex opaca Aiton [includes I. opaca Aiton var. arenicola (Ashe) Ashe, 

I. opaca Aiton var. opaca] 


ENGLISH: American holly (var. opaca), hammock holly (var. arenicola), 

scrub holly (var. arenicola) 


USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves have been used to make a tea that was 

popular during the American Civil War. Berries, however, can cause 

nausea and diarrhea. Also various medicinal uses. 



Gibbons 1966, Kunkel 1984, Moerman 1998, Nelson 1994, Peterson 

1977, Wunderlin and Poppleton 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Ilex paraguariensis J. St-Hil. [seen also as I. paraguayensis] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian tea, Jesuit tea, maté, Paraguay tea, South American 

holly, South American tea 

PORTUGUESE: chá-de-mate, chá-do-Brasil, congonha, congonhinha, ervamate, 

herva-mate, mate, maté 

SPANISH: caá, caá guazú, herva maté, hierba del Paraguay, hierba mate, 

maté, té argentino, té brasileño, té del Paraguay, yerba maté, 

yerba de maté 

USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich leaves and shoots are the principal maté of 

commerce, used to make a stimulating hot beverage more widely 

consumed than coffee and true tea (Camellia sinensis) in portions 

of Argentina, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. 

NATURAL RANGE: Border region of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and 

Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cooper 1949, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Facciola 1990, López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Porter 

1950, Rehm and Espig 1991, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Ilex verticillata (L.) Gray 


ENGLISH: black alder, common winterberry, feverbush, winterberry 


USES/NOTES: Caffeine-free leaves are made into tea. 



1979, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968, Wunderlin and Poppleton 

1977 

Ilex vomitoria Aiton 



378


ENGLISH: Carolina tea, cassina, emetic holly, winterberry, yaupon, 

yaupon holly 

PORTUGUESE: apalachina, chá-dos-apalaches 

SPANISH: apalachina 

USES/NOTES: Dried, caffeine-rich, young leaves and twig tips have long 

been used by Amerindians to make a ceremonial or medicinal tea 

known as black drink, dark drink, or Carolina tea. Early pioneers 

used the brew as a beverage tea, though it must be consumed in 

moderation due to its emetic effects. Leaves also have been used to 

flavor ice cream and soft drinks. Berries are an emetic medicinal. 

Also planted as a landscape specimen, including a dwarf, fruitless 

variety, known as Schillings, used especially for hedges. 


REFERENCES: Alston and Schultes 1951, Bailey Hortorium 1976, de Gámez 

1973, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Jeffords 1949, Kermath (notes), 

Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Usher 1974, Wunderlin and 


Illicium floridanum Ellis [syn. I. mexicanum A.C. Sm.] 

FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia) 

ENGLISH: Florida anise, Mexican anise tree, pole-cat-tree, purple 

anise, red-flowered anise, star anise, starbush, stink-bush, 

stinking laurel, tree anise 

SPANISH: anís 

USES/NOTES: Small dark seeds of the star-shaped, fluted fruit pod 

reportedly have been used as a spice. Fruit pods eventually explode 

after drying, which can send seeds flying up to several meters. The 

small, evergreen, understory shrub is also used in moist, shady 

landscapes for its showy, dark red to purple or rarely white, 

highly aromatic flowers. White-flowered cultivars are being sold in 

the horticultural trade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Flood plain forests of southern Georgia and adjacent 

Florida to Louisiana and an isolated population in Vera Cruz 

Mexico, which has been treated as a distinct species (I. mexicanum) 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 

1988, Hopkins 1972, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, 

Thien et al. 1983 

Illicium verum Hook.f. 

FAMILY: Illiciaceae (star-anise) or Magnoliaceae (magnolia) 

ENGLISH: China star anise, Chinese anise, star anise 

PORTUGUESE: anis, anis-estrelado, badiana-de-China 

SPANISH: anís estrella, anís estrellado 

USES/NOTES: Unripe fruits are chewed to freshen breath, dried fruits 

are used as a spice, and the distilled essential oil is used as a 

flavoring agent, especially for sweets and liqueurs. USES/NOTES: 

Cultivated for nearly two thousand years as a flavoring agent, the 

seeds are used in cooking, beverages, liqueurs, and confections. 

Both I. verum and the unrelated Pimpinella anisum (aniseseed) 

contain the compound “anethole,” which is used to make the 


379


essential oil “oil of anise.” Historically I. verum was the most 

important source of anise oil in the U.S., but today, most anise 

oil in the U.S. comes from the ripe seeds of P. anisum. Illicium 

verum should not be confused with I. anisatum L. (syn. I. 

religiosum Siebold & Zucc.), as I. anisatum is poisonous, yet is 

known by some of the same common names as I. verum and is listed as 

a spice in some references. The poisonous I. anisatum, of Japan and 

Korea also is a popular landscape plant in warm regions and is 

somewhat similir to other Illicium spp., especially I. parviflorum 

Michaux ex Vent. of central Florida, which is not considered 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern China to northeastern Vietnam 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hopkins 1972, IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Small 1996 

Impatiens capensis Meerb. [syn. I. biflora Walter] 

FAMILY: Balsaminaceae (balsam) 

ENGLISH: jewelweed, orange balsam, snapweed, spotted touch-me-not 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young stems can be eaten cooked, but only in 

moderation and generally with other vegetables, as they may be 

purgative like the rest of the plant. Also, contains the compound 

lawsone, reported to effectively treat poison ivy, nettles, and 

other poisonous plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from southern Canada 

to Florida and Oklahoma 

REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Gibbons 1966, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 

Impatiens pallida Nutt. 

FAMILY: Balsaminaceae (balsam) 

ENGLISH: jewelweed, pale jewelweed, pale touch-me-not 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots can be eaten cooked after a couple water 

changes. Also, contains the compound lawsone, reported to 

effectively treat poison ivy, nettles, and other poisonous plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to Georgia and Kansas 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Peterson 1977 

Inga adenophylla Pittier 




REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Macbride 1943 

Inga affinis DC. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Sousa 1993 


380


Inga alba (Sw.) Willd. [syn. Mimosa alba Sw.] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica, ingá-ferro, ingá-titica, ingá-turi, ingáxixica, 

ingá-vermelha, ingaxixica, ingaxixi 

SPANISH: shimbillo 



REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Inga aria J.F. Macbr. [treated as I. aria Benth. by Duke and Vásquez] 







Inga auristellae Harms 


PORTUGUESE: estralador, ingá 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through southern Venezuela and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Irwin 1966a, Roosmalen 1985, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga bourgonii (Aublet) DC. 





NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Andean lowlands. 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993 

Inga brevialata Ducke [syn. I. suturalis Ducke] 





REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949 

Inga calantha Willd. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-vermelho 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, southern Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Ducke 1949, Irwin 1966a, UFA/NYBG n.d. 


381


Inga canaminensis Rusby 


SPANISH: poroto shimbillo 



REFERENCES: Killeen et al. 1993, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992 

Inga capitata Desv. [syn. I. falcistipula Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-açu, ingá-chichica, ingá-costela, ingá-ferradura, 

ingá-xixica, ingaí-ferro, ingapé 

SPANISH: guamo negro, shimbillo, verano shimbillo 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the elongated, plump fruit pod is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the eastern slopes of the Andes 


1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Inga cayennensis Sagot ex Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-verdadeiro, ingá-vermelho 



REFERENCES: Roosmalen 1985, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga chartacea Poeppig & Endl. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-seca 


NATURAL RANGE: Greater Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Macbride 1943, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga ciliata C. Presl [syn. I. coerulescens Walp. possibly according 

to Lewis] 



SPANISH: pairajo de altura 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lewis 1987, Sousa 1993 

Inga cinnamomea Spruce ex Benth. 


ENGLISH: inga, padoo, whykee, whytee 

PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-açu, ingá-chinela, ingá-chinelo, ingá-grossa 

SPANISH: huaba, pacay, paterna, shimbillo, vaca paleta 

USES/NOTES: Pulp from the long, plump green to yellow fruit is edible 

and medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas, perhaps beyond 


382


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Estrella 1991, Kermath (notes), Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Roosmalen 

1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977 

Inga coruscans Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. 



SPANISH: churimo, shimbillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Colombian Chocó 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Ramírez-Orjuela and 

Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Sousa 1993 

Inga densiflora Benth. 



SPANISH: guaba 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, León 1966, Sousa 1993 

Inga dumosa Benth. 







Inga edulis Mart. 


ENGLISH: ice-cream bean, food inga, ingapadoo, whykee, whytee 

PORTUGUESE: ingá-cipó, ingá-de-metro, ingá-verdadeiro 

SPANISH: cajetaho, guaba, guaba chilillo, guaba de la costa, guaba 

forastera, guabo, guaje, guama/o, guamo bejuco, guamo liso, guamo 

rabo de mico, guamo santafereño, guava, guavo bejuco, guavo machek, 

inga espada, inga sipó, ingaguazu, maria, pacae, pacai, pacay, 

paterna, pepetón, rabo de mico, rabo de mono, shimbile, shimbillo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet white pulp surrounding the seeds of the long pod is 

edible a favorite snack food in many regions. The tree is also 

medicinal and widely cultivated to add nitrogen to the soil and to 

shade other crops. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, FUDENA 

n.d., Irvine 1989, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, OAS 

1973 1985, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993, 

Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Works 1990 

Inga feuillei DC. [syn. I. reticulata Spruce] 



383


ENGLISH: ice-cream bean 

SPANISH: guamá, guava, pacae, pacai, pacay, pacay del Perú 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated by the Inca for its sweet white aril. Now also 

planted as a nitrogen-fixing shade tree for other crops including 

Trujillo coca (Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense) and 

coffee (Coffea spp.). 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes of South America 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, Plowman 1984, Uphof 1968 

Inga gracilifolia Ducke 




USES/NOTES: Sweet aril is edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Lewis 1987 

Inga heterophylla Willd. [syn. I. umbellata G. Don f.] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica, ingá-de-macaco, ingá-xixica, ingaí, 

ingaxixi 

SPANISH: guamo cajeto, guamo copero, shimbillo 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin 

et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977, Sousa 1993 

Inga ilta T.D. Penn. 


SPANISH: guamo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and embryo are edible. 


REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999 

Inga ingoides (Rich.) Willd. [syn. Mimosa ingoides Rich.] 


SPANISH: guabilla, guamo cafetero 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kartesz 1994, León 1966, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Inga insignis Kunth 


SPANISH: guamá 





384


Inga killipiana J.F. Macbr. 






Inga klugii Standley ex J.F. Macbr. 






Inga lallensis Spruce ex Benth. 






Inga lateriflora Miq. 






Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. [syn. I. fagifolia (L.) Willd. ex Benth., 

non G. Don f., nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: sackysac inga, sweat pea 

PORTUGUESE: ingá-curumim, ingá-cururu, ingá-de-macaco 

SPANISH: cansamuelas, churimito, churimo, cuajinicuil, cuajiniquil, 

cushín, gina, guaba, guamá, guamo cansamuelas, guamo rosario, 

guava, ingua, mari, paternilla, paternillo, paternita, tuetajo 

USES/NOTES: Seed and sweet whitish aril are edible. Tree is planted 

for shade and nitrogen fixation in coffee plantations in Puerto 

Rico. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke 

n.d., Facciola 1990, León 1966, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Silva 

et al. 1977, Sousa 1993, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Inga leiocalycina Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-leite 

SPANISH: rosario shimbillo 




385


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga leptoloba Schltr. 


SPANISH: chalahuite silvestre, guamo, pepeto negro, pepito 




Inga lineata Benth. 


SPANISH: rosario shimbillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Andes 


Inga longipes Benth. 


SPANISH: rosca pacae 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Sousa 1993 

Inga lopadadenia Harms 






Inga macrophylla Humbl. & Bonpl. ex Willd. [syn. I. calocephala 

Poeppig, I. quadrangularis Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-peba 

SPANISH: guamo, pacal amarillo, pacae, pacay, panaecillo colorado 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and adjacent Andes 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, 

Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992, Smith et al. 1992 

Inga micheliana Harms 


SPANISH: cushín 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to wrap tamales giving them a purple 

color. 


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Williams 1981 

Inga minutula (Schery) T.S. Elias [syn. I. spuria Humb. & Bonpl.] 



386


SPANISH: chalahuite, churimo, cuje, cujín, guabilla, guamo arroyero, 

guamo bejuco, guatope, nacaspilo, pepetillo, pepeto de río 



REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, 

OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Inga mucuna Walp. & Duchass. 


SPANISH: churimo, guaba 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama and the Colombian Chocó 

REFERENCES: Ramírez-Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas 2005, Uphof 1968 

Inga multijuga Benth. 


SPANISH: guavitos, tabla shimbillo 



REFERENCES: León 1966, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa 1993 

Inga nobilis Willd. [syn. I. mathewsiana Benth.] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-canela 

SPANISH: guaba, shimbillo, yacu shimbillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Inga obidensis Ducke 







Inga obtusata Spruce ex Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-peludo 




Inga oerstediana Benth. ex Seemann 



SPANISH: guabilla, pepeto 


387




REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Sommeijer et al. n.d., 

Sousa 1993 

Inga paraensis Ducke 




NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil possibly to Amazonian Peru and 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949 

Inga paterno Harms [syn. I. radians Pittier] 


ENGLISH: ice-cream bean, paterna 

SPANISH: chalahuite, guama, guava real, jinicuil, paterna, paterno 

USES/NOTES: Edible pulp and immature seeds are sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Mexico and Central America, possibly to 

northern South America 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Facciola 1990, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 

1997, León 1966, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, von Reis 

Altschul 1973, Williams 1981 

Inga pilosula (Rich.) J.F. Macbr. [syn. I. affinis Steudel] 



SPANISH: purma shimbillo 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, León 1966, Roosmalen 1985 

Inga plumifera Spruce ex Benth. 



SPANISH: coto shimbillo 




Inga poeppigiana Benth. [I. ciliata Poeppig, nomen illegit.] 







Inga pruriens Poeppig 



388



SPANISH: huapo shimbillo 




Inga punctata Willd. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-chata 

SPANISH: pepeto de río, shimbillo, vaina 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, León 

1966, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga quaternata Poeppig & Endl. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-azeda 

SPANISH: churimo, pairajo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the Colombian Chocó 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Ramírez-Orjuela and Sánchez-Dueñas 

2005, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga rubiginosa (Rich.) DC. 




NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia, southern Venezuela, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Roosmalen 1985, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Inga ruiziana G. Don f. [syn. I. fagifolia G. Don f., I. foliosa 

Benth.] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-costela-de-vaca, ingá-curumin, ingá-cururu, ingá-demacaco 

SPANISH: ingá peua, rufindi, toparejo 

USES/NOTES: Squat fruit’s pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Central and South America 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Hartshorn and Poveda 1983, León 1966, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga salzmanniana Benth. 








389


Inga santaremnensis Ducke 







Inga sapindoides Willd. [syn. I. preussii Harms, I. rensonii Pittier] 


SPANISH: caspirol, cujín, cujinicuil, guajiniquil, nacaspilo, 

quijiniquil 

USES/NOTES: Immature green pod is occasionally boiled and eaten as a 

vegetable and ripe aril is eaten like other Inga species. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, OAS 1973, 


Inga semialata (Vell.) Mart. [syn. I. marginata Willd., nomen 

illegit.] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-de-mata, ingá-mirim 

SPANISH: guaba, guamo chirimo, guamo negrito, negrito, pacai de los 

ríos, poroto shimbillo 

USES/NOTES: Whitish aril is edible. 



Vásquez 1994, Kainer and Duryea 1992, OAS 1973, Sousa 1993, von 

Reis Altschul 1973 

Inga spectabilis (Vahl) Willd. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-ferro 

SPANISH: guaba, guaba macheto, guaba machetona, guamo, guamo macheto, 

guava de castilla, guava real, guavo de castilla, guavo real, 

macheto, pacae colombiano 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, 

OAS 1973, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Inga splendens Willd. 


PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-facão 




REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985, UFA/NYBG n.d. 


390


Inga stenocarpa Benth. 







Inga strigillosa Spruce ex Benth. 






REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Roosmalen 1985 

Inga thibaudiana DC. [syn. I. peltadenia Harms] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-chichica 

SPANISH: guaba, rufinde, shimbillo 



REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and 

Zarucchi 1993, Sousa 1993 

Inga tocacheana D. Simpson 






REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Simpson 1975 

Inga tomentosa Benth. 





NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and the Andes 


Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steudel [syn. I. myriantha Poeppig] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá, ingá-de-baixo 

SPANISH: shimbillo menuda 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and the adjacent Andean foothills, the Guianas, 

to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Ducke 1949, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Irwin 

1966a, León 1966, Sousa 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 


391


Inga velutina Willd. [syn. I. expansa Rusby, Mimosa velutina (Willd.) 

Poiret] 


PORTUGUESE: ingá-de-fogo 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonia to the Andes 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Silva et al. 

1977 

Inga vera Willd. [syn. I. inga (L.) Britton] 


SPANISH: cuhuniquil, cuje, guaba, pepeto 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Tree is planted for shade and 

nitrogen fixation in coffee plantations in Puerto Rico. 


REFERENCES: Sommeijer et al. n.d., Smith et al. 1992 

Inga villosissima Benth. 






REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1974, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Inga virescens Benth. 







Iochroma fuchsioides (Humb. ex Bonpl.) Miers 


SPANISH: pico pico 

USES/NOTES: Small red fruits are said to be eaten. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and 

León-Yánez 1999, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994 

Ipomoea alba L. [syn. I. bona-nox L., Calonyction aculeatum (L.) 

House, Calonyction album (L.) House] 


ENGLISH: moonflower, morning-glory, night ipomoea 

PORTUGUESE: batatarana 

SPANISH: batatillo, bejuco batatillo, bejuco de vaca, botuca/o, buenas 

noches, flor de noche, galan de noche, nicua, nigua, nícula 


392


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used occasionally as a potherb and seeds 

are edible, though the plant is cultivated mainly for its showy, 

fragrant night-blooming flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized in many warm areas 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Jørgensen and León- 

Yánez 1999, Mabberley 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d., Zarucchi 1998 

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. [syn. I. reptans (L.) Poiret, Convolvulus 

reptans L.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese cabbage, Chinese spinach, ipomoea, kangkong, swamp 

cabbage, swamp morning-glory, water calalu, water spinach 

PORTUGUESE: ipoméia 

SPANISH: espinaca de agua, kangkong 

USES/NOTES: Young stem and leaf are eaten as cooked green vegetables 

and the stem may also be eaten pickled. Also grown for fodder. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, naturalized and pestiferous in warm 

regions 

REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, 

FLEPPC 2003, Houaiss 1982, León 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Ruberté 1984, Uphof 1968 

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 


ENGLISH: Brazilian arrowroot, kumara, Louisiana yam, mabi, maby, 

Spanish potato, sweet potato, yam 

PORTUGUESE: batata-da-terra, batata-doce, getica, jatica, jetica 

SPANISH: age, aje, apichu, apichú, batata, batata dulce, bonetero, 

boniato, buniato, camote (refers to leaf only), camotli (refers to 

the root), cari hosho, chaco, cumar, cumara, jety, kualu, madam 

sentá, moniato, moriato, muniato, papas, tsesëcari, tuctuca 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, variable in size, shape and color, are eaten 

cooked or rarely raw and are a major staple food in the tropics. 

Tender young leaves, though edible and eaten locally by some 

groups, are typically fed to animals. Called yam in some regions, 

though not a true yam of the Dioscorea genus. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, possibly coastal Peru to northern Chile 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 

1969, Contreras et al. 1995, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Heiser 

1979a, Kay 1973, León 1984, León 1987, Munsell et al. 1949, Naranjo 

1991, Omawale 1973, Onwueme 1978, OAS 1973, Reed 1995, Sauer 1993, 


Ipomoea bracteata Cav. 


SPANISH: bejuco blanco, jícama 

USES/NOTES: Large roots of this vine are eaten raw or cooked in 

Mexico. 



393


REFERENCES: Austin and Huáman 1996, Uphof 1968 

Ipomoea dumosa (Benth.) L.O. Williams 


SPANISH: suyu 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a cooked green or raw as a snack. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Williams 1970 

Ipomoea leptophylla Torrey 


ENGLISH: big-root morning glory, bush moonflower, bush morning glory, 

man root, man-of-the-earth, wild potato vine 

USES/NOTES: Large roots have been eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Ipomoea pandurata (L.) G. Meyer 


ENGLISH: big-root morning glory, Indian potato, man-of-the-earth, 

potato vine 



REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br. 


ENGLISH: beach morning-glory, railroad vine, seaside morning-glory 

PORTUGUESE: aboro-aibá, salsa-de-praia 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, roots, and stems reportedly are edible, though 

also reported to cause dizziness. Leaves are made into a medicinal 

tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to warm subtropical beaches 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke n.d., Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, 

Lawesson et al. 1987, Nellis 1994, Uphof 1968, Voeks 1997 

Ipomoea violacea L. [syn. I. macrantha Roemer & Schultes, I. tuba 

(Schltr.) G. Don f.] 


ENGLISH: moon vine 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the West Indies to the Guianas 


Iriartea deltoidea Ruiz & Pavón [syn. I. ventricosa Mart.] 


ENGLISH: barrigona palm, stilt palm 

PORTUGUESE: paxiúba-barriguda, paxiubão, paxiubinha 

SPANISH: bambil, barrigón, barrigona, barriguda, bomba, camona, copa, 

cosho, huacrapona, maquenque, pambil 


394


USES/NOTES: Heart is edible and fruits are used as emergency food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua to Bolivia and perhaps the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Anderson 2004, Arrazola et al. 2000, Balslev and Moraes 

1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Iris setosa Pallas ex Link 


ENGLISH: beachhead iris 

USES/NOTES: Ground, roasted seeds have been used like coffee by native 

Alaskans. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to eastern Canada and Siberia to Japan 

REFERENCES: Marshall 1993, Uphof 1968 

Iryanthera elliptica Ducke [also I. juruensis Warb., I. lancifolia 

Ducke, I. paraensis Huber, and I. ulei Warb.] 


PORTUGUESE: envira-sangue-de-boi, sangue-de-boi, ucuúba-da-terra-firme 

(I. juruensis), ucuúba-punã, ucuúba-puna, ucuúba-sangue 

SPANISH: cumala colorada 

USES/NOTES: Arils are eaten cooked. 



Iryanthera laevis Markgraf 


SPANISH: cumala colorada 

USES/NOTES: Aril is eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, La Rotta 1992, Rankin de Mérona et 

al. 1992 

Ischnosiphon arouma (Aublet) Koern. [syn. Maranta arouma Aublet] 


PORTUGUESE: guarumã 

USES/NOTES: Shoots are eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama through Ecuador, the Guianas, and Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Andersson 1977, Balée 1994 

Itaya amicorum H.E. Moore 


PORTUGUESE: xila 

SPANISH: marimiipa 

USES/NOTES: Stems are burned for vegetable salt. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Peru just into adjacent Brazil 

and Colombia 


Iva annua L. 


395



ENGLISH: marsh elder, samp, sumpweed 

USES/NOTES: Cooked fruit kernals were an important food for 

Amerindians. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987 

Ixora sp. 


ENGLISH: baby ice apple, ixora 

PORTUGUESE: ixora 

SPANISH: jazmín 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also, twigs are chewed to relieve 

toothache pain and the plant is grown as an ornamental. 


REFERENCES: Omawale 1973, Usher 1974 

Jacaratia digitata (Poeppig & Endl.) Solms-Laub. [syn. Carica 

boliviana Rusby, C. digitata Poeppig & Endl.] 


ENGLISH: tree papaya 

PORTUGUESE: jaracatiá, jaracatiara, mamão, mamão-brabo, mamuí 

SPANISH: chamburo, jacaratia, papaya caspi, papaya de monte, papaya 

de monte espinuda, papaya del venado, shamburi, toronchi 


NATURAL RANGE: Western and southwestern Amazonia from Colombia, 

Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG 

n.d., Van den Eynden et al. 1999 

Jacaratia mexicana A. DC. [syn. Carica mexicana (A. DC.) L.O. 

Williams] 


SPANISH: bonete, coahuayote, coalsuayote, cuayote, guayote, julepe, 

kunché, orejona, papaya orejona, yucatec 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten as a vegetable cooked or raw, or prepared 

with sugar as sweet meat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to El Salvador and Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Martin et 

al. 1987, Moreno 1980, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Williams 1981 

Jacaratia spinosa (Aublet) A. DC. [syn. J. dodecaphylla (Vell.) A. 

DC., Carica spinosa Aublet] 

FAMILY: Cariacaceae (papaya) 

PORTUGUESE: chamburu, jacaratia, jaracatia, mamão, mamão-bravo, 

mamão-de-veado, mamão-da-mata, mamão-do-mato, mamãorana, 

mamãozinho 

SPANISH: higo, jacaratiá, ñacaratiá, papayillo de venado, papayón, 

yacaratiá 


396


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and roasted seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical South America 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Balée 1992, Balée and Gély 

1989, Cavalcante 1991, Dodson and Gentry 1977, Facciola 1990, 

Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Reed 

1995, Zuloaga 1997 

Jacquinia caracasana Kunth 





Jaltomata bicolor (Ruiz & Pavón) Mione 


ENGLISH: sand tomato 

SPANISH: shulpac 


NATURAL RANGE: Central highland Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mione et al. 1993 

Jaltomata biflora (Ruiz & Pavón) Benítez 



SPANISH: capulí de campo, capulí silvestre, tomate cimarrón, 

tomatillo cimarrón 


NATURAL RANGE: Central highland Peru 

REFERENCES: Mione et al. 2001 

Jaltomata chiuahuensis (Bitter) Mione & Bye [syn. Saracha 

chiuahuensis Bitter] 



SPANISH: jaltomata, me’taresi, metárusi, metrusi, me’tresi 

USES/NOTES: Two races with edible fruit, one purple fruit, one green 

fruit. Rootstock of the purple race is eaten by the Tarahumara. 

Green race is semi-domesticated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Durango, Chiuahua, and Jalisco, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Mione and Bye 1996, Pennington 1963 

Jaltomata procumbens (Cav.) J.L. Gentry [also J. confinis (Morton) 

J.L. Gentry and J. viscosa (Schrader) D’Arcy & Davis] [syn. 

Saracha spp.] 


ENGLISH: creeping false holly, sand tomato 

SPANISH: acahualera, belladona cimarrona, bixate, cachumba, 

carrizo, chichawac, cinco negrito, cinco negros, comida de 

culebra, dulce, hierba ixbolul, hierba mora, huahuachocho, huevo 

de sapo, il brilloso semilla verde, jaltomata, jaltomate, 


397


jaltomatl, madre jilete, manirusi, mora hueca, metárusi, ojo de 

minado, ojo de shara, pacheca, pichecua, pisekua, pucheca, 

quelite, quelite cojudo, quelite tomate, rarusi, rurus, rurusí, 

rusí, seresa, ta-ru-sí, tomate arenoso, tomate de arena, tomate 

de la arena, tomatillo, tomatillo cimarrón del Perú, tomatillo 

del monte, tomatillo negro, tomatillo silvestre, tomatl arenoso, 

tomatl xalli, tu-tintázuu, turusí, turus, uchuba negra, 

xaltomatl, xaltotomatl, yerba mora, yerba de mora 

USES/NOTES: Small marble-sized, dark fruits are eaten raw or cooked. 

Leaves and roots also are eaten. Spanish names refer to several 

Jaltomata species including those listed above. J. procumbens and 

J. confinis are perennials, while J. viscosa is an annual. 

NATURAL RANGE: J. procumbens from Mexico and Central America, genus 

ranges from the southeastern U.S. to Bolivia and the Caribbean, 

domestication process taking place in Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Davis 1986, Davis and Bye, 1982, Espejo Serna 

et al. n.d., Mione and Bye 1996, Torres n.d., von Reis Altschul 


Jaltomata ventricosa (Baker) Mione in Mione, G.J. Anderson & M. 

Nee 



SPANISH: sogorome 


NATURAL RANGE: Otuzco Province, Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mione et al. 1993 

Jarilla heterophylla (Cerv. ex La Llave) Rusby [syn. J. caudata 

(Brandegee) Standley 

FAMILY: Cariacaceae (papaya) 

SPANISH: granadilla, jarilla, machicuqa 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Mexico, Chihuahua, Michoacán, and Jalisco 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 2001, Torres 

n.d. 

Jatropha curcas L. 


ENGLISH: physic nut, pulza, purging nut 

PORTUGUESE: fogo-do-inferno, pião-branco, pinhão-branco, pinhão-depurga, 

pinhão-manso, purgueira 

SPANISH: frailejón, palo de piñón, piñón, piñón blanco 

USES/NOTES: Peeled, toasted seeds reportedly are added to cooked 

dishes such as chili, though also reported as poisonous. Also 

ornamental, medicinal, and a potential biodiesel source. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Silva 

et al. 1977 


398


Jatropha multifida L. 


ENGLISH: coral bush, coral plant, French physic nut, Guatemala 

rhubarb, physic nut, Spanish physic nut 

SPANISH: chicaquil, flor de coral, tortora, yuca cimarrona 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are poisonous, though Leaves reportedly are 

edible. Also ornamental and a potential biodiesel source. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Uphof 1968 

Jubaea chilensis (Molina) Baillon [syn. J. spectabilis Kunth, 

Cocos chilensis (Molina) Kunth] 


ENGLISH: Chilean wine palm, coquito palm, jubaea palm, honey palm, 

syrup palm, wine palm 

SPANISH: coco chileno, coco de Chile, coquito, palma chilena, palma 

de coquitos 

USES/NOTES: Sap from the thick (~1 meter in diameter) stem is used 

to make wine, other beverages, and a honey-like substance called 

miel de palma in Chile. Endocarps and seeds, sold internationally 

as a snack food, are eaten, sometimes candied, and are an edible 

oil source. Leaves are used to make baskets. Over-harvest for 

wine production led to a population decline of this endangered 

and geographically restricted palm. Efforts are under way to 

improve harvest techniques. Occuring at 36 o S. latitude, J. 

chilensis ranges about as far south as any American palm (the 

other being Syagrus romanzoffiana), but will not tolerate either 

extremes of hot or cold temperatures. 

NATURAL RANGE: West-central Chile 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, 

Johnson 1988, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Pedersen and 

Balslev 1990, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Juglans australis Griseb. [syn. J. brasiliensis Dode] 


ENGLISH: Argentine walnut, brazilian walnut, tropical walnut 

SPANISH: nogal, nogal blanco 

USES/NOTES: Small nuts have thick, tough shells, but are sold 

nevertheless in markets. The fine kernel is often mixed with milk 

and sugar to make a soft sweet bar called nogada de Ibarra. Wood 

is valued for construction and to make musical instruments. May 

include Juglans boliviana. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Bolivia and Paraguay to southwestern Brazil 

and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Killeen et al. 1993, Manning 1960, 

Manning 1978, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, OAS 1973 

Juglans boliviana (C. DC.) Dode [syn. J. nigra var. boliviana C. 

DC., J. peruviana Dode] 


399



ENGLISH: Bolivian black walnut, Bolivian walnut 

SPANISH: nogal negro 

USES/NOTES: Edible nuts are appreciated much like the similar J. 

neotropica. 


REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Killeen et al. 1993, Manning 1960, Manning 

1978, Martin et al. 1987, NRC 1989, Uphof 1968 

Juglans californica S. Watson 


ENGLISH: California black walnut, California walnut, southern 

California black walnut, southern California walnut 

SPANISH: nogal de California, nogal negro, nuez, nuez de California 

USES/NOTES: Small nuts are difficult to extract from their thick 

shells, but potentially of good quality. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Munz 

1974 

Juglans cinerea L. 


ENGLISH: butternut, oilnut, white butternut, white walnut 

SPANISH: nogal ceniciento, nogal de Cuba 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are eaten fresh or cooked and the trunk is a syrup 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to northern Georgia and the southcentral 

U.S. to eastern Minnesota 

REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Fernald 1950, Peterson 

1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Juglans hindsii Jepson ex R.E. Sm. [syn. J. californica var. 

hindsii Jeps.] 


ENGLISH: Hind’s black walnut, Hind’s walnut, northern California 

walnut 

SPANISH: nogal 

USES/NOTES: Small, hard-shelled nut is of good quality. Also widely 

planted as a rootstock for growing commercial black walnuts from 

J. regia. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959 

Juglans hirsuta Manning 


ENGLISH: Nuevo Leon walnut 

SPANISH: nogal de Nuevo León 

USES/NOTES: Nut is eaten as a snack. 

NATURAL RANGE: Estern and northeastern Mexico 



400


Juglans jamaicensis C. DC. [syn. J. insularis Griseb.] 


ENGLISH: West Indian walnut, West Indies Walnut 

SPANISH: nogal, palo de nuez 


NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, perhaps naturally 

to Jamaica and other northern West Indian islands 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Betancourt-Barroso 1987, Britton 1926, 

Manning 1960, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973 

Juglans major (Torrey) A.A. Heller [syn. J. arizonica Dode, J. 

elaeopyron Dode, J. torreyi Dode] 


ENGLISH: Arizona black walnut, Arizona walnut 

SPANISH: nogal, nogal silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Small nut is occasionally eaten. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kirk 1970 

Juglans microcarpa Berland. [syn. J. rupestris Engelm. ex Torrey] 


ENGLISH: little walnut, river walnut, Texas black walnut, Texas 

walnut 

SPANISH: namboca, nogalillo, nogalito 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible, though not consumed often. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Latorre and Latorre 1977, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii (I.M. Johnston) Manning 


SPANISH: namboca, nogalillo, nogalito 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible. 


REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Manning 1978 

Juglans mollis Engelm. [syn. J. mexicana S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: Guatemalan walnut, Mexican walnut 

SPANISH: cuartololote, nogal, nuez corriente, nuez meca, tih ti, 

tutiki 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Cabrera et al. 1998, Casas et al. 1994, Torres n.d. 

Juglans neotropica Diels [syn. J. andina Triana & Cortés, J. 

colombiensis Dode nomen illegit., J. honorei Dode, J. 

venezuelensis Manning nomen illegit.] 


401


ENGLISH: Andean walnut, Colombian walnut, Ecuadorian black walnut, 

Ecuadorian walnut, nogal, tropical black walnut, tropical walnut, 

Venezuelan walnut 

PORTUGUESE: nogueira, noz 

SPANISH: cayuri, cedro grande, cedro negro, cedro nogal, laurel, 

nogal, nogal blanco, nogal bogotano, nogal cayure, nogal 

cimarrón, nogal criollo, nogal de Caracas, nogal de la tierra, 

nogal de monte, nogal plance, nogal silvestre, tocte 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are sold in markets and are often mixed with milk 

and sugar to make a soft sweet bar called nogada de ibarra. Wood 

is valued for construction and to make musical instruments. J. 

venezuelensis has been applied to specimens restricted to the 

country’s northern mountains and now considered threatened with 

extinction. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and 

Peru 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 

1990, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Nieto and Rodríguez 

2002a, OAS 1973, NRC 1989, Rhem and Espig 1991, Seibert 1950b, 


Juglans nigra L. 


ENGLISH: black walnut, eastern black walnut 

PORTUGUESE: noz, nogueira 

SPANISH: nogal, nogal americano, nogal negro, nuez de nogal, 

nocedal, tocte 

USES/NOTES: Edible nut is of good quality and its aromatic oil is 

used to flavor other foods. Nuts are eaten fresh, in baked goods, 

or in soup. Sap is made into sugar and syrup. Dark, hard wood is 

a valued lumber source for cabinetry. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from western New England 

through Ontario and southeastern South Dakota, to eastern Texas 

and northwestern Florida 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, 

Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Woodroof 1979 

Juglans olanchana Standley & L.O. Williams [syn. J. guatemalensis 

Manning] 


ENGLISH: Central American walnut, Guatemalan walnut 

SPANISH: cedro blanco, cedro nogal 



REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez and Sinaca Colín 1995, Ibarra-Manríquez 

et al. 1997, Martin et al. 1987 

Juglans regia L. 


ENGLISH: English walnut, Persian walnut, walnut 


402


PORTUGUESE: nogueira, nogueira-de-iguapé, nogueira-do-litoral, noz 

SPANISH: nocedal, nogal, nogal común, nogal de Europa, nogal europeo, 

nuez, nuez de nogal 

USES/NOTES: Nut is highly esteemed for its culinary uses and 

contains an edible oil. Ground shells are edible and leaves are 

used for tea. Wood is prized for furniture. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Europe to western Asia 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987,, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1977, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sturtevant 

1972, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Woodroof 1979 

Juniperus californica Carrière 

FAMILY: Cupressaceae (cypress) 

ENGLISH: California juniper, Cedar Island juniper, Cedros island 

juniper, desert white cedar, sweet-berried juniper, white cedar 

SPANISH: cedro, enebro de California, guata, huata 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are eaten fresh, dried, or ground into 

flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: disjunct populations in California to adjacent 

portions of west-central Arizona, southwestern Utah, and southern 

most Nevada, and portions of Baja California del Norte 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936, Zanoni and Adams 

1973 

Juniperus communis L. 


ENGLISH: common juniper, dwarf juniper, juniper 

PORTUGUESE: zimbro 

SPANISH: buto, ciprés, enebrina, enebro, enebro común, enebro real, 

junípero, nebrina, nebro, sabina, yunípero 

USES/NOTES: Sweet aromatic fruit contains an essential oil used to 

flavor gin, liqueurs, and other beverages, and has been used as a 

condiment, to repel mosquitoes, and as a urogenital stimulant. 

Stems and leaves have been used for tea. Also grown widely as a 

landscape specimen. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate zones to alpine regions to the south 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, 

Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Yanovsky 1936 

Juniperus deppeana Steudel [syn. J. pachyphlaea Torrey] 


ENGLISH: alligator juniper, checker-barked cedar, sweet-fruited 

juniper 

SPANISH: aborí, aorí, awarf, awarí, cedro chino, enebro, enebro 

aligator, enebro chino, kawarí, koarí, oyorique, táscate, 

yunípero arboreo 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are eaten raw, roasted, dried, ground into 

meal, baked in cakes, or prepared as mush. 



403


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Kermath 

(notes), Kirk 1970, Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Juniperus horizontalis Moench 


ENGLISH: blue carpet, creeping juniper 

SPANISH: ciprés rastrero, junípero rastrero, sabina horizontal, 

yunípero rastrero 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and twigs are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern North America, predominantly Canada 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1993, Turner and 


Juniperus monosperma (Engelm.) Sarg. 


ENGLISH: cherrystone juniper, desert juniper, New Mexico cedar, 

one-seed juniper, Utah juniper 

SPANISH: enebro de sombra, sabina 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones have been used as a flavoring agent and the 

gum has been used as chewing gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. to Arizona and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, ITIS 

n.d., Yanovsky 1936 

Juniperus occidentalis Hook. 


ENGLISH: sierra juniper, western juniper 

SPANISH: sabina americana 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are eaten fresh or in baked goods. 


REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Juniperus osteosperma (Torrey) Little [syn. J. utahensis (Engelm.) 

Lemmon] 


ENGLISH: Utah juniper 

SPANISH: sabina morena 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones are sometimes added to cakes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. into Mexico 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. 


ENGLISH: Colorado juniper, Colorado red cedar, red cedar, Rocky 

Mountain juniper, Rocky Mountain red cedar 

SPANISH: cedro colorado, enebro de las montañas rocosas, enebro 

ripario 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cones have been eaten raw or cooked by 

Amerindians. Dried seeds may be ground into meal or roasted and 

used like coffee (Coffea spp.). 


404


NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Alberta to northwestern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Turner and 

Szczawinski 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana and J. v. var. silicicola 

(Small) E. Murray [syn. J. silicicola (Small) Bailey] 


ENGLISH: Carolina cedar (var. silicicola), cedar, cedar apple, 

coast juniper, coastal red cedar (var. silicicola), eastern red 

cedar, eastern red juniper, juniper, pencil cedar, pencil 

juniper, red cedar, red cedar juniper, red juniper, sand cedar, 

savin red cedar, southern juniper (var. silicicola), southern red 

cedar (var. silicicola), southern red juniper (var. silicicola), 

Tennessee red cedar (var. silicicola), Virginian cedar, Virginian 

pencil cedar 

PORTUGUESE: cedro-vermelho 

SPANISH: cedro, cedro colorado, cedro de Virginia, cedro rojo de 

Virginia, enebro americano, enebro criollo, enebro de Virginia, 

enebro rojo americano, enebro virginiano, sabina de la costa, 

sabina de Virginia 

USES/NOTES: Extract of the berry-like, bluish cone and young twigs 

is used to flavor gin and other beverages. Cones, eaten by many 

birds, also are edible in small quantities. J. virginiana var. 

virginiana is the larger variety; both are fast growing under 

favorable conditions. 

NATURAL RANGE: var. virginiana - eastern North America from southern 

Ontario and Quebec to northern Florida; var. silicicola - 

southeastern coastal plain from the Carolinas through Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1986, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Godfrey 1988, 

Kermath (notes), Kunkel 1984, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986 

Justicia pectoralis Jacq. 

FAMILY: Acanthaceae (acanthus) 

ENGLISH: carpenter’s grass, garden balsam, justicia 

PORTUGUESE: mash farhenak, paxararok, takurushni 

SPANISH: hojas de tilo, lluichu lancetilla, pinipsa, tsemantsma, 

wirink, yerba del carpintero, yoman rao 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as an herb and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: India and East Asia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Editorial Panapo 1988, Leung 

1961, Terra 1966, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982, Williams and Williams 1969 

Kallstroemia maxima (L.) Hook. & Arn. [syn. Tribulus maximus L.] 

FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (caltrop) 

ENGLISH: big caltrop, caltrop 

SPANISH: abrojo terrestre, hierba de pollo, monte tarralla, 

verdolaga de playa 

USES/NOTES: Green leaves are used as a potherb in Central America. 


405


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to the Southeatern U.S. 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Uphof 1968 

Karwinskia humboldtiana (Schultes) Zucc. 


ENGLISH: buckthorn, coyotillo, Humboldt coyotillo 

SPANISH: cacachila, coyotillo, tullidora 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is edible, although other plant 

parts, perhaps including the fruit, are toxic. The lutler has 

been used to treat tetanus in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bourke 1895, Mabberley 1987, Martínez et al. 1998, Tull 

1999 

Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes [includes K. cristata 

Pers., K. pyramidata auct. non (Lam.) P. Beauv.] 


ENGLISH: crested cat’s-tail, crested hair-grass, junegrass, 

koeleria, mountain junegrass, prairie junegrass, prairie Koeler’s 

grass 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were made into bread or mush before the 

introduction of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to the Americas. Now 

rarely eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, Alaska to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Arnow 1994, Kindscher 1987, Mejía-Saulés and Dávila 

1992, McVaugh 1983, Moerman 1998, Soreng 1993, Yanovsky 1936 

Krameria erecta Willd. ex J.A. Schultes 

FAMILY: Krameriaceae (krameria) 

ENGLISH: heart nut, littleleaf, littleleaf ratany, Pima ratany, 

Pima rhatany, purple heather, range ratany, ratany, rhatany 

PORTUGUESE: ratanhia 

SPANISH: cowasi, haxz iztim, tamichil 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used to make a refreshing tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from southern California to western 

Texas and northwestern Mexico from Durango to Baja California 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Simpson 1989 

Krugiodendron ferreum (Vahl) Urban 


ENGLISH: black ironwood, ironwood, leadwood 

SPANISH: bariaco, carey, carey de costa, ciguamo, espejuelo, palo 

de hierro, quebrahacha 

USES/NOTES: Small black drupes are said to be juicy and sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Honduras, West Indies, and southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Morton 1977, OAS 1973 

Kutchubaea sericantha Standley [incorrectly as Kotchubaea 

sericantha Standley] 



406


PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, puruí, puruí-da-mata, puruí-grange 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Brazil, Ecuador and perhaps Colombia 

through sothern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: de Oliveira and Mori 1999, Maguire and Wurdack 1964, MBG 

n.d., Silva et al. 1977, Vásquez 1997 

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet [syn. L. vulgaris, L. niger Medikus, 

Dolichos lablab L., Dolichos purpureus L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: banner bean, banny bean, butter bean, bonavis, bonavis 

pea, bonavist, bonavist bean, bonavista, bonavista bean, bunabis, 

dolichos, dolichos bean, Egyptian kidney bean, Egyptian bean, 

field bean, hyacinth bean, hyacinth pea, Indian bean, Indian 

butter bean, lablab, lubia, saeme 

PORTUGUESE: cumandatiá, cumandiata, dolicho lablab, dolichos, favacumandatiá, 

feijão-da-Índia, feijão-lablab, feijão-mangalô, labelabe, 

mangalô 

SPANISH: alberjón, alverjones, cacha, cencapuspu, caraota chivata, 

chaucha, chícaro, chicaros, chícharo, chicharros, chichaso, 

chimbolo verde, chonete, cumandá-tupí, cumani tupi, dolicos, 

engorda muchacho, frijol bocón, frijol bocón chileno, frijol 

caballero, frijol chileno, frijol de antibo, frijol de la tierra, 

frijol dólico, frisoles, gallinazo blanco, gallinita, hayuelo, 

judía de Egipto, lablab, plantigras, poroto bombero, poroto 

japonés, quiguagua, senccapuscu, tapicuruso, taconcillos, weet’ 

thakní, zarandeja 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are eaten after boiling to destroy a 

poisonous glucoside. Young pods are eaten as snap beans and 

leaves are eaten as a leafy green vegetable like spinach 

(Spinacia oleracea). Flowers are eaten raw or cooked and starchy 

roots are edible. Woody stems ignite easily. Also for forage and 

green manure. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably India, perhaps tropical Africa 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Brouk 1975, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, 

Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Soukup 1970, Thomasson 1992, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Lacistema aggregatum (Berg.) Rusby 

FAMILY: Lacistemataceae (lacistema) 

USES/NOTES: Eaten by the Kayapó of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Amazonia 


Lacmellea aculeata (Ducke) Monach. 


SPANISH: chicle huayo 


407




REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992 

Lacmellea arborescens (Müell. Arg.) Markgraf [syn. Zschokkea 

arborescens Müell. Arg.] 


ENGLISH: chicle 

PORTUGUESE: caramuri, cumaí, molongó, pau-de-colher, sorvinha, 

tucujá 





1987 

Lacmellea edulis Karsten 


SPANISH: lechemiel, lechero negro, tachuelo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and latex are edible. 


REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987 

Lacmellea floribunda (Poeppig) Benth. 


SPANISH: chicle, chicle huayo, tachuelo 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin 

et al. 1987 

Lacmellea gracilis (Müell. Arg.) Markgraf 


PORTUGUESE: caramurizinho, sorvinha 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are edible. 



Lacmellea lactescens (Kuhlm.) Markgraf 



USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Toasted, powdered leaves are mixed 

with Cecropia ashes and chewed like coca (Erythroxylum spp.). 



Lacmellea peruviana (Van Huerck & Müell. Arg.) Markgraf [syn. L. 

arborescens (Müell. Arg.) Monach. var. peruviana (Van Huerck & 

Müell. Arg.) Monach., Zschokkea peruviana Van Huerck & Müell. 

Arg.] 


408



ENGLISH: chicle 





Lacmellea speciosa Woodson 


SPANISH: perillo 




Lactuca canadensis L. 


ENGLISH: prickly lettuce, wild lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten in salads or boiled as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America to the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Lactuca ludoviciana (Nutt.) Riddell 


ENGLISH: prickly lettuce, wild lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten in salads or boiled as greens. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967 

Lactuca sativa L. [syn. L. longifolia (Michaux) Farw., L. romana 

Garsault] 


ENGLISH: curled lettuce, garden lettuce, head lettuce, iceberg 

lettuce, lettuce, romaine lettuce, salad lettuce 

PORTUGUESE: alface, alface-de-mesa 

SPANISH: lechuga 

USES/NOTES: Highly variable leaf is the lettuce of commerce, used 

widely in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Iran, or Turkmenistan 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983 

Lactuca serriola L. [syn. L. scariola L., L. virosa L.] 


ENGLISH: compass plant, prickly lettuce, wild lettuce 

PORTUGUESE: alface-selvagem 

USES/NOTES: Small, young leaves are eaten fresh in salads or boiled. 

Previously used as a sedative by Amerindians. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized throughout the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Marticorena and Quezada 

1985, Nuemann n.d., Tomikel 1986 


409


Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella (Pursh) Breitung [syn. L. 

pulchella (Pursh) DC.] 


ENGLISH: larkspur lettuce, prickly lettuce, wild lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten in salads or as boiled greens. 



Lacunaria grandiflora (Oliver) Ducke 

FAMILY: Quiinaceae 

PORTUGUESE: moela-de-mutum 


USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal fruit’s succulent pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas, Brazil, and Peru 


1977 

Lacunaria jenmani (Oliver) Ducke 

FAMILY: Quiinaceae 

PORTUGUESE: moela-de-mutum, papo-de-mutum 


USES/NOTES: Ellipsoidal fruit’s succulent pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas 


1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley [syn. L. leucantha (Duchesne 

ex Lam.) Rusby, L. vulgaris Ser.] 


ENGLISH: bottle gourd, calabash gourd, calabash marrow, calabash 

squash, gourd, spaghetti squash, squash, white-flowered gourd, 

white pumpkin 

PORTUGUESE: abóboro de carneiro, cabaça, cabaça purunga, cabaça 

verde, cabaceira, cabaço amargoso, cabaceiro amargosa, cabaceiro 

amargoso, cocombro, cuia, cuiteseira, porongo, porongueiro, 

taquera 

SPANISH: ancara, botella, cadungo amargo, calabacera, calabaza, 

calabaza de San Roque, calabazo, camasa, carracho, cogorda, 

cohombro, cojombro, cuyabra, güícharo, mambiro, mate, mati, 

nambiro, poto-pate, pulo, puru, totumo, tsatano, xatamo, xatano, 

zaranda 

USES/NOTES: Young fruit’s pulp is edible and medicinal. Tough, 

variously shaped pericarp, or shell, has many uses especially to 

contain liquids, but also for ornaments, musical instruments, 

handicrafts, protective nests for caged birds, and the like. One 

of the earliest domesticated plants of the Americas, dating to at 

least 7,200 B.C. 

NATURAL RANGE: Africa, perhaps Egypt, with dispersion to the 

Americas likely occurring naturally by floating, or perhaps by 

pre-Columbian African sailors 


410


REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako 

and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez 1993, FUDENA 

n.d., Heiser 1989, Heiser 1993, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Leung 

1961, Martin 1979, Martin 1984a, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et al. 

1997, Munsell et al. 1949, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 

1956, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974 

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. 

FAMILY: Lythraceae (loosestrife) 

ENGLISH: crape myrtle 

SPANISH: locura 

USES/NOTES: Gum from this large tree is said to be edible, though 

grown mainly for its showy flowers, similar to its smaller, 

immensely popular relative, the common crape myrtle (L. indica 

L.) 



Lamium amplexicaule L. 


ENGLISH: dead nettle, henbit 

PORTUGUESE: urtiga 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flowers are eaten in soups and 

salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in eastern North America 

REFERENCES: Tull 1978 

Lansium domesticum Jack 


ENGLISH: duku, langsat, lanson 

SPANISH: dookoo, langsat, lansón, lanzón 

USES/NOTES: Aril is eaten fresh or made into syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malayasian lowlands 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960 

Lantana camara L. 


ENGLISH: common lantana, lantana, sweet sage, white sage, wild 

mint, wild sage, yellow sage 

PORTUGUESE: camara, camará, camará-de-cheiro, camará-de-chumbo, 

camará-de-espinho, camará-juba, camará-miúdo, camará-verdadeiro, 

cambara, cambará, cambara-amarelha, cambara-branca, cambará-dechumbo, 

cambará-de-cheiro, cambará-de-espinho, chumbinho, 

cidreirinha, erva-chumbinho, lantana 

SPANISH: albahaca de caballo, aya albaca, cinco negritos, hierba de 

la maestranza, hierba de zorro, hierba sagrada, palo del diablo, 

pasarín, San Rafelito, tsak patelax, tunchi albaca, venturosa 

USES/NOTES: Stems, leaves, and young flowers of non-toxic varieties 

are said to be brewed as a beverage tea. Stems, leaves, and 

flowers of toxic varieties are used for medicinal tonics and 


411


stimulant teas. Tiny black drupes reportedly are eaten as a snack 

food by the Huastec Maya, though caution must be used as some 

varieties are toxic. Also grown for showy, colorful flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics, naturalized and pestiferous in warm 

regions 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Austin and 

Bourne 1992, Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, IBGE 1980, Omawale 

1973, Silva et al. 1977, Simberloff 1997, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, 

von Reis Altschul 1973, Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Voeks 1997 

Lantana involucrata L. 


ENGLISH: lantana, wild mint, wild sage 

SPANISH: tarepe 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment and tiny, dark reddish 

drupes are said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, the West Indies, and southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, Nellis 1994, 


Lantana trifolia L. 


ENGLISH: lantana, wild sage 

SPANISH: aya machana, lauraimena, siete colores, tunchi albaca, 

yona rao 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Plant also is medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987 

Lapageria rosea Ruiz & Pavón 

FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or catbrier) or Philesiaceae 

ENGLISH: Chilean bellflower 

SPANISH: copihue 

USES/NOTES: Large yellow berry of Chile’s national flower reportedly 

has sweet pulp. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Valenzuela 

et al. 1984 

Laportea canadensis (L.) Weddell 

FAMILY: Urticaceae (nettle) 

ENGLISH: wood-nettle 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves may be eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Oklahoma and Florida 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977 

Lardizabala biternata Ruiz & Pavón 

FAMILY: Lardizabalaceae (akebias and holboellias) 

ENGLISH: zabala fruit 


412


SPANISH: aquibuquil, zabala 


NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Peru 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et 


Larix occidentalis Nutt. 


ENGLISH: western larch 

USES/NOTES: Sweet sap may be chewed or made into syrup and has been 

used as a substitute for gum arabic (Acacia spp.) for processed 

foods. Also an important lumber tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America from British Columbia to 

Idaho 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Yanovsky 1936 

Larrea tridentata (Sessé & Moçiño ex DC.) Cov. [syn. L. mexicana 

Moricand] 

FAMILY: Zygophyllaceae (caltrop or creosote-bush) 

ENGLISH: chaparral, creosote bush, greasewood 

SPANISH: chaparral, gobernadora, hediondilla 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds are pickled and used like capers (Capparis 

spinosa), stems and leaves are brewed into medicinal tea, resin 

is used to preserve foods, and twigs are chewed for their juice. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Kunkel 1984, Nabhan 1987, Uphof 1968 

Lathyrus brachycalyx Rydb. subsp. brachycalyx [syn. L. ornatus 

Nutt.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: pea vine, wild pea 

USES/NOTES: Pods are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western and central North America 


Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus (L.) Kartesz & Ghandi [syn. L. 

maritimus (L.) Bigelow] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: beach pea, sea pea 

USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used like coffee and stalks and 

sprouts are eaten as vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: circumboreal 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 


Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook. 


pea) 


413


ENGLISH: pea vine, wild pea, yellow vetchling 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have been eaten by Amerindians. 



Lathyrus odoratus L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: sweet pea 

SPANISH: chureca, clarín, chícaro, choreque, chorreque, doncenon, 

guisante de olor, guisante oloroso, haba de las Indias 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and flowers were formerly used to scent 

soaps. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Italy 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987 

Lathyrus polymorphus Nutt. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: hoary pea vine 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were a minor food source of the Omaha and Ponca. 

Leaves may be eaten, however, some Lathyrus species are 

poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968 

Lathyrus sativus L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: chickling pea, chickling vetch, chickling vetchling, 

dogtooth pea, grass pea, grass peavine, Indian pea, kasari, 

khesari, riga pea 

PORTUGUESE: chícharo 

SPANISH: alverjas, chícharo, frijol gallinazo, garbanzo, jaramago 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and fed to livestock. Among the first 

plants cultivated in Europe. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably the Balkan Peninsula 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kay 1979, Kislev 1989, Mabberley 1987, 

OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Lathyrus tuberosus L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: earth chestnut, earth-nut vetchling, groundnut, pea vine, 

tuberous pea, tuberous sweetpea 

SPANISH: guija tuberosa 


NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in temperate regions of the 

Americas 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Mabberley 1987, PFAF n.d. 


414


Launaea intybacea (Jacq.) Beauvis. [syn. Lactuca intybacea Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: wild lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Young plant is eaten cooked. 



Laurelia sempervirens (Ruiz & Pavón) Tul. [syn L. serrata Bertero] 

FAMILY: Monimiaceae (monimia) 

ENGLISH: Chilean laurel, Peruvian nutmeg 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and bark are used as spices. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uphof 1968, 

Zuloaga 1997 

Laurocerasus officinalis M. Roemer 


ENGLISH: cherry laurel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used to make a dilute, almond-flavored 

tea-like beverage, though care must be taken as too much can be 

poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean region 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Laurus nobilis L. 


ENGLISH: bay, bay laurel, bay leaf, bay tree, European laurel, 

Grecian laurel, laurel, sweet bay tree, sweetbay, true laurel 

PORTUGUESE: loureiro-comum, loureiro-de-apolo, loureiro-de-presunto, 

loureiro-dos-poetas, loureiro-ordinário, louro, louro-de-cozinha 

SPANISH: lore, laurel, laurel de España, laurel de los poetas, 

laurel noble, laureo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as an herb (called bay leaf) in meat 

dishes and sauces. Also used to treat intestinal ailments and an 

ingredient in veterinary medicines. Leaves may be used as a 

cockroach repellent. Seeds contain an oil used in soaps, skin 

lotions, and medicines. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe or the Middle East 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Usher 1974 

Lecythis ampla Miers [syn. L. costaricensis Pittier] 


ENGLISH: monkey pot 

SPANISH: coco de mono, coco salero, cocoboloa, jícaro, olla de mono 

pansuba, sapucaia 



415


NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast of Central America from Nicaragua to 

Panama’s Darién through the Magdalena Valley in Colombia to 

northwestern Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Flores 2002b, Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b 

Lecythis lanceolata Poiret 


PORTUGUESE: sapucaia-branca 

USES/NOTES: Seed is an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Mori and Prance 1990b 

Lecythis minor Jacq. [syn. L. elliptica Kunth] 



PORTUGUESE: sapucaia 

SPANISH: cazuela de mono, coco de mono, hoyamono, nuez del Brasil, 

olla de mono, palo de toro, sapucayo 

USES/NOTES: Oily nuts are used in chocolates and other confections. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands of northern South America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, La 

Rotta 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Mori et al. 1990, OAS 1973, 

Prance and Mori 1979, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Lecythis ollaria L. 




SPANISH: cazuela de mono, coco de mono, hoyamono, nuez del Brasil, 

olla de mono, palo de toro, sapucayo 

USES/NOTES: Edible nut is used in chocolates and other confections. 

When grown under certain conditions seeds may contain a toxic 

substance that can result in hair and fingernail loss when eaten 

in large quantities. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands of northern South America 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, La Rotta 1992, Mori et al. 

1990, OAS 1973, Prance and Mori 1979, Uphof 1968, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Lecythis pisonis Cambess. [syn. L. amapaensis Ledoux, L. amazonum 

Mart. ex O. Berg, L. pisonis Cambess. subsp. usitata S.A. Mori & 

Prance, L. paraensis Huber, L. usitata Miers, L. usitata Miers 

var. paraensis (Ducke) F. Knuth, Pachylecythis egleri Ledoux] 


ENGLISH: cream nut, monkey nut, Pará nut, paradise nut, sapucaia 

PORTUGUESE: castanha-sapucaia, sapokaia, sapucaia, sapucaia-do- 

Amapá, sapucaia-grande, sapucaínha 

SPANISH: castaña de monte, kakeralli 

USES/NOTES: Protien-rich, edible nut and its oil are similar in 

quality to the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa), but are less 


416


commercially attractive because the nut is more difficult to 

harvest and store. A medicinal tea is made from the bark. Wood, 

used in construction, is especially durable in water. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Branch and Silva 1983, 

Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, La Rotta 1992, Martin et 

al. 1987, Mori et al. 1990, Mors and Rizzini 1966, Pérez-Arbeláez 

1956, Posey 1985, Prance and Mori 1979, Silva et al. 1977, Smith 

et al. 1992, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Lecythis zabucajo Aublet [syn. L. hians A.C. Sm.] 


ENGLISH: monkey pot, paradise nut 


SPANISH: cazuela de mono, nuez del Brasil, nuez del paraíso, olla 

de mono, palo de toro, zabucajo 

USES/NOTES: Nut is used in confections, especially chocolates. Also 

an essential oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands of tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Mori et al. 1990, Rankin de Mérona 


Ledum glandulosum Nutt. 


ENGLISH: glandular Labrador tea 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and fresh leaves can be chewed. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Hickman 1993 

Ledum groenlandicum Oeder 


ENGLISH: bog tea, Labrador tea 



REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens (Aiton) Hultén [syn. L. decumbens 

(Aiton) Lodd. ex Steudel] 


ENGLISH: bog tea, crystal tea, crystal tea ledum, Labrador tea, 

wild rosemary 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American tundra 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Lemaireocereus chichipe (Gossw.) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: chichibe (tree), chichipe (tree), chichituna (fruit) 


417


USES/NOTES: Edible fruits of this large tree-like cactus are sold in 

markets. 




Lemaireocereus deficiens Britton & Rose 


USES/NOTES: Spiny fruit’s red to white pulp is edible. Also common 

as a hedge plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kermath 

(notes), Martin et al. 1987 

Lemaireocereus griseus (Haw.) Britton & Rose [syn. Stenocereus 

griseus (Haw.) F. Buxb.] 


SPANISH: cardón data, dato, yaraguey 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and stems are eaten. Dried woody stems are used in 

house construction. Burned wood is used for fertilizer. Also 

grown as a living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Venezuela and southern Caribbean islands from 

Curaçao to Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 


Lemaireocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose [includes Cereus 

gummosus Engelm., Macheocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, 

Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibs.] 


ENGLISH: creeping devil, dagger cactus, sour pitaya 

SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya agria, pitaya agria 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s purple pulp is eaten or made into wine and 

seeds are edible. Stem pulp is mashed and used as a fish poison. 

Also grown as a living fence. 



1990, Martin et al. 1987, Lauri 2000, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994, 


Lemaireocereus marginatus (DC.) Backeb. & F. Knuth [syn. Cereus 

marginatus DC.] 


SPANISH: organo 



REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Mabberley 

1987 

Lemaireocereus queretaroensis (Weber) Saff. 


418




USES/NOTES: Spiny fruit (to 8 cm long) of this tree-like cactus, is 

edible. Previously placed in the genus Pachycereus. 




Lemaireocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose [syn. 

Stenocereus stellatus (Pfeiffer) Britton & Rose] 


SPANISH: joconostle 

USES/NOTES: Spiny red fruit’s pulp is edible. 


REFERENCE: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 

1990, Martin et al. 1987. 

Lemaireocereus weberi (J. Coulter) Britton & Rose [syn. 

Pachycereus weberi (J. Coulter) Backeb., Stenocereus weberi 

(Coult.) Buxbaum] 


SPANISH: candebobe, candelabro, cardón, cardón espinoso, chico 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds of this tree-like cactus are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern and south-central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Lemna minor L. 

FAMILY: Lemnaceae (duckweed) 

ENGLISH: duckmeat, duckweed, lesser duckweed 

PORTUGUESE: lentilha-d’água, nadabau 

SPANISH: lenteja de agua 

USES/NOTES: Aquatic plant, generally fed to ducks and geese, has 

been used as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and 

Ruberté 1975, Usher 1974 

Lens culinaris Medikus [syn. L. esculenta Moench, Ervum lens L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: lentil, masur, red dhal 

PORTUGUESE: lentilha 

SPANISH: lenteja 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in protein and nutrients, are eaten cooked 

or as flour and young pods are eaten as a vegetable. Seeds also 

are medicinal and stalks are used for fodder. The lentil of 

commerce was domesticated over 10,000 years ago and is well 

adapted to dry conditions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent, perhaps Turkey 


419


REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, 

Kartesz 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Singh and Singh 1992 

Leonia glycycarpa Ruiz & Pavón 


PORTUGUESE: coração-de-negro, fruto-de-macaco, gogó-de-guariba 

SPANISH: kunkuim nujint, nina caspi, tamara, yemenca 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and 

Yost 1983, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Leonia triandra Cautrec. ex L.B. Sm. & A. Fernández 


SPANISH: yema de huevo 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, perhaps to Peru 


Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. 


ENGLISH: grape hyacinth 


USES/NOTES: Bulbs are eaten raw, boiled, baked, fried, cooked in 

pies, pickeled, or dried. 



Leopoldinia piassaba Wallace 


ENGLISH: monkey bass, Pará piassava, piassaba palm, piassava palm 

PORTUGUESE: piaçaba, piaçava, piassaba, piassaba-do-Pará, piassava 

SPANISH: chiquechique, chíquechíque, chiquichique, chiquichiqui, 

chiqui-chiqui, fibra, malama, málama, manamazu, maramapé, 

piasaba, piasava, piasavá, titiá 

USES/NOTES: Fiber, used for rope, brooms, baskets, hammocks, hats, 

and the like, is obtained from a fibrous mass around the stem 

just below the tree’s lowest living leaves. Fruits are made into 

an enjoyable creamy beverage by adding water to the pulp mash. 

Fruits also are the source of an industrial oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro and Orinoco river watersheds in the 

border region of northern Brazil, southern Venezuela, and 

southeastern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bernal 1992, Dugand 1961, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et 

al. 1995, Kermath (notes), Lescure et al. 1992, OAS 1973, Putz 

1979, Silva et al. 1977, Schultes 1988 

Leopoldinia pulchra Mart. 



420


PORTUGUESE: jará 

SPANISH: cucurito, yará 

USES/NOTES: Liquid endosperm of the small, flattened, 2.5 cm fruit 

tastes like coconut (Cocos nucifera) and is sipped from open 

fruits as a snack by inhabitants of the middle Rio Negro near 

Barcelos, Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Rio Negro margins of Amazonas, Brazil, Colombia, and 

Venezuela extending to the upper Orinoco, and rarely along whitewater 

streams elsewhere in Brazil’s Amazonas state 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Kermath (notes), Listabarth 1999, 


Lepidium campestre (L.) Br. 


ENGLISH: bastard cress, cow cress, field pepergrass, pepperwort 

USES/NOTES: Peppery greens and seed pods are added to salads. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977 

Lepidium fremontii S. Watson 


ENGLISH: pepperweed 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten as flour or used as a flavoring agent. 



Lepidium latifulium L. 


ENGLISH: dittander 

USES/NOTES: Ancient Greeks added the peppery greens to salads, and 

roots and seeds may be used as spicy condiments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, Europe and North Africa 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Lepidium meyenii Walp. 


ENGLISH: maca, Peruvian ginseng 

SPANISH: ayak, ayak willku, chichira, chijura, maca, maca-maca, 

maíno, maka 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, brown, turnip-like roots of this rare, highland 

species are eaten baked and roasted (sometimes in earthen pits), 

made into porridge (called mazamorra) after being dried and 

soaked or boiled, and fermented into maca chicha, a beverage 

sometimes mixed with other alcoholic beverages to make coctel de 

maca. Roots also are used to flavor aguardiente, an alcohol 

derived from sugarcane. Small leaves are used as salad greens and 

are fed to guinea pigs, an Andean delicacy. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands from southern Peru through 

Bolivia into northwesterm Argentina, now nearly restricted to the 

Lake Junín region of Peru 


421


REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, King 1987, King 1988, León 1964, 

Mabberley 1987, Ochoa and Ugent 2001, NRC 1989, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Vietmeyer 1992, Wilson 1992 

Lepidium sativum L. 


ENGLISH: common garden cress, cress, garden cress, garden pepper 

cress, pepper grass 

PORTUGUESE: agrião-da-terra, agrião-da-terra-enxuta, agrião-do-seco, 

agrião-dos-jardins, mastruço, mastruço-do-sol, mastruço-hortense 

SPANISH: cresón, lepidio, mastuerzo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a salad green, roots occasionally are 

used as a condiment, and seeds are an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Egypt to West Asia, now nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bianchini and Corbeta 1976, Bourke et al. 

1987, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Schneider 1987, 

Uphof 1968, Van Feu n.d. 

Lepidium virginicum L. 


ENGLISH: peppergrass, poor man’s pepper, Virginia cress, wild 

pepper-grass 

SPANISH: papayita 

USES/NOTES: Greens and seed pods may be added to salads or used as a 

garnish. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, now nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bye 1993, Facciola 1990, 

Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Jonsell 1982, Morton 1976a, Peterson 

1977, Tomikel 1986 

Leptochloopsis virgata (Poiret) Yates [syn. Uniola virgata 

(Poiret) Griseb.] 


ENGLISH: limestone grass, wiregrass 

SPANISH: espartillo, yerba de alambre 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: All the Greater Antilles and the northern Lesser 

Antilles, and perhaps to other Caribbean islands 

REFERENCES: Liogier and Martorell 2000, Nellis 1994, Peterson 2001, 

Webster and Peterson 1996 

Leptotes bicolor Lindley [syn. Tetramicra bicolor (Lindley) Rolfe] 


ENGLISH: bicolored leptotes 

USES/NOTES: Seedpod has been used as a flavoring agent like vanilla, 

especially for ice cream. The small epiphytic orchid produces 

beautiful white and purple flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Bahia to Santa Catarina and eastern 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bicalho 1977, Uphof 1968 


422


Lespedeza capitata Michaux 


pea) 

ENGLISH: round-head lespedeza 

USES/NOTES: Comanche made a tea from the plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from Ontario to Florida 


Leucaena esculenta (Moçiño & Sessé) Benth. 


ENGLISH: leucaena 

PORTUGUESE: leucena 

SPANISH: guaje 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, sold in local markets, are eaten salted when 

still green or cooked when mature. Young leaves also are edible. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1975, Smith et al. 


Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [syn. L. glauca auct. non (L.) 

Benth.] 


ENGLISH: cowbush, jumbie bean, jumpy bean, leadtree, leucaena, 

miracle tree, shack-shack, West Indies mimosa, white popinac, 

wild mimosa, wild taman, wild tamarind 


SPANISH: acacia, acacia palida, aroma blanca, aroma boba, aroma 

mansa, barba de león, calguaje, calloaxin, chalip, dormilín, efe, 

frijol guaje, granadillo bobo, granadino, guache, guache de 

tierra caliente, guaje blanco, guaje de casa, guaje de casero, 

guaje verde, guas, guash, guash de castilla, guashe, hediondilla, 

huaje, huaxin, ipilipil, ipil-ipil, leucena, lino, lino criollo, 

macata, macata blanca, mimosa, monval, panelo, pashaquilla, 

tamarindillo, tantan, tumbarabu, uaxim, vaxi, yage, yail ba’ ade 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds, pods, leaves, and flower buds are 

edible, though infrequently eaten. Young leaves are a quelite 

source in parts of Mexico – quelite being a generic term for 

certain kinds of green leafy vegetables often used like common 

spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Young seeds and pods are eaten 

cooked or fresh when very young, dried young seeds are eaten 

popped, and mature seeds are eaten boiled or are ground and used 

like coffee (Coffea spp.). Gum can be used to thicken foods. 

Planted widely in Middle America, and increasingly elsewhere, as 

a source of fuel wood, fodder, green manure, to shade other crops 

(such as coffee), as a living fence, and for its ability to 

naturally fix nitrogen in the soil. Because of its rapid growth 

and multiple uses, it is being grown as a plantation cultivar to 

reduce pressure on natural forests. Referred to as the miracle 

tree for its versatility and rapid growth (to 6 meters/year). 


423


Planting outside its native range, although widely practiced, is 

potentially probelmatic as this tree escapes easily from 

cultivation to become invasive under favorable conditions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala, naturalized and 

pestiferous in many warm regions from Brazil to Florida to parts 

of the Old World 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003, 

Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), Morton 1976a, Myers 1992, NAS 

1977, Nelson 1994, Oakes 1968, Parrotta 2002, Smith et al. 1992, 

Vietmeyer 1986 

Leucaena pulverulenta (Schltr.) Benth. 


ENGLISH: great leadtree, leadtree, leucaena 


SPANISH: palo haux, tepehuaje 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is cooked with chili or fermented to make 

pulque and young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. The hybrid, L. 

pulverulenta x L. leucocephala grows rapidly and is cold hardy 

but susceptible to pests. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Texas through Mexico 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brewbaker and Sorensson 1990, Smith et al. 

1992 

Leucanthemum integrifolium (Richards.) DC. [syn. Chrysanthemum 

integrifolium Steetz in Seemann] 


ENGLISH: chop suey greens, entireleaf daisy, garland chrysanthemum 

USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten as a cooked vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Berendsohn and Araniva de González 1989b, Facciola 1990 

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. [syn. L. leucanthemum (L.) Rydb., 

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.] 


ENGLISH: daisy, dog daisy, marguerite, moon daisy, ox-eye daisy 

SPANISH: hierba amarilla, marguerite 

USES/NOTES: Young, aromatic leaves are added to salads or cooked as 

greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, widely naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley 

1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 

Levisticum officinale (Baillon) Koch 


ENGLISH: bladderseed, lovage 

PORTUGUESE: levístico 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a potherb, rhizomes are used as a 

spice, and fruits are added to flavor foods and liqueurs. 



424


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Mabberley 1987, Nuemann n.d., Uphof 1968 

Lewisia rediviva Pursh 


ENGLISH: bitterroot, bitterroot lewisia 

USES/NOTES: Edible roots have been appreciated by Amerindians. Nuts 

must be eaten cooked to remove bitterness. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, 

Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Leymus arenarius (L.) Hochst. 


ENGLISH: sea lyme-grass, strand wheat 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten like rice and other cereal grains. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions, introduced to temperate 

South America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985 

Leymus condensatus (J. Presl) Löve [syn. Elymus condensatus J. 

Presl] 


ENGLISH: giant rye, giant wild rye 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians made flour from the seeds. 



Leymus racemosus (Lam.) Tzvelev [syn. Elymus racemosus Lam.] 


ENGLISH: Volga wild rye 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and tender roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Europe 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994 

Leymus triticoides (Buckley) Pilger [syn. Elymus triticoides 

Buckley] 


ENGLISH: beardless wild rye, squaw grass, wild beardless rye, wild 

rye, wild wheat 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the ground seeds in porridge and bread. 


REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Medsger 1939, Uphof 1968 

Liatris punctata Hook. 


ENGLISH: blazing star, dotted button-snake-root, dotted gay 

feather, gayfeather, Kansas gayfeather, starwort 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten cooked. 



425


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Licania apetala (E. Meyer) Fritsch [syn. L. pendula Benth.] 


PORTUGUESE: ajuru, caraipé, caripé, caripé-da-várzea, caripévermelho, 

cariperana, macucu-chiador, uchirana, uxí-do-igapó 

SPANISH: apacharama 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Brazil and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, 


Licania canescens Benoist 


PORTUGUESE: macucu, macucu-chiador 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten by the Ka’apor of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia to 

southern Venezuela and French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Steyermark et al. 


Licania glabriflora Prance 


PORTUGUESE: macucu, mucucu 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and southern Venezuela 


Licania heteromorpha Benth. 


ENGLISH: kairiaballi 

PORTUGUESE: ajuru, macucu, macucu-xiador 

SPANISH: apacharama, casharana 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Also to treat diarrhea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil and Guyana to Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 1972a, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Licania hypoleuca Benth. var. hypoleuca 


SPANISH: guarrey macho, hierrillo, hierrillo blanco, jocote de 

fraile 

USES/NOTES: Reddish pear-shaped fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical humid lowlands from Guatemala to the 

Guianas and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d. 

Licania incana Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: ajuru 


426



NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Guiana, Venezuela 


Licania kunthiana Hook.f. 


PORTUGUESE: oiti, pajurazinho 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Licania latifolia Benth. ex Hook.f. 


PORTUGUESE: macucu-de-sangue, macucu-sangue 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil and 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Silva et al. 

1977, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Licania licaniiflora (Sagot) S.F. Blake [syn. L. parinarioides 

Hub.] 


PORTUGUESE: copuda 




Licania macrocarpa Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: parinari 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia into 

northwestern Ecuador, western Colombia, and central Panama 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Prance 1972a, Prance 1989a, 

Renner et al. 1990 

Licania macrophylla Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: anauerá, macucu-terra 

SPANISH: anaura 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Licania michauxii Prance 


ENGLISH: gopher apple, ground oak 

USES/NOTES: Two to three cm long drupe is edible, though generally 

bland to undesirable in flavor. Growing generally no more than 25 


427


cm tall and spreading by stolons and seeds, the gopher apple 

makes for an excellent ground cover for dry, sunny sites. 

NATURAL RANGE: Dunes and sand hills of the southeastern coastal 

plain from South Carolina to southern Florida and Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Bennett (unpublished), Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), 

Prance 1972a, Taylor 1998 

Licania oblongifolia Standley 


PORTUGUESE: macucu-chiador 



REFERENCES: Prance 1972a, Silva et al. 1977 

Licania octandra (Hoffsgg. ex R. & S.) Kuntze subsp. pallida 

(Hook.f.) Prance 


PORTUGUESE: caraipé, caripé, caripé-vermelho, uxi-do-igapó 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Licania parviflora Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: ajuru 




Licania platypus (Hemsley) Fritsch. 


ENGLISH: monkey apple, sansapote, sunsapote 

SPANISH: chupa, mesonzapote, sangre, sansapote, sonzapote, sapote, 

sumn, súngano, sunza, sunzapote, uraca, urraca, urraco, zapote, 

zapote cabello, zinzapote, zunza 

USES/NOTES: Large round yellow berries contain an edible pulp. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, León 1987, Leung 

1961, Martin et al. 1987, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, OAS 1973, 

Usher 1974 

Licania pyrifolia Griseb. 


SPANISH: merecure 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible fruits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Martinique 

REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 

1972a 

Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch 


428



PORTUGUESE: bragança, goiti, oiti, oiti-cagão, oiti-da-praia, oitimirim, 

oiticica 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its edible fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Brazil to the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 

1972a, Smith et al. 1995 

Ligusticum scothicum L. 


ENGLISH: Scotch lovage 

USES/NOTES: Green sprouts are used as a potherb, leafstalks are used 

like celery (Apium graveolens), and young shoots and roots are 

eaten candied like angelica (Angelica archangelica). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and northern Europe 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al 1958, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ligusticum scothicum L. subsp. hultenii (Fern.) Calder & Taylor 

[syn. L. hultenii Fern.] 


USES/NOTES: The plant is eaten as an herb with fish. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska and western Canada 


Lilium brownii F. Br. ex Miellez 


ENGLISH: Hong Kong lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs and fruit are edible. 


REFERENCES: Porterfield 1951, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Lilium columbianum Hort. ex Baker 


ENGLISH: Columbia lily, Oregon lily 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern California to British Columbia and Idaho 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Lilium lancifolium Thunb. [syn. L. tigrinum Ker-Gawler] 


ENGLISH: tiger lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs and fruit are edible. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Porterfield 1951 

Lilium parviflorum Holzinger 


ENGLISH: panther lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs have been eaten by Amerindians in British 

Columbia. 


429




Lilium philadelphicum L. var. andinum (Nutt.) Ker-Gawler [syn. L. 

montanum Nelson, L. umbellatum Pursh] 


ENGLISH: orange-cup lily, western orange-cup lily, wood lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs of this rare and protected plant taste like 

chestnuts (Castanea spp.) and are used like potatoes or to 

thicken soup. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America, 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Marshall 1993, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Lilium superbum L. 


ENGLISH: American Turk’s-cap lily, lily-royal, swamp lily, Turk’s 

cap, Turk’s-cap lily 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs harvested from the wild are eaten cooked or used 

to thicken soups. Large orange-red flowers are attractive. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Georgia and Alabama 


Mabberley 1987, Marshall 1993, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Limnophila aromatica (Lam.) Merr. 


ENGLISH: finger grass, rice paddy herb, swamp leaf 

USES/NOTES: Stems are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Asia and Australia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976, Zarucchi 1998 

Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume [syn. L. aestivale var. pubescens 

(Palmer & Steyerm.) Rehder, Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees] 


ENGLISH: Benjamin bush, common spicebush, spicebush, wild allspice 

USES/NOTES: Red drupes, to about a cm long, may be eaten raw or more 

typically dried and ground as a spice in cooked foods, aromatic 

young leaves, twigs, bark, and fruits are used for tea or as a 

spice like allspice (Pimenta dioica), and young bark may be 

chewed. Deciduous shrub to small tree adds interest to the 

landscape for its aroma and edibility. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to central Florida 

and eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Duke 1997, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harris 

1972, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Peterson 

1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Linum bienne Miller 

FAMILY: Linaceae (flax) 

ENGLISH: blue flax 


430


USES/NOTES: Seeds contain linseed oil, a drying oil used in 

processed foods and paints, varnishs, and other industrial 

compounds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Europe 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Munz 1968 

Linum lewisii Pursh [syn. L. perenne L. var. lewisii] 


ENGLISH: prairie flax, Rocky Mountain flax 

USES/NOTES: Pleasant tasting seeds are eaten cooked with other 

foods. Due to cyanide content, seeds must not be eaten raw. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Munz 1974 

Linum perenne L. 


ENGLISH: blue flax, wild flax 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten cooked with other foods. Uncooked seeds, 

however, contain cyanide and must not be eaten raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Munz 1968 

Linum usitatissimum L. 


ENGLISH: flax, lin, linseed 

PORTUGUESE: linão, linho 

SPANISH: linaza, lino 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten cooked or used as tea, and seed oil is 

used in cooking, medicines, and industry. Also a fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean and temperate Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, Marcin 1983, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Lippia alba (Miller) N.E. Br. ex Britton & Wilson [syn. L. 

geminata Kunth] 


ENGLISH: anise verbena, colic mint, cullen mint, false melissa, 

Guinea mint, licorice verbena, oregano 

PORTUGUESE: alecrim-do-campo, alecrim-do-mato, carmelitana, ervacidreira, 

erva-cidreira-do-campo, melissa, salsa-brava, salsalimão 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, hierba de negro, mirto, pampa orégano, té de 

país 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is made into a beverage or medicinal tea. 

Occasionally cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Americas from Texas to northern Argentina and the 

West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, UFA/NYBG 

n.d., Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Voeks 1997 


431


Lippia berlandieri Schauer 


SPANISH: epazote, hierba dulce, orégano 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season food. 



Lippia graveolens Kunth 


ENGLISH: Mexican oregano, mintweed, redbrush lippia 

SPANISH: hierba dulce, oreganillo, orégano, orégano de la sierra, 

orégano cimmarrón, salva real, té de país 

USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a spice like oregano (Origanum 

vulgare), or for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and Mexico, perhaps into portions of 


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Harris 1998, 

Mabberley 1987, Tull 1978 

Lippia mexicana Grieve 


ENGLISH: Mexican oregano 

SPANISH: orégano 

USES/NOTES: Leaves reportedly were used to season tortillas in pre- 

Columbian Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela and possibly Cuba 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994 

Lippia micromera Schauer and L. micromera var. helleri (Britton) 

Mold. [syn. L. helleri Britton] 


ENGLISH: fine-leaf thyme, oregano, Puerto Rican oregano (L. 

micromera var. helleri), Spanish thyme 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and young stems are used as potherbs and their 

essential oil is used to flavor liqueurs. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973 

Liquidambar styraciflua L. [syn. L. styraciflua var. mexicana 

Oerst.] 

FAMILY: Hamamelidaceae (witch hazel) 

ENGLISH: American sweetgum, bilsted, gum, redgum, sweetgum 

SPANISH: árbol del ámbar, caraña, copalme, estoraque, goma dulce, 

liquidámbar, maripenda, nogal satinado, ocozote, quirambaro 

USES/NOTES: Bitter resin of this large, deciduous tree has been used 

like chewing gum. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., eastern Mexico, and parts of Central 

America to northern Costa Rica 


432


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kermath (notes), 

Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977 

Litchi chinensis Sonn. [syn. Dimocarpus litchi Lour., Nephelium 

litchi Cambess., Scytalia chinensis Gaertn.] 


ENGLISH: litchi, lychee, lychee nut 

PORTUGUESE: lechia, lichia, litchi, litchia 

SPANISH: lechia, lichi, lichí, litchi, mamoncillo chino, quenepa 

china 

USES/NOTES: Hard shelled 2-3cm oblong red drupe’s juicy, whitish 

pink to reddish aril, with the consistency of a grape, is eaten 

fresh, canned, or dried. Seen under cultivation on a modest scale 

in warm, moist subtropical regions of the Americas 

NATURAL RANGE: Warm, moist lowlands of southern China 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Gregory 1960, Kermath (notes), Leung 

1961, Popenoe 1974, Usher 1974 

Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehder in L. Bailey 


ENGLISH: tanbark oak, tan-oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns can be eaten after leaching to remove tannins and 

bitterness. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Lithospermum officinale L. 


ENGLISH: common gromwell 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make Bohemian or Croatian tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in the eastern U.S. 


Litsea glaucecens Kunth 


SPANISH: aureli, canelillo, chico, ccpatli de chietla, laurel, 

laurel chico, laurelillo, sufricalla, tzij uch, tzil tzil ujch’, 

tziltzil zujch, tziltzilzujch’, zit-zuch 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice in a variety of cooked dishes 

and is prepared as a beverage tea. 


REFERENCES: Linares 2003, MBG n.d., Torres n.d. 

Litsea neesiana (Schauer) Hemsley 


ENGLISH: litsea 

SPANISH: laurel de la sierra 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is prepared as a beverage or medicinal tea, 

especially to sooth the stomach. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America 


433


REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Lobelia berlandieri A. DC. 


SPANISH: ithim palats 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked and eaten as greens. 



Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia ambigua 

(Nutt.) Jones], also L. canbyi (Coulter & Rose) Coulter & Rose 

[syn. Cogswellia canbyi (Coulter & Rose) Jones], L. cous (S. 

Watson) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia cous (S. Watson) Jones], 

and L. farinosum (Hook.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia farinosa 

(Hook.) Jones] 


ENGLISH: cous root, wild parsnip 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten raw or pounded and made into cakes or 

biscuits. 



Lomatium californicum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance 


ENGLISH: wild celery-parsley 

USES/NOTES: Roots and tops are edible. 



Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance 

[syn. Leptotaenia multifida Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: cough root, Indian balsam, fern-leaved biscuit root 

USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and made into a medicinal tea. Seeds 

and spouts have been used for food, though also to be poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Kartesz 1994, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Lomatium foeniculaceum (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia 

foeniculacea (Nutt.) Coulter and Rose] 


ENGLISH: carrot-leaved lomatium, prairie parsley 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads and dried roots are made into 

flour. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936 


434


Lomatium hallii (S. Watson) Coulter & Rose [syn. L. macrocarpum 

(Hook. & Arn.) Coulter & Rose, Cogswellia macrocarpa (Nutt.) 

Jones] 


ENGLISH: large fruited buscuit-root 

USES/NOTES: Roots and seeds are edible, and leaves are used for tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936 

Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia 

nudicaulis (Pursh) Jones] 


ENGLISH: cow parsley, smyrnium 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C rich greens are eaten as a vegatable, and 

roots are occasionally eaten. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz and Keck 1959, 

Sturtevant 1972, Yanovsky 1936 

Lomatium utriculatum (Pursh) Coulter & Rose [syn. Cogswellia 

utriculata (Nutt.) Jones] 


ENGLISH: desert gold, pomo celery 

USES/NOTES: Greens are eaten as a vegatable. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Lonchocarpus longistylus Pittier 


pea) 

SPANISH: bal-ché, balché, palo gusano, saayab, sakiab, xbal-che’ 

USES/NOTES: The Maya added strips of bark from this and other 

Lonchocarpus spp. to a water and honey or sugar concoction that 

was allowed to ferment into an alcoholic, ceremonial beverage, 

called balché. The bark reportedly has psychoactive properties. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, adjacent Belize and Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Niembro Rocas 2002b, Uphof 1968 

Lonicera caerulea L. 

FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) 

ENGLISH: honeysuckle 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated as a landscape plant, and for its edible 

fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Asia, naturalized in temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Zarucchi 1998 

Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) D.C. 


ENGLISH: honeysuckle 



435


NATURAL RANGE: Northern California to Alaska 

REFERENCES: Hickman 1993, Yanovsky 1936 

Lonicera involucrata Banks ex Sprengel 


ENGLISH: bearberry, bearberry honeysuckle, twinberry honeysuckle, 

twinberry 

USES/NOTES: Black berries are said to be of good quality, eaten 

fresh or dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America through the high Rockies 

of New Mexico 


Lonicera japonica Thunb. 


ENGLISH: gold-and-silver flower, Japanese honeysuckle 

PORTUGUESE: madressilva 

SPANISH: madre selva, madreselva 

USES/NOTES: Dried leaves, young buds, and flowers of this vigorous 

twining vine are made into tea. Flowers and young leaves are 

eaten as a vegetable and the sweet nectar is sucked from flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan, naturalized and invasive in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Loreya arborescens (Aublet) DC. 


SPANISH: sacha nisperillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Renner 1989 

Loreya spruceana Benth. ex Triana [syn. L. collatata Wurdack, 

Bellucia spruceana (Benth. ex Triana) J.F. Macbride] 


SPANISH: titemeneca 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. 


ENGLISH: angled loofah, Chinese okra, ghingie, loofah, luffa, 

ridged gourd, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd 

PORTUGUESE: bucha, bucha de purga, bucha dos campistas, bucha verde, 

esponja-vegetal 

SPANISH: calabazo, coladera, esponja, esponja vegetal, esponjilla, 

estopa, estropajo, estropajole, jaboncillo, lufa, loufa, 

melocotón, mochilita, muñeco, musu, musú, paiste, paste, paxte, 

payste, pazte, servilleta del pobre 


436


USES/NOTES: Young fruits are eaten cooked and dried fruits are 

medicinal. The mature fruit fiber is used as a filter, a sponge, 

and for stuffing or padding, as in packaging. 

NATURAL RANGE: India (probably Northwestern India) 

REFERENCES: Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, 

Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1979, Martin 

1984b, Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 

1991, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, von Reis 

Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Luffa aegyptiaca Miller [syn. L. cylindrica (L.) Roemer] 


ENGLISH: bath sponge, Chinese okra, dishcloth gourd, ghingie, 

loofah, luffa, smooth loofah, sponge gourd, vegetable gourd 

PORTUGUESE: bucha, bucha de coco, bucha de pescador, bucha de purga, 

bucha dos paulistas, buchinha, esfregão, esponja-vegetal, fruta 

dos paulistas, gonçalinho, lava pratos, maxixe-do-Pará, pepinobravo, 

quingombô grande 

SPANISH: bejuco esponjilla, calabazo, coladera, esponja, esponja 

vegetal, estopa, estopón, esponjilla, estropajo, estropajole, 

jaboncillo, lufa, loufa, melocotón, mochilita, muñeco, musu, 

musú, paiste, paste, paxte, payste, pazte, servilleta del pobre, 

tzonayotli 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits are eaten cooked, dried fruits are 

medicinal, and mature fruit’s fiber is used as a filter, a 

sponge, or for stuffing and padding, as in packaging. 

NATURAL RANGE: India (probably Northwestern India) 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin 1979, 

Martin 1984b, Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Price 1990, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1987 

Luffa operculata (L.) Cogn. 


ENGLISH: loofah, luffa 

PORTUGUESE: buchinha-do-nordeste, buchinha-do-norte, cabacinha, 

esponja-vegetal 

SPANISH: esponja vegetal 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits of non-bitter varieties are eaten cooked. 

Fiberous mature fruit is used as a sponge. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brücher 1989 

Lupinus albus L. [syn. L. termis Forssk.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Egyptian lupine, field lupine, tremoco, white lupine, 

wolfbean 

PORTUGUESE: tremoço-branco 

SPANISH: altramuz blanco, lupino, lupino blanco, tremoco 


437


USES/NOTES: Seed is edible macerated, roasted seeds are used as a 

coffee substitute, and the plant is grown for forage, soil 

improvement, and as a green manure. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe’s Balkan Peninsula 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Cárdenas 1969, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d., 

Haq 1993, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, 

Wiersema et al. 1990 

Lupinus littoralis Douglas 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Chinook-licorice, comnuchtan, seashore lupine, shore 

lupine 

USES/NOTES: Long, starchy roots are eaten cooked and can be sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from northern California to Canada, 

coastal dunes 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Dunn and Gillett 1966, Gunther 

1981, Moerman 1998, Turner 1995, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Lupinus luteus L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: European yellow lupine, yellow lupin, yellow lupine 

PORTUGUESE: tremoço-amarelo, tremoço-amarelo-doce 

SPANISH: altramuz, lupino 

USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds are used as a coffee substitute and green 

tops are eaten as vegetable. Also grown as a green manure. 


REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Guia Rural n.d., Haq 1993, IBGE 1980, 

Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 


Lupinus mutabilis Sweet 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Andean lupin, bush lupine, lupin(e), pearl lupin(e), South 

American lupine, tarwi 

PORTUGUESE: tremoço 

SPANISH: altramuz, atramuz, chochito, chocho, chochos, chuchus, 

chuchus muti, lupino, tarhui, tarui, tarwi, taura, tauri, taurí, 

ullus 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious, protein-rich, oily seeds are eaten after 

drying and processing to remove poisonous, bitter alkaloids – 

often ground into flour. Leaves also have been eaten. Once an 

important food plant in the Andes compared to today. Also grown 

for fodder and as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 1981, Gade 

1969, Haq 1993, Heiser 1979a, Leung 1961, NRC 1989, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Zimmerer 1996 


438


Lupinus perennis L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: sundial lupine, wild lupine 

USES/NOTES: Facciola reports that the seeds are eaten cooked after 

proper preparation, but Taylor describes them as poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska to Florida 

REFERENCES: Dunn and Gillett 1966, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, 

Fernald et al. 1958, Medsger 1939, Taylor 1998 

Lycianthes asarifolia (Kunth & Bouché) Bitter [syn. Solanum 

asarifolium Kunth & Bouché] 


ENGLISH: alien weed, bitter gingerleaf, gingerleaf 

SPANISH: bo’bosh, botobobo, botovovo, childa, matojobobo, motojobobo, 

motojobobo 


NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from northern Argentina 

through Bolivia, Paraguay, Peru, and perhaps beyond, naturalized 

and invasive in places including Texas and Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2006, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin 

et al. 1987, MBG n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004 

Lycianthes mociniana (Dunal) Bitter [syn. Solanum mozinianum 

Dunal] 


ENGLISH: coyote tomato 

SPANISH: tomate coyote 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are encouraged to grow in maize fields and 

are collected and sale in local markets. Production in parts of 

Mexico can be very high. 


REFERENCES: Altieri and Trujillo 1987, Bye 1993, Nee 1986 

Lycium andersonii A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Anderson wolfberry 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit is eaten fresh or dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to California 

REFERENCES: Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Lycium berlandieri Dunal 


ENGLISH: wolfberry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten fresh or dried. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Uphof 1968 

Lycium carolinianum Walter 


439



ENGLISH: boxthorn, Carolina wolfberry, Christmas berry 

USES/NOTES: Ovoid, red berries are edible. 


REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Facciola 1990 

Lycium fremontii A. Gray 


USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjacent mexico 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Lycium halimifolium Miller [syn. L. barbarum L.] 


ENGLISH: matrimony vine 

USES/NOTES: Reportedly eaten as a potherb, though also listed as 

poisonous to animals. L. barbarum is treated as a distinct 

species by some authorities. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, naturalized in the eastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, 

Munz 1974 

Lycium pallidum Miers 


ENGLISH: box thorn, desert thorn, pale wolfberry, rabbit thorn, 

wolfberry 

SPANISH: tomatilla 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of the southwestern U.S. have eaten the 

fruit fresh, boiled, or dried and mixed with clay to remove 

bitterness. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 


Lycium torreyi A. Gray 




REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Harrington 1967, Munz 1974 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme (Dunal) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: cherry tomato 

PORTUGUESE: tomate-silvestre 

SPANISH: miltomate 

USES/NOTES: Small, typically red fruits of this ancestor of the 

common tomato (L. esculentum var. esculentum) are edible and 

widely cultivated both commercially and in home gardens. 

NATURAL RANGE: possibly Peru 


440


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 

1993 

Lycopersicon esculentum Miller var. esculentum [syn. L. 

lycopersicum (L.) Karsten ex Farw., Solanum lycopersicum L.] 


ENGLISH: common tomato, tomato 

PORTUGUESE: tomate 

SPANISH: jiltomate, jitomate, tomate, tomate riñón, tomatl 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is the tomato of commerce, consumed as a vegetable 

(fresh, cooked, or preserved), in sauces, or as juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, possible ancestors range from coastal 

Ecuador to coastal Chile, and from northwestern South America and 

Panama, yet domestication probably took place first in the 

Mexican highlands, where its progenitors may have arrived via 

bird droppings 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Heiser 1984, Jenkins 

1948, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, 

Purseglove 1968, Sauer 1993, Simmons 1979 

Lycopersicon humboldtii Dunal 


ENGLISH: Choco tomato 

SPANISH: tomate 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits of this possible ancestor of the common 

tomato are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, and perhaps 

elsewhere in the Neotropical mainland 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984 

Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Miller 


ENGLISH: currant tomato, German raison tomato 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits are eaten out of hand, cooked, dried, or 

pickled. Also used to cross with common tomatoes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Sauer 1993, Wilson 1992 

Lycopus asper E. Greene 


ENGLISH: clubmoss 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten boiled. 


REFERENCES: Yanovsky 1936 

Lycopus uniflorus Michaux 


ENGLISH: bugleweed 

USES/NOTES: White tubers are eaten cooked. 


441



REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Harris 1972, 

Hickman 1993, Peterson 1977, Radford et al. 1968 

Lycopus virginicus L. 


ENGLISH: Virginia bugleweed, Virginia water horehound 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central North America 

REFERENCES: Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004 

Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: large-flower skeletonplant, skeleton plant 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten cooked with meat. 



Lysimachia clethroides Duby 


ENGLISH: gooseneck loosestrife 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, fruits, and flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, perhaps elsewhere in Asia, naturaled in the 

U.S. 


Lythrum salicaria L. 

FAMILY: Lythraceae (loosestrife) 

ENGLISH: purple loosestrife, rainbow weed, salicaire, spiked 

loosestrife 

USES/NOTES: Young leaf shoots are edible. Also widely cultivated as 

an ornamental for its purple flowering spikes, but now considered 

to be one of the most invasive exotic plants in North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely naturalized and invasive in North 

America and beyond 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Thompson et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Mabea longifolia (Britton) Pax & Hoffm. 



NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and sub-Andean Bolivia 


Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche 


ENGLISH: Australian nut, macadamia, macadamia nut, Queensland nut, 

smooth-shelled macadamia nut, smooth-shelled Queensland nut 

PORTUGUESE: macadâmia, nogueira-do-Havaí 

SPANISH: macadamia, nuez australiana, nuez de Queensland, nogal de 

Australia, nuez de Australia 


442


USES/NOTES: Smooth-shelled nuts are eaten raw, roasted, or in 

pastries and candies. Cultivated commercially in a number of 

American countries including the U.S. (Hawaii and California), 

Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Jamaica, and Paraguay. U.S. is the 

world’s leading exporter and Hawaii leads production there. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist forests of the Great Dividing Range, Queensland 

to New South Wales, Australia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 

n.d., Samson 1980, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Macadamia tetraphylla L. Johnson 


ENGLISH: Australian nut, macadamia, macadamia nut, rough-shelled 

macadamia nut, rough-shelled Queensland nut 

SPANISH: macadamia rugosa 

USES/NOTES: Rough-shelled nuts are eaten raw, roasted, or in 

pastries and candies, and contain an edible oil. Often crossed 

with the smooth-shelled species, M. integrifolia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist forests of the Great Dividing Range, Queensland 

to New South Wales, Australia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Smith 

et al. 1992 

Machaeranthera grindelioides (Nutt.) Shinn. var. grindelioides 

[syn. Haplopappus nuttallii Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: Nuttall goldenweed, rayless aster, rayless tansyaster, 

tahoka daisy 

USES/NOTES: Hopi people made a tea from the roots. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to north-central Mexico 


Macleania benthamiana Walp. [syn. M. popenoei S.F. Blake] 


SPANISH: joyapa 



REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968 

Macleania rupestris (Kunth) A.C. Sm. [syn. M. ecuadoriensis 

Hoerold, Cavendishia nitida (Kunth) A.C. Sm.] 


SPANISH: uva camarona 

USES/NOTES: Edible berries are sold in Bogotá markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama to Venezuela and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 1996, 

Luteyn 1997, Martin et al. 1987 

Maclura pomifera (Raf.) C. Schneider 



443


ENGLISH: bow wood, hedge apple, osage orange 

USES/NOTES: Although no part of the plant is edible, extracts can 

be used as food preservatives. Roots are the source of a yellow 

dye and leaves are fed to silkworms. M. pomifera is the only 

Maclura species according to Bailey Hortorium, FNAEC, and 

Mabberley. Reports of Maclura spp. have appeared under 

Chlorophora tinctoria, which is here treated as Maclura 

tinctoria. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and northeastern 

Texas, naturalized sporadically in warm, humid regions, 

especially the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Chopra et al. 1986, FNAEC 1997, 

Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Usher 1974 

Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud. [syn. Broussonetia 

xanthoxylum Mart., Broussonetia xanthoxylon (L.) Mart., Chlorophora 

tinctoria (L.) Gaudin ex Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f., Morus 

tinctoria L.] [C. tinctoria (L.) Gaudin ex B.D. Jackson listed 

under Maclura tinctoria (L.) Steudel subsp. tinctoria in Brako and 

Zarucchi & Maclura tinctoria (L.) Gaudin in Duke and Vásquez] 

[Maclura mora Griseb. used by Martin et al. may be M. tinctoria, or 

possibly Chlorophora brasiliensis (Mart.) Standley ex J.F. 

Macbride, which is listed under Maclura brasiliensis (Mart.) Endl. 

by Brako and Zarucchi] 


ENGLISH: fustic, fustic tree, old fustic, osage orange 

PORTUGUESE: amarelinho, amoeira-de-espinho, amora, amora-branca, 

amora-de-espinho, amora-do-mato, amoreira, amoreira-amarela, 

amoreira-branca, amoreira-brava, amoreira-de-espinho, amoreira-docampo, 

amoreira-do-mato, espinheiro-branco, espinheiro-bravo, 

itajuba, jataíba, jatauba, limaorama, limaorama-amarelo, limorama, 

mora-de-espinho, moratama, moreira, moreira-branca, pau-amarelo, 

pau-brasil, pau-de-cores, pau-de-fogo, runa, taiuva, taiúva, 

taiuva-vermelha, tajauba, tajiba, tajuba, tajuba-de-espinho, 

tajuva, tajuvao, tataiba, tataiuva, tatajiba, tatajuba, tatajubade-espinho, 

tatajuca, tatajuva, tatane, tatarema, tauba 

SPANISH: amarillo, brasil, charo, cordoncillo, dinde, fustete, incira, 

insira, insira amarilla, išúk, iwšúk, limulana, lóxuk, lunda-e 

quec, mono, mora, moradilla, moral, moral fino, moral fustete, 

morilla, moro, palo amarillo, palo de Cuba, palo de mora, palo 

mora, tataguiba, tataybá, tatayibá, tatayieva, tatayiva, tatayvá, 

tsachik, yaga-huil, yaga-hui 

USES/NOTES: Spiny shrub to medium sized tree’s rough skinned, juicy 

fruits (~1cm) are eaten out of hand locally in some areas, though 

also reported as “caustic.” Missionaries in Paraguay use the fruit 

to make pie. Heartwood is the source of fustic, a yellow to 

orange/red dye. Several plant parts are also used medicinally and 

the tree is cultivated as a living fence. Sticky latex is abundant 

upon cutting and is medicinal. The taxonomic nomenclature is not 


444


clear; the taxon may be best treated as Chlorophora tinctoria 

subsp. tinctoria. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from central Mexico and the West Indies to 

northern Argentina, introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bernardi 1985, Bourke et al. 

1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Burger 1977, Carvalho 1994, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Foster 1958, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Martínez et al. 2001, MBG n.d., Molina 

1975, OAS 1973, Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997, Silva et al. 1977, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Macoubea guianensis Aublet [syn. M. wititorum R. Schultes] 


ENGLISH: pequia nut 

PORTUGUESE: pequiá, pitiá 

SPANISH: amapa, jarabe huayo, loro micuna 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and nut are edible and the wood is used for 

lumber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil, the Guianas, Colombia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako & Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et 

al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Voeks 1996 

Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban [syn. Phaseolus lathyroides 

L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: phasemy bean 


NATURAL RANGE: Tropics and subtropics, in the Americas from Paraguay 

and Bolivia to the Caribbean, Mexico, and the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Barroso 1965, Facciola 1990, Howard 1988 

Magnolia grandiflora L. 

FAMILY: Magnoliaceae (magnolia) 

ENGLISH: bullbay, loblolly magnolia, magnolia, southern magnolia 

SPANISH: magnolio, yolosuchil 

USES/NOTES: Flowers reportedly have been eaten pickled or dried and 

ground as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. from North Carolina and Tennessee 

south through Florida and west to eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Leggatt 1987, Nelson 1994 

Magnolia virginiana L. 


ENGLISH: laurel magnolia, magnolia, swampbay, sweetbay, sweetbay 

magnolia, whitebay 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are said to be used as a spice or for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. west to Missouri 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1994, 

Tull 1978 


445


Maieta guianensis Aublet 



NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through northeastern Amazonia and the 

Guianas 


Maieta poeppigii Mart. ex Cogn. 




REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Wurdack 1980 

Malacomeles denticulata (Kunth) Engelm. [syn. Amelanchier 

denticulata (Kunth) K. Koch] 


ENGLISH: Big Bend serviceberry, juneberry, southern false 

serviceberry, toothed serviceberry 

SPANISH: cimarrón, madronillo, mantzanatez, membrillito, membrillo, 

tlaxisqui, tlaxistle 

USES/NOTES: Red to dark puple-black fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. through Mexico and Guatemala to 

Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Correll and Johnston 1970, González- 

Elizondo et al. 1993, MBG n.d., Jones 1945, Molina 1975, Williams 

1981 

Malpighia cnide Sprengel 



NATURAL RANGE: Dominican Republic 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Meyer 2000 

Malpighia coccigera L. 


ENGLISH: dwarf holly, holly malpighia, miniature holly, Singapore 

holly 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its round, red drupes, eaten out of hand 

or preserved. Also a landscape specimen. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Watkins 

and Sheehan 1975 

Malpighia emarginata Sessé & Moçiño ex DC. [syn. M. glabra auct. 

non L., M. punicifolia auct. non L.] 


ENGLISH: acerola cherry, cherry, West Indian cherry 

PORTUGUESE: acerola, cereja-das-Antilhas, cereja-do-Pará 


446


SPANISH: acerola, cemerea, cereza/o, cereza colorada, guayabito, 

guayacté, semeruco 

USES/NOTES: Small, red, tart fruits are eaten fresh or in jellies 

and desserts. Also used as a vitamin C source in vitamin 

supplements. Taxonomic confusion among M. emarginata, M. glabra, 

and M. punicifolia exists. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, Lesser Antilles, Puerto 

Rico, and Ecuador, tropical lowlands 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Kartesz 1994, 

Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Vivaldi 1981 

Malpighia fucata Ker-Gawler 





Malpighia glabra L. [syn. M. nitida Miller, M. peruviana Moricand, 

M. punicifolia L.] 


ENGLISH: acerola, acerola cherry, Barbados cherry, chereese, 

cherry, Indian cherry tree, Jamaican cherry, Puerto Rican cherry, 

West Indian cherry, West Indies cherry 

PORTUGUESE: acerola, cereja-das-Antilhas, cereja-do-Pará 

SPANISH: acerola, cemeruco, cereza, cereza de Barbados, cereza del 

país, cerecilla, cerezo, cerezo tropical, grosella, guinda de las 

Indias, nance, nanche, semeruco, uste 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is eaten fresh and in syrups or 

jams and is used as a vitamin C source for vitamin tablets. 

Taxonomic confusion among M. emarginata, M. glabra, and M. 

punicifolia exists. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowland, humid tropics from Central America, the 

Antilles, and non-Amazonian northern South America 

REFERENCES: Asenjo 1980, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Editorial Panapo 

1988, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, Kartesz 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Morton 1987a, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Smith et 

al. 1995, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Vivaldi 1981, Will 1991 

Malpighia linearis Jacq. [syn. M. angustifolia L.] 


ENGLISH: bastard cherry 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Rojer 1997 

Malpighia macrophylla Pers. 




447




Malpighia mexicana A. Juss. [syn. M. edulis Donn. Sm., M. oaxacana 

Niedenzu, Bunchosia guadalajarensis S. Watson] 


SPANISH: guachocote, manzanito, nanche, nanche colorado 

USES/NOTES: Small shrub’s small red fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico from Durango through Oaxaca 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., MBG n.d., Standley 1982 

Malpighia setosa Sprengel 





Malpighia urens L. 


ENGLISH: Barbados cherry, cow-itch cherry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Malus angustifolia (Aiton) Michaux [syn. Pyrus angustifolia Aiton] 


ENGLISH: crab apple, southern crabapple 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish-green sour fruits make good cider and jelly 

and are eaten pickled with other fruits. Also appreciated and 

cultivated for its attractive spring flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern North America from Virginia to northern 

Florida and Missouri 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986, 

Tull 1978 

Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. 


ENGLISH: crab apple, Siberian crab, southern crab 

USES/NOTES: Small, green fruits are eaten dried or preserved. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976 

Malus coronaria (L.) Miller var.coronaria [syn. Pyrus coronaria 

L.] 


ENGLISH: crab apple, fragrant crab apple, garland crab, wild sweet 

crab 

USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are best used in preserves or pickled with 

other fruits. 



448


REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 


Malus fusca (Raf.) C. Schneider [syn. Pyrus fusca Raf., P. 

rivularis Douglas ex Hook.] 


ENGLISH: Oregon crab, Oregon crab apple, western crab 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or jellied. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, 


Malus ioensis (Wood) Britton var. ioensis [syn. Pyrus ioensis 

(Wood) Bailey] 


ENGLISH: crab apple, Iowa crab, prairie crab 

USES/NOTES: Sour green fruit is too sour to eat out of hand, but is 

used to make cider and jelly. Sour ripe fruits may be eaten out 

of hand or preserved. Leaves and seeds are toxic. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Malus prunifolia (Willd.) Borkh. 


ENGLISH: Chinese apple, plum-leaf crab 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Possible ancestor of the common 

apple (M. pumila). 



Malus pumila Miller [syn. M. communis Poiret, M. domestica 

(Borkh.) Borkh.] 


ENGLISH: apple, common apple 

PORTUGUESE: maçã, maçã-branca, maçã-doce 

SPANISH: maguillo, manzana, manzano, perote 

USES/NOTES: Pectin-rich fruit, the apple of commerce, is consumed 

fresh, cooked, preserved, or juiced. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central to southeastern Europe and/or west-central 

Asia, perhaps between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea 

REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Radford et al. 1968, Rhem and Espig 1991, 

Sauer 1993 

Malus sylvestris Miller [syn. M. malus (Miller) Britton, Pyrus 

malus L.] 


ENGLISH: crab apple, European crab apple, French crab apple 

PORTUGUESE: maçã-ácida 

SPANISH: maguillo, maíllo, manzana, manzano, manzano silvestre, 

perote 


449


USES/NOTES: Sour fruits are consumed fresh, cooked, as jelly, or 

juiced, and are a pectin source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and/or central Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., 

IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Munsell et al. 1949, Schwanitz 1966, 


Malva neglecta Wallr. [syn. M. rotundifolia auct. non L.] 


ENGLISH: buttonweed, cheese weed, cheeses, cheeseplant, common 

mallow, dwarf mallow, mallow, round-leaf mallow, running mallow 

SPANISH: malva 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb, soup thickner, and a salad 

green, immature fruits are eaten fresh or pickled, and leaves are 

a commercial source of malva tea. Possibly conspecific with M. 

rotundifolia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World, widely naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, 

Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Munz 1974, Tomikel 1986 

Malva niacennsis All. [syn. M. setosa Moench] 


ENGLISH: mallow 



REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987 

Malva parviflora L. 


ENGLISH: cheese weed, Egyptian mallow, mallow 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits are eaten and the plant is used as 

potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean to Afghanistan, naturalized in 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967 

Malva rotundifolia L. [syn. M. pusilla Sm. and possibly 

conspecific with M. neglecta Wallr.] 


ENGLISH: common mallow, dwarf mallow, low mallow, running mallow 

PORTUGUESE: malva 

SPANISH: malva 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute and fruits are 

edible. Leaves and flowers are medicinal. Seeds may remain viable 

for over a century under the right conditions. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, IBGE 1980, 


Malva sylvestris L. 


450



ENGLISH: blue mallow, high mallow, medicinal mallow 

PORTUGUESE: malva, malva-das-boticas, malva-das-hortas, malva-decasa, 

malva-grande, malva-maior, malva-medicinal, malva-selvagem, 

malva-silvestre 

SPANISH: malva, malva blanca, malva extranjera 

USES/NOTES: Although this plant’s principal use is for its 

medicinal leaves and flowers, leaves also are eaten like common 

spinach or made into tea, flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and 

unripe fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Europe, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Dalby 1968, Facciola 1990, Guia 

Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Usher 1974 

Malva verticillata L. and M. verticillata L. var. crispa 


ENGLISH: mallow, whorled mallow 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb and young fruits are edible. 

M. verticillata var. crispa is cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987 

Malvaviscus arboreus Dill. ex Cav. var. arboreus [syn. M. arboreus 

var. mexicanus Schltdl.], M. penduliflorus DC. [syn. M. arboreus 

var. penduliflorus (DC.) Schery], and M. arboreus var. drummondii 

(Torrey & A. Gray) Schery [syn. M. drummondii Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: Chinese hat, Drummond’s wax-mallow (var. drummondii), fire 

dart, firecracker hibiscus, Mexican Turk’s cap, pepper hibiscus 

(M. penduliflorus), sleeping hibiscus, Texas mallow (var. 

drummondii), Turk’s cap, wild apple, wild manzanilla, wax mallow, 

yori 

PORTUGUESE: hibisco-colibri, malvavisco, malvavisco-rosa, malvisco 

SPANISH: amapala, amapola, amapola de monte, avispa, chitzu, 

cucarda caspi (M. penduliflorus), flor de arito, flor de santos, 

ix bek’em, malvavisco, manzanilla, manzanita silvestre, mar 

pacífico, mazapán (M. penduliflorus), molinillo (M. 

penduliflorus), monacillo, monacillo colorado (M. penduliflorus), 

mozote, piñon cequeati (M. penduliflorus), obelisco de la sierra, 

quesillo, quesito, simonillo (M. penduliflorus), sísip, tripa de 

buey, tlalxonpili, tulipán, tulipán silvestre, tulipancillo, 

xbisil 

USES/NOTES: Small green fruit, becoming white then red when ripe, 

is edible. The sometimes vining or spreading shrub is cultivated 

primarily for its showy red nodding flowers. Taxanomic 

uncertainty persists; M. arboreus var. drummondii and M. 

penduliflorus may or may not be distinc taxa. 

NATURAL RANGE: M. arboreus var. arboreus from southern Texas to 

Brazil, M. arboreus var. drummondii from Texas and Mexico, and M. 


451


penduliflorus only in cultivation – widely naturalized in 

favorable locations 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fryxell 1988, 

Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., McVaugh 2001, Sommeijer et al. n.d. 

Mammea americana L. 


ENGLISH: apricot, mamey, mamey apple, mamey sapote, mami, mammee 

apple, man support, South American apricot 

PORTUGUESE: abricó, abricó-das-Antilhas, abricó-de-Pará, abricó-de- 

São-Domingo, abricó-do-Pará, abricó-selvagem, abricote, 

abricoteiro, mamey-Cartagena, pêcoyo-de-Santo-Domingo, zapotemamey 

SPANISH: mamey, mamey amarillo, mamey de Cartagena, mamey de Santo 

Domingo, mameyo, mami, mata serrano, ruri, zapote, zapote de 

Cartagena, zapote domingo, zapote mamey 

USES/NOTES: Large round fruit’s orange flesh is edible and 

medicinal, resin is used as an insecticide, flowers are used in a 

beverage to aid in digestion, mesocarps are eaten or made into a 

liqueur, young shoots are used in brandy, and sap is made into 

wine. Fruit is highly esteemed especially in Cuba 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist lowlands of the West Indies, northern South 

America, or Central America 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Editorial 

Panapo 1988, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, 

Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Schneider 1987 

Mammillaria heyderi var. meiacantha (Engelm.) L.D. Benson [syn. M. 

gummifera var. meiacantha (Engelm.) L.D. Benson, M. meiacantha 

Engelm.] 


ENGLISH: little nipple cactus, small-spined cream pincushion 

SPANISH: viejito 

USES/NOTES: Scarlet fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas and New Mexico and northern Mexico 

into Nuevo Leon 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972 

Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) Karsten [syn. M. simplex Haw.] 


SPANISH: buchito 

USES/NOTES: Fresh red fruits are edible and stems contain a 

palatable milky juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Antilles, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, 

Venezuela’s Caribbean islands, and northwestern Venezuelan 

mainland 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989 

Mammillaria mazatlanensis K. Schum. & Gürke 


452



USES/NOTES: Brownish-red Fruits of some cultivated forms are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western coastal Mexico from southern Sonora to Colima 

REFERENCES: Bravo and Sánchez 1991, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., 


Mammillaria nivosa Link ex N. Pfeiffer 


ENGLISH: snowy cactus, wooly nipple cactus 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Lesser Antilles from Antigua through the 

Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Nellis 1994 

Mangifera indica L. 


ENGLISH: mango 

PORTUGUESE: manga, mangueira 

SPANISH: maca, manga, mango, mango mamey 

USES/NOTES: Heavy, fibrous, oval fruits are eaten out of hand when 

ripe or in salads, pickled, or salted when green. The mango of 

commerce is immensely popular throughout the tropics. Seeds may 

be ground into flour. Fruit also is a dye and medicine source. 

Leaves are medicinal. Wood is used in cabinetmaking. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably northeastern India perhaps to Bangladesh, 

introduced to the New World around 1700 via northeastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Cid 1978, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Omawale 

1973, Peret 1985, Prance and Balick 1990, Purseglove 1968, Sauer 

1993, Smith et al. 1992, Wilkins 1942 

Mangifera odorata Griffith 


ENGLISH: kuini, kurwini, ma-mut 

SPANISH: bogimoncamo, mango 

USES/NOTES: Fibrous fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaysian lowlands 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Davis and Yost 1983, Popenoe 1974, Usher 

1974 

Manicaria saccifera Gaertner 


ENGLISH: bussu palm, monkey-cap palm, skyduster, temiche palm, 

troolie 

FRENCH: palmier toulouri 

PORTUGUESE: baçu, bassu, bussu, gerua, ubuçu, ubussu 

SPANISH: cabeza de negro, escomfra, guágara, jíquera, mavaco, 

mekuá-bak, palma de jícara, palma temiche, temiche, turury, ubí, 

ubussu, wa-heé, washí, yaha, yajuji, yarinilla, yolillo 

SURINAMESE: truli 


453


USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, used to cure fevers, cough, and 

asthma, and are fed to animals. Liquid endosperm is drunk and 

after germination, the endosperm is eaten. Oil is extracted from 

the seeds and stems are a source of palm starch (sago) in the 

Orinoco delta. 

NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic coast of Central America to Ecuador, 

Colombia, northern Brazil, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 2002, 

Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Hoyas 1989, Jones 1995, 


Manihot esculenta Crantz [syn. M. dulcis Pax, M. utilissima Pohl] 


ENGLISH: bitter cassava, bitter manioc, cassava, gari, manioc, 

sweet cassava, sweet manioc, tapioca plant, yuca 

PORTUGUESE: bitter varieties- mandioca, mandioca-braba, mandiocabranca, 

mandioca-brava, mandioca-cacau, mandioca-vassourinha, 

maniva, tapioca; sweet varieties- aipi, aipim, macaxeira, 

mandioca-doce, mandioca-mansa, tapioca 

SPANISH: bitter varieties- atsa raoxo, cabeza de mono, canaqui, 

casabe, casava, caxcamote, guacamote, lengua de venado, mandioca, 

nasisi, palca, pata de paloma, poiquinihua, raoxo, ruma, runcha 

(dried), xëbi atsa, xoya atsa, yuca, yuca agria, yuca amarga, 

yuca brava, yuca morada; sweet varieties- aypi, cuacamote, 

huacamote, machetazo, mama, runcha (dried), sacharuma, sacharuna, 

yuca, yuca blanca, yuca dulce, yuca guariche, zopa 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, an important staple in the tropics, are eaten 

sliced and fried; sliced and pounded then fried; boiled; roasted; 

boiled in soups; grated and roasted to a grainy flour known 

locally as farine in Guyana; farinha, farinha de mandioca, or 

farofa (when a finer grade) in Brazil; chivé in Bolivia; and 

mañoco in Venezuela, and made into bread-like cakes called 

cassava. Tubers of bitter varieties must be cooked adequately to 

remove poisons (cyanogenic compounds) before eating, however, 

sweet varieties are eaten raw in Africa. Tubers also are a starch 

(tapioca) and alcohol source. Tapioca (or mañoco in Venezuela) 

consists of small white pellets eaten as a breakfast food in 

Amazonia or made into tapioca pancakes called beiju in Brazil. 

Plant juice is boiled to remove toxins then made into the popular 

tucupí sauce of Amazonian Brazil (cassarip in the Guianas) that 

is used in a variety of regional dishes. The sauce is mixed with 

cheese in Bolivia to make kuñapé. An alcoholic beverage (chicha 

in Spanish) is made by fermenting a mash often in containers with 

other plant ingredients. Previously, and still in some indigenous 

communities chicha is made by chewing the leaves and spitting 

them into the container to ferment. Although made differently, 

similar alcoholic beverages, known as sarawau and parakari, are 

made in Guyana. Young leaves of sweet varieties contain 5-10 

percent protein and are eaten in places. Discarded stems of sweet 

varieties are fed to animals. 


454


The poison content of the morphologically variable cultivars 

derives from the presence of cyanogenic glucosides and ranges 

from very low in sweet varieties to very high in bitter 

varieties. In sweet varieties, the poisons are found mainly in 

the root bark. Sweet varieties, previously recognized as M. 

dulcis, typically produce smaller tubers and are more susceptible 

to pests than bitter varieties. Domesticated occurred perhaps 

10,000 years ago probably in South-central Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, possibly first cultivated by 

the Guarani in South-central Brazil (probably in what is now the 

state of Goiás); southern Mexico has been postulated as a 

possible second center of independent domestication 

REFERENCES: Allem 2002, Balagopalan 2002, Berg 1984, Bhat 1994, 

Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Davis 1996, Duke 

1986, Duke n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural 

n.d., Henkel 2004, Hillocks et al. 2002, IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), León 1984, Mabberley 1987, Moran 1976, Mowat 1989, 

Nassar 1978, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Piperno 

et al. 2000, Sauer 1993, Schultes 1979a, Schultes 1984, Silva et 

al. 1977, Stone 1984, Wilson and Dufour 2002, Yamaguchi 1983 

Manihot glaziovii Müell. Arg. in Mart. 


ENGLISH: Ceará rubber 

PORTUGUESE: mandioca-brava, maniçoba 

SPANISH: caucho blanco, caucho de Ceará, manisoba 

USES/NOTES: Tubers and seeds are edible, though infrequently eaten. 


REFERENCES: Burger and Huft 1995, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973 

Manilkara bella Monach. [syn. Mimusops elata Allemão] 


PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-vermelha, paraju 

USES/NOTES: Martin et al. describe the fruit as edible. Also 

valuable and scarce lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s south-central coastal forest (Rio de Janeiro 

and Espírito Santo) 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. subsp. bidentata [syn. M. 

balata (Pierre) Dubard, M. darienensis Pittier, Mimusops 

bidentata A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: balata, balata bullet tree, bullet tree, bully tree 

PORTUGUESE: balata 

SPANISH: acana-acana, acano, balata, balatá, balatá de Panamá, 

caimetillo, cuberu, leche de plátano, mupero, níspero, níspero 

montañero, purgo, purguo, purguo blanco, purguo morado, 

purguillo, purvio, quinilla, quinilla colorada, trapichero 


455


USES/NOTES: Latex is used for non-elastic, industrial rubber and 

occasionally as chicle (M. zapota) for chewing gum, and the fruit 

is edible and medicinal. The tree is also an important lumber 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, western Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, French 

Guiana, Amazonian Peru and Brazil, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, and 

Martinique 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, 

Pennington 1990, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974, Williams and 

Williams 1969 

Manilkara bidentata (A. DC.) A. Chev. subsp. surinamensis (Miq.) 

Penn. [syn. M. amazonica (Huber) Chev., M. balata var. 

domingensis (Pierre) Dubard, M. nitida (Sessé & Mociño) Dubard, 

M. surinamensis (Miq.) Dubard] 


ENGLISH: black balata, bullet wood, bully tree 

PORTUGUESE: balata, caramuxi, maçaranduba, maçaranduba-balata, 

maçaranduba-braba, maçaranduba-casca-lisa, maçaranduba-chicle, 

maçaranduba-da-caatinga, maçaranduba-da-terra-firme, maçarandubade-folha-miúda, 

maçaranduba-da-restinga, maçaranduba-do-igapó, 

maçaranduba-folha-verde, maçaranduba-irana, maçaranduba-mansa, 

maçaranduba-pendaria, maçaranduba-vermelha, maparajuba, 

massaranduba, pendaria, pendaria-da-serra 

SPANISH: ausubo, chicle, oopow, pendare, pendare purue, quinilla 

colorada 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this huge forest tree is edible, though of no 

commercial value. Latex has been used in large quantities, for 

chewing gum. Also a quality lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Amazonia, the Guianas, Dominican Republic, 

Puerto Rico, and the northern Lesser Antilles 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, OAS 1973, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 

1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Manilkara chicle (Pittier) Gilly 


ENGLISH: male sapodilla 

PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, massaranduba 

SPANISH: chicle, chicle macho, chico zapote, chiquibul, muy, 

níspero, níspero de montaña, níspero de monte, oreja de burro, 

sapodilla macho, temala 

USES/NOTES: Rough-skinned, brown fruit is edible, but of limited 

appeal, and exudes sticky white latex. Tree is a minor chicle and 

balata source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, and northern 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Pennington 1990 

Manilkara excelsa (Duke) Standley [syn. Mimusops excelsa Ducke] 



456


PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maparajuba 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and latex reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil primarily along the Tapajos River 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Manilkara huberi (Ducke) A. Chev. [syn. Mimusops huberi Ducke, 

Mimusops triflora (Allemão) Monach.] 


ENGLISH: black balata, bulletwood, cow tree, milk tree 

PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-balata, maçaranduba-boisvache, 

maçaranduba-da-terra-firme, maçaranduba-mansa, 

maçaranduba-verdadeira, maparajuba, massaranduba 

SPANISH: chupón, pulgo negro, purgo, purguo 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark, ripe fruits are edible and sold in 

local markets. Latex has the consistency and color of cream and 

an agreeable flavor. Too much latex, however, is said to cause 

constipation. Large tree also is a valuable lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 

1987, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright in Grisebach) Dubard subsp. 

emarginata (L.) Cronq. [syn. M. bahamensis (Baker) Lam. & Meeuse, 

Mimusops sieberi auct. non. A DC.] 


ENGLISH: wild dilly 

USES/NOTES: Roundish, golf-ball sized, brown fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida (Cape Sable), the Florida Keys and 

Bahamas 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Nelson 1994 

Manilkara salzmannii (A. DC.) Lam. 


PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, maçaranduba-de-fruta-vermelha, 

maçaranduba-mirim, maçaranduba-preta, maçaranduba-verdadeira, 

massaranduba 

USES/NOTES: Dark, purple to black ruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Paraíba to Rio de Janeiro 


Manilkara staminodella Gilly 


ENGLISH: sapodilla 

PORTUGUESE: maçaranduba, massaranduba 

SPANISH: chicle de segunda, chiquibul, sapodilla, tijerillo 

USES/NOTES: Tree is a chicle source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala and Belize to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Lundell 1976, Pennington 1990 


457


Manilkara valenzuelana (A. Rich.) Penn. [syn. Labourdonnaisia 

albescens (Grisebach) Benth. in Benth. & Hook.f.] 


SPANISH: acana, acana blanca, almique, nisperilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola, possibly to Puerto Rico 


Manilkara zapota (L.) van Royen [syn. M. achras (Miller) Fosberg, 

M. zapotilla (Jacq.) Gilly, Achras mammosa L. nomen illegit., 

Achras sapota L., Achras zapota L., Sapota achras Miller] 


ENGLISH: beef apple, chicle, chicle sapote, chicle tree, chiku, 

mespel sapodilla, naseberry, red sapodilla, sapodilla, sapodilla 

plum, wild sapote 

PORTUGUESE: sapota, sapoti, sapotilha 

SPANISH: caimito brasilero, canistel, chico, chicle, chico sapote, 

chico zapote, chiko, chupa-chupa, isperhuala, mamey colorado, 

níspero, peruétano, sapote, sapodillo, sapotilla, ya, yaa, 

zapote, zapote blanco, zapote chico, zapote colorado, zapote 

chupachupa, zapote morado, zapotillo 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish-brown, rough-skinned fruits have a sweet rich 

flavor, and white latex (called chicle) from the trunk is a 

principal commercial chewing gum source. Powdered seeds are 

medicinal, and wood is used in general carpentry. Cultivated for 

millenniums by the Aztecs and Maya, now widespread. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Central America to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balick 1985, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, Moran 1982, 

Morton 1987a, Nations 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Pennington 

1990, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Reining and Heinzman 

1992, Samson 1980, Schneider 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Will 1991 

Mansoa alliacea (Lam.) A. Gentry [syn. Pachyptera alliacea (Lam.) 

A. Gentry, Pseudocalymma alliaceum (Lam.) Sandw.] 


ENGLISH: garlic vine, wild garlic 

SPANISH: aaxux ts’aah, ajo sacha, boens, nia boens 

USES/NOTES: Garlic-flavored leaves and stems are used as a 

seasoning. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry 1979a, 

Omawale 1973 

Mansoa hymenaea (A. DC.) A. Gentry [syn. Bignonia hymenaea A. DC.] 


SPANISH: ajo sacha macho 


seasoning. 



458


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry (A.) 1982 

Mansoa standleyi (Steyerm.) A. Gentry [syn. Pseudocalymma 

standleyi Steyerm.] 


SPANISH: ajo sacha 


seasoning. 



Maranta arundinacea L. 


ENGLISH: arrowroot, bermuda arrowroot, maranta, Saint Vincent 

arrowroot 

PORTUGUESE: agutiguepe, araia, araruta, embiri, vai-vem 

SPANISH: amaranta, ara-ruta, ararú, araruta, arroruz, arrurruz, 

aru-aru, bribri, caualla, chuchute, guapo, guate, jamachipeke, 

juajua, maranta, sagú, shimi pampana, tsmo, yuquilla, zulú 

USES/NOTES: Tubers, from cultivars or collected from the wild, are 

made into flour, starch (edible and industrial), baby food, and 

pudding. Finely ground powder is used in glue, body powders, and 

paperless carbon copying. Considered the most digestible starch. 

The arrowroot of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and Brazil perhaps to the Lesser Antilles 

REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 

1969, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson 1997, Guia Rural 

n.d., Howard 1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 

1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Yamaguchi 1983 

Maranta divaricata Roscoe 


USES/NOTES: Root is an emergency food in Paraguay. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brücher 1989 

Maranta ruiziana Koern. 


SPANISH: maaihiiba 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible root. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kennedy et al. 1988 

Marcgravia sp. 

FAMILY: Marcgraviaceae (marcgravia) 

SPANISH: namontaque 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of a climing Marcgravia species are eaten by 

Waorani children of Amazonian Ecuador. 




459


Maripa panamensis Hemsley 


SPANISH: miel quemada 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and northeastern Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Fouqué, 1972, Martin et al. 1987 

Maripa sp. 

FAMILY: Convolvulaceae (morning-glory or sweet potato) 


NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Phillips 1991 

Marlierea edulis Niedenzu 


ENGLISH: cambuca, yellow jaboticaba 

PORTUGUESE: cambucá, cambucá-verdadeiro, cambucazeiro 

SPANISH: guayaba pilosa 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and the wood is used for tool handles. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Hoyas 1989, IBGE 1980, 


Marliarea guildingiana (Griseb.) Krug. & Urban 



NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles, southern Central America, Guyana, 

and Venezuela 


Marlierea montana (Aublet) Amsh. [syn. M. obtusa O. Berg] 


ENGLISH: quackoo jamoon, packoo jamoon 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and made into wine. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973 

Marrubium vulgare L. 


ENGLISH: horehound, white horehound 

PORTUGUESE: marroio-branco 

SPANISH: marrubio 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are candied, used as a flavoring agent, or made 

into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons 1966, 

Morton 1976a, Neumann n.d., Tull 1978 

Marsilea polycarpa Hook. & Grev. 


460


FAMILY: Pteridophyta (ferns) 

ENGLISH: pepperwort 

SPANISH: lepido, mastuerzo, sabelección 

USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf of this aquatic herb are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pan-tropical 

REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1995, Omawale 1973 

Matelea rivularis Woodson 


SPANISH: tsemtsem 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to the eastern Andes 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Woodson 1960 

Matisia bicolor Ducke [syn. Quararibea bicolor (Ducke) Cuatrec.] 


PORTUGUESE: sapota-macho 

USES/NOTES: Rarely cultivated, the succulent fruit’s flavor is 

similar to the mango (Mangifera indica). 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru and 

Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina 

2005 

Matisia cordata Humb. & Bonpl. [syn. Quararibea cordata (Humb. & 

Bonpl.) Vischer] 


PORTUGUESE: sapota, sapota-do-Peru, sapota-do-Solimões, sapote 

SPANISH: chupa-chupa, mame colorado, numiallamihe, sapote, sapote 

de monte, sapotillo, zapote, zapote amarillo, zapote de monte 

USES/NOTES: Succulent to fibrous, golden pulp of the softball 

sized, brownish-green fruit is edible. Cultivated from around 

Manaus to Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Also encountered 

in the wild. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Morton 1987a, 

Padoch and de Jong 1991, Shanley and Medina 2005, Soukup 1970, 


Matisia ochrocalyx Schumann [syn. Quararibea ochrocalyx (Schumann) 

Vischer] 


SPANISH: machín sapote 



REFERENCES: Alverson 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro [syn. M. pensylvanica 

(Willd.) Raymond, Osmunda struthiopteris L.] 


461



ENGLISH: fiddleheads, ostrich fern 

USES/NOTES: Young, tightly curled fiddleheads are eaten generally 

well cooked as a vegetable or pickled. Considered a delicacy in 

Maine, they are harvested from the wild in early spring before 

unfurling. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada to portions of 

temperate regions of the Old World. 

REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 

1986 

Mauritia carana Wallace [syn. Orophoma carana (Wallace) Spruce] 


PORTUGUESE: caraná, caranã-grande, caranãzinho 

SPANISH: aguaje, aguaje del varillal, canangucha de sabana, caraná 


NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonian lowlands from Colombia and 

Peru through western Amazonian Brazil, and extreme southern 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson et al. 1995, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Mauritia flexuosa L.f. [syn. M. vinifera Mart.] 


ENGLISH: aeta, alta palm, buriti palm, eta, ita palm, ite, ite 

palm, mauritia, mauritia wine, miriti palm, moriche palm, wine 

palm 

PORTUGUESE: bâche, boriti, buriti, buriti-do-brejo, buritizeiro, 

caranda-guaçu, liokoho, meriti, miriti, moriti, muriti, palmeirados-brejos, 

patoá 

SPANISH: acho, achual, aguaje, aguaschi, bache, canangucha, 

cananguche, iñéjhe, kekyura, moriche, moréte, marití, mirití, 

murití, ohidu, palma mauritia, nain, ne, non, palma real 

USES/NOTES: Mesocarps of the scaly, golf ball-sized, dark, reddish 

fruits, rich in carbohydrates and vitamins B-1 and C, are eaten 

out of hand, dried and used for a starchy flour, or mashed for 

juice (vinho de buriti in Brazil), which may be fermented into an 

alcoholic beverage (chiche de moriche in Colombia, chicha in 

Ecuador), or for ice cream. Fruits also are an edible oil source. 

Sweet sap (to 50% sugar) tapped from the inflorescence is boiled 

down and directly consumed, or used for palm wine. A fiber used 

for weaving is obtained from the petiole. Spongy material from 

the petiole is sometimes used for bottle corks and the petiole 

itself can be made into paper. Spiny or smooth stems are 

fashioned into canoes and weapons. Seeds are used to make 

buttons. Important in local markets and for subsistence 

consumption. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Amazonia through the Guianas and Venezuela to 

Trinidad 


462


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Fearnside 1985, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, 

Gómez-Beloz 2002, Kahn and de Granville 1992, Kermath (notes), 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Padoch 1988, 

Pedersen and Balslev 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schultes 1988, 

Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez and Gentry 

1989 

Mauritiella aculeata (Kunth) Burret [syn. Mauritia aculiata Kunth] 


PORTUGUESE: buritirana, caranã-de-espinhos, caraná, caranaí 

SPANISH: aguajillo, cadanarite, moriche, morichito 


NATURAL RANGE: Margins of the Rio Negro of northern Amazonian Brazil 

into Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Listabarth 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Mauritiella armata (Mart.) Burret [syn. Mauritia armata Mart., 

Mauritia huebneri Burret, Mauritia martiana Spruce] 


ENGLISH: baby ité 

PORTUGUESE: buriti-caranã, buriti-mirim, buritirana, caraná, 

caranã, caraná-grande, caranaí, caranatinga, jussara 

SPANISH: aguajillo, buriticilli, canaguchillo, caraña, caranaí, 

kantine-é, kauwaya, moretillo, morichito, morichito de tierra 

firme, palmilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into juice and liquid mesocarp is 

drunk. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia into eastern Venezuela, Guyana, and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Cavalconte 1991, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, 

Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Mayna grandifolia Karsten 


PORTUGUESE: carrapicho-bravo 

SPANISH: achiote de venado 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sleumer 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Mayna odorata Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: anilina, escova-de-macaco, grão-de-macaco, mata-calado 

SPANISH: bogimoncamo, uchich tumashnum 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by Amazonian Amerindians. Also used as a 

tonic. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre and probably Amazonas) 

to the lowland eastern Andes of Peru and Ecuador 


463


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Sleumer 1980, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Maytenus boaria Molina 


ENGLISH: Chilean mayten tree, mayten tree 

PORTUGUESE: boaria 

SPANISH: maitén 

USES/NOTES: Seeds produce an edible cooking oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Chile 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985 

Medeola virginiana L. 


ENGLISH: cucumber-root, Indian cucumber, Indian cucumber-root 

USES/NOTES: Small tuberous rhizomes are eaten raw, cooked, or 

pickled, though may be diuretic or purgative in sufficient 

volumes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Canada to Louisiana and northern Florida 

(endangered in Florida) 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, Harris 

1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Radford et al. 1968, Tomikel 


Medicago lupulina L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: black medic, black medick, hop clover, shamrock, yellow 

trefoil 

SPANISH: trébol amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, often made into a cracker spread. 

Said to be the original shamrock. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 

Medicago sativa L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: alfalfa, buffalo herb, hay, lucern, lucerne, sweet lucerne 

PORTUGUESE: alfafa, alfafa-de-flor-roxa, alfafa-de-provença, 

alfafa-verdadeira 

SPANISH: alfa alfa, alfalfa, alfar, guaranda, lucerne, mielga, omas 

USES/NOTES: Grown primarily for livestock feed, hay, fodder, and 

silage, though leaves and stems are a chlorophyll source and seed 

produce a dying oil or are used as a condiment. Also grown by 

beekeepers as a honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Middle East, western Persia, or perhaps Europe or 

North Africa, now naturalized and weedy in favorable environments 


464


REFERENCES: Ducke and Black 1954, Franquemont et al. 1990, Harris 

1972, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, Schwanitz 1966, Soukup 

1970, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. [syn. Melicocca bijuga L.] 


ENGLISH: chenet, genip, genip tree, guinep, honeyberry, kenip, 

mamocillo, mamoncillo, pitomba, Spanish lime 

PORTUGUESE: olho-de-boi, pitomba 

SPANISH: escanjocote, grosella de miel, guaco, guayo, limoncillo, 

macao, maco, mamón, mamoncillo, muco, papamundi, pitomba, quenepa 

USES/NOTES: Thin tart aril from the small, green fruit is eaten 

fresh and seeds may be eaten roasted. Seeds also are used to 

treat dysentery. Fruits are similar to the pitomba (Talisia 

esculenta), though somewhat larger and green rather than brown 

when ripe. Sold in markets frequently in bunches tied at the 

stems. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, northern South America, or the Antilles, 


REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 

1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, 

Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Silva et al. 1977, Usher 

1974 

Melicoccus lepidopetala Radlk. 


USES/NOTES: Fruit aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and the West Indies 


Melilotus alba Medik. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: melilot, white melilot, white sweet clover 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds and young leaves are edible. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 

1968 

Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: yellow melilot, yellow sweet clover 

USES/NOTES: Protein-rich seeds and young leaves are edible. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 

1968 

Melissa officinalis L. 


465



ENGLISH: balm, common balm, garden balm, lemon balm, melissa, sweet 

balm, tea balm 

PORTUGUESE: capim-da-lapa, carmelitana, carmelita, chá-de-França, 

cidrilha, citronela maior, erva-cidreira, limonete, melissa, 

melissa-romana, meliteria 

SPANISH: cedrón limonera, cidrón, cidronella, melisa, torongil, 

toronjil, toronjina 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment in salads and cooked 

dishes, a flavoring in liqueurs, and a medicinal tea. Also the 

source of an oil used in medicines, perfumes, and salves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean or southern Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural 

n.d., Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, 

Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968 

Melocactus caesius Wendl. in Miq. [syn. M. curvispinus subsp. 

caesius (Wendl. in Miq.) N. Taylor] 


SPANISH: buche, pichiguey 

USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits are said to be tasty. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Venezuela to nearby coastal Colombia, 

Trinidad, and perhaps to coastal Surinam 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989 

Melocactus curvispinus Pfieffer [syn. M. ruestii Schumann] 


SPANISH: barba de viejo 

USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits are tasty. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, 

Taylor 1991 

Melocactus intortus (Miller) Urban [syn. M. communis (Aiton) Link 

& Otto] 


ENGLISH: melon cactus, Turk’s cap cactus, Turk’s head 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern West Indies, the Bahamas, and the Turks and 

Caicos Islands 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, 

Nellis 1994, Taylor 1991 

Melothria pendula L. 


ENGLISH: creeping cucumber, Guadeloupe cucumber 

PORTUGUESE: abóbora-do-mato 

SPANISH: chinchinkias 


466


USES/NOTES: The Shuar of Ecuador eat the 1 cm long, slightly 

elongated fruit, which resembles a small watermelon. The fruit is 

reported as being laxative also. 

NATURAL RANGE: widespread in the Americas where sufficient moisture 

is available from the tropics to the warmer midlatitudes 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bennett et al. 2001, Correll and 

Johnston 1970, Russell et al. n.d. 

Mentha aquatica L. [syn. M. dumetorum var. natalensis Briq.] 


ENGLISH: lemon mint, water mint 

PORTUGUESE: hortelã-pimenta, menta 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta silvestre, poleo, polleo, 

yerbabuena 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated as a condiment. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia 


Mentha arvensis L. 


ENGLISH: cornmint, field mint, mint, wild mint 

PORTUGUESE: hortelã-pimenta, menta 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta silvestre, poleo, polleo, 

yerbabuena 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment. The oil is used as a 

medicine, to flavor candy, foods, and beverages, and to scent 

cigarettes. The principal menthol source for cigarettes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, or possibly China 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Hylton 1974, 

Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sanecki 1974, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Mentha x piperita L. (pro sp.) [possible hybrid of M. aquatica 

(water mint) and M. x spicata (spearmint)] 


ENGLISH: mint, peppermint 

PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-das-cozinhas, hortelã-das-panelas, 

hortelã-do-campo, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã-preta, menta 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, hierbabuena, menta inglesa, yerbabuena 

USES/NOTES: The source of peppermint oil, an essential, aromatic 

oil used to flavor chewing gum, candies, and liqueurs. Also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to North Africa, or England 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Ellis and Stevenson 1950, IBGE 

1980, Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970, 


Mentha pulegium L. 


ENGLISH: English pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, pennyroyal 


467


PORTUGUESE: erva-de-São-Lourenço, poejo, poejo-das-hortas, poejoreal 

SPANISH: poleo 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaf is used as a seasoning and for tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980 

Mentha spicata L. [syn. M. viridis L.] 


ENGLISH: bush mint, spearmint 

PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-comum, levante, menta, vik 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta, menta crespa, menta romana, menta 

verde, hierbabuena, khoa, té de yerbabuena 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic essential oil is used to flavor candy and 

chewing gum and dried leaves are used as a spice. Carvone 

containing tops and leaves are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, Asia, and North Africa 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and 

Silva 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, 

Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. 


ENGLISH: apple mint, big-leaf mint, pineapple mint, wooly mint 

SPANISH: hierbabuena 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in mint sauces and jellies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern and western Europe 


Mentha x verticillata L. [hybrid M. aquatica L. x M. arvensis L.] 

[syn. M. sativa L.] 


ENGLISH: common mint, mint, scotch spearmint, whorled mint 

PORTUGUESE: hortelã, hortelã-comum, hortelã-das-hortas, hortelãromana 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta romana, poleo 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment. 



Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torrey & A. 

Gray 

FAMILY: Loasaceae (blazing star) 

ENGLISH: mentzelia 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible parched and ground into a fine meal. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Menyanthes trifoliata L. 


468


FAMILY: Gentianaceae (gentian) 

ENGLISH: bean trefoil, bitter trefoil, bitterworm, bog bean, bog 

hop, bog myrtle, bog nut, brook bean, buck bean, marsh clover, 

marsh trefoil, moonflower, water shamrock, water trefoil 

USES/NOTES: Dried and powdered rhizome is used in bread by Alaskan 

natives and leaves are made into tea or used as a substitute for 

hops (Humulus lupulus), though used more as a medicine. 


REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberely 1987, Sievers 1930, Uphof 1968 

Menziesia ferruginea Sm. 


ENGLISH: false huckleberry, rustyleaf 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern California to Alaska 


Merremia quinquefolia (L.) Hallier f. 


SPANISH: akan k’athaw, bejuco de mano, bejuco peludo, camotillo, 

campanita blanca, manecilla blanca 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are cooked as greens in the Huasteca region of 

Mexico. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, RSPM 2003 

Mertensia maritima (L.) Gray 


ENGLISH: gromwell, oysterleaf, sea lungwort 

USES/NOTES: Rhizome is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern hemisphere 


Mespilodaphne sassafras Meissner [includes Ocotea sassafras 

(Meisner) Mez] 


ENGLISH: sassafras nut, South American ocotea, South American 

sassafras 

PORTUGUESE: canela-funcho, canela-sassafrás, louro-sassafrás, paufuncho, 

sassafrás, sassafrás-amarelo 

SPANISH: sasafrás 

USES/NOTES: Bark is used as a spice. 



Metteniusa edulis Karsten 


SPANISH: cantyi, kanji 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten in the highlands of the Sierra Nevada de 

Santa Marta. 


469



REFERENCES: Cuadros 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Metteniusa nucifera (Pittier) Sleumer 


SPANISH: macagua, urupagua 

USES/NOTES: Cooked seeds and fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Maianthemum racemasum (L.) Link var. racemosum [syn. Smilacina 

racemosa (L.) Desf.] 


ENGLISH: American spikenard, false Solomon’s seal, false spikenard, 

Solomon’s plume, treacle berry, wild spikenard 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten raw or cooked, but become laxative in 

excess. Young shoots and roots are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to Tennessee and North Carolina 


Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Sturtevant 1972 

Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link [syn. Smilacina stellata (L.) 

Desf.] 


ENGLISH: false Solomon’s seal, Solomon’s plume 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten raw or cooked, but can be laxative if 

taken in excess. Young shoots are eaten as a potherb. 



Miconia boomii Wurdack 


SPANISH: bimichëxë 

USES/NOTES: Fruit are eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia. 


REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Killeen et al. 1993 

Miconia punctata (Desv.) Don ex DC 


SPANISH: auquey, camasey, canelón, Canilla de mula, Ramillo 

colorado 

USES/NOTES: Fruit are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America from Belize and Guatemala and the 

Antilles from Puerto Rico through the Guianas and Greater 

Amazonia 


Miconia affinis DC. [also M. klugii Gleason, M. longispicata 

Triana, M. poeppigii Triana, M. splendens (Sw.) Griseb., M. 

tomentosa (Rich.) Don ex DC.] 


470



PORTUGUESE: buxixu, catuaba (M. poeppigii) 

SPANISH: camasey, saquiyac 

USES/NOTES: Fruit are eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and the Guianas, M. splendens ranges to the 

West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Miconia albicans (Sw.) Triana 


ENGLISH: Georgia whiteman, whiteback 

PORTUGUESE: buxixu, folha-branca 

SPANISH: serin de culebra, serin de niguey 

USES/NOTES: Small, blueish-green berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the West Indies to tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Martin et 

al. 1987, MBG n.d., Sommeijer et al. n.d. 

Miconia calvescens Schrank & Mart. ex DC. 


ENGLISH: bush currant, velvet tree 

SPANISH: barbecho, chiriya tetacho, colca, coloradillo blanco, 

eshaona aqui, sierrilla 

USES/NOTES: Dark purple fruits, about one-half inch in diameter, 

are sweet 



Miconia ciliata (Rich.) DC. 


USES/NOTES: Small dark purple fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000 

Miconia desmantha Benth. [questionable - Martin et al. 1987 listed 

it as edible in CO/Ven., but MBG restricts it to S.MX-Panama, and 

no other sources to it being eaten] 


USES/NOTES: Small, dark purplish fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, and 

Venezuela 


Miconia holosericea (L.) DC. 


USES/NOTES: Small fruits, yellow when unripe and dark when ripe, 

are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from southern Mexico and Belize 

through tropical South America to Bahia, Brazil, the Guianas, and 

Amazonian Bolivia 


471


REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Miconia liebmannii Cogn. 


USES/NOTES: Dark purple fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Miconia ligustrina (Sm.) Triana 


SPANISH: esmeraldo 



REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987 

Miconia macrothyrsa Benth. 





Miconia prasina (Sw.) DC. 


PORTUGUESE: fruto-de-jacu 

SPANISH: camasey 

USES/NOTES: Tiny, dark berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Mexico to Paraguay and the West 

Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and 

León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et al. 

1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Miconia serrulata (DC.) Naudin [syn. M. macrophylla (Pavon ex D. 

Don) Triana] 


SPANISH: camasey, chanchák, jau-jau, palo estrella blanco, payas 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark red berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from the West Indies and southern Mexico 

to Bolivia, Brazil, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Almeda 2001, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, 

MBG n.d., Renner et al. 1990, Salick 1992, Wurdack 1980 

Micrandra spruceana (Baillon) R. Schultes 


SPANISH: conoco, shiringa masha 

USES/NOTES: Poisonous seeds are processed into a foodstuff by 

Amerindians of Colombia’s Vaupes River basin. Latex is mixed with 

that of Hevea brasiliensis for an inferior rubber. 



472



Schultes 1979b 

Micropholis acutangula (Ducke) Eyma 

FAMILY: Sapotaceae (spapodilla) 

PORTUGUESE: abiu-carambola 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, elongated, ribbed fruit, similar in shape to the 

carambola (Averrhoa carambola), though with more rounded ribs, is 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern and central Amazonian Brazil and French 

Guiana 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Pennington 1990 

Micropholis crotonoides (Pierre) Pierre in Pierre & Urban 


FRENCH: balata chien 

SPANISH: caimitillo, vara de maría 

USES/NOTES: Fruits taste like grapes (Vitis spp.) 

NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic side of Costa Rica and Panama, western 

Colombia, northwestern Ecuador, northern Venezuela, and portions 

of the Lesser Antilles (St Lucia) 


Micropholis egensis (A. DC.) Pierre in Pierre & Urban 


SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, cajou, lagarto moona, quinilla, 

quinilla negra, sapote yacu, shakashak, yaas 

USES/NOTES: Two-three cm long fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, 

Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam, and French Guiana, below 500 meters 


Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.) Pierre subsp. guyanensis 


ENGLISH: wild balata, wild caimite, wild star apple 

PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu mangabarana, abiurana, aca-cipó, babepa 

preta, balata brava, balata rosadinha, caramori, chicle bravo, 

maçaranduba, mangabarana, maparajuba, maparajuba de mata, rosadabrava, 

rosada-mansa, rosadinha 

SPANISH: balata, balata gomosaa, balata rosada, bolaqueiro, 

bolaqueiro caspi colorado, caimite, caimitillo, caimitillo 

amarillo, chicle, caspi colorado, massarandubilla, olivo, purvio 

colorado, purvio negro, quinilla blanca, tariconana, tiorocoriba, 

torocoriba, tushmo blanco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Latex has been mixed with better 

quality balatas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, and 

northern South America through tropical Brazil to Amazonian 

Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977 


473


Micropholis melinoniana Pierre 


PORTUGUESE: abiufi 

SPANISH: baricoco, cajón, lagartomoena, lechoso, manatin, silion 

blanco 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, 

Venezuela, and Brazil 


Micropholis obscura Penn. 


ENGLISH: ufu 

PORTUGUGESE: abiurana-de-massa 

SPANISH: quinilla 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits reportedly taste like apples or prunes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru, Brazil, and Venezuela, French Guiana, 

and Guyana 


Micropholis rugosa (Sw.) Pierre [syn. Sideroxylon rugosum (Sw.) 

Roemer & Schultes] 


ENGLISH: beef apple, bull apple, bully apple 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange-yellow ripe fruit is edible. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Micropholis venulosa (Mart. ex Eichler) Pierre 


ENGLISH: fogel kop, kiudibushi, kudibushi, vogel kop 

PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana-branca, mulungu, piramiri, rosadinha, 

rosada verde, uvinha 

SPANISH: akayas, balatilla, caimitillo negro, caimito, cupurillo, 

manigowae, mimisa yek, moraballi, palo de chamanare, palo 

peruano, palo sangre, purguillo félix, purquillo, rosada, 

sachapua, shaska-shakyas, timuri, yuquito 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Panama through lowland South America to 

coastal Brazil in the east and Peru in the south 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 

1977 

Mimulus guttatus Fischer ex DC. 

FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain), previously Scrophulariaceae 


ENGLISH: common large monkeyflower, common monkeyflower, common 

yellow monkeyflower, seep monkeyflower, yellow monkeyflower 

USES/NOTES: Young, somewhat bitter leaves are added to salads. 


474


NATURAL RANGE: Western North America to the central Andes 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Jørgensen 

and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936 

Mimusops commersonii auct. non (G. Don f.) Engl. 


SPANISH: sapotillo 

USES/NOTES: Very ripe fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar 


Mimusops elengi L. 


ENGLISH: bulletwood, Indian medlar, Spanish cherry 

SPANISH: mimusops 

USES/NOTES: Pulp, though scant, is eaten fresh. 

NATURAL RANGE: India, Sri Lanka, and Burma 


Minquartia guianensis Aublet 


ENGLISH: ironwood 

PORTUGUESE: acariquara, acariquara-roxa, acariúba, aquariquara, 

aquariquara-roxa 

SPANISH: fierro caspi, huacapú 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this large tree are edible. Durable, rotresistant, 

dense wood is used in construction and for telephone 

poles. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), Silva et al. 


Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz & Pavón) Standley 


ENGLISH: marvel of Peru, mauka 

SPANISH: arracacha de toro, arricón, camotillo, chaco, chago, 

chagos, cushipe, cushpe, mauca, mauka, miso, pega pega, shallca 

yuca, shallja, taso, tazo, yuca, yuca de la jalca, yuca inca 

USES/NOTES: Variously colored, from white to yellow to orange, 

tubers are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes, today especially in the Cajamarca 

region of Peru and isolated pockets in Ecuador and western 

Bolivia, though it is cultivated from the Venezuelan Andes to 

northern Chile 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, NRC 1989, Rehm 

and Espig 1991 

Mirabilis jalapa L. 



475


ENGLISH: beauty-of-the-night, false jalap, four o’clock, marvel of 

Peru 

PORTUGUESE: beijos-de-frade, belas-noites, boas-noites, bonina, 

jalapa-falsa, maravilha 

SPANISH: clavelilla, isabelita 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for the edible red dye obtained from showy 

flowers. Leaves also are eaten and seeds are mixed with black 

pepper (Piper nigrum) as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps from Chile to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Van Feu n.d. 

Mirabilis multiflora (Torrey) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: desert four o’clock 

USES/NOTES: Root has been used for food since pre-Columbian times. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. 


Mitchella repens L. 


ENGLISH: Christmas berry, partridge berry, squaw vine, twinberry, 

twinflower, two-eye-berry 

USES/NOTES: Bright red drupe, to about a cm, is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et 

al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Medsger 1939, Nelson 1996, 

Standley and Williams 1975, Taylor 1998 

Mitranthes obscura (DC.) Legrand [syn. Calyptranthes obscura DC.] 




REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand 1958, Martin et al. 1987 

Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don f. 


ENGLISH: cheeses, mauve 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make sun-brewed tea. 



Momordica charantia L. and M. balsamina L. 


ENGLISH: baan caryla, balsam apple (M. balsamina), balsam pear, 

bitter cucumber, bitter gourd, bitter melon, caryla, cerasee (M. 

balsamina), coraila, leprosy gourd, wild cerasee (M. charantia) 

PORTUGUESE: ejinrin, erva-de-lavadeira, erva-de-São-Caetano, ervade-São-Vicente, 

fruta-de-cobra, fruta-de-negro, melão-de-São- 

Caetano, São-Caetano, São-Caitano 


476


SPANISH: balsamina/o (M. balsamina), bejuco pepino (M. charantia), 

cundeamor, cundiamor, kum de amor, melón, momórdiga, papailla, 

sorosi 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits, especially of M. charantia, are eaten 

cooked. Young shoots are used as a vegetable in Asia. Sap, 

leaves, fruit, and stems are medicinal, fruit to regulate blood 

sugar. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, perhaps India, widely established 

in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Austin and Bourne 1992, Ayala Flores 1984, 

Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983, Coe 1994, Duke 1997, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., IBGE 1980, León 1987, Leung 

1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1967, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 

1973, Price 1990, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 

1974, Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Monarda citridora Cerv. ex Lagerh. 


ENGLISH: lemon beebalm, lemon mint, monarda 

USES/NOTES: The Hopi people ate the leaves with meat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern and south-central U.S. into northern Mexico 


Monarda didyma L. [syn. M. menthaefolia Graham] 


ENGLISH: bee balm, beebalm, bergamot tea, horse mint, monarda, 

Oswego beebalm, Oswego-tea, red bergamot, scarlet beebalm, wild 

bergamot 

PORTUGUESE: bergamota, hortelã silvestre 

SPANISH: hierbabuena, menta 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are used as a vegetable, a 

condiment, a beverage tea, and a medicinal tea to treat stomach 

complaints and to aid in menstruation. Leaves are also used for 

chewing or as a cooking spice like oregano. Leaf oil is used 

medicinally and in perfumes. The tea was one of the teas used as 

a substitute following the Boston Tea Party. 


REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1970, 

Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Monarda fistulosa L. 


ENGLISH: American horsemint, beebalm, bergamot, fern mint, 

horsemint, mintleaf beebalm, monarda, Oswego-tea, plains beebalm, 

plains lemon monarda, wild bergamot beebalm, wild bergamot 

horsemint 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flower heads are used for tea or as a 

seasoning, and are chewed fresh or dried to freshen breath. 

NATURAL RANGE: New England to Georgia and Texas 

REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977 


477


Monarda pectinata Nutt. 


ENGLISH: horse mint, miner’s lettuce, monarda, plains beebalm, pony 

beebalm, spotted beebalm 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a spice with boiled meat. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. 


Monolepsis nuttalliana (Schultes) E. Greene 

FAMILY: Chenopodiaceae (gooseffot) 

ENGLISH: poverty weed 

USES/NOTES: Roots are cooked in fat and seeds are used for pinole. 



Monstera adansonii Schott [syn. M. pertusa (L.) de Vriese] 


PORTUGUESE: chaga-de-são-sebastião, dragão-fedorento, folha-furada, 

imbé-furado, imbé-de-San-Pedro, imbé-manso, mimbi, são-pedro, 

timbo-manso 

SPANISH: harpón, hoja de serene, madre de harpón 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit spadix is sweet, though unripe fruit contains 

calcium oxalate, which may upset the stomach. 


REFERENCES: Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998, Plowman 1969 

Monstera deliciosa Liebm. 


ENGLISH: ceriman, cheeseplant, delicious monstera, false 

breadfruit, hurricane plant, monstera, swiss-cheese plant 

PORTUGUESE: ananás japonês, banana-de-brejo, banana-de-macao, 

banana-do-mato, costela-de-adão, fruta-de-México, monstera 

SPANISH: anona piña, árbol del pan mexicano, arpón común, balazo, 

cerimán, cerimán de México, filodendro, guembé, güembé, harpón, 

hojadillo, huracán, ojal, piña anona, piñanona 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit spadix is consumed fresh, as juice, in 

desserts, or in jelly and jam. Unripe spadix contains calcium 

oxalate, which may upset the stomach. Aerial roots are used to 

make baskets. Also grown as a popular ornamental in the humid 

tropics and frost-free areas of the subtropics and as a 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala, though widely 

cultivated today 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Kennard and 

Winters 1960, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, 

OAS 1973, Plowman 1969, Usher 1974 

Monstera dilacerata (K. Koch & Sello) K. Koch [syn. M. peruviana 

Engl.] 


478



SPANISH: chirrivaca, costilla de Adan, mata palo 

USES/NOTES: Ripe, whitish fruit spadix is consumed fresh, as juice, 

in desserts, or as preserves. Unripe fruit contains calcium 

oxalate, which may upset the stomach. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Belize to Amazonian 

Bolivia, Brazil, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Grayum 

1997, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969 

Montia fontana L. 


ENGLISH: blinks, water blinks, water chickweed 

PORTUGUESE: merujas 

SPANISH: coruja, perifollo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as salad greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cosmopolitan or nearly so from Southeast Asia, to 

Alaska, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987 

Montrichardia arborescens (L.) Schott 


ENGLISH: water chestnut 

FRENCH: malanga-gratter, moucou-moucou 

PORTUGUESE: aninga, aninga-uba, imbé-da-praia 

SPANISH: aninga, arracacho, boroboro, castaña, chupaya, fruta del 

diablo, guacamay, guembé taya, hemuru, mocomoco, monomoco, 

mucumucu, raya balsa 

SURINAMESE: mocou-mocou 

USES/NOTES: Cooked or toasted seeds and fresh, fruiting spadix are 

eaten. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fouqué 1973, Gómez-Beloz 2002, 

Martin et al. 1987, Plowman 1969 

Morinda citrifolia L. 


ENGLISH: hog apple, Indian mulberry, morinda, noni 

PORTUGUESE: noni 

SPANISH: morinda, noni 

USES/NOTES: Odorous fruits are used in tonics or eaten cooked when 

immature. Juice is marketed as a nutritious health supplement. 

Seeds are eaten roasted and young leaves may be eaten as a 

vegetable green. 

NATURAL RANGE: India to Southeast Asia and Oceania, widely 

naturalized in the hot, humid tropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke 1986, Hoyas 1989, Kermath (notes), 

Morton 1992, Nellis 1994 

Morinda royoc L. [syn. M. yucatanensis Greenm.] 


479



ENGLISH: cheese shrub, Indian mulberry, red gal, redgal, strongbark 

SPANISH: dub inagolosa, garañón, xoyen ak’ 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish drupe is edible. The plant’s phytochemicals 

show promise in medicine. Used to treat warts in Belize. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela through 

the West Indies to Florida and Central America to southeastern 

Mexico (Oaxaca through the Yucatán) 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Lorence 1999, MBG n.d., Taylor 1998 

Moringa oleifera Lam. [syn. M. moringa (L.) Small, M. 

pterygosperma Gaertner, Guilandina moringa L.] 

FAMILY: Moringaceae (moringa) 

ENGLISH: ben nuts, ben-oil tree, ben tree, benzolive tree, 

drumstick tree, horseradish tree, moringa pea tree, oil-of-ben 

tree, sijan, West Indian ben, wild rhuda, water purifying tree 

PORTUGUESE: acácia-branca, moringa, muringueiro 

SPANISH: angela, árbol de las perlas, árbol de los aspáragos, ben, 

jacinto, jazmín francés, maranga, maranga calalu, marango, 

moringa, palo blanco, palo de abejas, palo de aceite, paraíso, 

paraíso blanco, paraíso francés, perlas, picante blanco, resedá, 

teberinto, terebinto 

USES/NOTES: Although grown mainly as a landscape tree and for its 

medicinal properties, roots were once dried and ground and used 

as a condiment like horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia), young 

shoots, leaves, and flowers are used as spices, leaves make a 

nutritious vegetable, and inner pods are eaten boiled. Although 

the use of the roots as a horseradish substitute in India during 

the British colonial period was widespread, it should be noted 

that roots contain small amounts of the toxic alkaloid 

moringinine that can have negative health consequences, when 

ingested in sufficient quantities. Seeds, or “ben nuts” contain 

oil of ben, used as a lubricant and cooking oil. Leaf, pod, and 

bud are fed to animals and seeds have been used to render water 

potable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sub-Himalayan regions of northwestern India, though 

widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics and naturalized 

in many (especially dry) parts of Africa and to a lesser extent 

the Neotropics, including Nicaragua, Guatemala, Costa Rica, 

Panama, and northern South America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cáceres et al. 1991, Kermath 

(notes), Morton 1991, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1968, 

Ruberté 1984, Schabel 2002a, Stevens et al. 2001, Verma et al. 

1976, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Morisonia americana L. 


SPANISH: cebo de mico, higicho, mucurutú, naranjuelo, zorrocloco 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the variously colored dark red to light or dark 

brown fruit is sweet, though potentially seedy. 


480


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Mexico to Ecuador and 

Venezuela including the Antilles 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Morrenia odorata (Hook. & Arn.) Lindley [also M. variegata 

(Griseb.) Meyer] 


ENGLISH: latex plant 

SPANISH: doca, guaikuru rembi’u, jupuaroke, paraguayita, tasi, 

uruma 

USES/NOTES: Young fruit of this typically herbaceous vine is eaten 

raw, young seeds are sometimes eaten mashed and salted, young 

leaves, shoots, and flowers are eaten fresh or boiled, and older 

stems are chewed. Parts are collected from the wild. The fruit of 

M. brachystephana Griseb., M. grandiflora Malme, M. herzogii 

Schlecht., M. schulziana Meyer, M. stormiana (Morong) Malme are 

said to be edible, but not eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Gran Chaco of Eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, and northern 

Argentina to Uruguay and southwestern Brazil, M. odorata is 

naturalized in Florida 

REFERENCES: Arenas 1999, Foster 1958, MBG n.d., Meyer and Bacigalupo 

1979, von Reis Altschul 1973, Wunderlin 1998 

Morus alba L. 


ENGLISH: mulberry, Russian mulberry, silkworm mulberry, white 

mulberry 

PORTUGUESE: amora branca 

SPANISH: mora, mora blanca, moral blanco, morera, morera blanca 

USES/NOTES: Typically white to pinkish, though sometimes dark, 

"collective" fruits are insipid to sweet. Unripe fruits and young 

leaf shoots are cooked as vegetables. Leaves have been fed to 

silkworms for centuries. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, widely naturalized in temperate regions 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Gibbons 1962, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 

1985, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, Sokolov 1991, Usher 1974 

Morus alba var. multicaulis (Perrottet) Laud. [syn. M. multicaulis 

Perrottet] 


ENGLISH: mulberry 

PORTUGUESE: amora 

SPANISH: morera roja 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out of hand or in jams, sweets, and 

juices. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, widely naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975 

Morus celtidifolia Kunth [syn. M. mexicana Benth., M. microphylla 

Buckley] 


481



ENGLISH: mulberry, Texas mulberry 

SPANISH: mora 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southwestern U.S. (southern Arizona 

to southern Texas) through Mexico to Bolivia, though possibly 

introduced to Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Berg 1998, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., 


Morus nigra L. 


ENGLISH: black mulberry, common mulberry, Persian mulberry 

PORTUGUESE: amora preta 

SPANISH: mora, mora negra, moral, moral negro, moreda, morera, moro 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and the source of a syrup used to sooth 

sore throats. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Asia, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, 

Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Morus rubra L. 


ENGLISH: red mulberry 

PORTUGUESE: amora 

SPANISH: mora, moral rojo 

USES/NOTES: Delicate skinned fruits, orange-red to dark when ripe 

and somewhat longer than those of the Asian white mulberry (M. 

alba), are consumed out of hand, in pies and jellies, or as juice 

and wine. Young, unfolding leaves may be eaten as a cooked 

vegetable. Peterson warns that unripe fruits and uncooked greens 

are hallucinogenic. Milky sap causes skin irritation. Small to 

medium sized trees with generally downy leaves are messy due to 

their abundant juicy fruits, but excel at attracting wildlife. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Florida and 

Texas, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Gibbons 1962, 

Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Perkins 

and Payne 1978, Peterson 1977, Sokolov 1991, Tomikel 1986, Turner 

and Szczawinski 1979, Uphof 1968 

Mouriri acutiflora Naudin [syn. M. pendulifolia Cogn.] 


ENGLISH: mamuriballi 

FRENCH: bois de fléche, bois de méche, topi 

PORTUGUESE: cruili, muriti, murta-de-parida 

SPANISH: guayavilla, lanza caspi, momo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Brazil to 

southern Venezuela, and the Guianas, and probably beyond 


482


REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Killeen et al. 1993, MBG n.d., 

Morley 1976, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Mouriri apiranga Spruce ex Triana 


PORTUGUESE: apiranga, gurguí, piranga 

SPANISH: apiranga 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten. 




Mouriri crassifolia Sagot 


FRENCH: bois-fléche, prunier, topi 

SPANISH: yocoro 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and adjacent Amazonia 

REFERENCES: d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Morley 1976 

Mouriri domingensis (Tussac) Spach 


SPANISH: murta 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morley 1976, Uphof 1968 

Mouriri eugeniifolia Spruce ex Triana 


PORTUGUESE: cucui, dauicu 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are collected from the wild and eaten 

locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Rio Negro and Rio Branco of Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Morley 1976 

Mouriri ficoides Morley 


PORTUGUESE: muriri 

SPANISH: dereillo yokoro, tinajuito 

USES/NOTES: Round, two cm, typically yellow fruit is eaten locally 

out of hand or made into a refreshing juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Amazonia to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kermath (notes), Morley 1976, 


Mouriri guianensis Aublet 


ENGLISH: pomikie, wild-kers 

PORTUGUESE: creoli, criuri, criviri, gurguri, socoró, ururi 


483


SPANISH: cascarito, cometure 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Wood is hard and fine-grained. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Hoyas 1989 

Mouriri huberi Cogn. 


PORTUGUESE: mamãozinho 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten locally by the Ka’apor of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil and 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Steyermark et 

al. 1995 

Mouriri macrophylla Cham. [syn. M. grandiflora A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: maniballi 

PORTUGUESE: camutin, guajarai, gurguí, mirauba, tucunaré-mereçá 

SPANISH: charachuela, lanza caspi 

FRENCH: bois-fléche 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Morley 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Mouriri oligantha Pilger 


SPANISH: lanza caspi 




Mouriri pseudo-geminata Pittier 


SPANISH: pata de paují, paují 



REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Mouriri pusa Gardner 


ENGLISH: silverwood 

PORTUGUESE: jaboticaba-do-campo, manapuçá, mandapuçá, munduru, puçá, 

puçá-preta 

USES/NOTES: Red to black, two and a half cm long fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Mouriri sagotiana Triana 



484


USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten locally by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana, southern Venezuela, and eastern 



Mouriri trunciflora Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: mamão-bravo, mamãozinho, mirauba 

USES/NOTES: Large (to 25 cm), succulent sweet fruits are edible, 

though viscous. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Moutabea aculeata (Ruiz & Pavón) Poeppig & Endl. 


SPANISH: caimito de monte, coto huayo 




Moutabea angustifolia Huber 


PORTUGUESE: gogo-de-guariba 




Moutabea chodatiana Huber 


PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-guariba, gogo-de-guariba, suassureçá 



REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987 

Mucoa duckei (Markgraf) Zarucchi 

FAMILY: Apocynaceae (milkwort) 

SPANISH: yahuarayo blanco 




Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Bengal bean, Bengal velvetbean, cow itch, cowage 

velvetbean, Florida velvetbean, lyon-bean, Mauritius velvetbean, 

velvet bean, Yokohoma velvetbean 

SPANISH: frijol terciopelo, haba de terciopelo, nescafé, nescao 


485


USES/NOTES: Young pods and seeds are edible. Mature seeds are 

edible, used as a coffee substitute, and are fed to animals. 

Known as cow itch because of the irritating hairs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kay 1979, Mabberley 1987, Martin 

1984a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Mucuna pruriens var. utilis (Wallach ex Wight) Baker ex Burck 

[syn. Stizolobium deeringianum Bort] 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: mucuna-anã 

SPANISH: frijol de terciopelo, habichuela terciopelo, mucuna, 

mucuna rayada, terciopelo 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are used to make a coffee-like beverage and 

the plant is intercropped with perennials to enrich the soil with 

nitrogen. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Guia Rural n.d., OAS 1973 

Muehlenbeckia hastulata (Sm.) I.M. Johnston [syn. M. chilensis 

Meisner] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Chile to Bolivia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 2000, Standley 

1937b 

Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia (Ortega) Meisner 


PORTUGUESE: salsa, salsaparrilha 

USES/NOTES: Vine’s fleshy, pink to red fruit is said to be edible. 

Also medicinal to treat syphilis. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil (Rio 

Grande do Sul), Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Cialdella and Brandbyge 2001, d’Eeckenbrugge and Ferla 

2000, Mentz et al. 1997, Troncoso 1987 

Muhlenbergia spp. 


ENGLISH: hair grass 

USES/NOTES: Apache used the seeds as a flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Warm regions of North America 

REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987 

Muntingia calabura L. 

FAMILY: Muntingiaceae (muntingia) or perhaps Malvaceae (mallow), 

previously Elaeocarpaceae (elaeocarpus), Flacourtiaceae 

(flacourtia), or Tiliaceae (linden) 


486


ENGLISH: calabur, capulin, guasem, Jamaican cherry, Panama berry, 

strawberry tree 

PORTUGUESE: calabura, curumi, pau-de-seda 

SPANISH: acurucó, bolina, bolaina, calabura, capuli, capulín, 

capulín blanco, capulín de comer, capulín de montaña, capulina, 

capulinas, cedrillo, cedrillo majagua, cerezo caspi, chapulí, 

chirriador, chitató, chitoto, crespo caspi, guácimo hembra, 

guinda yumanasa, iumanasa, jonate, mahaujo, majagua, majaguillo, 

majagüillo, majagüito, majangua, majanjo, memiso, memizo, 

mullacahuayo, pasito, periquito, puán, nigua, nigüito, niguo, 

tapabotija, yumanasa, yumanaza 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, reddish berry is a good vitamin C source, 

leaves are made into tea, bark is a rope fiber source, and 

flowers are used as an antispasmodic. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized in southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Benn and Lemke 1991, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martínez 

et al. 2001, Morton 1987a, Nelson 1996, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 

1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Will 

1991 

Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan [syn. Commelina nudiflora L.] 


ENGLISH: commelina, waterweed 

PORTUGUESE: capim-gomoso, grama-da-terra, Maria-mole, marianinha, 

trapoeraba-azul 

SPANISH: anagalide azul 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is edible and the root is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., Mexico, Central America, and 

northern South America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, IBGE 1980, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987 

Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: curry, curry leaf, karpoolay 

PORTUGUESE: caril, curry 

SPANISH: cari, curry 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice in curries and tonics, and 

fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sri Lanka or India, cultivated in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bird and Heinlein n.d., Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jacq. [syn. M. exotica L.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese box, jasmine orange, orange jasmine, orange 

jessamine 

PORTUGUESE: murta-da-praia 

SPANISH: naranjilla 


487


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in curries and tonics, flowers are used 

in teas, and fruits reportedly are edible. Also grown as an 

ornamental for its showy, fragrant spring flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, widely naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, FLEPPC 2003, Long and Lakela 1971, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 

1976, Voeks 1997 

Musa acuminata Colla, including M. nana Lour. [syn. M. cavendishii 

Lamb. ex Paxton, M. chinensis Lamb. ex Paxton] 

FAMILY: Musaceae (banana) 

ENGLISH: cavendish banana, Chinese banana, dwarf banana 

PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-açucarina, banana-baiê, banana-cambota, 

banana-catarina, banana-casca-verde, banana-chorona, banana-da- 

China, banana-de-italiano, banana-d’água, banana-inglesa, bananamangalô, 

banana-nanica, banana-peroá, banana-petiça, banana-tatu 

SPANISH: banana china, banano enano, cachaco, calicero, cambur 

enano, cambur pigmeo, carapé, chino, colicero, congo, 

cuatrofilos, curro, dame-más (a tiny variety from the Dominican 

Rupublic), guineo, guineo enano, majoncho, mocho, orito, pacová 

carapé, pigmeo, plátano tabasco, popocho, verdín 

USES/NOTES: Six to twelve cm long sweet fruit is eaten out of hand 

or prepared variously for desserts. The dáme-más ("give me more" 

in Spanish) variety is so named because it is so good and so 

small that one is left always wanting more. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaya to New Guinea 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000, 

Kermath (notes), Koeppel 2007, Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, OAS 

1973, Sauer 1993, Simmonds 1966, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974 

Musa x paradisiaca L. (pro sp.) [hybrid of Musa acuminata Colla x 

M. balbisiana Colla] 


ENGLISH: Adam’s banana, Adam’s fig, horse banana, plantain, totoyam 

plantain 

PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-Caiena, banana-caturra-galega, bananachorona, 

banana-comprida, banana-da-terra, banana-pacobeira, 

banana-pacobuçu, banana-pacova, banana-samburá, banana-São-Tomé, 

chifre-de-boi, pacoveira-grande 

SPANISH: banano indio, banano macho, bárbaro, bellaco, burro, 

butuco, chato, chumbe (dried leaf only), chumbo, coto, cuadrado, 

cuerno de toro, curraré, cuyaco, hartón, isleño, majoncho, 

mataburros, pacobusú, plátano, plátano bárbaro, plátano blanco, 

plátano burro, plátano de cocinar, plátano de la isla, plátano 

dominico, plátano hembra, plátano guineo, plátano macho, plátano 

maqueño, plátano rulo, plátano tabasco, plátano viando, preto, 

resplandor, rulo, salvaje, sapucha, topocho, zapalote 

USES/NOTES: Long, narrow fruit, firmer and less sweet than the 

smaller banana, typically is eaten boiled or fried as either a 

fruit or a vegetable, though sweet cultivars, sometimes eaten out 


488


of hand, exist. Root has been used as a famine food in parts of 

Mexico. Leaves are used to wrap food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indomalaya 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Berg 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000, Koeppel 2007, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Sauer 1993, Simmonds 

1966, Smith et al. 1992, Yamaguchi 1983 

Musa x sapientum L. [syn. M. paradisiaca L. var. sapientum (L.) 

Kuntze] [hybrid of Musa acuminata Colla x M. balbisiana Colla] 


ENGLISH: banana, cayenne banana, common banana 

PORTUGUESE: banana, banana-figo, banana-maçã, banana-marmelo, 

banana-ouro, banana-prata, banana-roxa, banana-São-Domingos, 

banana-São-Tomé-legítima, caturra 

SPANISH: banana, banano, cambur, capirona, guineo, guineo de oro, 

guineo rulo, mampurro, camburí, murrapo, zambo, índio, plátano de 

seda, seda, plátano fruta, plátano roatán, roatán, guineo de 

seda, guineo gigante, guineo patriota, patriota, bocadillo, 

cuatrofilos, curraré, chamaluco, guineo chamaluco, mafafo, 

majoncho, malango, otaita, pacífico, pacová, pacová de oro, 

piche, guineo morado, pumerillo, muquichi, viejillo, enano, 

manzano, guineo injerto, polines, guineo guarán, guarán, guineo 

martinico, guineo mínimo, guineo Monte Cristo (var. suaveolens 

Blanco), guineo Monte Cristo enano (var. lacatan Blanco), guineo 

lacatán (var. lacatan Blanco), lacatán (var. lacatan Blanco), 

guineo colorado (var. rubra Baker), guineo morado (var. rubra 

Baker), guineo dátil (dwarf var. champa Baker), guineo niño 

(dwarf var. champa Baker), guineo de rosa (dwarf var. champa 

Baker), guineo manzana/o (dwarf var. champa Baker in places) 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are the bananas of world commerce, generally 

eaten out out of hand or in desserts when ripe. Green fruits are 

cooked and eaten as a vegetable or a dessert. Fruit is also 

sliced and deep fried like potato chips. Leaves are used locally 

as a fiber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, perhaps Malaya 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, Chapman 2008, Denevan 

1985, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Jenkins 2000, Koeppel 

2007, Niembro Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Samson 1980, 

Sauer 1993, Smith et al. 1992, Simmonds 1966, van Sertima 1994 

Mussatia hyacinthina (Standley) Sandw. 


SPANISH: chamairo 

USES/NOTES: Stem bark is added to coca (Erythroxylum spp.) to 

sweeten the flavor. 



Myrceugenia fernandeziana (Hook. & Arn.) Johow 


489



SPANISH: luma 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is used like allspice (Pimenta dioica). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Chile 

REFERENCES: Landrum 1981 

Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC. [syn. M. acuminata (Kunth) DC., M. 

macrophylla DC., M. negrensis O. Berg, M. spruceana O. Berg, 

Eugenia fallax Rich.] 


PORTUGUESE: araçá, coração-tinto, frutineira, murta grande, murta 

parida 

SPANISH: ahashi, curame, rupiña, yispi 

USES/NOTES: Variably colored fruits (yellow, red, to black) are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, northern South America, the West Indies, 

and part of Central America 


Vásquez 1994, Frechione et al. 1989, Silva et al. 1977 

Myrcia fenestrata DC. 


SPANISH: saka 




Myrcia guianensis (Aublet) DC. [syn. Aulomyrcia lauriflora (DC.) 

O. Berg] 


SPANISH: saka, yaas silvestre 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru to central Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Rankin de 

Mérona et al. 1992 

Myrcia multiflora (Lam.) DC. [syn. M. sphaerocarpa DC., Aulomyrcia 

sphaerocarpa (DC.) O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: cambuizeiro, pedra-ume-caá 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Plant is used to treat diabetes. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989, Martin 

et al. 1987 

Myrcia paivae O. Berg 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Ka’apor of eastern Amazonian 

Brazil. 


490


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil and the 

Guianas 


Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC. 


ENGLISH: birchberry 

SPANISH: hoja menuda 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark berries are eaten. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin 

et al. 1987 

Myrcia tomentosa (Aublet) DC. [syn. Eugenia tomentosa Cambess.] 


PORTUGUESE: cabeludinha, cabeluda, cabeludeira 

SPANISH: cabelluda 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is consumed out of hand, as jelly, 

or in liqueurs. Improvement is called for to increase success. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil, the Guianas, Ecuador, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Donadio 1997, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Kawasaki 1989, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999. Mabberley 1987, 


Myrcianthes foliosa (Kunth) McVaugh [syn. Amyrsia foliosa (Kunth) 

Kausel, Eugenia foliosa Kunth, Myrtus foliosa Kunth] 


SPANISH: arrayán 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 

1987, McVaugh 1958, Popenoe 1924, Uphof 1968 

Myrcianthes fragrans (Sw.) McVaugh [syn. Eugenia fragrans Willd., 

Myrtus fragrans Sw.] 


ENGLISH: Simpson’s stopper, twinberry, twinberry stopper, zebra 

wool 

SPANISH: arrayán, guayabillo, pimientilla 

USES/NOTES: Small, round, orange to red berries are highly variable 

in flavor, ranging from bitter to pleasantly tart with an unusual 

turpentine-like aftertaste, to sweet with little aftertaste when 

fully ripe. Also attractive for its displays of white, snowflakelike 

aromatic flowers, red fruit, flaking reddish bark, and 

aromatic, lustrous, evergreen leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, 

coastal peninsular Florida, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and 

Peru 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Kermath (notes), 

Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 


491


Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) Legrand [syn. Acreugenia pungens (O. 

Berg) Kausel, Eugenia pungens O. Berg] 


SPANISH: arrayán, guabijú, guabirá, guabiyú, guavijú, guaviyú, 

guayabo, ibaviyú, mato, yvavi’ju 

USES/NOTES: Pungent dark, pulpy fruits are eaten fresh or 

preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: South America’s greater Gran Chaco region from 

Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, into nearby Brazil and Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brücher 1989, MBG n.d., Reed 

1995, Serrano and Terán 2000 

Myrciaria cauliflora (DC.) O. Berg [syn. Myrtus cauliflora Mart.] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian grape tree, jaboticaba, sabara jaboticaba, 

tropical plum 

PORTUGUESE: camboim, goiaba-do-mato, goiabinha, guaperu, guapuru, 

hivapuru, jaboticaba, jaboticaba-de-Campinas, jaboticaba-sabará, 

jabuticaba, jabuticaba-do-mato, jabuticaba-paulista, jabuticabamurta, 

yabuticaba, yba-puru 

SPANISH: guapurú, jaboticaba 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, though delicate, juicy fruits, similar 

in appearance to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia), are eaten 

fresh, preserved, or made into fermented beverages. Bark and leaf 

are made into a medicinal tea. Fruits appear on the trunk and on 

older branches often hidden by foliage. The fruit is similar to 

those of M. jaboticaba, M. peruviana var. trunciflora, and M. 

tenella. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern and central Brazil, eastern Paraguay, 

northern Argentina, and Uruguay, now somewhat widespread in the 

humid tropics and nearly frost-free areas of the subtropics 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Facciola 1990, 

Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Morton 

1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) McVaugh [syn. M. caurensis Steyerm., M. 

paraensis O. Berg, M. spruceana O. Berg, Psidium dubium Kunth] 


ENGLISH: camu-camu 

PORTUGUESE: araçá, caçari, camu-camu 

SPANISH: camo-camo, camu-camu, guayabillo blanco, guayabito, 

guayabo 

USES/NOTES: Small, bright red to deep purple when fully mature, acid 

to sweet fruits are consumed fresh, as juice, or in ice cream. 

Vitamin C content is the highest of all known cultivated plants, 

perhaps 30 times greater than Citrus species and twice that of 

Barbados (or acerola) cherries (Malpighia spp.). Much potential 

for use in vitamin C supplements. 


492


NATURAL RANGE: River margins of Amazonian Ecuador and northern 

Amazonian Peru to eastern Amazonian Brazil (Maranhão), the 

southern Guianas, and southern Venezuela, perhaps to Amazonian 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 

1991, Duke 1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Kermath 

(notes), León 1987, Morton 1987a, Peters and Hammond 1990, 

Plotkin 1993, Prance 1989b, Renner et al. 1990, Smith et al. 

1992, Steyermark et al. 1995, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Myrciaria floribunda (West ex Willd.) O. Berg [syn. M. protracta 

O. Berg, Eugenia floribunda West ex Willd.] 


ENGLISH: guavaberry, rumberry 

PORTUGUESE: camu-camu, goiaba-do-mato, goiabinha 

SPANISH: arrayán, cabo de chivo, camu-camu árbol, camu-camu negro, 

escobillo, guásara, jabotocoba amarilla, mije, mije colorado, 

mijo, mirto, multa, murta 

USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, vitamin C-rich fruits are eaten fresh or 

prepared as preserves and drinks including a liqueur that has 

been exported to Europe. 


REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Silva et 

al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Myrciaria jaboticaba O. Berg [syn. Myrtus jaboticaba Vell., Plinia 

jaboticaba (Vell.) Kausel] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian grape tree, great jaboticaba 

PORTUGUESE: goiabinha, goiaba-do-mato, jaboti-catuba, jaboticaba, 

jaboticaba-batuba, jaboticaba-de-São-Paulo, jaboticaba-grande, 

jaboticaba-olho-de-boi, jaboticatuba-grande, jabuticaba, 

jabuticaba-açu, jabuticaba-do-mato, jabuticatuba, yabuticaba 

SPANISH: guapurú, jaboticaba 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, though delicate, juicy fruits, similar 

in appearance to muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia), are eaten 

fresh, preserved, and made into fermented beverages. Bark and 

leaves are used for a medicinal tea. Fruits appear on older 

branches often hidden by foliage. 

NATURAL RANGE: States of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro of 

southeastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Cárdenas 1969, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), 

Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Usher 1974 

Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora Mattos [syn. M. trunciflora 

O. Berg, Eugenia rabeniana Kiaersk., Plinia trunciflora (O. Berg) 

Kausel] 


ENGLISH: long-stemmed jaboticaba 


493


PORTUGUESE: jaboticaba-de-cabinho, jaboticaba-de-cipó, jaboticabado-Pará, 

jaboticaba-miúda 

SPANISH: jaboticaba 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit is similar to a muscadine grape (Vitis 

rotundifolia). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, northern Argentina, and eastern 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Bernardi 1985, IBGE 1980, Legrand 1962, 

Martin et al. 1987, Mattos 1983, Morton 1987a, Uphof 1968 

Myrciaria plicatocostata O. Berg 


PORTUGUESE: cambucá 




Myrciaria pumila (Gardner) O. Berg 





Myrciaria rivularis var. baporetii (Legrand) Legrand [syn. M. 

baporeti Legrand] 


PORTUGUESE: yvaporoity 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are eaten out of hand or made into an 

alcoholic beverage similar to aguardiente from sugar cane 

(Saccharum officinarum). 

NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, Brazil, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Reed 1995 

Myrciaria tenella (DC.) O. Berg [syn. Eugenia tenella DC.] 


PORTUGUESE: cambiu preto, camboinzinho, cambuizeiro preto, 

goiabinha, guayabo colorado, jaboticaba-macia, murta-do-campo 

SPANISH: guayabo colorado 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil through central coastal 

Brazil and Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Balée and Gély 1989, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Uphof 1968 

Myrciaria vexator McVaugh [syn. M. pittieri Burret ex Badillo] 


ENGLISH: blue grape 

SPANISH: guayabo negro, pésjua morada 

USES/NOTES: Delicious fruits are eaten fresh or preserved. 



494


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989 

Myrciaria vismeifolia (Benth.) O. Berg 


ENGLISH: taparau 


NATURAL RANGE: Guyana and southern Central America 


Myriaspora egensis Mart. ex DC. [syn. M. decipiens Naudin] 


SPANISH: tuno 




Myrica cerifera L. [syn. M. cerifera var. pumila Michaux, M. 

pumila (Michaux) Small] 


ENGLISH: bayberry, candleberry, candletree, common wax myrtle, 

dwarf wax myrtle (var. pumila), southern bayberry, southern wax 

myrtle, tallow shrub, wax myrtle, wax wood, waxberry 

PORTUGUESE: árvore-da-cera 

SPANISH: árbol de cera, arraigán, arrayán, arrayán brabántico, cera 

vegetal, cerero, palo de velas, mirica cerífera 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and tiny, nut-like drupes may be used as a 

substitute for bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) to season meats, 

sauces, soups, and stews, or as tea. Drupes are coated with the 

fragrant myrtle wax (or bayberry tallow) used for candles. A 

tonic is made from the root bark. Also popular in urban 

landscapes, especially as a clipped hedge. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Greater 

Antilles, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, and Bermuda 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 1973, FNAEC 

1997, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), OAS 1973, Peterson 1977, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Tull 1978, Usher 1974 

Myrica gale L. 


ENGLISH: bog myrtle, meadow fern, sweet gale 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of this typically wetland shrub have been used to 

flavor beer. Leaves and nutlets have been used as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern and northwestern U.S., much of Canada 

and Alaska, northwestern Europe, and northeastern Siberia 


Graves 1956, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Peterson 1977 

Myrica pennsylvanica Mirbel 


ENGLISH: northern bayberry 


495


USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves and grayish-white and waxy nutlets may 

be used as a spice. Waxy coating on the nutlets has been used as 

a candle wax. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Peterson 1977 

Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc. [syn. M. brasiliense 

Cambess.] 

FAMILY: Haloragaceae or Gunneraceae (gunnera) 

ENGLISH: parrot’s feather 

PORTUGUESE: cavalinho-d’agua 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten in parts of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern tropical and temperate South America 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Marticorena and 

Quezada 1985 

Myristica fragrans Houtt. [syn. M. aromatica Lam., M. moschata 

Thunb., M. officinalis L.f.] 


ENGLISH: mace, nutmeg 

PORTUGUESE: macis, moscadeira, muscadeira, noz-moscada 

SPANISH: macia, macias, mirística, nuez de especia, nuez moscada 

USES/NOTES: Introduced into South America through French Guiana in 

1809, seeds and red arils are the spices of international 

commerce known respectively as nutmeg and mace. Fruits may be 

made into an oily butter and their husks can be made into jelly. 

Fruit oil is used in perfumes, medicines and toothpaste. 

Myristicine contained in the seed is hallucinogenic. The West 

Indian island of Grenada is the world’s leading producer. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moluccas Islands of the East Indies 

REFERENCES: Boswell 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke n.d, 

Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Myers 1974, 

Purseglove et al. 1981, Usher 1974 

Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms [syn. M. toluifera Kunth] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: balsam of tolu, tolu balsam 

PORTUGUESE: bálsamo, bálsamo-caboriba, bálsamo-de-tolu, cabreúva, 

oleo-bálsamo, oleo-vermelho, pau-de-bálsamo, pau-de-incenso, 

sangue-de-gato 

SPANISH: bálsamo, bálsamo de tolú, bálsamo del valle, chirraca 

(resin only), estoraque, kina-kina, palo de bálsamo, quina-quina, 

quino-quino 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic resin, balsam of tolu, is used in perfumes and 

for flavoring cough syrups and sweets. Green leaves are eaten as 

a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela to Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 

1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970 


496


Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae (Royle) Harms [syn. M. pereirae 

Klotzsch, Toluifera pereirae Miller] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: balsam of Peru, El Salvador balsam, Peru-balsam 

PORTUGUESE: bálsamo, bálsamo-do-Peru 

SPANISH: bálsamo, bálsamo blanco, bálsamo de El Salvador, bálsamo 

de maría, bálsamo de Perú, bálsamo negro, chuete, nabá, paila, 

palo de bálsamo, pidoquera, semilla del Perú, tache, yapoteco 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic resin, balsam of Peru, is used in perfumes, 

medicines, chewing gum, candies, and other foods. Seeds are used 

to flavor aguardiente. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Central America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, 

OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990, 

Williams and Williams 1969 

Myrsoma cannifolia L.f. 


SPANISH: guapo 

USES/NOTES: Tuber is eaten roasted under the sand with hot embers, 

boiled, or occasionally raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela to Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Gragson 1997, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Myrtillocactus cochal (Orcutt) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: cochol 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be eaten by Amerindians of southern 

California. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California and Arizona 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Myrtillocactus geometrizans (Mart.) Console [syn. Cereus 

geometrizans Mart.] 


SPANISH: garambullo, garrambulla, grambula 

USES/NOTES: Small, purplish-blue fruits of this large cactus are 

eaten fresh or dried like raisons. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexico to northwestern Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Nagei nagi (Thunb.) Kuntze [syn. Podocarpus nagi (Thunb.) Makino] 


ENGLISH: Asian bayberry, broadleaf podocarpus, nagi 



497


USES/NOTES: Young leaves can be eaten boiled. Also an attractive 

landscape specimen in warm regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan, occasionally naturalized in other warm regions 

REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, de Laubenfels 1987, Facciola 1990, 


Narcissus jonquilla L. 

FAMILY: Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

ENGLISH: jonquil, narcissus 

PORTUGUESE: narciso 

SPANISH: narciso 

USES/NOTES: Flowers reportedly are edible. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968 

Nasturtium officinale R. Br. [syn. Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) 

Hayek, Sisymbrium nasturtium-aguaticum L.] 


ENGLISH: common water cress, Chilean water cress, European watercress, 

green watercress, summer watercress, water cress, watercress 

PORTUGUESE: agrião, agrião-comum, agrião-d’água, agrião-da-fonte, 

agrião-da-ponte, agrião-das-hortas, agrião-de-água, agrião-de-rio, 

agrião-ordinário, saúde-do-corpo 

SPANISH: berro, berro de agua, blero, chijchi, mastuerzo, mastuerzo de 

agua, mayu mostazilla, michi michi, mostazilla, occoruro 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious leaves and stems of this aquatic herb are used 

as a salad vegetable, a condiment, and a medicinal. The water cress 

of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia 


Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1968, 

Ruberté 1984, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970, Tull 1978 

Nauclea latifolia Sm. [syn. N. esculenta (Afzel. ex Sabine) Merr.] 


ENGLISH: pin-cushion, pin-cushion tree 

SPANISH: acerico 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in parts of the Americas especially Central 

America and Venezuela for its interesting form and flowers and 

edible red fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Asia 


Naucleopsis concinna (Standley) C. Berg [syn. Perebea concinna 

Standley] 


PORTUGUESE: nanã 

SPANISH: capinurí, llanchama de altura 



498


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps to other areas of lowland tropical 

South America 

REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Silva et al. 1977 

Naucleopsis mello-berretoi (Standley) C. Berg [syn. Brosimum 

mello-berretoi Standley] 


SPANISH: llanchamillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps elsewhere in lowland tropical South 

America 


Naucleopsis pseudonaga (Mildbr.) C. Berg [syn. Ogcodeia pseudonega 

Mildbr.] 


PORTUGUESE: jaca-brava, muiratinga, pama-amarela, pama-mao-de-onça 

SPANISH: puma chaqui 



America 

REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora (Mildbr.) C. Berg [syn. Ogcodeia 

ternstroemiiflora Mildbr.] 


SPANISH: motelo chaqui 



America 


Neea theifera Oersted 


PORTUGUESE: caparosa, caparosa-do-campo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a soothing tea, especially as a 

digestion aid and for intestinal relief. 


REFERENCES: Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Uphof 1968 

Nelumbo lutea Willd. 

FAMILY: Nelumbonaceae (lotus-lily) 

ENGLISH: American lotus, American water-lotus, duck acorn, nelumbo, 

pancake rose, pond nuts, water bean, water chinquapin, water 

lotus, water nut, wonkapin, yanquapin, yellow lotus, yellow 

nelumbo 

SPANISH: nelumbio 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are eaten like sweet potatoes (Ipomea batatas) 

or ground and made into bread, seeds are eaten whole or ground 

into flour, and young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. 


499


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario to Texas and 

Florida, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, and Honduras 


Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, 


Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner [syn. Nelumbium nelumbo (L.) Druce] 

FAMILY: Nelumbonaceae (lotus-lily) 

ENGLISH: Chinese lotus, East Indian lotus, Egyptian bean, Indian 

lotus, lotus, oriental lotus, pink lotus, sacred lotus 

SPANISH: nelumbio 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes of this aquatic herb are used as a starch 

source and the fruit receptacle is occasionally eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia and Australia, naturalized in 

southeastern North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Creasy 1982, FNAEC 1997, 


Neoraimondia arequipensis (Meyen) Backeb. [syn. N. macrostibas 

(Schumann) Britton & Rose] 


USES/NOTES: Purple fruit’s red pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Peru 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963 

Neoraimondia herzogiana (Backeb.) Buxb. [syn. Neocardenasia 

herzogiana Backeb.] 


ENGLISH: baseball-bat cactus 

SPANISH: caraparí, cariparí, palo caraparí 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is esteemed, though the plant s 

also indicated as having psychoactive properties. 



Nepeta cataria L. 


ENGLISH: catmint, catnip 

USES/NOTES: Grown especially for the way it attracts cats, though 

used sparingly as a mint-like tea high in vitamins A and C. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Nephelium lappaceum L. 


ENGLISH: rambutan 

PORTUGUESE: rambutã, rambuteira 

SPANISH: mamón chino, rambutan, rambután 


500


USES/NOTES: Cultivated for the sweet and tart, succulent whitishtranslucent 

aril, which are eaten fresh after easily breaking 

away the firm red to yellow spiny skin of the 2-3.5cm fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropical Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a 

Nephelium ramboutan-ake (Labill.) Leenh. [syn. N. mutabile Blume] 


ENGLISH: pulasan 

SPANISH: bulela, pulasán 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is considred among the best Asian fruits. Seeds 

are eaten roasted and contain an edible oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Malayasia to the Philippines 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Idris and Lin 2002, 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973 

Nicotiana tabacum L. 


ENGLISH: tobacco 

PORTUGUESE: fumo, tabaco 

SPANISH: tabaco, uar 

USES/NOTES: The tobacco of commerce — widely cultivated for its 

leaves, which are smoked in cigarettes and the like, taken as 

snuff or chew, or used as a nicotine source for insecticides — is 

the source of an edible powdered protein, which may be variously 

consumed like other powdered proteins. Unidentified plant part 

reportedly is a food source among residents of the Extractive 

Reserve Cachoiera in Acre, Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Feinhandler et al. 1979, Guia 

Rural n.d., Kainer and Duryea 1992, Purseglove 1968, Sheen and 

Sheen 1985, Usher 1974 

Nopalea dejecta (Salm-Dyck) Salm-Dyck 


SPANISH: nopal chamacuero 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama or perhaps Mexico 


Nopalxochia ackermanii (Haw.) F. Knuth [perhaps a hybrid] 


SPANISH: beni kujaku 




Nothoscordum gracile (Aiton) Stearn [syn. N. inodorum (Aiton) 

Asch. & Graebner] 


501



ENGLISH: false garlic 

PORTUGUESE: alho-silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a condiment like garlic. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 

1972 

Nuphar advena (Aiton) Aiton f. in Aiton & Aiton f. [syn. N. lutea 

subsp. advena (Aiton) Kartesz & Gandhi] 

FAMILY: Nymphaeaceae (water-lily) 

ENGLISH: common spatterdock, cow lily, yellow pond lily 

USES/NOTES: Roots and seeds are edible 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Ontario through southern 

Wisconsin to Florida and Texas to Mexico and Cuba 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967 

Nuphar polysepala Engelm. [syn. N. lutea (L.) Sm. subsp. 

polysepala (Engelm.) E.O. Beal, Nymphaea polysepala (Engelm.) E. 

Greene] 


ENGLISH: cow lily, pond lily, spatterdock, yellow water lily 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are eaten boiled or baked. Meal made from 

the roots is used to thicken soups. Parched seeds are eaten or 

made into meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from California to Alaska 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987 

Nuphar variegata Durand in Clinton [syn. N. lutea (L.) Sm. subsp. 

variegata (Durand) E.O. Beal] 


ENGLISH: bull-head pond lily, spatterdock 

USES/NOTES: Large rootstocks are eaten as a starchy vegetable, 

seeds are used in breads, soups, or popped like corn, and roots 

have a strong, unappealing flavor that can be removed by boiling 

twice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canada through the northeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Tomikel 1986 

Nymphaea ampla (Salisb.) DC. [syn. Castalia ampla (DC.) Small] 


ENGLISH: white water-lily 

SPANISH: flor de agua, loto azul 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and tuberous roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to southern Texas and Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, FNAEC 1997, Molina 1975, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936 

Nymphaea elegans Hook. 



502


ENGLISH: blue water lily, lotus lily 

PORTUGUESE: nenufar 

SPANISH: cabeza de negro 

USES/NOTES: Greens and seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., northern Mexico, and the West 

Indies 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Terra 1966 

Nymphaea odorata Aiton subsp. odorata [syn. Castalia odorata 

(Aiton) Woodville & Wood] 


ENGLISH: American waterlily, fragrant water-lily, pond lily, waterlily, 

water-nymph, white water-lily 

SPANISH: ninfa aquática 

USES/NOTES: Bitter roots are baked, peeled, and eaten like sweet 

potatoes (Ipomoea batatas), seeds are edible raw, boiled, 

roasted, or ground into flour, young flower buds and leaves 

(purplish below) are eaten as cooked vegetables, and flower buds 

may be eaten pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Harris 1972, 

Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa (Paine) Wiersema & Hellq. [syn. 

N. tuberosa Paine] 


ENGLISH: tuberous water-lily, white water-lily 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible cooked or popped. Brown, bitter tubers 

are eaten occasionally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Canada and northeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 


Nyssa aquatica L. 

FAMILY: Nyssaceae (nyssa, sour-gum, or tupelo) 

ENGLISH: swamp tupelo, water gum, water tupelo 

USES/NOTES: Dark, golf-ball sized, fleshy drupes are occasionally 

eaten, typically preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., Virginia to Texas 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988 

Nyssa ogeche Bartram ex J. Marsh 


ENGLISH: ogeechee lime, ogeechee plum, ogeechee tupelo, sour 

tupelo, tupelo gum 

USES/NOTES: Golf ball-sized, fleshy, reddish drupes occasionally 

are eaten preserved and were previously marketed locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., South Carolina to Florida 

REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 1987, 

Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968 


503


Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walter) Sarg. 


ENGLISH: black gum, pepperidge, tupelo, swamp black gum 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, sour drupes of this wetland tree can be 

chewed or made into preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, wetland forests 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), 

Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Nelson 1994 

Nyssa sylvatica Marshall var. sylvatica 


ENGLISH: pepperidge, sour gum, tupelo 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, sour drupes have little pulp, but can be 

chewed or made into preserves. This upland variety also makes an 

attractive landscape tree under the right edaphic conditions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, upland forests 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), 

Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Nelson 1994 

Oberna behen (L.) Ikon. [syn. Silene inflata Sm. nomen illegit., 

S. vulgaris (Moench) Garcke] 


ENGLISH: bladder campion, bladder silene, cowbell, maiden’s tears, 

rattleweed 

PORTUGUESE: bermim, erva-cucubalus, erva-traqueira, ervatranqueira, 

orelha-de-boi, rilha-de-boi 

SPANISH: colleja, coneles, escafidos, silene 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves occasionally are used as a 

potherb, added to soups, or used like spinach (Spinacia 

oleracea). Also a potential immunostimulant, antiviral, and 

antibacterial. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in temperate North and South 

America 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harris 1972, 

Hickman 1993, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Uphof 1968 

Ocimum basilicum L. [syn. O. pilosum Willd.] 


ENGLISH: annual weed, basil, bush basil, duppy basil, garden basil, 

sweet basil 

PORTUGUESE: alfavaca, alfavaca-cheiroso, alfavaca-de-América, 

alfavaca-de-cheiro, basilicum-grande, erva-real, manjericão, 

manjercão-de-folha-larga, manjercão-de-molho, manjercão-doce, 

manjercão-dos-cozinheiros, manjercão-grande, quiôiô, remédio-devaqueiro 

SPANISH: albaca, albahaca, albahaca de gallina, albahaca fina, 

albahaca moruna, albahaga, alfábaga, alfábega, basílico, fábrega, 

hierba del vaquero, hierba real, orégano falso, pisep, vaca monte 


504


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, flowers are edible, and 

leaves and oil repel mosquitoes. Aslo medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Egypt, the Greek Isles, Iran, or India 


Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, Honychurch 1980, IBGE 1980, 

Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 1987, Tucker 1994, Van Feu 

n.d. 

Ocimum campechianum Willd. [syn. O. micranthum Willd.] 


ENGLISH: barsley, married-man-pork, wild basil, balm 

PORTUGUESE: alfabaca, alfavaca, alfavaca-de-galinha, alfavaca-docampo 

SPANISH: albaca, albahaca, albahaca blanca, albahaca de calvo, 

albahaca de monte, albahaca siete esencias, albaque simarron, 

amhág, albahaca montés, albahaca cimarrona, alva-aka, albahaca 

blanca, abaca, albaca silvestre, iroro, pichana albaca, pichana 

alvaca, pichana blanca 

USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf are used to season foods. Leaf also is 

used to relieve earaches. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, the West Indies, and northern South America 

through Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., Kainer 

and Duryea 1992, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup 

1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974, Voeks 1997, von Reis Altschul 

1973 

Ocimum canum Sims 


ENGLISH: hoary basil, jumbie balsam, tulsie 

PORTUGUESE: catinga-de-criola, manjericão 

USES/NOTES: Used as a potherb to flavor food, especially in East 

Indian dishes. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World tropics, perhaps India or northeastern 

Africa 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, Voeks 1997 

Ocimum gratissimum L. 


ENGLISH: clove basil, East Indian basil, tree basil, wild basil 

PORTUGUESE: alfavaca-cravo, mangerição-cheiroso 

SPANISH: albaca, albahaca 

USES/NOTES: Greens are used as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980 

Ocimum tweedianum Benth. 


PORTUGUESE: alfavaca, segurelha 

SPANISH: satureja 


505


USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997 

Ocotea brenesii Standley [syn. O. cymbarum Kunth, Nectandra 

brenesii (Standl.) C.K. Allen] 


ENGLISH: sassafras 

PORTUGUESE: louro-inamuí, pau-sassafrás, sassafrás 

SPANISH: cascarillo, salsafrás, sasafrás 

USES/NOTES: Brazilian sassafras oil, a safrole containing essential 

oil, is extracted from the root and bark and is used to flavor 

beverages and in disinfectants and perfumes. Safrole is now 

considered carcinogenic. O. cymbarum was previously described as 

a species restricted to Brazil, whereas O. brenesii was 

considered a Central American species. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and 


REFERENCES: Burger and van der Werff 1990, FUDENA n.d., Guia Rural 

n.d., Rohwer 1993, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968, van der Werff 

2002 

Ocotea odorifera (Vellozo) Rohwer [syn. O. pretiosa Benth. & Hook. 

f. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian sassafras 

PORTUGUESE: canela-cheirosa, canela-sassafrás, canelinha, cascacheirosa, 

casca-preciosa, louro-cheiroso 

USES/NOTES: Bark is used as a spice like cinnamon (Cinnamomum 

verum) and a medicinal. Brazilian sassafras oil, a safrole 

containing essential oil, is extracted from the root, bark, and 

trunk wood and is used to flavor beverages and in disinfectants 

and perfumes. Safrole is now considered carcinogenic, however. 

Extracts are used in insecticides. Taxanomic confusion exists; O. 

pretiosa has been described as a synonym of O. cymbarum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, possibly to the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, MBG n.d., Sturtevant 1972 

Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. [syn. Nectandra cinnamomoides 

(Kunth) Nees] 


PORTUGUESE: louro 

SPANISH: canela, canella, ishpingo, ispingo, laurel, moena, 

ocatuhue viqui 

USES/NOTES: Bark and calyx are a cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) 

substitute and a locally important medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador into Colombia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Rohwer 1993, Uphof 1968 

Odontadenia nitida (Vahl) Müell. Arg. 


506



USES/NOTES: Unidentified part is used to flavor foods in Guyana. 



Oemleria cerasiformis (Torrey & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) Landon 

[syn. Osmaronia cerasiformis (Torrey & A. Gray ex Hook. & Arn.) 

E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: Indian plum, osoberry 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of British Columbia ate the fruits. 

NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to California 


Oenanthe sarmentosa C. Presl in DC. 


ENGLISH: Pacific water dropwort, water parsley 

USES/NOTES: Black tuber’s sweet, white flesh becomes creamy when 

boiled and tastes somewhat like parsley. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal marshes from British Columbia to central 

California 


Medsger 1939, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. 


ENGLISH: bacaba oil palm, kumu, lu, mapure 

PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-açu, bacaba-verdadeira, bacabeira 

SPANISH: bacaba, cudidi, macaba, manoco, mapora, milpesillo, 

patabá, seje, seje pequeño, sejito, unguraui 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are mashed to extract an edible oil and to make 

a creamy beverage similar, though inferior to that of O. bataua, 

Heart is of good quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil, the Guianas, southern 

Venzuela, and eastern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Facciola 1990, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, 

Kermath (notes), Silva et al. 1977 

Oenocarpus balickii Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-de-caranaí, bacabao 

SPANISH: sinamillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru 


Oenocarpus bataua Mart. var. bataua [syn. Jessenia bataua (Mart.) 

Burret, J. polycarpa Karsten, J. weberbaueri Burret] 



507


ENGLISH: jessenia palm, pataua, turu palm 

PORTUGUESE: bacabao (refers to hybrid of O. bataua x O. mapora in 

Acre, Brazil), batauá, patauá, patauá-branca, patauá-roxa, patoá 

SPANISH: aricaguá, batauá, batú, chapil, comé, consá, cosá, coreo, 

coroba, huangurahui, he-bu-ca-nu, itsama, jagua, kunkúkmajo, 

majo, mayo, mil peso, milpesos, majo, margarita, palma bataua, 

palma de leche, palma lechera, palma seje, patabá, patauá, 

sacumana, seje, seje grande, seje hembre, shiwamuyo, siname, 

trupa, unama, unamo, unghuaray, ungurabe, ungurabe morado, 

unguragua, ungurahua, ungurahui, unguraui, unguravi, ungurawi 

USES/NOTES: Dark, oily fruits are soaked in water then mashed to 

produce a popular, muddy-colored beverage called vinho de patauá 

(patauá wine) in Brazil, mesocarp oil is much like olive oil 

(Olea europaea) used for cooking, and hearts are eaten as a 

vegetable. Oil also is used to preserve meat, for illumination, 

and medicinally. Young inflorescences are sometimes burned for 

salt. Petioles are tied together to make house doors, leaves are 

used for thatch, and petiole spines are used for blowgun darts. 

Woody stems are used for construction and for weapons. Roots are 

medicinal. Considered to have much potential as a commercial 

source of edible oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia and northern South America, just into Panama 

REFERENCES: Balick 1979a, Balick 1984, Balick and Gershoff 1981, 

Boom 1987, Cavalcante 1991, DeWalt et al. 1999, Henderson 1995, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Kermath (notes), MBG n.d., Miller 2002, 

NRC 1975, OAS 1973, Pedersen 1991, Pedersen and Balslev 1990, 

Schultes 1979a, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Oenocarpus bataua var. oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Henderson 

[syn. O. oligocarpa (Griseb. & H. Wendl.) Wess. Boer, Jessenia 

bataua subsp. oligocarpa (Griseb & H. Wendl.) Balick, J. 

oligocarpa Griseb. & H. Wendl.] 


ENGLISH: turu palm, yagua palm 

SPANISH: aricaguá, palma de leche 

USES/NOTES: Much like O. bataua var. bataua, hearts are edible and 

friuts are a nutriticious beverage and edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, OAS 1973 

Oenocarpus distichus Mart. [syn. O. discolor Barb. Rodr., O. 

tarampabo Mart.] 


ENGLISH: bacaba palm 

PORTUGUESE: bacaba, bacaba-açu, bacaba-de-azeite, bacaba-de-leite, 

bacaba-de-leque, bacaba-do-Pará, bacaba-verdadeira, bacabaí, 

bacabinha, hokoma, palmeira-bacaba-y, pindiwa’y, pinduwa’ywa, 

pinuwa-’y, pinuwa’yw 


508


SPANISH: bacaba, caimba, ciama, cinamillo, corunto, cusi, manaco, 

manoco, mapora, posuy, punáma, quëboitsama, seja, seje pequeño, 

sejito, siama, siamba, sinami, sinamillo, ungurauy, vacavilla 

USES/NOTES: Terminal bud and heart are edible, and fruits are 

eaten, made into a creamy beverage, and are an edible oil source. 

Leaves are used for thatch and their stems for native weapons. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern margin of Amazonian Brazil through 

southern Amazonia just into Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1977, Balick 1979b, Balick 1986, Boom 1987, 

Cavalcante 1991, Henderson 1995, IBGE 1980, Kahn and de Granville 

1992, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Ruberté 1984, Silva et 

al. 1977, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Oenocarpus makeru R. Bernal, Galeano, & Henderson [possibe hybrid 

of O. bataua x O. mapora] 


SPANISH: makeru 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia 


Oenocarpus mapora Karsten [syn.O. macrocalyx Burret, O. 

multicaulis Spruce] 


ENGLISH: turu palm 

PORTUGUESE: abacaba, bacaba, bacabaí, bacabao (refers to hybrid of 

O. bataua x O. mapora in Acre, Brazil), bacabinha, bacabi, cocobacaba 

SPANISH: bacaba, bacabi, bacabiña, caimba, chicyorah, chimbo, 

ciamba, cinamo, cinamillo, corunto, don Pedrito, huicosa, kumunk, 

mapora, maquenque, milpesillo, posuí, pusuy, quëboitsama, shimbu, 

sinamillo, sinami, vacavilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and an edible oil source, and its 

juice is fermented to make chicha. Similar to, and possibly 

conspecific with O. minor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Bolivia, eastern Peru, northwestern Brazil, 

western Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 

1980, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Oenocarpus minor Mart. [syn. O. huebneri Burret, O. intermedius 

Burret, O. microspadix Burret] 


PORTUGUESE: bacaba-mirim, bacabaí, bacabi, bacabinha 

SPANISH: bacaba, cinamillo, milpesillo 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruit’s pulp is made into a beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonian Brazil just into 

southeastern Colombia 


509


REFERENCES: Cavalacante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Henderson 

1995, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Oenothera albicaulis Pursh 

FAMILY: Onagraceae (evening-primrose) 

ENGLISH: evening primrose 

USES/NOTES: Fruit were eaten by the Apache. 

NATURAL RANGE: Rocky Mountains and the western Great Plains 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Oenothera biennis L. 


ENGLISH: evening primrose, German rampion, weedy evening-primrose 

PORTUGUESE: minuana 

USES/NOTES: Young basal leaves, once a popular vegetable, are 

somewhat piquant, and roots, also piquant, may be eaten cooked 

with several changes of water. 



Tucker 1979, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, Tomikel 


Oenothera hookeri Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Hooker’s evening primrose 


USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are eaten raw or cooked, and 

young fruits and roots are eaten cooked. 



Kirk 1970 

Oenothera speciosa Nutt. 


ENGLISH: evening primrose, pink evening-primrose, pink ladies, 

showy evening-primrose, showy primrose, white evening-primrose 


SPANISH: amapola del campo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of this invasive ground cover may be eaten raw 

or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. to northeastern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mentz et al. 1997, Neary 1998, 

Tull 1978 

Oenothera villosa Thunb. subsp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven 

[syn. O. strigosa (Rydb.) Mackenzie & Bush] 


ENGLISH: evening primrose, sundrops 


510


USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots are added to salads or used as 

potherbs. Cooked roots are eaten like parsnips (Pastinaca 

sativa). 



Olea europaea L. 


ENGLISH: common olive, olive, olive tree 

PORTUGUESE: azeitona 

SPANISH: acebuche (tree), acebuchina (fruit), aceituna, aceituno, 

oliva, olivo, zambujo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are the olives of commerce, eaten canned or 

pickled, ripe or fresh, and are the source of one of the most 

widely consumed edible oils. Sap, called lucca gum, is used in 

perfumes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greece, Iran, Syria, Palestine, or Egypt 

REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbetta 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Olneya tesota A. Gray 


pea) 

ENGLISH: desert ironwood, tesota 

SPANISH: tesota 

USES/NOTES: Seeds can be eaten raw or roasted and may be stored for 

winter use. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to New Mexico and adjacent Mexico 


Omphalea diandra L. 


ENGLISH: toad vine 

PORTUGUESE: cipó-castanha 

SPANISH: comrade de vaquero, sapo huasca, wayãpi 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and cooked seeds of this liana are edible. 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama and the West Indies to Brazil and Peru 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Omphalea megacarpa Hemsley 


ENGLISH: hunter’s nut 




Omphalea triandra L. 



511


ENGLISH: Jamaica cobseed, Jamaican cabnut, pop nut 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Jamaica 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Onoclea sensibilis L. 


ENGLISH: sensitive fern 

USES/NOTES: Young fiddleheads and roots are edible. 



Onychopetalum krukoffii R.E. Fr. 


PORTUGUESE: envira-caju 

SPANISH: schisohsiom 

USES/NOTES: Round red fruit, to 4cm, is eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Acre in western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Bolivia 

and Madre de Dios, Peru 

REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina 2005, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Oplopanax horridus Miq. [Syn. Echinopanax horridus (Sm.) Decne. & 

Planchon ex Harms, Fatsia horrida (Sm.) Benth. & Hook.f.] 


ENGLISH: devil’s club 

USES/NOTES: Succulent young stems have been eaten in Alaska. 

NATURAL RANGE: Michigan to Oregon and southern Alaska 


Opuntia amyclaea Tenore [syn. O. ficus-indica (L.) Miller var. 

amyclaea (Tenore) A. Berger] 


ENGLISH: prickly pear 

SPANISH: tuna blanca, tuna mansa 

USES/NOTES: Ripe, light greenish-yellow fruits are plump, juicy, 

and edible. The plant is also a host plant for cochineal dye 

production. 


REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Flores and 

Gallegos 1993, Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia atropes Rose 


SPANISH: nopal blanco 

USES/NOTES: This threatened species is highly sought after in 

Jalisco for its desirable nopalitos (cactus pads). 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Mexico including Guerrero, Jalisco, 

México, Michoacan, and Morelos 


512


REFERENCES: Sierra 1999, Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia azurea Rose 


SPANISH: nopal cyotillo, nopalillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Zacatecas to Durango, Mexico 


Opuntia basilaris Engelm. & Bigelow 


ENGLISH: bakersfield cactus, beavertail cactus, beavertail 

pricklypear, Grand Canyon beavertail cactus, Heil’s beavertail 

pricklypear, rose tuna, Trelease’s beavertail pricklypear 

SPANISH: nopal, nopal costero, nopal del desierto 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate stem joints, buds, and flowers after 

steaming them in pits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizonia, California, Nevada, Utah, and northern Baja 

California and northern Sonora, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Clarke et 

al. 2006, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Opuntia bonplandii (Kunth) F.A.C. Weber [syn. Cactus bonplandii 

Kunth] 




REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, 

Martin et al. 1987, Valencia et al. 2000 

Opuntia chlorotica Engelm. & Bigelow 


ENGLISH: pancake pricklypear 

USES/NOTES: Purple fruit’s green pulp is edible. 



Opuntia clavata Engelm. 


ENGLISH: cholla cactus 

USES/NOTES: Fresh fruits and roasted stems have been eaten in times 

of food scarcity. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central New Mexico possibly to northwestern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Uphof 


Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Miller [syn. Nopalea cochenillifera 

(L.) Salm-Dyck] 



513


ENGLISH: cochineal, cochineal cactus, cochineal plant, nopal 

cactus, prickly-pear cactus, roast pork, smooth pear 

PORTUGUESE: palma, palma-doce, palmatória-doce 

SPANISH: higo chumbo, nopal, pak’am, palera, tuna blanca 

USES/NOTES: Red fruits are edible. Plant also is eaten by the 

cochineal, a tiny insect, from which a deep red dye is derived, 

used primarily for coloring fabrics, such as British redcoats, 

but also to color foods. Stems are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Perhaps Mexico, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Britton and Rose 1963, 

IBGE 1980, Lee 1947-48, Martin et al. 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992, 

Nobel 1994, OAS 1973, Usher 1974, West 1989b 

Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck 


ENGLISH: nopal, prickly pear cactus 

SPANISH: cacanapo, tuna 

USES/NOTES: Succulent fruits, stems, flowers, pads, and seeds are 

edible, fruits often as jelly, stems fried, and seeds dried and 

parched. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent southern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Harrington 1967, Tull 1978 

Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis (Griffiths) B.D. Parfitt & 

Pinkava [includes O. lindheimeri var. linguiformis (Griffiths) 

L.D. Benson, O. linguiformis Griffiths] 


ENGLISH: cactus apple, cow’s tongue, tongue pricklypear 

SPANISH: língua de vaca 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp has been made into jelly. The plant is 

considered extinct in the wild by the IUCN. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Texas probably into northern Mexico 


Facciola 1990, ITIS n.d., Tate 1976 

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller [syn. O. megacantha Salm-Dyck] 


ENGLISH: barbary, cactus fruit, Indian fig, mission tuna, nopal, 

prickley pear, spineless cactus, tuna 

PORTUGUESE: palma-santa, palmatória 

SPANISH: cacto, chumbera, chumbo, higo chumbo, higuera chumba, 

higuera de tuna, higuera de las Indias, higuera de pala, jarrito, 

nopal, nopal de castilla, nopal manso de castilla, nopal tapón, 

optunia, palera, pescuezón, tasajillo, tuna, tuna de castilla, 

tuna fina, tuna mansa, tunal 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, typically purple fruits are eaten raw, stewed, 

or preserved. Young cladodes or pads (nopales or nopalitos in 

Spanish) are chopped and cooked as a vegetable. A slimy mash from 

the pads is used in cooking, in medicines, and to clean hair. The 

plant is also grown as a host for the cochineal insect 


514


(Dactylopius coccus Costa), the source of the red cochineal dye. 

Plant constituents are believed to reduce cholesterol and are now 

sold powdered as a medicinal food supplement. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably the Neotropics and subtropical America, 

though not native in Ecuador; perhaps domesticated in Mexico, now 

pan-tropical 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Britton and Rose 1963, Colclough 

and MacDonald 1991, Donkin 1977, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Espejo 

Serna et al. n.d., Flores and Gallegos 1993, Griffith 2004, IBGE 

1980, López 2000, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Pimienta- 

Barrios 1993, Portillo and Arreola 1994, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Russell and Felker 1987, Solomon 2001, Vigueras and 

Portillo 2001, Yanovsky 1936 

Opuntia fulgida Engelm. [syn. Cylindropuntia fulgida (Engelm.) 

F.M. Knuth] 


ENGLISH: chain-fruit cholla, jumping cactus 

SPANISH: cholla, velas de coyote 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit of this tree-like cactus is consumed raw or 

made into beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico and southern Arizona 


1990, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994 

Opuntia humifusa (Raf.) Raf. [syn. O. compressa (Salisb.) J.F. 

Macbr.; O. opuntia (L.) Karsten nomen illegit.] and O. tortispina 

Engelm. 


ENGLISH: devil’s tongue, prickly pear, western prickly pear (O. 

tortispina) 

USES/NOTES: Ripe purplish fruits are eaten fresh, cooked, or 

preserved, green pads are eaten cooked, and seeds may be eaten 

parched. 

NATURAL RANGE: O. humifusa from Ontario to Missouri and Florida, 

naturalized in Europe, O. tortispina from Wisconsin to New Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, 

Harrington 1967, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Opuntia imbricata (Haw.) DC. [syn. Cylindropuntia imbricata (Haw.) 

F.M. Knuth] 


ENGLISH: cane cholla, chain-link cactus, cholla, prickly pear, tree 

cholla, walking-stick cactus 

SPANISH: cholla, nopal, tuna, xoconostle, xoconostli cardón 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds and young stem joints are eaten, sometimes 

fried. Sour yellow fruits are eaten cooked or raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and adjacent southwestern U.S. to Kansas 


515



1990, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Tull 1978, Vigueras and 

Portillo 2001, Yanovsky 1936 

Opuntia jaliscana Bravo 


SPANISH: azucar 

USES/NOTES: Stem joints are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guanajuato, Jalisco, and Michoacán, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, CITES-PC 2002, Espejo Serna et al. n.d, 

Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia joconostle F.A.C. Weber 


ENGLISH: sour prickly pear 

SPANISH: joconoxtle, nopal hediondo, tempranilla, tuna blanca, 

xoconostle 

USES/NOTES: Stem joints are eaten as nopales and sour fruits are 

edible as jelly, a vegetable, or as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexican states of Hidalgo, Jalisco, México, 

Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas 

REFERENCES: Bravo 1978, Espejo Serna et al. n.d, Vigueras and 

Portillo 2001, Zavaleta-Beckler et al. 2001 

Opuntia leucotricha DC. 


ENGLISH: arborescent prickly pear 

SPANISH: duraznillo blanco, nopal blanco, nopal duraznillo, 

xoconostle 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic, sour pulp of the white to red fruit is 

edible, but difficult to remove from the rind. As the English 

name suggests, the plant is a tree-like cactus, growing to 5 

meters. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Faucon 1998, Flores and Gallegos 

1993, Martin et al. 1987, Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell 


ENGLISH: coast pricklypear, coastal pricklypear, western prickly 

pear 

SPANISH: nopal del litoral 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, deeply pigmented dark reddish fruit is edible, 

though with abundant flattened hard seeds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern coastal California and northern Baja 

California 

REFERENCES: Clarke et al. 2006, Elias and Dykeman 1982, Harrington 

1967, ITIS n.d., Saunders 1976 

Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. 


516




SPANISH: tuna 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, pads, buds, and dried seeds of this clumpforming 

cactus are said to be eaten, though Britton and Rose 

claim otherwise for the fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Missouri and Kansas to Texas, Arizona, and northern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kindscher 

1987 

Opuntia matudae Scheinvar 


ENGLISH: sour prickly pear 

SPANISH: xoconostle 

USES/NOTES: Joints are eaten as nopals and fruits are eaten fresh. 

NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Vigueras and Portillo 2001, Zavaleta-Beckler et al. 

2001 

Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. [syn. O. vulgaris Miller, Cactus 

indicus Roxb., Cactus monacanthos Willd.] 


ENGLISH: cochineal prickly pear, common prickly pear, drooping 

prickly pear, drooping tree pear, Joseph’s coat 

PORTUGUESE: arumbeva, monducuru, palma-santa, palmatória, 

palmatória-espinhosa, urumbeba 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, typically purple fruits are eaten raw, stewed, 

or preserved. Young pads are chopped and cooked as a vegetable in 

the West Indies. A slimy mash from the pads is used in cooking, 

in medicines, and to clean hair. 

NATURAL RANGE: coastal Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina into eastern 

Paraguay, now widespread and invasive in many warm regions 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et 

al. 1997 

Opuntia phaeacantha Engelm. 


ENGLISH: Englishman prickly pear 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and pads are edible, seeds are dried then 

parched and ground into meal for use in gruel and cakes, and 

young stems are eaten roasted or boiled, used somewhat like green 

beans, or added to scrambled eggs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, 

Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994 

Opuntia phaeacantha var. camanchica (Engelm. & Bigelow) L. Benson 

[syn. O. camanchica Engelm. & Bigelow] 



517



SPANISH: tuna 


NATURAL RANGE: Texas to southern California and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Uphof 


Opuntia polyacantha Haw. 


ENGLISH: many-spined opuntia 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though dry, is said to be eaten raw or 

cooked. Stem joints are also edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western North America from Texas to 

Alberta, Canada 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936 

Opuntia pottsii Salm-Dyck 



USES/NOTES: Stem pulp is used like egg whites. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and New Mexico to central Chihuahua, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Tate 1976 

Opuntia quimilo K. Schum. 


SPANISH: kajuták, quimiles, quimilo, tunilla 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish-green fruit’s pulp and seed mass are edible 

after removing the skin. Plant is arboresent in form. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: FAO 1995, Kileen et al. 1993, MBG n.d., Montenegro 2005 

Opuntia robusta Wendl. 


ENGLISH: dinner-plate 

SPANISH: nopal camueso 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible fruits and pads. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Flores and Gallegos 1993, 

Steinkraus 1983, Tate 1976, Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia soederstromiana Britton & Rose [syn. O. dobbieana Britton 

& Rose] 


USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, red fruits are edible, though 

infrequently eaten. 



Opuntia streptacantha Lemaire 



518



SPANISH: cardón, nopal cardón, tuna cardona 

USES/NOTES: Edible dull red to yellow fruits are important in 

Mexican markets, pads are eaten as a vegetable (nopalitos), and 

the plant is a cochineal dye source. 


REFERENCES: Bravo-Hollis 1978, Britton and Rose 1963, De la Rosa 

and Santamaría 1998, Flores and Gallegos 1993, Steinkraus 1983, 

Tate 1976, Uphof 1968, Vigueras and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. 



SPANISH: tuna 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, red to purple, pear-shaped fruits (to 6 cm long) 

are edible. Green pads (nopalitos in Spanish) are eaten like 

vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida to Southern Texas and western Cuba 


Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998 

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. var. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) L. Benson 

[syn. O. dillenii (Ker-Gawler) Haw.] 


ENGLISH: Dillen prickly pear, Dillen’s prickly pear, erect prickly 

pear, prickly pear, seaside tuna 

SPANISH: tuna 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, red to purple, pear-shaped fruits (to 8 cm 

long), though not as good as the common prickly pear (O. ficusindicus) 

are consumed raw, in jams and jellies, or fermented into 

wine. Green pads (nopalitos in Spanish) are eaten like vegetables 

or fed to cattle. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern coast of the U.S., east coast of Mexico, 

Central America, north coast of South America, the West Indies, 

and Bermuba, naturalized and pestiferous in some regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Britton and Rose 1963, Bush and Morton 

n.d., Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Nellis 

1994, Nobel 1994 

Opuntia tenuispina Engelm. & Bigelow 



USES/NOTES: Small fruits (to 4 cm) are eaten or made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas to Arizona and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Tate 1976 

Opuntia tomentosa Salm-Dyck 


ENGLISH: tree pear, woollyjoint prickly pear 

SPANISH: nopal chamacuerito, San Gabriel 


519


USES/NOTES: Ovoid fruits are sweet. The plant is also a cochineal 

dye source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, widely cultivated and naturalized 

elsewhere including Australia 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Munz 1974, Tate 1976, Vigueras 

and Portillo 2001 

Opuntia versicolor Engelm. ex Coulter 


ENGLISH: pencil cholla 

SPANISH: cholla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this sprawling shrub or small tree is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico and adjacent Arizona 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1994, 


Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow 



USES/NOTES: Pads are eaten as a vegetable fresh or dried, spineless 

fruits are eaten raw, stewed, or dried, and seeds are eaten dried 

and parched. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Utah, southwestern Colorado, Arizona, and 

New Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, 

Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Oreocereus leucotrichus (Phil.) Wagenknecht [syn. O. 

hendriksenianus Backeb.] 


SPANISH: chica-chica 



REFERENCES: Aldunate et al. 1983, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 

1990 

Origanum majorana L. 


ENGLISH: marjoram, sweet marjoram 

PORTUGUESE: manjerona, manjerona-inglesa, manjerona-verdadeira, 

oregão-vulgar 

SPANISH: majorana, mejorana, orégano, sarilla 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment, a medicinal, and for its 

essential oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Africa, Middle East, or India 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 


Origanum vulgare L. 



520


ENGLISH: European oregano, oregano, origanum, pot marjoram, wild 

marjoram 

PORTUGUESE: manjerana-selvagem, orégano, orégão, ouregão 

SPANISH: orégano 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is the principal oregano of commerce, used as a 

fresh seasoning or cooked as a spice and for its aromatic oil. 

Leaves and young stem tips may be used as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe to central Asia, naturalized in the eastern 

U.S. 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 

1987, Rehm and Espig 1991 

Orobanche bulbosa (Gray) G. Beck [syn. O. tuberosa (Gray) Heller] 

FAMILY: Orobanchaceae (broom-rape) 

ENGLISH: broomrape 




Orobanche californica Cham. & Schltdl. 



USES/NOTES: Underground stems are eaten and chewed to quench 

thirst. 



Orobanche fasciculata Nutt. 



USES/NOTES: Plant was once a food item for Amerindians of Utah and 

Nevada. 



Orobanche ludoviciana Nutt. 



USES/NOTES: Yellow to white roots are eaten roasted. 



Orogenia linearifolia S. Watson 


ENGLISH: Indian potato, Great Basin orogenia 

USES/NOTES: Roots, similar to parsnips (Pastinaca sativa), are 

eaten boiled or fried. 




521


Orontium aquaticum L. 


ENGLISH: goldenclub 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and roots have been eaten by Amerindians. Roots 

must be thoroughly washed to remove the acrid flavor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Texas 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Mabberley 1987, Plowman 


Oryza sativa L. 


ENGLISH: common rice, rice 

PORTUGUESE: arroz 

SPANISH: arosa, arroz, arroz cruzeño, oroz 

USES/NOTES: Edible seed is the rice of commerce, one of the most 

important grains in the world. 


REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Duke 1986, Omawale 1973, Purseglove 1972 

Oryzopsis asperifolia Michaux 


ENGLISH: Indian millet, Indian mountain rice, Indian rice grass, 

rice grass 

USES/NOTES: Parched grains are ground into an edible meal. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987 

Oryzopsis hymenoides (Roemer & Schultes) Rickler ex Piper [syn. 

Eriocoma cuspidata Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: Indian millet, Indian mountain rice, Indian rice grass, 

rice grass 

USES/NOTES: Parched grains are ground into an edible meal. Probably 

the most valuable wild native grass historically used by 

southwestern Amerindians. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Osmanthus americanus (L.) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: American olive, devilwood, wild olive 

USES/NOTES: Medium sized (1-2cm), dark drupe may be crushed in a 

salt brine and eaten and small, fragrant flowers are used in 

teas. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Godfrey 1988, Tanaka 1976 

Osmanthus megacarpus (Small) Small ex Little 



522


ENGLISH: wild olive 

USES/NOTES: Medium sized (2-3cm), dark drupe may be crushed and 

eaten and small, fragrant flowers can be used in teas. Shrub (to 

3 meters) makes a good landscape plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Florida 


Osmanthus fragrans (Thunb. ex A. Murray) Lour. 


ENGLISH: fragrant olive, osmanthus 

USES/NOTES: Unripe drupes are eaten pickled like common olives 

(Olea europaea) and flowers are used to scent beverages. Also 

used in landscaping. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Watkins and Sheehan 1975, Zarucchi 1998 

Osmorhiza claytoni (Michaux) C.B. Clarke 


ENGLISH: hairy sweet cicely, sweet javril, woolly sweet cicely 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of Wisconsin ate the roots and branches to 

gain weight. 



Osmorhiza depauperata Phil. [syn. O. obtusa (Coulter & Rose) 

Fern.] 


ENGLISH: sweet cicely, sweetroot 

USES/NOTES: Roots give an anise or sweet licorice taste to foods. 



Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) Torrey 


ENGLISH: sweet cicely, sweetroot, western sweet cicely 

USES/NOTES: Roots give an anise or sweet licorice taste to foods. 



Osmunda cinnamomea L. 

FAMILY: Osmundaceae (royal fern) 

ENGLISH: cinnamon fern 

USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads or buckhorns may be eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America and Asia 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, 


Osmunda regalis L. 

FAMILY: Osmundaceae (royal fern) 

ENGLISH: flowering fern, gray fern, royal fern 


523


SPANISH: helecho real 

USES/NOTES: Fiddleheads are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate areas to Africa and South America 


Ossaea capillaris (Don) Cogn. 




REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Wurdack 1980 

Otholobium glandulosum (L.) Grimes [syn. Psoralea glandulosa L.] 


pea) 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea in Chile. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean to coastal Chile and Peru 

REFERENCES: Grimes 1990, Uphof 1968 

Otoba parvifolia (Markgraf) A. Gentry [syn. Dialyanthera 

parvifolia Markgraf] 


PORTUGUESE: macis, moscadeira, noz-moscada, tauá, ucuúba, ucuúbabranca, 

ucuúba-da-terra-firme, ucuúba-vermelha 

SPANISH: aguanillo, cumala colorada, mamilla 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gentry 

1979b, La Rotta 1992, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Ouratea macrobotrys Rusby and O. nitida Engl. 

FAMILY: Ochnaceae (Ochna) 

USES/NOTES: Eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia (O. macrobotrys) and 

the Kayapó of Brazil (O. nitida). 


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989 

Oxalis acetosella L. 

FAMILY: Oxalidaceae (wood-sorrel) 

ENGLISH: European wood-sorrel, Irish shamrock, shamrock, trefoil, 

wood-sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha, oxálida-azeda, oxális-azeda 

SPANISH: ecederilla 

USES/NOTES: Tart leaves and stems of the true Irish shamrock are 

eaten fresh or cooked, sometimes with sugar as a dessert food. 

The flavor is similar to sorrel (Rumex acetosa). 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions, perhaps originally 

restricted to north temperate Eurasia and possibly Japan, now 

widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Harris 

1972, Uphof 1968, Wiersema and León 1999, Yanovsky 1936 


524


Oxalis corniculata L. [syn. O. repens Thunb.] 


ENGLISH: creeping lady’s sorrel, creeping oxalis, creeping woodsorrel, 

creeping woods, edge teeth, lady’s wood-sorrel, oxalis, 

procumbent yellow wood-sorrel, sheep sorrel, wild sorrel, woodsorrel, 

yellow oxalis, yellow sorrel, yellow wood-sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azeda-rasteira, azedinha, trevo, trevo-azedo, pé-depombo, 

três-corações 

USES/NOTES: Tart leaves are eaten like sorrel (Rumex acetosa) or as 

a snack. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps pan-tropical, now nearly 

cosmopolitan – considered native in Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Conard 1969, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, 

Fernald 1950, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 

1985, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Oxalis cytisoides C. Mart. & Zucc. [syn. O. barrelieri L.] 


ENGLISH: Barrelier’s woodsorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha, trevo-de-agua 

SPANISH: acederilla 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Costa Rica to Bolivia, the Guianas, 

Brazil, and perhaps Paraguay and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Burger 1991, Foster 1958, IBGE 1980 

Oxalis debilis Kunth var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig [syn. O. 

corymbosa DC., O. martiana Zucc.] 


ENGLISH: lilac oxalis, pink wood-sorrel, shamrock, wood-sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha-de-sapo, macaxim, trevo-azedo 

USES/NOTES: Tart leaves are used as a seasoning with a flavor 

similar to tamarind (Tamarindus indica). 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to northern Argentina, 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Mabberley 

1987, Zuloaga 1997 

Oxalis latifolia Kunth [syn. O. intermedia A. Rich.] 


ENGLISH: broadleaf woodsorrel, Cuban purple woodsorrel (O. 

intermedia), fishtail oxalis (O. latifolia), pink shamrock (O. 

latifolia), West Indian woodsorrel (O. intermedia), wood-sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha-de-folhas-roxas 

SPANISH: hilil ts’ohool 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten as a vegetable or made into 

tea in Mexico. Oxalis latifolia and O. intermedia are considered 

distinct by some recent authorities. 


525


NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. through Mexico and Central America 

to tropical South America – considered naturalized in southern 

Brazil, Florida and elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Denton 1973, 

Hickman 1993, Wiersema and León 1999, Wunderlin 1998 

Oxalis oregana Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: evergreen Oregon oxalis, Oregon oxalis, redwood sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stalks are eaten in salads, and stalks are 

used in pies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from British Columbia to northern 

California, especially in shaded redwood forests 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959 

Oxalis pes-caprae L. 


ENGLISH: Bermuda buttercup, buttercup oxalis, soursob 

USES/NOTES: Bulbs reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Africa, widely naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Munz and Keck 

1959, Wiersema and León 1999, Zuloaga 1997 

Oxalis stricta L. 


ENGLISH: common yellow oxalis, erect woodsorrel, sheep sorrel, 

sourgrass, tall wood-sorrel, toad sorrel, upright yellow-sorrel, 

upright yellow wood-sorrel, yellow oxalis, yellow wood-sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked. The Kiowa 

Indians chewed the leaves to relieve thirst. Seedpods (called 

little bananas), flowers, and bulbs also are edible. The plant 

was a food item in pre-European North America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate North America and Asia, naturalized 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bonzani et al. 2002, Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 

1950, Kindscher 1987, Long and Lakela 1971, Peterson 1977, Uphof 


Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. [syn. O. deppei Lodd. ex Sweet] 


ENGLISH: Deppe’s wood-sorrel, false shamrock, four-leaved clover, 

good-luck leaf, good-luck plant, iron cross oxalis, iron cross 

plant, lucky clover, Mexican wood-sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are eaten in salads and roots are 

eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexico, portions of Central 

America, and perhaps beyond, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Burger 1991, Facciola 1990, 



526


Oxalis tuberosa Molina [syn. O. crenata Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: kao, oca, oka, oxalis, Peruvian oca, Peruvian oka, New 

Zealand yam, sorrel 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha-tuberosa 

SPANISH: agrillo, aipilla, apilja, apilla, apio blanco, bueno 

grillo, chulco (green vegetable only), ciuva, cuíba, huisisai, 

ibia, ibias, macachin, miquichi, oca, occa-occa, papa extranjera, 

papa roja, quiba, vinagrilo 

USES/NOTES: This Andean endemic plant has been cultivated for 

perhaps 4,000 years for its medium-sized, variously colored 

tubers, which are eaten raw, boiled, steamed, or roasted. 

Numerous varieties exist, some of which are rather sweet. 

Dehydrated tubers are called chuña in parts of the plant’s native 

range. Leaves are also edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, possibly to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Estrella 1991, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, King 

1987, King 1988, King and Gershoff 1987, León 1987, Martins 1976, 

Naranjo 1991, NRC 1989, Soukup 1970, Sperling and King 1990, 

Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983 

Oxalis violacea L. [syn. Acetosella violacea (L.) Kuntze] 


ENGLISH: purple wood-sorrel, sheep sorrel, violet wood-sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Tart leaves, roots, and attractive pinkish-purple 

flowers are eaten raw or cooked. Three-lobed, shamrock-like 

leaves also may be steeped to make a tea-like beverage. The 

plant’s sourness derives from small amounts of oxalic acid, the 

same compound that renders some plants, like rhubarb, deadly, if 

not properly prepared. 

NATURAL RANGE: Much of North America, exclusive of Florida, perhaps 

beyond North America, now widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Denton 1973, Fernald 1950, 

Foster 1958, Kermath (notes), Kindscher 1987, Morton 1976a, 

Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Oxydendrum arboreum (L.) DC. 


ENGLISH: sorrel tree, sourwood, tree sorrel, titi 

USES/NOTES: Sour leaves can be added to salads or chewed to quench 

thirst. Flowers are the source of sourwood honey of Appalachia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to northern Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Nelson 1996, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Oxyrhynchus volubilis Brandegee 


pea) 

SPANISH: wal pooy 



527


NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Mexico, and the West Indies 


Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill 


ENGLISH: alpine sorrel, mountain sorrel, round-leaf sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America and the Eurasian Arctic 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Pachira aquatica Aublet [syn. P. grandiflora Tussac, P. longifolia 

Hook., P. macrocarpa (Schltdl. & Cham.) Walp., Bombax aquaticum 

(Aublet) Schumann] 


ENGLISH: American chestnut, Cayenne nut, Guinea chestnut, kwaheri, 

Malabar chestnut, provision tree, saba nut, wild chataigne, wild 

cocoa 

PORTUGUESE: cacao selvagen, castanheira-das-Guianas, castanha-do- 

Maranhão, embiratanha, imbiruçu, paina-de-Cuba, paneira-de-Cuba, 

sapote-grande, mamorana, monguba, munguba, mungubarana, samaúma 

SPANISH: amida, apombo, apompo, bellaco caspi, cacagüillo, 

cacaquillo, cacao cimarrón, cacao de agua, cacau de monte, 

carolina, castaño, castaño de mono, ceibillo, ceibo de agua, 

chila blanca, homoarao, huimba, palo de boya, punga, 

pumpunjunche, sacha pandicho, sacha pandisho, sapotón, shila 

blanca, sunzapote, tetón, wimba, zapote bobo, zapote de bobo, 

zapotón, zumzapote 

USES/NOTES: Roasted seeds, similar in flavor to peanuts (Arachis 

hypogaea), and fruit pulp are eaten in times of food shortages. 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably Central America and Mexico, 

perhaps Brazil and the Guianas 


Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, Graf 

1974, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, 

Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Pachira insignis (Sw.) Sw. ex Savigny [syn. P. spruceana Decne., 

Bombax spruceanum (Decne.) Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: mamomana-grande, munguba, nuni 

SPANISH: castaño, castañón, punga de altura 


NATURAL RANGE: Antilles to Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, 

Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum (Engelm.) Britton & Rose 



528


SPANISH: cardón, hecho hecho 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and seeds are an edible flour 

source. 



Martin et al. 1987, Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uphof 1968 

Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britton & Rose [includes Cereus 

pringlei S. Watson, Pilocereus pringlei S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: cardon cactus, elephant cactus, Mexican giant cactus 

SPANISH: cardón, cardón pelón 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though dry, and flowers are eaten fresh, 

seeds are an edible flour source, and fruits are ponded in water 

to make juice. The huge plant is similar to the giant saguaro 

cactus (Carnegiea gigantea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Sonora and Baja California, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Lauri 2000, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Pachycereus schottii (Engelm.) D. Hunt [syn. Lophocereus schottii 

(Engelm.) Britton & Rose] 


SPANISH: cabeza de viejo, cina, cinita delatilla, senita, sinita 

USES/NOTES: Generally spineless, small fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico to southern Arizona 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 


Pachyrhizus ahipa (Wedd.) Parodi [syn. Dolichos ahipa Wedd.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: ahipa, potato bean 

PORTUGUESE: ahipa, feijão-macucu 

SPANISH: achipa, ahipa, ajima, ajipa, chícama, dabau, dolichos 

ajipa, fríjol chuncho, judía batata, poroto batata, jícama, 

jíquima, xiquima 

USES/NOTES: Crunchy tubers are eaten raw (typically in salads), 

steamed, or boiled. Tubers remain crunchy even when cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peru and Bolivia, perhaps to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Foster and Cordell 1992, Naranjo 1991, 

Noda et al. 1984, NRC 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sørensen 1988, 

Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983 

Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban [syn. P. angulatus Rich. ex DC., P. 

palmatilobus Benth. & Hook., Cacara erosa Thouars, Dolichos 

erosus L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: jicama, jicana, potato bean, yam bean 


529


PORTUGUESE: feijão-acutupé, feijão-batata, feijão-macuçu, jacatupé, 

jacutupé 

SPANISH: achipa, ahipa, ajipa, ashipa, carota de caballo, frijol 

chuncho, frijol de jícama, guavita cansa-boca, habilla, jacatupé, 

jícama, jícama dulce, jícana, jiquima, nupe, nupera, poroto 

batata, yuca de bejuco 

USES/NOTES: Immature tubers are eaten fresh or cooked, mature 

tubers are a starch source and an animal feed, and pods 

occasionally are eaten as a green vegetable. Seeds and roots 

contain rotenone, a compound toxic to cold-blooded animals, used 

to kill fish and insects. More widely cultivated than P. 

tuberosus. 


REFERENCES: Davis and Yost 1983, Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, 

León 1987, Noda et al. 1984, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, 


Pachyrrhizus tuberosus (Lam.) Sprengel [syn. Cacara tuberosa 

(Lam.) Britton, Dolichos tuberosus Lam.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: ahipa, jicama, potato bean, yam bean 

PORTUGUESE: feijão-macuçu, feijão-yacatupé 

SPANISH: ahipa, ajima, ajipa, ashipa, chícama, choreque blanco, 

coén, cohén, haba de tocón, jícama, jícama de agua, macucú, nupe, 

sincamas, xiquima 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pods and starchy tubers are edible. Seeds are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian headwaters of the eastern Andes of Ecuador, 

Peru, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Foster 1958, 

Naranjo 1991, Noda et al. 1984, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Sørensen 1988, Sørensen et al. 1993, Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 


Panax quinquefolium L. 


ENGLISH: American ginseng, ginseng 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic roots are chewed fresh or eaten candied and 

leaves and roots are made into tea. Now used in the herbal 

supplements industry, like Asian ginseng (P. ginseng C. Meyer) 

and Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) 

Maxim., Araliaceae) as an energy booster, an aphrodisiac, and for 

its reported anti-aging properties. The U.S. exports over $100 

million worth of American ginseng annually mostly to Asia. P. 

ginseng is grown sparingly beyond China and is now rare in its 

native Asia due to over-harvesting. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Peterson 1977, 

Rolfsmeier et al. 1988, Suits et al. 2003 


530


Panax trifolium L. 


ENGLISH: dwarf ginseng, ginseng 

USES/NOTES: Small, swollen roots are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada and northern U.S. to high elevations 

of northern Georgia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Peterson 1977 

Pandanus tectorius Parkinson 

FAMILY: Pandanaceae (screw pine) 

ENGLISH: nicobar breadfruit, pandanus, screw pine 

SPANISH: palma de cinta, palma de tornillo, pandano 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits, actually composite drupes, are eaten raw, 

boiled, or made into paste or flour. Youngest leaf base is eaten 

as palm heart. Also an attractive landscape plant in frost-free 

areas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malayasia to Polynesia 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Molina 1975 

Pandanus utilis Bory 

FAMILY: Pandanaceae (screw pine) 

ENGLISH: common screw pine, pandanus, screw pine 

PORTUGUESE: pândano, vacuá 

SPANISH: palma de cinta, palma de tornillo, pandano 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits, actually composite drupes, are eaten raw, 

boiled, or made into paste or flour. Youngest leaf base is eaten 

as palm heart. Also an attractive landscape plant in frost-free 

areas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar 

REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Figueiredo Filho 2005, Hoyas 1989, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987 

Panicum hirticaule J. Presl [syn. P. sonorum Beal] 


ENGLISH: panic grass, Mexican panic-grass, Sonoran panic-grass, 

sagui, sauwi 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible, lysine-rich seeds. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991 

Panicum miliaceum L. 


ENGLISH: blackseeded proso millet, broom corn, brown-corn millet, 

hog millet, millet, proso millet, Russian millet, wild proso 

millet 

PORTUGUESE: milhete, milheto 

SPANISH: mijo, proso 


531


USES/NOTES: Seeds, of this ancient cultivar, are eaten like rice, 

ground into flour, fermented into tempeh or miso, and fed to 

animals. Young sprouts are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa or southern Asia 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Martin 1949, Bourke et al. 1987, Brunken 

et al. 1977, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Purseglove 1972, 


Panicum obtusum Kunth 


ENGLISH: panic grass, vine mesquite, wiregrass 

USES/NOTES: Hopi added ground seeds to cornmeal. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central U.S. and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Papaver somniferum L. 

FAMILY: Papaveraceae (poppy) 

ENGLISH: common poppy, opium, opium poppy, poppy, poppy seed 

PORTUGUESE: dormideira, papoula 

SPANISH: adormidera, amapola, amapola azul (p. somniferum var. 

nigrum), amapola blanca, amapola real 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for seeds, used widely in baking as poppy 

seeds and a source of oil used in paints. Latex is a painreliever 

and sedative and the source of opium and heroin. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably southeastern Europe to southeast Asia, 

widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, FNAEC 1997, Neumann n.d., Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Parahancornia amapa Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: amapá, amapá-amargoso, amapá-doce, sorva-maparajuba 

USES/NOTES: Latex and large red fruit’s pulp are edible. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva 

et al. 1977 

Parahancornia fasciculata (Poir.) Benoist 


PORTUGUESE: amapá 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and latex are eaten by the Ka’apor people. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela to eastern Amazonian Brazil 


Parahancornia peruviana Monach. 


SPANISH: naranjo podrido 




532


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Zarucchi 1991 

Parajubaea cocoides Burret 


ENGLISH: Quito palm 

SPANISH: coco, coco cumbé 

USES/NOTES: Grown primarily as an ornamental, though the golf-ball 

sized, coconut-like fruit is edible and an edible oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, National Research Council 1989 

Paramyrciaria delicatula (DC.) Kausel [syn. Eugenia delicatula 

DC., Myrciaria delicatula (DC.) O. Berg, Myrciaria linearifolia 

O. Berg] 


PORTUGUESE: cambuizeiro 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Sobral 1991 

Paramyrciaria glomerata (O. Berg) Sobral [syn. Eugenia cabelludo 

Kiaerskov, Myrciaria glomerata O. Berg, Plinia glomerata (O. 

Berg) Amshoff] 


ENGLISH: yellow jaboticaba 

PORTUGUESE: cabeluda, cabeludo 

SPANISH: cabelluda, cabelludo, guayaba pilosa 

USES/NOTES: Small yellow fruits are eaten fresh. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Popenoe 

1974, Sobral 1991 

Parathesis crenulata (Vent.) Hook.f. [syn. P. serrulata (Sw.) Mez] 






Parinari campestris Aublet 


ENGLISH: bohorada 

SPANISH: guaray, mercurilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and used as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, the Guianes, Venezuela, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 1987, Prance 

1972a, Uphof 1968 

Parinari excelsa Sabine 



533


PORTUGUESE: uchi-de-tambaqui, uchirana 

SPANISH: guari, merecurillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to east-central Brazil 


Parinari montana Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: castanheira-de-pedra, pajurá-da-mata, pajurá-grande, 

pajurá-pedra, parinari 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas 


Parinari pachyphyla Rusby 


PORTUGUESE: parinari, uará 

SPANISH: guari, merecure de muntaña, parinari, pasa, perehuétano, 

perguetana 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Colombia and Venezuela 


Parinari sprucei Hook.f. 


PORTUGUESE: parinari, uará 

SPANISH: pasa, pasa comestible, uimáru, varete, vimarú, waashe, 

wara 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Morales Rojas and Castillo Suárez 

2005, Prance 1972a 

Parkia balslevii H.C. Hopkins 


SPANISH: cera, cira 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are covered with a sweet, honey-like substance. 


REFERENCES: Hopkins 1986 

Parkia multijuga Benth. 


POTUGUESE: faveira, paricá-grande-da-terra-firme, tambury 

SPANISH: guarango, tankám 

USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are mixed with flour in Amazonian 

Colombia. 



Parkia nitida Miq. 


534



POTUGUESE: angico, fava-pé-de-arara, faveira 

SPANISH: caro blanco, goma pasheca, guarango, pashaco 

USES/NOTES: Unripe pods are edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hopkins 1986, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Parkia panurensis Benth. ex H.C. Hopkins 


POTUGUESE: faveria, visguerio 

SPANISH: casaba murciélago, goma pashaco, guama de perro, pashaco 

USES/NOTES: Resinous seed covering is edible. Seeds are used in 

handicrafts. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hopkins 1986 

Parkia platycephala Benth. 


POTUGUESE: badoqueiro, beloca, fava-de-bolota, fava-de-boi, 

faveira, visgueiro 

USES/NOTES: Pods are fermented to produce alcohol. Also an 

important forage food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeast Brazil 


Parkinsonia aculeata L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Jerusalem thorn, Mexican paloverde 

SPANISH: agüijote, cina cina, espino blanco, lluvia de oro, retama 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten whole or ground into flour and flowers 

are a good honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to northern Uruguay, perhaps 

through Central America to Texas, naturalized in Florida and 

perhaps elsewhere across the southern U.S. and the Pacific coast 

to Washington 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, MBG n.d., Tull 1978 

Parkinsonia florida (Benth. ex A. Gray) S. Watson [syn. Cercidium 

floridum Benth ex A. Gray, C. torreyanum (S. Watson) Sarg.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: blue paloverde, paloverde 

SPANISH: brea, palo verde azul, palo verde 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in California and Arizona have made 

beverages from the seeds and cakes from the ground seeds, which 

were also mixed with mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pod meal. Young 

seeds and pods are edible and young leaves are eaten as a 

vegetable. May include P. microphylla. 

NATURAL RANGE: southern California, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico 


535


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Carter 1974, Clarke 1977, Kirk 

1970, MBG n.d., Sousa et al. 2003, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Parkinsonia microphylla Torrey [syn. Cercidium microphyllum 

(Torrey) Rose & I.M. Johnston] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: foothill paloverde, littleleaf paloverde (P. microphylla), 

paloverde, small-leaved paloverde (P. microphylla), yellow 

paloverde (P. microphylla) 

SPANISH: palo verde, palo verde amarillo, palo verde de hoja 

pequeña 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in California and Arizona have made 

beverages from the seeds and cakes from the ground seeds, which 

were also mixed with mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pod meal. Young 

seeds and pods are edible and young leaves are eaten as a 

vegetable. Possibly conspecific with P. florida. 

NATURAL RANGE: California, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Carter 1974, Clarke 1977, Kirk 

1970, MBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Parmentiera aculetea (Kunth) Seemann [syn. P. edulis A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: candalero, candletree, food candletree, parmentiera 

PORTUGUESE: árvore de velas, cerieira 

SPANISH: ain ché, chote, cuachilote, cuajilote, guajilote, 

gueroxiga, pepino de árbol 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten fresh like a cucumber, cooked, roasted 

in ashes, or preserved, and is used for animal feed. Roots are 

medicinal and the tree is grown for shade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and/or Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Rutter 1990, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Parmentiera alata (Kunth) Miers [syn. Crescentia alata L.] 


ENGLISH: Mexican calabash 

PORTUGUESE: cabaça, cuia-pequenha-do-igapó 

SPANISH: cuchara, cutuco, guaje cirial, morrito, morro, tapara, 

tapara montañera, totumo 

USES/NOTES: Ground seeds are eaten mixed with rice and other seeds 

and are used to make the beverage horacha. Fruit pulp is edible 

and medicinal, empty, dry shells are used as containers, and wood 

is used for lumber. 

NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and Sonora, Mexico, Guatemala, and El 

Salvador 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Heiser 1979b, 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 


536


Parmentiera cerifera Seemann 


ENGLISH: candletree 

SPANISH: palo de velas 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible fruits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama 

REFERENCES: Gentry 1980, Mabberley 1987 

Parmentiera stenocarpa Dugand & L.B. Sm. 


ENGLISH: candletree 

SPANISH: árbol de la jujias, palo vela, platanilla 




Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchon [syn. Hedera 

quinquefolia L.] 


ENGLISH: American ivy, confederate vine, five-fingered ivy, fiveleaf 

vine, five-leaved ivy, Mexican creeper, redtwig creeper, 

Virginia creeper, woodbine 

SPANISH: hiedra, parra 

USES/NOTES: Yanovsky stated that fruits were eaten raw and peeled 

stalks were eaten boiled by Amerindians of the northern U.S. 

Peterson, however, warns that the fruit should not be eaten. The 

deciduous plant, grown as an ornamental beyond its native range, 

makes an effective, though aggressive ground cover with 

attractive, red foliage in the fall. The plant is sometimes 

mistaken for poison ivy (Rhus radicans – Anacardiaceae), although 

it is unrelated. 

NATURAL RANGE: widespread from Canada throughout the eastern and 

central U.S. to Mexico and Guatemala, and China, widely 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Fernald 1950, Kermath (notes), 

Moerman 1998, Peterson 1977, Standley and Steyermark 1949d, 

Tanaka 1976, Yanovsky 1936 

Passiflora actinia Hook. 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil (Paraná, perhaps beyond) 

REFERENCES: Vanderplank 1996 

Passiflora adenopoda DC. 


SPANISH: granadilla de monte 

USES/NOTES: Orange fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics from southern Mexico tp Peru 


537


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, 

von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Passiflora alata Curtis [syn. P. alata Dryander] 


ENGLISH: passionfruit 

PORTUGUESE: maracuchá, maracujá, maracujá-açu, maracujá-amarelo, 

maracujá-comprido, maracujá-comum, maracujá-de-refresco, 

maracujá-grande, maracujá-mamão, maracujá-melão, maracutango, 

maracutão 

SPANISH: granadilla, mburucuyá, mburukuyá, pasionaria 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its large yellow fruits, eaten fresh or 

used in drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to northern Amazonian Peru and Amazonian 

Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Deginani 2001, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977, Voeks 1996 

Passiflora ambigua Hemsley 


SPANISH: granadilla de monte 

USES/NOTES: Large fruit’s tart pulp is said to be of good flavor. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Passiflora amethystina Mikan 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-azul, maracujá-da-serra, maracuja-de-cobra, 

maracujá-verde 

SPANISH: mburucuyá 



REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987 

Passiflora antioquiensis Karsten 


ENGLISH: banana passionfruit 

SPANISH: curuba antioqueana 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in 

desserts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes, probably Colombia, perhaps to Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987 

Passiflora caerulea L. 


ENGLISH: blue crown passionflower, blue granadilla, blue 

passionflower 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá, maracujá-azul, maracujá-de-cobra 


538


SPANISH: burucuyá, flor de cristo, flor de la pasión, flor de 

pasión, granadilla, mburucuyá, mburucuyá común, ocara, 

pasionaria, piogola, umburucuya 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in 

desserts, and unripe fruits may be eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, widespread on the Neotropical mainland 

from southern Mexico to northern Argentina (apparently introduced 

in Ecuador, perhaps elsewhere including tropical China) 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Deginani 2001, 

IBGE 1980, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Simmons 1972 

Passiflora capsularis L. [syn. P. paraguayensis Chodat] 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-branco, maracujá-branco-miúdo, maracujazinho, 

maracujá-branco-miúdo, murujá-branco-miúdo 

SPANISH: mburucuyá, mburucuyá morotí 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, in beverages, or in 

desserts. 


REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, IBGE 1980, 


Passiflora cincinnata Masters 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-serra 

SPANISH: burucuyá, mburucuyá, mburukuyá, moro-coya, pachío, parcha 

andina 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed fresh, in beverages, or in 

desserts. 


REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987 

Passiflora coccinea Aublet 


ENGLISH: red granadilla, scarlet passionfruit 

PORTUGUESE: guacu, maracujá-bravo, maracujá-poranga 

SPANISH: costada sacha, granadilla agria, granadilla sachavaca, 

granadilla venenosa 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are consumed in beverages and ice cream, 

and flowers are eaten. Also cultivated as an ornamental and 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, 

Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 

1992 

Passiflora edulis Sims [includes the purple variety P. edulis var. 

edulis and the yellow variety P. edulis var. flavicarpa] 



539


ENGLISH: golden passion fruit, Hawaiian passion fruit, mountain 

sweet cup, passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple passion 

fruit, yellow granadilla, yellow passion fruit 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá, maracujá-comum, maracujá-da-garapa, maracujáde-comer, 

maracujá-de-ponche, maracujá-doce, maracujá-do-mato, 

maracujá-escuro, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-peroba, maracujá-preto, 

maracujá-redondo, maracujá-roxo, maracujá-suspiro, peroba 

SPANISH: burucuya, ceibey, chinola, chisqui, curuba, fruta de la 

pasión, granadilla, granadilla de quijos, granadilla morada, 

gulupa, gulupa-curuba, maracujá, maracuya, maracuyá, maracuyá 

amarilla, mburucuyá, murucuyá, parcha, parche, parchita morada, 

pasiflora, pasionaria, tacso, tacsonia, tasco, taxo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit’s tart aril is consumed fresh, in ice cream and 

desserts, as juice, as an alcohol mixer, made into liqueur, as a 

flavoring agent, and in salad dressings. An edible oil is 

extracted from the seeds. Juice also is medicinal. Climbing vines 

also are grown for their beautiful flowers and to attract 

butterflies. The passion fruit of commerce is widely cultivated 

in the tropics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Brazil possibly to eastern Amazonian Peru, 

Paraguay, and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch 

and Silva 1983, Campbell 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, Deginani 

2001, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, 

Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Schneider 

1987, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Will 1991 

Passiflora foetida L. 


ENGLISH: love in a mist, running pop, semito, simatoo, stinking 

passion-flower, tagua passionflower, wild semitoo, wild passionflower, 

wild water-lemon 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá-catinga, maracujá-de-cheiro, maracujá-decobra, 

maracujá-de-estalo, maracujá-de-lagartinho, maracujá-deraposa, 

maracujá-de-sapo, maracujá-fedorento, maracujá-hirsutodo-sul 

SPANISH: ataco, bedoca, bejuco canastilla, bombillo, caguajasa, 

caguaza, caguazo, canizo, cinco-llagas, clavellín blanco, corona 

de cristo, flor de granadita, flor de pasión silvestre, 

granadilla cimarrona, granadilla colorada, granadilla de culebra, 

granadilla montés, granadilla silvestre, hóntayek, injito 

colorado, ké-pá, lokhoste, mburucuyá, mburucuyá aceitoso, 

mburucuyá campero, mburucuyá menor, mburucuyá rastrero, murucuyá 

miní, ñorbo cimarrón, ñorbo hediondo, parcha de culebra, parcha 

de monte, parchita de montaña, parchita de sabana, pasionaria de 

la candelaria, pasionaria, pasionaria hedionda, pedón, pocoto, 

puro-puro, puru-puru, sandía de culebra, tagua-tagua 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp of this now widespread, weedy climber is 

snacked on, though is inferior to many other Passiflora species. 


540


Young leaves may be eaten cooked. Also used to treat nematodes 

and flatworms. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to tropical South America, widely naturalized 

in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Austin and Bourne 1992, d’Eeckenbrugge 

and Ferla 2000, Deginani 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 

2003, Honychurch 1980, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Marcano 2003, 

Martin and Nakasone 1970, Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Passiflora incarnata L. 


ENGLISH: apricot vine, may apple, maypop(s), passion flower, purple 

passion-flower, wild passion-flower 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá-encarnado, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-vermelho, 

maracujazeiro vermelho 

SPANISH: pasiflora, pasionaria 

USES/NOTES: Though used infrequently as food today, P. incarnata 

has been cultivated since pre-Columbian times for its orangeyellow, 

nutritious (niacin and vitamin A), tart fruit, which may 

be used for jellies, beverages, wine, and sherbet. Pulp can be 

spooned out of the rind and blended with water and sugar to make 

a refreshing beverage. Young leaves reportedly are eaten as 

cooked greens or in salads and flowers may be eaten as a 

vegetable or made into syrup. Today, the climbing vines are grown 

more often in gardens for their showy purple and white flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from southern Pennsylvania to Florida, 

Texas, and Kansas, scarcely introduced elsewhere 


1979, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, McGuire 1999, Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977, Simmons 1972, 

Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora laurifolia L. 


ENGLISH: bell apple, golden apple, Jamaican honeysuckle, simito, 

semitoo, sweet cup, vinagar pear, water lemon, yellow granadilla 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá-comum, maracujá-doce, maracujá-laranja 

SPANISH: granadilla amarilla, maracuyá, parcha, parcha de culebra, 

pasionaria con hojas de laurel 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange fruits of this vigorous climber are 

edible. Cultivated in the West Indies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, IBGE 1980, León 1987, Martin and Nakasone 

1970, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Salick 1992, Soukup 1970, 

Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora ligularis Juss. 



541


ENGLISH: bell-apple, granaditta, Jamaican huneysuckle, sweet 

granadilla, water lemon 


SPANISH: apincoya, burucuya, granada, granada china, granadilla, 

granadilla común, granadilla de China, granadilla dulce, 

mburucuyá, parchita amarilla, poka, tumbo 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated and marketed for its fruit, consumed out of 

hand, as juice, or in ice cream. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from Venezuela to Peru 

REFERENCES: Adamas 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Martin and Nakasone 1970, Martin et 

al. 1987, Morton 1987a, National Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, 

Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora maliformis L. 


ENGLISH: bell-apple, conch apple, conch nut, hard-shelled passion 

flower, sweet calabash, sweetcup, water lemon 


SPANISH: calabacita de indio, ceibey cimarrón, chulupa, culupa, 

curuba, granadilla, granadilla de hueso, granadilla de mono, 

granadilla de piedra, guerito, kuruba, parcha cimarrona 

USES/NOTES: Orange-yellow pulp of the tough-skinned fruit is used 

for juice or is mixed with wine in Jamaica. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, possibly to northern South America 

(Venezuela, Colombia, and northern Ecuador) 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Martin and Nakasone 

1970, Morton 1987a, Naranjo 1991, National Research Council 1989, 

Omawale 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora manicata (Juss.) Pers. 


SPANISH: parcho 



REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Passiflora membranacea Benth. 


SPANISH: granadilla bellísima 

USES/NOTES: Elongated, large (to 10 cm) fruit’s pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico (Chiapas) to Darién, Panama, 

generally above 2,000 meters in elevation 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, 

Standley and Williams 1961b 

Passiflora menispermifolia Kunth [syn. P. villosa Dombey ex Triana 

& Planchon] 



542


PORTUGUESE: nuxilha 


NATURAL RANGE: Mainland Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987 

Passiflora mixta L.f. var. mixta [syn. P. tomentosa Lam.] 


SPANISH: curuba de indio 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed as juice, marmalade, ice cream, 

or in alcoholic beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Venezuela and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Hoyas 1989 

Passiflora morifolia Masters [syn. P. warmingii Masters] 


ENGLISH: woodland passionflower 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá-da-capoeira, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-peludo 

SPANISH: comida de víboras, granadilla, pachío azulito, pachito, 

pasionaria de hoja de moral, wan’tox tih’ may 

USES/NOTES: Fruit’s whitish pulp is edible, sometimes preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Brazil to Paraguay and Colombia, though 

widespread in the mainland Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Davidse et al. 

1994, Deginani 2001, Radford et al. 1968, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora mucronata Lam. 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-pintado, sururu 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987 

Passiflora nitida Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-bravo, maracujá-de-rato, maracujá-do-mato, 

maracujá-suspiro 

SPANISH: granadilla, parchita de monte 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pulp, of this tenis-ball sized, orange-yellow, 

fruit, is eaten fresh or in drinks. Similar to P. edulis var. 

flavicarpa. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps central Amazonian Brazil into 



Cavalcante 1991, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977, Smith et al. 1992 

Passiflora organensis Gardner 


PORTUGUESE: nensi 



543




Passiflora pinnatistipula Cav. 


SPANISH: galupa, granadilla, gulupa, tasco 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile 

REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, 


Passiflora platyloba Killip 


SPANISH: granadilla ácida, monesa granadilla 



REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Sousa and Cabrera 1983 

Passiflora popenovii Killip 


SPANISH: chisiqui, granadilla de quijos 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sold in markets for their edible pulp. 


REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 

1968 

Passiflora quadrangularis L. [syn. P. macrocarpa Masters, P. 

tetragona M. Roemer] 


ENGLISH: barbodine, giant granadilla, granadilla, passionfruit 

banana 

PORTUGUESE: flor-de-paixão, maracujá-açu, maracujá-amarelo, 

maracujá-comprido, maracujá-de-Caiena, maracujá-grande, maracujámamão, 

maracujá-melão, maracujá-silvestre 

SPANISH: badea, burucuya, curuba, granadilla, granadilla badea, 

granadilla cimarrona, granadilla gigante, granadilla pasionaria, 

granadilla real, guate-guate, maracuyá cascuda, mburucuyá, 

nutsulet, parcha granadina, quijón, sandía de la pasión, 

sirsirsijo, tintin, trombos, tumbo, tumbo costeño 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits are eaten in desserts, made into juice, or 

eaten as a vegetable while still green. Tubers also are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Central America, perhaps Nicaragua, and/or 

possibly Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Cárdenas 1969, Carneiro Martins 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, 

Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, 

Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Purseglove 1968, Smith et 

al. 1992, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Williams and Williams 1969, 



544


Passiflora riparia Mart. ex Masters 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-cheiro, maracujazinho 



REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et 

al. 1977 

Passiflora rubra L. 


ENGLISH: bat-wing, Dutchman’s laudanum, passionflower 

PORTUGUESE: maracujazeiro suspiro 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten or added to chicha. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Chan 1980, Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et 

al. 1988, Martin et al. 1987, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Passiflora schlimiana Triana & Planchon 


SPANISH: curuba 




Passiflora seemannii Griseb. 


SPANISH: guate-guate 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or in drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Panama and possibly beyond to southern Mexico and 

northern South America, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Davidse et al. 1994, Duke 

1972, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989 

Passiflora serratodigitata L. 


ENGLISH: passionfruit, tagua 

PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-urubu, maracujá-do-mato, maracujá-pedra 

SPANISH: tagua-tagua 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed in desserts and beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin and 

Nakasone 1970, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Passiflora suberosa L. [syn. P. pallida L.] 


ENGLISH: corky-stemmed passionflower 

PORTUGUESE: maracujazinho, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-decortica 

SPANISH: granadilla, manazana de mono, mburucuyá, mburucuyá chico, 

mburucuya-í, ñorbito 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the small (~1 cm) purple/black berry is edible. 


545


NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Florida and the West Indies, 

and/or Mexico to Northern Argentina, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Deginani 2001, Facciola 1990, Nelson 1996, 

Taylor 1998 

Passiflora tenuifila Killip 


PORTUGUESE: maracujá-de-cobra 

SPANISH: comida de víboras, granadilla, lockhoste, lokoste, 

mburuguia, mburucuyá, mburucuyá montés, moro-coyo, pachío 

USES/NOTES: Whitish pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina and adjacent portions of Bolivia, 

southwestern Brazil, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, MBG n.d 

Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poiret var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm- 

Nielsen & Jørgensen [syn. P. mollissima (Kunth) Bailey, P. 

tomentosa var. mollissima (Kunth) Triana and Planchon, Tacsonia 

mollissima Kunth] 


ENGLISH: banana passionfruit, banana poka, passionflower, pink 

banana passionfruit, softleaf 


SPANISH: curuba, curuba de castilla, curuba sabanero blanco, 

granadilla cimarrona, parcha, tacso, tagso, tauso, taveso, 

tintin, trompos, tumbo, tumbo del norte, tumbo serrano 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its juicy fruit pulp used in drinks, 

marmalades, and ice cream and its showy, lavender flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, now naturalized and 

invasive in places 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Facciola 1990, Holm-Nielsen et al. 

1988, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, National 

Research Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poiret var. tripartita [syn. P. 

psilantha (Sodiro) Killip] 


SPANISH: granadilla, gullán, tacso 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its tart fruit pulp used in 

beverages and ice cream. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 

1994, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1924, Uphof 1968 

Passiflora umbilicata (Griseb.) Harms 


SPANISH: enredadera del cerro, flor de la pasión, granadillo, 

granado, lockosti 



546


NATURAL RANGE: Northernwester Andean Argentina to Cochabamba, 

Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Deginani 2001, Foster 1958, Vanderplank 1996 

Passiflora vespertilio L. 


SPANISH: cheshteya, granadilla, yacu granadillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, perhaps elswhere in Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988 

Passiflora vitifolia Kunth 


ENGLISH: grape-leaved passionfruit 

SPANISH: chulupo 


NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Peru 

REFERENCES: Holm-Nielsen et al. 1988, Martin and Nakasone 1970, 


Pastinaca sativa L. 

FAMILY: Umbelliferae or Apiaceae (Carrot) 

ENGLISH: parsnip 

PORTUGUESE: cenoura branca, cherivia, pastinaga 

SPANISH: cañota, chirivía, pastinaca 

USES/NOTES: Cold-hardy, white roots, similiar in appearance to 

common carrotts (Daucus carota var. sativus), are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983, Uphof 

1968 

Patinoa almirajo Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: almirajó 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and fleshy arils are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps Colombia 


Paullinia alata (Ruiz & Pavón) G. Don 


PORTUGUESE: mata-fome 

SPANISH: atsa dheve, barbasco negro, chanchák, pangki naek 

USES/NOTES: Reddish fruit’s white aril is edible, though the vine 

has wider medicinal applications and is the source of a fish 

poison. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia through western Amazonian Brazil, 

Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to southeastern Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Paullinia cupana Kunth [includes P. sorbilis Mart.] 


547



ENGLISH: Brazilian cocoa, cupana, guarana 

PORTUGUESE: cupana, gisipó, guaraná, guaraná-iiva, guaraná-ripó, 

guaraná-sipo, guaraná-uva, naraná, naranajeiro, naranazeiro, 

quarana, uarana, uaraná, uraná 

SPANISH: cupana, cupania, guaraná, palo cuadrado, paulinia, uabano, 

yoco 

USES/NOTES: Seeds (containing guaranine and up to 5 % caffeine), of 

the yellow to red/orange fruits, are processed into syrup for use 

in juice, soft drinks, and liqueurs, or roasted and ground into 

powder to make tea or various medicinal stimulants — said to 

improve strength and energy, aid digestion, improve sexual 

performance, and act as a laxative. Guaraná products are readily 

available in Brazil and increasingly so in health food stores of 

developed countries. Guaraná is now an ingredient in soft drinks 

and bottled teas in North America and is marketed as a health 

suppliment in powdered gel capsules. Guaraná soft drink sales 

rival those of colas in Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably centered near Mundurucina between the 

Tapajós and Madeira rivers of central Amazonian Brazil, perhaps 

into the Brazil-Colombia-Venezuela border region, now spread to 

Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Bourke et al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, 

Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Corrêa et al. 1979, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Erickson et al. 1984, Guia Rural n.d., Henman 1982, 

León 1987, Kermath (notes), Meurer-Grimes et al. 1998, Mors and 

Rizzini 1966, Morton 1976a, National Research Council 1989, OAS 

1973, Prance and Balick 1990, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 

1977 

Paullinia macrophylla Cambess. 


SPANISH: bejuco prieto 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to French Guiana 


Paullinia obovata var. subrotunda (Ruiz & Pavón) D. Simpson [syn. 

P. subrotunda (Ruiz & Pavón) Pers.] 


PORTUGUESE: guaraná-bravo 

USES/NOTES: Aril and seeds are edible. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Simpson 1976, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Paullinia pinnata L. 


ENGLISH: bread-and-cheese, cheese-and-bread, supple jack 

PORTUGUESE: cipó, cipó-cruapé, cipó-cruapé-vermelho, cipó-cururu, 

cipó-timbó, cipó-tingui, cruape-vermelho, cumaru-ape, cumaru-apé, 


548


curuapé, cururu, cururu-apé, guaratimbo, mafome, mata-fome, mataporco, 

sipo-timbo, timbo, timbó, timbó-cipó, timbó-de-peixe, 

timbó-liane, timbó-sipo, tingui, tipi, tururu-ape 

SPANISH: apgi, azucarito, barbasco, bejuco costilla, bejuco de 

barbasco, bejuco de costilla, bejuco de tres filos, bejuco de 

vieja, bejuco de zarcillo, bejuco prieto, bejuco vaquero, bejuco 

zarcillo, bejuquillo, chilmecate, cuamecate, cuaumecate, guarana, 

liane carrée, luruche, macalte-id, morolico, nistamal, 

nistamalillo, pate, pietie, pozolillo, sachahuasca, sapo huasca, 

tie-tie, timbó, trefilo, tres filos 

USES/NOTES: Aril and flowers are occasionally eaten, plant contains 

a fish poison, and roots and crushed leaves are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies and 

perhaps Africa 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Carneiro Martins 1989, Croat 1977, Duke 

1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Omawale 

1973, Prance and Balick 1990 

Paullinia yoco R. Schultes & Killip 


SPANISH: canaguche yoco, huarmi yoco, po-yoko, taruco yoco, tigre 

yoco, totoa-yoco, yagé-yoco, yoco, yoco colorado, yoco blanco, 

yoco-cu, yoco de brujo, yoco negro, yoco verde, yoco-yajé 

USES/NOTES: Caffeine-rich stems are used to make a highly 

stimulating beverage with hallucinogenic properties. Becoming 

more scarce in the wild due to over-harvest. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern South America, probably confined to the 

border region of Colombia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Schultes 

1986, Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uphof 1968 

Pectis papposa A. Gray 


ENGLISH: cinchweed, chinchweed, fetid marigold, many-bristle 

chinchweed 

USES/NOTES: Flowers, leaves, and seeds have been used as a spice, 

and leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kirk 1970, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Pedicularis langsdorfii Fischer ex Steven 


ENGLISH: Arctic lousewort, Langsdorf’s lousewort, lousewort 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and roots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canadian arctic 

REFERENCES: Hultén 1968, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit. 



549


ENGLISH: bird cactus, sweetie 

SPANISH: grosella, ipecacuana, ipecacuana de monte, pie de niño 

USES/NOTES: Flower’s nectar is edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, von Reis 

Altschul 1973 

Pediomelum castoreum (S. Watson) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea castorea S. 



pea) 

ENGLISH: beaver bread, scurfpea 

USES/NOTES: Large, starchy roots were once an important food 

source, eaten raw, cooked, or as flour. 



Pediomelum cuspidatum (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea cuspidata 

Pursh] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: scury pea 

USES/NOTES: Dried roots are pounded into flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas 

REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Pediomelum esculentum (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea esculenta 

Pursh] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: common breadroot, Indian breadroot, prairie potato, 

prairie turnip, scurfpea 

USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were among the most important wild foods 

harvested on the prairie for Amerindians and early European 

settlers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to Central North America 



Pediomelum hypogaeum (Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray) Rydb. var. 

hypogaeum [syn. Psoralea hypogaea Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Indian breadroot, scurfpea 

USES/NOTES: Starchy tubers, once an important food for Amerindians 

and early European settlers, are peeled and cooked like a potato 

or dried and ground into flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 


550


Pediomelum mephiteum (S. Watson) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea mephitica S. 



pea) 

ENGLISH: scurfpea 

USES/NOTES: Starchy roots were once an important food source, eaten 

raw, cooked, or as flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Rocky Mountains 


Pellaea mucronata (D. Eaton) D. Eaton 

FAMILY: Pteridophyta (fern) 

ENGLISH: bird foot’s fern, bird’s-foot cliff-brake, tea fern 

USES/NOTES: Fronds are made into tea. 



Peltandra sagittifolia (Michaux) Morong 


ENGLISH: arrow arum, red-fruited arrow arum, spoonflower 

USES/NOTES: Corms, dried and roasted and generally made into flour, 

were an important food for Amerindians in the American Southeast. 

Cooked, dried fruits have been eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Plowman 1969, Yanovsky 1936 

Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl. 


ENGLISH: arrow arum, green arrow arum, green arum, tuckahoe, 

Virginia arrow-arum 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, berries, boiled spadix, roasted, and potatoflavored, 

starchy rhizomes and corms were important Amerindian 

foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida to Louisiana 

through Missouri, Michigan, and Ontario to Maine 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, 

Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torrey) Engl. 

FAMILY: Saxifragaceae (saxifrage) 

ENGLISH: Indian rhubarb, umbrella plant 

USES/NOTES: Leaf stalks are eaten raw, added to salads, or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America 


Peniocereus greggii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose 


ENGLISH: deerhorn cactus, night-blooming cereus 

USES/NOTES: Long fruits and tuberous roots are edible. Also 

cultivated for its showy, fragrant flowers. 


551



REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, 

Tate 1976, Yanovsky 1936 

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. [syn. P. americanum (L.) Leeke] 


ENGLISH: African millet, American fountaingrass, bulrush, common 

millet, Indian millet, pearl millet, pigeongrass, spiked millet, 

wild millet, yellow bristlegrass, yellow foxtail 

PORUGUESE: bajra, mexoeira, milhete, milheto, milho-africano, 

milho-miúdo, painço, peniseto 

SPANISH: bajri, gero, mijo candela, mijo negro, mijo perla, panizo 

negro, pasto italiano 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible seeds, which are eaten 

boiloed or steamed, or as flour, or used in beer malts. 



Penstemon confertus Douglas ex Lindley 


ENGLISH: yellow penstemon 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are made into tea. 



Penstemon procerus Douglas ex Graham 


ENGLISH: littleflower penstemon, pincushion beardtongue, smallflowered 

penstemon 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are made into tea. 



Pentagonia brachyotis (Standley) Standley 


SPANISH: murciélago 




Pentagonia macrophylla Benth. 


SPANISH: murciélago 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Central America 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et al. 1990, 

Standley and Williams 1975 

Pentagonia parvifolia Steyermark 



552


SPANISH: boyomo 




Pentaphylloides floribunda (Pursh) Löve [syn. Potentilla fruticosa 

auct. non L.] 


ENGLISH: bush cinquefoil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make kurile tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canada into the northern U.S. and northern Eurasia 


Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Peperomia acuminata Ruiz & Pavón 

FAMILY: Piperaceae (pepper) 

SPANISH: culantro de montaña 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a seasoning like cilantro 

(Coriandrum sativum). 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, Central America, southern 

Mexico, and the Greater Antilles 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove, Burger 

1971, Facciola 1990, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Peperomia angustata Kunth [syn. P. viridispica Trel.] 


USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and South America 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Uphof 1968 

Peperomia fraseri C. DC. [syn. P. resedaeaflora Linden & André] 


PORTUGUESE: erva-de-jaboti, peperômia doméstica 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989 

Peperomia maculosa (L.) Hook. 


SPANISH: xutsun pathum 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are sold in markets for use as a seasoning like 

cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) to flavor beans. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Peru and the Greater Antilles 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Molina 1975 

Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth 


ENGLISH: greenhouse tea plant, man-to-man, pepper elder, rabbit 

ear, rat ear, ratta-temper 


553


PORTUGUESE: alfavaquinha-de-cobra, erva-de-jaboti, iriri, oriri 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of this herbaceous weed are eaten in salads or 

brewed into tea. Also contains antibiotic compounds with 

commercial potential. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. through Mexico, Central America, 

the West Indies, and northern South America to Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, 

Martin and Ruberté 1975, Molina 1975, Silva et al. 1977, Voeks 

1997, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Peraphyllum ramosissimum Nutt. 


ENGLISH: squaw apple 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into jelly. 



Perebea guianensis Aublet 


SPANISH: sunkash 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972 

Perebea mollis (Poeppig & Endl.) Huber 


PORTUGUESE: moratinga, pama, pama-caucho, pama-de-onça, pama-maode-onça 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pereskia aculeata Miller [syn. P. pereskia (L.) Karsten, Cactus 

pereskia L.] 


ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, bladeapple, gooseberry shrub, leaf 

cactus, lemon vine, Spanish gooseberry, sweet Mary, West Indian 

gooseberry 

PORTUGUESE: groselha, mata-velha, ora-pro-nóbis, rosa-mole 

SPANISH: bledo, buganvilla blanca, corona de novia, grosella 

blanca, guamacho, grosella de (la) Florida, grosellero, 

grosellero de novia, naca, naju de espinas, ramo de novia, 

sacharosa 

USES/NOTES: Small, yellow fruits (to 2 cm) are eaten fresh, stewed, 

preserved, or in sweets, and protein-rich young leaves and shoots 

are important vegetables in some rural areas (especially Brazil), 

and flowers are used for honey production. Also used in folk 

medicine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably the West Indies and northern South America, 

perhaps beyond, now widely cultivated and naturalized 


554


REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 

1987, Britton and Rose 1963, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 

1980, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Usher 1974 

Pereskia colombiana Britton & Rose [syn. P. guamacho F.A.C. Weber] 


SPANISH: guamache, guamacho 

USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, orangish, globular fruits are said to be 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Colombia through Venezuela to Margarita 

Island 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, 

Nobel 1988 

Pereskia grandifolia Haw. [syn. Cactus bleo Kunth, P. bleo (Kunth) 

DC.] and P. bahiensis Guerke 


ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, rose cactus, wax rose 

PORTUGUESE: cacto-rosa, groselha, ora-pro-nobis, rosa-madeira, 

rosa-mole, sem-vergonha 

SPANISH: bleo de chupa, clarol, grosella, naju de culebra, naju de 

espinas, pipchuelo 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for pear shaped, yellow fruit (to 5 

cm long), consumed out of hand, pickled, or as juice. Stems are 

eaten as greens. Also grown as a living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: P. grandifolia from Brazil in general and P. 

bahiensis from arid regions of eastern Brazil, widely cultivated 

and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Britton and Rose 1963, Duke 1986, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Omawale 1973 

Pereskiopsis aquosa (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: tasajillo, tuna de agua 

USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, yellow/green fruits are made into 

refreshing drinks and preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guadalajara, Mexico 


Pereskiopsis porteri (Brandegee) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: alcajer 

USES/NOTES: Orange, elongated fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et 

al. 1987, Nobel 1988 

Periandra dulcis Mart. ex Benth. 


555



pea) 

PORTUGUESE: alcaçuz-do-Brasil, raíz-doce 

USES/NOTES: Roots are used like liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). 



REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Ducke 1949, Ducke 1953, Uphof 1968 

Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias [syn. P. montana 

(Blank.) Dorn, Atenia montana (Blank.) Rydb., Carum gairdneri 

(Hook. & Arn.) Gray, Carum montanum Blank.] 


ENGLISH: edible-rooted caraway, false caraway, Indian caraway, 

squawroot, wild caraway, yampa 

USES/NOTES: Nutty-tasting roots are eaten raw, boiled, or fried and 

are said to have been a favorite of Amerindians. 

NATURAL RANGE: Widespread West of the Rockies in the U.S., perhaps 

extending into Canada and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton [syn. P. ocymoides L. nomen 

illegit.] 


ENGLISH: aka-shiso (red-leaf variety), ao-shiso (green-leaf 

variety), beefsteak plant, shiso 

PORTUGUESE: aka-dyssô (red-leaf variety), ao-dyssô (green-leaf 

variety), chissô 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of green-leaf variety are used as a seasoning, 

especially in Japanese cuisine, leaves of red-leaf variety are 

used to color foods, seed oil is edible, and leaves of some 

varieties are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Himalayas to East Asia, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 

1990, Morton 1976a, Tanaka 1976 

Peritassa dulcis (Benth.) Miers [syn. Salacia dulcis Benth.] 


fruit) 

PORTUGUESE: waiateima 




Peritassa laevigata (Hoffm. & Link) A.C. Sm. 


fruit) 

PORTUGUESE: golosa, gulosa 

SPANISH: gogo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to southern Venezuela 


556


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987 

Pernettya prostrata (Cav.) DC. 


SPANISH: arrayán, borrachero, capulincillo, fruta de perro, 

garambullo, macha macha, mortillo, mortiño 

USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are edible, though also said to 

poison livestock and intoxicate humans. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico through the Andes to northwestern 

Argentina 


Persea americana Miller var. americana [syn. P. gratissima 

Gaertner f., P. leiogyna S.F. Blake, Laurus persea L.] 


ENGLISH: alligator pear, avocado, avocado pear, avocato pear, 

butter pear, Florida avocado, midshipman’s butter, palta, pear, 

vegetable butter, West Indian avocado 

PORTUGUESE: abacate, abacate-roxo, agnacate, louro-abacate, palta 

SPANISH: abacate, aguacate, aguacate oloroso, apahuata, ashue, 

avacate, bego, cupandra, cura, curo, gurapo (seed only), huira 

palta, okze, pagua, pahua, palta, palto, on, testículos 

USES/NOTES: Generally smooth-skinned, oily fruits are eaten raw, as 

juice, in ice cream, in salads, or mashed as guacamole, fruit’s 

edible oil is produced commercially, and flowers are prized for 

honey production. Leaves, or hojas de aguacate in Spanish, are 

used like bay leaves (Laurus nobilis), sometimes added to salsas. 

A cross between P. americana var. americana and P. guatemalensis, 

known as the haas avocado, is the smallest, darkest, and 

roughest-skinned avocado available on international markets. 

Avocados are considered to be a healthy source of vegetable fats. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico or elsewhere in Mesoamerica, or 

possibly Colombia 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Boom 1987, Brouk 1975, Carneiro 

Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Ford 1984, Guia Rural 

n.d., Heiser 1979a, Howard 1994, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), 

Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, Niembro Rocas 1992, OAS 1973, 

Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973, Whiley et al. 


Persea americana var. drymifolia (Cham. & Schltdl.) Blake [syn. P. 

drymifolia Cham. & Schltdl.] 


ENGLISH: Mexican avocado 

SPANISH: aguacate mexicano, aguacatillo, avacate oloroso 

USES/NOTES: Thin skined, often “loose” seeded, green to black 

fruit, generally smaller to much smaller than that of P. 

americana var. americana, is eaten as a snack, skin and pulp, or 

prepared as a condiment. Eating the fruit skin and all, makes for 

an interesting flavor, as the pulp is typical of quality oily 


557


avocados and the skin imparts a bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) flavor. 

Leaves, or hojas de aguacatillo in Spanish, are used like bay 

leaves (Laurus nobilis), sometimes added to salsas. Cultivation 

began at least 8,000 years ago. Avocados are considered to be a 

healthy source of vegetable fats. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexican highlands 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Heiser 1979a, Kermath (notes), 

Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968, Whiley et 

al. 2002 

Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel 


ENGLISH: Carolina bay, red bay, tisswood 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used as a bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) 

substitute in sauces, soups, and stews. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Smith et al. 

1992, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Persea guatemalensis Lundell [syn. P. americana Miller var. 

guatemalensis] 


ENGLISH: Guatemalan avocado 

SPANISH: aguacate 

USES/NOTES: Hard, tennis-ball sized, generally dark fruit is 

edible. Skin is rougher than the Mexican avocado. Avocados are 

considered to be a healthy source of vegetable fats. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemalan highlands, perhaps just into Chiapas, 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Heiser 1979a, Kermath (notes), Smith et al. 1992 

Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis L. Wms. [possibly conspecific 

with P. guatemalensis] 


ENGLISH: Guatemalan avocado 

SPANISH: aguacate cimarrón 


NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Heiser 1979a, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Storey 

et al. 1987 

Persea schiedeana Nees [syn. P. gratissima var. schiedeana (Nees) 

Meissner] 


ENGLISH: coyo, coyo avocado, shinnini, wild pear 

SPANISH: aguacate del monte, aguacate guatemalteco, aguacatón, 

chalte, chineni, chinini, chucte, chupte, cotyo, coyo, coyó, 

coyocte, shucte, yas 


558


USES/NOTES: Buttery, coconut-tasting fruit of this huge tree is 

used like, and resembles the common avocado (P. americana var. 

americana), though it is more slender and contains more tough 

fibers. Avocados are considered to be a healthy source of 

vegetable fats. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Panama, perhaps first cultivated 

near Orizaba, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Balick et al. 2000, Bourke et al. 1987, Burger and 

Werff 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Popenoe 

1952, Smith et al. 1992 

Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries 


ENGLISH: bitterbur, sweet coltsfoot 

USES/NOTES: Native Americans in Alaska ate the leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, naturalized elsewhere 


Petasites palmatus (Aiton) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: palmate bitterbur, sweet coltsfoot 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are edible, and the plant is burned 

for a salt source. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Petroselinum crispum (Miller) Nyman ex A.W. Hill [syn. P. hortense 

Hoffm. nomen nudum, P. sativum L., Apium petroselinum L.] 


ENGLISH: garden parsley, parsley 

PORTUGUESE: salsa, salsa-das-hortas, salsa-de-cheiro, salsinha 

SPANISH: perejil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a garnish, a condiment, and a 

medicinal, oil is used as a condiment and a medicinal, and fruits 

are used as a medicinal. Roots of some varieties are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean region 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 

1990, Omawale 1973, Sanecki 1974, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Peumus boldus Molina [syn. Boldoa fragrans Lindley] 

FAMILY: Monimiaceae (monimia) 

ENGLISH: boldo 

PORTUGUESE: aluma, boldo, boldo-baiano, boldo-do-Chile, boldojaponês 

SPANISH: boldo 

USES/NOTES: Drupes are edible, though rarely eaten, and leaves are 

brewed for tea to aid in digestion. Primarily medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Peru 


559


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 

1990, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1968, Martin et al. 

1987 

Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius G. Freeman 


pea) 

ENGLISH: moth bean, pawi, tepary bean, Texan bean 

SPANISH: escomite, escumite, frijol de colima, frijol piñuelero, 

frijol trigo, garbacillo bolando, papavi, tépari, todasaguas, 

xmayum 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this drought- and disease-resistant legume are 

edible and highly nutritious. Once commonly cultivated in the 

arid southwestern U.S., the tepary was largely replaced with the 

common bean (P. vulgaris), though attempts to revive it are 

underway. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central Mexico, perhaps to the southwestern 

U.S. and Central America 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Brouk 1975, Brücher 1989, Coe 1994, 

Debouck 1994, Duke 1981, Facciola 1990, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, 

Kay 1979, Kermath (notes), Pratt and Nabhan 1988, Nabhan 1987, 

Nabhan and Felger 1978, Nabhan and Teiwes 1983 

Phaseolus coccineus L. [syn. P. multiflorus Willd.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: butter bean, caseknife bean, multiflora bean, perennial 

bean, red-flowered runner bean, red-flowered vegetable bean, 

runner bean, scarlet runner, scarlet runner bean, seven-year bean 

PORTUGUESE: feijão-da-Espanha, feijão-de-trepar, feijão-trepador 

SPANISH: ayacote, ayecote, ayocote, botil, botol, caraota florida, 

chamborote, chiapas, chilipuca, chomborote, cubá, frijol ayocote, 

frijol chamborote, icaraota, ixcumite, judía de España, judía 

encarnada, judía escarlata, judía pinta, patol 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten green or dried and cooked, tubers are 

eaten boiled in places where growing conditions permit tuber 

development, young pods are eaten as a vegetable, and flowers are 

edible. Also grown as an ornamental for its scarlet flowers and 

dark green foliage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, probably first cultivated in northeastern 

Mexico 2,200 years ago, perhaps into northern Central America, 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 

1989, Creasy 1990, Debouck 1994, Delgado Salinas 1988, Duke 1981, 

Hernández Xolocotzi et al. 1959, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay 

1979, Leung 1961, Martin 1984a, Piper 1926, Schmit and Debouck 

1991 

Phaseolus filiformis Benth. 


560



pea) 

SPANISH: frijolillo 

USES/NOTES: Mature seeds and young pods of this highly drought 

tolerant species are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions of Mexico 

REFERENCES: Maréchal et al. 1978, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991 

Phaseolus flavescens Piper 


pea) 

ENGLISH: murutungo bean 

SPANISH: chaguita, murutungo 

USES/NOTES: Seed pods of this highland bean are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuelan and Colombian Andes, perhaps to Mexico and 

Jamaica 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Piper 1926 

Phaseolus lunatus L. [syn. P. limensis Macfad.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Burma bean, butter bean, Carolina bean, civet bean, duffin 

bean, haricot bean, lima bean, Madagascar bean, Rangoon bean, 

saemésim, sieva bean, sugar bean, towe bean, white bean 

FRENCH: pois souche (small seed in Haiti) 

PORTUGUESE: fava, fava-de-Belém, feijão-de-lima, feijão-farinha, 

feijão-fava, feijoa, margal-amargo, mangalô-amargo 

SPANISH: general names- avitas poroto, chuvi, fréjol de manteca, 

frijol caballero, frijol de iztagapa, frijol de lima, frijol de 

mantequilla, frijol de media luna, frijol iztagapa, habichuela, 

harhui, huevo de piche, judía de la peladilla, pángoa, soperí, 

zaragosa; small-seeded variety- cachas, caraota, carauta, 

chilipuca, comba, cubá, cubace, frijol caballero, frijol comba, 

frijol cubaces, frijol de año, frijolillo, frijolito de Cuba, 

furuna, guaracaro, haba(s), ib, icaraota, ixtapacal, kedeba, 

panamito, patashete, quimbolito, sieva; large-seeded variety- 

haba lima, haricot de lima, ica, judía de lima, judión, layo, 

lima, manteca, palato, pallar, pallares, poroto, poroto de 

manteca, poroto manteca, torta(s) 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this variably sized bean (large seeds from 

0.5-3gm and small seeds from 0.3-0.7gm) are eaten dried and 

boiled or green, and young pods and shoots are eaten as 

vegetables. Dried seeds are made into a sweet called dulce de 

pallar in Peru. Cultivation of the large variety dates to 8,000 

years before present in coastal Peru and 1,200 years in Mexico 

for the small seeded varity. 

NATURAL RANGE: Large, lima (or pallar) varieties from Peru and 

small, sieva varieties from western Mexico perhaps to adjacent 

southwestern U.S. 


561


REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Debouck 

1994, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, 

IBGE 1980, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970 

Phaseolus polyanthus Greenman. [syn. P. coccineus L. subsp. 

darwinianus E. Hernández & S. Miranda] 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: feijão 

SPANISH: botil, cacha, cache, dzich, matatropa, petaco, piligüe, 

piloy, piloya, toda la vida 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten green or dried and cooked, young pods 

are eaten as a vegetable, and flowers are edible. P. polyanthus 

is thought to be the least evolved of the domesticated Phaseolus 

beans and has been considered a synonym of P. coccineus by some 

authorities. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, probably Mesoamerica, perhaps Mexico 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Debouck 1994, Delgado Salinas 1988, 

Hernández Xolocotzi et al. 1959, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Schmit 

and Debouck 1991 

Phaseolus polystachios (L.) Britton, Sterns, & Pogg. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bean vine, wild bean 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Phaseolus ritensis M.E. Jones [syn. P. maculatus Mart., P. 

metcalfei Wooton & Standley, P. retusus Benth.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Metcalfe bean, wild cocolmeca 

SPANISH: cocolmeca 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten toasted. The Rarámuri (Tarahumara) 

people of north-central Mexico add prepared roots as a ‘catalyst’ 

during the preparation of tesgüino – a maize (Zea mays) based 

alcoholic beverage – to ‘strengthen’ the beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and New Mexico and adjacent northern Mexico, 

generally above 1,500 meters 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Kirk 1970, Native 

Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Pennington 1963, Shreve and Wiggins 1964, 

Steinkraus 1983 

Phaseolus vulgaris L. [includes P. vulgaris var. aborigineus 

(Burkart) Baudet [syn. P. vulgaris subsp. aborigineus (Burkart) 

Burkart & H. Brücher, P. aborigineus Burkart]] 


562



pea) 

ENGLISH: black bean, common bean, cranberry bean, dwarf bean, field 

bean, flageolet, French bean, garden bean, green bean, haricot 

bean, harikot bean, kidney bean, navy bean, northern bean, pea 

bean, pinto bean, popbeans, popping beans, senebone bean, snap 

bean, string bean, wax bean, white bean 

PORTUGUESE: chumbinho opaco, feijão, feijão-comum, feijão-vagem, 

feijão-de-vagem, feijão-de-vara, feijoeiro, vagem, vagem-feijão 

SPANISH: ajote, alubia, alubias rojas (red kidney bean variety), 

ayacote, bajoca, balín, caraota, cocacho, chocho, cholo, cumandáabatity, 

ejote, frejol, fréjol, frijol, frijol de castilla, 

frijol de rienda, frijol mono, frijole, frijoles, frisol, haba, 

judía, judía común, habichuela, habichuela colorada, habichuela 

negra, habichuela verde, icaraota, nuñas (popping variety), 

panamitos, patachete, pindayo, poncha, porotillo, poroto, purutu, 

tapiramo, tineco, verdura, zarandaja 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds, of this most widely cultivated and highly 

variable bean, are eaten after boiling, immature pods are eaten 

as a vegetable, and leaves are sometimes used as a potherb. 

Varieties from the Andes are dried and popped like popcorn. 

Plants are used for fodder after harvesting the pods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, some varieties probably independently 

domesticated in southern Mexico/Guatemala, in southern 

Brazil/Paraguay, and others, such as the popping bean, in the 

central Andes. The common bean’s likely progenitor, P. vulgaris 

var. aborigineus, is widespread from southern Mexico to northern 

Argentina. The common bean first appeared in the northeastern 

U.S. before 1300 A.D. 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Coe 

1994, Debouck et al. 1993, Duke 1981, Guia Rural n.d., Harlan 

1971, Hart and Scarry 1999, Heiser 1979a, Horst 1992b, IBGE 1980, 

Kaplan 1981, Kaplan and Kaplan 1988, Kaplan and Kaplan 1992, Kay 

1979, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Madsen 1991, Maréchal et 

al. 1978, Naranjo 1991, National Research Council 1989, Omawale 

1973, OAS 1973, Singh et al. 1991, Smartt 1969, Smartt 1976, 

Soukup 1970 

Phenakospermum guyannense (Rich.) Endl. [syn. Ravenala guyannensis 

(Rich.) Petersen] 

FAMILY: Musaceae (banana) or Strelitziaceae (bird of paradise) 

ENGLISH: big palulu, red traveler’s palm, South American traveler’s 

palm, traveler’s palm 

PORTUGUESE: banana-brava, banana-de-leque, banana-de-viajante, 

pacosororoca, pacová-sororoca, sororoca 

SPANISH: abacá, palmera suramericana de los viajeros, platanillo, 

taná 

USES/NOTES: Red aril is eaten by some Amazonians. Plant is 

cultivated for its huge banana-like leaves. 


563


NATURAL RANGE: Northern and eastern Amazonia to southern Venezuela 

and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Andersson 1985, Balée 1994, Boggan et al. 1997, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, Figueiredo Filho 2005, Hoyas 1989, Posey 1984, 


Philodendron bipinnatifidum (Schott) Schott [syn. P. selloum K. 

Koch] 


ENGLISH: arborescent philodendron, philodendron, self-heading 

philodendron, selloum, split-leaf philodendron 

PORTUGUESE: banana-de-imbé, banana-de-macaco, cipó-de-imbé, cipóimbé, 

fructo-de-imbé, guimbé, imbé-de-comer, tracuá 

SPANISH: balazo, filodendro, guembé 

USES/NOTES: Red fruits are made into jellies and sweets and are 

much appreciated in the plant’s native range. Also, a popular 

landscape plant in warm regions for the tropical look of its 

large (to over a meter), deeply incised, dark green leaves and 

arborescent, or tree-like form. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, Bolivia, northern Argentina, and eastern 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Crisci and Gancedo 1971, Facciola 1990, Kermath 

(notes), Martin et al. 1987, Mayo 1991, Plowman 1969, Ragonese 

and Martínez Crovetto 1947, Uphof 1968, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Philodendron remifolium R. Schultes 


SPANISH: be-ke-ta-po 

USES/NOTES: Chopped leaves are used by the Tukano of Colombia to 

flavor chicha, an alcoholic beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonia from Colombia’s Vaupes river 

valley to southern Venezuela 


Philodendron squamiferum Poeppig & Endl. 


SPANISH: guiambé 

USES/NOTES: Edible berries are siad to have a "spicey" flavor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern South America 


Philodendron warszewiczii K. Koch & Bouché 


SPANISH: cupapayo, guacamaya, mano de león 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits are sweet and juicy. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Central America 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Plowman 1969 

Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud 



564


ENGLISH: Canary Island date palm 

PORTUGUESE: tamareira-das-canárias 

SPANISH: palma canaria 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and sap may be made into a sweet syrup. 

Also important as a frost-tolerant landscape palm. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canary Islands 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984 

Phoenix dactylifera L. 


ENGLISH: date, date palm, edible date 

PORTUGUESE: támara, tamareira, tamareira-comum 

SPANISH: dátil, datilera, palma datilera, palma de dátiles, palmera 

datilera 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits, containing 60 to 70 percent sugar, are 

eaten fresh, candied, in desserts, cookies, and other sweets, and 

are made into liqueurs, alcohol, vinegar, and the esteemed shakes 

of southern California. Unexposed leaf bases are eaten as palm 

heart. Leaves are made into knitting needles, and seeds are 

soaked in water and used as fodder. Though the tree grows in many 

environments, fruit is produced best in warm, dry climates. A 

popular landscape palm in frost-free regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Middle East, probably Mesopotamia of Iraq 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), 

Morton 1987a, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, 


Phoenix reclinata Jacq. 


ENGLISH: dwarf date palm, reclining date palm, Senegal date palm 

PORTUGUESE: tamareira-do-Senegal 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp of this curvacious, multi-stemmed palm 

is edible, stems are tapped for sap to make wine, and seeds are 

used as a coffee substitute. Also an attractive, cold-hardy 

landscape palm. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Martin et al. 1987, Watkins 


Pholidostachys syanthera (Mart.) H.E. Moore 


PORTUGUESE: ubim, ubim uassu 

SPANISH: chalar, kampanak, palmicha, palmiche, palmiche grande, peco-r, 

wayúr mayna 

USES/NOTES: Heart is eaten and leaves are used for thatch. Similar 

to Geonoma palms. The only species of the genus in western 

Amazonia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and western Amazonian Brazil 


1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992 


565


Phoradendron californicum Nutt. 

FAMILY: Viscaceae or Loranthaceae (catkin-mistletoe) 

ENGLISH: California mesquite mistletoe, desert mistletoe, mesquite 

mistletoe, mistletoe 

SPANISH: aaxt, guhoja, toji 

USES/NOTES: Fruits may be eaten dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New 

Mexico, perhaps beyond 


Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray 

FAMILY: Viscaceae or Loranthaceae (catkin-mistletoe) 

ENGLISH: juniper mistletoe, mistletoe 

USES/NOTES: Hopi Indians used the seeds to make a coffee-like 

beverage, fruit reportedly have been used as a famine food, and 

leaves have been used as a tea for childbirth. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. from Oregon through Texas into Mexico 

REFERENCES: Kuijt 2003, Swank 1932, Yanovsky 1936 

Phormium tenax Forster & Forster f. 

FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave), previously Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

ENGLISH: bush flax, New Zealand flax, New Zealand hemp 

PORTUGUESE: fórmio 

SPANISH: cáñamo de Nueva Zelanda, formio, fornio, lino de Nueva 

Zelanda 

USES/NOTES: Grown primarily for its fiber, though its sweet nectar 

is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: New Zealand 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d, Mabberley 1987 

Photinia floribunda (Lindl.) Robertson & Phipps [also treated as the 

Aronia x prunifolia (Marshall) Rehder (pro sp.) a hybrid A. 

arbutifolia (L.) Pers. and A. melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott] 


ENGLISH: black chokeberry, hybrid chokeberry, purple chokeberry 

USES/NOTES: Pectin- and sugar-rich fruits are astringent when raw, but 

may be eaten cooked or preserved, or for juice. Also popular as an 

ornamental for its showy flowers and to attract birds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, cultivated elsewhere 

REFERENCES: 

Photinia melanocarpa (Michaux) K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps [syn. 

Aronia melanocarpa (Michaux) Elliott, Aronia melanocarpa Spach 

nomen illegit., Aronia mitshurinii Skvortsov & Maitulina, Aronia 

nigra (Willd.) Koehne nomen illegit., Hahnia arbutifolia var. nigra 

Medik., Mespilus arbutifolia L. var. melanocarpa Michaux, Pyrus 

arbutifolia (L.) L.f. var. nigra Willd., Pyrus melanocarpa 

(Michaux) Willd., Pyrus nigra (Willd.) Sarg., Sorbus melanocarpa 

(Michaux) Heynh.] 


566



ENGLISH: aronia, black chokeberry 

USES/NOTES: Pectin- and sugar-rich fruits are astringent when raw, but 

may be eaten cooked or preserved, but are used commercially more 

for juice. Fruits also contain antioxidants in some of the highest 

concentrations of any food plant. Also popular as an arnamental for 

its showy flowers and to attract birds. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, cultivated elsewhere 


1979, Wu et al. 2004 

Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) K.R. Robertson & J.B. Phipps [syn. Aronia 

arbutifolia (L.) Pers., Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. var. 

brilliantissima hort., Crataegus pyrifolia Lam., Mespilus 

arbutifolia L., Pyrus arbutifolia (L.) L.f., Sorbus arbutifolia 

(L.) Heynh.] 


ENGLISH: red chokeberry 

USES/NOTES: Small, bright red, astringent fruits were used in pemmican 

and may be consumed cooked, preserved, or as juice. Aronia x 

prunifolia, the hybrid of A. arbutifolia x A. melanocarpa, is known 

as the purple chokeberry. Also popular as an arnamental for its 

showy flowers and to attract birds. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Sturtevant 1972 

Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel [syn. P. communis 

Trin.] 


ENGLISH: cane, common reed, giant reed, giant reedgrass, reed, reed 

grass, roseau, roseau cane, yellow cane 

SPANISH: carrizo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and shoots of this wetland grass are edible, and 

roots are made into flour and contain a sweet exudate once eaten 

by native Americans. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Blossey 2003, Mabberley 1987, Saltonstall 2002, Uphof 


Phyla scaberrima (A. Juss. ex Pers.) Mold. 


ENGLISH: Aztec sweet herb, sweet lippia 

SPANISH: oro azul, orosul, orozuz 

USES/NOTES: Roots taste like common licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) 

and leaves are added to salads, used as a condiment, or chewed 

for their sweetness. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Linneo n.d., Williams 1981 


567


Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [syn. P. distichus (L.) Müell. 

Arg., Cicca acida nomen illegit., Cicca disticha L.] 


ENGLISH: iba, jimbling, otaheite gooseberry, star gooseberry 

PORTUGUESE: groselha, groselha-da-Índia 

SPANISH: cerezo agrio, cerezo amarillo, grosella, grosellero, 

grosello, guinda, manzana lora, murusol 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are eaten salted, pickled, or in jams and 

jellies, and are made into vinegar and a red colorant. Leaves 

also are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Madagascar or possibly India, naturalized in the 

Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Caribbean Food and 

Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Niembro 

Rocas 1992, Omawale 1973, Samson 1980, Smith et al. 1992, von 

Reis Alschul 1973, Will 1991 

Phyllanthus adenodiscus Müell. Arg. 


SPANISH: cascabel 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is eaten as a snack, though the plant 

is used primarily as a medicinal. 



Phyllanthus emblica L. 


ENGLISH: ambal, emblic, emblic myrobalan, myrobalan 

PORTUGUESE: mirabólano, mirobálano 

SPANISH: mirabolanos, mirabolanos emblicos, mirobálano émblico, 

nelí 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich, bitter fruits are eaten fresh, stewed, 

or preserved. Bark is a tannin source and a medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Allchin 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1960, Samson 1980, Usher 1974 

Phyllanthus niruri L. 


ENGLISH: carry-me seed, flyroost, gale of the wind, gale-wind 

grass, hurricane weed, leaf-flower, mimosa, pea leaf-flower, 

quinine weed, seed-on-the-leaf, shatter stone, stonebreaker 

PORTUGUESE: arrebenta-pedra, erva-pomba, erva-pombinha, filanto, 

quebra-pedra, quebra-pedra-branca, saxifraga 

SPANISH: chanca piedra, filanto urinario, flor escondida, huevo 

abajo, quinino de pobre, niruri, pitirishi, quinina criolla, 

sacha foster 


568


USES/NOTES: Leaf infusion is used as a beverage tea or, when brewed 

stronger, to treat kidney and gall stones. Also being studied as 

an antiviral compound to treat hepatitis B. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bhat 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Carneiro Martins 1989, Kermath (notes), Neumann n.d., RNI 1996- 

2001, Silva et al. 1977, Unander et al. 1990, Venkateswaran et 

al. 1987 

Phyllanthus nobilis (L.f.) Müell. Arg. [syn. Margaritaria nobilis 

L.f.] 


ENGLISH: bastard hog-berry 

SPANISH: barudo 

USES/NOTES: Immature, green fruits are tart. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and the West Indies to tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Burger and Huft 

1995, Facciola 1990, Renner et al. 1990, Webster 1979 

Phyllocactus biformis (Lindley) Labouret 


USES/NOTES: Ovoid, red-wine colored fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Standley and 

Williams 1962 

Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. 

FAMILY: Potamogetonaceae (pondweed) 

ENGLISH: surf grass 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians of Washington state ate the roots. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coasts 


Phyllostachys arcana McClure 


ENGLISH: bamboo, half-back bamboo 



USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are edible. Over 1,200 

bamboo species throughout the tropics and subtropics. Most 

economically-important species from Asia. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957 

Phyllostachys aurea Riviere & C. Riviere 


ENGLISH: fish-pole bamboo, golden bamboo 





569



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975 

Phyllostachys aureosulcata McClure 


ENGLISH: yellow bamboo, yellow-groove bamboo 



USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are eaten cooked or 

uncooked. 



Phyllostachys bambusoides Siebold & Zucc. [syn. P. sulphurea 

(Carrière) Riviere & C. Riviere, P. viridis Riviere & C. Riviere] 


ENGLISH: green sulphur, madake bamboo, timber bamboo 




uncooked depending on growing conditions. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, Mabberley 1987, McClure 

1957, Molina 1975 

Phyllostachys dulcis McClure 


ENGLISH: sweetshoot bamboo 



USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are highly esteemed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central China 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, McClure 1957 

Phyllostachys elegans McClure 


ENGLISH: flowered bamboo 






Phyllostachys flexuosa (Carrière) Riviere & C. Riviere 


ENGLISH: zig-zag bamboo 






570



Phyllostachys makinoi Hayata 







REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Tanaka 1976 

Phyllostachys nidularia Munro 





USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are of excellent quality. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Molina 1975 

Phyllostachys nigra Munro 


ENGLISH: black bamboo 





REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, McClure 1957, Uphof 1968 

Phyllostachys nuda McClure 








Phyllostachys pubescens (S.Y. Wang) Mazel 


ENGLISH: moso bamboo 


SPANISH: bambú, 

USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are economically important 

for canned bamboo shoots. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976 

Phyllostachys rubromarginata McClure 



571


ENGLISH: red-margined bamboo 



USES/NOTES: Young, vitamin A-rich shoots are eaten cooked. 



Phyllostachys viridi-glauscens Riviere & C. Riviere 






uncooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975 

Phyllostachys vivax McClure 


ENGLISH: giant timber bamboo 




uncooked. 



Phyllostylon rhamnoides (Poisson) Taubert 


SPANISH: baitoa, canche, cerón, coanextle, escobilla, jatiá, 

membrillo, oot´ te, palo amarillo, palo de lanza, palo de lauza, 

sabanaemico, serón 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Cuba and 

Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, 

Zuloaga 1997 

Physalis angulata L. 


ENGLISH: cutleaf ground cherry, ground cherry, Indian papoos, 

papoos, tomatillo groundcherry, wild gouma, winter cherry 

PORTUGUESE: bate-testa, bicho-de-rã, camambu, camapu, camaru, 

canapu, canapum, joá, juá-de-capote, juá-poca, mata-fome 

SPANISH: alquequenje, bolsa mullaca, camapum, canapum, capulí 

cimarrón, mullaca 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed out of hand, cooked, or as juice. 

Leaves, sap, and roots are medicinal. 



572


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, 

Carneiro Martins 1989, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Frechione 

et al. 1989, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Omawale 

1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 

1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981 

Physalis brasiliensis Sendtn. in Mart. 


ENGLISH: ground cherry 

PORTUGUESE: bate-testa, camapu, joá 

SPANISH: capulí 




Physalis heterophylla Nees [also P. fendleri Gray] 


ENGLISH: clammy ground-cherry, ground cherry, husk tomato 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw, cooked, or in sauces. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Physalis lanceolata auct. non Michaux [syn. P. hispida (Waterf.) 

Cronq.] 


ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tomato 




Physalis longifolia Nutt. 


ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tomato 




Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata (Mackenzie & Bush) Cronq. 

[syn. P. subglabrata Mackenzie & Bush] 


ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tomato, jamberry, smooth ground-cherry 

SPANISH: tomatillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Canada to Georgia, Texas, and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 

1977 

Physalis melanocystis (Robinson) Bitter var. melanocystis 



573


USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is a snack food. 



Physalis peruviana L. [syn. P. chenopodifolia Lam., P. edulis 

Sims] 


ENGLISH: cape gooseberry, giant groundcherry, goldenberry, groundcherry-of-Peru, 

husk tomato, jam fruit, Peruvian cape gooseberry, 

Peruvian cherry, Peruvian groundcherry, physalis, poha 

PORTUGUESE: bate-testa, camapu, camapum, groselha do Perú, herva 

noiva do Perú, tomate inglês, tomateiro inglês 

SPANISH: aguallumantu, aguayllumantu, aguaymanto, alquequenje, 

capuli de la costa, capulíamor en bolsa, cereza del Perú, 

cuchuva, lengua de vaca, miltomate, motojobobo, motojobobo 

embolsado, pasa capulí, sacabuche, tomate silvestre, tomatilla, 

topotopo, uchuva, uchuba, uvilla, yuyo de ojas 

USES/NOTES: Small, vitamin A-rich berry, housed in a thin, papery 

sheath, is edible and sold in local markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes of South America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Bye 1993, Cárdenas 1969, IBGE 1980, 

Leung 1961, National Research Council 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Physalis philadalphica Lam. [syn. P. ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.] 


ENGLISH: ground cherry, husk tomato, jamberry, Mexican husk tomato, 

purple ground-cherry, tomatillo, tomatillo 

SPANISH: jiltomate, miltomate, Tarahumara tomatillo, tomate de 

cáscara, tomate verde, tomatillo, tómatl, Zuni tomatillo 

USES/NOTES: Green fruits, contained in papery husks, are eaten in 

stews and sauces. Especially good in salsa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 

1987, Morton 1987a, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Rehm and Espig 

1991, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, West 1989a, Williams 1981 

Physalis pruinosa L. 


ENGLISH: husk tomato, strawberry tomato 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible, husk-covered, sweet, ripe 

fruits, which are eaten out of hand or preserved. Leaves and 

unripe fruits are poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Maine to Ohio to northern Florida 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977 

Physalis subulata Rydb. var. neomexicana (Rydb.) Waterf. ex 

Kartesz & Ghandi [syn. P. neo-mexicana Rydb.] and P. pubescens L. 



574


ENGLISH: Barbados gooseberry, downy groundcherry, ground berry, 

ground cherry, ground cherry tomato, ground tomato, husk tomato, 

strawberry tomato 

PORTUGUESE: balãosinho, bate-testa, camapu, joá-de-capote, pimentacamapu 

SPANISH: bolsa mullaca, bolsa mullaca blanca, capulí, miltomate, 

mullaca, muyaca, tomate de campo, tópiro, uvilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in sauces and preserves. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Leung 

1961, Martin et al. 1987, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Usher 1974, 

von Reis Altschul 1973, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Physalis virginiana Miller 


ENGLISH: Virginia ground-cherry 

SPANISH: tomatillo del monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to Florida, through Mexico, and 

perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Physalis viscosa L. 


ENGLISH: gooseberry, ground cherry, sand cherry, sticky cape, 

sticky ground-cherry 

PORTUGUESE: camapu 

SPANISH: tomatillo del monte 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit is edible. Taylor considers P. walteri and 

P. viscosa as conspecific. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, 

Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968, Wunderlin 1998 

Physalis walteri Nutt. 


ENGLISH: ground cherry, sand cherry 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit is edible. Taylor considers P. walteri and 

P. viscosa as conspecific. 


REFERENCES: Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Taylor 1998, Wunderlin 1998 

Phytelephas aequatorialis Spruce [also P. macrocarpa Ruiz & Pavón, 

P. seemanni (Cook) Seemann, and P. tumacana Cook] 


ENGLISH: common ivory palm, ivory nut palm, ivory nuts, ivory palm, 

tagua, tagua nut palm, tagua palm, vegetable ivory, vegetable 

marble 

PORTUGUESE: garinha, jarina, marfim-vegetal 


575


SPANISH: allagua, antá (P. seemanni), cabeza de negra, cabeza de 

negro, cade, chique de tagua, guagra changa (palm heart), homero, 

humira, marfil vegetal (hard kernel), nuez de marfil (hard 

kernel), palma de marfil, pelo ponto, pepe del tagua, pimbu-ku, 

humiro, polo ponto, pullipunta, pullipuntu, sagu, tagua, yarina 

(P. macrocarpa), yau-ku 

USES/NOTES: Hard, white to cream-colored endosperm is the source of 

Vegetable ivory, used to make buttons for clothing and objects 

such as chessmen and furniture knobs. Before ripening the liquid 

endosperm makes a thirst-quenching beverage; when the endosperm 

becomes more firm and jelly-like, it is appreciated as a snack. 

Orange, fleshy mesocarp, of P. aequatorialis, P. seemanni, and P. 

tumacana, is highly esteemed as a food item, typically eaten 

cooked. Fruits also are an edible oil source and hearts are eaten 

in parts of Ecuador. The vegetable ivory industry suffered with 

the development of plastic buttons, but attempts to revitalize it 

as a sustainable industry are under way. P. aequatorialis is the 

principal source of vegetable ivory and Ecuador is the leading 

producer. 

NATURAL RANGE: P. aequatorialis from coastal Ecuador, P. macrocarpa 

from western Amazonia (Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru), P. seemanni 

from northwestern Colombia and Panama, P. tumacana from southern 

coastal Colombia 

REFERENCES: Barfod 1991, Barfod et al. 1990, Bernal 1992, Bourke et 

al. 1987, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Henderson et al. 1995, Koziol and Pedersen 1993, León 1987, OAS 

1973, Pedersen 1991, Pedersen and Balslev 1992, Plotkin 1993, 

Runk 1998, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Uhl and Dransfield 

1987 

Phytolacca americana L. 

FAMILY: Phytolaccaceae (pokeweed) 

ENGLISH: garget, inkberry, pigeon berry, pocan, poke, poke salad, 

pokeberry, pokeweed, scoke, Virginia poke 

SPANSIH: hierba carmín 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten cooked. Seeds and roots are 

poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Gibbons 1962, Morton 1977, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936 

Phytolacca dioica L. 


PORTUGUESE: umbu 

SPANISH: bella sombra 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, young leaves, and shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina 

REFERENCES: Tanaka 1976, Zuloaga 1997 


576


Phytolacca icosandra L. [syn. P. octandra L.] 


ENGLISH: green pokeweed, tropical pokeweed 

SPANISH: congeraman, cóngora, conguera-man, conguerán, conjira, 

elote jabonoso, fitolaca, k’onguarani, kongaran, kongarani, 

konguera, konguera blanca, konguera prieta, konguerai, lava ropa, 

mazorquilla, quelite, reventón, sachón, yiwa chińa 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and new shoots are eaten cooked in 

portions of Guatemala and southern Mexico (though mature plant 

parts are considered toxic); dark purple fruits are used to color 

ixtle fibers; fruits, leaves, and roots are used in soap 

preparations for laundry and hair; and the plant is used 

variously in folk medicine. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bye 1993, Kermath (notes), Torres n.d. 

Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & Bouché 


ENGLISH: buck bhajee, calalu, deer calalu, deer callalou, Indian 

poke, pokeberry, pokeweed, Venezuela pokeberry, Virginia poke 

PORTUGUESE: caruru, tinturera 

SPANISH: airambo, airampo, apacas, atusara, choyllo-choyllo, col de 

monte, hierba de culebra, hierba carmín, huanturmo, jaboncillo, 

jaboncillo airambo, maíz de perro, nipirihe, poe-hoe, wampakar 

USES/NOTES: Stem and leaf may be eaten as a vegetable after proper 

processing, roots are used as soap, and the plant is medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Bennett et al. 2001, Dufour 1990, 

Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Honychurch 1980, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 

1991, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Salick 1992, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974, 

von Reis Altschul 1973, Williams 1981 

Picea glauca (Moench) Voss 


ENGLISH: spruce, white spruce 

PORTUGUESE: abeto, pícea, pinho 

SPANISH: abeto falso, pícea 

USES/NOTES: Stems are a source of spruce gum, used to flavor soft 

drinks, chewing gum, etc. Cambium, young cones, and sap are 

edible. 


REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Facciola 1990, Gleason and 

Cronquist 1968, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a 

Picea mariana (Miller) Britton, Sterns, & Pogg. 


ENGLISH: black spruce, bog spruce, spruce 




577


USES/NOTES: Boiled shoots are used to make spruce beer, and resin 

is a source of spruce gum, a masticant, and spruce oil, a 



REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Facciola 1990, Gleason and Cronquist 

1968, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, Yanovsky 1936 

Picea rubens Sarg. 


ENGLISH: red spruce, spruce 



USES/NOTES: Leaves have been used for tea. Tree is a principal 

source of spruce gum. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Picramnia spp. [may include P. sellowii Planchon subsp. spruceana 

(Engl.) Pirani] 

FAMILY: Picramniaceae (picramnia) or Simaroubaceae (quassia) 

PORTUGUESE: anilim-bravo, anilina 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of some species are used as a coffee substitute 

and a purple dye source. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin 


Picrasma excelsa (Sw.) Planchon [syn. Quassia excelsa Sw.] 

FAMILY: Simaroubaceae (quassia) 

ENGLISH: bitterbark, Jamaican quassia 

USES/NOTES: Wood is the source of a bitter extract used to flavor 

beverages. 


REFERENCES: Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968 

Piloblephis rigida (Bartram ex Benth.) Raf. [syn. Satureja rigida 

Bartram ex Benth.] 


ENGLISH: pennyroyal 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used in herbal teas or as a spice. Seminoles 

flavored turtle meat with the leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida 

REFERENCES: Bennett (unpublished), Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Pilocereus royenii (L.) Byles & Rowley 


ENGLISH: dildo cactus 

SPANISH: sebucán 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit’s reddish pulp is used in beverages or as a 

condiment. 


578


NATURAL RANGE: Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and other nearby 

islands 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Martin et al. 1987, Nellis 1994 

Pilocereus russelianus (Salm-Dyck) Rumpler [syn. Cephalocereus 

russelianus Rose] 


SPANISH: cardón peludo 

USES/NOTES: Pinkish fruit’s white pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Colombia and Venezuela 


Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. [syn. P. officinales Lindley, Eugenia 

pimenta (L.) DC., Myrtus pimenta L.] 


ENGLISH: allspice, Jamaican pepper, pimento 

PORTUGUESE: pimenta-da-Jamaica 

SPANISH: ausú, jamaica, malagueta, pimienta, pimienta de Jamaica, 

pimienta gorda, pimienta inglesa, pimienta malagueta, socosóchil 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are used as a aromatic spices, 

flavoring agents, food preservatives, stimulants, and as 

ingredients in the alcoholic beverages pimentadrab, benedictine, 

and bay rum. Leaves are used in beverages and leaf oil is used in 

perfumes, pharmaceuticals, and as a vanilla substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, Cuba, and Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., 

Nations 1992, Oldfield 1981, Purseglove et al. 1981, Uphof 1968 

Pimenta haitiensis (Urban) Landrum 


FRENCH: malaquette 

SPANISH: malagueta 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used as a condiment. 


REFERENCES: Landrum 1986 

Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore [syn. P. acris (Sw.) Kostel.] 


ENGLISH: bay, bay berry, bay oil, bay rum, bay rum tree, bay tree 

PORTUGUESE: canela 

SPANISH: bayrum, malaguesa, malagueta, malaguete, ozua, ozua 

berrón, ron de laurel, ron de malagueta 

USES/NOTES: Distilled leaf oil is used in bay rum and cosmetics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, the Antilles, and northern South 

America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Cobley 1956, Honychurch 

1980, Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 

1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990 


579


Pimpinella anisum L. [syn. Anisum vulgare Gaertner, A. officinarum 

Moench] 


ENGLISH: anise, aniseed, sweet Alice 

PORTUGUESE: anis, anis-verde, erva-doce 

SPANISH: anís, anís común, anís verde, metalahura, simiente dulce 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for nearly two thousand years as a flavoring 

agent, the seeds are used in cooking, beverages, liqueurs, and 

confections. Both P. anisum and the unrelated Illicium verum 

(star anise) contain the compound “anethole,” which is used to 

make the essential oil “oil of anise.” Historically I. verum was 

the most important source of anise oil in the U.S., but today, 

most anise oil in the U.S. comes from the ripe seeds of P. 

anisum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean, probably Greece or Egypt, 

possibly East Asia 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Hopkins 1972, 

IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Rodríguez Martínez 1990, Schneider 

1987, Uphof 1968, Yamaguchi 1983 

Pinus albicaulis Engelm. 


ENGLISH: whitebark pine 

USES/NOTES: Large, sweet seeds were once widely consumed roasted 

and ground for flour by Native Americans. The cambium was also 


NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America 

REFERENCES: Parish et al. 1996, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus ayacahuite Ehrenb. ex Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: Arizona white pine, ayacahuite pine, Mexican white pine 

SPANISH: acahite, acahuite, pino enano 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are a quality pine nut. The large tree has been a 

desirable source of soft wood, but has been seriously depleted in 

much of its range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico to Honduras 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Kermath (notes), Lanner and Lanner 

1981, MBG n.d., Molina 1975, Perry 1991 

Pinus cembroides Zucc. 


ENGLISH: Mexican piñon, Mexican pinyon, nut pine, pine nut, piñon, 

piñon pine nut, pinyon pine, stoneseed piñon, threeleaf piñon 

PORTUGUESE: pinhão 

SPANISH: ocote, pino piñón, pino piñonero, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have long been eaten locally and have become 

popular gourmet items. 


580


NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from southern California to 

southern Texas and northern Mexico from Baja California to 

Veracruz 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Farjon and Styles 1997, FNAEC 1993, 

Foster and Cordell 1992, Kermath (notes), Lauri 2000, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Menninger 1987, OAS 1973, Perry 1991, Styles 

1993, Woodroof 1979 

Pinus clausa (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey ex Sarg. 


ENGLISH: sand pine 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten raw or roasted, needles can be made 

into tea, and the inner bark (cambium) can be used as an 

emergency flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alabama and Florida 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Stamps and Satterthwaite 

1994 

Pinus coulteri D. Don 


ENGLISH: big-cone pine, Coulter(’s) pine, nut pine, pitch pine 

USES/NOTES: Seeds were once eaten regularly by Amerindians, but are 

eaten less often today. 

NATURAL RANGE: Contra Costa County, California to northern Baja 

California del Norte 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, 

Gibbons 1973, Menninger 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus edulis Engelm. 


ENGLISH: Colorado piñon, nut pine, pine nut, piñon, piñon pine nut, 

pinyon pine, Rocky Mountain nut pine 

SPANISH: pino manco, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have long been eaten locally and now are becoming 

popular gourmet items. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Chihuahua, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 

1987, Medsger 1939 

Pinus elliottii Engelm. 


ENGLISH: slash pine 

USES/NOTES: The towering (to 40 meters) slash pine, once a dominant 

feature of the landscape in the southeastern U.S., has been an 

important source of lumber and pulp. Seeds are eaten raw or 

roasted, needles can be made into tea, and the inner bark 

(cambium) can be used as an emergency flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Carolina to southern Florida 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, Stamps and Satterthwaite 

1994 


581


Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. in A. Murr. [syn P. ponderosa var. 

jeffreyi Balf. ex Vasey] 


ENGLISH: Jeffrey pine, yellow pine 

SPANISH: pino amarillo, pino colorado, pino Jeffrey, pino negro 

USES/NOTES: Large seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: From Baja California to northwestern Oregon 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Lauri 2000, Menninger 1987, 

Munz 1974 

Pinus lambertiana Douglas 


ENGLISH: big sugar pine, great sugar pine, sugar pine 

SPANISH: ocote, pino de azucar, pino dulce, pino ocote 

USES/NOTES: Huge cone’s seeds are edible and sap is used as a 

sweetener. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American Pacific coast from Oregon to Baja 

California 

REFERENCES: Arno and Gyer 1973, Facciola 1990, Farjon and Styles 

1997, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons 1973, Munz 1974 

Pinus maximartinezii Rzed. 


ENGLISH: Martinez piñon 

SPANISH: ocote, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Large seeds, to two cm long, of this threatened 

species, are edible and sold in local markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Zacatecas, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Lanner and Lanner 1981, Styles 1993 

Pinus monophylla Torrey & Frémont 


ENGLISH: single-leaf pine, single-leaf pinyon 

SPANISH: ocote, pino piñonero, piñón 

USES/NOTES: Starchy seeds are eaten raw or roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Utah to southern California and Baja 

California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Lanner and Lanner 1981, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus nelsonii E. Shaw 


SPANISH: piñón 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are sold in Mexican markets. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Styles 1993, Uphof 1968 

Pinus palustris Miller 



582


ENGLISH: longleaf pine, pitch pine 

USES/NOTES: The towering (to 40 meters) and beautiful longleaf pine 

was once a dominant feature of the landscape in the Southeast and 

has been an important source of lumber, pulp, and turpentine. 

Protein-rich seeds (over 25% protein) are eaten raw or roasted, 

needles can be made into tea, and the inner bark (cambium) can be 

used as an emergency flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Virginia to Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Short and Epps 1976, 

Stamps and Satterthwaite 1994 

Pinus pinceana L. 



USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are gathered and sold in local markets. 


REFERENCES: Bailey and Hawksworth 1988, Lanner 1981, Styles 1993 

Pinus pinea L. 


ENGLISH: Italian stone pine, pignon, stone pine, umbrella pine 





Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson [syn. P. scopulorum 

(Engelm.) Lemmon] 


ENGLISH: ponderosa pine 

SPANISH: pino amarillo occidental, pino ponderosa 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and cambium have been eaten by Native Americans 

of the southwestern U.S. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Castetter and Opler 1936, FNAEC 1993, MBG n.d. 

Pinus quadrifolia Parl. ex Sudw. [syn. P. parryana Engelm.] 


ENGLISH: four-leaved nut pine, Parry pine, Parry piyon 

SPANISH: pino piñonero, piñón, Sierra Juárez piñon 

USES/NOTES: Oily seeds of this now rare pine were once an important 

food for Amerindians of Baja California. 

NATURAL RANGE: California/Baja California border area 

REFERENCES: Elias 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Munz 1974, 

Peattie 1950, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus sabiniana Douglas ex Douglas 


ENGLISH: digger pine, gray pine 


583


USES/NOTES: Large, oily, sweet seeds were an important food source 

for Amerindians of California. Large cone’s soft center also is 


NATURAL RANGE: California endemic 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons 

1973, Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus serotina Michaux 


ENGLISH: pond pine 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten raw or roasted, needles can be made 

into tea, and the inner bark (cambium) can be used as an 

emergency flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: New Jersey to Florida and Alabama 

REFERENCES: Nelson 1994, Stamps and Satterthwaite 1994 

Pinus strobus L. [syn. P. chiapensis (Martínez) Andresen, P. 

strobus var. chiapensis Martínez, Strobus strobus (Linnaeus) 

Small] 


ENGLISH: Eastern white pine, Northern white pine, white pine 

SPANISH: pino blanco 

USES/NOTES: Young needles are made into tea, young shoots can be 

combined with syrup and made into candy, inner bark can be used 

as an emergency food source, and immature male cones may be eaten 

boiled. Also important economically as valued lumber and pulp 

source, the white pine has been described as “the tree that built 

America.” 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America through Mexico to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Elias 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Gibbons 1966, 

Gibbons 1973, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Pinus torreyana Parry ex Carrière [includes P. t. subsp. insularis 

J.R. Haller and P. t. subsp. torreyana] 


ENGLISH: island Torrey pine (P. torreyana subsp. insularis), 

mainland Torrey pine (P. torreyana subsp. torreyana), soledad 

pine, Torrey pine 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this rare and protected pine have been eaten 

raw or roasted. Two small populations remain, one near San Diego 

on the Mainland (subspecies torreyana), the other on Santa Rosa 

Island (subspecies insularis) 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern coastal and insular California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987, 


Pinzona coriacea Mart. & Zucc. 


PORTUGUESE: cipó-d’agua 

SPANISH: paujil huasca, pinzona 


584


USES/NOTES: Stems provide potable water. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to the lower elevations of the Andes 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Soler 

Alarcón 2005 

Piper aduncum L. 


ENGLISH: wild pepper 

PORTUGUESE: aduncum, betis-branco, beto branco, pimenta-longa, tinixpu 

SPANISH: cordoncillo, higuillo, kuturu, matico 

USES/NOTES: Pungent fruits are used as a seasoning and aromatic 

leaves are used as a potherb or in baths. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG 

n.d., Voeks 1996 

Piper amalago L. 


SPANISH: cordillero, mecaxochitl, yaxal 

USES/NOTES: Flowers of this vine reportedly were used to flavor 

chocolate by the Aztecs. Medicinal in Mexico today. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994 

Piper asterotrichum C. DC. 


SPANISH: unkuch 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten like lettuce (Lactuca sativa). 



Piper biseriatum C. DC. [syn. P. auritum Trel.] 


SPANISH: acuyo, cordoncillo, hoja de santa maría, makulan, matico 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season tamales. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Central America 

REFERENCES: Burger 1971, Facciola 1990, Tebbs 1989, Uphof 1968 

Piper immutatum Trel. 


SPANISH: ukuch 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten like cabbage (Brassica spp.). 



Piper marginatum Jacq. 


PORTUGUESE: caapeba-cheirosa, pimenta-do-mato, pimenta-dos-índios 


585


SPANISH: cordoncillo, katio 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used as a condiment. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980 

Piper nigrum L. 


ENGLISH: black pepper, Magadascar pepper, pepper, peppercorn 

(fruit), white pepper 

PORTUGUESE: malago, motanga, pimenta-da-Índia, pimenta-do-reino, 

pimenta-ordinária, pimenta-preta 

SPANISH: cordoncillo, grano de pimienta (fruit), pimentero, 

pimienta, pimienta blanca de la India, pimienta negra, pimiento 

USES/NOTES: Dried, ground fruit is used as a common table and 

cooking spice, a preservative, and a stimulant. Black pepper 

comes from the whole, unripe peppercorn, while white pepper comes 

from the inner seed of the ripe fruit. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Omawale 

1973, Purseglove et al. 1981, Usher 1974, Van Feu n.d. 

Piper peltatum (L.) Raf. [syn. Lepianthes peltata (L.) Raf., 

Pothomorphe peltata (L.) Miq.] and P. umbellatum L. [syn. 

Lepianthes umbellata (L.) Raf., Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq.] 


ENGLISH: lizard’s tail pepper 

PORTUGUESE: caapeba, caapeba-branca (P. peltatum), caapeba-donorte, 

capeba, capeba-branca, catagé, malvaisco, malvarisco, 

pariparoba (P. umbellatum), txu-xan-pei-bainekia (P. peltatum), 

txu-xan-pei-nimeraua (P. umbellatum), txuxan-pei-bainekia (P. 

peltatum), txuxan-pei-huxupa (P. peltatum) 

SPANISH: hoja de maría, santa maría 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are wrapped around other foods, giving them 

flavor, and fruits reportedly are edible. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Central America to Brazil 


Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997, 

Standley and Steyermark 1952b, Tebbs 1993, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Piper sanctum Schltr. ex Miq. 


SPANISH: acueyo, cordoncillo, hierba santa, matico 

USES/NOTES: Large aromatic leaves are used to flavor fish and 

soups. 

NATURAL RANGE: Highland Mexico 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Piper trumanyunckerii Callejas 



586


SPANISH: tunchitunch 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten like cabbage (Brassica spp.). 



Pistacia chinensis Bunge 


USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: China to the Philippines 

REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987 

Pistacia lentiscus L. 


ENGLISH: chios, chios mastic, mastic, mastic tree 

PORTUGUESE: almécega, lentisco, mastique 

SPANISH: alfóncigo, almáciga, charneca, lentisco, masilla, mata 

USES/NOTES: Resin, called mastic, is used in adhesives, varnishes, 

cements, and other industrial items, and less frequently to 

flavor chewing gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region of southeastern Europe 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, de Gámez 

1973, Mantell 1950 

Pistacia vera L. 


ENGLISH: pistachio, pistachio nut 

PORTUGUESE: pistache, pistacho, pistácia 

SPANISH: alfóncigo, pistachero, pistacho 

USES/NOTES: Drought-tolerant plant produces the edible pistachio 

nut of international commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Central Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974, 

Whitehouse 1957 

Pisum sativum L. [syn. P. sativum var. macrocarpon Ser., Vicia 

sativa L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: common pea, common vetch, edible podded pea, field pea, 

garden pea, pea, snap pea, vetch 

PORTUGUESE: alverón, arveja, ervilha, ervilha-de-vagem, ervilhaca 

SPANISH: albergas, albergas blancas, albergas rojas, alberja, 

alverja, arbeja, arbella, arveja, arvejas, bisaltera, chicharo, 

cachito, cascabelillo, cerudo, chícharo de árbol, chícharo de 

paloma, chimbolito, clarín, cumaná, cumandá-ibiraí, ebo, frejol 

cerudo, frejol de palo, frijol canario, frijol guandú, gandul, 

garbanzo falso, guandul, guardarraya, guisante, guinconcho, 

pitipuá, poroto gandul, quimbolillo, quinchoncho, quinconcho, 

tacón, timbolillo, veza común 


587


USES/NOTES: Green seeds and pods, dried seeds (whole, split, or as 

flour), and leaves are edible, the plant is grown for fodder and 

to improve soil nitrogen, and seed oil is medicinal. Domesticated 

some 8,000 years ago. 

NATURAL RANGE: Medterranean Asia or southern Europe, widely 


REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia 

Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, OAS 

1973, Purseglove 1968, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, 


Pithecellobium calostachys Standley 


SPANISH: ahogador, amuchile, chico humo, guamúchil, ogador, palo de 

humo 

USES/NOTES: Aril is eaten as a snack. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000 

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. [syn. Inga dulcis (Roxb.) 

Willd.] 


ENGLISH: ape’s-earring, bread-and-cheese, gaumachil, gaumuchil, 

guayamochil, kamachil wood, Madras thorn, Manila tamarind, monkey 

pod, opiuma, sweet inga, tamarind 

SPANISH: azabache, bebguiche, chiminango, chininango, chucum 

blanco, cuamuche, cuamuchil, cuamuchitl, dinde, espino de playa, 

gallinero, guachimol, guamá americana, gaumache, guamo americano, 

guamo blanco, guamoche, guamúche, guamúchil, guayacán blanco, 

guaymochil, guaymochile, guamache, guau-mochtli, guamuti, 

huamuchil, humo, ingá dulce, jaguay, laguarí, lala-nempá, lileka, 

macachuni, macochín, ma-dju, ma-gju, matúrite, mangolan, 

michiguiste, mochiguiste, mongollano, muchite, múchitl, nempa, 

nipe, nocuana-guiche, ojito de nena, payandé, pe-qui-che, 

pequijche, pinzán, pinzón, piquiche, sak chucum, suyché, 

taguapire, ticuahndi, tiraco, tsuuíche, umi, umuh, yacure, yagabiguichi, 

yaga-bixihui, yaga-de-guiche, yaga-piquiche, yarure 

USES/NOTES: Aril from the twisted, spiraling, reddish-brown pod is 

eaten raw or made into a beverage. Protein-rich seed is edible 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-cental Mexico to Colombia and Venezuela, 

escaped and naturalized where cultivated in favorable locations 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Espejo Serna et al. 

n.d., FUDENA n.d., Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976b, Niembro Rocas 

1992, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Rico-Arce 

1991, Sommeijer et al. n.d., Torres n.d., Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, 

von Reis Altschul 1973, Wiersema et al. 1990 

Pithecellobium hymenaeifolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. 



588


SPANISH: barba de ángel 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Britton and Killip 1936, Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 

1987 

Pithecellobium lanceolatum (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Benth. 


SPANISH: buche 




Pithecellobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth. 


ENGLISH: black Jessie, blackbead, catclaw, catclaw blackbead, cat’s 

claw 

USES/NOTES: Young fruit pod of this spineless woody shrub is eaten 

infrequently. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern South America to South Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, 

Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Plantago lanceolata L. 

FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain) 

ENGLISH: lamb’s tongue, rib grass, ribwort, ribwort plantain 

PORTUGUESE: tanchagem, tanchagem lanceolata, tanchagem miúda 

SPANISH: llanten 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and cooked young leaves can be eaten as emergency 

foods. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990, 

Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Plantago major L. [also P. rugelii Decne.] 

FAMILY: Plantaginaceae (plantain) 

ENGLISH: American plantain (P. rugelii), black-seeded plantain (P. 

rugelii), broad-leaved plantain, common plantain, English plantain, 

greater plantain, Indian wheat, plantain, red-stalked plantain (P. 

rugelii), Rugel’s plantain (P. rugelii) 

PORTUGUESE: tanchagem, tanchagem maior, tansagem, transage, 

tranchagem, transagem 

SPANISH: llanten 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves can be eaten as cooked greens, as a potherb, 

pureed or blanched in salads, or dried for tea. Uncooked mature 

leaves may cause indigestion. Seeds may be parched and ground into 

meal. Roots are edible, though rarely eaten. The plant is medicinal 

in Peru. P. rugelii has been used as a potherb in the Rocky 

Mountains and is a green, gold, or yellow dye source. 

NATURAL RANGE: perhaps Eurasia, now cosmopolitan 


589


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Carneiro Martins 1989, 

Cox and Moore 1993, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and 

Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Kermath (notes), Tomikel 1986, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Platanthera sparsiflora (S. Watson) Schltr. var. sparsiflora [syn. 

Habenaria sparsiflora S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: fringe orchid 

USES/NOTES: Plants are eaten as an emergency food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America and adjacent Mexico 


Platanus occidentalis L. 

FAMILY: Platanaceae (plane-tree) 

ENGLISH: American sycamore, buttonball tree, buttonwood, plane tree, 

sycamore 

SPANISH: plátano de occidente, sicómoro 

USES/NOTES: Sweet sap, of this large, deciduous tree with flaking bark 

and large, lobed leaves, has been used for syrup and sugar and an 

emergency source of water for drinking or cooking. As a shade tree, 

the sycamore has been over planted throughout its range and beyond 

and is susceptible to anthracnose. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from southeastern Canada to 

northern Florida, west to central Texas and northeastern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Graves 

1956, Hunter 1997, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977 

Platonia esculenta (Arruda) Rickett & Stafleu [syn. P. insignis 

Mart., Aristoclesia esculenta Stuntz] 


ENGLISH: bacur, bacuri, bacury, bakuri, bakury, Guiana orange 

PORTUGUESE: bacuri, bacuri-açu, bacuri-pari, bacuri-uva, bacupari, 

bacuriba, ibacopari 

SPANISH: babari, bacurí, charichuelo, pacuri 

USES/NOTES: Sweet to acidic fruit is eaten out of hand when sweet, and 

used in candies, ice cream, and juice when acid, seed is edible, 

medicinal, and contains an oil used in candles and soap. Wood is 

used in construction. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Amazonian Brazil and pre-Amazonia 

(Maranhão, Piauí, and Goiás) to the Guianas and southern Venezuela 

and perhaps northeastern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 

1980, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Peret 1985, 

Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et 

al. 1995 

Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq.) Dugand 


SPANISH: cachimbo, cristobal, roble 


590


USES/NOTES: Used as a spice by roasting other foods, such as maize, 

wrapped in the leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Central America 

REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987 

Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Sprengel [syn. Coleus amboinicus 

Lour., C. aromaticus Benth., C. carnosus Hassk. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: adjeran, coarse-leaf thyme, coleus, country borage, Cuban 

oregano, daoon ajenton, five seasons herb, Spanish thyme 

PORTUGUESE: cóleo, tapete-de-oxalá 

SPANISH: orégano brujo, orégano de castillo, orégano de España, 

orégano extranjero, orégano orejón 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and young stems of this cultivated herb are used to 

season meat or make tea. Various leaf decoctions are used to wash 

clothes and hair or treat bronchitis and asthma. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaya or Indonesia, cultivated and naturalized in the 

neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Leung 1961, MBG 

n.d., Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Voeks 

1997 

Plukenetia volubilis L. 


ENGLISH: Inca peanut, mountain peanut, sacha peanut 

PORTUGUESE: amendoim-de-Inka, falso-amendoim, ticazo, ticazo-cipóda-Colômbia 

SPANISH: amuio, maní del monte, maní estrella, sacha inche, sacha 

inchi, sacha yuchi, supua 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten roasted like peanuts (Arachis hypogaea) 

and are the source of an edible quality oil considered to have 

commercial promise. Leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lesser Antilles, southern Mexico, Nicaragua, Costa 

Rica, Panama, Amazonian Colombia to Bolivia, Amazonian Brazil, 

the Guianas, and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Dodson and Gentry 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hokche 

et al. 2008, Foster 1958, Funk et al. 2007, Krivankova et al. 

2007, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Peréz et al. 2005, Sathe et al. 

2002, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Webster and Huft 1988 

Plumeria rubra L. 


ENGLISH: frangipani, pagoda tree, temple flower, temple tree 

PORTUGUESE: jasmim-manga 

SPANISH: franchipán, frangipán, flor de mayo 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible and used for tea. Also medicinal and 

ceremonial to Buddhists. 



591


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, 

Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sommeijer et al. 

n.d. 

Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) Sweet 


ENGLISH: big-leaf podocarp, Japanese yew, plum pine, yew plum-pine, 

yew podocarpus 


USES/NOTES: Soft, juicy, dark purple arils are eaten out of hand or in 

baked goods. Also a popular landscape hedge in warm regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan, Taiwan, and southeastern China, locally 

naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, Kermath (notes), Tanaka 1976, Watkins 


Podocarpus macrostachys Parl. [syn. P. oleifolius var. macrostachys 

(Parl.) J. Buchholz & N.E. Gray] 


SPANISH: cobola, pinete, pino romerón 


NATURAL RANGE: Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: de Laubenfels 1985, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973 

Podophyllum peltatum L. 


ENGLISH: American mandrake, American mayapple, mandrake, mayapple, 

wild lemon 

PORTUGUESE: limão-bravo 

USES/NOTES: Ripe, yellow to somewhat purplish, round fruits of this 

perennial herb are eaten raw or in jellies. Leaves, roots, seeds, 

and unripe green fruits contain poisonous compounds useful in 

producing, anti-cancer medicines. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons 1962, Moraes et al. 2000, Neumann n.d., Taylor 

1998, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Turner and Szczawinski 1979 

Pogogyne douglasii subsp. parviflora (Benth.) Howell [syn. P. 

parviflora Benth.] 


USES/NOTES: Seeds have been used to flavor pinole, and leaves for tea. 



Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. 


ENGLISH: patchouli, patchouly, patchuli 

PORTUGUESE: patchuli 

SPANISH: pachulí 


592


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to season foods, and its aromatic oil is 

used to flavor foods or scent perfumes, cosmetics, and soap. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, Usher 1974 

Polianthes tuberosa L. 

FAMILY: Agavaceae (agave) or Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) previously 

Amaryllidaceae (amaryllis) 

ENGLISH: tuberose 

USES/NOTES: Edible flowers are used as a flavoring agent. Grown 

primarily today for fragrant flowers. 


REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Lott and García-Mendoza 1994, 

Mabberley 1987, Standley and Steyermark 1952a, Steinkraus 1983, 

Tanaka 1976 

Poliomintha incana (Torrey in Emory) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: rosemary mint 

USES/NOTES: Hopi ate the plant raw or boiled. Flowers are used to 

season food. 


REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Poliomintha longiflora A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Mexican oregano 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used as a spice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Lattore and Latorre 1977 

Polyandrococos caudescens (Mart.) Barb. Rodr. 


PORTUGUESE: bori, buri 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and seeds are eaten infrequently. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Bahia to Rio de Janeiro 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Voeks 1996 

Polygala nitida Brandegee var. lithophila (Blake) Wendt. 


SPANISH: tsakam tsak mokok 

USES/NOTES: Swollen roots are edible. 



Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott 


ENGLISH: small Solomon’s seal, Solomon’s seal 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes and young shoots are eaten cooked. 



593


REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (Schultes & Schultes f.) Morong 

[syn. P. commutatum (Schultes & Schultes f.) A. Dietr., P. 

giganteum A. Dietr.] 


ENGLISH: great Solomon’s seal 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America and temperate Asia 


Polygonum amphibium L. var. emersum Michaux [syn. P. coccineum 

Muhlenb. ex Willd., P. muehlenbergii S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: knotweed, water snakeweed 

USES/NOTES: Sioux Indians ate the shoots. Seeds appear often in 

archaeological sites. 



Polygonum aviculare L. 


ENGLISH: knotweed, pinkweed, smartweed 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a spice, however intestinal irritation 

may result by eating as a salad or cooked vegetable. Seeds have 

been used for pinole. 


REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Yanovsky 1936 

Polygonum bistortoides Pursh 


ENGLISH: American bistort, bistort, English serpentary, snakeroot, 

western bistort 

PORTUGUESE: bistorta 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a potherb and starchy roots are used in 

soups. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. [syn. Reynoutria japonica Houtt.] 


ENGLISH: Japanese knotweed, knotweed, Mexican bamboo 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are used as a salad or cooked green, though 

they can cause intestinal irritation, stems can be made into jelly, 

and roots are edible cooked. 



Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986 


594


Polygonum douglasii E. Greene 

FAMILY: Polygonaceae 

ENGLISH: Douglas knotweed 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour. 



Polygonum persicaria L. [syn. Persicaria vulgaris Webb & Moq.] 


ENGLISH: heartweed, lady’s thumb, red leg, smartweed 

PORTUGUESE: persicária 

USES/NOTES: Tender greens are added to salads. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Polygonum viviparum L. [syn. P. fugax Small, Bistorta vivipara (L.) 

S.F. Gray] 


ENGLISH: alpine bistort, alpine smartweed, serpent grass, viviparous 

bistort 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a potherb, small flower buds are 

nibbled, and small starchy rhizomes are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arctic and high alpine areas of the north 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig & Endl. [syn. P. edulis Wedd.] 


ENGLISH: jiquima, yacon, yacon strawberry 

SPANISH: ajipa, arboloco, aricoma, aricona, asipa, jacón, llacjón, 

llacón, llakuma, llamón, jícama, jíkima, jíquima, jíquimilla, puhe, 

yacón, yacuma 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in Andean home gardens from Colombia to 

northwestern Argentina for its crisp, white tubers, eaten cooked or 

uncooked. Stems are eaten as a vegetable and are an alcohol source. 

Much potential for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-central Andes from northern Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Estrella 1991, Mabberley 1987, National 

Research Council 1989, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Vietmeyer 

1992 

Polypodium aureum [syn. P. areolatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., P. 

leucatomos Poir., Phlebodium aureum (L.) J.Sm.] also P. 

polypodioides (L.) Watt 

FAMILY: Polypodiaceae (polypody) 

SPANISH: canahuala, helecho, palmita, polipodio 

USES/NOTES: An unidentified plant part is added to tesgüino. 


REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Stolze 1981, Torres n.d., Trujano 1990 


595


Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton 

FAMILY: Polypodiaceae (polypody) 

ENGLISH: licorice fern 

USES/NOTES: Liquorice-flavored rhizomes have been eaten by 

Amerindians. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American Pacific coast from Alaska to central 

California and Asian Pacific coast 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Mabberley 1987 

Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 


ENGLISH: hardy orange, mock orange, trifoliate orange 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s bitter pulp is rarely used as a flavoring 

agent, and rinds are eaten candied. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, naturalized in other warm regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Simmons 1972, 

Tanaka 1976 

Pontederia cordata L. [syn. P. lanceolata Nutt.] 

FAMILY: Pontederiaceae (water hyacinth) 

ENGLISH: pickerelweed 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten raw, roasted, or ground to make cereal or 

flour, and leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern temperate North America to the Neotropics 

REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Populus alba L. 

FAMILY: Salicaceae (willow) 

ENGLISH: white poplar 

PORTUGUESE: álamo, choupo-branco 

SPANISH: álamo blanco 

USES/NOTES: Dried inner bark is ground into flour for bread or cut 

into strips and eaten raw or cooked in soup. 


REFERENCES: Grupo de Comunicação Três 1998, Tomikel 1986 

Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni (S. Watson) Eckenwalder [syn. P. 

wislizeni (S. Watson) Sarg.] 


ENGLISH: cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood 

PORTUGUESE: choupo 

SPANISH: álamo 

USES/NOTES: Pueblo people have eaten the catkins. Inner bark, buds, 

and seeds also are said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colorado through Texas and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Populus grandidentata Michaux 



596


ENGLISH: bigtooth aspen, Canadian aspen, large-toothed aspen 

USES/NOTES: Cambium has been eaten boiled. 



Populus tremuloides Michaux 


ENGLISH: quaking aspen 

USES/NOTES: Sap and inner bark are edible. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Poraqueiba guianensis Aubl. 


PORTUGUESE: mari, umari 

SPANISH: umarí 

USES/NOTES: Oily fruits are edible. Cultivated beyond its natural 

range in northeastern Peru and likely elsewhere. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern and north-central Amazonian Brazil, the 

Guianas, probably southern Venezuela, and perhaps beyond to 

Chiriquí, Panama 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Shanley and Medina 2005, Vásquez 1997 

Poraqueiba paraensis Ducke 


PORTUGUESE: mari, mari-gordo, umari, umari-amarelo 

SPANISH: guacurí, humarí, marí, nemote, umarí, umarí amarillo, umarí 

rojo 

USES/NOTES: Orange-yellowish, generally oblong, oily fruits are 

esteemed regionally for their fleshy mesocarps, eaten out of hand 

or fermented. Mesocarps also are a cooking oil source. Widely 

cultivated trees have become scarce in the wild. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central Amazonia to southern Venezuela, 

perhaps into southeastern Colombia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), MBG n.d., 

Peret 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva et al. 1977 

Poraqueiba sericea Tul. 


PORTUGUESE: mari, mari-gordo, mari-preto, umari 

SPANISH: humarí, marí negro, umarí, umarí negro 

USES/NOTES: Brownish, generally oblong, oily fruits are esteemed 

regionally for their fleshy mesocarps, especially around Iquitos, 

Peru, eaten out of hand or fermented. Mesocarps also are a cooking 

oil source, used to fry fish. Leaves are made into a medicinal tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and western Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), Peret 1985, Shanley and Medina 2005, Silva 


597


et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis 

Altschul 1973, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982 

Porcelia nitidifolia Ruiz & Pavón 



NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Peru 


Porcelia ponderosa (Rusby) Rusby [syn. P. saffordiana Rusby] 


PORTUGUESE: ata-amarela, ata-brava, manga-de-anta 

USES/NOTES: Large fruits, sometimes reaching 30 kilograms, are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia, Peru, and adjacent Brazil (state of Acre) 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Mabberley 


Porophyllum ruderale var. macrocepholum (DC.) Cronq. [syn. P. 

ruderale subsp. macrocepholum (DC.) R.R. Johnson] 


SPANISH: mithith, papaloquelite 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is eaten with tortillas and sold in local markets of 

the San Andrés Tuxtlas region of Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona through Mexico, Central America, and tropical 

South America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997 

Portulaca oleracea L. [syn. P. retusa Engelm.] 


ENGLISH: common purslane, hog bhajee, purslane, pursley, pussley, 

verdolagas 

PORTUGUESE: beldroega, beldroega-da-horta, beldroega-pequena, 

beldroega-vermelha, berdolaga, berdorrega, berduega, bredo-deporco, 

caaponga, ora-pro-nobis, porcelana, salgadeira, verdolaga 

SPANISH: llutuyuyu, verdolaga 

USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten like spinach (Spinacia 

oleracea) and are taken medicinally, usually as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Eurasia, possibly to Western North 

America, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Estrella 1991, Foster and 

Cordell 1992, Guia Rural 1990, Honychurch 1980, IBGE 1980, 

Mabberley 1987, Omawale 1973, Uphof 1968, Yamaguchi 1983 

Portulaca pilosa L. 


ENGLISH: hairy portulaca, shaggy purslane 

PORTUGUESE: alecrim-de-São-José, amor-crescido, beldroega, caaponga, 

flor-de-um-dia, perrexi 

SPANISH: amor de un rato, flor de mediodía, flor de once 


598


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten cooked or prepared as a medicinal 

tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. to South America, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Nellis 1994 

Posoqueria latifolia Roemer & Schultes 


ENGLISH: monkey apple, Brazilian oak 

PORTUGUESE: jazmín-de-monte 

SPANISH: boca de vieja, fruta de mono, huitillo, sacha huito 

USES/NOTES: Golf-ball sized yellow fruit’s aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Panama Canal region 

REFERENCES: CTFS n.d., Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, Martin et al. 1987, von Reis Altschul 1983 

Posoqueria longifolia Aublet 


SPANISH: kamadani 

USES/NOTES: Small, yellow fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Pérez-Arbeláez 1956, Renner et al. 1990 

Potalia amara Aublet 

FAMILY: Loganiaceae (butterfly-bush) or Potaliaceae 

PORTUGUESE: anabi, pau-de-cobra 

SPANISH: curarina, sacha curarina 

USES/NOTES: Reportedly eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia. Also many 

medicinal uses including snake bite treatment. 


REFERENCES: Ayales Flores 1984, Boom 1989, Mabberley 1987, Renner et 

al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Potamogeton natans L. 


ENGLISH: fishweed, pondweed 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate to warm regions 


Potamogeton pectinatus L. 


ENGLISH: fennel-leaf pondweed, sago pondweed 


NATURAL RANGE: brackish or limy waters of the northern and eastern 

U.S. to South America, Africa, and Eurasia 


Potentilla anserina L. 



599


ENGLISH: argentine, cinquefoil, five-finger grass, five-leaf grass, 

goose grass, goose tansy, moor grass, silverweed, silverweed 

cinquefoil 

PORTUGUESE: ansarinha 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes may be eaten raw, boiled, fried, or roasted, and 

are said to taste like like either parsnips (Pastinaca sativa) or 

sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). Roots also are eaten candied and 

leaves are made into tea. 



1979, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Potentilla erecta (L.) Raüsch. 


ENGLISH: tormentil 

PORTUGUESE: potentila 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes have been used like tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, introduced in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Uphof 1968 

Potentilla glandulosa Lindley 


ENGLISH: cinquefoil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves were boiled to make a drink by Amerindians on the 

west coast of North America. 



Poulsenia armata (Miq.) Standley 


PORTUGUESE: chanchama 

SPANISH: cocuá, corocho, tachiore 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Bark fibers are used for cloth. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, 

Peru, Bolivia, and western Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 

1987, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Poupartia amazonica Ducke [syn. Antrocaryon amazonicum (Ducke) B.L. 

Burtt and A.W. Hill] 


PORTUGUESE: cedro-branco, cedrorana, fruta-de-cedro, jacaicá, 

taperebá-açu, taperebá-cedro, yacá-yacá 

USES/NOTES: Juicy mesocarp of this huge tree’s yellow-skinned fruit is 

edible, typically used in refreshing beverages. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, 

Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 


600


Pourouma acuminata Mart. ex Miq. 

FAMILY: Cecropiaceae (cecropia or tree grape), previously Moraceae 

(mulberry) 

PORTUGUESE: imbaúba-puruma, mapati 

SPANISH: sacha uvilla, uvilla 



REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Martin et al. 1987 

Pourouma bicolor Mart. subsp. bicolor [syn. P. schultesii Cuatrec.] 


(mulberry) 

PORTUGUESE: garguaba, imbaúba, imbaúbarana, mapatirana, tamaoquare, 

torém-abacate 

SPANISH: caimarón de mico, cay-bari-cay, cirpe hembra, cirpe macho, 

cormi, cucura, cucure, paú shuina, sarasara, sirpe hembra, sirpe 

macho, uva de monte, uva menueda 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pourouma bicolor Mart. subsp. tessmannii (Mildbr.) C. Berg & van 

Heusden [syn. P. tessmannii Mildbr.] 


(mulberry) 

SPANISH: shuiya, tanta shuiya, tentar shuina, uva de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and western Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg et al. 1990 

Pourouma cecropiifolia Mart. [syn. P. sapida Karsten] 


(mulberry) 

ENGLISH: Amazon grape, Amazon tree grape, grape tree, uvilla 

PORTUGUESE: ambaúba-do-vinho, ambaúva-mansa, cucura, cucuva, embaúba, 

imbaúba, imbaúba-do-vinho, imbaúba-mansa, imbaúba-de-cheiro, 

inbaúba, mapati, purumã, purumã-í, sucuba, sucuúba, tararangapreta, 

uva 

SPANISH: baacohe, caimarón, caimarón guarumo, caimarón silvestre, 

caime, caimurro, camuirro, chimiqua, cocura, cucura, guarumo, 

gurucaná, hiye, joyahiye, puruma, quëxquixauini, sadajii, sacha 

uvilla, sirpe, suia, tanaribe, ubilla, uva, uva caimarona, uva del 

monte, uva silvestre, uvilla, uvo, xaquitato 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its pleasant tasting, grape-like 

fruit, eaten out of hand or made into beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Berg et al. 1990, Berg and Rosselli 1993, 

Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Clement et al. 

1982, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 


601


1987a, Posey 1984, Schultes 1977b, Silva et al. 1977, Soukup 1970, 


Pourouma guianensis Aublet subsp. guianensis 


(mulberry) 

ENGLISH: buruma, sandpaper 

PORTUGUESE: amapati, embaúba-da-mata, embaúba-lixa, imbaúba-torém, 

imbaúbarana, itararanga, lixa-do-mato, mapati, pau-de-jacu, sucuba, 

tararanga-branca, torém-folha-de-lixa 

SPANISH: amía-yek, chaparro de agua, papaquillo, papaya del monte, 

sacha ubilla, uvilla, uvilla blanca, shuiyá, tacona bacalau 


NATURAL RANGE: Humid tropical South America from Venezuela to Brazil 

and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pourouma herrerensis C. Berg 


(mulberry) 

SPANISH: sacha ubilla 



REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Pourouma minor Benoist 


(mulberry) 

PORTUGUESE: torém, torém-abacate 

SPANISH: majagua, sacha ubilla, shuvija, uvilla, uva silvestre 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Berg et al. 1990, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pourouma mollis Trécul subsp. mollis 


(mulberry) 

PORTUGUESE: ama’yrary, imbaúba, imbaúbarana-vermelha, mapatirana, saouro, 

tararanga, tararanga-vermelha, uva-de-macaco 

SURINAMESE: boroma 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and tropical Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Berg et al. 1990 

Pourouma tomentosa Miq. subsp. tomentosa 


(mulberry) 

PORTUGUESE: ambaúba-do-vinho, imbaúba-do-vinho 


602


SPANISH: chiricaba, cocora, cocora montanera, cucura, paú shuina, paú 

shuiya, sacha uvilla, uva de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and 

Venezuela 


Pourouma villosa Trécul [syn. P. laevis Benoist] 


(mulberry) 

FRENCH: bois canon, papaye 

PORTUGUESE: embaúba-branca, imbaúba-benguê, imbaúba-branca, imbaúbade-cheiro-uvilha 

SPANISH: uva de monte 

SURINAMESE: boroma, kobé, manbospapaja, pourouma, puruma, yarayara 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Brazil to French Guiana and 

Surinam 


Pouteria amygdalicarpa (Pittier) Penn. [syn. Sideroxylon 

amygdalicarpum Pittier] 


SPANISH: chupón, chupón colorado, níspero colorado, níspero monte, 

níspero zapote, sapotillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Venezuela, to 1,250 

meters 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Pouteria arguacoensium (Karsten) Baehni [syn. Lucuma arguacoensium 

Karsten] 


SPANISH: manzana, manzano, nawe 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and similar in taste to the unrelated 

mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana). 

NATURAL RANGE: Magdalena Valley, Colombia 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Uphof 1968 

Pouteria bilocularis (Winkler) Baehni 


ENGLISH: moraballi 


SPANISH: gallo runto, quinilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and Amazonian Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia 



603


Pouteria bullata (S. Moore) Baehni 




NATURAL RANGE: São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 


Pouteria butyrocarpa (Kuhlm.) Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: cupão, fruta de manteiga, pão-do-mato 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is delicious. Cotyledons have a high oil 

content and may have potential commercial value. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil 


Pouteria caimito (Ruiz & Pavón) Radlk. [syn. P. laurifolia (Gomes) 

Radlk., Achras caimito Ruiz & Pavón, Labatia caimito (Ruiz & Pavón) 

Mart., Lucuma caimito Roemer & Schultes, Lucuma lasiocarpa (Mart.) 

A. DC. in DC., Lucuma laurifolia (Gomes) DC.] 


ENGLISH: asipoka, asipokoballi, canistel, egg fruit, yellow star 

apple 

PORTUGUESE: abeiro, abi, abiu, abiurana, abiurana-aquariquara, 

abiurana-do-caranzal, abiurana-seca, abiurana-vermelho, caimito, 

guapeba, ymaad 

SPANISH: abio, abiú, árbol de purma, auinaquina, caimitillo, caimito, 

caimo, cajui, cajure, canistel, cauje, caimitillo, madura verde, 

melaito, purgo, quëo, quinilla, quinilla caimitillo, sacha 

quinilla, temara, temare, temare amarillo, temari, temure, toa, 

tocino caimito, yarazo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is considered among the best tasting sapotaceous 

fruits, though sticky latex makes it somewhat difficult to eat. 

Widely cultivated, especially around homes, and sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps from Costa Rica through Amazonia, to 

coastal Brazil, perhaps first cultivated in eastern Peru 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983, 

Cavalcante 1991, Clement 1989, Ducke 1946, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Morton 1987a, 

Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974, Silva et al. 1977 

Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni [syn. Lucuma campechiana Kunth, 

L. nervosa A. DC., L. palmeri Fern., L. salicifolia Kunth] 


ENGLISH: canistel, egg fruit, jácana, mamee ciruela, Mexican 

sapodilla, yellow sapote 

PORTUGUESE: caimito 

SPANISH: caca de niño, caimitillo, caimito de monte, caniste, caniste 

zapotillo, caniste zapotillo blanco, canistel, fruta huevo, huevo 

vegetal, huicón, guacamo, guicume, huecamo, huecome nisperillo, 

huicame, huicume, kakixo, kanixte, lucuma, macuá, mante, narraco, 


604


nisperillo, ocotillo, sapote amarillo, sarocloco, trompillo, zapote 

amarillo, zapote blanco, zapote borracho, zapote de niño, zapote 

tatú, zapotillo, zapotillo blanco, zapotillo blanco caniste, 

zapuyul 

USES/NOTES: Small to large, egg-shaped, yellow fruits, common in 

markets throughout its range, are much appreciated. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Panama, cultivated elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, 

León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Morton 

1987a, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974 

Pouteria cayennensis (A. DC.) Eyma 


SPANISH: amarun-yek 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela, Guyana, and French Guiana 


Pouteria chiricana (Standley) Baehni 


SPANISH: níspero, níspero colorado, níspero de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and northern 

Colombia 


Pouteria cladantha Sandw. 


ENGLISH: haimara kushi 

PORTUGUESE: abiurana seca, caramuri preto 

SPANISH: acuchipuru mira, cacho venado, palo de ardilla, pulguillo, 

quinilla caimitillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and Amazonian Brazil 

and Peru 


Pouteria collina (Little) Penn. 


SPANISH: caimitillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Pacific Coast of northern Ecuador and Colombia 


Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.) Baehni subsp. cuspidata 


ENGLISH: bastard kooteritiballi, courouitaballi, kokeritiballi, 

kooteritiballi 

PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana flor miuda, abiurana matamata, jara, 

maparajuba de mata 


605


SPANISH: caimitillo, purguillo felix, taymarito, temare 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, southern Venezuela, Guyana, and Amazonian 

Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia 


Pouteria cuspidata (A. DC.) Baehni subsp. robusta (Mart. & Eichler) 

Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, cabecudo, maparajuba 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, níspero, temare, yuquito 


NATURAL RANGE: Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, French Guiana, 

and Amazonian Peru and Brazil 


Pouteria dominigensis (Gaertner f.) Baehni subsp. dominigensis [syn. 

Lucuma serpentaria Kunth] 


SPANISH: jocuma, sapote culebra, sapotillo, siguapa, yema de huevo 


NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Cuba, Hispaniola, and South Florida 


Pouteria durlandii (Standley) Baehni subsp. durlandii 


ENGLISH: asipokoballi, mammey cedera, mammey cederia, plantain stick 

SPANISH: caimito blanco, cosahuico, lucumito, zapotilla hoja ancha, 

zapotillo, zapotillo blanco 

USES/NOTES: Smooth, 2.5 cm long fruit is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Atlantic Mexico and Central America, Colombia, 

Venezuela, Guyana, southeastern Brazil, Amazonian Peru and Bolivia, 

and possibly Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Salick 1992 

Pouteria egregia Sandw. 


ENGLISH: kokeritiballi 

PORTUGUESE: cururu 

SPANISH: purguillo, purguillo amaraillo 

USES/NOTES: Succulent, sweet fruits are of good quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pará, Brazil, the Guianas, southern Venezuela, and 

Amazonian Colombia 


Pouteria elegans (A. DC.) Baehni [syn. Neoxythece elegans (A. DC.) 

Aubrév.] 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, cajurana, caramuri, guajará, jaraí, lacrão, 

maparajuba, massarandubinha 


606


SPANISH: pico de lombriz, shibwichi 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, whitish fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela, and Guyana 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria engleri Eyma 


ENGLISH: halchiballi 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten by the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas and northern Amazonian Brazil 


Pouteria filipes Eyma 


ENGLISH: kamahora 

PORTUGUESE: abiorana, abiurana 

SPANISH: buyero 


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Brazil, the Guianas, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pouteria fossicola Cronq. 


SPANISH: mamey, mamey de injerto, mamey verde, zapote 

USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are of very good quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Pilz 1981, Prance and Mori 1979 

Pouteria franciscana Baehni 


PORTUGUESE: abiorana-branca 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru 


Pouteria gardneri (Mart. & Miq.) Baehni 


PORTUGUESE: leitero folha miuda, massaranduba vermelha, sapotinha, 

tadumo 

SPANISH: traponu-icha 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Bolivia 


Pouteria gardneriana (A. DC.) Radlk. [syn. P. suavis Hemsley] 


SPANISH: agua, aguai, aguai-guacu, aguai-guaw, aguya, auya 

USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are eaten in Uruguay and Paraguay, yet 

also are reported as poisonous. 


607


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Piauí to Rio Grande do Sul, 

Uruguay, Paraguay, and northern Argentina 


Pouteria glauca Penn. 


SPANISH: caimito, caimito de mono 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk. subsp. glomerata 


PORTUGUESE: abiorana, abiorana-do-igapó, abiu, abiu-fofo, abiurana, 

abiurana-de-igapó, abiurana-de-várzea, abiurana-roxa, coquiranagogo, 

maca-de-agua 

SPANISH: abio, boquetero, chicosapote, chupon, cojón de verraco, mata 

mata caspi, níspero de montaña, pan de la vida, socovite, temare, 

tilapo, zapote, zapote prieto, zapotillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, tropical South America to 

Paraguay and northern Argentina 


Pouteria glomerata (Miq.) Radlk. subsp. stylosa (Pierre) Penn. 


SPANISH: guayabito, níspero mono 


NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, to eastern 



Pouteria gomphiifolia (Mart.) Radlk. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana de baixo, abiurana do igapó, abiurana estreita, 

abiurana maparajuba, massaranduba 

SPANISH: caimitillo, quinilla blanca del bajo, quinilla amarilla, 

temarito, temarito rebalsero, temarote rebalsero 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Pouteria gongrijpii Eyma [syn. Franchetella gongrijpii (Eyma) 

Aubrév.] 


GUIANAS: akoinsiba, aprahoedoe, balata poirier, kokeritje balli, 

niamboka, pepe boiti, zolive 

PORTUGUESE: abiu 

SPANISH: quinilla blanca 


608


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. Pennington describes the range of P. 

gongrijpii as excluding Peru, yet Pinedo-Vásquez et al. identify 

the plant as occurring there. Pinedo-Vásquez et al. use the common 

name quinilla blanca, which is used for other Sapotaceae species. 

Without further investigation, it is difficult to say whether the 

quinilla blanca described by Pinedo-Vásquez et al. is P. gongrijpii 

or not. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and Surinam into Amazonian Brazil 

and possibly Peru 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992 

Pouteria grandiflora (A. DC.) Baehni 


PORTUGUESE: bapeba, bapeba preta, oisi-toroba, talo fino 


NATURAL RANGE: Coastal Brazil from Pernambuco to Rio de Janeiro 


Pouteria guianensis Aublet [syn. P. tovarensis Klotzsch & Karsten ex 

Engl., Lucuma huallagae Standley ex L.O. Williams] 


ENGLISH: asepoko, asipoko, kamahora 


PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana abiu, abiurana casca fina, 

abiurana gigante, abiurana sabia, caoquirana caranazal, gutta 

percha 

SPANISH: balata, bayastillo, caimito, caimito morado, caimitillo, 

carrizalero, huangana caspi, juan colorado, mamurillo, níspero de 

monte, purvio amarillo, quinilla blanca, uchpa quinilla 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is similar to P. caimito. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and north coastal Brazil, Amazonian Peru, the 

Guianas, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin 

et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Uphof 1968 

Pouteria hispida Eyma 



PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana braba, abiurana caramuri 

SPANISH: caimito amarillo, caimito negro 


NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and the Guianas through Amazonian Brazil to 

Amazonian Peru and Bolivia, and southeastern Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Steyermark 

et al. 1995 

Pouteria hypoglauca (Standley) Baehni 


SPANISH: pan de la vida, zapote blanco, zocohuite 


609


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp of this increasingly rare, cultivated species 

is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Guatemala, and perhaps El Salvador 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986, León 1987, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria jariensis Pires & Penn. 



PORTUGUESE: abiu, guajará 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana 


Pouteria laevigata (Mart.) Radlk. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana da casca grossa, abiuran sapota, 

caramuri, caucho 

SPANISH: árbol de churuco, caimitillo, caramury caucho, pendare 

rebalsero, quina quina blanca, shiringa arana 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Peru, and Brazil, to French Guiana 


Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pavón) Kuntze [syn. P. insignis Baehni, 

Achras lucuma Ruiz & Pavón, Lucuma bifera Molina, L. obovata 

Kunth., L. turbinata Molina, Richardella lucuma (Ruiz & Pavón) 

Aubrév.] 


ENGLISH: lucuma 


SPANISH: logma, lohma, louma, lucma, lucmo, lúcuma, lucumo, lugma, 

maco, mamón, rucma, sapote mamei 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated centuries for its highly esteemed large (to 12 

cm long), fruits, which are sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Colombia to northern Chile 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, Estrella 1991, León 1987, Morton 1987a, 

National Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 

1974, Smith et al. 1992 

Pouteria macrocarpa (Mart.) Dietr. [syn. Labatia macrocarpa Mart., 

Lucuma paraensis Standley] 


PORTUGUESE: abiu grande, abiurana cutitiribá, cabeça-de-macaco, 

cortica, cutitiribá, cutitiribá-amarelo, genipapo, taturuba 

SPANISH: caimito brasileño, lucuma 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are said to be eaten in Brazil, but also poisonous 

in Colombia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica, Colombia, and Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, 

Pennigton 1990, Silva et al. 1977 


610


Pouteria macrophylla (Lam.) Eyma [syn. Chrysophyllum macrophyllum 

Lam., Lucuma rivicola Gaertner f., Richardella macrophylla (Lam.) 

Aubrév., R. rivicoa (Gaertner f.) Pierre, Vitellaria rivicola 

(Gaertner f.) Radlk.] 


ENGLISH: bully tree, choky apple, egg fruit 

PORTUGUESE: abiorana-preta, abiurana, acara-uba, banana-da-mata, 

curiti, cutite, cutitiribá, cutitirabá-grande, cutité-tiribá, oititiribá, 

sapotilha, tataruba, tutiribá, tuturubá, uititiriba 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito del monte, caimo, canistel, coquino, 

jacana, lucma, lucuma, sapotilla, siguapa, soroclocco, trompillo, 

yema-de-huevo 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 6 cm), aromatic, starchy fruits are 

sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Surinam and French Guiana to Amazonian and coastal 

Brazil and Amazonian Bolivia and Peru 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 

1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennigton 1990, Posey 1984, Smith et al. 

1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Pouteria maguirei (Aubrév.) Penn. 


SPANISH: cabeza de baba, palo de babilla, temare rebalsero 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and adjacent Brazil, upper Rio Negro 


Pouteria multiflora (A. DC.) Eyma [syn. P. carabobensis Pittier, P. 

macrocarpa (Huber) Baehni, Lucuma macrocarpa Huber, Lucuma 

multiflora A. DC., Radlkoferella macrocarpa (Huber) Aublet, 

Vitellaria multiflora (A. DC.) Radlk.] 


ENGLISH: bully tree, chuky apple, galimento, penny piece, savana 

bully tree, white bully tree 

PORTUGUESE: cutite-grande, cutitiribá, cutitiribá grande 

SPANISH: caimitillo, caimito, caimito del monte, chupón torito, 

galimenta, garcigonzalez, jacana, kaashi baratji, lengua de vaca, 

lengevaco, logma, lucuma, lucma, lucma chuncha, maicillo, mun dupi, 

níspero montañero, purguillo negro, soroclocco, taco, trompillo, 

zapotillo 

USES/NOTES: Large fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, Panama, 

Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin 

et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria nemorosa Baehni 


SPANISH: coquino 


611


USES/NOTES: Fruits typiaclly are eaten preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia 


Pouteria opposita (Ducke) Penn. [syn. Chrysophyllum oppositum 

(Ducke) Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: abiu, caramuri 

SPANISH: quinilla amarilla 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, yellow fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977 

Pouteria pallida (Gaertner f.) Baehni [syn. Oxythece fabrilis 

Pierre] 


ENGLISH: balata 

FRENCH: balata blanc, balata chien, balate, bois balat 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Lesser Antilles 


Pouteria pariry (Ducke) Baehni [syn. Eglerodendron pariry (Ducke) 

Aubrév. & Pellegrin, Lucuma pariry Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: frutão, pariri 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large, round, green to orange, aromatic, tart 

fruit is locally esteemed, eaten fresh, with sugar, or used for 

beverages. Potentially large tree also is a lumber source. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, 


Pouteria penicillata Baehni [syn. Pseudolabatia penicillata (Baehni) 

Aubrév.] 


ENGLISH: fine-leaved kamahora 


NATURAL RANGE: Guyana and adjacent Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Pennington 1990, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Pouteria plicata Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana-do-igapó, abiurana-de-várzea, juturuba 

SPANISH: caimitillo, purguillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Amazonian and northeastern Brazil, and 

Amazonian Peru and Bolivia 



612


Pouteria polysepala Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiorana-massa 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Peru and tropical Ecuador 


Pouteria procera (Mart.) Penn. [syn. Lucuma procera Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana-cascuda, caramuri-de-várzea, maçaranduba-devárzea, 

maparajuba, mucuri 

SPANISH: cacaito, caimito, caimito colorado, caimitillo, chupón, 

quina quina, quinilla blanca, quinilla de bajo 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Venezuela to Amazonian Bolivia and Brazil, 

and coastal Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 

1990, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk. [syn. Lucuma parviflora Benth.ex 

Miq. in Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiu carriola, abiu do campo, curiola, graos de 

galho, guajará, guapeva currioloa, ibocoixa, mandapuca, 

maçaranduba, maçaranduba-vermelha, maçarandubinha, muira pixi, 

pitomba de leite 

USES/NOTES: Small greenish-yellow fruit’s pulp is eaten in jelly and 

blended beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and Bolivia to southern Brazil and 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Silva and Tassara 

1996 

Pouteria reticulata (Engl.) Eyma subsp. reticulata [syn. P. 

unilocularis (Donn. Sm.) Baehni] 


ENGLISH: wild cherry 

PORTUGUESE: abiu, abiurana, abiurana branca, abirurana cascuda, 

abiurana folha estreita, abiurana preta, bapeba, fruta de rato, 

guapeva vermehla 

SPANISH: anumu, caimitillo, nisperito, níspero zapote, nopotapeste, 

quina quina, quinilla blanca, quinilla de fruto negro, tushmo 

amarillo, zapatillo, zapatillo negro 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, and tropical South 

America to Bolivia and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pennington 

1990 


613


Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H.E. Moore & Stern [syn. P. mammosa (L.) 

Cronq., Achras mammosa L. nomen illegit., Calocarpum mammosum (L.) 

Pierre, Calocarpum sapota (Jacq.) Merr., Lucuma mammosa A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: mamey, mamey apple, mammee zapote, marmalade fruit, 

marmalade plum, red sapote, sapote 

PORTUGUESE: mamey, sapota, sapote 

SPANISH: chachaas, chachalhaas, guaicume, lava-zapote, mamey, mamey 

colorado, mamey de tierra, mamey mata serrana, mamey rojo, mamey 

sapote, mamey-zapote, pixtle, sapota, sapote, sapote colorado, 

sapote de montaña, tezón-zapote, zapote, zapote colorado, zapote de 

carne, zapote de tierra, zapote grande, zapote mamey, zapotillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or preserved and are highly 

esteemed, latex has been used with chicle for chewing gum, and 

toasted and ground seeds, reminiscent of almonds, are used in 

sauces, sometimes added to chocolate in parts of Mexico and Central 

America. Widely cultivated and sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands of southern Mexico to Guatemala and 

Honduras, possibly to northern Nicaragua, widely cultivated and 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Coe 1994, Gregory 1960, Kermath (notes), 

Leung 1961, Leving 1961, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Naranjo 

1991, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, 

Smith et al. 1992, Standley 1931, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 1982, 

Will 1991 

Pouteria simulans Monach. 


SPANISH: anumu, purgo macho, trompillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten locally in Anzoátegui, Venezuela. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, MBG n.d., Pennington 1990 

Pouteria speciosa (Ducke) Baehni [syn. Lucuma speciosa Ducke, 

Richardella speciosa (Ducke) Aubrév.] 


PORTUGUESE: pajurá, pajurá-de-Óbidos 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, similar to that of Couepia bracteosa, is eaten 

fresh or made into an alcoholic beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, French Guiana, and Pará, Brazil, possibly to 

Surinam, and an isolated population in Amazonian Colombia 

REFERENCE: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et. al. 1987, Pennington 1990, 


Pouteria splendens (A. DC.) Kuntze [syn. Lucuma valparadisea Molina] 


SPANISH: lucuma, lucumo, palo colorado 




614


REFERENCES: Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Martin et al. 1987, 

Pennington 1990 

Pouteria surumuensis Baehni 


ENGLISH: bakupar 

PORTUGUESE: cucutiriba, cutitiba, goiti 

SPANISH: makararo 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southeastern Venezuela, Guyana, and 

northern Amazonian Brazil 


Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. glabra Penn. 


ENGLISH: asipoko, broad-leaved asipokoballi 

PORTUGUESE: abiorana-preta, abiurana, abiurana caranazal, abiurana 

gutta, coquirana do igapó, tchutchú-bem-púm 

SPANISH: bampara amarilla, caimitillo, caimito, caimito coto 

colorado, canalete araguato, cuimasao, quina quina, quinilla, 

quinilla blanca, sacha caimito, sapotina 

USES/NOTES: Mature fruit reportedly is sweet. Formerly a gutta latex 

source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to Colombia, south to Bolivia, and Amazonian 

Brazil 


Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. torta [syn. Lucuma torta 

(Mart.) A. DC.] 


PORTUGUESE: cabo-de-machado, guapeba, guapeva 


NATURAL RANGE: Central and coastal Brazil 


Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk. subsp. tuberculata (Sleumer) Penn. 


PORTUGUESE: abiurana-de-goma 

SPANISH: dupi, quinilla 

USES/NOTES: Hairy fruit’s pulp is eaten by the Shuar of Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico through Central America, Colombia, 

Ecuador, Peru, and Amazonian Brazil, and French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria trigonosperma Eyma [syn. Radlkoferella trigonosperma (Eyma) 

Aubrév., Richardella trigonosperma (Eyma) Baehni] 




NATURAL RANGE: Guyana, Surinam, and eastern Amazonian Brazil 


615



Pouteria triplarifolia P. Allen ex Penn. 


SPANISH: sapote 


NATURAL RANGE: Puntarenas, Costa Rica 


Pouteria ucuqui Pires & Schultes 


PORTUGUESE: ká-ha-pa, oó-le-da, puch-pee-á, tukuro, ucuqui 

SPANISH: ucuqui, ukuki, yoco, yucú 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the large yellowish/orange fruit is much 

appreciated and an important part of local diets, eaten cooked and 

mixed with cassava flour or tapioca starch. 

NATURAL RANGE: Border region of Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and 

Venezuela along the Negro and Casiquiare rivers 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, 

Smith et al. 1992 

Pouteria venosa (Mart.) Baehni subsp. amazonica Penn. [syn. Lucuma 

dissepala (Krause) Ducke] 



PORTUGUESE: abiurana, abiurana-grande, abiurana-preta, cutiribaamarelo, 

cutiti-açu, cutitiribá-rana, guajará 

SPANISH: abiruana, abiurana grande, árbol de vaca, bampara, bampera, 

barata, capure, chicle, conserva, goma de guaca, mantequilla, 

merecurillo, níspero montañero, perguillo negro, purguillo, 

purguillo chicle, purguillo negro, purguillo terciopelo, terciopelo 


NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, the Guianas, and Amazonian and eastern 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: FUDENA n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Pouteria viridis (Pittier) Cronq. [syn. Calocarpum viride Pittier] 


ENGLISH: green sapote, red faisan, white faisan 

SPANISH: chulul, ingerto, injerto, injerto verde, raxtul, yash-tul, 

zapote injerto, zapote mico, zapote verde 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten fresh, in preserves, and in desserts, 

and latex is used as a chewing gum base. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Mexico to Costa Rica, introduced elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, 

Morton 1987a, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Popenoe 1974 

Pradosia beardii (Monach.) Penn. 


ENGLISH: kakarua, swamp kukarua, wild kaimit 


616


SPANISH: cakak-orai-yek 


NATURAL RANGE: Trinidad, southeastern Venezuela, and Guyana 


Pradosia brevipes (Pierre) Penn. [syn. Chrysophyllum soboliferum 

Rizzini] 


PORTUGUESE: cajueiro-de-campo, curiola-rasteria, fruto-de-tatu 

USES/NOTES: Small fruit’s thin layer of mucilagenous pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Goiás to Paraná, Brazil and eastern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Pennington 1990, Silva and Tassara 1996 

Pradosia huberi (Ducke) Ducke [syn. Glycoxylon huberi Ducke] 


PORTUGUESE: paracuúba-doce, pau-doce 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, from Minas Gerais to Amapá, and French Guiana 


Pradosia lactescens (Vell.) Radlk. [syn. Chrysophyllum buranhem 

Riedel nomen nudum] 


USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit reportedly is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, from Paraná north to Pernambuco, perhaps beyond 


Pradosia ptychandra (Eyma) Penn. [syn. Neopometia ptychandra (Eyma) 

Aubrév., Pouteria ptychandra Eyma] 


FRENCH: balata pommier, kimboto, kouatabobi, malobi-weti, zolive 

USES/NOTES: Orange fruit’s pulp is edible, described as delicious by 

Pennington. 

NATURAL RANGE: French Guiana and Surinam 


Pradosia schomburgkiana (A. DC.) Cronq. subsp. schomburgkiana [syn. 

Glycoxylon inophyllum (Mart.) Ducke, Glycoxylon pedicellatum Ducke] 


ENGLISH: cacarrowa, kakarua 

PORTUGUESE: ajarahy, ajaraí, casca-doce, jaraí, jaraí-da-terra-firme, 

miracehen, pau-doce 

SPANISH: chicle, guayabón, kakkayek, temariti, temarito banero, 

yoquito 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruit’s sweet, gelatenous pulp is eaten locally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Brazil, and Venezuela, to Surinam 

and Guyana 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Silva et al. 1977, 



617


Pradosia surinamensis (Eyma) Penn. [syn. Pouteria surinamensis Eyma] 


ENGLISH: widieko 

PORTUGUESE: xixiro 

SPANISH: chupón, gateado, yorón 


NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, and northern 



Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore 


SPANISH: cuaste, guimague, manaca, mandari panga, maquenque, palma de 

ramos, palma justa, palma ramosilla, palmicho, palmito, palmito 

dulce, puma chincha, sada, sisagua, tintuk 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart of this multi-stemmed palm are eaten, 

seeds are used for blowgun projectiles, and leaves are used for 


NATURAL RANGE: Antilles, Central America, and the Andes from Venezuela 

and Colombia to northern Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Grayum 2003b, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d., Pedersen 

and Skov 2001, Young and León 1990 

Prestoea acuminata (Willd.) H.E. Moore var. montana (Graham) 

Henderson & Galeano [syn. P. montana (Graham) G. Nicholson] 


ENGLISH: mountain cabbage, mountain cabbage palm, sierra palm, 

sierran palm 

SPANISH: manacla, palma de ramos, palma de sierra, palma manacla, 

palmito 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart of this single-stemmed palm are eaten. The 

fruit is also an important food source for the endangered Puerto 

Rican parrot. This variety along with P. acuminata have been 

treated as a single species. It is important to note, however, that 

multi-stemmed forms can be better sustained for the commercial 

production of palm hearts. Fruit is also an important food source 

of the Puerto Rican Amazon parrot. 

NATURAL RANGE: Antilles 

REFERENCES: Grayum 2003b, Henderson et al. 1995, MBG n.d., Pedersen 

and Skov 2001, Young and León 1990 

Prestoea schultzeana (Burret) H.E. Moore [syn. Euterpe schultzeana 

Burret] 


PORTUGUESE: açaizinha 

SPANISH: chincha, palma de pantona, palma ramosilla, palmito, tintuk 

USES/NOTES: Fruit and heart are eaten, seeds are used for blowgun 

projectiles, and leaves are used for thatch. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia/Andean ecotone of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, 

and into Acre, Brazil 


618



1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Primula veris L. 


ENGLISH: cowslip 

PORTUGUESE: primavera, prímula 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a vegetable and flowers are added 

to salads or made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions from Canada and the U.S. to 

China 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gleason 1968, Grieve 1931, Neumann n.d., 


Proboscidea fragrans (Lindley) Decne. 

FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame) or Martyniaceae (unicorn) 

ENGLISH: Chihuahuan devil’s claw 

SPANISH: cuernitos 

USES/NOTES: Young pods, seeds, and leaves are edible. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990 

Proboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thell. 


ENGLISH: devil’s claw, unicorn plant 

USES/NOTES: Immature fruits are eaten cooked or pickled and proteinrich 

seeds are eaten cooked or raw. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, 


Proboscidea parviflora (Wooton) Wooton & Standley 


ENGLISH: devil’s claw 

SPANISH: uña de gato 

USES/NOTES: Young seeds are edible. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Munz 1974 

Prosopis alba Griseb. and P. alba var. panta Griseb. [syn. P. panta 

(Griseb.) Hieron.] 


ENGLISH: Argentine mesquite 

SPANISH: algarrobo, algarrobo blanco, thaco, thako 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Chile, and 

southeastern Peru 

REFERENCES: Burkart 1976, Burkart 1987, López et al. 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999 


619


Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz 


ENGLISH: Chilean algarrobo, Chilean mesquite, mesquite 

SPANISH: acacia de catarina, algarroba, algarrobo, algarrobo blanco, 

algarrobo de Chile, amansa caballo, cambrón, carbón, catzimec, 

chachaca, guatapana, kitwe, manca-caballo, mesquite, nacascol, 

plumo de oro, trupillo, yaque 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its nutritious seeds and sweet fruit pods, 

which are used for bread, mush, atole (a beverage), and beer. 

Possibly conspecific with P. juliflora (Sw.) DC. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina and central and northern Chile, 

likely to Bolivia and Peru, and perhaps beyond in South America, 

naturalized in many favorable locations 

REFERENCES: Burkart 1976, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 

1984, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970, Yanovsky 1936 

Prosopis glandulosa Torrey var. glandulosa [syn. P. juliflora auct. 

non (Sw.) DC.] 


ENGLISH: cashaw, honey mesquite, honeypod, mesquite 

PORTUGUESE: alfarroba, alfarrobeira, algaroba, algarobia, algarrobo, 

goma-de-mesquite 

SPANISH: aroma, bayahonda, cují carora, cují yaque, curí carora, curí 

yaque, manca-caballo, mesquite, mezquita, mezquite, tornillo, 

trupilla 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pods are consumed fresh, cooked, dried and ground 

into flour, or fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Flowers and 

sweet gum are edible, and chipped wood is added to barbecues for 

flavor. Pestiferous in parts of its range due to overgrazing. Also 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Cutter et al. 1991, Duke 1986, Harrington 1967, Heywood 1978, OAS 

1973, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana (L. Benson) I.M. Johnston [syn. 

P. juliflora var. torreyana L. Benson, P. odorata Torrey & Frémont] 


ENGLISH: western honey mesquite 

PORTUGUESE: alfarroba, algaroba, algarrobo, goma-de-mesquite 

SPANISH: mesquite 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pods and gum are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and adjoining Mexico, naturalized and 

invasive in other warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Felger and 

Moser 1971, Uphof 1968 

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 


ENGLISH: ironwood, mesquite 


620


PORTUGUESE: algarroba, prosópis 

SPANISH: algarroba, algarrobo, bayahonda, cují negro 

USES/NOTES: Sweet pods, once an important food source for indians of 

Peru, Chile and Argentina, may be used in flour, beverages, and 

syrup. Possibly conspecific with P. chilensis (Molina) Stuntz. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Piura Desert of Peru and perhaps beyond, or 

Neotropics in general 

REFERENCES: Habit and Saavedra 1988 

Prosopis laevigata (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) M. Johnston [syn. P. 

dulcis Kunth] 


ENGLISH: mesquite 

SPANISH: mesquite 


NATURAL RANGE: South Texas and Mexico 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Martin et al. 1987 

Prosopis nigra (Griseb.) Hieron. 


PORTUGUESE: algaroba 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and used to make an alcoholic beverage in 

Argentina. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Burkart 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Prosopis pallida (Willd.) Kunth 


ENGLISH: mesquite 

PORTUGUESE: algaroba 

SPANISH: bayahonda, mesquite 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pod is eaten and is the source of a sweet syrup used 

in drinks. 

NATURAL RANGE: South America, naturalized in Hawaii 

REFERENCES: Cronk and Fuller 1995, Mabberley 1987 

Prosopis pubescens Benth. 


ENGLISH: screw bean, screw bean mesquite, tornillo 

SPANISH: tornillo 

USES/NOTES: Pods are boiled to produce syrup, ground into meal, and 

fermented into an alcoholic beverage. Flowers are also edible. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Kirk 1970, Tull 


Prosopis tamarugo Phil. 


USES/NOTES: Fruit pods are edible. 



621



1999 

Protium aracouchini (Aublet) Marchand 


PORTUGUESE: breu 

SPANISH: anime, canfincillo, copal, guitaguemo, miimoncahue 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil through Amazonian Peru and 

Ecuador and north to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, MBG n.d., Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Renner 

et al. 1990 

Protium brasiliense Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: almecera, amescla 


NATURAL RANGE: Minas Gerais, Brazil 


Protium decandrum (Aublet) Marchand 




NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through eastern Amazonian Brazil and 

French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Rankin de Mérona et 

al. 1992 

Protium fimbriatum Sw. 



SPANISH: chipia 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Protium giganteum Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: breu-branco 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Protium grandifolium Engl. 


SPANISH: brea caspi, copal 

USES/NOTES: Fruit aril is edible and latex is used as a caulking 

compound. 


622


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela and north-central Amazonia to 



Protium heptaphyllum (Aublet) Marchand 


PORTUGUESE: almecega-cheirosa, breu-branco, breu-branco-verdadeiro, 

breu-de-campina, mescla 

SPANISH: aceitico, anime, caraña, caraño, tacamahaco 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit pulp is edible. Resin is used as a cerimonial 

incense. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Berg 1984, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 

1973, Silva et al. 1977 

Protium nodulosum Swart 



SPANISH: copal 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Renner et al. 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Protium pallidum Cuatrec. 


PORTUGUESE: breu-branco 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana 


Protium polybotryum (Turcz.) Engl. 



USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by the Ka’apor of eastern Amazonian Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana 


Protium sagotianum Marchand 


ENGLISH: haiwa 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by Amerindians of Guayana. 


REFERENCES: Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992 

Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: almecegueira, amescla-branca 

SPANISH: aliso, anime, copal 

USES/NOTES: Whitish fruit aril is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Widespread in greater Amazonian South America 


623


REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Daly 1987b, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, MBG n.d. 

Protium subserratum (Engl.) Engl. 





REFERENCES: Daly 1987b, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Rankin de Mérona et al. 

1992 

Protium tenuifolium (Engl.) Engl. 




NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, through 

Panama and Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Rankin de 

Mérona et al. 1992 

Protium trifoliolatum Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: breu-almecega 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Amazonian Peru and Ecuador 


Protium unifoliolatum Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: breu, breu-peludo, breuzinho 


USES/NOTES: Ovoid fruit’s aril is eaten by the Chácobo of Bolivia. 


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Prumnopitys andina (Poeppig & Endl.) de Laub. [syn. Podocarpus 

andinus Poeppig & Endl.] 


ENGLISH: plum fir, plum-fruited yew 

SPANISH: lieuque, mañiu, pino 


NATURAL RANGE: Central to southern coastal Chile 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, 


Prunella vulgaris L. 


ENGLISH: all-heal, self-heal 

SPANISH: consuelda menor, hierba de las heridas, prunella 


624


USES/NOTES: Powdered leaves are made into a refreshing beverage. Young 

shoots and leaves are eaten raw or cooked. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Kirk 

1970, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Radford et al. 1968 

Prunus alabamensis Mohr 


ENGLISH: Alabama cherry, Alabama chokecherry 

SPANISH: cereza 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, dark red to black fruits occasionally are eaten 

preserved or rarely out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. coastal plain, North Carolina to 

northern Florida and Alabama 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994 

Prunus americana Marshall 


ENGLISH: American plum, American wild plum, August plum, goose plum, 

North American plum, river plum, wild plum 

USES/NOTES: Often tart, though sometimes sweet fruits, occasionally 

sold in markets, are eaten preserved, cooked, or rarely dried or 

out of hand. Kernel is said to be edible. Small tree, with 

exfoliating bark, also is grown for its abundant, sweetly fragrant, 

white flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, widespread from north-central 

Florida to southeastern Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1967, 

Kermath (notes), Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1994, Sauer 


Prunus angustifolia Marshall [syn. P. chicasa nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: chickasaw plum, Indian cherry, mountain cherry, wild plum 

USES/NOTES: Crimson to pink or yellow fruits, of wild and cultivated 

varieties, vary in quality and degree of tartness from very tart to 

sweet and are eaten out of hand, or more typically cooked or 

preserved. Thicket forming, small trees are used sparingly in urban 

landscaping for their abundant, though insipid smelling, white 

flowers. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 

1987, Nelson 1994, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Prunus angustifolia Marshall var. watsonii 


ENGLISH: sand chickasaw plum, sand plum, sandhill plum 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are eaten cooked or preserved. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Medsger 1939, Kindscher 1987 


625


Prunus armeniaca L. 


ENGLISH: apricot 

PORTUGUESE: abricó, damasco 

SPANISH: abridor, albaricoque, albaricoquero, chabacano, chabano, 

damasco 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, dried, canned, in pastries, in 

ice cream, or as juice. Seeds are eaten raw and also contain a 

semi-drying, edible oil used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and 

foods. Cultivated for nearly 4,000 years. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE 

1980, Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968 

Prunus avium (L.) L. 


ENGLISH: gean, hagberry, mazzard, sweet cherry, wild cherry, wild 

sweet cherry 

PORTUGUESE: cereja-da-Europa, cereja-dos-pássaros, cereja-galega 

SPANISH: cereso, cereza, cerezo, cerezo dulce, cereza dulce 



REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, 

IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Sturtevant 

1972, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Uphof 1968 

Prunus besseyi Bailey 


ENGLISH: Bessey cherry, bush berry, Rocky Mountain cherry, western 

sand cherry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand, dried, or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Medsger 


Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. 


ENGLISH: cherry plum, myrobalan, myrobalan plum, mirabelle, Newport 

plum 

PORTUGUESE: cereja 

SPANISH: cereza, mirobolán, mirobálano 

USES/NOTES: Used mainly as a root stock for other Prunus spp., though 

also planted as an ornamental and for its edible, though inferior 

fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Caucusus of Western Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 

1987, Sauer 1993, Uphof 1968 

Prunus cerasus L. [probably derived from P. avium and P. fruticosa] 


626



ENGLISH: amarelle cherry, cherry, morello cherry, pie cherry, sour 

cherry 

PORTUGUESE: cereja, cereja-da-Europa, gingeira 

SPANISH: cereza, cerezo, cerezo ácido, guinda, guindo 

USES/NOTES: More than 50 varieties are cultivated for their highly 

esteemed fruits, eaten fresh, preserved, or in pies. The principal 

cherry of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Europe to western Asia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Prunus domestica L. [probably derived from P. cerasifera and P. 

spinosa] 


ENGLISH: black plum, damson plum, European plum, plum, prune (when 

dried) 

PORTUGUESE: ameixa 

SPANISH: bruno, bruño, ciruela, ciruelo, ciruelo europeo, ciruelero, 

pasa (when dried) 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out of hand, dried (as prunes), 

preserved, in confections, as juice, or made into alcoholic 

beverages. In Eastern Europe fruits are fermented and distilled 

into liqueurs such as slivovitz. Flowers are edible and made into 

tea. Hundreds of named cultivars and perhaps over a 1,000 cultivars 

in all exist. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lower Danube, Iran, Armenia, and the Caucuses 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Sauer 1993, Schneider 

1987, Schwanitz 1966, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Prunus dulcis (Miller) D. Webb [syn. P. amygdalus Batsch, Amygdalus 

dulcis Miller] 


ENGLISH: almond 

PORTUGUESE: amêndoa 

SPANISH: almendra, almendro, moca, palo de burro, pilón 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed, edible nut is the almond of commerce and 

the source of a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably western Asia to southeastern Europe 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, 

Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Woodroof 1979 

Prunus geniculata R.M. Harper 


ENGLISH: scrub plum 

USES/NOTES: Pinkish to dark red fruits are edible. Plant is much like 

a diminutive chickasaw plum (P. angustifolia). 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Florida 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Taylor 1998 


627


Prunus gracilis Engelm. & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Oklahoma plum, prairie cherry 


NATURAL RANGE: Arkansas, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas 



Prunus hortulana L. Bailey 


ENGLISH: hog plum, hortulan(a) plum, wild goose plum 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in the southern U.S. for its fruit, eaten in 

preserves and marmalades. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southeastern North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Fernald et al. 1958, Mabberley 

1987, Medsger 1939, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Prunus ilicifolia (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) D. Dietr. 


ENGLISH: evergreen cherry, holly-leaf cherry, islay, mountain holly, 

wild cherry 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Coahuila people made 

atole from the seed meal. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968 

Prunus maritima Marshall 


ENGLISH: beach plum 

USES/NOTES: Purplish fruits are sold in markets for use in jellies and 

preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern coastal U.S. from Maine to Delaware 

REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Prunus mexicana S. Watson 


ENGLISH: fall plum, bigtree plum, Mexican plum 

PORTUGUESE: ameixeira-do-México 

SPANISH: cerezo mexicano, ciruelo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh, in preserves, or dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. extending north along the coasts and 

south into northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990 

Prunus munsoniana W. Wight & Hedr. 


ENGLISH: wild goose plum 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated red fruits, sold in markets, are eaten out of 

hand or in jellies and preserves. 


628



REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Gleason 1968, Mabberley 1987, 


Prunus myrtifolia (L.) Urban 


ENGLISH: myrtle laurel-cherry, myrtle-leaved cherry laurel, West 

Indian cherry, West Indian laurel-cherry 

PORTUGUESE: pessegueiro-bravo, pessegueiro-do-mato 

SPANISH: almendrito, membrillo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to flavor wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies to South Florida (Rankin de Mérona et al. 

1992 report it from central Amazonia, but its nativity is not 

indicated.) 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mentz et al. 1997, Nelson 1994, Rankin de 

Mérona et al. 1992, Sturtevant 1972 

Prunus nigra Aiton 


ENGLISH: Canada black plum, Canadian plum 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in markets. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Prunus occidentalis Sw. 


ENGLISH: pruan tree, prune tree, West Indian cherry laurel 

SPANISH: almendrillo, almendrón, cuajawi, membrillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern West Indies to St. Vincent, Guatemala, and 

Panama 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973 

Prunus pensylvanica L.f. 


ENGLISH: bird cherry, fire cherry, pin cherry, wild red cherry 

USES/NOTES: Sour red fruit, though with little pulp, is eaten 

preserved or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to Georgia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, 

Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Turner and Szczawinski 1979 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch [syn. Amygdalus persica L., Persica 

vulgaris Miller] 


ENGLISH: peach 

PORTUGUESE: pêssego 

SPANISH: blanquillo, durazno, guaytambo, melocotón, prisco 

USES/NOTES: Velvety skinned fruits, commercially important in North 

America, are eaten out of hand, cooked, or canned. 


629


NATURAL RANGE: Northern China, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Godfrey 1988, Kartesz 1994, OAS 1973, 

Sauer 1993, Schneider 1987, Schwanitz 1966, Usher 1974 

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nucipersica C. Schneider and P. 

persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina Maxim. [syn. Amygdalus persica 

L.] 


ENGLISH: nectarine 

PORTUGUESE: nectarina, pêssego 

SPANISH: abridero, abridor, blanquillo, griñón, melocotón, nectarina, 

nectarino 

USES/NOTES: Fruit, a variety of the common peach (Prunus persica), is 

eaten fresh, cooked, canned, or dried, and is used to flavor 

liqueurs. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Sauer 

1993, Usher 1974 

Prunus pumila L. 


ENGLISH: sand cherry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand, dried, or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and northeastren North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Prunus salicina Lindley 


ENGLISH: Japanese plum 

SPANISH: ciruela Reina Claudia 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are eaten fresh, preserved, stewed, or in 

baked goods. Rare in the Americas until the late 1800s. 


REFERENCES: Creasy 1982, Leung 1961, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Zarucchi 

1998 

Prunus serotina Ehrh. 


ENGLISH: American black cherry, black cherry, rum cherry, wild black 

cherry, wild cherry 

PORTUGUESE: cereja-preta 

SPANISH: capulí, cereza, cereza Americana, cerezo negro silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark red to black, tart fruits, of this potentially 

large deciduous tree, are consumed fresh, as juice, in marmalades, 

or in baked goods. Bark extract and fruit are used as flavoring 

agents, the latter in alcoholic beverages including rum, hence the 

common name rum cherry. Twigs, leaves, and fresh seeds contain 

hydrocyanic acid and should not be eaten. Though not an especially 

attractive landscape tree, P. serotina does produce excellent fall 


630


foliage and abundant food for wildlife. Dark attractive wood has 

been valued for cabinet and furniture making. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas and 

central Florida, widely naturalized and pestiferous elsewhere 


Gibbons 1962, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), Martin et 

al. 1987, Morton 1976a, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977, 

Taylor 1998, Tomikel 1986 

Prunus serotina subsp. capuli (Cav.) McVaugh [syn. P. capuli Cav., 

P. capullin Zucc., P. salicifolia Kunth, P. serotina var. 

salicifolia (Kunth) Koehne] 


ENGLISH: black cherry, capuli cherry, Mexican cherry 

PORTUGUESE: cereja 

SPANISH: capoli, capulí, capolín, capulín, capulín blanco, ceraso, 

cereso, cereto, cereza, cerezo, cerezo de los Andes, cetsé, 

chencua, chengua, chimal-ma-u, cusabi, detsé, ghoto, guasiqui, 

jeco, pa ksmuk, pate, sacatón, t-mundaya, tunday, tzuúri, usabi 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruit is edible and made into wine and preserves. 

Seed kernel is eaten roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, Central America, possibly to northern 

South America 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Leung 1961, National Research Council 1989, 

OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Smith et al. 1992, Torres n.d., Yanovsky 

1936 

Prunus spinosa L. 


ENGLISH: blackthorn, blackthorn slöe, slöe 

PORTUGUESE: abrunheiro-bravo, abrunho, pruneira 

SPANISH: acacia bastarda, andrino, asarero, ciruelo silvestre, 

endrino, endrino azul 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, bitter fruits are used to make liqueurs like 

slöe gin, and are rarely eaten raw, preserved, or in baked goods. 


NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and Asia 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Morton 1976a, 

Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968 

Prunus subcordata Benth. 


ENGLISH: Klamath plum, Pacific Plum, sierra plum 

USES/NOTES: Esteemed fruits are eaten fresh or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: California in the Sierra Nevada and northern coastal 

range mountains and western Oregon 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959, 



631


Prunus tomentosa Thunb. [syn. Cerasus tomentosa Wall ex Baker in 

Hook.f.] 


ENGLISH: Chinese bush fruit, Hansen’s bush cherry, mancha cherry, 

Nanking cherry 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, bitter fruits are eaten raw or cooked, and 

are made into liqueurs such as slöe gin. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate East Asia 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Tanaka 1976, Uphof 1968, Zarucchi 1998 

Prunus umbellata Elliott 


ENGLISH: black slöe, flatwoods plum, hog plum, small wild plum, 

southern slöe, wild plum 

USES/NOTES: Small, tart to astringent fruits, red to yellow when 

immature, generally becoming purple when ripe, are occasionally 

eaten preserved or cooked. Also attractive for its showy white 

spring flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., coastal plain 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, 

Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Prunus virginiana L. 


ENGLISH: American chokecherry, chokecherry, common chokecherry, wild 

cherry 

SPANISH: cerezo de Virginia 

USES/NOTES: Bitter fresh fruits are edible, dried and mixed with dried 

meat to make pemmican, or prepared into jelly and preserves. Twigs 

are used to flavor cooked foods and seed kernals are added to 

pemmican. Bark and twigs are brewed as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America from Canada to Georgia and perhaps west 

to Arizona 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris 

1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torrey [syn. P. virginiana 

subsp. demissa (Nutt. in Torrey & A. Gray) R.L. Taylor & Macbr., P. 

demissa (Nutt.) Walp.] 


ENGLISH: western chokecherry 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are eaten fresh or prepared. 



Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (Nelson) Sarg. [syn. P. 

melanocarpa (Nelson) Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: black western chokecherry, chokecherry, Rocky Mountain 

cherry 


632


USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are eaten fresh or prepared. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Uphof 


Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel [syn. Myrcia 

umbellilifera (Kunth) DC., Myrcianthes umbellulifolia (Kunth) 

Alain, Eugenia umbellilifera (Kunth) Krug & Urban] 


ENGLISH: monos plum 

SPANISH: cereza de mono, paují de amú 

USES/NOTES: Juicy, sweet, yellow fruits are eaten. 


REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, McVaugh 1989 

Pseudananas sagenarius (Arruda) Camargo 


SPANISH: garrabatá, ivirá, y-vira (Guaraní) 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru through Brazil, Bolivia, 

Paraguay, and northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, MBG n.d., Smith and Downs 1979 

Pseudobombax munguba (Mart. & Zucc.) Dugand [syn. Bombax munguba 

(Mart.) Zucc.] 


PORTUGUESE: manguba 

SPANISH: munguba, pretino punga, punga 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and their yellowish oil are edible. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 


Pseudolmedia laevigata Trécul 


SPANISH: pama amarilla 



REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Salick 1992 

Pseudolmedia laevis (Ruiz & Pavón) J.F. Macbr. 


PORTUGUESE: pama, pama-ferro, pama-pequena, pama-preta 

SPANISH: chimi, chimiqua, itauba amarilla, pama calata colorada 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG n.d. 


633


Pseudolmedia macrophylla Trécul 


PORTUGUESE: pama, pama-de-tamanho-médio 

SPANISH: pama morongke 



REFERENCES: Berg 1972, Boom 1989, Salick 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria F.D. Sm. 


SPANISH: manash 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Belize to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Pseudolmedia rigida (Klotzsch & Karsten) Cuatrec. subsp. rigida 


SPANISH: chimi, guaimarillo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador through northern South America 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Berg 1972, Martin et al. 1987 

Pseudophoenix ekmanii Burret 


SPANISH: cacheo, cacheo de Oviedo 

USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet sap has been made into beverages including 

wine. Unfortunately, wine production, which included cutting the 

tree down, has led to the palm’s demise. 

NATURAL RANGE: Barahona Peninsula, Dominican Republic 


Pseudophoenix vinifera (Mart.) Becc. 


ENGLISH: buccaneer palm, cherry palm, wild date palm 

FRENCH: katié 

SPANISH: cacheo 

USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet sap has been made into beverages including 

wine. Unfortunately, wine production, which included cutting the 

tree down, along with general population pressure have led to the 

palm’s demise. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Tanaka 1976, Uhl and 

Dransfield 1987 

Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torrey) W.A. Weber & R.L. Hartman [syn. 

Stellaria jamesiana Torrey] 

FAMILY: Caryophyllaceae (carnation) 

ENGLISH: chickweed, starwort 

USES/NOTES: Small tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Wyoming to Texas 


634



Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco 


ENGLISH: Douglas fir 

USES/NOTES: Needles and young stems are made into tea, young shoots 

can be used to flavor other foods, and sweet sap is edible. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Psidium acutangulum DC. [syn. P. grandifolium Ruiz & Pavón, Britoa 

acida O. Berg, B. sellowiana O. Berg] 


ENGLISH: Pará guava 

PORTUGUESE: araçá-do-Pará, araçá-pera, araçá-pomba, guabiroba-da-mata, 

sete-casacas 

SPANISH: ararai, guayabilla, guayabo agrio, guayabo montañero 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruits are used in drinks and marmalades and rarely 

eaten raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru, the Guianas, and 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hoyas 1989, Martin 

et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Smith et al. 1992, Vickers and Plowman 

1984 

Psidium albidum Cambess. 


PORTUGUESE: araçazeiro-branco 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Legrand 1962, Martin et al. 1987 

Psidium arayan (Kunth) Burret [syn. Myrtus arayan Kunth] 





REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, McVaugh 1958 

Psidium cattleianum Sabine [syn. P. chinense Hort., P. littorale 

Raddi] 


ENGLISH: Calcutta guava, cattley guava, cherry guava, Chinese guava, 

Chinese strawberry guava, pineapple guava, purple guava, strawberry 

guava, yellow strawberry guava (yellow cultivar) 

PORTUGUESE: araçá da praia, goiaba 

SPANISH: araza, cas dulce, cas guava, guayaba, guayaba fresa, guayaba 

japonesa, guayaba peruana, guayabo pequeño, guayaba rosada, guisaro 

USES/NOTES: Red, golf-ball-sized fruit is edible and the plant is 

ornamental. P. cattleianum var. lucidum is a yellow variety. 


635


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazilian lowlands, widely cultivated and 

naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciolla 1990, FLEPPC 2003, Mabberley 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Mowry et al. 1967, Popenoe 

1974, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Psidium cinereum var. incanescens (Mart. ex DC.) Legrand [syn. P. 

incanescens Mart. ex DC.] 




REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Legrand and Klein 1977, Martin et al. 1987, 


Psidium friedrichsthalianum O. Berg 


ENGLISH: Costa Rican guava, cas guava 

PORTUGUESE: goiaba 

SPANISH: arrayán, cas, guayaba, guayaba agria, guayaba de fresco, 

guayaba de mico, guayabillo, guayabo, guayabo agrio 

USES/NOTES: Green, nearly round, pectin-rich, tart 3-5cm fruits are 

used in beverages, pies, and preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico (southern Vera Cruz and Oaxaca) through 

Guatemala and Honduras to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Morton 

1987a, Price 1990, Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Sánchez-Vindas 2001, Smith 

et al. 1992, Standley 1930, Uphof 1968 

Psidium guajava L. 


ENGLISH: common guava, guava 

PORTUGUESE: araçá-açu, araçá-goiaba, araçá-guaiaba, goiaba, guaiaba, 

guaiava 

SPANISH: arasa, chura-catoco, coloc, guayaba, guayabo, guayabo 

blanco, nulu, pachí, pichí, purijo, saguinto, sahuintu 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or preserved, often as a paste 

(bocadillo) or as puree for baby food. Fruits contain two to five 

times the vitamin C of oranges. Bark and leaves are medicinal. 

Leaves are used as an astringent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably first domesticated in Peru, though 

possibly the West Indies or Mexico, widely naturalized in warm 

regions and once thought to be of Old World origin 

REFERENCES: Austin and Bourne 1992, Boom 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 

1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Estrella 1991, FLEPPC 2003, Flannery 

1973, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Meyer-Arendt 1979, Naranjo 1991, 

Oldfield 1981, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Peret 1985, Popenoe 1974, 

Reed 1995, Schneider 1987, Silva et al. 1977 


636


Psidium guineensis Sw. [syn. P. araca Raddi, P. costaricense O. 

Berg, P. fluviatile Rich., P. guyanense Pers., P. laurifolium O. 

Berg, P. molle Bertol., P. schiedeanum O. Berg] 


ENGLISH: Brazilian guava, Castilian guava, guisaro, wild guava 

PORTUGUESE: aracahy, araçá, araçá-do-campo, araçá-mirim, araçá-pêra, 

araçaí, fruta-de-campo 

SPANISH: allpa guayaba, arasá, arazá, cas extranjero, chamach, 

chamacch, guabillo, guayaba ácida, guayaba agria, guayaba arraiján, 

guayaba brava, guayaba de sabana, guayaba hedionada, guayaba 

sabanera, guayaba silvestre, guayabillo, guayabita, guayabita de 

sabana, guisaro, huayava, pataj, pichippul, sacha guayaba 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in beverages, ice cream, and medicines. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropics of South America, Mexico, Central 

America, and the West Indies, previously thought to be of African 

origin 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Amshoff 1951, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 

1991, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Mcvaugh 1963, Mcvaugh 1969, Morton 

1987a, Posey 1985, Sánchez-Vindas 1989, Sánchez-Vindas 1990, Silva 

et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 1970, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Psidium humile Vell. 





Psidium incanum (O. Berg) Burret [syn. Myrtus incana O. Berg] 




REFERENCES: Kausel 1966, Martin et al. 1987 

Psidium longipes (O. Berg) McVaugh [syn. Eugenia longipes O. Berg] 


ENGLISH: mangrove berry 

USES/NOTES: Small red fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida, the Bahamas, and the Lesser Antilles 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Psidium luridum (Spreng.) Burret [syn. Myrtus mucronata Cambess.] 


PORTUGUESE: araçá-de-pedra, araçá-do-campo, guabiroba-do-campo 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina and southern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Kausel 1966, Legrand 1962, Martin et al. 1987, Mentz et 

al. 1997 

Psidium montanum Sw. 


637



ENGLISH: mountain guava, spice guava 

SPANISH: almendrón de las Antillas 

USES/NOTES: Fruit tastes somewhat like a mango (Mangifera indica). 

NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, perhaps to other West Indian Islands 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Smith et al. 1992 

Psidium multiflorum Cambess. 


PORTUGUESE: guabiroba-dos-gerais 



REFERENCES: Angely 1970, Backes 1971, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 

1992 

Psidium oerstedeanum O. Berg 





REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Standley 

1937a 

Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Niedenzu [syn. P. microphyllum 

Britton, Calyptropsidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Krug & Urban ex 

Urban, Mitranthes sartoriana O. Berg] 


ENGLISH: guava, Puerto Rican guava 

SPANISH: arrayán, arrayón, guayaba, guayabillo, guayabita arrayán, 

guayabito del Perú, pichiché 

USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet, spicey fruits occasionally are eaten, 

usually preserved. Dried fruits are made into a refreshing 

beverage. 


REFERENCES: Alain 1953, Hoyas 1989, Lott 1993, Martin et al. 1987, 

McVaugh 1969, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. [also P. palustris Desv.] 


ENGLISH: asparagus pea, dambala, dragon bean, four-angled bean, fourcornered 

bean, Goa bean, Manila bean, prince’s pea, princess pea, 

winged bean, winged pea 

PORTUGUESE: fava-de-cavalho, feijão-de-asa 

SPANISH: dólico de Goa, habichuela alada 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, flowers, pods, seeds, and tubers are edible, 

though grown mainly for the immature pods, eaten as a fresh 

vegetable. Described by Wilson as a "one-species supermarket," with 

much potential for expansion as a food plant according to some 

authors (National Academy of Sciences), though of limited appeal 


638


according to others (Hunter). Widely cultivated on a small scale, 

though rarely for human consumption in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, most likely New Guinea, P. palustris 

from tropical Africa 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1981, 

Howard 1988, Hunter 1997, Kay 1979, Kitajima et al. 1979, Lewis 

1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984a, Myers 1983, NAS 1975, Noda et 

al. 1984, Wilson 1992 

Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb. [syn. Psoralea tenuiflora 

Pursh] 


ENGLISH: few-flowered psoralea, scurfpea 

USES/NOTES: Though leaves are poisonous, roots, once a food of the 

Kiowa Indians, are eaten raw, cooked, or ground into flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern Rocky Mountains 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Uphof 1968 

Psychotria galeottiana (M. Martens) C.M. Taylor & Lorence [syn. P. 

skutchii Standley] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is eaten in Guatemala. 

NATURAL RANGE: Vera Cruz, Mexico through Nicargua and perhaps 

Colombia 

REFERENCES: Lorence 1999, MBG n.d. 

Psychotria nervosa Sw. [syn. P. undata Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: Seminole balsamo, shiny-leaved wild coffee, wild coffee 

PORTUGUESE: chacrona, chacruna 

SPANISH: cachimbo, café silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly have been used as a coffee substitute, 

but with little substantiation. Leaves are used in medicinal 

teas. Shrub is also attractive as a landscape plant for its 

glossy, evergreen foliage and showy, white flowers. Chacrona was 

used for an unspecified Psychotria sp. in Acre, Brazil (UFA/NYBG) 

and is also often applied to Psychotria viridis Ruiz & Pavón, 

which is used in traditional medicine and shamanistic rituals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to Florida 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Hamilton 1989, Nelson 1978, Taylor 

1998, UFA/NYBG n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004 

Ptelea trifoliata L. [syn. P. baldwinii Torrey & A. Gray] and P. 

trifoliata var. mollis Torrey & A. Gray [syn. P. tomentosa Raf.] 


ENGLISH: common hop-tree, hop tree, skunk bush, stinking ash, wafer 

ash, water ash 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and bitter pulp of the rounded, winged samara are 

used like hops (Humulus lupulus) to flavor beer and seeds are said 

to have been ground and added to bread. 


639


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Connecticut, southern 

Ontario, and Michigan in the north, to Florida and eastern Texas 

and Mexico in the south, west to Nebraska 

REFERENCES: Coon 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 

1988, Mabberely 1987, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Nelson 1994, 

Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn in Decken [includes P. aquilinum (L.) 

Kuhn var. caudatum (L.) Sadebeck [syn. Pteris caudata L.]] 

FAMILY: Dennstaedtiaceae or Polypodiaceae (polypody) 

ENGLISH: brake, brake fern, bracken, bracken fern, eagle fern, 

eastern bracken, hog-pasture brake, lacey bracken (var. caudatum), 

pasture brake, tailed bracken, warabi, western bracken 

PORTUGUESE: pau-jacaré, samambaia-do-campo, samambaia-verdadeira 

SPANISH: helecho 

USES/NOTES: Young unopened fiddleheads, or croziers, (called munhecas 

in Brazil) have been widely eaten, though now considered 

carcinogenic in large quantities, especially if uncooked. 

Fiddleheads have also been eaten fresh, dried, or preserved. Boiled 

rhizomes are edible and the source of warabi starch, used like 

arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Dried rhizomes are used for bread 

and rhizomes and fronds have been used like hops (Humulus lupulus) 

in beer. 

NATURAL RANGE: varieties in the Americas from Canada, U.S., Mexico, 

Central America, West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the 

Guianas, Peru, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 

1993, Harrington 1976, Hodge 1973, IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1989, Kermath (notes), Lepofsky et al. 1985, Mabberley 

1987, Norton 1979, Peterson 1977, Rymer 1976, Stolze 1981, Tomikel 

1986, Tryon 1941, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Pterodon emarginatus Vogel [syn. P. pubescens Benth.] 


PORTUGUESE: fava-de-santo-inacio, pessoek, sicupira, sucupira, 

sucupira-branca 

USES/NOTES: Bark extract is used to flavor liqueurs and medicines. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Maranhão to Rio Grande do Sul west into 

Bolivia 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, ILDIS 2005, Lewis 1987, Mabberley 1987 

Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. var. lobata (Willd.) Maesen & S.M. 

Almeida [syn. P. lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, P. montana (Lour.) Merr., P. 

thunbergiana (Sieber & Zucc.) Benth., Dolichos lobatus Willd., 

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus Sieber & Zucc. and includes Pueraria 

lobata var. montana (Lour.) Maesen] 


ENGLISH: Japanese arrowroot, Japanese kudzu, ko, ko hemp, kudzu, 

kudzu vine 

PORTUGUESE: kudzu 


640


SPANISH: cudzú, kudzú 

USES/NOTES: Aggressive vine has been grown as a cover crop, for 

erosion control, and for fodder. Roots, leaves, fruit pods, and 

flowers are edible, though infrequently eaten. Flowers can be used 

to make jelly and are used as a honey source. Starchy roots may 

grow to 35 kg. Introduced to North America in 1876 as an 

ornamental, kudzu was later used for erosion control, from where it 

quickly spread to become an invasive plant throughout the eastern 

U.S., from Florida to Long Island, through southern Michigan to 

eastern Texas, though most troublesome in southern Appalachia. The 

root extracts daidzin and puerarin have been shown to suppress the 

desire to consume alcohol in alcohol-addicted rodents and kudzu tea 

reportedly can be used to treat hangovers. Knoxville, Tennessee has 

an annual kudzu festival. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, probably Japan, widely naturalized and 

invasive, especially in the southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Duke 1981, Duke 1997, Guia Rural n.d., Kermath (notes), 

Keung et al. 1996, Keung and Vallee 1993, Mabberley 1987, 

Overstreet et al. 1996, Shurtleff and Aoyagi 1985, Tanner et al. 

1979, Usher 1974, Watson 1989, Yamaguchi 1983 

Punica granatum L. 

FAMILY: Punicaceae (pomegranate) 

ENGLISH: pomegranate 

PORTUGUESE: granado, romã, romã-de-granada 

SPANISH: balaustra, granada, granado, granda 

USES/NOTES: Large (to 10cm), round, dark red berries contain many 

small seeds surrounded by juicy, red arils that are much prized 

eaten out of hand or added to sauces and fruit salads. Fruit juice 

is used to make the drink grenadine; tannin from the tough skin is 

used commercially to tan leather; and bark is used medicinally to 

treat intestinal worms, diarrhea and fevers. Seeds are used in New 

Year’s celebrations for good luck in parts of Brazil. Of ancient 

cultivation, the trees are also grown as ornamentals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mild climate niches from the Balkans to the Himalayas, 

possibly more restricted to the Caspian region 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural 

n.d., Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Kermath (notes), Omawale 

1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Usher 

1974, Van Feu n.d., Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Punica nana L. [syn. P. granatum var. nana (L.) Pers.] 

FAMILY: Punicaceae (pomegranate) 

ENGLISH: dwarf pomegranate 

PORTUGUESE: romã 

SPANISH: granada 

USES/NOTES: Arils around the many tiny seeds are highly esteemed. Also 

grown as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe/Asia 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, Usher 1974 


641


Puya berteroniana Mez 


ENGLISH: blue puya, green-flowered puya, turquoise puya 

SPANISH: cardón, chagual, magüey, puya 

USES/NOTES: Young central leaf buds are eaten in salads, but their 

removal kills the plant. Considered threatened in the wild, the 

plant is also cultivated for its beautiful blue-green flower spikes 

that can reach 2 meters. 


REFERENCES: Hoffmann 1998, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Smith and 

Downs 1974 

Puya chilensis Molina [syn. P. boliviensis Blake] 


ENGLISH: Chilean puya 

SPANISH: chagual 

USES/NOTES: Young leaf sprouts are edible. Older leaves are used as a 

durable fiber source. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Mabberley 1987, Marticorena 

and Quezada 1985, Smith 1964, Smith and Downs 1974 

Puya coerulea Lindley 


ENGLISH: Chilean puya 

SPANISH: chagual, chagualillo 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, Smith 1964 

Puya hamata L.B. Sm. 


SPANISH: achupalla 

USES/NOTES: Juice from the leaf bases is made into a sweet beverage 

called jugo de aguaronge in Spanish. Tender leaf bases are eaten in 

salads and made into flour. 


REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Benzing 1980, Smith and Downs 1974 

Puya sodiorona Mez [syn. P. gummifera Mez & Sodiro] 


SPANISH: achupalla 

USES/NOTES: Leaf bases are edible. 


REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Luther 1989, 

Smith and Downs 1974 

Pycnanthemum incanum (L.) Michaux 



642


ENGLISH: hoary mountain-mint, horsemint, wild basil 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into a tea. 


REFERENCES: Crins 1989, Facciola 1990 

Pycnanthemum muticum (Michaux) Pers. 


ENGLISH: cluster mountain-mint, short-toothed mountain-mint 

USES/NOTES: Leaves have a mint aroma and are used for tea. 



Pycnanthemum verticillatum var. pilosum (Nutt.) Cooperrider [syn. P. 

pilosum Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: hairy mountain-mint 

USES/NOTES: Minty leaves are made into an aromatic tea. 



Pycnanthemum virginianum (L.) T. Durand & B.D. Jackson ex Robinson & 

Fern. 


ENGLISH: Virginia mountain-mint 

USES/NOTES: Chippewa flavored meat and broth with buds and flowers. 

Leaves are used to make an aromatic tea. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Uphof 


Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. 


ENGLISH: Carolina desert chicory, flase dandelion, leafy-stemmed 

dandelion 

USES/NOTES: Kiowa people ate the roots. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, from Texas to eastern Canada 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Uphof 1968 

Pyrularia pubera Michaux 


ENGLISH: buffalo nut, elk nut, oil nut 




Pyrus betulifolia Bunge 


ENGLISH: birch-leaved pear 

USES/NOTES: Flowers, fruits, and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern China, naturalized in North America 


643



Pyrus calleryana Decne. 


ENGLISH: Bradford pear, callery pear, flowering pear, red-spire 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Also used as a rootstock and a 

landscape specimen despite its tendency to split easily. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Neary 1998, Nelson 1994, von Reis Altschul 

1973 

Pyrus communis L. 


ENGLISH: pear 

PORTUGUESE: pêra, vergamota 

SPANISH: pera, peral 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for millennia, dessert quality, sweet fruit is 

the pear of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Europe to southwestern Asia, perhaps the 

Balkans, Greece, or Turkey, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 

n.d., Usher 1974 

Qualea paraensis Ducke [also Q. acuminata Spruce ex Warming, Q. 

parviflora Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: mandioqueira, mandioqueira-escamosa, mandioqueiravermelha, 

pau-terra (Q. parviflora) 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, Q. paraensis from upland forests, Q. acuminata 

along water margins 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Jardim Botânico de 

Brasília 1989, Silva et al. 1977 

Quararibea funebris (Llave) Vischer [syn. Q. fieldii Millsp.] 


SPANISH: canela, molinillo, saha 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used to flavor chocolate beverages, especially 

tejate used as a medicinal beverage. Leaves are sold as a spice in 

markets of Veracruz, Mexico. Flowers contain the alkaloids funebral 

and funebrine, both similar to drugs used to combat convulsions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Lowland tropics of southern Mexico and Belize through 

Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., 

Uphof 1968, West 1992 

Quararibea wittii Schumann & Ulbr. 


SPANISH: bara muyo, chucula caspi, nenepekago, nenepekawe, sapotillo, 

yurac saputi 


644


USES/NOTES: Yellowish fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992, Renner et al. 1990 

Quassia amara L. [syn. Q. simarouba L.f., Simarouba amara Aublet, 

Simarouba glauca DC., Zwingera amara (Aublet) Willd.] 

FAMILY: Simaroubaceae (quassia) 

ENGLISH: bitter damson, bitterwood, dysentery bark, paradise tree, 

quassia wood, simarouba, stave wood, Surinam quassia 

FRENCH: bois amer, bois blanc, bois frene, bois negresse, simaba 

PORTUGUESE: caixeta, cajú-rana, marubá, marupá, marupá-preto, 

pitomba, quassia, simarouba, tamanqueira 

SPANISH: aceituna, aceituno, amargo, cedro blanco, chiriguana, 

cuassia, daguilla, gavilán, hombre grande, Juan Primero, 

jucumico, kininu, malacacheta, marupa, negrito, palo amargo, palo 

blanco, palo huaco, quassia, quina de Cayena, robleceillo 

USES/NOTES: Bark is a source of a bitter flavoring used in beverages 

as a substitute for quinine (Cinchona spp.). Root bark is 

medicinal. Fruit pulp reportadly is edible and seeds contain an oil 

used in bitters. Extracts have been used effectively to treat 

dysentery and other ailments. 

NATURAL RANGE: coastal hammocks of central and southern Florida, the 

Bahamas, the West Indies, Mexico, Central America, and tropical 

South America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balick et al. 1996, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Facciola 1990, Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et 

al. 1987, Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Silva et al. 1977, Taylor 2002, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Quercus agrifolia Née 


ENGLISH: California field oak, California live oak, coast live oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns have been eaten in breads and soups after leaching 

to remove bitter tannins. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal California into northern Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 


Quercus alba L. 


ENGLISH: eastern white oak, white oak 

SPANISH: encino, roble blanco de América 

USES/NOTES: Nutritious acorns are of the sweeter white oak group, and 

have been used as a food source, generally dried, leached, then 

mashed for use in soups and breads. Oak wood from various species 

have been used for barrels to age other beverages and in barbeques 

to cook other foods. In both cases, oak flavor is imparted on the 

other foods. 


northern Florida and eastern Texas 


645


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 

1988, Harris 1972, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977 

Quercus bicolor Willd. in Muhlenb. 


ENGLISH: swamp white oak 

USES/NOTES: Large acorns are leached then ground and eaten, typically 

with other foods. 


Tennessee 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Medsger 1939, Yanovsky 1936 

Quercus candicans Née 


ENGLISH: red oak 

SPANISH: bellotero, corturapi, encino aguacatillo, encino ahuatl, 

encino blanco, encino cenizo, encino colorado, encino de asta, 

encino papantla, encino rosillo, roble, teposcohuite, urupcu 


NATURAL RANGE: South-central and southern Mexico and adjacent Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Romero Rangel et al. 2002, Torres n.d. 

Quercus emoryi Torrey 


ENGLISH: bellota, Emory oak 

SPANISH: bellota 

USES/NOTES: Edible acorns of this relatively small, evergreen oak have 

been sold in local markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and adjacent Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 

1936 

Quercus gambelii Nutt. [syn. Q. utahensis Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: Gambel oak, Utah oak 

SPANISH: encino 

USES/NOTES: Acorns are ground into meal, then leached to remove bitter 

tannins before being added to cooked foods. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, FNAEC 1997, Harrington 1967, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Quercus garryana Douglas 


ENGLISH: Garry oak, Oregon oak, Oregon white oak, western oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns can be eaten after leaching to remove bitter 

tannins. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern British Columbia through California 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Turner 

and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936 


646


Quercus geminata Small [syn. Q. virginiana Miller var. geminata 

(Small) Sargent] 


ENGLISH: sand live oak 

USES/NOTES: Elongated acorns, which generally come in pairs (hence the 

specific name), are of the sweet white group of oaks and are edible 

after leaching to remove bitterness. Attractive, long-lived tree 

with its sprawling curvaceous limbs, similar to, though generally 

smaller than the live oak (Q. virginiana), is underutilized as a 

landscape specimen. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal southeastern U.S. from southeastern Virginia 

through Louisiana 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988, Hall 1989, Kermath (notes) 

Quercus lobata Née 


ENGLISH: California white oak, valley oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns can be eaten after leaching to remove bitter 

tannins. 

NATURAL RANGE: California endemic 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Clarke 1977, FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 


Quercus macrocarpa Michaux [syn. Q. iberica nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: burr oak, mossy-cup oak 

USES/NOTES: Nuts, said to be among the best acorns for eating, are 

prepared by leacing, then cooking in a variety of foods including 

soups and breads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern to central and south-central North America 


FNAEC 1997, Yanovsky 1936 

Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. 


ENGLISH: chinkapin oak, chinquapin oak, yellow chestnut oak 

USES/NOTES: Sweet acorns are eaten roasted. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern to south-central North America from southern 

Ontario to Florida, New Mexico, and northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Godfrey 1988 

Quercus nigra L. 


ENGLISH: possum oak, water oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns, though of the bitter black group, have been eaten 

after thoroughly leaching to remove tannins. 


REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 


647


Quercus palustris Münchh. 


ENGLISH: pin oak 

USES/NOTES: Acorns have been used for food. 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central U.S. 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, FNAEC 1997, Kunkel 1984 

Quercus rubra L. 


ENGLISH: northern red oak, red oak 

PORTUGUESE: carvalho 

SPANISH: roble americano, roble colorado 

USES/NOTES: Bitter acorns have been eaten cooked in some form after 

leaching. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from eastern Canada to Georgia and 

Oklahoma 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1997, Kunkel 

1984, Schwegman 1991 

Quercus rugosa Née [syn. Q. reticulata Humb. & Bonpl.] 


ENGLISH: netleaf oak 

SPANISH: alvellana, avellana, cu-hó, encino, encino avellano, encino 

blanco, encino blanco liso, encino cuero, encino de asta, encino de 

miel, encino negro, encino prieto, encino quiebra hacha, encino 

roble, palo colorado, roble, sharari, t-nuyá, tocus, tocuz, tulán 

USES/NOTES: The acorn (bellota in Spanish) is used like coffee (Coffea 

spp.). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. through Mexico to Guatemala 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Kermath (notes), Uphof 1968, Torres n.d., 

Vázquez-Yanes et al. 1999 

Quercus virginiana Miller and Q. geminata Small [syn. Q. virginiana 

Miller var. geminata (Small) Sargent] 


ENGLISH: live oak (Q. virginiana), sand live oak (Q. geminata), 

southern live oak (Q. virginiana) 

USES/NOTES: Acorns (of the sweeter white group), of Georgia’s state 

tree (Q. virginiana), were eaten by early inhabitants after 

leaching to remove bitterness. Acorn oil has been used as a coking 

oil. Also attractive landscape specimen and important lumber 

source. Q. geminata is under-utilized as a landscape tree. 

NATURAL RANGE: Q. virginiana from southeastern U.S. from Virginia 

through Florida to Texas, Q. geminata from coastal North Carolina 

through Florida to coastal Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Deuerling and Lantz 1993, FNAEC 1997, 

Godfrey 1988, Hall 1989, Kermath (notes), Yanovsky 1936 

Quiina florida Tul. [syn. Q. poeppigiana Tul.] 


648


FAMILY: Quiinaceae (quiina) 

PORTUGUESE: pama 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, southern Venezuela, and southern Guiana 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 

1995 

Randia aculeata L. 


ENGLISH: box brier, Christmas tree, dogwood, indigoberry, ink berry, 

white indigoberry 

FRENCH: bois de lance 

SPANISH: agalla de costa, cambrón, corallero, cracilla, crucecilla de 

la costa, crucecita, cruceto, dragale, escambrón, espina cruz, Juan 

de la cruz, maíz tostado, maría angola, palo de cotorra, palo de 

cruz, papachilla, pitajoní bravo, pitajoní espinoso, tintero, 

tintillo, yamaguey de costa 

USES/NOTES: Small white drupe’s bluish pulp is edible. Once an 

economic dye source, now cultivated primarily as a landscape 

specimen. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to South Florida 


Randia armata (Sw.) DC. [syn. Basanacantha armata (Sw.) Hook.f. nomen 

illegit.] 


SPANISH: crucillo, crucito, limoncillo, mostrenco, rosetillo, tintero 



REFERENCES: Duke n.d., Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Randia echinocarpa Sessé & Moq. 


SPANISH: kakwara, papache 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is appreciated and bark is used in the 

preparation of tesgüino, an alcoholic beverage made from maize (Zea 

mays). 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Steinkraus 1983, von Reis Altschul 1983 

Randia laetevirens Standley 


SPANISH: tsootsoob olom 



REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Breedlove 1986 

Ranunculus bulbosus L. 


ENGLISH: bulbous buttercup, bulbous crowfoot 


649


SPANISH: fracesilla, hierba velluda 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and bulbs are edible, the latter thouroughly 

boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and West Asia, naturalized in North America 


FNAEC 1997, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Kirk 1970, Munz and Keck 1959 

Ranunculus ficaria L. 


ENGLISH: celandine, lesser celandine, pilewort 



REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Ranunculus pallasii Schltr. 


ENGLISH: buttercup 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are eaten in Alaska. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arctic region 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Uphof 1968 

Rapanea ovalifolia Mez. 


PORTUGUESE: jómirim 




Raphanus raphanistrum L. 


ENGLISH: white charlock, wild radish 

PORTUGUESE: nabiça, rabanete-de-cavalo, saramago 

SPANISH: nabiza 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a vegetable. 



Raphanus sativus L. 


ENGLISH: Chinese radish, Japanese radish, movrai, oriental radish, 

radish 

PORTUGUESE: nabo-chinês, rabanete, rábano 

SPANISH: rabaneta, rabanete, rábano 

USES/NOTES: Roots, either small and red or large and white, are eaten 

raw in salads and cooked, and leaves are eaten cooked. Seeds 

sometimes are used as a diuretic and plants are fed to livestock. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Europe or Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, Leung 1961, Purseglove 

1968, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 


650


Raphia taedigera (Mart.) Mart. 


ENGLISH: rafia 

PORTUGUESE: jupati, jupaty 

SPANISH: matomba, pángana, rafia, yolillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp reportedly is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: East coast of Nicaragua through Costa Rica, Panama, and 

adjacent western Colombia 

REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 

1973 

Rathbunia alamoensis (J. Coulter) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: boa constrictor, sina 

USES/NOTES: Globular, red, bitter fruits are eaten occasionally. 



Renealmia alpinia (Rottb.) P. Maas 


PORTUGUESE: assafroa (applied to members of the genus in Acre, Brazil) 

SPANISH: kumpia, mishquipanga, murusi 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible and produces a red-purple dye used for 

textiles. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador through Amazonia to Venezuela’s 

Orinoco Delta 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 


Renealmia breviscapa Poeppig & Endl. 


SPANISH: chiank 

USES/NOTES: Seedless fruits are eaten peeled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian and Andean Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Maas 1976, 

Maas 1977 

Renealmia mexicana Klotzsch ex Petersen [syn. R. jalapensis 

Gagnepain, Ethanium mexicanum (Klotzsch ex Petersen) Kuntze] 


SPANISH: hoja de bexo 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice in Veracruz, Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Panama 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Maas 1977 

Reynosia septentrionalis Urban 


ENGLISH: darling plum, guamaberry, ironwood, red ironwood 

USES/NOTES: Egg-shaped, small (to 2 cm long) dark, drupe is said to be 

sweet. 


651



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968 

Reynosia uncinata Urban 


SPANISH: cascarola 




Rhamnus crocea Nutt. 


ENGLISH: redberry, redberry buckthorn 

USES/NOTES: Apache ate the fruits with meat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and Baja California, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Munz 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhamnus purshiana DC. [syn. Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper nomem 

illegit.] 


ENGLISH: cascara, cascara buckthorn, cascara Persian berry, cascara 

sagrada, western buckthorn 

PORTUGUESE: ameiro-negro, cáscara-sagrada 

SPANISH: cáscara, cáscara sagrada 

USES/NOTES: Purple fruits are edible, though rarely eaten, and bark 

extract is used as a flavoring agent. Dried bark is a commercially 

important medicine source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast of North America from Baja California to 

British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1993, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a, 

Munz and Keck 1959, Rehm and Espig 1991, Yanovsky 1936 

Rheedia edulis Planchon & Triana [syn. Calophyllum edulis Seemann] 


ENGLISH: waiki plum 

SPANISH: arrayán, berba, caimito, caimito de montaña, chaparrón, 

jorco, sastra, mameyito, palo de frutilla 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its edible fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America and tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, Uphof 1968 

Rheedia gardneriana Miers ex Planchon & Triana 


PORTUGUESE: bacuri-mirim, bacupari, bacupari-miúdo, bucuporé 

SPANISH: charichuelo de hoja menuda 



REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980 

Rheedia lateriflora L. 


652



ENGLISH: wild mammey 


NATURAL RANGE: Antilles to Venezuela 


Rheedia longifolia Triana & Planchon 


PORTUGUESE: bahoeri 

SPANISH: charichuelo 

USES/NOTES: Yellow fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Spichiger et al. 1989, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982 

Rheedia spruceana Engl. 


SPANISH: contaca, cozoiba rebalsera, naranjita 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes from about 500-1000 meters 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Davis and Yost 1983, Hoyas 1989 

Rheum officinale Baillon 


ENGLISH: medicinal rhubarb, rhubarb 

PORTUGUESE: ruibarbo, ruibarbo-da-China 

SPANISH: ruibarbo, ruibarbo medicinal 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are purgative and laxative and used in tonics. 

NATURAL RANGE: North-eastern Asia, especially China 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 

1983 

Rheum rhaponticum L. and R. rhaborabarum L. 


ENGLISH: garden rhubarb, rhubarb 

PORTUGUESE: ruibarbo 

SPANISH: ruibarbo 

USES/NOTES: Stalks are eaten stewed and in pies and roots are used as 

a purgative. Plants contain calcium oxilate (highest concentration 

is in the leaf), a poison, that can be fatal when ingested. 

NATURAL RANGE: China and southern Siberia 

REFERENCES: Howard 1994, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Rhexia virginica L. 


ENGLISH: deer grass, meadow beauty 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten in salads or boiled, and roots are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru through northeastern Amazonia and the 

Guianas 


653


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, 

Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977 

Rhigospira quadrangularis (Müell. Arg.) Miers 


PORTUGUESE: ariá, goiaba-de-anta 

SPANISH: yahuarhuayo colorado 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Rhipsalis baccifera (Sol. ex J. Miller) Stearn [syn. R. cassutha 

Gaertner] 


ENGLISH: currant cactus, mistletoe cactus 

SPANISH: azote 

USES/NOTES: Small, abundant, white-to-pink, grape-like, sweet fruits 

of this epiphytic cactus are eaten as a snack in Mexico. R. 

cassutha is also seen as R. cassytha. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 


Rhizophora mangle L. 

FAMILY: Rhizophoraceae (mangrove) 

ENGLISH: American red mangrove, mangrove, red mangrove 

SPANISH: candelón, mangle, mangle colorado, mangle rojo, purguá, 

zapatero 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, though rich in tannins, may be made into tea and 

fruits, roots, and young hypocotyls have been used as emergency 

foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coasts of Florida through the Neotropics and West Africa 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, Morton 1977, 

Nellis 1994, OAS 1973 

Rhododendron periclymenoides (Michaux) Shinners [syn. R. nudiflora 

(L.) Nutt., Azalea nudiflora L.] 


ENGLISH: honeysuckle azalea, pinxter flower, wild azalea 

PORTUGUESE: azaleia 

SPANISH: rododendro 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem galls, called May apples, are eaten pickled 

or raw. Pickling of May apples dates to the days of the Pilgrims. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Medsger 1939, 


Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. 



654


ENGLISH: downy myrtle, downy rose myrtle, hill gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Fuzzy skinned, purple berries are eaten fresh or more 

typically in pies, jellies, and preserves. Also grown for showy 

rose-like, pink flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical East Asia, naturalized and invasive in frost 

free locations 

REFERENCES: FLEPPC 2003, Martin et al. 1987, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968, 


Rhus aromatica Aiton 


ENGLISH: fragrant sumac 

SPANISH: zumaque, zumaque aromático 

USES/NOTES: Ripe berries are dried and used in teas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968 

Rhus copallina L. 


ENGLISH: dwarf sumac, mountain sumac, shining sumac, winged sumac 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into jelly or a refreshing beverage called 

Indian lemonade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Michigan to Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Stamps and 

Satterthwaite 1995, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhus glabra L. 


ENGLISH: lemonade tree, scarlet sumac, sleek sumac, smooth sumac, 

southern sumac, sumac 

USES/NOTES: Dried, ripe berries are used in teas or a lemonade-like 

beverage. Shoots and peeled roots are eaten raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to northern Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972, Kindscher 1987, 

Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Rhus hirta (L.) Sudworth [syn. R. typhina L.] 


ENGLISH: lemonade tree, staghorn sumac, sumac, velvet sumac, vinegar 

tree 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a refreshing beverage or are added 

to pies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Georgia 


Harris 1972, Kunkel 1984, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhus integrifolia (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Brewers & S. Watson 


ENGLISH: lemonade berry, lemonade sumac, sour berry 

SPANISH: hiedra, lentisco 


655


USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make a refreshing drink, similar to 

lemonade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California and Baja California 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhus microphylla Engelm. 


ENGLISH: desert sumac, littleleaf sumac, littleleaf sumach, sumach 

SPANISH: agrito 

USES/NOTES: Shrub’s small reddish berry has little pulp, but can be 

group and made into preserves or soaked in water to make a tart 

beverage. Sap reportedly may irritate the skin of some people. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California to southern Texas and adjacent 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhus ovata S. Watson 


ENGLISH: sugar bush, sugar sumac 

SPANISH: hiedra, lentisco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible (usually sucked), a sweet, waxy sap 

from the fruit is used as a flavoring agent, and leaves are made 

into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. and northern Baja California 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhus trilobata Nutt. [syn. Schmaltzia trilobata (Nutt.) Small] 


ENGLISH: lemonade sumac, skunbush, skunbush sumac, squaw berry, 

squawbush, three-leaf sumac 

SPANISH: agrillas, agrito 

USES/NOTES: Fruits have been eaten by Amerindians and are made into a 

beverage. Leaves are added as an adulterant to tobacco. Bark is 

used to make baskets. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Torres n.d., 

Uphof 1968, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Rhynchelytrum longeracemosa Benth. 


SPANISH: tsanakw’il t’eel 



REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990 

Ribes americanum Miller 

FAMILY: Grossulariaceae (currant) or Saxifragaceae (saxifrage) 

ENGLISH: American black currant, black currant, eastern black currant, 

wild black currant, wild currant 


656


USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten in jellies, pies, and sauces, or made 

into wine. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986 

Ribes aureum Pursh 


ENGLISH: buffalo currant, golden currant, squaw currant, wax currant 

USES/NOTES: Drought tolerant shrub is cultivated in some regions for 

its large, flavorful fruit. Dried fruits were mixed with buffalo 

meat and tallow to make pemmican. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Ribes bracteosum Douglas ex Hook. 


ENGLISH: stink currant, wild currant 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or mixed in salmon roe. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uphof 1968 

Ribes cereum Douglas 


ENGLISH: squaw currant, wax currant 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits should not be eaten in large quantities. 

Leaves and flowers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Weatherford 1988 

Ribes cynosbati L. [syn. Grossularia cynobati (L.) Mill.] 


ENGLISH: American wild gooseberry, dogberry, eastern prickly 

gooseberry, gooseberry, pasture gooseberry, prickly gooseberry, 

prickly wild gooseberry 

PORTUGUESE: groselha 

SPANISH: grosella 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are used primarily in sauces and desserts. 

Most cultivars deriving from R. cynosbati are hybrids. 


REFERENCES: Freckmann Herbarium, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 

1987, Peterson 1977, Usher 1974, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ribes divaricatum Douglas [syn. Grossularia divaricata (Douglas) 

Coville & Britton] 


ENGLISH: coast gooseberry, worcesterberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten dried. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Yanovsky 1936 


657


Ribes glandulosum Grauer 


ENGLISH: skunk currant, wild currant 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruit is edible. 



Ribes hirtellum Michaux [syn. Grossularia hirtella (Michaux) Spach] 


ENGLISH: American gooseberry, gooseberry, gooseberry currant, 

wedgeleaf gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its berries, eaten fresh, dried, or in 

pies, jellies, and jams. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Ribes hudsonianum Richardson 


ENGLISH: Canadian black currant, Hudson Bay currant, northern black 

currant 

USES/NOTES: Berries, though not of good quality, are eaten cooked or 

preserved. 



Ribes inerme Rydb. [syn. Grossularia inermis (Rydb.) Coville & 

Britton] 


ENGLISH: gooseberry, gooseberry currant, white-stem gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Thorny shrubs berries are eaten fresh or in pies, jellies, 

and jams. 



Ribes lacustre (Pers.) Poiret 


ENGLISH: bristly black currant, gooseberry, gooseberry currant, 

prickly currant, spiny swamp currant, swamp black currant 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten fresh or in pies, jellies, and jams. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Ribes missouriense Nutt. [syn. Grossularia missouriensis (Nutt.) 

Coville & Britton] 


ENGLISH: Missouri gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Tart berries are eaten in pies, jellies and jams, or 

rarely fresh. 


658




Ribes montigenum McClatchie 


ENGLISH: gooseberry, gooseberry currant 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten fresh or in pies, jellies, and jams, or 

are used to make soft drinks and a liqueur. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Uphof 1968 

Ribes nigrum L. 


ENGLISH: black currant, European black currant, garden black currant, 

wild currant 

PORTUGUESE: groselha, groselha-preta 

SPANISH: grosella negra 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible, dried, leaves are used as tea, leaves 

are eaten in soups, and flower buds are added to ice creams and 

liqueurs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultivated in temperate regions and naturalized 

in the U.S. and Chile in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Freckmann Herbarium, Harrington 1967 

Ribes odoratum H. Wendl. [syn. R. aureum var. villosum DC.] 


ENGLISH: buffalo currant, clove currant, golden currant, Missouri 

currant 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten raw, cooked, or dried. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, Uphof 1968 

Ribes oxyacanthoides subsp. setosum (Lindley) Sinnott [syn. R. 

setosum Lindley, Grossularia setosa (Lindley) Coville & Britton] 


ENGLISH: feverberry, gooseberry, gooseberry currant, groser, inland 

gooseberry, red-shoot gooseberry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are consumed fresh, in pies, jellies, or jams, in 

sauces, or made into wine. Young leaves are eaten in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: West-central and Rocky Mountain region of North America 

from Utah into Canada 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Ribes punctatum Ruiz & Pavón 

FAMILY: Grossulariaceae, previously Saxifragaceae (saxifrage) 

ENGLISH: currant 

PORTUGUESE: groselha, passa-de-corinto 

SPANISH: grosella 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or dried. 


659


NATURAL RANGE: Central Europe 

REFERENCES: Leung 1961, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Schwanitz 1966 

Ribes reclinatum L. [syn. R. grossularia L.] 


ENGLISH: English gooseberry, European gooseberry 

PORTUGUESE: groselha-espinosa, pitanga-branca 

SPANISH: grosella, grosellero espinosa, grosellero, grosellero 

silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, used in sauces and desserts, or made into 

wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Eurasia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Ribes rubrum L. 


ENGLISH: cherry currant, cultivated currant, garden red currant, 

garnetberry, red currant 

PORTUGUESE: groselha-vermelha 

SPANISH: grosella roja 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its berries used in pies, 

jellies, jams, and sauces. 


REFERENCES: Freckmann Herbarium, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 


Ribes sativum (Reichb.) Syme 


ENGLISH: domestic red currant, garden currant, garden red currant, red 

currant, white currant 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C- and pectin-rich fruit is edible fresh or 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultivated and naturalized in temperate regions 

of the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Johns and Stevenson 1985, 

Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Ribes triste Pallas 


ENGLISH: American red currant, drooping currant, swamp red currant, 

wild currant 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are sometimes eaten raw, but are used mostly in 

pies, cakes, and preserves. 



Ribes viscosissimum Pursh 


ENGLISH: sticky currant, wild currant 


660





Rinorea laevigata (Sol. ex Gingins) Hekking [syn. R. castaneaefolia 

(Sprengel) Kuntze, R. physiphora (Mart.) Kuntze, Alsodeia 

physiphora Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: lobo-lobo 

USES/NOTES: Cooked leaves are eaten like a mucilaginous spinach 

(Spinacia oleracea) in parts of Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Hekking 1988, Uphof 1968 

Robinia neomexicana A. Gray 


ENGLISH: New Mexican locust 

SPANISH: acacia 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are said to be edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. from Texas to California and adjacent 

Mexico 


Robinia pseudoacacia L. 


ENGLISH: bastard acacia, black locust, false acacia, post locust, 

white locust, yellow locust 

SPANISH: acacia blanca 

USES/NOTES: Cooked seeds and flowers are edible. Other plant parts, 

however, are poisonous. Also a cultivated ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Appalachia and Ozark Mountains, possibly to 

northern Florida, now widely naturalized and invasive in many 

hospitable locations 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Molina 1975, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, 


Rollinia cardiantha Diels 


PORTUGUESE:ata 

SPANISH: anona, anonilla 




Rollinia cuspidata Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: ata 

SPANISH: anonilla 




661


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Maas et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Rollinia discreta L. [syn. Rolliniopsis discreta Saff.] 


PORTUGUESE: fructa-de-macaco 

USES/NOTES: Occasionally cultivated for its edible fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guianas to northern Brazil 


Rollinia edulis Triana & Planchon 


SPANISH: anón, anona, anonilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Peru 


Rollinia emarginata Schltr. [syn. R. occidentalis R.E. Fries] 


PORTUGUESE: araticum-mirim 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and seeds are edible. Also used as a grafting 

stock for the less drought resistant, though more desirable 

cherimoya (Annona cherimola). 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 

1992 

Rollinia exsucca (DC. ex Dunal) A. DC. [syn. R. multiflora Slitg. in 

Hoeven & Vriese] 


ENGLISH: black maho 

PORTUGUESE: araticum-macho, ata-brava, biribá-brava, envira, envirabôbo, 

envira-preta, envireira, ingireira 

SPANISH: anoncillo 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is of minor importance. 

NATURAL RANGE: Surinam and Guyana through eastern and central Amazonian 

Brazil to Minas Gerais and Ceará 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Martin et al. 

1987 

Rollinia laurifolia Schltr. 


PORTUGUESE: araticum-mirim 

SPANISH: anonilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Central and South America 


Rollinia longifolia A. St-Hil. 




662




Rollinia mucosa (Jacq.) Baillon [syn. R. curvipetala R.E. Fries, R. 

deliciosa Saff., R. jimenzii Saff., R. orthopetala (L.) A. DC., R. 

pulchrinervis A. DC., R. sieberi A. DC., Annona mucosa Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: annona, cachiman montagne, wild cachiman, wild sugar apple, 

wild soursop, wild sweetsop 

PORTUGUESE: araticu, araticum, araticum pitaia, ata-brava, baribá, 

beribá, biribá, biribá-bravo, biribá-de-Pernambuco, condessa, 

fruta-da-condessa, jaca-de-pobre 

SPANISH: anón cimarrón, anona, anona babosa, anonilla, anonillo de 

monte, biribá, cachimán, candongo, chirimoya, guanábana cimarrona, 

mulato, riñón, riñón de montaña, riñón de monte, zambo 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated around homes and on small farms for the 

large, segmented, yellow fruit with its custard-like, sweet pulp, 

consumed as juice, wine, or in ice cream. Fruit and seed also are 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably western Amazonian Brazil and adjacent Peru, 

though previously thought to be from the West Indies, now 

widespread in the neotropics 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Balée 1994, Berg 1984, Brako and 

Zarucchi 1993, Bourke et al. 1987, Campbell 1984, Cavalcante 1991, 

Clement 1989, Clement et al. 1982, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, Molina 1975, Morton 

1987a, Peret 1985, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Smith et 

al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Rollinia pittieri Saff. [syn. R. papilionella Diels] 


SPANISH: cherimoya, sacha anona 

USES/NOTES: Planted and encouraged in old fields for edible fruit pulp 

and wood used in general construction. 



Vásquez 1994 

Rollinia sylvatica (A. St.-Hil.) Mart. [syn. R. exalbida (Vell.) 

Mart., R. fagifolia A. St.-Hil., Annona cherimola auct. non 

Mill. nomen illegit., A. exalbida Vell., A. fagifolia A. St.-Hil. & 

Tul., A. silvestris Vell., A. sylvatica A. St.-Hil. (basionym)] 


PORTUGUESE: alchexu, araticu, araticu-da-mata, araticum, araticumalvadio, 

araticum-do-grande, araticum-do-mato, bananinha, biribá, 

cortica, cortica-de-comer, embira-vermelha, pinha 

USES/NOTES: White, creamy fruit pulp is sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul in the south through Minas 

Gerais and Bahia 

REFERENCES: Maas et al. 1992, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 


663


Rosa arkansana Porter 


ENGLISH: Arkansas rose, low prairie rose, prairie rose, prairie wild 

rose, wild prairie rose, wild rose 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten raw, stewed, or made into jelly. Young 

shoots and leaves are eaten cooked, flower petals are edible, and 

leaves, flowers, and fruits are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from Manitoba to New Mexico and 

Texas east to New York 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987 

Rosa blanda Aiton 


ENGLISH: Labrador rose, meadow rose, smooth rose, wild prairie rose, 

wild rose 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers of North Dakota’s state flower are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern central and eastern U.S. and adjacent Canada, 

extending further south in the east 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Turner and 


Rosa californica Cham. & Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: California rose, California wild rose 

SPANISH: macuata, rosa de California, rosa silvestre de California 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits, called macuatas in Spanish, are eaten raw or 

steamed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oregon to Baja California 


Rosa canina L. 


ENGLISH: brier rose, dog brier, doghip, dogrose, rose hips (fruit 

only) 

PORTUGUESE: rainha-das-flores, rosa, rosa-canina, rosa-de-cão, rosamosqueta, 

rosa-selvagem 

SPANISH: rosa, rosa-silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea, edible fruits, known as rose hips, 

are rich in vitamin C, and flowers are used in salads, candied, or 

as a flavoring agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North Africa, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uphof 1968 

Rosa carolina L. 


ENGLISH: Carolina rose, pasture rose 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are edible. 


664



REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988 

Rosa centifolia L. 


ENGLISH: cabbage rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-aromática, rosa-de-maio, rosa-de-Provença, rosal-decem-folhas, 

rosal-romano 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1976a, Sturtevant 1972 

Rosa chinensis Jacq. 


ENGLISH: China rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and flowers are edible. 



Rosa damascena Miller 


ENGLISH: damask rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-Damasco, rosa-de-Damasco 

USES/NOTES: Petals and leaves are used as flavoring agents and young 

shoots are edible. 



Rosa eglanteria L. [syn. R. rubiginosa L.] 


ENGLISH: eglantine, sweet brier 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-amarela 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used in jellies and flower petals are edible. 



Rosa gallica L. 


ENGLISH: apothecary rose, French rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-vermelha 

USES/NOTES: Flower petals are edible. 



Rosa moschata Herrm. 


ENGLISH: musk rose 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and young shoots are edible. 



665



Rosa multiflora Thunb. 


ENGLISH: Japanese rose, multiflora rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-japonesa 

SPANISH: rosa japonesa 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988 

Rosa nutkana K. Presl 


ENGLISH: nootka rose, nutka rose 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits and young shoots are edible, though fruits 

are considered undesirable by some. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern North America from central California 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, 

Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Rosa pisocarpa Gray 


ENGLISH: cluster rose, mortar rose 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten or made into tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984 

Rosa rugosa Thunb. 


ENGLISH: Japanese rose, Ramanas rose, rugosa rose 

PORTUGUESE: rosa-dos-ventos, rosa-japonesa 

SPANISH: rosa japonesa, rosa ramanas, rosa rugosa 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, young shoots, and leaves are edible and leaves are 

made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Asia, cultivated in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, 


Rosa spinosissima L. [syn. R. pimpinellifolia L.] 


ENGLISH: burnet rose, scotch rose 


NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, cultivated in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972 

Rosa villosa L. [syn. R. pomifera Herrm., R. villosa var. pomifera 

(Herrm.) Crépin] 


ENGLISH: apple rose, rose, rose hips (fruit only) 

PORTUGUESE: fruta-da-roseira 


666


SPANISH: rosa 

USES/NOTES: Vitamin C-rich fruit is eaten after removing seeds, as 

jelly, in puddings, in tarts, or made into syrup, used in fruit 

salads, baby foods, and vitamin supplements. Leaves are used in 

teas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe to Iran, naturalized in temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Johns and Stevenson 

1985, Usher 1974 

Rosa virginiana Miller 


ENGLISH: Virginia rose 

USES/NOTES: Buds are edible. 



Rosa woodsii Lindley 


ENGLISH: Wood’s rose 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum (Ruiz & Pavón) Fagerl. [syn. Randia 

ruiziana DC.] 


SPANISH: huitillo 



REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Uphof 1968 

Rosmarinus officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: rosemary 

PORTUGUESE: alecrim, alecrim-da-horta, alecrim-de-jardim, ervacoroada, 

flor-do-olimpo, rosa-marinha, rosmarinho 

SPANISH: romero 

USES/NOTES: Dried leaves contain an aromatic oil and are used as a 

condiment to flavor cooked foods. Dried leaves also are made into a 

medicinal tea to relieve headache, or are burned and used to treat 

asthma. Flowers are a honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe and Africa 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, 

Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Roystonea regia (Kunth) Cook, R. borinquena Cook, and R. oleracea 

(Jacq.) Cook [syn. Oreodoxa oleracea (Jacq.) Mart.] 


ENGLISH: American cabbage palm, cabbage palm, Caribbean royal palm (R. 

oleracea), Cuban royal palm (R. regia), palmiste, Puerto Rican 


667


royal palm (R. borinquena), royal palm, South American royal palm 

(R. oleracea) 

PORTUGUESE: juçara, palmeira-imperial, palmitiqueira, palmito, 

palmito-do-campo 

SPANISH: cana, chaguaramo (R. oleracea), palma (R. borinquena), palma 

de yaguas (R. borinquena), palma real, palma real cubana (R. 

regia), palma real puertorriqueña (R. regia), palmera de las 

Antillas, palmiche (fruit of R. regia), palmillo (heart of R. 

regia), palmito (heart of R. regia) 

USES/NOTES: Heart (palmito or yema) is eaten as a vegetable, fresh, 

pickled, or prepared with eggs or meat. Fruit pulp of R. borinquena 

is edible, though typically fed only to animals. Fruits of other 

species also are fed to animals. Also grown as ornamentals. R. 

oleracea is the tallest. 

NATURAL RANGE: R. borinquena from Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the 

Virgin Islands, R. oleracea from the Lesser Antilles and the middle 

and lower Orinoco, R. regia from Cuba, coastal Yucatán of Mexico, 

and the Florida Keys 

REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Bourke et al. 1987, Brouk 1975, 

Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Horst 1997, Houaiss 1982, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973 

Rubus adenotrichus Schltr. 


ENGLISH: blackberry 

SPANISH: frambuesa, mora, mora común 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh, in jellies, and desserts, and are 

sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America to Peru 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Rubus allegheniensis Porter 


ENGLISH: Allegheny blackberry, mountain blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand and in pies and jellies. 

Young shoots may be used in salads. 


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus arcticus L. 


ENGLISH: Arctic berry, Arctic blackberry, Arctic bramble, Arctic 

raspberry, crimson bramble, nagoonberry, plumboy 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to dark fruits are eaten out of hand and leaves are 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Turner and Szczawinski 



668


Rubus argutus Link 


ENGLISH: blackberry, Florida prickly blackberry, highbush blackberry, 

tall blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible fresh or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Taylor 

1998 

Rubus betulifolius Small 


ENGLISH: highbush blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruits are of good quality, young leaves can be used 

for tea, and young shoots can be eaten. 


REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Peterson 1977 

Rubus bogotensis Kunth [syn. R. porphyromallus Focke] 


SPANISH: hierbamora, mora de cerro, mora de piedra, mora, zarza, 

zarzamora, zarzamora de la grande, zarzamora de loma 


NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Jennings et al. 1990, Martin et al. 1987, MBG 

n.d., Rivera et al. 1997 

Rubus brasiliensis Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: amora-branca, amora-da-selva, amora-do-mato, amora-preta, 

amora-verde, framboesa-negra, sarca-amoreira, selva-branca 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are used in beverages. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: non-Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Martin 


Rubus caesius L. 


ENGLISH: dewberry, European dewberry 

PORTUGUESE: framboesa 

SPANISH: zarzamora 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are similar to blackberries (Rubus 

fruticosus). Leaves are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and southwestern Asia 

REFERENCES: Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 


Rubus chamaemorus L. 


ENGLISH: bake apple, baked-apple, baked-apple berry, cloudberry, 

malka, salmonberry, yellowberry 


669


USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are highly prized. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate to Arctic regions 


Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus costaricanus Liebm. 





Rubus cuneifolius Pursh 


ENGLISH: sand blackberry, sand bramble 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 2.5 cm), dark, juicy, aggregate 

berry is of good quality and can be eaten fresh, cooked, or as a 


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Florida to New York west to Oklahoma, 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), 

Nelson 1996, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus deliciosus Torrey 


ENGLISH: Boulder raspberry, Rocky Mountain flowering raspberry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus ellipticus Sm. 


ENGLISH: cheeseberry, golden evergreen raspberry, yellow Himalayan 

raspberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern highland India, perhaps to other parts of 

India, Sri Lanka, Burma, tropical China, and the Philippines, 

naturalized and invasive in Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Uphof 

1968 

Rubus flagellaris Willd. [syn. R. canadensis L.] 


ENGLISH: American dewberry, Canadian blackberry, field dewberry, 

northern dewberry, thornless blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Round, black, juicy, sweet fruits (to 2.5 cm) are consumed 

out of hand, in pies or jellies, or made into wine, leaves are made 

into tea, and young shoots are peeled and eaten raw. Fruits in the 

southern portion of the range are said to be smaller and drier. 

NATURAL RANGE: Quebec and Ontario to northern Florida and eastern Texas 


670


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, 

Godfrey 1988, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Uphof 


Rubus floribundus Kunth [syn. R. robustus C. Presl] 


SPANISH: zarzamora 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh and in drinks. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Hoyas 1989, Rivera et al. 1997, 


Rubus frondosus Bigelow 


ENGLISH: blackberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus fruticosus L. 


ENGLISH: blackberry bramble, blackberry, bramble, European blackberry 

PORTUGUESE: amoreira 

SPANISH: arto, artos, morera, zarza, zarzamora 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Fruits and leaves are medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Uphof 1968 

Rubus geoides J. Sm. ex Hook. 


SPANISH: minemine 




Rubus glaucus Benth. 


ENGLISH: Andean blackberry, Andean black raspberry 

SPANISH: mora de castilla, mora de los Andes, mora fresa, mora piña 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand, in desserts, or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Peruvian Andes north possibly to Central America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, Martin et 

al. 1987 

Rubus idaeus L. and R. idaeus subsp. strigosus (Michaux) Focke [syn. 

R. melanolasius Dieck, R. neglectus Peck, R. strigosus Michaux] 


ENGLISH: American red raspberry, European red raspberry, purple cane 

raspberry, western red raspberry 


671


PORTUGUESE: framboesa, framboesa-vermelha 

SPANISH: churdón, frambuesa, frambueso, mora, zarzamora 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten raw or used to make preserves, flavorings 

and liqueurs, leaves are used as a medicinal tea, and young shoots 

are eaten as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and Asia, or North America 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 

1987, Schneider 1987, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus laciniatus Willd. 


ENGLISH: cut-leaved blackberry, Oregon evergreen blackberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in western North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972 

Rubus leucodermis Douglas and Torrey ex A. Gray 


ENGLISH: western raspberry, white bark raspberry 

USES/NOTES: Tastey fruits are edible, leaves are made into tea, and 

young shoots are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Westren North America 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Sturtevant 1972 

Rubus x loganobaccus Bailey [natural hybrid of R. ursinus x R. 

idaeus] 


ENGLISH: loganberry 

SPANISH: frambuesa americana 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed as juice or syrup. 

NATURAL RANGE: North America, probably California 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Johns and Stevenson 1985 

Rubus niveus Thunb. 


ENGLISH: Ceylon raspberry, hill raspberry, mysore raspberry 

SPANISH: fresa de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: India through southern China, Southeast Asia, and the 

Philippines, widely naturalized in the tropics and most nearly 

frost free regions of the subtropics 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Nelson 1996, Sommeijer et 

al. n.d., Sturtevant 1972 

Rubus nubigenus Kunth [syn. R. macrocarpus Benth., R. stipularis 

Benth.] 


ENGLISH: Colombian berry, Colombian giant blackberry 

SPANISH: frambuesa, mora 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand, in desserts, or preserved. 


672


NATURAL RANGE: Colombian Andes, possibly to Peru 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Rubus occidentalis L. 


ENGLISH: black raspberry, blackcap, thimbleberry 

PORTUGUESE: framboesa 

SPANISH: mora, morera 

USES/NOTES: Dark fruits are eaten out of hand, in sherbet and ice 

cream, or preserved, young shoots are eaten as a vegetable, and 

leaves and bark are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central North America from Oklahoma and 

eastern Colorado to North Dakota east throughout to Georgia, Maine, 

and Quebec 

REFERENCES: Uphof 1968, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus odoratus L. 


ENGLISH: flowering raspberry, purple-flowering raspberry, roseflowering 

raspberry, thimbleberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten occasionally. 



Rubus ostryifolius Rydb. 


ENGLISH: dewberry, highbush blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are nade into tea and shoots and fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Great Plains of the U.S. and Canada 


Rubus parviflorus Nutt. 


ENGLISH: salmonberry, thimbleberry, white-flowering raspberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten with dried salmon eggs in northwestern 

U.S. and fresh or cooked elsewhere. Leaves are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Westrn North America from Alaska to northern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Hultén 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus parvifolius L. 


ENGLISH: Japanese raspberry, trailing raspberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Asia, widely naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Wiersema and León 1999 

Rubus pedatus Sm. 


ENGLISH: creeping raspberry, trailing wild raspberry 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, juicy fruits are edible. 


673


NATURAL RANGE: Northwestren North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Sturtevant 


Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. 


ENGLISH: Japanese wineberry, wine raspberry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1962, Mabberley 1987 

Rubus procerus Müell. 


ENGLISH: blackberry, Himalaya berry, Himalayan giant blackberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Asia, naturalized in Canada and northern U.S. 

and further south in the western mountains 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Hendrickson 1981, Munz 1974 

Rubus pubescens Raf. var. pubescens [syn. R. triflorus Richards] 


ENGLISH: dwarf raspberry 



REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus roseus Poiret [also R. boliviensis Focke, R. briareus Focke] 


ENGLISH: Andean blackberry 

PORTUGUESE: amoreira 

SPANISH: zarzamora, kari-kari (applied to the plant), chili fruta, 

cjari-cjari, mora de rocoto, huagra mora 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Andes 

REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968 

Rubus rosifolius Sm. ex Baker 


ENGLISH: bramble of the cape, Mauritius raspberry, thimbleberry 

SPANISH: frambuesa de India, zarza 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed out of hand, in desserts and jellies, 

or as juice. Leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mauritius, India, or Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, 


Rubus sapidus Schltdl. 


SPANISH: moritas, zarzamora silvestre 



674



REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Pankhurst 2001 

Rubus saxatilis L. 


ENGLISH: roebuck berry, stone bramble 


NATURAL RANGE: North temperate to Arctic regions 


Rubus shankii Standley & L.O. Williams 


ENGLISH: Shank’s blackberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Honduras and perhaps Guatemala 


Rubus spectabilis Pursh 


ENGLISH: salmonberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or mixed with seal oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. and Canada 

REFERENCES: Jennings 1995, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rubus trivialis Michaux [syn. R. rubrisetus Rydb. ex Britton] 


ENGLISH: dewberry, low-bush raspberry, southern dewberry 

SPANISH: planta preciosisima 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large (to 3 cm), juicy, black (when mature) 

fruits are of good quality, eaten fresh or preserved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Virginia through southern Illinois, Florida, and Texas 

REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996, Sturtevant 1972, Taylor 1998, 

Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Rubus ulmifolius Schott 


ENGLISH: elm-leaved bramble, elmleaf blackberry, Himalaya blackberry, 

Himalayan blackberry 


NATURAL RANGE: Britain, naturalized in the U.S., Argentina, Bolivia, 

and Peru 

REFERENCES: Troncoso 1987, Marticorena and Quezada 1985 

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: California dewberry, Pacific dewberry, salmonberry, western 

blackberry, western dewberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and shoots are edible, and leaves are made into 

tea. 



675


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Turner and 


Rubus urticifolius Poiret 


PORTUGUESE: amora-preta 

SPANISH: mora, mora silvestre, tatz zitmakum, zarzamora 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. The species name has appeared as 

“urticaefolius.” 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Argentina 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Pankhurst 2001, Rivera et 

al. 1997 

Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: California blackberry, California dewberry, Pacific 

blackberry 

USES/NOTES: Black fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Simmons 1972, Yanovsky 1936 

Rudgea racemosa (Ruiz & Pavón) Sprengel [syn. Coffea racemosa Ruiz & 

Pavón] 


ENGLISH: inhambane coffee 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, collected from the wild in Africa and rarely grown 

in the Americas, are used only occasionally for coffee (Coffea 

spp.). 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central Africa 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, Macbride 1936, 

Smith et al. 1992 

Rumex acetosa L. 


ENGLISH: broad-leaved sorrel, common sorrel, garden sorrel, sorrel, 

sorrel dock, sour dock 

PORTUGUESE: azeda, azeda-brava, azeda-de-ovelha, azeda-miúda, 

azedinha-aleluia, azedinha-da-horta, labaçal, labaça-obtusa, 

língua-de-vaca 

SPANISH: acetosa, acedera común, acederilla, vinagrera, vinagrillo 

USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are used in salads, as a potherb, and a 

medicinal juice. Flowers also are edible. In the Caribbean blossoms 

of R. acetosa are used to make a holiday beverage and dried 

blossoms are exchanged at Christmas time. Leaves of R. acetosella 

are more sour and used sparingly relative to those of R. acetosa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and Africa, now widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Berleant-Shiller and Pulsipher 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, 

Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Neumann 

n.d., Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Thomasson 



676


Rumex acetosella L. 


ENGLISH: red sorrel, sheep(’s) sorrel, sorrel, sour dock, sour grass 

PORTUGUESE: azedinha-da-horta, labaçal, labaça-obtusa 

SPANISH: acetosa, acedera, acedera menor, acederilla, romaza, 

vinagrera, vinagrillo 

USES/NOTES: Acidic leaves are used in salads, as a potherb, and a 

medicinal juice. Flowers also are edible. Leaves of R. acetosella 

are more sour and used sparingly relative to those of R. acetosa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Eurasia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Usher 1974, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Rumex alpinus L. 


ENGLISH: alpine dock, Pyrenean sorrel, monk’s rhubarb, mountain 

rhubarb 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are added to salads or used as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Wiersema and 

León 1999 

Rumex arcticus Trautv. 


ENGLISH: Arctic dock, Arctic sourdock 

USES/NOTES: Native Americans in Alaska eat the leaves fresh or in oil. 

Seeds are also edible. 


REFERENCES: Schofield 1989, Uphof 1968 

Rumex brasiliensis Link 


USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten as a vegetable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to northern Argentina 


Rumex chrysocarpus Moris [syn. R. berlandieri Meissner] 


ENGLISH: amamastla, pale dock 

SPANISH: amamastla 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians in Arizona ate the plant with Opuntia cactus 

fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America, naturalized in the southeastern 

U.S. 


Rumex crispus L. 


ENGLISH: curled dock, curly dock, yellow dock 


677


PORTUGUESE: azeda, labaça-crespa, língua-de-vaca 

SPANISH: aselgas, cuchi-ula, gulag, k’ita aselgas, lengua de vaca, 

llakhi, llaqhi, mostaza, pira de berraco, pira de puerco, romazo, 

vinagrillo 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten cooked. Roots are used as a 

purgative and in tonics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe or northern Asia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Franquemont 

et al. 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Leung 

1961, Nuemann n.d., Peterson 1977, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, 

Terra 1966, Usher 1974 

Rumex hymenosepalus Torrey 


ENGLISH: canaigre, tanner’s dock 

SPANISH: ganagre 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and petioles are used like rhubarb 

(Rheum spp.). Seeds are used in mush. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Rumex occidentalis S. Watson 


ENGLISH: western dock 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are eaten as greens. 



Rumex patientia L. 


ENGLISH: herb patience, patience, patience dock, spinach dock 

PORTUGUESE: azeda-espinafre, labaça, paciência 

SPANISH: acedera espinaca, acelga, hierba de la paciencia, paciencia, 

romaza 



REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Editorial Panapo 1988, Fernald 1950, 

Fernald et al. 1958, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Medsger 1939, Uphof 

1968 

Rumex paucifolius Nutt. 


ENGLISH: mountain sorrel 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten fresh. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern U.S., perhaps into Canada 


Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meissner) C. Hitchc. [syn. R. 

mexicanus Meissner] 



678


ENGLISH: dock 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and seeds are eaten as greens. 



Ruta graveolens L. [syn. R. chalapensis L.] 


ENGLISH: common rue, herb of grace, rue 

PORTUGUESE: arruda, arruda-doméstica, arruda-dos-jardins, ruta-decheiro-forte, 

ruta-hortensis, ruta-montana, ruta-sativa 

SPANISH: aguitzearicua, akuiesi varirakua, akuitsi-usrhirakua, 

caliutli, is duy, kuan rud yixhé, lulá, nula, roda, ruda, ruta, 

ruue 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to flavor sauces, meats and vegetables and 

to make a medicinal tea used to control menstruation, induce 

abortion, or to treat strokes. Aromatic oil (oil of rue) from the 

leaves and shoots is used in flavoring agents and perfumes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, possibly to Africa 

REFERENCES: Branch and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural 

n.d., IBGE 1980, Rehm and Espig 1991, Torres n.d., Usher 1974 

Sabal etonia Swingle ex Nash 


ENGLISH: scrub cabbage, scrub palmetto 

USES/NOTES: Scant fruit pulp and terminal bub, known as cabbage, of 

this Florida endemic palm are edible. Stem is subterranean. 

Similar to S. minor, but with larger fruits and yellow-green 

leaves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Florida 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995, 

Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Sturtevant 1972 

Sabal mauritiiformis (H. Karsten) Griseb. ex H. Wendl. [syn. S. 

morrisiana Bartlett] 


ENGLISH: botan, carat, savannah palm 

SPANISH: botán, carata, guano, palma amarga, palma de guagara, 

palma redonda 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten in the Petén. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Belize, northern Guatemala, northern 

Honduras, southeastern Costa Rica, Atlantic coast of Panama, 

northern Colombia and Venezuela, and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Blombery and Rodd 1982, Henderson et al. 1995, 

Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997 

Sabal mexicana Mart. [syn. S. texana (Cook) Becc.] 


ENGLISH: cabbage palm, Rio Grande palmetto, sabal palm, Texas 

palmetto 


679


SPANISH: otoomal, palma de sombrero, palma de micharo, palma de 

mícharos, palma huíchira, soyate 

USES/NOTES: Small black fruit’s pulp, though scant, tastes like a 

date (Phoenix dactilifera), and sweet heart is eaten as a 

vegetable or pounded into meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern tip of Texas through Mexico’s Gulf coast, 

southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, to the Pacific coast of 

northern Nicaragua 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Latorre and Latorre 

1977, Tabora et al. 1993, Tull 1978, Zona 1990 

Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. 


ENGLISH: blue palmetto, blue stem, bush palmetto, dwarf palmetto, 

latanier 

USES/NOTES: Pith reportedly is edible. Typically subterranean stem 

rarely emerges. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. from coastal southeastern North 

Carolina to southeastern Oklahoma, eastern Texas, and Florida 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995, 


Sabal palmetto (Walter) Lodd. ex Schultes & Schultes f. [syn. S. 

bahamensis (Becc.) L. Bailey] 


ENGLISH: cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, palmetto, palmetto palm, 

palmiste, sabal palm, swamp cabbage, swamp cabbage tree 

PORTUGUESE: juçara, palmitiqueira, palmito, palmito-do-campo 

SPANISH: guana cana, palma cana, palmicho 

USES/NOTES: Sweet heart and lower terminal bud are eaten raw or 

cooked, though because the tree has a solitary stem, this 

practice results in the plant’s death. Sweet, dark pulp of the 

small (> 1cm in diameter), generally round, black fruits, though 

scant, tastes somewhat like a date (Phoenix dactylifera) or a 

prune (Prunus domestica). Florida’s state tree, sometimes seen 

incorrectly spelled as sable palm, also is planted widely in 

urban landscapes and has been used for thatch. 

NATURAL RANGE: North Carolina coast through Florida and portions of 

the Bahamas and Cuba 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Godfrey 1988, Henderson et al. 1995, 

Houaiss 1982, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 

1987, Morton 1977, OAS 1973, Tabora et al. 1993 

Sabal pumos (Kunth) Burret 


ENGLISH: sabal palm 

SPANISH: palma real, pumos 

USES/NOTES: Mesocarp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central interior Mexico, near Guanajuato 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Henderson et al. 1995, Tull 1978 


680


Sabal uresana Trel. 


ENGLISH: Sonoran palmetto 

SPANISH: palma, palma blanca, palmar, palmarcito, palmarejo, 

palmarera, palmarillo, palmarira, palmarito, palmita 



REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 1995, Joyal 1996 

Sabicea amazonensis Wernham 


PORTUGUESE: erva-de-mucura, kana-dá 

USES/NOTES: Dark red fruit of this liana is collected from the wild 

for food and for use in religious ceremonies. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Silva et al. 1977 

Sabicea paraensis (Schumann) Wernham 


SPANISH: huasca mullaca, ruichao 

USES/NOTES: Dark red fruits are edible. 



Sabicea villosa Willd. ex Roemer & Schultes 


SPANISH: curihjau, huasca mullaca 

USES/NOTES: Dark red fruits are edible. 



Saccharum officinarum L. [also S. barberi Jeswiet. and S. sinense 

Roxb.] 


ENGLISH: noble cane, sugar cane 

PORTUGUESE: cana, cana de açúcar 

SPANISH: caña, caña amarilla, caña arangola, caña de azúcar, caña 

dulce, cañamiel, misqui huiro, shita 

USES/NOTES: Stem’s sweet liquid is drunk as juice or used to make 

refined sugar, syrup, molasses, rum and other alcoholic beverages 

(aguardiente and guarapo in Spanish, aguardente, cachaça, or 

pinga in Portuguese), industrial alcohol, and methanol. Wax, 

similar to that of the carnauba palm (Copernicia prunifera), is 

extracted from the stem. Bagasse, the crushed cane left after 

processing, is used for cattle feed, to make cardboard and paper, 

and for fuel. S. barberi and S. sinense also are grown for sugar. 

S. officinarum came to the Americas with the Portuguese in the 

early 1500s. 


681


NATURAL RANGE: Uncertain, probably the South Pacific/New Guinea 

region, possibly along New Guinea’s Brown River 

REFERENCES: Boom 1987, Bourke et al. 1987, Buroz n.d., de 

Candolle1902, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Hobhouse 1986, Howard 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Macinnis 2003, Mintz 1985, Mors and Rizzini 

1966, Purseglove 1972, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Saccharum spontaneum L. 


ENGLISH: thatch grass, wild sugar cane 

PORTUGUESE: cana, cana de açúcar 

SPANISH: caña, caña de azúcar 

USES/NOTES: Sweet rhizomes can be chewed like common sugar cane (S. 

officinarum) and heart of young shoots and young inflorescences 

are eaten cooked or uncooked. 


REFERENCES: Davidse et al. 1994, Facciola 1990, Pohl 1983, Zeven 

and de Wet 1982 

Sacoglottis amazonica Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: uchirana 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999 

Sacoglottis ceratocarpa Ducke 




REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Silva et al. 1977 

Sacoglottis cuspidata (Benth.) Urban 


PORTUGUESE: uchi 




Sacoglottis guianensis Benth. and S. guianensis Benth. var. 

guianensis 


PORTUGUESE: achuá, ichuá, pararu, macucu murici (var. guianensis), 

uachuá, uchirana, uxirana (var. guianensis), vaxiva 

USES/NOTES: Brown fruits are edible and sold in markets. 


REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Cavalcante 1991, Martin et al. 1987, Silva 

et al. 1977 


682


Sacoglottis mattogrossensis Malme var. subintegra (Ducke) Cuatrec. 


PORTUGUESE: achuá 

USES/NOTES: Round, reddish-orange fruit is edible. 



Sagittaria latifolia Willd. [also S. cuneata Sheldon] 


ENGLISH: arrowhead, arrowleaf, broad-leaved arrowhead, common 

arrowhead, duck potato, swamp potato, tule potato, wapatoo 

SPANISH: wapato 

USES/NOTES: White tubers are nutritious and eaten raw, boiled, or 

roasted over a fire. 

NATURAL RANGE: Americas 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Gibbons 1962, Harrington 1967, Harris 

1972, Holm-Nielsen and Haynes 1986, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 

1977, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936 

Sagittaria macrophylla Zucc. [syn. S. mexicana Steud.] 


SPANISH: acuitlacpalli 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten boiled or roasted over a fire. 


REFERENCES: Haynes and Holm-Nielsen 1994, Zepeda and Lot 1999 

Sagittaria rhombifolia Cham. 


SPANISH: doi 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten boiled or roasted over a fire. 



Salacca secunda Griffith 


ENGLISH: salak palm, salaka palm 

SPANISH: salaka 


NATURAL RANGE: Indonesia 

REFERENCES: León 1987, Uhl and Dransfield 1987 

Salacia campestris Walp. 

FAMILY: Celastraceae (spindle tree) or Hippocrateaceae 

(hippocratea) 

PORTUGUESE: bacupari-do-campo, capicuru, laranghina-do-campo, 

saputá, tapicuru 





683


Salacia crassifolia Peyr. 



PORTUGUESE: bacupari, bacupari-de-capoeira, saputá 



REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989 

Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. S. polyanthomaniaca 

Barb. Rodr.] 



PORTUGUESE: bochecha-de-velho, uaimiratipi 

USES/NOTES: White pulp from the golden-yellow to orange, round 

fruit is edible, though insipid. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil to the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cavalcante 1991, Jørgensen and 

León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, Roosmalen 1985, Silva et al. 

1977 

Salacia insignis A.C. Sm. 



PORTUGUESE: chichuasca 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999 

Salacia sylvestris (Mart.) Peyr. 



PORTUGUESE: bacupari-cipó, bacupari-do-mato, cipó-de-Copacabana, 

saputá, taricuru 




Salicornia bigelovii Torrey 



ENGLISH: annual glasswort, glasswort 

USES/NOTES: Salty stems of this succulent, annual herb may be eaten 

cooked or pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: North American coasts from Mexico to the southeastern 

U.S. and California 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Hickman 1993, 

Munz 1974, Nellis 1994, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Taylor 1998 

Salicornia virginica L. 


684




ENGLISH: glasswort 

USES/NOTES: Salty stems are edible cooked or pickled. 



Salix alba L. 


ENGLISH: white willow 

PORTUGUESE: salgueiro-branco 



REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d. 

Salix planifolia subsp. pulchra (Cham.) Argus [syn. S. pulchra 

Cham.] 


ENGLISH: willow 

PORTUGUESE: salgueiro 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are edible. Native Alaskans preserved the 

shoots in seal oil. Cambium and inner bark are also edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate and Arctic regions 


Salpichroa origanifolia (Lam.) Thell. [syn. S. rhomboidea Miers] 


ENGLISH: cock’s eggs 

PORTUGUESE: congonha, grão-de-congonha, grão-de-galho 

SPANISH: huevos de gallo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, sometimes sold in markets, are used in 

preserves. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Mentz et al. 1997, Uphof 1968 

Salsola kali L. [syn. S. pestifer Nelson] 



ENGLISH: Russian thistle, saltwort, tumbleweed 

USES/NOTES: Young plant is eaten cooked, sometimes prepared with 

bacon and onions. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Salvia apiana Jepson 


ENGLISH: bee sage, California white sage, white sage 

SPANISH: salvia blanca 


685


USES/NOTES: Seeds are drunk soaked in water or fruit juice or eaten 

as a grain, young stems are eaten as a raw vegetable, and leaves 

are eaten cooked as a spice. 

NATURAL RANGE: South-central California to northern Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Bean and Saubel 1972, Facciola 

1990, Hedges 1986, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974 

Salvia ballotiflora Benth. 


SPANISH: majorano mexicano, mirto 

USES/NOTES: Flower tops are used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Texas, perhaps to southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, von Reis 

Altschul and Lipp 1982, Yanovsky 1936 

Salvia carduacea Benth. 


ENGLISH: thistle sage 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are made into flour, a beverage, and soup. 


REFERENCES: Bean and Saubel 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Hedges, 

Ken 1986, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Salvia chiapensis Fern. 


SPANISH: chía, mirto 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a refreshing drink in Mexico and 

Central America. 


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Uphof 1968 

Salvia clevelandii (Gray) E. Greene 


ENGLISH: blue sage, chaparral sage, Cleveland blue sage, Cleveland 

sage, fragrant sage, musk sage 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a cooking herb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California to Baja California 

REFERENCES: Bornstein et al. 2005, Facciola 1990, Faucon 1998, 

Genders 1994 

Salvia clinopodioides Kunth 


SPANISH: chía, k’uiron, salvia 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a beverage. 


REFERENCES: Martínez and Matuda 1979, Torres n.d. 

Salvia columbariae Benth. 



686


ENGLISH: California chia, chia, desert chia, golden chia, chia 

sage, pashí (antiquated Native American) 


USES/NOTES: Seeds, rich in protein and oil, are used as a staple 

grain raw, parched, or ground, and are consumed soaked to make a 

thick, mucilaginous beverage, mashed, in soups, in pinoles, as a 

spice to flavor wheat, or steeped as a tea. Seeds also were used 

to render alkaline water potable. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico in 

the U.S. to central Baja California and northern Sonora, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Angier 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bean and Saubel 

1972, Brouk 1975, Castetter and Bell 1951, Castetter and 

Underhill 1935, Facciola 1990, Hedges 1986, Hickman 1993, 

Mabberley 1987, Murphey 1990, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Rea 1991, 

Romero 1954, Steward 1933, USDA-NRCS 2004, Yanovsky 1936, Zigmond 

1981 

Salvia hispanica L. 


ENGLISH: chia, Mexican chia 

PORTUGUESE: sálvia 

SPANISH: chaaú, chan, chán, chía, chía blanco, chía de castilla, 

chian, salvia 

USES/NOTES: Dried, ground seeds are used in a mash mixed and 

softened with water as food for infants and the infirm or to 

treat hangovers and other ailments, or as flour (chianpinolli) 

for breads and tortillas, often mixed with corn, and other baked 

goods. Seeds also are placed in water to form a clear gelatinous 

substance that is flavored with fruit juices and consumed as a 

refreshing, thick beverage. Sprouts are edible. Seeds also are 

germinated on clay figures and sold as chia pets. Along with 

maize, amaranth, and beans, chia was a staple of the Aztecs. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico, now common in Central America and 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Cahill 2003, Coe 1994, Hernández Xolocotzi 

1993, Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, 

Sandoval 1989, Sauer 1963, Vázquez et al. 1995, von Reis Altschul 

1973, Weber et al. 1991 

Salvia mellifera E. Greene 


ENGLISH: black sage 

SPANISH: salvia negra 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves and young stems are used as an herb and 

for tea, and seeds are edible parched and ground. 


REFERENCES: Bean and Saubel 1972, Clarke 1977, Hickman 1993, Munz 

1974 

Salvia mexicana L. 


687



ENGLISH: Mexican sage 

SPANISH: azul-sipari, chantlaco, charahuesca, chía, ichukuta, 

tacote, tapachichi, tlacote 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a beverage. Also grown as an 

ornamental for its showy blue flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central to Southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bello 1993, Martínez 1979, Rzedowski and Rzedowski 

2001, Torres n.d. 

Salvia officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: broadleaf sage, common sage, kitchen sage, sage 

PORTUGUESE: salva, salva-das-boticas, salva-ordinária, salvaverdadeira, 

salveta, sálvia, sálvia-dos-jardins, sálvia-do-Marajó 

SPANISH: albahita, artemisa, salvia 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a condiment. Leaves and flowers are 

used to treat indigestion. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 

1990, Hamel and Chiltoskey 1975, IBGE 1980, Morton 1976a, Padoch 

and de Jong 1991, Sanecki 1974, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Salvia reflexa Hornem. 


ENGLISH: lanceleaf sage, white chia 


USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make a refreshing beverage. 




Salvia rutilans Carrière [syn. S. elegans Vahl] 


ENGLISH: pineapple sage, pineapple-scented sage 

SPANISH: mirto 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems have the aroma and flavor of pineapple 

and are used as an herb or for tea. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Morton 1976a 

Salvia tiliaefolia Vahl 


ENGLISH: lindenleaf sage, Tarahumara chia 

SPANISH: chía, mirto 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, sold in markets, are made into a beverage. Also 

medicinal and an attractive landscape plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona to Ecuador 


688



Facciola 1990, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Uphof 1968 

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schlecht. 

FAMILY: Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle) or Sambucaceae or Adoxaceae 

(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: southern elder 

PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro, sabugueiro-verdadeiro 

SPANISH: sauco, sauco común, saúco del nordeste, seco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is made into preserves and wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Brazil, and 

Uruguay 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990, Killeen et al. 


Sambucus nigra L. 


(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: black elder, elder, elder tree, elderberry, European black 

elder, European black elderberry, European elderberry 

PORTUGUESE: ebulo, sabugueirinho, sabugueiro, sabugueiro-da-Europa, 

sabugueiro-maior, sabugueiro-negro 

SPANISH: cañilero, canillero, saco, saúco, tilo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are used to make wine. Flowers, leaves, and 

roots are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate Europe 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Alves da Fonseca n.d., Bourke et 

al. 1987, Carneiro Martins 1989, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural 1990, 

IBGE 1980, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Schneider 

1987, Usher 1974 

Sambucus nigra L. subsp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli [syn. S. 

bipinnata Cham. & Schltdl., S. canadensis L., S. canadensis var. 

laciniata A. Gray, S. canadensis var. submollis Rehd., S. cerulea 

var. mexicana (C. Presl ex DC.) L. Benson, S. mexicana C. Presl 

ex DC., S. orbiculata Greene, S. oreopola Donn. Sm., S. simpsonii 

Rehd. ex Sarg.] 


(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: American elder, American elderberry, Canadian elderberry, 

common elder, common elderberry, danewort, dwarf elder, elder, 

elderberry, golden elderberry, Mexican elder, Mexican elderberry 

PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro, sabugueiro-do-Canadá 

SPANISH: alcanfor, azumate, azumiatl, coyapa, flor de sauco, 

guarico, ita tindo, ita tindoo, joday llochic, kondembasi, má’ ma 

joo, ñe ho, ocoquihui, palo liso, saco, sauce, sauce chico, 

sauco, saúco, saúco del Canadá, sauco grande, sauzo tapiro, 

toxem, toxeem, toxiwua, xumetl 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are eaten in jams, jellies, and pies, or 

dried. Fruits are also made into juice or wine. Flowers, before 


689


fully opening, are eaten fried or made into wine, a lemonade-like 

beverage, or tea. Large white flowers also are used as a diuretic 

or added to lotion. Although highly prolific, the plant is grown 

as an ornamental in places. Stems have been used as clappersticks 

(a traditional musical instrument). 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to throughout the U.S. and much of Canada 

REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Duke 1992, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, Godfrey 1988, Harrington 1987, Harris 1972, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Niembro Rocas 

1992, Peterson 1977, Stamps and Satterthwaite 1995, Torres n.d., 

Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Walker et al. 2004, Weatherford 1988 

Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea (Raf.) R. Bolli, [syn. S. cerulea 

Raf., S. cerulea Raf. var. neomexicana (Wooton) Rehd., S. cerulea 

Raf. var. velutina (Dur. & Hilg.) Schwerin, S. glauca Nutt. ex 

Torrey & A. Gray, S. mexicana C. Presl ex DC. subsp. cerulea 

(Raf.) E. Murr., S. mexicana C. Presl ex DC. var. cerulea (Raf.) 

E. Murr., S. neomexicana Wooton, S. neomexicana Wooton var. 

vestita (Wooton & Standley) Kearney & Peebles, S. velutina Dur. & 

Hilg.] 


(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: blue elder, blue elderberry, blueberry elder, elderberry, 

western elderberry 

PORTUGUESE: sabugueiro 

SPANISH: saco, sauco, saúco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit, bud, and flower clusters are edible. Fruits and 

flowers are used to make wine and jelly. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Mexico through the western U.S. into 

Alberta and British Columbia 

REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Creasy 1990, Facciola 1990, Harrington 

1967, Johns and Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Usher 

1974, Walker et al. 2004 

Sambucus nigra subsp. peruviana (Kunth) Bolli [syn. S. peruviana 

Kunth] 


(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: Peruvian elderberry 

SPANISH: kjola, layan, ramrash, rayan, sauce, sauco, saúco, saúco 

peruano, tilo 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, juicy fruits are made into preserves, 

syrup, and wine, or are rarely eaten out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica through western South America to 

northwestern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), MBG 

n.d., Uphof 1968 

Sambucus racemosa L. var. melanocarpa (A. Gray) McMinn [syn. S. 

melanocarpa A. Gray] 


690



(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: black elderberry, blackbead elder 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten boiled or otherwise cooked. 


REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Munz and Keck 1959, Turner and Szczawinski 

1979, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Sambucus racemosa L. var. racemosa [syn. S. callicarpa E. Greene, 

S. microbotrys Rydb., S. pubens Michaux, S. pubens Michaux var. 

arborescens Torrey & A. Gray, S. racemosa L. var. arborescens 

(Torrey & A. Gray) A. Gray, S. racemosa L. var. leucocarpa 

(Torrey & A. Gray) Cronq., S. racemosa L. var. microbotrys 

(Rydb.) Kearney & Peebles, S. racemosa L. subsp. pubens (Michaux) 

House, S. racemosa L. var. pubens (Michaux) Koehne] 


(elderberry) 

ENGLISH: American red elder, bunchberry elder, Pacific red cedar, 

red elderberry, red-berried elder, scarlet elder, stinking elder 

USES/NOTES: Bitter fruits have reported as poisonous, though also 

as having been eaten by Amerindians of British Columbia. Roots 

have been used for tea, though likely for medicinal purposes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canada and the U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bolli 1994, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968, Turner 

and Szczawinski 1979, Uphof 1968, Wiersema and León 1999, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. [syn. Albizia saman (Jacq.) F. Muell., 

Calliandra saman (Jacq.) Griseb., Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) 

Prain, Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd., Mimosa saman Jacq., 

Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth., Zygia saman (Jacq.) Lyons] 


ENGLISH: cow tamarind, French tamarind, monkey pod, rain tree, 

samaan, saman 

SPANISH: algarrabo, algarrobo del país, árbol de lluvia, árbol de 

la lluvia, campano, campaño, carreto, cenízaro, cenícero, 

cinícero, dormilón, genízaro, genízero, genízoro, guango, 

huacamayo chico, laro, samán, samanguare, urero, zorra 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for various non-food values including 

shading coffee, cacao, and other shade-adapted crops, as a lumber 

source for furniture, for fuel wood, and as a street tree for its 

shade producing broad crown and pink flowers. Protein-rich fruit 

pods contain a sticky sweet pulp and are occasionally eaten out 

of hand or made into a sweet beverage. Flowers are a honey source 

and trunk is a gum source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America, perhaps to Central America, 

naturalized in some favorable locations 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, FUDENA n.d., 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968, 

Wiersema et al. 1990 


691


Samolus valerandi L. 


ENGLISH: brookweed, seaside brookweed, water pimpernel 

PORTUGUESE: baicuru-açu, morrião-d'água 

SPANISH: pajarilla de agua, pamplina de agua 


NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan 


Mentz et al. 1997, Uphof 1968 

Samuela carnerosana Trel. 


SPANISH: palma barreta, palma ixtle 

USES/NOTES: Immature flowers are eaten boiled or roasted, and 

fruits are edible. Also a fiber source. 



Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. [syn. S. indicum Cav.] 


ENGLISH: red santol, santol, sentul 

SPANISH: santol 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, though not highly esteemed. Also grown 

for shade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, Malaysia, or the Philippines 

REFERENCES: Campbell 1984, León 1987, Leung 1961, Popenoe 1974, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Sanguisorba canadensis L. 


ENGLISH: American great burnet 



REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Sanguisorba officinalis L. 


ENGLISH: burnet, garden burnet, great burnet 

PORTUGUESE: pimpinela, sanguisorba 


NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, Malaysia, or the Philippines 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uphof 1987 

Sanguisorba minor Scop. 


ENGLISH: salad burnet 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and used for tea and young plants are 

eaten boiled. 



692


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Morton 1976a 

Santolina chamaecyparissus L. 


ENGLISH: gray santolina, lavender cotton 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves are used to flavor cooked foods. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe, naturalized in the Americas 


Sarcaulus brasiliensis (A. DC.) Eyma subsp. brasiliensis 


PORTUGUESE: cambuca, guajará, guajará-do-igapó 

SPANISH: ujukam yaas 


NATURAL RANGE: Costa Rica and Panama to the Guianas and Amazonian 

Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru 


Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. gracilis Penn. 


SPANISH: quinilla, quinilla de hojas pequeñas, shakahak yaas, 

tushmo amarillo, ujuman, yaas, yas 




Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Hook.) Torrey 



ENGLISH: greasewood, Mexican greasewood 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and twigs are occasionally eaten. 



Sarcocornia perennis (Miller) A.J. Scott [syn. Salicornia perennis 

Miller] 



ENGLISH: glasswort, perennial glasswort 

USES/NOTES: Salty stems of this succulent, perennial herb may be 

eaten cooked or pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal zones, in the Americas from Argentina to the 


REFERENCES: Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Taylor 1998, Zuloaga 1997 

Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees [syn. S. officinale Nees & Eberm., 

S. variifolium Kuntze] 



693


ENGLISH: augue tree, cinnamon wood, golden elm, green stick, gumbo 

filé, root-beer tree, saloop, sassafrac, sassafras, saxifrax, 

white sassafras 

PORTUGUESE: canela-sassafrás, sassafrás 

SPANISH: sasafrás 

USES/NOTES: Bark and root extract, of this attractive tree, is used 

as a flavoring agent (especially in root beer), to scent soaps, 

perfumes, and ointments, and is antiseptic and a diaphoretic. 

Root and root bark are made into sassafras tea. Ground leaves are 

the source of filé powder used to flavor and thicken Cajun dishes 

such as gumbo filé. Young buds are edible. Caution is advised, 

however, as S. albidum has been shown to cause cancer in 

laboratory animals. Sassafras was among the first spices taken to 

Europe from North America. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 

1962, Gibbons 1971, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 1994, 

Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Satureja douglasii (Benth.) Briq. [syn. Micromeria chamissonis 

(Benth.) E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: Oregon tea 

SPANISH: yerba buena 

USES/NOTES: Dried leaves are made into tea. 


REFERENCES: Morton 1976a, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Satureja hortensis L. 


ENGLISH: summer savory 

PORTUGUESE: saturéia, segurelha, segurelha-de-verão 

SPANISH: ajedra, ajedrea, ajedrea comúm, ajedrea de huerta, ajedrea 

de jardín, satureja 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and stem are used as spices. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural 1990, Neumann n.d., Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987 

Satureja laevigata (Standley) Standley [includes S. macrostema 

var. laevigata (Standley) McVaugh & R. Schmid, Clinopodium 

laevigatum Standley] 


ENGLISH: pennyroyal 

SPANISH: garañona, hierba de borracho, poleo, tochitl 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into a beverage and medicinal tea, 

popular in parts of Mexico and marketed as poleo in Oaxaca and 

elsewhere. Also used in folk medicine as a hangover remedy. 


REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 


694


Satureja macrostema (Benth.) Briq. [includes Calamintha macrostema 

Benth., Clinopodium macrostemum (Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.) Kuntze, 

Melissa macrostema Moc. & Sessé ex Benth.] 


SPANISH: atochietl, borracho, garañona, hierba de borracho, menta, 

nurhitini té, nurite, poleo, tabaquillo, té del monte, té nurite, 

toronjil, tragorigano quauhnahuacense, tunché 

USES/NOTES: Shrub with reddish/orange flowers. Leaves are made into 

a pleasant beverage and medicinal tea, and are also placed 

briefly in nostrils for aromatherapy. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Satureja montana L. 


ENGLISH: creeping winter savory, winter sage, winter savory 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a culinary herb, added to cooked dishes 

in places as an antiflatulence. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a 

Satureja parvifolia (Philippi) Epling [syn. S. gilliesii (Benth.) 

Briq., Clinopodium ganderi (Epling) Govaerts, Micromeria 

gilliesii Benth., Oreosphacus parvifolia Philippi] 


SPANISH: orégano, muña, muña-muña 

USES/NOTES: Dried and ground leaves are used as a spice, though 

more importantly the plant is used as a medicinal for bronchial 

ailments and as a tea to aid in digestion. It is also thought to 

be an aphrodisiac. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador, Peru, northern Chile, Bolivia, and 


REFERENCES: Harley and Granda Paucar 2000, Kermath (notes), Vignale 

and Gurni 2003, Zygadlo et al. 1993 

Satureja viminea L. 


ENGLISH: all-heal, Costa Rican mint bush, Jamaican mint bush, 

savory, wild mint 

SPANISH: menta de palo 

USES/NOTES: Small green leaves are used as an herb or to make tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba and Hispaniola 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972 

Satyria warszewiczii Klotzsch 


SPANISH: muela 

USES/NOTES: Small, juicy, tart fruits are eaten out of hand, 

preserved, or in baked goods. 


695


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Belize to Panama 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Breedlove 1986, Nelson 1976, Williams 1981 

Saurauia aspera Turcz. 


SPANISH: grosea 

USES/NOTES: Mucilaginous fruit is eaten raw or cooked. 



Saurauia conzattii Buscal. and S. villosa DC. [syn. S. 

speluncicola Schultes] 



NATURAL RANGE: S. conzattii from southern Mexico to Honduras and S. 

villosa from southern Mexico to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Hunter 1966, MBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Saurauia pulchra Sprague 


SPANISH: moquillo 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Orejuela 1992 

Saurauia scabrida Hemsley 


SPANISH: ts’een xiixté 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten locally as a snack. 



Saxifraga pensylvanica L. 

FAMILY: Saxifragaceae (saxifrage) 

ENGLISH: swamp saxifrage 

USES/NOTES: Young, tender leaves are eaten fresh or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979 

Scandix pecten-veneris L. 


ENGLISH: shepherd’s needle, venus comb 

USES/NOTES: Young stem tops are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in North Anerica 


Schaefferia cuneifolia Gray 


ENGLISH: capul, desert yaupon 

SPANISH: capul, panalero 


696


USES/NOTES: Translucent, orange to bright red fruits are edible and 

a dye source used especially on wool. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern trans-Pecos and the Rio Grande plains into 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Tull 1978 

Schinus latifolius Engl. 


ENGLISH: Chilean pepper tree 

USES/NOTES: Seed pulp is made into wine. 



Schinus molle L. [syn. S. huygan Molina] 


ENGLISH: American pepper, California pepper, false pepper, Jesuit’s 

balsam, mastic-tree, molle seed, pepper tree, Peruvian mastic, 

Peruvian pepper tree 

PORTUGUESE: aguarauba-guaçu, aroeira, aroeira-branca, aroeira-defolha-de-salso, 

aroeira-do-Amazonas, aroeira-mansa, aroeirinha, 

pimenteira-bastarda, pimenteira-do-Peru 

SPANISH: aguaribai, aguaribay, anacahuita, árbol de la vida, árbol 

de pimienta, árbol del Perú, bálsamo sanalotodo, bolilla, 

castilla, engamolle, escobilla, falso pimentero, gualeguay, 

jocotillo extranjero, lentisco del Perú, molle, molle del Perú, 

muelle, mulli, pimentera, pimentero, pimentero falso, pimienta 

falsa, pimientillo, pimiento rojo, pirú, pirul, preconcuahuitl, 

turbinto, yag lachi 

USES/NOTES: Small, pinkish-red fresh fruit is made into a 

refreshing beverage, fermented into a chicha-like alcoholic 

beverage in Peru, or made into vinegar. Dried fruit is used as a 

condiment somewhat like black pepper (Piper nigrum), though also 

reported as potentially harmful, perhaps even carcinogenic. 

Leaves are the source of an essential oil and the plant’s resin 

is similar to mastic (Pistacia lentiscus). 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America from northern Argentina north, 

naturalized and invasive in many places, especially California, 

though still being planted widely 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Cid 

1978, Coe 1994, Goldstein and Coleman 2004, Heywood 1978, IBGE 

1980, Kermath (notes), Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Mentz et al. 

1997, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Torres n.d 

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi 


ENGLISH: Brazilian pepper, Brazilian pepper tree, Christmas berry, 

Florida holly, pink peppercorn, red peppercorn 

PORTUGUESE: ajobiewe, araguaraíba, aroeira, aroeira-mansa, aroeiranegra, 

aroeira-rasteira, aroeira-vermelha, aroeirinha-do-campo, 

corneíba, perôko 


697


SPANISH: chichita, copal, pimienta del Brasil, turbinto 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are a honey source and seeds are said to be 

used as a peppery spice like other Schinus spp. (e.g., S. molle), 

although all plant parts including the seeds contain toxins that 

are irritating both internally and externally. Bark is antiinflammatory 

and used in tanning. Previously planted widely in 

Florida for its abundant and persistent red berries and evergreen 

foliage, though now the most pestiferous in aerial coverage of 

invasive, exotic plants in the state. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil and adjacent Paraguay and Argentina, 

naturalized and invasive in Florida and other warm regions 

REFERENCES: Brazilian Pepper Task Force 1997, Gordon and Thomas 

1997, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, 

Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1978, Perkins and Payne 1978, Van Feu 

n.d., Voeks 1997 

Schistostemon reticulatum (Ducke) Cuatrec. 


SPANISH: parinari sacha 




Schlegelia violacea (Aublet) Griseb. [syn. Besleria violacea 

Aublet] 

FAMILY: Gesneriaceae (African violet or gloxinias) 


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil, southeastern Venezuela, the Guianas, and 

portions of the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Scirpus californicus (C. Meyer) Steudel [syn. Schoenoplectus 

californicus (C. Meyer) Soják] 


ENGLISH: California bulrush, giant bulrush, tule 

SPANISH: totora, tule 

USES/NOTES: Carbohydrate-rich rhizomes and submerged stem bases are 

eaten boiled, though the plant is more widely used today for its 

aerial stems, which are used as a fiber for weaving mats, 

baskets, and handicrafts. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific coast from California to Chile and the 

Atlantic coast, including the Gulf of Mexico, from Florida to 

Argentina, naturalized in New Zealand 

REFERENCES: Heiser 1978, Heiser 1979a, Hickman 1993, Macía and 

Balslev 2000, Rondón et al. 2003, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999 

Scirpus maritimus L. [syn. S. paludosus Nelson] 


ENGLISH: alkali bulrush, bayonet grass, nutgrass, salt marsh 

bulrush 


698


USES/NOTES: Rhizomes are eaten raw or as flour. 



Harris 1972, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Scirpus pterolepis (Nees) Kunth [syn. S. lacustris L.] and 

Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhlenb. ex Bigelow) Löve & D. Löve [syn. 

Scirpus acutus Muhlenb. ex Bigelow] 


ENGLISH: bulrush, common tule, great bulrush, hardstem bulrush (S. 

acutus), tule, tule rush 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and potentially long rhizomes were once 

widely consumed (raw or cooked) by Amerindians. Pollen and seeds 

may be made into an edible meal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canada and the U.S., widespread 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, 

Harrington 1967, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Smith and 

Yatskievych 1996, Yanovsky 1936 

Scirpus nevadensis S. Watson 


ENGLISH: Nevada bulrush 

USES/NOTES: Cheyenne people ate the roots raw. 



Scirpus tabernaemontani C. Gmelin [syn. S. validus Vahl] 


ENGLISH: great American bulrush, great bulrush, softstem bulrush, 

tall bulrush, tule 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and rootstocks are eaten raw, cooked, or 

pounded. Pollen and seeds are made into a meal. 



Harris 1972, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 1936 

Sclerocactus uncinatus var. wrightii (Engelm.) N. Taylor [syn. 

Ancistrocactus uncinatus (Galeotti) L. Benson, Ferocactus 

uncinatus var. wrightii (Engelm.) N. Taylor, Hamatocactus 

uncinatus (Galeotti) Borg] 


USES/NOTES: Small oblong, brownish red to crimsen fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas to central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Britton and Rose 1963, Kartesz 

1994, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987 

Scoparia dulcis L. 


ENGLISH: bitterbroom, broomweed, sweet broom 


699


PORTUGUESE: bassourinha, tapixava, tupeiçaba, tupeiçava, tupiçaba, 

tupixaba, vassoura, vassoura-de-botão, vassourinha, vassourinhada-Nossa-Senhora, 

vassourinha-de-botão, vassourinha-doce, 

vassourinha-mofina, vassourinha-santa, vassourinha-tupiçaba 

SPANISH: anisillo, boroemia, cancharagua, escoba lisa, escobilla, 

escobilla del Peru, hierba de dolor, mastuerzo, ñuñco pichana, 

piqu pichana, tiatina 

USES/NOTES: Plant is added to wells in parts of the West Indies to 

impart a “cool” flavor to the water. Roots and leaves are 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Mentz 

et al. 1997, RNI 1996-2001, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968, Voeks 


Secale cereale L. 


ENGLISH: rye 

PORTUGUESE: centeio 

SPANISH: centeno, zecale 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the rye of international commerce, used in 

cereals, breads, and beer and whiskey malts. Roasted seeds also 

can be used like coffee and young sprouts are added to salads. 

Also grown as a cover crop. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe to central Asia 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Purseglove 1972, Steinkraus 1983, 


Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw. [syn. Chayota edulis Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: chayote, chocho, chow-chow, christophine, madeira marrow, 

vegetable pear 

PORTUGUESE: caxixe, chocho, chuchu, machucho, machuchu, maxixe, 

maxixe francês, xuxu 

SPANISH: achocha, achogcha, alchoncha, alicayota, apupú, ayote, 

camochayote (root only), cayote, chavacano (root only), chayato, 

chayota, chayote, chayotli, choko, choncho, chote, choyomostle 

(root only), choyotestle (root only), chuchu, cidracayote, 

cidrapapa, cidrayota, cidrayote, coasa (root only), echintal 

(root only), güisayote, güisquil, huisquil, huisquila, ichintal 

(root only), itzintal (root only), mirliton, pataste, patastilla, 

tallote, tayota, uisquil, xuxu 

USES/NOTES: Pear-shaped, light green, firm fruit is typically eaten 

cooked as a vegetable, though it is also good raw, and is made 

into wine called cidra in some Spanish-speaking areas. Starchrich 

roots are harvested generally at the end of the growing 

season when fruit and other edible parts have been exhausted, 

vine tips are eaten as a vegetable, and flowers are eaten cooked 

with often with eggs. Leaves are added to rose flower tea for 

fevers in southern Mexico. 


700


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, probably Central America to Mexico 


Institute 1974, Coe 1994, Duke 1986, Estrella 1991, Guia Rural 

n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, 

Madsen 1991, Martin 1984b, Munsell et al. 1949, Newstrom 1991, 

OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, 

Weatherford 1988 

Sechium tacaco (Pittier) C. Jeffrey [syn. Cyclanthera pittieri 

Cogn., Frantzia tacaco (Pittier) Wunderlin, Polakowskia tacaco 

Pittier] 


ENGLISH: tacaco 

SPANISH: tacaco 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is sold in local markets as vegetable (boiled), 

and for its edible seeds. 


REFERENCES: León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, OAS 1973 

Sedum acre L. 


ENGLISH: bitting stonecrop, wall pepper 

SPANISH: pan de cuco 

USES/NOTES: Plant is used as a dried spice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, Scoggan 

1978, Zuloaga 1997 

Sedum integrifolium (Raf.) Nelson 


ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, stonecrop 

USES/NOTES: Plant is eaten raw or boiled. 



Sedum reflexum L. [syn. S. collinum Willd.] [also S. rupestre L.] 


ENGLISH: Jenny stonecrop 

USES/NOTES: Leafy greens are eaten in salads and soups. 



Sedum rhodanthum Gray 


ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, stonecrop 

USES/NOTES: Greens are eaten raw or boiled. 


REFERENCES: Harrington 1967, Facciola 1990 

Sedum rosea (L.) Scop. [syn. Rhodiola rosea L.] 


701



ENGLISH: king’s crown, orpine, queen’s crown, roseroot, stonecrop 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and roots are eaten in salads, boiled, 

or preserved in oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and North America 


Sedum telephium L. 


ENGLISH: orpine 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are used as salad or cooked 

greens. Roots are boiled and served with salt and vinegar or are 

pickled. 


REFERENCES: Tomikel 1986 

Selenicereus grandiflorus (L.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cactus 

grandiflorus L., Cereus grandiflorus (L.) Mill.] 


ENGLISH: large-blooming cereus, large flowered torch thistle, 

large-flowering cactus, night-blooming cereus, night-flowering 

cactus, queen-of-the-night, sweet-scented cactus, vanilla cactus 

PORTUGUESE: cardeiro-trepador, flor-de-baile 

SPANISH: cardón gigante, organillo, reina de la noche, reina de las 

flores, reina gigante 

USES/NOTES: Juicy fruit pulp is edible. Compounds from the plant 

are being tested as a rheumatism treatment. The plant is 

culticated for its impressive displays of large flowers, which 

bloom only at night. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cuba, possibly to Jamaica, naturalized in Mexico, 

Central America, and elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Britton and Rose 1963, 

Mabberley 1975, Martin et al. 1987, Solomon 2001 

Selenicereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Moran [syn. Cereus 

megalanthus K. Schum. ex Vaupel, Mediocactus megalanthus (K. 

Schum. ex Vaupel) Britton & Rose] 


ENGLISH: yellow pitaya 

SPANISH: ikámanchi 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this epiphytic cactus is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru to southern 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Madsen 1989, MBG n.d., Vásquez 1997 

Selenicereus spinulosus (DC.) Britton & Rose [syn. Cereus 

spinulosus DC.] 


ENGLISH: moonlight cactus, moonlight vine cactus, nightblooming 

cereus, spiny moon cereus 


702


SPANISH: bohol tsatsa’, pitayita-nocturna espinosa 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish, rounded fruit is eaten out of hand and 

flowers are eaten fried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico to southeastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Britton and Rose 1963 

Selenicereus testudo (Karw. ex Zucc.) Buxb. 


SPANISH: cruzeta 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this epiphytic cactus is eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997 

Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. [syn. Cassia bicapsularis L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: wild currant 

PORTUGUESE: aleluia, pau-de-cachimbo 

SPANISH: café de pobre 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp tastes like tamirind (Tamarindus indica) and 

seeds are used as a coffee substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics to Bermuda, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990 

Senna x floribunda (Cav.) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia floribunda 

Cav.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: smooth senna 

SPANISH: tajumas 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and leaves are eaten as potherbs, young 

seeds are cooked and eaten with rice, and mature seeds are used 

as a coffee substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994 

Senna fructicosa Miller [syn. Cassia fructicosa (Miller) Irwin & 

Barneby] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: coffee weed 

SPANISH: jorkatiki, lokonanjo 


NATURAL RANGE: Guianas 

REFERENCES: Smith et al. 1992 

Senna hursuta (L.) Irwin & Barneby var. hursuta [syn. Cassia 

tomentosa Wallich ex Arn.] 


pea) 


703


PORTUGUESE: café-berão 

SPANISH: alcaparro, mutuy 

USES/NOTES: Tender young leaves, pods, and flowers are eaten as 

vegetables, and buds are used like capers (Capparis spinosa). 

NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Senna marilandica (L.) Link 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Maryland senna, Maryland wild sensitive plant, southern 

wild senna, wild senna 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, shoots, and fruit pods are edible and 

dried mature seeds may be used as a coffee substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from southern New York and 

southernwestern Wisconsin to central Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Couplan 1998, Fernald 1950, Wunderlin 1998 

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barneby [includes S. tora (L.) 

Roxb., Cassia obtusifolia L., Cassia tora L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: coffee weed, sickle pod, sickle senna, sicklepod 

SPANISH: bicho, charamazca, chilillo verde, dormilón, ejote 

silvestre, frijolillo, frijolito, gedionilla, mamón, mamuri, moco 

de gallo, quiebra plato 

USES/NOTES: Tender young leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and dried 

seeds may be used as a coffee substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropics to American subtropics 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Couplan 1998, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, 

Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Peterson 1977, Wunderlin 1998 

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link [syn. Cassia occidentalis L., 

Ditremexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Rose ex Britton & P. 

Wilson] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: coffee senna, dandelion, piss-a-bed, stinking weed, wild 

coffee, wild senna 

PORTUGUESE: fedegoso, mangirioba, manjerioba, manjirioba 

SPANISH: achupa poroto, ayaporoto, bichaam ts’ohool, brusca, brusca 

chiquichique, brusca hedionda, chiquichique, hedionda, 

hediondilla, retama 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, green pods, and flowers are reported to 

be eaten as vegetables. Toasted seeds are used like coffee to 

make “Florida coffee.” Roots are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably the Neotropics, perhaps to the southeastern 

U.S., widely naturalized in warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bhat 1994, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1959, FUDENA n.d., Jørgensen 


704


and León-Yánez 1999, Kainer and Duryea 1992, Silva et al. 1977, 

Small 1933, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks 1997 

Senna pendula var. pendula (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Irwin & 

Barneby [syn. Cassia pendula Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Christmas cassia, Christmas senna, climbing cassia, senna, 

golden shower 

SPANISH: tsuleek’ ekwet, valamuerto 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to South America; related varieties are 

naturalized in the southern tier of the U.S. 


Senna septentrionalis (Viv.) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia 

laevigata Willd.] [C. laevigata identified as C. floribunda by 

Facciola] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: smooth senna 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used like coffee in parts of Guatemala. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, Uphof 1968 

Senna uniflora (Miller) Irwin & Barneby [syn. Cassia ornithopoides 

Lam., Cassia sericea Sw., Cassia uniflora Miller] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: cassia 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a coffee substitute in Brazil. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Breedlove 1986, Howard 1988, 


Serenoa repens (Bartram) Small [syn. Brahea serrulata (Michaux f.) 

H. Wendl., Sabal serrulata (Michaux f.) Nutt. ex Schultes & 

Schultes f.] 


ENGLISH: palmetto, saw palm, saw palmetto 

PORTUGUESE: sabal 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp, though often odorous and unpleasant 

tasting, was a food source for Amerindians and early pioneers, 

and sweet hearts have been eaten as a vegetable. Because of the 

plant’s cespitose nature, hearts can be harvested without killing 

the plant as long as one stem remains intact. Fruits now are 

harvested in large quantities from the wild, then processed into 

powder for sale in health food stores as a natural prostate 

medicine. Permixon extracted from the fruit is used to treat 

swollen prostates. Low-growing green or bluish palms, often with 


705


subterranean stems, are used in urban landscaping with increasing 

frequency. 

NATURAL RANGE: U.S. southeastern coastal plain from eastern 

Louisiana through Florida and southern Georgia through the 

Carolina coasts, possibly to southeastern Virginia 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Bennett and Hicklin 1998, Di Silverio et 

al. 1992, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Henderson et al. 1995, Kermath 

(notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977, Nelson 1994, Tabora et al. 


Sesamum orientale L. [syn. S. indicum L.] and S. radiatum Schumann 

FAMILY: Pedaliaceae (sesame) 

ENGLISH: bene, beniseed, gingli, oriental sesame, sesame, simsim, 

teel, til 

PORTUGUESE: gergelim, gingilim, girgilim, jergelim, jerxelim, 

jorgelim, sésamo, zirzelim 

SPANISH: ajonjoli, ajonjolí, alegría, bene, sésamo, simsim 

USES/NOTES: Small seeds are edible and contain a high quality oil 

used for cooking, as a flavoring agent, in cosmetics, and in 

topical medicines. Stems are burned as fuel or used as 

fertilizer. Introduced to Brazil in the 16 th century. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Africa, the Sunda Islands, or India 

REFERENCES: Anochili and Tindall 1986, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch 

and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Omawale 1973, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Usher 1974, Weiss 1971, 

Weiss 1983 

Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poiret [syn. Aeschynomene grandiflora 

L., Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: August flower, common sesban, Egyptian sesban, sesban, 

sesbania 

SPANISH: agati, agati sesbania, gallito 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and young pods are eaten as vegetables and 

young leaves are eaten like spinach (Spinacia oleracea). 

Medicinal leaves and bark are used to treat intestinal ailments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern South Asia through Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Martin 1984a, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974 

Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. 


ENGLISH: gelang pasir, sea purslane 

PORTUGUESE: beldroega-da-praia 

SPANISH: verdolaga 

USES/NOTES: Salty, succulent, nutritious leaves are eaten in 

salads, cooked as a vegetable, or pickled. 


706


NATURAL RANGE: Pantropical to the southern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Gibbons and 

Tucker 1979, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Nellis 


Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. 


ENGLISH: foxtail bristlegrass, foxtail millet, German millet, 

Italian bristlegrass, Italian foxtail, Italian millet 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used like rice and other cereal grains. 


REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Facciola 1990, Gleason and 

Cronquist 1968, Radford et al. 1968, Steinkraus 1983 

Setaria viridis (L.) P. Beauv. 


ENGLISH: bottle grass, green bristlegrass, green foxtail, 

pigeongrass, wild millet 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten cooked or ground into flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Old World, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, 

Munz and Keck 1959 

Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt. [syn. Lepargyraea argentea 

(Pursh) E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: buffalo berry, Nebraska currant, silver buffaloberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible raw but often cooked into a sauce. 

Used in the past to flavor buffalo meat. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 1987, 


Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. [syn. Lepargyrea canadensis (L.) 

E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: bitter buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soapberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits have been eaten fresh, preserved, or used to 

make a foamy beverage, though it is bitter and high in saponin. 



Sicana odorifera (Vell.) Naudin 


ENGLISH: casabanana, cassabanana, secana 

SPANISH: cagua, cajua, cajuba, calabaza del Paraguay, calabaza 

melón, carua, casabanana, chila, cohombro de olor, curaba, curua, 

curuba, curuguá, melocotón, melón calabeza, olero, padea, pavi, 

pepino angola, pepino de olor, secana, secona, upe, zocato 


707


USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten as a vegetable (cooked when unripe, 

fresh when ripe) or used in jams, and are used for their scent. 

Also grown as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and/or Peru 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, León 1987, Leung 1961, Martin 1984b, National Research 

Council 1989, OAS 1973, Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Usher 


Sicyos angulatus L. 


ENGLISH: blue-eyed grass, bur cucumber, one-seed burr-cucumber, 

star cucumber, wall bur-cucumber 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and fruit reportadly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and Central U.S. 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 1976 

Sida rhombifolia L. 


ENGLISH: broomjute, Cuba jute, Queensland hemp, sida, teaweed 

PORTUGUESE: erva-relógio, guaxuma, malva-relógio, mato-relógio, 

relógio-altéa-bastarda, tupiticha, vassourinha 

SPANISH: ancocacha, ancusacha, escoba negra, escobilia, escobilla, 

flor de pasto, hierba de puerco, pichana, sacra mancua, varilla 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are edible, leaves are used for tea, 

and stems are a fiber source. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Bhat 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke 1986, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Mentz et al. 1997, Nellis 1994, Zarucchi 

1998 

Sidalcea neomexicana Fendler 


ENGLISH: New Mexican cheker mallow, prairie mallow 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Yanovsky 1936 

Sideroxylon altamiranoi (Rose & Standley) Penn. [syn. Bumelia 

altamiranoi Rose & Standley] 




NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexican highlands 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990, Standley 1924 

Sideroxylon americanum (Miller) Penn. [syn. Bumelia retusa Sw.] 


ENGLISH: pigeon berry, wild saffron 

SPANISH: cocuyo, xpotzilil 


708



NATURAL RANGE: Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Yucatán, Mexico, Belize, and 

Guatemala 


Sideroxylon capiri (A. DC.) Pittier subsp. capiri [syn. S. 

petiolare A. Gray] 


SPANISH: capire, capiri, capiro, tempisque, totozapotl, zapote de 

ave 

USES/NOTES: Edible yellow fruits are sold in local markets. 



Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque (Pittier) Penn. [syn. S. 

tempisque Pittier, Mastichodendron capiri var. tempisque 

(Pittier) Cronq.] 


ENGLISH: jungle plum, mastic 

SPANISH: acana, casaguate, cosaguite, maceta, sapotilla, tampisque, 

tempisque, tempiste, tempixque, tequesquitote, tzabac 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten as a snack or cooked in atole or 

sugarcane juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, Trinidad, Tobago, 

and Grenada 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Leung 1961, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, 

Pennington 1990 

Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) Penn. [syn. Bumelia celastrina 

Kunth, B. spiniflora A. DC.] 


ENGLISH: downward plum, saffron plum 

SPANISH: camiche, coma, coma resinera, comas, guamachito, hormigo, 

hormiguillo, huesito, huishtempisque, luchumche, palo de negrito, 

pasita, pasito, pionche, saj, uvita negra, zalamera 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, black, potentially 2.5 cm long fruit, of this 

dry forest/scrub species, is eaten out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas and Florida in the U.S., Mexico, Central 

America, Bahamas, Cuba, Colombia, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Nelson 1994, Pennington 1990, Uphof 1968 

Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) Penn. 


ENGLISH: leathery jungleplum 

SPANISH: tilapo, zapotillo de montaña 


NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala and southern Mexico 



709


Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. foetidissimum [syn. S. 

mastichodendron Jacq., Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacq.) 

Lam.] 


ENGLISH: false mastic, mastic, mast wood, wild mastic, wild olive 

SPANISH: caguaní, calla, caya amarilla, caya blanca, coguani, ébano 

amarillo, jacuma, jocuma amarilla, jocuma lechero, jocuma prieta, 

jocume, moral bobo, tortugo amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Small yellow fruits are edible. Durable, hard wood is 

used for lumber. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Florida and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett 1997, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 

1994, OAS 1973, Pennington 1990, Usher 1974 

Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. subsp. gaumeri (Pittier) Penn. 


ENGLISH: rosewood, subul, white candlewood 

SPANISH: caracolillo, subul, tempiote, tempixte 


NATURAL RANGE: Yucatán of Mexico (perhaps to Chiapas), Belize, and 

Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Martínez et al. 2001, Pennington 1990 

Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michaux subsp. lanuginosum [syn. Bumelia 

lanuginosa (Michaux) Pers.] 


ENGLISH: coma, false buckthorn, gum bumelia, gum elastic 

USES/NOTES: Small, black fruits are sweet when ripe, but are said 

to cause dizziness and stomach upset. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. from Georgia to Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Tull 1978, Godfrey 1988, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roemer & Schultes) Penn. subsp. 

buxifolium (Roemer & Schultes) Penn. 


SPANISH: avalo, cagalera, caimito, cruseta, has toch, naranjo, 

pasito, picurero, picuyu, sangre de torro, uva negra, xhas toch 


NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Costa Rica, northern Colombia and 

Venezuela, and Trinidad 


Sideroxylon obtusifulium (Roemer & Schultes) subsp. obtusifolium 

[syn. Bumelia obtusifolia Humb. ex Roemer & Schultes, B. sertorum 

Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: coca, ibiranhira, maçaranduba-da-praia, miri, quixabá, 

quixabeira, rompe-gibão, sacutiaba, sapotiaba 


710


SPANISH: cacho de venado, caimito, chirimolle, guaranina, guayavi, 

lanza colorada, lloco molle, molle negro, orko molle, picurero, 

suayaui, tacurero 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, northeastern and 

northern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 1987, Pennington 1990 

Sideroxylon occidentale (Hemsley) Penn. 


SPANISH: bebelama 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or dried. 

NATURAL RANGE: Baja California and Sonora, Mexico 


Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) Penn. [syn. Bumelia laetevirens 

Hemsley] 


SPANISH: bebelama, caipoqui liso, coma, cupia, juco (antiquated), 

tempesquistle, tempesquixtle 

USES/NOTES: Latex is edible and fruits are eaten fresh, dried, or 

pickled when unripe. 


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Nentvig 1980, Pennington 1990, 


Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsley) Penn. subsp. persimile 


ENGLISH: acoma piquant, bastard cherry, porcupine tree 

SPANISH: alfiler, barba de tigre, bebelama de la sierra, bolchiche, 

corpus espina, doncello, espino blanco, espino de crujo, espino 

mono, espuelón, huistempisque, ispundio, limoncillo, ya-ntsintsu, 

zapotillo bravo, zapotillo de pena 


NATURAL RANGE: Central Mexico Central America, northern Colombia and 

northern Venezuela 


Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsley) Penn. subsp. subsessiliflorum 

(Hemsley) Penn. 


SPANISH: bebelama, chuwa, cupilla 




Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standley) Penn. 


SPANISH: chicle faisán, faisán, zapote faisán 


711


USES/NOTES: Latex is used like chicle (Manilkara zapota) for 

chewing gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Belize and the Guatemalan Petén 


Sideroxylon tenax L. [syn. Bumelia tenax (L.) Willd.] add to 

spreadsheats 


ENGLISH: buckthorn, tough bumelia 

USES/NOTES: Black, oval berries are said to be edible. 


REFERENCES: Nelson 1996, Pennington 1990, Taylor 1998 

Sideroxylon tepicense (Standley) Penn. 


SPANISH: kafe, tempisque, tempixtle 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific drainage of southern Mexico and El Salvador 


Silene acaulis (L.) Jacq. 


ENGLISH: cushion pink, moss campion 

USES/NOTES: Plant reportedly is eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arctic and alpine areas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uphof 1968 

Silphium laciniatum L. 


ENGLISH: compass plant, polar plant, rosinweed 

USES/NOTES: Resinous exudate has been used as chewing gum. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Uphof 1968 

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner 


ENGLISH: blessed thistle, holy thistle, kunguel seed, milk thistle, 

our lady’s milk thistle 

PORTUGUESE: cardo-de-santa-maria 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and roots are eaten raw or cooked, seeds 

can be used like coffee, and flower bases are edible. Now a 

popular herbal medicinal food supplement used for its 

phytochemical silymarin to maintain liver health and to treat 

hepatitis. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, Hyam and 

Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Neumann n.d., Uphof 1968 

Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. Schneider [syn. S. californica 

(Link) Nutt.] 


712


FAMILY: Buxaceae (box-wood) or Simmondsiaceae (jojoba) 

ENGLISH: goat nut, jojoba, pig nut 

PORTUGUESE: jojoba 

SPANISH: chohobba (antiquated), jojoba, pnaocl 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten raw or parched, or used as a coffee 

substitute. Also the source of a high quality, odorless oil used 

in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals and as a substitute for whale 

oil. Protein-rich bran is fed to animals and has potential as 

human food. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert of the southwestern U.S. and 

northwestern Mexico, southern California, and San Clemente Island 

REFERENCES: Gentry 1958, Guia Rural n.d., Mabberley 1987, Simpson 

and Conner-Ogorzaly 1986, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Vásquez-Yanez 

et al. 1999, Yanovsky 1936 

Sinapis alba L. [syn. Brassica alba Rabenh., non L., B. hirta 

Moench] 


ENGLISH: black mustard, charlock, white mustard, wild mustard, 

yellow mustard 

PORTUGUESE: mostarda-branca 

SPANISH: mostaza 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used to make mustard spread. Green aerial 

portions are eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, 

Kartesz 1994, Mabberley 1987 

Sinapis arvensis L. [syn. Brassica kaber (DC.) L.C. Wheeler, B. 

arvensis Rabenh., non L.] 


ENGLISH: agricultural mustard, charlock, field mustard, mustard 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and blanched greens are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized in North America. 


Sinningia incarnata (Aublet) D.L. Denham [includes Calophyllum 

antillanum Britton, C. brasiliense auct. non Cambess., C. 

brasiliense Cambess. var. antilliense (Britton) Standley, C. calaba 

Jacq. nomen illegit.] 


ENGLISH: Alexandrian laurel, Antilles calophyllum, beauty-leaf, Brazil 

beauty-leaf, crabwood, edaballi, false marney, Indian laurel, 

korakrie, kurahara, kurahura, laurelwood, mast wood, santa maria, 

wild cabash 

PORTUGUESE: cedro de pantano, galba, guarandi-de-leite, jaca, jacaráuva, 

jacareíba, jacareúba, jacareúva, landi, landim, lantim, maria, 

santa maria 

SPANISH: aca, aceite, aceite cachicamo, aceite mario, aceito, aceito 

de maria, acuje, alfaro, arary, balsamaria, barcino, baré, barí, 


713


baría, barillo, bario, barzino, bella maría, calaba, cachicamo, 

cachicamo de altura, calambuca, caraña, cascarillo, cedro cimarrón, 

cedro maría, chaqualo, cojón, cupia, dalemarie, damage, dame marie, 

galopa, guaya, jacareúba, kakaiwee, lagarto caspi, lagarto caspiblanco, 

lagarto-crespi, laurelillo, lech, leche, leche amarilla, 

leche, lechoso, limoncillo de Córdoba, lorahara, machare, mangue, 

mani kwaha, mantequilla amarillo, manzano, mara, maría, maría 

blanco, maría colorado, marillo, mario, nagcha caspi, ocoró, ocu, 

ocú, ócu, ocuje, ocuje macho, olandi, palo de cachicamo, palo 

maría, palo rey rosado, penoga, santa maría, saranda, sun-sun, 

ts’oom ta’, varilla 

USES/NOTES: Spherical green to yellow fruit can be of good quality for 

eating out of hand or for juice, wood is a valuable lumber and fuel 

source, and bark contains a medicinal resin called bálsamo de 

landim in Brazil. Much confusion remains in the literature on the 

taxonomy of this species. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Barajas et al. 1979, Brako and 

Zarucchi 1993, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 

2003, Flores 1994, Flores 2002a, FUDENA n.d., Holdridge 1940, MBG 

n.d., Pennington and Sarukhán 1998, Salas Estrada 1993, Silva et 

al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Wunderlin 1998 

Sium suave Walter [syn. S. cicutifolium Schrank] 


ENGLISH: hemlock water parsnip, water-parsley, water parsnip 

SPANISH: berrera, berro, palmita de agua 

USES/NOTES: Nutty-tasting roots were eaten by Amerindians. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Diggs et al. 1999, Fernald 1950, 

Moerman 1998, Turner 1995, Uphof 1968 

Sloanea dentata L. 


PORTUGUESE: urucurana 


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Brazil, the Guianas, and at least portions 

of the Lesser Antilles 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Smilax aristolochiaefolia Miller [syn. S. medica Schltr., S. 

ornata Lam.] 

FAMILY: Smilacaceae (smilax or catbrier) 

ENGLISH: sarsaparilla (regional names include Costa Rica, gray, 

Guayaquil, Jamaica, Lima, Mexican, red Jamaica, Tampico, Vera 

Cruz, and Virginian) 

PORTUGUESE: salsa-americana, salsaparrilha 

SPANISH: sarsa, sarsaparilla, zarzaparrilla 

USES/NOTES: An extract from the rhizome is used as a condiment 

generally referred to as sarsaparilla, in tonics, and to treat 


714


digestive disorders, skin diseases, and venereal diseases. In 

some places also used as an aphrodisiac tonic. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Austin and Bourne 1992, Phillips 1991, 

Uphof 1968, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Smilax auriculata Walter 


ENGLISH: catbrier, earleaf greenbrier, greenbrier, wild bamboo 

USES/NOTES: Seminoles obtained starch from this generally spineless 

vine by pounding the roots. 


REFERENCES: Long and Lakela 1971, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Smilax bona-nox L. 


ENGLISH: blaspheme-vine, bullbrier, catbrier, China brier, 

greenbrier, stretchberry 

SPANISH: sarzaparrilla 

USES/NOTES: Boiled young shoots have a nutty flavor and large 

rhizomes are a starch source ground into a meal added to soups or 

baked goods, made into jelly, or fermented into a beverage. 

Blue/black, non-toxic berries are not edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to northeastern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Smilax glauca Walter 


ENGLISH: catbrier, greenbrier, sawbrier, wild sarsaparilla 

USES/NOTES: Roots of this spiny, aggressive vine are eaten in soups 

or dried, ground and made into bread. 



Yanovsky 1936 

Smilax havanensis Jacq. 


ENGLISH: Everglades greenbrier 

SPANISH: sarsaparrilla 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots, rhizomes, and fruits are eaten in the 

Caribbean. 


REFERENCES: Long and Lakela 1971, Phillips 1991 

Smilax herbacea L. 


ENGLISH: carrion flower, green brier, Jacob’s ladder 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots taste like asparagus (Asparagus 

officinalis) and berries reportedly are edible. 



715



Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 1936 

Smilax lanceolata L. [syn. S. domingensis Willd.] 


ENGLISH: lanceleaf greenbrier 

SPANISH: bejuco de canasta, chiquihuite, cocolmeca, colcomeca, 

corcomeca, uut´ tsáah 

USES/NOTES: Young tips are eaten as a green and roots may be eaten 

cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico to Central America 

REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Kunkel 1984 

Smilax laurifolia L. 


ENGLISH: bamboo-brier, bamboo vine, blaspheme vine, catbrier, 

greenbrier, laurel greenbrier, laurel-leaved greenbrier 

USES/NOTES: Pounded roots were once an important starch source, and 

tendrils and roots were eaten as vegetables. Young shoots may be 

eaten like asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). 

NATURAL RANGE: East-central and southeastern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Correll and 

Johnston 1970, Long and Lakela 1971, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Smilax officinalis Kunth 


ENGLISH: Jamaican sarsaparilla, red sarsaparilla 

PORTUGUESE: salsaparrilha 

SPANISH: zarzaparilla 

USES/NOTES: Roots are used as a spice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, MBG n.d. 

Smilax pseudochina L. 


ENGLISH: American China-root, bamboo vine, false China root, 

halberd-leaved greenbrier, long-stalked greenbrier 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the starchy tubers and young stem tips 

and unfolding leaves are eaten. 



Smilax regelii Killip & C. Morton [syn. S. grandifolia Regel] 


ENGLISH: Honduran sarsaparilla, Jamaican sarsaparilla 

PORTUGUESE: japecanga, salsaparrilha 

SPANISH: zarzaparilla 

USES/NOTES: Root is a commercial sarsaparilla source used to flavor 

beverages and medicines. 


716


NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Amazonian Brazil and the Guianas and/or 

Central America, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., Phillips 1991, 


Smilax rotundifolia L. [syn. S. caduca L.] 


ENGLISH: bamboo brier, broadleaf greenbrier, bull brier, catbrier, 

common greenbrier, greenbrier, horse-brier Mexican sarsaparilla, 

round-leaf sarsaparilla, round-leaved greenbrier, sarsaparilla 

SPANISH: sarsa 

USES/NOTES: Roots are ground into a meal added to soups or baked 

goods, made into jelly, or fermented into a beverage. Berries are 

eaten raw or cooked and young shoots, with the taste of asparagus 

(Asparagus officinalis), are eaten as a vegetable, raw, cooked, 

or pickled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. to northeastern Mexico 


Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), Peterson 1977, 


Smilax smallii Morong [syn. S. cinnamomifolia Small, S. ovata 

Pursh] 


ENGLISH: China root, greenbrier, Jackson’s brier, Jackson’s vine, 

lanceleaf greenbrier, small greenbrier 

SPANISH: weew uut’ 

USES/NOTES: Shoots are eaten cooked or raw. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, northern Central America, the Greater 

Antilles and Florida 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Balick et al. 1996, Taylor 


Smilax spruceana A. DC. 


ENGLISH: sarsaparilla 

PORTUGUESE: salsaparrilha-de-Pará 

USES/NOTES: Rhizomes were once important as a source of 

sarsaparilla, used as a flavoring agent. 


REFERENCES: Phillips 1991, Uphof 1968 

Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl. [syn. S. durissima (Oersted) 

H. Wendl., Iriartea durissima Oersted] 


ENGLISH: boba, stilt palm, stilt-root palm 

PORTUGUESE: paxiúba, paxiubão, paxiubinha 

SPANISH: bombón, cashapona, chonta, jira, macanilla, onipa, 

pachuba, pambil, pona, zancona 


717


USES/NOTES: Immature inflorescence, yellow fruits, and seeds 

occasionally are eaten. Also much appreciated for its hard wood, 

used in construction and for bows, arrow tips, and spears. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Nicaragua to Bolivia, the Guianas, and 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Anderson 1978, Boom 1988, Davis and Yost 1983, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Henderson 1990, Henderson et al. 1995, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Socratea rostrata Burret 


SPANISH: chonta cade, crespa, huagrachanga 

USES/NOTES: Hearts and young seeds are eaten occasionally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andean slopes from southern Colombia through 

Ecuador 


Solandra grandiflora Sw. 


ENGLISH: trumpet flower 

SPANISH: gusaticha 


NATURAL RANGE: Jamiacan or Venezuelan coastal zone 


Solanum aethiopicum L. [syn. S. gilo Raddi] 


ENGLISH: jilo, nightshade 

PORTUGUESE: jiló, jinjilo 

SPANISH: giló del Brasil, igbo, yilo, osun 

USES/NOTES: Unripe, bitter fruits are eaten like eggplant (Solanum 

melongena), typically fried. Both elongated and round, golf-ball 

sized varieties exist, generally passing through lustrous color 

phases from green when unripe, to white, to deep, shiny red when 

fully ripe. Said to be good for the liver. Somewhat widespread in 

Brazil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Africa 

REFERENCES: D’arcy and Rakotozafy 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 

1990, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), León 1987 

Solanum agrarium Sendtner 


PORTUGUESE: baba 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible and medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Solanum ajanhuiri Juz. & Bukasov 


SPANISH: ajahuiri, ajanhuiri, yari 


718


USES/NOTES: Often elongated tuber is edible. Purple races are 

bitter and used for chuño. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands around Lake Titicaca 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, National 

Research Council 1989, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992 

Solanum americanum Miller [syn. S. nodiflorum Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: black nightshade, common nightshade, deadly nightshade, 

gouma, nightshade 

PORTUGUESE: erva-moura, erva-Santa-Maria, maria-preta, mariapretinha 

SPANISH: ucsha-coconilla, yerba mora 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit is edible, though unripe fruit is reported 

as highly toxic, as is the rest of the plant. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics and subtropics to warmer regions of 

temperate America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

Harrington 1967, Perkins and Payne 1978, UFA/NYBG n.d., Voeks 

1996, Voeks 1997 

Solanum asperum Rich. 


ENGLISH: boboro 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten in Guyana. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Mexico to Amazonian Ecuador, 

southern Venezuela, and the Guianas, perhaps beyond 


Solanum candidum Lindley [syn. S. tequilense A. Gray] 


SPANISH: huevo de gato 

USES/NOTES: Fruit, similar to S. quitoense, is edible. Apossible 

progenitor of S. quitoense. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico south to Andean Peru 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Martin et al. 

1987, Morton 1987a 

Solanum caripense Dunal 


SPANISH: frijolitos, pepino llorón, tzimbalo 


NATURAL RANGE: Andean South America 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990, 

Heiser 1969, Martin et al. 1987 

Solanum chaucha Juz. & Bukasov 


ENGLISH: floury potato 

SPANISH: chaucha, papa 


719


USES/NOTES: Tuber is esteemed for it good taste and smooth red 

skin. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Hawkes 1990, 

National Research Council 1989, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992, 

Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum crinitum Lam. 




NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Guyana and southern 

Venezuela 


Solanum demissum Lindley 


SPANISH: papa cimarrona, papa del monte 

USES/NOTES: Fruits an potentially large tubers, harvested from the 

wild, are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990 

Solanum diphyllum L. 


ENGLISH: twinleaf nightshade 


SPANISH: miltomate, tsakam tsabalté 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to El Salvador, naturalized and cultivated 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, FLEPPC 2003, 

Sommeijer et al. n.d. 

Solanum diversifolium Schltr. 


SPANISH: wiígame 

USES/NOTES: Young fruits, chopped and salted, are eaten as a relish 

with fish. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Torres n.d., Uphof 1968 

Solanum edinense Berthault 


USES/NOTES: Fruit of this naturally occurring S. tuberosum hybrid 

is edible. 


REFERENCES: Bye 1993, Ugent 1966, Ugent 1967 


720


Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. [syn. S. saponaceum Dunal, S. scabrum 

Ruiz & Pavón] 


ENGLISH: silverleaf nightshade, white horse nettle 

SPANISH: arana gato 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten and used by Amerindians to curdle 

milk. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967, Martin et al. 1987, 


Solanum fendleri Gray ex Torrey 


ENGLISH: fendler potato, wild potato 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten raw or cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. south to Panama 

REFERENCES: Kirk 1970, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Solanum grandiflorum Ruiz & Pavón 


PORTUGUESE: jurubeba-branca 

SPANISH: cuernavaca, fruta de lobo, poni ani mite, San Pablo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though of little consequence as a 

food item. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, 

introduced elswhere 


1977, Sommeijer et al. n.d. 

Solanum hirtum Vahl 


SPANISH: huevo de gato, thak’chook’ uut’ 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten occasionally as a snack food, though 

can be unpleasant tasting. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico’s Yucatán, Central America, northern South 

America, and Trinidad and Tobago 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a 

Solanum insidiosum Mart. [also S. paniculatum L.] 


PORTUGUESE: jubeba (S. paniculatum), jupela, juribeba, juripeba, 

jurubeba, jurubeba-branca, jurubeba-do-cupim, jurubeba-roxa, 

jurubeba-verdadeira (S. paniculatum), jurubebinha, juuna (S. 

paniculatum), juvena 

USES/NOTES: Bitter fruits are used to flavor sweets and alcoholic 

beverages. Roots are a diuretic and leaves are medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Carneiro Martins 1989, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1989, Kermath (notes), Posey 1985, Silva et 

al. 1977, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 


721


Solanum jamaicense Miller 


ENGLISH: Jamaica nightshade 

SPANISH: coconilla con espiñas 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps beyond, now widely naturalized in 

warm regions 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FLEPPC 2003 

Solanum jamesii Torrey 


ENGLISH: Colorado wild potato, wild potato 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate tubers raw, boiled, or baked. 


REFERENCES: Correll 1962, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Uphof 


Solanum juciri Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: caruru-de-espinho, jiquiri, jiquirioba, joá, juciri, 

juqueri 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a vegetable. 



Solanum juzepczukii Bukasov [also S. curtilobum Juz. & Bukasov] 


ENGLISH: bitter potato 

SPANISH: ayo, choque-pitu, luki, papa ruk’i, paya, rucki 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten dehydrated locally. Leaves also are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands of Peru possibly to Ecuador 

and Bolivia 


National Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 

1992, Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum liximitante R. Schultes 


SPANISH: cocanilla 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Ecuador 


Solanum lycocarpum St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: fruta-de-lobo, fruteira-de-lobo, jurubeba-lobeira, 

jurubebão, lobeira 


722


USES/NOTES: Known for its medicinal qualities (especially to treat 

ulcers), the hard-ball sized, light green fruit is edible when 

ripe and reportedly makes a nice jelly. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Brazilian cerrado 

REFERENCES: Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Kermath (notes), 

Posey 1985, Silva and Tassara 1996 

Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum (Dunal) Nees 


ENGLISH: aubergine, badinjan, bijan, boulanger, brinjal, egg fruit, 

eggplant, Jew’s apple, mad apple 

PORTUGUESE: berinjela 

SPANISH: berengena, berenjena 

USES/NOTES: Small, immature green fruits or large, dark purple 

mature ones are eaten as a vegetable boiled, fried, stewed, 

baked, or curried. Thought to be good for the blood and liver. 

Also used in folk medicine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably India 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Heiser 1969, Heiser 1991, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin and Pollack 1979, Munsell et 

al. 1949, Omawale 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Solanum morellifolium Bohs 


SPANISH: shimpich 


NATURAL RANGE: Peru and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Bohs 1990 

Solanum muricatum Aiton [syn. S. variegatum Ruiz & Pavón] 


ENGLISH: melon pear, melon shrub, mellowfruit, pepino, Peruvian 

pepino, pear melon, sweet cucumber, tree melon 

SPANISH: cachum, kachun, manguena, mataserrano, melón pera, pepina 

de agua, pepino, pepino blanco, pepino de fruta, pepino de la 

tierra (antiquated), pepino dulce, pepino mango, pepino morado, 

pepino redondo, pepo, pera melón, xachum 

USES/NOTES: Much appreciated fruits are consumed fresh, preserved, 

or as juice and are of growing economic importance with potential 

for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Andes, probably Peru or Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Bonuccelli 1989, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Estrella 

1991, Heiser 1964, Heiser 1969, Kermath (notes), National 

Research Council 1989, Patiño 1962, Prohens et al. 1996, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962 

Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti 


SPANISH: hierba mora 


723


USES/NOTES: Fruits and cooked leaves reportedly are eaten, though 

raw leaves are poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Bye 1993, D’Arcy 1987, Edmonds 

1972 

Solanum nigrum L. 


ENGLISH: black nightshade, common nightshade, deadly nightshade, 

nightshade, wonderberry 

PORTUGUESE: erva-moura 

SPANISH: hierba de hechiceros, hierba mora, kaburgia, mora, 

pilliyuyu, pintamora, yerba mora 

USES/NOTES: Ripe fruit of some varieties is edible, though the 

unripe fruit is toxic. Young leaves and shoots of some cultivars 

are used as potherbs. 

NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan, perhaps from Europe 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, León 

1987, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Perkins and 

Payne 1978, Rehm and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Soukup 1970, 

Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Solanum paucijugum Bitter 


SPANISH: sacha papa 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and small tubers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Castillo and Spooner 1997, Correll 1962, Facciola 1990, 

Spooner et al. 1992 

Solanum pectinatum Dunal [syn. S. hirsutissimum Standley] 


ENGLISH: lulita 

SPANISH: daboca, lulita, lulo de la tierra fría, naranjillo, 

tirinch, toronja, tumo 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Ecuador, Venezuela, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Davis and Yost 1983, Facciola 

1990, Heiser 1985, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a 

Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov subsp. hygrothermicum (Ochoa) 

Hawkes [syn. S. hygrothermicum Ochoa] 


ENGLISH: precocious potato 

SPANISH: amista, cachariqui, kinke, maaona, moshaki, papa chawcha, 

papa criolla, phureja, quinque 

USES/NOTES: The tuber of this little-known small potato is edible 

and the plant is more pest resistant than many of its relatives. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Andean lowlands of Peru, other subspecies 

from Venezuelan Andes to Bolivia 


724



National Research Council 1989, Ochoa 2001, Ochoa and Ugent 2000, 

Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum piliferum Benth. 


ENGLISH: Mexican apple 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are appreciated and sold in local 

markets. 



Solanum pseudolulo Heiser 


SPANISH: lulo común, lulo de perro 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1969, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 

1987a 

Solanum quitoense Lam. 


ENGLISH: naranjilla, Quito orange 

SPANISH: berenjena de olor (a wild form), lullo, lulo, lulum, 

lulun, morella de Quito, naranjilla, naranjilla de Quito, 

naranjillo, naranjita, naranjita de Quito, nuqui, tomate chileno, 

toronja 

USES/NOTES: Highly esteemed fruits are consumed as juice or in ice 

creams and sherbets. Naranjilla ice-cream bars frequently are 

sold by independent vendors on urban streets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador perhaps to Andean Peru 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Chalons 1944, Gregory 1960, Heiser 1979a, 

Heiser 1985, Heiser 1991, Kermath (notes), Ledin 1952, McCann 

1947, Morton 1987a, National Research Council 1989, Patiño 1962, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 

1962, Soukup 1970 

Solanum quitoense Lam. var. septentrionale Schultes & Cuatrec. 


ENGLISH: naranjilla 

SPANISH: lulo de castilla, lulo de perro, lulo morado, naranjilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed in sherbets and juice. Cultivated 

in the northern Andes and Central America. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Andes 

REFERENCES: Molina 1975, Morton 1987a 

Solanum scabrum Miller 


ENGLISH: garden huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and ripe, dark fruits are edible. 


725



REFERENCES: D’Arcy 1987b, Facciola 1990, Schilling 1981 

Solanum sessiliflorum Dunal [syn. S. topiro Dunal] 


ENGLISH: cocona, Orinoco apple, peach tomato, topiro, tupiru 

PORTUGUESE: cubii, cubio, cobió-do-Pará, cúbios, cubiu, cubíu 

SPANISH: cocona, cocoña, coconilla, daboca, karapana, lulo, lulo 

jibara, naranjilla, topiro, túpiro 

USES/NOTES: Fruit, variably colored from yellow to red, to the size 

of a tennis ball, is eaten as a fruit or vegetable, out of hand, 

with sugar or salt, in salads, juiced, or preserved. Frequently 

eaten or sucked on to relieve thirst by children and rural 

workers. Weedy plants are allowed to persist in fields for their 

thirst-quenching fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper and middle Orinoco river basin of Venezuela and 

adjacent northern Brazil, into western Amazonia 

REFERENCES: Clement 1989, Coomes and Ban 2004, Davis and Yost 1983, 

Foster and Cordell 1992, Heiser 1991, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), 

Martin et al. 1987, Pahlen 1977, Patiño 1962, Rehm and Espig 

1991, Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962, Silva et al. 1977, 

Soukup 1970 

Solanum sessiliflorum var. georgicum [syn. S. georgicum R.E. 

Schultes, S. topiro var. georgicum Heiser] 


SPANISH: tonto grande 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this ancestral variety of S. sessiliflorum is 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a 

Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. 


PORTUGUESE: arrebenta-cavalo, joá, juá, juá-manso, juá-da-roça, 

juá-das-queimadas, mata-cavalo 

SPANISH: guinda, misqui corrota, ocote mullaca 




Mentz et al. 1997 

Solanum stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes [syn. 

S. goniocalyx Juz. & Bukasov] 



SPANISH: limeña, papa amarilla, papa mantequilla 

USES/NOTES: Yellowish tuber is edible. Also adapts to a wide range 

of environments. 

NATURAL RANGE: High Andes of southern Peru perhaps to Bolivia 


726



National Research Council 1989, Smith 1994, Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum stenotomum Juz. & Bukasov subsp. stenotomum 



SPANISH: papa, pitiquiña 

USES/NOTES: Tuber is edible. Also among the oldest cultivated 

potatos and a possible progenitor of the common potato (S. 

tuberosum). 

NATURAL RANGE: High Andes of southern Peru perhaps to Bolivia 


National Research Council 1989, Smith 1994, Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. [syn. S. platyphyllum Dunal] 


ENGLISH: bura bura 

PORTUGUESE: joá, jurubeba 

SPANISH: etopaa, jua, kobuyá, lulo 


NATURAL RANGE: Probably extreme western Amazonia, possibly the moist 

lowlands of northeastern South America 

REFERENCES: Balée and Gély 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Omawale 1973, 

Schultes and Romero-Castañeda 1962, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 

1982 

Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. var. inerme (Dunal) Whalen [syn. S. 

coconilla Huber] 



SPANISH: coconilla colorada 



REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Whalen et al. 1981 

Solanum torvum Sw. 


ENGLISH: gully bean, pea eggplant, plate brush, susumber, turkey 

bean, wild eggplant 


SPANISH: muuthuuts’ 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten as a snack food by the Huastec Maya. 

Also used as a nematode-resistant root stock for other Solanum 

cultivars. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, the West Indies, and tropical South America, 

now pantropical 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Carneiro Martins 1989, 

Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a 

Solanum triflorum Nutt. 


727



USES/NOTES: Fruits reportedly are eaten raw or cooked, though they 

are also reported as poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to Mexico 


Solanum tuberosum L. 


ENGLISH: common potato, Irish potato, potato, white potato 

PORTUGUESE: batata, batata-inglês, batata-inglesa, batata-do-reino, 

batata-rosa, batata-portuguesa, batatinha 

SPANISH: age, aksu, bralka qumpis, atuq papa, choke, guata, mariba, 

mergikualu, papa, papa blanca, papa cusqueña, papa mantaro, papa 

olones, patata, poñi, puka qumpis, qumpis, ruyaq waña, turma, 

yana bole, yana mariba, yana papa, yana suytu, yana wirqucha, 

yomsa, yungay, virundis 

USES/NOTES: Tubers of the many cultivars are important foods in the 

Andes, North America, Europe, and parts of Asia and are the 

potatos of commerce. Leaves also are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean highlands, probably first cultivated 

in the Altiplano near Lake Titicaca 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Duke 1986, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia 

Rural n.d., Hobhouse 1986, IBGE 1980, Leung 1961, OAS 1973, 

Salaman and Hawkes 1985, Schwanitz 1966, Ugent 1970, Ugent et al. 

1982, Yamaguchi 1983, Zimmerer 1991, Zimmerer 1992, Zimmerer 

1996, Zuckerman 1999 

Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes [syn. 

S. andigenum Juz. & Bukasov] 


ENGLISH: Andean potato, floury potato 

SPANISH: andigena, papa silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Tubers of this close relative of the common potato are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru perhaps to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Uphof 1968, Zimmerer 1996 

Solanum verrucosum Schltdl. 


SPANISH: papa morada 

USES/NOTES: Potentially large tubers are edible. 


REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Correll 1962, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Solanum vestissimum Dunal 


SPANISH: lulo de la tierra fría, toranja, tumo 

USES/NOTES: Hairy fruits are difficult to eat, but their juice is 

of good quality. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia and Venezuela 


728


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heiser 1985, Kermath (notes), Martin et 

al. 1987 

Solanum wendlandii Hook.f. 


ENGLISH: Costa Rican nightshade, divorce-vine, marriage-vine, 

privy-vine 

SPANISH: ixtan, kishtan 

USES/NOTES: Young greens are used as a potherb in cooking, though 

also reported as poisonous. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Breedlove 1986, Child 1985, D’Arcy 1987a, 

Molina 1975, Perkins and Payne 1978 

Solenostemon scutellarioides (L.) Codd [syn. Coleus blumei Benth.] 


ENGLISH: coleus, Jacob’s coat 

SPANISH: entrada al baile, mozaico, simorilla 

USES/NOTES: Tubers and leaves are said to be edible and medicinal, 

though the perennial herbaceous plant is cultivated primarily for 

its colorful foliage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeast Asia, perhaps southeastern China, widely 

cultivated and naturalized in the neotropics 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, 

MBG n.d. 

Solidago canadensis L. [also S. nana Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: Canada goldenrod 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have been eaten by Amerindians and leaves are 

used as tea. Also the source of Canada goldenrod oil. 


REFERENCES: Marcin 1983, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Solidago missouriensis Nutt. 


ENGLISH: goldenrod, Missouri goldenrod 

USES/NOTES: Leaves have been a minor food source of the Hopi, added 

to salads or cooked. Leaves and flowers are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central North America, widespread 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987, 

Kirk 1970 

Solidago odora Aiton var. odora 


ENGLISH: anise-scented goldenrod, mountain tea, plumero, sweet 

goldenrod 

SPANISH: plumero amarillo, vara de oro, vara de San José 

USES/NOTES: Dried infructesences and leaves, with the smell and 

flavor of anise (Illicium verum) or licorice (Glycyrrhiza 


729


glabra), are brewed into tea. The nearly odorless variety (S. 

odora var. chapmanii Torrey & A. Gray) is not favored for tea, 

though it too can be used as such. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from eastern Canada and New 

Hampshire to Florida, Texas, Oklahoma, and Missouri 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972, 

Peterson 1977, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Solidago spectabilis (D. Eaton) A. Gray 


ENGLISH: Nevada goldenrod 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have been eaten by Amerindians. 



Sonchus oleraceus L. 


ENGLISH: annual sow thistle, common sow thistle, hare’s lettuce, 

milkweed, milky tassel, sow thistle 

PORTUGUESE: chicória-brava, serraia, serralha, serralha-brava, 

serralha-lisa 

SPANISH: cerraja, cerraja grande, diente de leon lechoso, endibia, 

endivia, khanachu, lechuga montés , llampu-cajana, llampu-khana, 

serraja, serraja lechosa, upa khisa 

USES/NOTES: Leaves may be eaten as a vegetable or used as fodder. 

Juice is used to treat ailments of the digestive tract. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Eurasia, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia 

Rural 1990, Leung 1961, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974, 


Sophora nuttalliana B. Turner [syn. S. sericea Nutt.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: silky sophora 

PORTUGUESE: sófora 

USES/NOTES: Sweet roots were a delicacy of the Pueblo people. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern U.S. to Mexico 


Sorbus americana Marshall 


ENGLISH: American mountain ash, dogberry, mountain ash, roundberry 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten mainly in jams and jellies and are 

made into wine. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Jones 1939, 

Jones 1953, Wright 1981 

Sorbus aucuparia L. 


730



ENGLISH: European mountain ash, quickbeam, rowan, rowanberry, 

Russian mountain ash 

PORTUGUESE: sorva, sorveira-brava 

SPANISH: amargoso, serbal, serbo 

USES/NOTES: Several cultivars are grown for their berries, eaten 

mainly in jams and jellies or used in liqueurs and ketchup. 

Leaves and flowers are added to tea. 


REFERENCES: de Gámez 1973, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Sorbus decora (Sarg.) C. Schneider 


ENGLISH: dogberry, mountain ash, northern mountain ash, showy 

mountain ash 

USES/NOTES: Scarlet berries, rich in iron and vitamin C, are eaten 

cooked or preserved and are made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern North America from northeastern Iowa to 

Newfoundland 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Jones 1939, Jones 1953, 

Wright 1981 

Sorbus domestica L. 


ENGLISH: service tree, sorb apple 

USES/NOTES: Berries are eaten or made into a distilled alcoholic 

cider. 


REFERENCES: Bianchini and Corbeta 1976, Mabberley 1987, Simmons 


Sorbus scopulina E. Greene 


ENGLISH: cascade mountain ash, western mountain ash 

USES/NOTES: Berries are edible and made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from southern Alaska to 

northern California, to North Dakota, to New Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kirk 1970, Medsger 1939 

Sorbus sitchensis M. Roemer 


ENGLISH: sitka mountain ash, Pacific mountain ash, western mountain 

ash 

USES/NOTES: Berries are edible and made into wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from southern Alaska to western 

Montana and northern California 



731


Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench [syn. S. vulgare Pers., Andropogon 

sorghum (L.) Brot., Holchus sorghum L.] and S. bicolor subsp. 

arundinaceum (Desv.) de Wet & Harlan ex Davidse 


ENGLISH: cane sorghum, durra, great millet, Guinea corn, Indian 

millet, kafir corn, milo, sorghum, sorgo, sweet sorghum 

PORTUGUESE: alpista (subsp. arundinaceum), sorgo 

SPANISH: alboroto, caña dulce, challu, durra, durrá, escoba, 

maicillo, millo, maíz de Guinea, maíz guineo, maíz millo, maíz 

morocho, panizo moruno, sorgo, trigo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten and stems (or canes) contain sweet sap 

that is made into syrup, molasses, or alcoholic beverages. Also 

grown as a forage crop. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nile Valley (Ethiopia or Sudan), or possibly central 

India 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Martin 1949, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 

1986, Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, 

UFA/NYBG n.d., Usher 1974 

Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich. and S. muriculata Miq. 


PORTUGUESE: guariúba, inharezinho (S. muriculata), jaca-bravapequena 

(S. guilleminiana), pama (S. muriculata) 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten by Amazonian forest dwellers. 


REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Boom 1989, Kainer and Duryea 


Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. ex Gray 

FAMILY: Sparganiaceae (bur reed) 

ENGLISH: giant bur reed 

USES/NOTES: Sweet tubers have been eaten by Amerindians. 



Spathiphyllum friedrichsthalii Schott 


SPANISH: güisnay, huisnay 

USES/NOTES: Young inflorescences are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Coe 1994, Plowman 1969, Standley 1931 

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium Schott 


ENGLISH: busnay 

SPANISH: busnay, gusnay, huisnay 

USES/NOTES: Tender green shoots, inflorescences, very young leaves, 

and ripe spadices are eaten cooked. Sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua through Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Plowman 1969 


732


Spergula arvensis L. [syn. S. sativa Boenn.] 


ENGLISH: corn spurry, spurry, toadflax 

PORTUGUESE: esparguta, espérgula 

SPANISH: maleza arvense 

USES/NOTES: Oil is used in margarine and cheese. Also fed to 

animals. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Guia Rural n.d., Uphof 1968 

Spergularia rubra (L.) J. Presl 


ENGLISH: sand spurry 

PORTUGUESE: espérgula 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are an emergency food. 



Spinacia oleracea L. 



ENGLISH: common spinach, epinard, spinach 

PORTUGUESE: espinafre, espinafre-europeu, espinafre-japonês, 

orenção, orenço 

SPANISH: espinaca 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are the spinach of commerce, eaten cooked or in 

salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia, probably Iran 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 

1980, Schneider 1987, Yamaguchi 1983 

Spiraea beauverdiana C. Schneider 


ENGLISH: Alaska spiraea 


NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Asia and Alaska 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984 

Spiraea pyramidata E. Greene 


ENGLISH: pyramid spiraea 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, stems, and flowers are made into tea. 



Spondias dulcis Parkinson [syn. S. cytherea Sonn.] 



733


ENGLISH: ambarela, ambarella, golden apple, hog apple, Jew plum, 

Jew’s plum, otaheite apple, Polynesian plum, sweet apple, Tahiti 

mombin, Tahitian quince, vi apple 

PORTUGUESE: cajá-açu, cajá-manga, cajarana, taperebá-do-sertão 

SPANISH: ambarella, cajá manga, cirial, ciruela, ciruela dulce, 

cítara, hobo de recimos, jobo, jobo de la India, jobo de las 

indias, jobo indio, juplón, mango jobo, manzana de oro, taperiba, 

tapisho, yuplón 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are consumed fresh, juiced, in ice cream, as 

jam, or in chutney, unripe fruits are eaten pickled, and leaves 

are eaten or used as a meat tenderizer. Spondias dulcis Forster 

is an illegitimate name. 

NATURAL RANGE: Polynesia, introduced widely in the tropics 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Campbell 

1984, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., 

IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, OAS 

1973, Omawale 1973, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, Will 1991 

Spondias macrocarpa Engelm. in Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: taperibá-assu 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. This taxon may actually refer to 

S. purpuea L. 



Spondias mombin L. [syn. S. cythera Tussac, S. lutea L., S. 

myrobalanus L., S. purpurea var. venulosa Engl., S. radlkoferi 

Donn. Sm., S. venulosa (Engl.) Engl.] 


ENGLISH: golden apple, golden mombin, hog plum, Jamaica plum, jobo, 

plum bush, prune mombin, yellow mombin 

PORTUGUESE: cajá, cajá-mirim, cajarana, cajazeira, cajó, taperebá 

SPANISH: abal, abalá, azucaró, canajo, chacumo, ciruela, ciruela 

agria, ciruela amarilla, ciruela de la China, ciruela del monte, 

ciruela tronadora, ciruelo, cuajo, hobo, hobo blanco, hubo, 

hubus, jebo, jobo, jobo amarillo, jobo corronchoso, jocote, 

itahuba, marapa, obo, obos, shunga, shungu, sua, taperiba, 

tapishu sacha, ubo, ubo colorado, ubos, ushum, ushun, usiro, uvo 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its soft, juicy, golf-ball sized, 

yellow fruits, which are consumed out of hand or used in juice, 

wine, liqueurs, and ice cream. Fruit, bark, and flowers are 

medicinal. Sweet fruits are also collected from wild trees in 

parts of its range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Continental Neotropics, introduced widely in the 

tropics 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and 

Zarucchi 1993, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Gómez-Beloz 2002, Honychurch 1980, Justiniano et 

al. 2001, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 


734


Mowry et al. 1967, Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Popenoe 1974, Silva et 

al. 1977, Soukup 1970, Vásquez and Gentry 1989, von Reis Altschul 

and Lipp 1982, Will 1991 

Spondias purpurea L. [syn. S. myrobalanus Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: chili plum, hog plum, Jamaica plum, mombin, purple mombin, 

red mombin, Spanish plum, Surinam plum 

PORTUGUESE: cajá, cajá-mirim, cajazeiro, cirigüela, imbuzeiro, 

taperebá 

SPANISH: ajuela, canajo, ciruela, ciruela agria, ciruela del país, 

ciruela campechana, ciruela mexicana, ciruela morada, ciruela 

morreña, ciruela roja, ciruelo, ciruelo campechano, ciruelo de 

coyote, ciruelo de país, cireulo rojo, hobo colorado, jobillo, 

jobo, jobo francés, jobo rojo, jocote, jocote de corona, jocote 

pitarrillo, ovita, ovito, ovo, ovo de Ibarra, ovo de la costa, 

pitarrillo, pitorillo, sua, ubos 

USES/NOTES: Dark, redish-purple fruits are eaten fresh, boiled, or 

dried. Chili plums (S. purpurea var. lutea) are yellow. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, now widespread in the 

tropics 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Barfod 1987, Bourke 

et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, Campbell 1984, Duke 1986, Guia Rural 

n.d., Koziol and Macía 1998, Mabberley 1987, Macía and Barfod 

2000, Martin et al. 1987, Mowry et al. 1967, Omawale 1973, OAS 

1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Rodrigues 1979, 

Soukup 1970, von Reis Altschul 1973, Will 1991, Williams and 

Williams 1969 

Spondias tuberosa Arruda 


ENGLISH: hog plum, imbu 

PORTUGUESE: ambo, imbu, umbu, umbuzeiro 

SPANISH: imbú, jobo, mombín 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is consumed fresh, in jelly, as juice, or in 

desserts. Roots also are edible and leaves are medicinal or used 

as cattle feed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil’s arid Northeast 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Martin et al. 

1987, Morton 1987a, Rehm and Espig 1991, Uphof 1968 

Sporobolus airoides (Torrey) Torrey 


SPANISH: alkali sacatón 

USES/NOTES: Tiny seeds are eaten as mush. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Doebley 1984, Fernald 1950, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torrey) A. Gray 


735



ENGLISH: sand dropseed 

USES/NOTES: Tiny seeds were eaten by Amerindians. 


REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Kindscher 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 


Sporobolus flexuosus (Thunb. ex Vasey) Rydb. 


ENGLISH: mesa dropseed 

USES/NOTES: Amerindians ate the seeds. 



Stachys floridana Shuttlew. ex Benth. 


ENGLISH: betony, Florida betony, hedge nettle 

USES/NOTES: White tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to Texas 

REFERENCES: Black and Ruppert 1995, Correll and Johnston 1970, 

Radford et al. 1968, Taylor 1998 

Stachys hyssopifolia Michaux 


ENGLISH: hyssop hedge nettle 

USES/NOTES: Crisp white tubers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from Massachusetts to northern Florida 

and Missouri 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Peterson 1977 

Stachys palustris L. 


ENGLISH: marsh betony, marsh woundwort, woundwort 

USES/NOTES: White tubers and young shoots are eaten cooked in the 

western U.S. and Europe. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, widely naturalized 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Kirk 1970, 

Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977, Zarucchi 1998 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl 


PORTUGUESE: erva-do-sumidouro, gervão, gervão-roxo, rincão, 

rinchão, urgebão 

SPANISH: alacrán, ocollucuy sacha, sacha verbena, verbena regional 

USES/NOTES: Stem tips are used like tea or as a spice. Also used to 

treat diabetes and other ailments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Honduras through tropical Brazil 

REFERENCES: Ayala Flores 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 

1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Molina 1975, Pérez-Arbeláez 


736


1956, Renner et al. 1990, Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Van 

Feu n.d., Voeks 1997 

Stachytarpheta indica (L.) Vahl [syn. S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl] 


ENGLISH: bastard verbain, blue porterweed 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used to make tea called Brazilian tea in 

places. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies and Honduras through Venezuela to 

Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Molina 

1975, Morton 1977 

Stachytarpheta mutabilis (Jacq.) Vahl 


USES/NOTES: Leaves reportedly can be used to meke tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Molina 1975, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Stanleya pinnata (Pursh) Britton [also S. elata M.E. Jones] 


ENGLISH: Indian cabbage, prince’s plume 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stems are eaten after boiling several 

times to remove toxic levels of selenium. Seeds are ground into 

an edible mush. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, 

Kindscher 1987, Munz and Keck 1959, Uphof 1968 

Staphylea trifolia L. 

FAMILY: Staphyleaceae (bladdernut) 

ENGLISH: American bladdernut 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and seed oil are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Stellaria media (L.) Cirillo 


ENGLISH: chickweed 

SPANISH: hierba de los canarios 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are added to salads or cooked as a 

green. Seeds also are edible. A good source of vitamin C, if 

consumed raw or as juice. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe and Western Asia 


Harris 1972, Tomikel 1986, Tull 1978, Uphof 1968 

Stenocereus thurberi (Engelm.) Buxb. [syn. Lemaireocereus thurberi 

(Engelm.) Britton & Rose, Marshallocereus thurberi (Engelm.) 

Backeb., Pachycereus thurberi (Engelm.) H. Bravo] 


737



ENGLISH: organ-pipe cactus, sweet pitaya 

SPANISH: pitahaya, pitahaya dulce 

USES/NOTES: Globular greenish fruit’s reddish pulp is consumed 

fresh, in desserts, or made into wine. Seeds are powdered and 

made into meal. 


REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Facciola 1990, Kartesz 1994, 

Martin et al. 1987, Nobel 1988, Nobel 1994 

Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) Karsten 


ENGLISH: French peanut, Panama tree 

SPANISH: anacagüita, bellota, camajonduro, camaruca, camoruco, 

capera, castaño, comoruco, mano de león, panamá 

USES/NOTES: Red fruiting carpels contain grayish-black seeds that 

are eaten toasted. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke 1986, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, 

Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, von Reis 

Altschul and Lipp 1982, Williams 1981 

Sterculia chicha A. St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: axixá, castanha-do-Maranhão, castanha-do-Pará, chichá, 

xixá 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and an industrial oil source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northeastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Amaral et al. 1997, Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, 

Martin et al. 1987, Menninger 1987 

Stetsonia coryne (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose [syn. C. chacoanus 

Vaupel, C. coryne Salm-Dyck] 


ENGLISH: Argentine toothpick, toothpick cactus 

SPANISH: cardón, cardón grande, ištá’k, tuna 

USES/NOTES: Tart, lemon-tasting pale yellow fruit of this potentially 

large, much branched columnar tree cactus is eaten fresh, dried, or 

cooked with fish or meat and other dishes in the Gran Chaco. 

Rotting stem is also a honey source. The plant contains small 

amounts of mescaline. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Gran Chaco region of northern Argentina, 

Bolivia, and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 1999, Foster 1958, Killeen et al. 1993, 

López et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Serrano and Terán 2000 

Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni 


ENGLISH: stevia, stevice, sugar leaf, sweet herb of Paraguay 

PORTUGUESE: estévia, stévia 


738


SPANISH: caá-ehé, estévia, kaá-ehé 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of this perennial herb have long been used as a 

sweetener. Historically, Guaraní Amerindians chewed the leaves or 

added them to foods and beverages, especially mate tea (from Ilex 

paraguariensis). Leaves contain stevioside, a diterpene 

glycoside, that is up to 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Extract 

is now being used in herbal tea blends and as a low calorie, 

alternative sweetener. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil/Paraguay border region 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Guia Rural n.d., Morton 1976a, OAS 1973, 

Souza Brito and Souza Brito 1996, Uphof 1968 

Stevia serrata Cav. 


SPANISH: burrillo, esculcona, flor de cedazo, hierba del burro, 

kasnir bhai, kasnir pbai, manto de San José, requezón, romínowa, 

santa maría blanca, servilleta, sharharakua, tzarracua tsitsiki 

USES/NOTES: The Rarámuri (Tarahumara) people of north-central 

Mexico add prepared leaves as a ‘catalyst’ during the preparation 

of tesgüino – a maize (Zea mays) based alcoholic beverage – to 

‘strengthen’ the beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas through Mexico and Central America to 

Ecuador, perhaps excluding Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Correll and Johnston 1970, Grashoff 1976, 

Jørgensen and Ulloa Ulloa 1994, Pennington 1963, Torres n.d., 

Turner 1997 

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. in Lam. & DC. 


ENGLISH: clasping twistedstalk, clasping-leaved twisted-stalk, 

claspleaf twistedstalk, liver berry, twisted stalk, white 

mandarin, wild cucumber 

USES/NOTES: Round to oval 1-1.5cm long yellow to red berries, 

shoots, and roots are eaten raw or cooked and reportedly taste 

like cucumbers. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Streptopus roseus Michaux 


ENGLISH: rose mandarin, scootberry 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and shoots, with the flavor of a cucumber, 

are eaten in salads. Fruits may be eaten in moderation. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977 

Stromanthe macrochlamys (Woodson & Standley) H. Kenn. & Nicolson 

[syn. Calathea macrochlamys Woodson & Standley] 


SPANISH: hoja de piedra, tompimil 


739


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice, and are sold in local markets 

of Veracruz, Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala to Colombia 

REFERENCES: Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, MBG n.d. 

Stromanthe sp. 


SPANISH: kai 

USES/NOTES: Venezuela’s Pumé people pound the taproots then add 

them to fish soup as a starch source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Venezuela 


Strychnos spinosa Lam. 

FAMILY: Loganiaceae (butterfly-bush) 

ENGLISH: kaffir orange, natal orange 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though seeds are poisonous. 

Leaves are added to soups to impart a tart flavor. The genus is a 

commercial source of the toxin strychnine, used in rat poisons. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Africa and Madagascar, naturalized in 

Florida 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), Wunderlin 1998 

Suaeda linearis (Elliott) Moq. 



ENGLISH: sea blight 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves and stem tips are eaten cooked. 



Suaeda ramosissima (Standley) I.M. Johnston [syn. Dondia 

ramosissima Standley] and S. californica S. Watson [syn. Dondia 

californica (S. Watson) Heller] 



SPANISH: jaujá, quelite salado, romerito, sosa 

USES/NOTES: Pima people ate the salty leaves cooked. Seeds also are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arizona and southern California in the U.S. and Baja 

California, Mexico 


Suaeda suffrutescens S. Watson [syn. Dondia suffrutescens (S. 

Watson) Heller] 



ENGLISH: desert seepweed 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten boiled or in salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: California and Arizona 


740



Swinglea glutinosa (Blanco) Merr. [syn. Chaetospermum glutinosum 

(Blanco) Swingle, Limonia glutinosa Blanco, Feronia ternata 

Blanco] 


ENGLISH: malakabuyan, taboc, tabog 

USES/NOTES: Fruit peel is candied and fruit juice is medicinal or 

used to repel ticks. 

NATURAL RANGE: Luzon, Philippines 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bird and Heinlein n.d., Usher 

1974 

Syagrus amara (Jacq.) Mart. [syn. Rhyticocos amara (Jacq.) Becc.] 

FAMILY: Arecaceae Palmae (palm) 

ENGLISH: coco nain, moca palm, mocho, overtop palm, yattahou 

SPANISH: mocho 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into juice and sap is made into 

wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Lesser Antilles 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 1995, Mabberley 1987, 


Syagrus botryophora (Mart.) Mart. [syn. Arecastrum romanzoffianum 

var. botryophora (Mart.) Becc., Cocos botryophora Mart.] 


ENGLISH: pati queen palm 

PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, coco-de-cachorro, coco-de-sapo, gerivá, 

pati, patioba, pindó, pindoba-do-sul 


NATURAL RANGE: Central coastal Brazil 


Syagrus cardenasii Glassman 


SPANISH: corocito, saro 

USES/NOTES: Edible mesocarp tastes like a pineapple. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Bolivia 


Syagrus cocoides Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: jatá, piririma 

SPANISH: piririma 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the source of the edible oil known as 

piririma oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pre-Amazonian and eastern Amazonian Brazil to 

southern Guyana 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Henderson et al. 1995, Uphof 

1968 


741


Syagrus comosa (Mart.) Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, babão, coco-catolé, coqueiro-catolé, 

catolé, gariroba, guariroba, guariroba-do-campo, jerivá, palmitoamargoso 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and heart are eaten. Fruit also contaiuns an 

edible oil. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian Cerrado to eastern Amazonian savanas of 

Tocantins and Pará and pre-Amazonian Maranhão 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 

1980 

Syagrus coronata Mart. [syn. Cocos coronata Mart.] 


ENGLISH: licuri palm, licury palm, oricuri palm, ouricury palm, 

uricury wax palm 

PORTUGUESE: adicuri, alicuri, aracui, aracuri, aribury, aricui, 

aricuri, ariri, aruuri, butiazeiro, butua, coco-cabeçudo, 

coqueiro-cabeçudo, coqueiro-dicori, dicori, dicuri, iricuri, 

licuri, nicori, nicori-iba, nicuri, nicuri-de-caboclo, nicury, 

ouricuri, ouricuru, uricuri, uriricuri, urucuri, ururucuri 

SPANISH: licuri 

USES/NOTES: Seeds, sweet mesocarp, and heart are eaten, seeds are 

the source of ouricuru palm oil used in margarine, pith is added 

to breads, and leaves are the source of a wax similar to carnaúba 

(Copernicia prunifera). 

NATURAL RANGE: Central, coastal Brazil 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Howes 1940, 

IBGE 1980, León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Uhl and 

Dransfield 1987 

Syagrus flexuosa (Mart.) Becc. [syn. S. campestris (Mart.) H. 

Wendl., S. urbaniana (Dammer) Becc., Cocos campestris Mart., C. 

flexuosa Mart., C. flexuosa var. cataphracta Mart., C. flexuosa 

var. densiflroa Mart., C. urbaniana Dammer] 


ENGLISH: acum palm 

PORTUGUESE: acumã, coco-babão, coco-de-campo, coqueiro-do-campo 


NATURAL RANGE: South-central Brazil 


Syagrus inajai (Spruce) Becc. [syn. Cocos inajai (Spruce) Trail, 

Maximiliana inajai Spruce] 


ENGLISH: inaja palm 

PORTUGUESE: curuá-rana, inajá-y, inajaí, jareua, jarevá, marark’y, 

pirima, piririma, pupunharana, pupunha-brava, pupunha-de-porco 


742


USES/NOTES: Martin et al. claim the fruit pulp to be edible, Silva 

et al. claim otherwise. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil to Manaus and French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Henderson 1995, Henderson et al. 1995, Martin et al. 

1987, Silva et al. 1977 

Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc. 


ENGLISH: catolé palm 

PORTUGUESE: catolé, coco-catolé, coqueiro-amargoso, coqueiroguariroba, 

gariroba, guariroba, gueirova, gueroba, pati-amargosa 

USES/NOTES: Similar to S. coronata, fruits and somewhat bitter 

heart are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central and eastern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980 

Syagrus petraea (Mart.) Becc. [syn. Cocos petraea Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: acumã-rasteira, ariri, guriri, côco-de-vassoura, 

indaiá-do-campo, indaiá-rasteiro 

SPANISH: cocorito, guriri, palma dels rocas 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is a beverage source and the sap is 

fermented to make wine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Planalto region of central Brazil to eastern Bolivia 

and eastern Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980 

Syagrus picrophylla (Mart.) Becc. [possibly conspecific with S. 

oleracea] 


ENGLISH: lent coconut 

PORTUGUESE: babão, catolé, coco-amargoso, coco-babão, coco-catolé, 

coco-quaresma, licuri, pati 

USES/NOTES: Cinnamon to orange-brown fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central coast of Brazil 

REFERENCES: Henderson et al. 1995, IBGE 1980, Noblick 1991 

Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman [syn. Arecastrum 

romanzoffianum (Cham.) Becc., Cocos australis Mart., Cocos 

plumosa Hook.f.] 


ENGLISH: queen palm, Romanzoff coco palm 

PORTUGUESE: baba-de-boi, guariroba, jeribá, jerivá 

SPANISH: chirivá, pindó 

USES/NOTES: Mesocarp is edible and a sago starch and flour source, 

and hearts are eaten as a vegetable. Cold-hardy palm is 

cultivated widely as an urban landscape palm in tropical and 

subtropical regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern and southern Brazil and adjacent areas 

of eastern Paraguay, northern Argentina, and northeastern 


743


Uruguay, with disjunct populations possible in portions of 

eastern Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Balée 1992, Henderson et al. 1995, Kermath (notes), 

López et al. 1987, Mabberley 1987, Maixner 1977/78, Martínez- 

Crovetto 1965, Uphof 1968 

Syagrus schizophylla Mart. [syn. Cocos schizophylla (Mart.) 

Glassman] 


ENGLISH: arikury palm 

PORTUGUESE: alicuri, aricuri, aricuriroba, ariri, licurioba, 

nicuri, ouricuri 

SPANISH: palmera de la reina 

USES/NOTES: Sweet mesocarp is eaten. 



Syagrus smithii H.E. Moore [syn. Chrysallidosperma smithii H.E. 

Moore] 


PORTUGUESE: catolé 

SPANISH: coco, kuík, toókee 

USES/NOTES: Greenish-brown to yellow, baseball-sized, ellipsoidal 

seeds are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Amazonia, Colombia, Peru, and Brazil 


Syagrus vagans (Bondar) A. Hawkes [syn. Cocos vagans Bondar] 


PORTUGUESE: ariri, licurioba das caatingas, pindoba 


NATURAL RANGE: arid, eastern Brazil 


Symphonia globulifera L.f. 


ENGLISH: boar wood, buckwax, hog doctor, hog gum tree 

PORTUGUESE: anani, guanandi, uanani 

SPANISH: azufre caspi, brea, chullachaqui, cerillo, leche maría, 

machare, navidad caspi, ohoru, paramán, penka, peramán, 

peramancillo, varillo 

USES/NOTES: Two cm long fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, 

FUDENA n.d., Gómez-Beloz 2002, OAS 1973, Silva et al. 1977 

Symphytum officinale L. [also S. asperum Lepechin] 


ENGLISH: comfrey 


744


PORTUGUESE: confrei, confrey, consolda-do-cáucaso, consólida-maior, 

erva-do-cardeal 

SPANISH: chuncu-chuncu, consólida, consuelda, sínfito, suelda 

consuelda 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten like asparagus. Leaves and roots 

of S. officinale are edible, used in cosmetics, or fed to 

animals. Leaves of S. asperum are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, naturalized in the Americas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, 

Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1990, Mabberley 1987, Soukup 1970 

Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex Nutt. 


ENGLISH: skunk cabbage 

USES/NOTES: Roots are eaten fried, baked, or made into a bread. 

Leaves are eaten as a cooked vegetable. 


REFERENCES: Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968 

Symplocos serrulata Humb. & Bonpl. 

FAMILY: Symplocaceae (symplocos or sweetleaf) 

SPANISH: azajar 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia to Costa Rica, 2,000 to 3,000 meters 


Symplocos theiformis (L.f.) Guerke 


ENGLISH: Bogotá tea 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a tea substitute in Colombia. 


REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Mabberley 1987 

Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L’Hér. 


ENGLISH: horse sugar, sweetleaf 

USES/NOTES: Sweetish, tart leaves may be chewed as a refreshment. 

Inner bark and leaves are a yellow dye source. The only species 

of the Symplocaceae in the U.S., S. tinctoria is also attractive 

for its fragrant, yellow flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida, to southeastern 

Canada, and Texas 


Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998 

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertner 


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten cooked in Indonesia, where the 

plant is called babadotan lalaki. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, naturalized in Old World tropics 


745


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Renner et 

al. 1990 

Syngonium donnell-smithii Engl. 


SPANISH: anona conde, pice de guara 


NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Panama 


Syngonium podohyllum Schott [syn. S. vellozianum Schott] 


PORTUGUESE: aninga-de-cinco-dedos 

SPANISH: cinco dedos, pice de guara 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible, though seeds can be irritating. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Syngonium salvadorense Schott 


SPANISH: conte, huevo de burro 

USES/NOTES: Ripe spadices are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador 


Synsepalum dulcificum (Schumann & Thonn.) Daniell 


ENGLISH: miracle fruit, miraculous berry 

SPANISH: fruto milagro 

USES/NOTES: Bitter fruit pulp is eaten with other fruits to counter 

bitterness. 



Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry [syn. Caryophyllus 

aromaticus L., Eugenia aromatica (L.) Baillon non O. Berg, 

Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.] 


ENGLISH: clove, cloves 

PORTUGUESE: cravo, cravo-da-Índia, cravinho 

SPANISH: clavero, clavel, clavo, clavo de especia, árbol del clavo 

USES/NOTES: Dried flower buds are the cloves of international 

commerce, used as a spice or to flavor cigarettes, cosmetics, and 

toothpaste. Oil is medicinal or used as a vanilla substitute. 

NATURAL RANGE: North Moluccas 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Guia Rural n.d., Howard 1994, IBGE 1980. 

Ilyas 1978, Mabberley 1987, Martin 1991, Molina 1975, Oldfield 

1981, Rehm and Espig 1991, Smith et al. 1992, Usher 1974 


746


Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & Perry [syn. Eugenia malaccensis 

L., E. macrophylla Lam., Jambosa malaccensis (L.) DC.] 


ENGLISH: African apple, French cashew, Malacca apple, malay apple, 

malay rose apple, mountain apple, ohia, otaheite apple, pomerac, 

rose apple, water apple, white apple 

PORTUGUESE: jambo, jambo-chá, jambo-da-Índia, jambo-encarnado, 

jambo-vermelho 

SPANISH: cajuilito sulimán, mamey, marañón de curazao, marañón 

japonés, manzana de agua, manzana de Malaya, manzana malaya, 

manzana de faiti, pera de agua, poma, pomagás, pomarosa de 

Malacca, pomarosa americana, pomarosa del Brasil, pomarrosa 

americana, pomarrosa de Malaca, pomarrosa del Brasil, yambo 

USES/NOTES: Sweet, generally mild tasting, pear-shaped to roundish, 

light to dark red fruits are eaten fresh or stewed and 

occasionally are made into wine. Also grown as an ornamental 

shade tree for its lush, dense, green foliage, cylindrical shape, 

and attractive magenta flowers, the petals of which carpet the 

ground beneath as they fall. Widely cultivated and naturalized in 

the humid tropics. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malay Peninsula, naturalized in the humid tropics 

REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Bourke et al. 1987, Caribbean Food and 

Nutrition Institute 1974, Duke 1986, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, 

Kermath (notes), León 1987, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, 

Molina 1975, Morton 1987a, Omawale 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, 

Price 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Samson 1980 

Syzygium paniculatum Gaertner [syn. Eugenia paniculata Lam. nomen 

illegit.] 


ENGLISH: Australian bush cherry 

SPANISH: cereza, eugenia 

USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet fruits are eaten fresh or preserved. Grown 

as an ornamental in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Australia 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968, Watkins and 

Sheehan 1975 

Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & Perry [syn. Eugenia javanica 

Lam.] 


ENGLISH: jambosa, java apple, jumbool, Samarang rose apple, water 

apple, wax apple, wax jambu 

SPANISH: manzana de curazao, perita de agua, tomate salvaje, tomate 

silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Mildly acidic fruits are eaten fresh. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malay Archipelago 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Hoyas 1989, 

Morton 1987a 


747


Tabebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britton 


ENGLISH: cortex, pink cedar 

PORTUGUESE: ipê, pau-d’arco 

SPANISH: corteza, roble, roble blanco 

USES/NOTES: Leaves of this small tree may be used as tea, though 

cultivated typically for its showy pink flowers. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Nellis 1994 

Tabebuia pallida (Lindley) Miers [syn. T. pentaphylla Hemsley] 


ENGLISH: cortex, Cuban pink tabebuia tree, pink tabebuia, white 

cedar 

PORTUGUESE: ipê, pau-d’arco 

SPANISH: amapa rosa, amapola, apamate, chicala, corteza, guayacán, 

leña blanco, macuelizo, macuil, maculigua, maculiz, mano de león, 

maqueliz, maquelizo, maquile, maquiligua, matilisguate, ocoba, 

palo blanco, palo de hierro, palo de rosa, palo yuyo, roble, 

roble blanco, roble de sabana, roble de yugo, rosa morado 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, though cultivated mainly as an 

ornamental for its showy, generally white flowers. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, OAS 1973 

Tabernaemontana markgrafiana J.F. Macbr. [syn. Bonafousia 

longituba Markgraf] 


PORTUGUESE: amarelao-pitiá, paiuetu, sanango 

SPANISH: coca sanango, nane repote, ruro de paloma, sanango macho 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the yellowish fruit is edible. Latex and bark 

are medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leeuwenberg 

1988, Martin et al. 1987, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Tabernaemontana maxima Markgraf 


SPANISH: sanango ucho 




Tabernaemontana sananho Ruiz & Pavón [syn. Bonafousia sananho 

(Ruiz & Pavón) Markgraf] 


SPANISH: lagarto micunan, lobo sanango, pepe de leche, sanaho, 

sanango, toomecocoriu 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is occasionally eaten, though primarily 

medicinal. 


748



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, van Beek et 

al. 1984 

Tabernaemontana siphilitica (L.f.) Leeuwenb. [syn. Bonfousia 

tetrastachya (Kunth) Markgraf] 


SPANISH: azúcar 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is said to be sweet. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, van Beek et al. 1984 

Tabernaemontana vanheurickii Müell. Arg. 


SPANISH: ucho sanango 




Tagetes erecta L. [syn. T. major Gaertner] 


ENGLISH: African marigold, Aztec marigold 

PORTUGUESE: cravo-de-defunto 

SPANISH: cempasúchil, flor de muerto 

USES/NOTES: Yellow to orange flowers are used as a food colorant 

and are edible. Similar to T. patula. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and Central America, widely cultivated and 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 

1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a 

Tagetes filifolia Lagerh. 


ENGLISH: Irish lace marigold 

SPANISH: anís, anís del campo, anís ujts, anisillo, curucumín, flor 

de Santa María, limoncillo, putsuti, putzuti, tacua mishi, tacuá 

mishí 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its leaf, used as a condiment in cooked 

dishes and atole. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Panama 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Facciola 1990, 

Kunkel 1984, Molina 1975, Torres n.d. 

Tagetes lucida Cav. 


ENGLISH: Mexican mint marigold, Mexican tarragon, Mt. Pima anis, 

Spanish tarragon, sweet mace, sweet marigold, sweet-scented 

marigold, Tarahumara anis, Texas tarragon, winter tarragon 



749


SPANISH: anicillo, bashigo, bashigóko, caléndula, coronilla, 

cuauhiyautli, curucumín, curucumis, flor de muerto, flor de Santa 

María, flor de tierra dentro, guía laga-zaa, hierba de las nubes, 

hierba de San Juan, hierba de Santa María, hierbanís, hipericón, 

iya, jolomocox, la coronilla, naná uarhi, pericón, pericón 

amarillo, periquillo, santa maría, tumutsali, uca, yauhtli, 

yerbanís, yiauhtli, yita pericoó, zacayahucli 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a spice, like tarragon (Artemisia 

dracunculus), and to make a pleasant, calming aromatic tea that 

is used to treat hangovers. The Aztecs used the flowers to flavor 

chocolate. The plant also is attractive in landscaping. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Guatemala and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Breedlove 1986, Coe 1994, Harris 

1998, Mabberley 1987, Molina 1975, Morton 1976a, Native 

Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Torres n.d. 

Tagetes minuta L. 


ENGLISH: marigold, Mexican marigold, muster John-Henry 

PORTUGUESE: chinchila, coari-bravo, cravo-de-defunto, rabo-defoguete, 

rabo-de-rojão, voadeira 

SPANISH: amapola, caléndula, chicchipa, chinchimali, damasquina, 

huacatai, huacatay, rosacisa, terciopelo 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment and a medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico or Peru and Brazil south to Chile and 

Argentina, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bonuccelli 1989, Bourke et al. 

1987, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Fernald 1950, Guia Rural 

n.d., Mentz et al. 1997, Morton 1976a, Padoch and de Jong 1991, 

Sanecki 1974, Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974 

Tagetes patula L. 


ENGLISH: French marigold 


SPANISH: chinchimali, flor de muerto 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is used as a condiment and a medicinal. Flowers 

are used to color foods and to make a beverage. Similar to T. 

erecta. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Mexico and Central America, now 

nearly cosmopolitan and widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mabberley 1987, 

Morton 1976a, Munz 1974 

Tagetes tenuifolia Cav. 


ENGLISH: lemon marigold 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to other foods for their lemon 

flavor. 



750


REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990, Williams 1976a 

Talauma mexicana (DC.) G. Don [syn. Magnolia grandiflora Moc. & 

Sessé nomen illegit., M. mexicana DC.] 


SPANISH: anonillo, chocoijoyó, cocté, flor de corazón, guialachayati, 

hualhua, jolmashté, laurel tulipán, pirinola, quije-lechiyate, 

tzucoijoyó, yo-lachi, yoloxóchitl 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are added to chocolate for aroma. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico (from Veracruz, Guerrero, and 

Chiapas), Guatemala, and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Espejo Serna et al. n.d. , Molina 1975 

Talauma ovata St-Hil. 


PORTUGUESE: talauma 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Amazonian Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Renner et al. 

1990 

Talinum auranticum Engelm. 


ENGLISH: orange fame flower 




Talinum fruticosum (L.) A. Juss. [syn. T. racemosum Rohrb., T. 

triangulare (Jacq.) Willd., Portulaca triangularia Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: Ceylon spinach, fameflower, Philippine spinach, potherb 

fameflower, Surinam purslane, Surinam spinach, water leaf 

PORTUGUESE: beldroega-grande, bredo, bredo-major-gomes, carnegorda, 

língua-de-vaca, manjogome 

SPANISH: chivatera, espinaca de Filipinas, espinaca filipina, thak 

akw’aal, verdolaga verdolaguilla 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and tops are cooked as a vegetable, similar to 

purslane (Portulaca oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern U.S. through tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Duke 1986, Duke 

1992, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1977, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Terra 1966, Uphof 1968 

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertner 


ENGLISH: fameflower, jewels-of-Opar, Major Gomes 

PORTUGUESE: cariru, cariru-bravo, João-Gomes, língua-de-vaca, 

maria-gorda, maria-gombi, manjon-gome, ora-pro-nobis-miúdo 

SPANISH: carurú, palo de rosa 


751


USES/NOTES: Cultivated as a succulent ornamental and for its 

leaves, cooked as greens. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern U.S. to Brazil, including 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Alcorn 1984, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d., von Reis Altschul and 

Lipp 1982 

Talisia acutifolia Radlk. 


PORTUGUESE: breu-pitomba (unidentified Talisia sp. in Acre, 

Brazil), pau-de-espeto-vermelho, pitombeira 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador to Brazil, and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, Jørgensen and 

León-Yánez 1999, MBG n.d., UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Talisia carinata Radlk. 


FRENCH: bois-flambeau 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to southern Venezuela and French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000, MBG 

n.d. 

Talisia cerasina (Benth.) Radlk. 


PORTUGUESE: pitomba 

SPANISH: virote huayo 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Plant is a black stain source. 


REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994, Brako and Zarucchi 

1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guarim Neto et al. 2000 

Talisia cupularis Radlk. 



SPANISH: palo azul 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, Southern Venezuela, and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000 

Talisia esculenta (St-Hil.) Radlk. [syn. Sapindus esculentus St- 

Hil., S. edulis St-Hil.] and T. floresii Standley and T. 

oliviformis (Kunth) Radlk. [syn. T. olivaeformis (H.B.K.) Radlk. 

nomen illegit., Melicoccus oliviformis Kunth] 


ENGLISH: pitomba, yellow genip (T. oliviformis) 

PORTUGUESE: olho-de-boi, pitomba, pitombeira, pitombinha 


752


SPANISH: carayá-vola, coloc (T. floresii), cotoperís (T. 

oliviformis), cotopriz (T. oliviformis), guaya (T. oliviformis), 

guaya campechana (T. floresii), k’olok’ (T. floresii), kolok (T. 

floresii), pitón dulce, polok (T. floresii), tolok (T. 

oliviformis), trunador (T. floresii), waaya (T. oliviformis), 

waya pais (T. oliviformis), wayan (T. oliviformis) 

USES/NOTES: Small brownish fruit’s thin, succulent aril is edible 

and medicinal. Similar to genip (Melicoccus bijugatus), though 

the fruit is slightly smaller and brown, rather than green, when 

ripe. Eaten widely as a snack food when in season. T. esculenta 

is sold in open Amazonian markets in bunches tied to small 

sticks. T. oliviformis is an important honey source in the 

Yucatán. 

NATURAL RANGE: T. esculenta from western Amazonia, though now 

widespread; T. floresii from the Yucatán Peninsula, Chiapas, and 

Tabasco in Mexico and Petén, Guatemala; T. oliviformis from 

southern Mexico to Ecuador and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Bolles 1997, Breedlove 1986, 

Cavalcante 1991, Cowan 1983, Guia Rural n.d., Hayden 2006, Hoyas 

1989, Kermath (notes), Martínez et al. 2001, MBG n.d., Molina 

1975, Mutchnick and McCarthy 1997, Niembro Rocas 1992, Silva et 

al. 1977, Sousa and Cabrera 1983, Souza Novelo 1981, Standley and 

Steyermark 1949c, von Reis Altschul 1973 

Talisia guianensis Aublet 





REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Duke and Vásquez 1994 

Talisia hemidasya Radlk. 



USES/NOTES: Though scant, the juicy aril of the small fruit is 

eaten out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Amazonia 


n.d. 

Talisia hexaphylla Vahl [syn. T. panamensis Pittier] 


SPANISH: cotopalo, japunaki, mamón cutuplís 

USES/NOTES: Bitter-sweet fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America to eastern Panama and Trinidad 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Croat 1977, Hoyas 1989, Martin 

et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Talisia macrophylla Radlk. 


753




SPANISH: cacho de venado, piaste, samdec, yarre patado 




n.d. 

Talisia nervosa Radlk. 


SPANISH: cotupli, mamón de montaña, mamón de monte, palo de piedra, 

tostado 

USES/NOTES: Though scant, the juicy aril of the small fruit is 

sweet to tart and is occasionally eaten out of hand. 

NATURAL RANGE: Nicaragua to Colombia and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, CTFS n.d., Duke n.d., MBG n.d. 

Talisia retusa R. Cowan 




NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru to southern 

Venezuela and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994 

Talisia subalbens (Mart.) Radlk. 


PORTUGUESE: cascudo 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil to French Guiana 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Guarim Neto et al. 2000 

Talisia sylvatica (Aublet) Radlk. [syn. Racaria sylvatica Aublet, 

T. micrantha Radlk., T. reticulata Radlk.] 




NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru to French Guiana and Surinam 

REFERENCES: Acevedo-Rodríguez 2003, Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, MBG n.d. 

Tamarindus indica L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Indian date, madeira mahogany, tamarin, tamarind 

PORTUGUESE: cedro-mimosa, tamarindo, tamarineiro, tamarineiro-da- 

Índia, tamarinheiro, tamarinho, tamarino 

SPANISH: pachuhuk, pachuhul, pah’ch’uhuk, tamarindo 

USES/NOTES: Tart fruit pulp is sucked off the seeds as a snack, 

made into juice, preserves, soft drinks, and ice cream, dried and 


754


used as a condiment, added to sauces, and used in various folk 

remedies. Bark is made into tea used to treat amebic dysentery. 

Seeds and leaves also are medicinal. Wood is used for charcoal 

and furniture, protein-rich seeds are fed to cattle and are a 

glue source, and roots are made into walking sticks. The tree is 

ornamental. Known to the Greeks by the 4 th Century B.C. and 

believed to have been first planted in Hawaii in 1797, T. indica 

is widely cultivated throughout the tropics and is the only 

species of the genus. 

NATURAL RANGE: Probably Sudan, but introduced so early into India 

that it is often reported as a native of India 

REFERENCES: Branch and Silva 1983, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 

1981, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Gunasena and Hughes 

2002, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, 

Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Schabel 2002b 

Tanacetum vulgare L. 


ENGLISH: bitter buttons, tansy, yellow buttons 

PORTUGUESE: atanásia, catinga-de-mulata, tanaceto 

SPANISH: atanasia, hierba lombriguera, tanaceto 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic leaves and flowers are used like cinnamon or 

nutmeg to flavor other foods, or to make a bitter tea. Leaf juice 

is used as a flavoring agent. Also used in drisheen, an Irish 

sausage made with sheep’s blood. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, 

Mabberley 1987, Marcin 1983, Neumann n.d., Tomikel 1986 

Tapirira guianensis Aublet [syn. T. fanshawei Sandwith, T. 

myriantha Triana & Planchon] 


PORTUGUESE: maria-preta, pau-pombo, peito-de-pombo, tatapiririca 

SPANISH: amargo, bajai, batea caspi, caracha copal, caobilla, 

carahuasca, cedro, comiti, coquinillo, ememo, eta papero, huira 

caspi, isiguillo, isigo crespo, itil cedro, jemeco, mara macho, 

nemegue, ñemehue, palo de gusano, panga, papa numi, pe’su po’o, 

tapaculo, umiti yura, urgia, urguia 

USES/NOTES: The fruit is edible, but the leaf is poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Nicaragua to Bolivia and Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994, Barfod 1987, Duke 

and Vásquez 1994, Leitão Filho 1992, MBG n.d., Muñoz 1990, Paton 

et al. 2003, Silva et al. 1977, Stevens et al. 2001, Vásquez 1997 

Tapirira obtusa (Benth.) J.D. Mitchell [syn. T. marchandii Engl. 

T. peckoltiana Engler, Mauria obtusa Benth.] 


PORTUGUESE: cajuí, pau-pombo, peito-de-pombo, peito-de-pombo-defolha-larga, 

tatapiririca 


755


USES/NOTES: Amerindians of Guyana and the Ka’apor of eastern 

Amazonian Brazil eat the fruit, which can be sweet. The alkaloid 

containing plant is used in folk medicine. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador and Peru through Brazil southern 

Venezuela, and Guyana 

REFERENCES: Alves Rodrigues et al. 2002, Balée 1994, Barfod 1987, 

Johnston and Colquhoun 1996, Leitão Filho 1992, MBG n.d., 

Mitchell 1993, Steyermark et al. 1995, UFA/NYBG n.d., Vásquez 

1997 

Tapirira retusa Ducke 


SPANISH: cuilde blanco, huira caspi, tijeras ango muyo, wira caspi 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Peru and Ecuador and perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG 

n.d., Vásquez 1997 

Tapura amazonica Poeppig & Endl. 

FAMILY: Dichapetalaceae (dichapetalum) 

PORTUGUESE: pau-de-bicho 

SPANISH: aguen catohue, awencatomo, bejuco, motecillo, wisa nañay 

USES/NOTES: The Waorani of Ecuador eat the fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and 

Brazil and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Amaral et al. 1998, Davis and Yost 1983, MBG n.d., 

Prance 1972b 

Taraxacum officinale G. Weber ex Wigg. 


ENGLISH: common dandelion, dandelion 

PORTUGUESE: dente-de-leão, radice-bravo, taraxaco 

SPANISH: amargón, charan pilli, diente de león, pelosilla, 

pelusilla, serraja, taraxacón 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, rich in vitamin A, are eaten as a salad 

green or cooked vegetable, roasted and ground roots are used like 

coffee, flowers are eaten fried, and unopened flower buds are 

eaten cooked or pickled like capers (Capparis spinosa). Flowers 

are also made into wine. Underground parts are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate regions of the Old World, now a 

cosmopolitan weed 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Duke 1997, 

Franquemont et al. 1990, Guia Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kermath 

(notes), Leung 1961, Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987 

Taxus baccata L. and T. cuspidata Siebold & Zucc. [syn. T. baccata 

subsp. cuspidata (Siebold & Zucc.) Pilg.] 

FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew) or Cephalotaxaceae (plum yew) 

ENGLISH: English yew (T. baccata), Japanese yew (T. cuspidata), yew 

PORTUGUESE: teixo 


756


USES/NOTES: Soft, red fruit arils, about 1 cm in diameter, are 

edible fresh or preserved, though seeds and other plant parts 

contain the highly toxic poison taxine. Both cultivated as 

ornamentals. A brown dye is obtained from the wood of T. 

cuspidata. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, FNAEC 1993, Kunkel 1984, Tanaka 1976, 

Usher 1974, Uphof 1968 

Taxus canadensis Marshall 

FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew) or Cephalotaxaceae (plum yew) 

ENGLISH: American yew, Canada yew, ground-hemlock, yew 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy red aril is sweet, though seeds and other plant 

parts contain taxine, a highly toxic, alkaloid that slows the 

heart and must be avoided. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada and northeastern U.S. to Kentucky and 

eastern Iowa, becoming rare in much of its U.S. range 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1993, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth 

FAMILY: Bignoniaceae (bignonia or trumpet vine) 

ENGLISH: ginger-thomas, trumpet bush, yellow bells, yellow elder, 

yellow trumpet bush, yellow trumpet flower 

PORTUGUESE: ipê 

SPANISH: bapsarukua, cameri, corneta amarilla, esperanza, flor de 

noche, flor de San Pedro, giabiche, gloria, guibelchi, hierba de 

San Juan, hierba de San Nicolás, hierba de San Pedro, hoja de baño, 

istamasúchil, ixnotl, kánlol, kanló, kusí urákame, lluvia de oro, 

matilimi, mazorca, miñona, miñona, nixtamalxochitl, nixtamaxochitl, 

nixtamaxuchiltl, palo de arco, retama, San Andres, trompeta, 

trompetilla, tronadora, tulasuchil, yuku-ñini 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated mainly as an ornamental for its showy yellow 

flowers, though an aromatic extract from an undetermined plant part 

reportedly is used to flavor syrups. The plant is also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions from Texas and Arizona to Argentina, 

naturalized in other warm areas 

REFERENCES: Bye 1985, Torres n.d. 

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. 

FAMILY: Fabaceae of Leguminosae subfam. Papilionoideae (bean or 

pea) 

ENGLISH: purple tephrosia 

SPANISH: brusca cimarrona, indigo 

USES/NOTES: Roots are said to be used as a flavoring agent in 

Africa and seeds may be used like coffee (Coffea spp.). Also used 

as green manure in agricultural fields. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Texas to Brazil 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Uphof 1968 

Terminalia catappa L. 


757


FAMILY: Combretaceae (combretum) 

ENGLISH: almond, Barbados almond, Indian almond, myrobalan, seaalmond, 

terminalia, tropical almond, West Indian almond, wild 

almond 

PORTUGUESE: castanha, castanha oleira, castanhola 

SPANISH: alcornoque, almendra, almendra castaña, almendro de la 

India, almendrón, castañilla, pardillo amarillo 

USES/NOTES: Nuts of the 5 cm long, somewhat flattened, disc-like 

green drupes are eaten raw or roasted and contain edible oil that 

is used in cooking. Pulpy mesocarps are eaten fresh and are a 

black dye source. Fruits, roots, and bark are medicinal and used 

in tanning. Widely cultivated along ocean beaches for shade. 

NATURAL RANGE: Malaya possibly to northern Australia and the Pacific 

Islands, widely naturalized and cultivated along warm coasts 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Branch and Silva 1983, 

Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Morton 1985, 

Nelson 1994, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Smith et al. 1992, Soukup 


Tetracera oblongata DC. [syn. T. volubilis L.] 

FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenia) 



SPANISH: chaparrillo, lengua de vaca, pajil chaqui, pajuil chaqui, 

raspa 

USES/NOTES: Stems of this vine contain potable water. T. oblongata 

and T. volubilis may be distinct species. 

NATURAL RANGE: T. volubilis widespread in the Neotropics and T. 

oblongata with a more restricted range in tropical South America 

REFERENCES: Aymard and Miller 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, MBG n.d. 

Tetracera willdenowiana Steudel subsp. willdenowiana 

FAMILY: Dilleniaceae (dillenia) 



USES/NOTES: Stems are used as a potable water source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America through Ecuador to eastern Amazonian 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Aymard 1996, Balée 1994 

Tetragastris altissima (Aublet) Sw. 


PORTUGUESE: breu, breu-manga 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible. Also a cerimonial beverage source for 

the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, Balée 1994, Silva et al. 1977 

Tetragastris panamensis (Engler) Kuntze 



758


PORTUGUESE: breu-preto 

SPANISH: cedro macho, kerosín 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible, but fruits smell like turpentine or 

kerosene. Also a ceremonial beverage source for the Ka’apor. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala to Peru and eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Balée 1994, MBG n.d. 

Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pallas) Kuntze [syn. T. expansa Murray] 


ENGLISH: New Zealand spinach 

PORTUGUESE: espinafre, espinafre-da-Nova-Zelândia, tetragônia 

SPANISH: espinaca extranjera, espinaca de Nueva Zelandia 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, of this drought tolerant plant, are a common 

spinach (Spinacia oleracea) substitute in the tropics. 

NATURAL RANGE: New Zealand 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Martin and 

Ruberté 1979, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Tetrapterys crispa A. Juss. 


USES/NOTES: The Chácobo eat the fruit. 



Thalia geniculata L. 


ENGLISH: alligator flag, swamp lily 

PORTUGUESE: talia 

SPANISH: aurmá-rana 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are cultivated and prepared like arrowroot 

(Maranta arundinacea), and young leaves are eaten as a vegetable 

in cooked dishes. 

NATURAL RANGE: wetlands of Florida, the Greater Antilles, and the 

Neotropical mainland from Mexico to northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bennett 1997, Facciola 


Thalictrum thalictroides (L.) Eames & Boivin [syn. Anemonella 

thalictroides (L.) Spach] 


ENGLISH: rue anenome, wild potato, wild rue 

USES/NOTES: Starchy, tuberous, black roots reportedly are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America, Ontario and Maine to Louisiana 

and northern Florida 

REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Uphof 1968 

Thelesperma filifolium (Hook.) A. Gray [also T. subnudum A. Gray 

and T. trifidum (Poiret) Britton] 


ENGLISH: greenthread, showy Navajo tea 


759


SPANISH: cota 



REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Yanovsky 

1936 

Thelesperma megapotamicum (Sprengel) Kuntze [syn. T. gracile 

(Torrey) A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: greenthread, Navajo tea 

SPANISH: cota 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers have been used as tea by the Pueblo 

people. Flower buds are edible. 


REFERENCES: Cabrera 1974, Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, 

Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Harrington 1967, Uphof 


Theobroma bicolor Humb. & Bonpl. 


ENGLISH: Nicaraguan cacao, Nicaraguan chocolate, patashte, tiger 

cacao 

PORTUGUESE: cacau-do-Perú, cupuaçu 

SPANISH: bacao, cacao blanco, cacao pataste, culuju, pataste, 

patashte, macambo, majambu 

USES/NOTES: Edible pulp is sought after and seeds are used for 

cocoa butter and chocolate. 


REFERENCES: Balick 1985, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Leung 

1961, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974, Vásquez 

and Gentry 1989 

Theobroma cacao L., includes T. cacao fo. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) 

Ducke [syn. T. cacao subsp. leiocarpum (Bernoulli) Cuatrec., T. 

leiocarpa Bernoulli] 


ENGLISH: cacao, chocolate, chocolate tree, cocoa, yellow cacao (T. 

cacao fo. leiocarpum) 

PORTUGUESE: cacau, cacau-da-mata, cacau-verdadeiro 

SPANISH: cacao, cacao dulce, cacaotero, cacao amarillo (T. cacao 

fo. leiocarpum), cacao calabacillo (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum), 

calabacillo (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum), injerto (a hybrid), sia, 

trinitario (T. cacao fo. leiocarpum), zukurate 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the principal source of the cocoa butter and 

chocolate of world commerce. Tart, mucilaginous, white pulp is 

made into candies, jelly, wine, liqueurs, alcohol, and vinegar, 

and is sucked off the seeds as a snack. Seeds are occasionally 

eaten roasted. Although used primarily in sweets and desserts 

today, cacao was mixed with many foods, including maize and 

peppers, by the Aztecs and Maya. Cacao seeds were used as a 


760


beverage by the Maya as early as 600 BC and the pulp surrounding 

the seeds were used as early as 1000 BC in the region of what is 

now Puerto Escondido, Honduras. Evidence of its pre-Columbian use 

in the Southwestern U.S. has recently emerged. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pre-Andean Amazonian Colombia and Ecuador, perhaps to 

Peru and western Amazonian Brazil, spread throughout Amazonia and 

the upper Orinoco basin, then diffused into Central America where 

it may have been domesticated independently before European 

contact 

REFERENCES: Bergmann 1969, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 1991, Coe 

and Coe 1996, Crown and Hurst 2009, Dreiss and Greenhill 2008, 

Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Henderson et 

al. 2007, Hopkins 1981, Hurst et al. 2002, Kermath (notes), 

McNeil 2007, Mori and Prance 1990, Omawale 1973, OAS 1973, Powis 

et al. 2007, Purselove 1968b, Schultes 1979a, Schultes 1984, 

Silva et al. 1977, Stone 1984, Uphof 1968, West 1992 

Theobroma canumanense Fróes ex Cuatrec. 


PORTUGUESE: cupuaçu-do-mato, cupurana 

USES/NOTES: Large, fuzzy, brown edible fruits are similar to, 

though smaller than cupuaçu (T. grandiflorum). 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia, perhaps Rondônia 

REFERENCES: Cavalcante 1991 

Theobroma glaucum Karsten 


ENGLISH: cacao 

SPANISH: cacao silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Reported to be a good source of cocoa. 


REFERENCES: Cuatrecasas 1964, Uphof 1968 

Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Sprengel) Schumann [syn. T. 

grandiflorum (G. Don f.) Schumann, T. macrantha Bernoulli, 

Bubroma grandiflorum Willd. ex Sprengel, Guazuma grandiflora G. 

Don f.] 


ENGLISH: cupuassu, patashte 

PORTUGUESE: cupu, cupuaçu, cupuaçu verdadeiro, cupuaçuzeiro, cupuaçu, 

cupuí, pupuaçu 

SPANISH: bacau, copoasu, copuasú, copoazú, copo-azú, cupuasú, cacao 

blanco, mamaku kawcuai, pastate, patas 

USES/NOTES: Cream-colored, fibrous, juicy pulp of the large, brown 

oblong fruit has a sweet-acid flavor and is consumed as juice, in 

ice cream, desserts, candies, preserves, and syrups. Fruit’s 

extract is made into wine and liqueurs. Seeds contain caffeine 

and are used to produce chocolate, or cupulate, similar to that 

of cacao (T. cacao). Cultivated widely on a small scale in 

Amazonia primarily for local and regional consumption. The 


761


delicious fruit is becoming more commercially important, and will 

become increasingly more so, as production problems are overcome. 

Now seen occasionally but more frequently on the world market in 

specialty fruit juice blends. Grown throughout Amazonia into 

Venezuela’s upper Orinoco, and on a small scale in southeastern 

Brazil, coastal Venezuela, and rarely beyond (Costa Rica?). 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Amazônia em Foco 1989, Bourke et al. 1987, Cavalcante 

1991, Chaar 1980, Cid 1978, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, 

Kermath (notes), Nazaré et al. 1990, Shanley and Medina 2005, 

Silva et al. 1977, Smith et al. 1992, Smith et al. 1995, Vásquez 

and Gentry 1989, Velho et al. 1990, Venturieri 1993, Venturieri 

et al. 1986/1987 

Theobroma microcarpa Mart. [seen also as T. microcarpum Mart.] 


PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-urubu, cacau-jacaré, cacau-rana, cacaurana 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of the small deeply ribbed fruit pods can be made 

into chocolate and fruit pulp is edible. Brücher says that the 

fruit is not used. Cultivated beyond its natural range in Belém, 

Brazil and likely elsewhere. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonian Brazil (Acre and Amazonas) and 

adjacent Colombia in the Caqueta valley 

REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Shanley and Medina 

2005, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Theobroma obovatum Klotzsch ex Bernoulli 


PORTUGUESE: cabeça-de-drunu, cabeça-de-urubu, cacau-de-macaco, 

cacaurana 

SPANISH: cacao del monte, cacauhillo, ushpa cacao 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and pulp are edible. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Martin et al. 1987, Salick 1992, 

Shanley and Medina 2005 

Theobroma pentagonum Bernoulli 


ENGLISH: cacao 

PORTUGUESE: cacau 

SPANISH: caimán, cacao de Nicaragua, cacao lagarto, lagarto 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten and seeds are a chocolate source. 



Theobroma purpureum Pittier 


SPANISH: cacao de mico 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are edible and the source of a bitter-tasting 

beverage. 


762




Theobroma speciosum Willd. ex Sprengel [syn.T. angustifolium DC.] 


PORTUGUESE: cacaubraba, cacauí, cacaurana, cacauú 

SPANISH: cacao cimarrón, cacao mica, cacao sacha, cacao silvestre, 

chocolate, chocolatillo, macambo, majambo, nohotë 

USES/NOTES: Seeds have been, and perhaps still are regionally 

important as a quality cocoa source, pulp is sucked off the seeds 

as a refreshing snack or made into a tasty beverage, and flowers 

are eaten occasionally. Fruit is more round than most Theobroma 

species. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia to Central America and perhaps southern 

Mexico 

REFERENCES: Balée 1989, Boom 1987, Brücher 1989, Cavalcante 1991, 

Silva et al. 1977, Shanley and Medina 2005, Smith et al. 1992, 

Soukup 1970, Uphof 1968 

Theobroma spruceana Bernoulli 


PORTUGUESE: cacau-azul 




Theobroma stipulatum Cautrec. 


PORTUGUESE: cacau 

SPANISH: cacao, chocolate 




Theobroma subincanum Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: cacau-rana, cupuaí, cupuí, cupurana 

SPANISH: cacahuillo, cacao de monte, cacao macambillo, cacao 

silvestre, macambillo, macambo sacha 

USES/NOTES: Similar to T. grandiflorum and T. canumanense, though 

smaller and less aromatic, pulp is edible, and seeds yield an 

inferior cocoa. Pod’s outer bark is hallucinogenic and sometimes 

powdered and mixed with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Cavalcante 1991, Duke and Vásquez 

1994, Silva et al. 1977 

Theobroma sylvestris Aublet ex Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: cacau-azul, cacau-da-mata, cacauí 


763




REFERENCES: Rankin de Mérona et al. 1992, Silva et al. 1977 

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa 


ENGLISH: portia tree, seaside mahoe 

SPANISH: clemón, cremón, milo, puntada de cabeza 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten in salads, boiled, or fried, young 

leaves can be eaten cooked or raw, and fruits are said to be 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: perhaps coastal India, now pantropical coastal zones 

REFERENCES: Duke 1972, Facciola 1990, FLEPPC 2003, FUDENA n.d., 

Kunkel 1984, Morton 1977, Nellis 1994, Nelson 1994 

Thevetia ahouai (L.) A. DC. [syn. Ahouai nitida (Kunth) Pichon] 


SPANISH: cojón de mico, cojón de venado, huevo de gato, huevo de 

venado, palo de leche, tomate de diablo 


NATURAL RANGE: Humid lowlands from Veracruz, Mexico to Colombia and 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Avendaño Reyes and Acosta Rosado 2000, Martin et al. 

1987, MBG n.d. 

Thibaudia caulialata Ruiz & Pavón ex D. Don. [syn. T. alata Dunal, 

Cavendishia caulialata (Ruiz & Pavón ex G. Don) A.C. Sm.] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly eaten (Martin et al.), though the 

legitimacy of the taxon is questionable. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Peru and Ecuador perhaps to Panama 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Macbride 1959a, Martin et al. 1987 

Thibaudia floribunda Kunth [syn. T. lehmannii Hoerold, T. 

longifolia Kunth, T. pichinchensis Benth.] 


SPANISH: coral, gualicón, sagalita 

USES/NOTES: Whitish-reddish-translucent fruit pulp is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, 1600- 

3600m. 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1983, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987 

Thibaudia grantii A.C. Sm. 


SPANISH: chorota 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is edible, but the taxon is 

questionable. 


REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Martin et al. 1987 


764


Thibaudia martiniana A.C. Sm. 


USES/NOTES: Dark berries are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador, 1000-2200m. 


Thibaudia mellifera Ruiz & Pavón ex J. St.-Hil. [syn. T. 

melliflora Ruiz & Pavón nomen nudum, Eurygania multiflora 

Klotzsch] 


USES/NOTES: Fruit reportedly is edible. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d. 

Thibaudia parvifolia (Benth.) Hoerold [syn. Eurygania parvifolia 

(Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f.] 


USES/NOTES: Violet to nearly black sweet berries are eaten in 

Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist Andean Colombia and Ecuador, 3000-4000m. 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002 

Thlaspi arvense L. 


ENGLISH: penny cress, treacle mustard 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for the young, vitamin C-rich shoots, which 

are added to salads or cooked as a potherb. 



Thrinax radiata Lodd. ex Schultes & Schultes f. [syn. T. floridana 

Sarg., T. parviflora auct. non. Sw., T. wenlandiana Becc.] 


ENGLISH: brittle thatch palm, Florida thatch palm, thatch palm 

SPANISH: chit, guanillo, guano de costa 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the small, white-seeded fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Caribbean, southern Florida, the Bahamas, 

eastern Yucatán of Mexico , Belize, and Honduras 

REFERENCES: Bush and Morton n.d., Henderson et al. 1995, Mabberley 


Thuja occidentalis L. 

FAMILY: Cuppressaceae (cypress) 

ENGLISH: American arbor vitae, arbor vitae, northern white cedar, 

white cedar 

PORTUGUESE: tuia 

USES/NOTES: Twigs and young shoots are made into tea, and pith of 

young shoots is eaten in soups. 



765


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1966, 

Tomikel 1986 

Thymus vulgaris L. [syn. Coridothymus capitatus (L.) Reichb.f.] 


ENGLISH: garden thyme, thyme 

PORTUGUESE: tomilho 

SPANISH: tomillo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as a spice. Leaves and flowering tops 

are medicinal. Also the source of oil of thyme. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mediterranean 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural 1990, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, 

Usher 1974 

Tigridia pavonia (L.f.) DC. [syn. T. grandiflora (Cavanilles) 

Diels] 


ENGLISH: peacock tigerflower, tigerflower 

SPANISH: cacomite, cocomitl 

USES/NOTES: Starchy corms have been eaten roasted in Mexico since 

before Columbus. Also grown as an ornamental. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico and Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Coe 1994, Mabberley 1987, 

Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, West 1989a, Williams 1981 

Tilia americana L. and T. americana var. mexicana (Schltdl.) 

Hardin [syn. T. mexicana Schltdl.] 


ENGLISH: American basswood, basswood, lime tree, linden 

SPANISH: cirimbo, flor de tila, sirima, tila, tilia, tilo 

americano, tirimo, tzirimo 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in salads, buds are edible, sap is 

used in candy, and small, hard, reddish fruits can be eaten raw 

in moderation. Leaves and flowers are made into an after dinner 

tea to soothe the stomach and aid in digestion. Flowers of var. 

mexicana are excellent in honey production and are made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: T. americana found in Eastern North America; var. 

mexicana from eastern Mexico through Oaxaca in southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Harris 1972, MBG n.d., 

McVaugh 2001, Nelson 1994, Tomikel 1986, Yanovsky 1936 

Tillandsia complanta Benth. 


SPANISH: huicundo 

USES/NOTES: Dry leaf bases are used to wrap tamales. 

NATURAL RANGE: Greater Antilles, Costa Rica, Brazil, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000 

Tillandsia erubescens Schltr. 



766


SPANISH: dowáka, heno, tilandsia 

USES/NOTES: Inflorescence is edible, plant is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chihuahua to Oaxaca, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Torres n.d., Trujano 1990 

Tillandsia maxima Lillo & Hauman 


USES/NOTES: Shoot apices are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Bolivia and Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000, Benzing 1980 

Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L. 


ENGLISH: ball moss, bunch moss 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and inflorescences of this common epiphyte 

are edible. Often associated with T. usneoides L. (Spanish or 

Florida moss). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. to northern Argentina, widespread 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bennett 1995, Bennett 2000, 

Smith and Downs 1977 

Tillandsia rubella Baker 


SPANISH: huicundo 

USES/NOTES: Shoot apices are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Bennett 2000 

Tococa guianensis Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: buxixu-de-formiga, pau-jacaré 

USES/NOTES: Purple fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia, and the Guianas 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 1977, 

UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.) Schumann [syn. Randia formosa 

(Jacq.) Schumann] 


ENGLISH: blackberry-jam fruit, monkey apple, raspberry bush 

PORTUGUESE: estrela, genipapo-do-campo 

SPANISH: fruta de mono 

USES/NOTES: Yellow-skinned fruit’s black pulp, with the consistency 

of jam when ripe, is eaten fresh or made into beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Bernardi 1985, Facciola 1990, Martin et al. 1987, Silva 

et al. 1977 


767


Tontelea ovalifolia (Miers) A.C. Sm. [syn. T. fluminensis (Peyr.) 

A.C. Sm., Cuervea ovalifolia Miers, Salacia patens Triana & 

Planchon] 


fruit) 

USES/NOTES: The Chácobo of Bolivia eat the fruit of this liana. 


REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Mennega 1992 

Torreya californica Torrey [syn. Tumion californicum (Torrey) E. 

Greene] 

FAMILY: Taxaceae (yew) 

ENGLISH: California nutmeg 

USES/NOTES: Oily nuts are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Munz and Keck 1959, Tanaka 1976, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Tournefortia hirsutissima L. 


ENGLISH: chiggery grapes 

SPANISH: ixla’hastapún skíti’, nigua(s), ojo de pescado 


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from Colombia to South Florida, rare and 

endangered in Florida 

REFERENCES: Austin 2004, Martin et al. 1987, Wunderlin and Hansen 

2003 

Tovomita schomburgkii Planchon & Triana 


USES/NOTES: The Chácobo eat the fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Riparian and montane forests to about 1,300 meters 

from southern Venezuela, Amazonian Brazil, Colombia, and the 

Guianas 


Tradescantia occidentalis (Britton) Smyth 


ENGLISH: spiderwort 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten raw or as a potherb. Flowers are 

added to salads. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Tradescantia ohiensis Raf. 



USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten raw in salads or 

cooked as potherbs. Flowers, generally purple or blue, though 

occasionally white, can be made into candy. 


768



REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Fernald 1950, Kermath 

(notes) 

Tradescantia virginiana L. 



USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are eaten raw in salads or 

cooked as potherbs. Purplish flowers can be made into candy. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., naturalized in South America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 

1999, Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Tragopogon dubius Scop. 


ENGLISH: goat’s beard 

USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are used as potherbs, and roots 

are eaten raw or cooked. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Harrington 1967 

Tragopogon porrifolius L. 


ENGLISH: common salsify, oyster plant, salsify, vegetable oyster 

PORTUGUESE: cercefi, cersefi 

SPANISH: salsifí 

USES/NOTES: Roots and new shoots are eaten as vegetables. Root 

latex has been used as chewing gum by Amerindians of British 

Columbia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean North Africa, or western Asia, 


REFERENCES: Cronquist 1980, Duke 1992, Fernald 1950, Mabberley 

1987, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Usher 1974, Yamaguchi 1983, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Trapa natans L. 

FAMILY: Trapaceae (water chestnut) 

ENGLISH: Jesuit nut, water caltrop, water chestnut, water nuts 

SPANISH: castaña de agua 

USES/NOTES: Edible seed is rich in starch and fat. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, perhaps to Asia, widely naturalized, and 

invasive in the northeastern U.S. and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Brouk 1975, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Mabberley 1987, Simmons 1972, Uphof 1968 

Trema micrantha (L.) Blume [syn. T. floridana Britton] 


ENGLISH: capulin, Florida trema, Jamaican nettle tree, kari bush 

PORTUGUESE: periquitinho, piquiteira, trema 


769


SPANISH: árbol de cuerillo, atadijo, capulín cimarrón, guacimilla, 

ixpepe, memiso, palo polvora, sak piixoy, yaco de cuero 

USES/NOTES: Tiny, typically bright orange to red or yellow drupes 

are eaten by the Ka’apor of eastern Amazonian Brazil. Also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from southern Florida to northern 

Argentina 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Balée 1994, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FNAEC 

1997, Hayden 2006, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, Johnston and 

Colquhoun 1996, Nelson 1994, Silva et al. 1997, Torres n.d., 

UFA/NYBG n.d., Zuloaga 1997 

Trianthema portulacastrum L. 


ENGLISH: desert horse-purslane, horse purslane, lowland purslane 

USES/NOTES: Salty leaves are eaten in salads or in cooked dishes. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical to subtropical seacoasts 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons 1973 

Trichilia maynasiana C. DC. 


PORTUGUESE: amarelão, breu-amarelo 

SPANISH: chiape, requia 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, UFA/NYBG 

n.d. 

Trichipteris microdonta (Desv.) R.M. Tryon [syn. Alsophila rufa 

Fée, Cyathea microdonta (Desv.) Domin] 

FAMILY: Cyathaceae (tree-fern) 

ENGLISH: tree fern 

SPANISH: tasi 

USES/NOTES: Although it has a slimy texture, the pith has been used 

like a potato, primarily as an emergency food, in the Choco. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Mexico, Central America, and South America 

from Venezuela through the Andes to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Cowan 1983, Duke n.d., Foster 1958, MBG n.d., Stolze 


Trichocereus coquimbanus (Molina) Britton & Rose 


SPANISH: copao 


NATURAL RANGE: Coquimbo province, coastal Chile 

REFERENCES: Britton and Rose 1963, Marticorena and Quezada 1985, 


Trichocereus pasacana (F.A.C. Weber) Friedrich & Rowley 



770


SPANISH: pasacana 


NATURAL RANGE: Argentina and Bolivia 


Trichocereus schickendantzii (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose 


USES/NOTES: Edible fruit is said to be "agreeable" by Britton and 

Rose. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northwestern Argentina around Tucumán 


Trichocereus spachianus (Lem.) Riccob. 


ENGLISH: torch cactus 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp and young stem sprouts are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Argentina 


Trichosanthes cucumerina L.var. anguina (L.) Haines [syn. T. 

anguina L.] 


ENGLISH: snake gourd, che che ra, Asian cucumber, Greek cucumber 

SPANISH: culebra, patola 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten fresh like a cucumber, curried (when 

young), or cooked, and the young leaf is eaten as a vegetable. 


REFERENCES: León 1987, Martin 1984b, Omawale 1973, Rehm and Espig 

1991 

Trifolium amabile Kunth 


pea) 

ENGLISH: Aztec clover 

PORTUGUESE: trevo 

SPANISH: chicmu 

USES/NOTES: Peruvian Amerindians mix plant with white maiz and 

other plants to make chucán. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico to Argentina 


Trifolium aureum Pollich [syn. T. agrarium L., T. campestre 

Schreb.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: hop clover, large hop-clover, large trefoil 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten in salads or ground as flour, leaves 

may be eaten cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour. 

Taxonomic uncertainty places this entry in some doubt. The 


771


Missouri Botanical Garden lists T. agrarium L. as a synonym of T. 

campestre Schreb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia and Africa, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Peterson 1977, Wiersema and León 1999 

Trifolium ciliolatum Benth. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: clover, foothill clover, tree clover, Springbank Clover 


USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked and flowers 

are a honey source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western U.S. from California to Washington 


Trifolium gracilentum Torrey & A. Gray 


pea) 

ENGLISH: pinpoint clover 


USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked and flowers 

are a honey source. 



Trifolium hybridum L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: alsike clover 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten in salads or as flour, leaves may be 

eaten cooked, and flowers are used for tea or flour. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, now cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Peterson 1977 

Trifolium incarnatum L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: crimson clover, Italian clover 



NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean, cultivated and naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998 

Trifolium medium L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: zigzag clover 

PORTUGUESE: trevo, trevo-mamute, trevo-roxo 

SPANISH: carretón, trébol, trébol intermedio 


772


USES/NOTES: Grown as a forage crop and by beekeepers for honey 

production. Young sprouts are used occasionally as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe to West Asia, now nearly cosmopolitan 

REFERENCES: Carneiro Martins 1989, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972, 

Usher 1974 

Trifolium microcephalum Pursh 


pea) 

ENGLISH: pinhead clover 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Mexico to western Canada 


Trifolium pratense L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: red clover 




REFERENCES: Medsger 1939, Peterson 1977 

Trifolium repens L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: white clover 




REFERENCES: Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998 

Trifolium stoloniferum Muhl. ex Eaton 


pea) 

ENGLISH: buffalo clover, running buffalo clover 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this endangered species are eaten in salads or 

as flour, leaves may be eaten cooked, and flowers are eaten 

cooked or as flour or may be used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arkansas to Illinois, Ohio, and West Virginia 

REFERENCES: Brooks 1983, Fernald et al. 1958, Peterson 1977 

Trifolium willdenowii Sprengel [syn. T. tridentatum Lindley] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: cow clover, seaside clover, springbank clover, tomcat 

clover 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten raw or cooked, flowers are a 

honey source, and seeds are eaten as a grain or sprouted. 

NATURAL RANGE: California to British Columbia and Texas 


773


REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Steward 1933, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Trifolium wormskioldii Lehm. [syn. T. fimbriatum Lindley] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: beach clover, cows clover, cusp clover, mountain clover, 

springbank clover 

USES/NOTES: White, brittle rhizomes were an important food item 

among several native Amerindian groups. The Bella Coola people of 

British Columbia ate the roots with salmon. Flowers and leaves 

are also eaten. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, Mexico, the western U.S. from New 

Mexico to Montana and into adjacent Canada, west to the Pacific 

REFERENCES: Gunther 1981, Mabberley 1987, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d., 

Turner 1973, Turner and Bell 1973, Uphof 1968, Wiggins 1980 

Triglochin maritimum L. 

FAMILY: Juncaginaceae (arrow-grass) 

ENGLISH: arrowgrass, shore podgrass 

USES/NOTES: Very young leaves are edible. Seeds may be used as a 

flour source or roasted as coffee (Coffea spp.). 



Trigonella foenum-graecum L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: fenugreek 

PORTUGUESE: alforva, feno-grego 

SPANISH: alholva, fenegreco 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic, starchy seeds are used commonly as a spice, 

though also are edible and processed for use in gum. 

NATURAL RANGE: Meditteranean region to the Middle East 

REFERENCES: de Gámez 1973, Houaiss 1982, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 

1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Trillium erectum L. 


ENGLISH: American birthroot, birthroot, birthwort, purple trillium, 

red trillium, red wake-robin, stinking Benjamin, stinking Willie, 

trillium, wake-robin, wood lily 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves have been used as a vegetable or potherb, 

though the plant is known more for its use in folk medicine to 

“ease” childbirth and its attractive, though malodorous flower. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Georgia and Alabama to 

Michigan, Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, naturalized 

elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Rolfsmeier et al. 1988 

Trillium grandiflorum (Michaux) Salisb. 


774



ENGLISH: big white trillium, grand trillium, large flowered 

trillium, large-flower wake-robin, snow trillium, wake-robin, 

white trillium, white wake-robin 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots and unfolding leaves have been used as 

cooked greens, though typically only during times of food 

scarcity. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from northern-most Georgia and 

Alabama to Minnesota and Maine into Quebec and Ontario 

REFERENCES: Marshall 1993, Uphof 1968 

Trillium sessile L. 


ENGLISH: bethroot, red trillium, sessile trillium, toad trillium, 

toadshade, wake-robin 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used as a vegetable, cooked or 

uncooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from northern Alabama and 

perhaps Mississippi to southern Michigan, southern-most Ontario, 

and western New York, west to eastern-most Kansas and Oklahoma 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977, Schwegman 1991 

Trillium undulatum Willd. 


ENGLISH: painted lady, painted trillium 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves of this attractive perennial herbaceous 

low-growing forest plant are used as a vegetable or potherb, 

cooked or uncooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from northern Georgia through 

Appalachia to Maine and into Canada from New Brunswick to 

Ontario, perhaps into southeastern Michigan 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Radford et al. 1968 

Triosteum perfoliatum L. [also T. angustifolium L. and T . 

aurantiacum E.P. Bicknell] 


ENGLISH: feverroot, feverwort, tinker’s weed, wild coffee 

USES/NOTES: Roasted berries are used like coffee (Coffea spp.). 



Triphasia trifolia (Burm.) P. Wilson 


ENGLISH: baby lime, bergamot lime, limeberry, myrtle lime 

SPANISH: chinita-limón de Jerusalén, limoncito 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is consumed raw, in jams, and liqueurs, and its 

rind contains an essential oil. Grown also as a hedge. 



775


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Mabberley 

1987, Nellis 1994, Omawale 1973, Will 1991, Williams and Williams 

1969 

Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L. 


ENGLISH: buffalo grass, eastern gamma grass 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds of this perennial grass are underutilized. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kindscher 1987 

Trithrinax brasiliensis Mart. 


PORTUGUESE: buriti, carandaí 

USES/NOTES: Martin et al. report fruit pulp as edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil (though Martin et al. suggest that it 

extends to Paraguay and Uruguay) 


Triticum aestivum L. 


ENGLISH: bread wheat, common wheat, wheat 

PORTUGUESE: trigo 

SPANISH: trigo 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds are the wheat of commerce, among the most 

widely cultivated plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan 

REFERENCES: Feldman 1976, Guia Rural 1990, Purseglove 1972, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Sauer 1993, Usher 1974, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. sphaerococcum (Percival) MacKey [syn. 

T. sphaerococcum Percival] 


ENGLISH: dwarf Indian wheat, shot wheat 

PORTUGUESE: trigo 

SPANISH: trigo indio 

USES/NOTES: Nearly round seeds of the short-stalked plant are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Afghanistan 

REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., USDA-ARS 

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. compactum (Host) Mackey [syn. T. 

compactum Host] 


ENGLISH: club wheat, cluster wheat, dwarf wheat, hedgehog wheat 

SPANISH: trigo cabezorro 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in the Old and New Worlds as a flour source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwest Asia 

REFERENCES: Uphof 1968, USDA-ARS, Zeven and de Wet 1982 


776


Triticum durum Desf. 


ENGLISH: durum wheat, flint wheat, hard wheat, macaroni wheat 

USES/NOTES: Gluten-rich seeds, somewhat larger than common wheat, 

are used for pasta. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe or Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, USDA-ARS 

Triticum monococcum L. 


ENGLISH: einkorn, one-grained wheat, stone age wheat 

USES/NOTES: Edible seeds, of this likely ancestor of common wheat 

(T. aestivum), where cultivated nearly 10,000 years ago. 

NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent from Turkey to Afghanistan 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Smith 1994, Zeven and de 

Wet 1982 

Triticum polonicum L. 


ENGLISH: Astrakin wheat, giant rye, Jerusalem rye, Polish wheat 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated, tall winter or spring wheat has large seeds 

used as a pasta flour source. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Triticum aestivum L. subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. [syn. T. spelta L.] 


ENGLISH: dinkel wheat, hulled wheat, spelt, speltz 

SPANISH: escanda, escaña, espelta 

USES/NOTES: Uncommon in the Americas, though cultivated in Europe 

as a flour source. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, USDA-ARS 

Triticum turgidum L. subsp. dicoccum [syn. T. dicoccum (Schrank) 

Schuebler] 


ENGLISH: emmer wheat, English wheat, poulard wheat, rivet wheat 

USES/NOTES: Ground grains are a pasta flour source. Though uncommon 

in the Americas, this grain is one of the oldest domesticated 

food plants dating back at least 10,000 years. 

NATURAL RANGE: Fertile Crescent of the Middle East 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Smith 1994, Uphof 1968 

Tropaeolum brasiliense Casar. 

FAMILY: Tropaeolaceae (nasturtium) 

ENGLISH: nasturtium 

PORTUGUESE: nastúrcio 



777


NATURAL RANGE: Brazil and bordering Paraguay 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Tropaeolum leptophyllum G. Don f. [syn. T. bridgesii Fielding, T. 

chilense var. eximium Steudel, T. edule Bridges, T. linearifolium 

Steudel] 


USES/NOTES: Roots are an emergency food source. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chile, Peru, and northwester Argentina 

REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Sparre and Andersson 1991, Uphof 1968, 

Zuloaga 1997 

Tropaeolum majus L. [syn. Cardamindum majus (L.) Moench] 


ENGLISH: Indian cress, nasturtium 

PORTUGUESE: capuchinha, capuchinha-de-flores-grandes, capuchinhagrande, 

flor-de-sangue 

SPANISH: capuchina, mallau, mastuerzo 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and flowers are added to salads, and seeds and 

flower buds are used like capers (Capparis spinosa), and flowers 

are added to sauces. Plant also is antibiotic and ornamental for 

its showy flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean South America 

REFERENCES: Cid 1978, Estrella 1991, Mabberley 1987, Naranjo 1991, 

Schneider 1987, Sparre and Andersson 1991, Usher 1974, Van Feu 

n.d. 

Tropaeolum minus L. [syn. Cardamindum minus (L.) Moench] 


ENGLISH: bush nasturtium, canary bird vine, dwarf nasturtium, flame 

flower, Indian-cress, nasturtium, small tropaeolum 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, flowers, and fruits are edible. Many named 

ornamental cultivars exist including black velvet, empress of 

India, ladybird, peach melba, and tip top mahogany. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Peru, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Sparre and Andersson 1991, Sturtevant 

1972 

Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón 


ENGLISH: anu, mashua, tuber nasturtium, tuberous nasturtium 

PORTUGUESE: nastúrcio 

SPANISH: año, añu, añú, anya, anyú, apilla, apiña-mama isano, 

cubio, cubios, isano, isaño, isañu, ivia, mafua, majua, mashua, 

mashuar, massua, mauja, maxua, mayua, nabo, navios, navo, 

piñamama, tuna mashua, ysaño 

USES/NOTES: Carbohydrate-rich tubers are sun dried by day and 

freeze dried by night, then added to soups, or occasionally 

boiled or fried and eaten alone, young leaves are eaten as a 


778


boiled vegetable, and flowers are edible. Seen today throughout 

the Andes. Much potential for expansion. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands of Chile, Bolivia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Estrella 1991, Leung 

1961, Naranjo 1991, National Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, 

Rehm and Espig 1991, Soukup 1970, Sparre and Andersson 1991, 

Terra 1966, Yamaguchi 1983, Vietmeyer 1992 

Trophaeastrum patagonicum (Speg.) Sparre [syn. Tropaeolum 

patagonicum Speg.] 


ENGLISH: tuber nasturtium, tuberous nasturtium 

SPANISH: año, añu, añú, anya, anyú, apilla, apiña-mama isano, 

cubio, cubios, isano, isaño, isañu, ivia, mashua, majua, mafua, 

mauja, maxua, mashuar, massua, mayua, nabo, navios, navo, 

piñamama, tuna mashua, ysaño 

USES/NOTES: Carbohydrate-rich tubers, similar to those of 

Tropaeolum tuberosum, are eaten cooked boiled or fried. Young 

leaves are eaten as a boiled vegetable and flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Patagonia, Argentina 

REFERENCES: Sparre and Andersson 1991, Zuloaga 1997 

Trophis racemosa (L.) Urban 


SPANISH: ramón, San Ramón, tsumté, ujushte 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea and shoots are edible. 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, OAS 1973 

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière [syn. Pinus canadensis L.] 


ENGLISH: Canada hemlock, eastern hemlock, hemlock 

USES/NOTES: Inner bark is eaten raw or cooked, needles are made 

into tea, young tips are made into tea or used in root beer and 

spruce beer, and needles and twigs are a spruce gum source, used 

to flavor chewing gum and candies. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Morton 1976a, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. 


ENGLISH: western hemlock 

USES/NOTES: Native Alaskans mixed the cambium and sap for food, 

young twigs are a spruce beer source, and stems and leaves are a 

spruce oil source, used to flavor candy. 



Tsuga mertenziana (Bong.) Carrière 


779



ENGLISH: mountain hemlock 

USES/NOTES: Native Alaskans used the inner bark for food, young 

twigs are a spruce beer source, and stems and leaves are a spruce 

oil source, used to flavor candy. 



Tulbaghia violacea Harvey 


ENGLISH: society garlic 

USES/NOTES: Leaves taste like garlic and are used in cooking. Also 

widely cultivated as an ornamental 



Turnera diffusa Willd. ex J.A. Schultes 

FAMILY: Turneraceae (turnera) 

ENGLISH: damiana 

PORTUGUESE: chanana, damiana 

SPANISH: damiana, hierba de la pastora, hierba de la venado, 

pastorata 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are used in Mexico as a tea susbtitute and to 

flavor liqueurs known as licor de damiana. 


REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Facciola 1990, Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 

1968 

Turnera ulmifolia L. 

FAMILY: Turneraceae (turnera) 

ENGLISH: damiana, goat dashalong, ram dashalong, yellow alder 

PORTUGUESE: albina, chanana, turnera-de-folha-olmo 

SPANISH: damiana 

USES/NOTES: Leaves may be used like tea or as a flavoring agent. 

Flowers are medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Adams 1972, Bailey Hortorium 1976, 

Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Silva et al. 1977 

Tunilla soehrensii (Britton & Rose) D.R. Hunt & Iliff [syn. 

Opuntia boliviensis Backeb., O. soehrensii Britton & Rose 

Platyopuntia soehrensii (Britton & Rose) F. Ritter] 


SPANISH: aerampu 

USES/NOTES: Unidentified plant part is used as a food additive in 

Jujuy Province, Argentina. Tunilla is a young genus that 

integrates the species of the former Opuntia sub-genus Airampoa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes from Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and 



780


REFERENCES: MBG n.d., Serrano and Terán 2000, Vignale and Gurni 

2003 

Tussilago farfara L. 


ENGLISH: coltsfoot 

PORTUGUESE: tussilagem 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves are used in soup or made into tea, ash 

from burned leaves is used as a seasoning, leaf extracts are 

combined with sugar and cooked into coltsfoot candy used as a 

cough drop. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, naturalized elsewhere 

REFERENCES: Neumann n.d., Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, Uphof 1968 

Typha angustifolia L. 

FAMILY: Typhaceae (cattail) 

ENGLISH: bulrush, lesser bulrush, narrow-leaf cattail, reedmace, 

small reedmace 

SPANISH: anea, espandana, totora 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are boiled and eaten like potatoes or made 

into protein-rich flour used in cattail cookies. Shoots and young 

leaves are eaten boiled or raw, seeds are eaten roasted, and 

young flower spikes, pith, and pollen are edible. Has been 

considered conspecific with T. domingensis. 

NATURAL RANGE: nearly cosmopolitan apart from polar regions 


Morton 1977, Peterson 1977, Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Typha domingensis Pers. 


ENGLISH: bulrush, narrow-leaf cattail, reedmace, southern cattail, 

tule 

SPANISH: akho, anea, cheena’, chiena’, chii’na, chi’na, enea, 

fapu’, jwi’na, nat’a’, na’ate, totora, tule, wa’na, wana’yuk 

USES/NOTES: Rootstocks are boiled and eaten like potatoes or made 

into protein-rich flour used in biscuits know as “cattail 

cookies.” Shoots and young leaves are eaten boiled or raw, seeds 

are eaten roasted, and young flower spikes, pith, and pollen are 

edible. Has been considered conspecific with T. angustifolia. 

NATURAL RANGE: tropics and mild temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Arenas and Scarpa 2003, Bourke et al. 1987, Breedlove 

1986, Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Morton 1977, Peterson 1977, 

Schmeda-Hirschmann et al. 1999, Yanovsky 1936 

Typha latifolia L. 


ENGLISH: broadleaf cattail, bulrush, cattail, common cattail, 

cossack asparagus, reedmace, swamp bulrush 

PORTUGUESE: amentilho, amento, espadana, partasana, tabua, tifa 


781


SPANISH: anea, amento, enea, espadaña, espadaxa, junco, junco de 

estera, junco de passion, tule espadilla 

USES/NOTES: Young shoots, flower spikes, and hearts of this broadleaved 

cattail are eaten as vegetables, pollen is mixed with 

wheat flour, and roots can be made into flour. Leaves are made 

into mats and chair seats. 

NATURAL RANGE: cosmopolitan except Polar Regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Duke 1992, Fernald et 

al. 1958, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Peterson 1977, Yanovsky 

1936 

Ugni molinae Turcz. 


ENGLISH: Chilean guava, strawberry myrtle 

SPANISH: muria, murta, murtilla, ugni, uñi 


NATURAL RANGE: Chile and Argentina, perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Cronk and Fuller 1995, Facciola 1990, Kausel 1966, 

Martin et al. 1987, National Research Council 1989 

Ullucus tuberosus Caldas subsp. tuberosus [syn. U. kunthii Moq., 

Basella tuberosa Kunth, Melloca peruviana Moq.] 


ENGLISH: melloco, ulluca, ulluco 

SPANISH: arequipa lisas, atuq ulluku, atuq lisa, camarones de 

tierra, chigua, chugua, chuguas, hubas, lisas, melloco, michiruí 

migurí, michuri, mucuchi, olloco, olluco, papa lisa, papalisa, 

papas lisas, phantasma lisas, quillu chuqcha lisas, ruba, rubas, 

rubia, ruhuas, timbós, tiquiharo lisas, tiquiño, tuna ullush, 

ulluca, ulluco, ullucu, ulluma, yuraq lisas, zanahoria lisas 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and small, potato-like, variably colored tubers, 

of this cold-hardy plant, are eaten as vegetables. Tubers may be 

consumed freeze dried, cooked, or fermented. 

NATURAL RANGE: High Andes from Colombia to Argentina 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Cárdenas 1969, Coe 1994, Duke 

1986, Franquemont et al. 1990, León 1987, OAS 1973, National 

Research Council 1989, Soukup 1970, Terra 1966, Wilson 1992, 

Zimmerer 1992 

Ulmus mexicana (Liebm.) Planchon [syn. Chaetoptelea mexicana 

Liebm.] 


SPANISH: olmo, tsaah 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is eaten as a snack. 



Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. 


ENGLISH: Chinese elm, lacebark elm 


782


SPANISH: olmo chino 

USES/NOTES: Leaves, fruit, and cambium are edible, though primarily 

cultivated as a landscape specimen. 

NATURAL RANGE: China, Japan, and Korea 

REFERENCES: Kermath (notes), PFAF n.d., Tanaka 1976 

Ulmus pumila L. 


ENGLISH: Siberian elm 

SPANISH: olmo siberiano 

USES/NOTES: Leaves can be used as a potherb, inner bark (or 

cambium) can be eaten cooked and used like noodles, or dried and 

ground then used to thicken soups, or as a flour in breads. Fruit 

may be eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate East Asia from northern China through 

Siberia, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, PFAF n.d., Tanaka 1976 

Ulmus rubra Muhlenb. [syn. U. fulva Michaux] 


ENGLISH: Indian elm, moose elm, red elm, slippery elm 

SPANISH: olmo rojo 

USES/NOTES: Inner bark is dried then ground and used as flour or 

tea, and leaves and young fruit are edible raw or cooked. Also 

used as an expectorant, a diuretic, a laxative, and in topical 

skin cream. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S. from New England to northern Florida and 

eastern Texas 

REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Huxley 1992, Nelson 1994, Peterson 1977, 


Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. 


ENGLISH: California bay, California bay laurel, California laurel, 

California pepper, California sassafras, headache tree, mountain 

laurel, myrtle-wood, Oregon myrtle, Oregon pepperwood, pepperwood 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten roasted, fruit is edible raw or cooked, 

root bark has been used as a coffee substitute, and leaves may be 

used like tea or as a spice like the common bay leaf (Laurus 

nobilis), though it is more potent and can be a skin irritant 

when not cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal forests from southern California to northern 

Oregon 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Moerman 1998, Yanovsky 

1936 

Uniola paniculata L. 


ENGLISH: beach grass, sea oats 



783


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern U.S., Mexico, and the West Indies 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Morton 1977, Nellis 1994 

Unonopsis floribunda Diels 


PORTUGUESE: envira 

SPANISH: icoja 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is made into an alcoholic beverage. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Pinedo-Vásquez et al. 1992 

Urera caracasana (Jacq.) Gaudin ex Griseb. 


ENGLISH: nettle 

PORTUGUESE: cansação, cansanção, caracasana, ishimu, urtiga 

SPANISH: cunshi ishanga, ishanga macho 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are edible and fruit, bark, and roots are 

medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Uribea tamrindoides Dugand & Romero 

FAMILY: Fabaceae or Leguminosae subfam. Paplionoideae (bean or 

pea) 

SPANISH: tamarindo de monte 


NATURAL RANGE: Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica 


Urospatha sagittifolia (Rudge) Schott [syn. U. caudata (Poeppig) 

Schott] 


PORTUGUESE: ape, caa-ape 

SPANISH: jergón sacha, karabo, picatón 

USES/NOTES: Soft, spongy, white rhizomes are eaten roasted or 

boiled and mashed. Also medicinal, a snakebite treatment, and a 

snake repellent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Amazonian Brazil to the Guiana highlands 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Gragson 

1997, Mabberley 1987, Plowman 1969, Renner et al. 1990, Uphof 

1968 

Urtica dioica L. 


ENGLISH: big nettle, bigsting nettle, common nettle, European 

nettle, great nettle, nettle, stinging nettle 

PORTUGUESE: cansanção, urtiga, urtigão 

SPANISH: chichicastle, chunchu khisa, dominguilla, ishanga, khisa, 

mula khisa, ortiga, puka t’ulluyuq khisa, solimán 


784


USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves may be eaten as a cooked 

vegetable or used in beer making. The plant also is used to make 

an astringent; used in folk remedies for gout, dropsy, skin 

ailments, and respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and 

hay fever; and to make a pesticide. The plant’s stinging hairs 

contain choline, formic acid, histamine, and serotonin. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate regions of the Old World, widely 


REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Duke 1997, Duke 2002, Espejo Serna et al. 

n.d., Facciola 1990, Franquemont et al. 1990, Harris 1972, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1990, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 1936 

Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis (Aiton) Selander [syn. U. 

californica Greene, U. dioica var. californica (Greene) C. 

Hitchc., U. gracilis Aiton] 


ENGLISH: California nettle, slender nettle, stinging nettle 

SPANISH: ortiga 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are eaten like cooked spinach, 

stems are used in beer making, and leaf is made into tea. Perhaps 

best included under U. dioca. 


REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, PFAF n.d. 

Urtica dioica subsp. holosericea (Nutt.) Thorne [syn. U. 

holosericea Nutt.] 


ENGLISH: California nettle, stinging nettle 

SPANISH: ortiga 

USES/NOTES: Shoots and young leaves are eaten like cooked spinach, 

and stems are used in beer making. Perhaps best included under U. 

dioca. 


REFERENCES: FNAEC 1997, Hickman 1993, Moerman 1998, PFAF n.d. 

Urtica urens L. 


ENGLISH: annual nettle, burning nettle, dog nettle, dwarf nettle, 

nettle, small nettle 

PORTUGUESE: cansanção, urtiga 

SPANISH: ortiga menor 

USES/NOTES: Shoots, young leaves, and stem tops are eaten as a 

potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: cosmpolitan 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Martin and Ruberté 1975, Uphof 1968 

Uvularia sessilifolia L. 


ENGLISH: bellwort, little merrybells, wild oat 


785


USES/NOTES: Young shoots are eaten cooked. 



Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Yanovsky 1936 

Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton [syn. V. lamarckii Camp, V. 

pennsylvanicum Lam.] 


ENGLISH: early low blueberry, early sweet blueberry, low-bush 

blueberry, low sweet blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, highly esteemed fruits are harvested from 

cultivated or wild plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Tennessee to Minnesota and 

Maine and adjacent Canada 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 

1958, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968 

Vaccinium arboreum Marshall 


ENGLISH: blueberry, farkleberry, sparkleberry, tree huckleberry, 

winter huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark, somewhat dry and often bitter fruit of 

this small tree is eaten in pies, jellies, and jams. Also 

attractive foliage and small, generally white flowers. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Nelson 

1994, Tull 1978 

Vaccinium caesariense Mackenzie [perhaps conspecific with V. 

corymbosum L.] 


ENGLISH: New Jersey blueberry 


NATURAL RANGE: U.S. east coast 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald 1950 

Vaccinium caespitosum Michaux, including V. caespitosum Michaux 

var. caespitosum Michaux [syn. V. arbuscula (A. Gray) Merriam] 


ENGLISH: dwarf bilberry, dwarf blueberry, dwarf huckleberry, dwarf 

whortleberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or in jams and leaves are 


NATURAL RANGE: North America from Alaska to Newfoundland south in 

the east to southern Maine and New Mexico in the West, with a 

disjunct population in central Mexico 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Stark 2003, 



786


Vaccinium corymbosum L. [syn. V. arkansanum Ashe, V. ashei Reade, 

V. atrococcum (A. Gray) A.A. Heller, V. fuscatum Aiton] [V. 

arkansanum recognized as a synonym of V. fuscatum and distinct 

from V. corymbosum by Kartesz] 


ENGLISH: black highbush blueberry (V. atrococcum), blueberry, 

farkleberry (V. fuscatum), highbush blueberry, rabbiteye 

blueberry (V. ashei), sparkleberry (V. fuscatum), whortleberry 

USES/NOTES: Dark, generally dull berries are highly esteemed, and 

leaves and flowers are said to be used for tea. Widely cultivated 

commercially and in back yards. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Canada to Florida and Texas, V. ashei variety 

from southeastern North America, V. fuscatum variety from Texas 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 

1987, Kartesz 1994, Nelson 1994, Tull 1978, Vander Kloet 1980 

Vaccinium crassifolium Andrews subsp. crassifolium Andrews 


ENGLISH: creeping blueberry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976 

Vaccinium crassifolium Andr. subsp. sempervirens (Rayner & 

Henderson) W.B. Kirkman & J.R. Ballington [syn. V. sempervirens 

Rayner & J. Henderson 


ENGLISH: creeping blueberry, Rayner’s blueberry 


NATURAL RANGE: South Carolina 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Rayner and Henderson 1980 

Vaccinium crenatum (G. Don) Sleumer [syn. Disterigma empetrifolium 

(Kunth) Drude, D. margaricoccum Blake] 


SPANISH: anisillo de monte, chirimote, urcu mote 


NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru from lower 

montane wet forests to 4350 m elevation in the páramo. 

REFERENCES: Luteyn 1996, Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987, MBG n.d., 


Vaccinium darrowi Camp 


ENGLISH: blueberry, Darrow’s blueberry, glaucous blueberry, little 

blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten in pies, jellies, and jams. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. coastal plain from from Georgia and 

Florida to Louisiana 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Tull 1978 


787


Vaccinium deliciosum Piper 


ENGLISH: alpine blueberry, Rainier bilberry 

USES/NOTES: Tasty fruits are eaten out of hand. 


REFERENCES: Eighme 1980, Facciola 1990 

Vaccinium elliottii Chapman [recognized as conspecific with V. 

corymbosum by Vander Kloet, though as a distinct species by 

Godfrey] 


ENGLISH: Elliott’s blueberry, mayberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten in pies, jellies, and jams. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Tull 

1978, Vander Kloet 1980 

Vaccinium erythrocarpum Michaux 


ENGLISH: bear-berry, dingleberry, mountain cranberry, southern 

cranberry, southern mountain cranberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or made into jelly. 



Vaccinium floribundum Kunth 


ENGLISH: Andean blueberry, Colombian blueberry 

PORTUGUESE: arando 

SPANISH: agraz, congama, macha-macha, mortiño 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andes, perhaps Colombia 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Facciola 1990, Leung 1961, Martin 

et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Soukup 1970, Usher 1974 

Vaccinium leucanthum Cham. & Schltdl. 


ENGLISH: Mexican blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets. 


REFERENCES: Luteyn 2002, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton 


ENGLISH: American cranberry, bog cranberry, cranberry, large 

cranberry 

PORTUGUESE: airela vermelho 

SPANISH: arándano, arándano agrio 


788


USES/NOTES: Tart, generally deep red fruits are eaten (often cooked 

with sugar), made into juice, and pastries, and are medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Highland Appalachia, perhaps to northern Georgia, to 

eastern Canada, west to Minnesota 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Eck 1990, Harris 1972, Johns and 

Stevenson 1985, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Vaccinium membranaceum Douglas ex Hook. [includes V. globulare 

Rydb.] 


ENGLISH: big huckleberry, big whortleberry, black huckleberry, blue 

huckleberry (V. globulare), globe huckleberry (V. globulare), 

Montana huckleberry (V. globulare), mountain huckleberry, thinleaved 

huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are among the largest wild huckleberries. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Stark and 

Baker 1992, Vander Kloet 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Vaccinium meridionale Sw. 


ENGLISH: bilberry, billberry, Jamaican blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are made into tarts, pies, and jellies. 

NATURAL RANGE: Jamaica, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Martin et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Vaccinium mortina Benth. 


SPANISH: mortiña 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and Ecuador 


Vaccinium myrsinites Lam. [syn. V. nitidum Andrews] 


ENGLISH: evergreen blueberry, Florida evergreen blueberry, 

huckleberry, shiny blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Dark berries of this low-growing plant are eaten out of 

hand or baked in pies, leaves may be used for tea, and flowers 

are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S., coastal plain, South Carolina to 

Flroida and Alabama 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1996, 


Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux 


ENGLISH: Canada blueberry, sour-top blueberry 




789


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Kunkel 1984 

Vaccinium myrtillus L. 


ENGLISH: bilberry, billberry, blaeberry, blueberry, cranberry, 

European blueberry, whortleberry 

PORTUGUESE: arando, mirtilo 

SPANISH: arándano, arándano europeo, arándanos, mirtilo, mortiña, 

mortiño, rasponera, uva de bosque, uva de monte 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or made into wine. Also a 

popular herbal dietary supplement. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate and Arctic regions 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1997, Facciola 1990, 

Harrington 1967, Harris 1972, Kermath (notes), Mabberley 1987, 

Neumann n.d., Schneider 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 

Vaccinium ovalifolium J. Sm. in Rees 


ENGLISH: Alaska blueberry, black huckleberry, oval-leaf 

huckleberry, oval-leaved blueberry 



REFERENCES: Heller 1981, Tanaka 1976, Turner and Szczawinski 1979 

Vaccinium ovatum Pursh 


ENGLISH: box blueberry, California blueberry, evergreen 

huckleberry, shot huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Blue/black fruit of this much appreciated, attractive 

shrub is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: British Columbia to Northern California 

REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Facciola 1990, Yanovsky 1936 

Vaccinium oxycoccos L. 


ENGLISH: bog cranberry, European cranberry, small cranberry, swamp 

cranberry, wild cranberry 

PORTUGUESE: airela vermelho 

SPANISH: arándano 

USES/NOTES: Sour fruits, though smaller than the large cranberry 

(V. macrocarpon), are used similarly, cooked, fresh, or juiced, 

but are nowhere near as economically important. Leaves have been 

used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: North temperate regions - Alaska to Labrador, 

Greenland, and Newfoundland, south through New England, the 

northern portions of the Great Lakes States, western Washington 

and Oregon, and temperate Eurasia. 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, Moerman 1987, 

Peterson 1977, Vander Kloet 1988, Uphof 1968 


790


Vaccinium pallidum Aiton [syn. V. vacillans Kalm ex Torrey] 


ENGLISH: Blue Ridge blueberry, dryland blueberry, hillside 

blueberry, late low blueberry 

USES/NOTES: Small, sweet, highly esteemed fruits are harvested from 

cultivated or wild plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America excluding Florida 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Vaccinium parvifolium J. Sm. in Rees 


ENGLISH: red huckleberry, red whortleberry 

USES/NOTES: Red fruit is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from British Columbia to 

northern California 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Heller 1981, 

Simmons 1972, Yanovsky 1936 

Vaccinium scoparium Lieb. ex Cov. 


ENGLISH: blueberry, grouse whortleberry, grouseberry, whortleberry 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or in jams, and leaves are 

used for tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Rocky Mountains 


Vaccinium stamineum L. 


ENGLISH: buckberry, deerberry, southern gooseberry, squaw 

huckleberry 

USES/NOTES: Wild-harvested fruits are edible, though often bitter. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994 

Vaccinium uliginosum L. 


ENGLISH: bog bilberry 



REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Heller 1981, Tanaka 1976 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. 


ENGLISH: cowberry, foxberry, lingberry, lingonberry, mountain 

cranberry, partridge berry, rock cranberry, red bilberry 

PORTUGUESE: arando encarnado 

USES/NOTES: Red, blueberry-like, tart fruit is eaten prepared in 

jellies, and sauces. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern North American highlands 


791


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harris 1972, Johns and Stevenson 1985, 

Peterson 1977, Schneider 1987, Usher 1974 

Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray var. ciliata (Torrey & 

A. Gray) Cronq. [syn. V. ciliata Torrey & A. Gray] 

FAMILY: Valerianaceae (valerian) 

ENGLISH: edible valerian, tap-rooted valerian, tobacco-root 

USES/NOTES: Odorous roots are eaten cooked, historically in 

underground pits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Upper Midwest and western Great Lakes into adjacent 

Canada 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Fernald et al. 1958 

Valeriana edulis Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray var. edulis Nutt. ex 

Torrey & A. Gray 


ENGLISH: edible valerian, tap-rooted valerian, tobacco-root, 

valerian root 

SPANISH: valeriana 

USES/NOTES: Odorous roots are eaten cooked in soup or dried and 

made into bread, and seeds are edible. Roots are also medicinal. 



Valeriana edulis subsp. procera (Kunth) F.G. Meyer [syn. V. 

procera Kunth] {perhaps only medicinal} 


ENGLISH: edible valerian, Mexican valerian, tobacco-root, valerian 

root 

SPANISH: valeriana, valeriana amarilla, valeriana mexicana 

USES/NOTES: Roots are edible and medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Barrie 2003, Meyer 1951 

Valeriana sitchensis Bong. 


ENGLISH: American valerian 

USES/NOTES: Well-cooked roots and seeds are edible. Roots are also 

medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Alaska to northern California 

REFERENCES: PFAF n.d., Schofield 1989 

Valerianella locusta (L.) Lat. [syn. V. olitoria (L.) Pollich] 


ENGLISH: corn salad, lamb’s lettuce 

USES/NOTES: Leaves occasionally are eaten in salads in the U.S. 

Cultivated in Europe. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to Africa 



792


Vallesia glabra (Cav.) Link 


SPANISH: ancoche, anquchi, cacaragua, citabaro, cutabaro, sitabaro 


NATURAL RANGE: Central America and the West Indies to Argentina, 

naturalized in many favorable habitats 

REFERENCES: Ezcurra 1983, Martin et al. 1987, Pire 1989, Uphof 1968 

Vanilla garneri Rolf 


ENGLISH: vanilla of Bahia, vanilla of Brazil 

PORTUGUESE: baunilha-do-Bahia, baunilha-do-Brasil 

USES/NOTES: A source of vanilla of Bahia or vanilla of Brazil, of 

minor commercial importance. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazil to southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Steyermark et al. 1995, Uphof 1968 

Vanilla phaeantha Reichb.f. 


ENGLISH: vanilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruits occasionally are collected and sold as vanilla 

beans for flavoring. 

NATURAL RANGE: not all islands of the West Indies from Cuba to 

Trinidad and Tobago 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Uphof 1968 

Vanilla planifolia Jackson ex Andrews [syn. V. fragrans (Salisb.) 

Ames] 


ENGLISH: vanilla 

PORTUGUESE: baunilha 

SPANISH: bejuquillo, vainilla 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pod, or vanilla bean, and its extract are used to 

flavor foods, beverages, desserts, ice cream, etc., and as a 

fragrance for perfumes and soaps. The vanilla of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Vera Cruz, Mexico through Central America to northern 

coastal Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, domesticated in 

southern Mexico or Guatemala 

REFERENCES: Ecott 2004, León 1987, OAS 1973, Purseglove 1972, Rain 

1992, Rain 2004, Sauer 1993 

Vanilla pompona Schiede [syn. V. guianensis Splitg.] 


ENGLISH: West Indian vanilla 

PORTUGUESE: baunilha 

SPANISH: vanilla 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its fruit, used as a vanilla flavoring 

agent. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern Mexico, Central America, Trinidad and 

Tobago, and northern South America, and perhaps Paraguay 


793


REFERENCES: Brücher 1989, Morton 1976a, Purseglove et al. 1981, 

Silva et al. 1977, Uphof 1968 

Vasconcellea candicans (A. Gray) A.DC. [syn. Carica candicans A. 

Gray] 


SPANISH: chungay, jerju, mito, odeque, uliucana 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this wild papaya is eaten raw, cooked, or 

preserved. Vasconcellea has been misspelled as Vasconcella as 

noted by Badillo 2001. 

NATURAL RANGE: Pacific Andes of southern Ecuador and Peru 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Cuya Matos 

1992, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992, Uphof 1968 

Vasconcellea cauliflora (Jacq.) A. DC. [syn. V. boissieri A. DC., 

Carica boissieri Hemsley, C. cauliflora Jacq.] 


ENGLISH: mountain pawpaw 

SPANISH: bonete, molocotón, papaíta, papaya de montaña, tapaculo, 

zonzapote 


NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, and 

Nicaragua, perhaps to southern Mexico 

REFERENCES: Aradhya et al. 1999, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000, 

Badillo 2001, Martin et al. 1987, Moreno 1980 

Vasconcellea chilensis (Planchon ex A. DC.) A. DC. [syn. Carica 

chilensis (Planchon ex A. DC.) Solms, Papaya chilensis (Planchon 

ex A. DC.) Kuntze] 


SPANISH: palo gordo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is edible. The plant is increasingly 

threatened due to habitat destruction and over-harvest for use as 

fodder. 

NATURAL RANGE: Chilean coast 

REFERENCES: Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Marticorena and Quezada 

1985, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 1992 

Vasconcellea crassipetala (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica 

crassipetala Badillo] 


SPANISH: dulumoco 


NATURAL RANGE: Andean Colombia and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Badillo 1997, Badillo 2000 

Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis Badillo [syn. V. cestriflora A. DC., 

V. pubescens A. DC., Carica candamarcencis Hook.f., C. 

cestriflora (A. DC.) Solms, C. chiriquensis Woodson, C. 


794


cundinamarcensis Linden, C. pubescens Lenné & C. Koch, Papaya 

cundinamarcencis Kuntze, P. pubescens (A. DC.) Kuntze] 


ENGLISH: mountain papaw, mountain papaya, mountain pawpaw, papaya 

PORTUGUESE: mamão 

SPANISH: bonete, chamburo, chichuacacón, chihualcán, chilhuacán, 

lechosa, mamón, mamona, papayuela, papaya, papaya de altura, 

papaya de tierra fría, papaya de olor, papayito de los Andes, 

papayo, papayola, siglalón, sigloalón, tapacú, tapaculo, titiish, 

toronchi 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are eaten cooked or preserved. The plany 

is more cold hardy than the common papaya (Carica papaya). 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean highlands from northern Chile to Venezuela, 

perhaps to Panama 

REFERENCES: Aradhya et al. 1999, Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, 

Badillo 2001, Hoyas 1989, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, 

Mabberely 1987, National Research Council 1989, OAS 1973, Smith 

et al. 1992 

Vasconcellea goudotiana Triana & Planchon [syn. V. gracilis hort. 

ex Regel, Carica goudotiana (Triana & Planchon) Solms, C. 

gracilis Linden ex Regel nomen illegit., Papaya goudotiana 

(Triana & Planchon) Kuntze, P. gracilis Regel] 


SPANISH: papayuela, papayuelo, tapaculo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten with sugar as a dessert fruit. 

Fruit is collected from the wild and cultivated plants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Cauca Valley of Colombia 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Martin et al. 

1987, National Research Council 1989, von Reis Altschul and Lipp 

1982 

Vasconcellea microcarpa (Jacq.) A. DC. [syn. V. manihot Triana & 

Planchon, Carica microcarpa Jacq., C. manihot (Triana & Planchon] 

Solms] 


PORTUGUESE: mamão-rana, mamãozinho-da-mata, mamuí 

SPANISH: col de monte, higuillo, ikiam tsampu, lechosa de monte, 

panda papaya, papalla, sapiro, tapaculco, wapáimas 

USES/NOTES: Fruits of at least some of the five wild subspecies 

[australis (Badillo) Badillo, baccata (Heilb.) Badillo, 

heterophylla (Poeppig & Endl.) Badillo, microcarpa, and pillifera 

(Badillo) Badillo] are eaten or chewed to relieve thirst. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from Bolivia to southern Venezuela 

and French Guiana, through Colombia into Panama 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1983, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Bennett et 

al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Smith et al. 1992, UFA/NYBG n.d. 


795


Vasconcellea monoica (Desf.) A. DC. [syn. C. erythrocarpa Linden & 

Andre, C. monoica Desf.] 


ENGLISH: orange papaya 

SPANISH: brenjena, chamburo, col de montaña, col del monte, papaya 

de selva, peladera, peladua, toronchi, yumbo papaya 

USES/NOTES: Mostly wild, though cultivated on a small scale, the 

leaves are used as a vegetable, mixed with fish, or like cabbage. 

Immature fruits are sometimes eaten candied with sugar, though 

mature fruits are generally insipid. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1983, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, 

Bennett et al. 2001, Facciola 1990, León 1987, National Research 

Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992 

Vasconcellea palandensis (Badillo, Van den Eynden, & Van Damme) 

Badillo [syn. Carica palandensis Badillo, Van den Eynden, & Van 

Damme] 


SPANISH: papaillo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this rare, Ecuadorian endemic is harvested 

from wild plants and eaten cooked. 

USES/NOTES: Known only from the Zamora-Chinchipe Province of humid 

premontane forests up to perhaps 2,000m from southeastern 

Ecuador. 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000, Badillo et al. 2000, 

Valencia et al. 2000, Van den Eynden et al. 1999 

Vasconcellea parviflora A. DC. [syn. Carica leptantha Harms, C. 

paniculata Spruce, C. parviflora (A. DC.) Solms, Papaya 

paniculata (Spruce) Kuntze, P. parviflora (A. DC.) Kuntze] 


SPANISH: coral, papaya de monte, papayillo, papayo, yuca del campo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit pulp is eaten by local inhabitants. 

NATURAL RANGE: Arid regions of the Pacific slope of Andean Ecuador 

and northern Peru 


Badillo 2001, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 

1999 

Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. [syn. Carica quercifolia (A. 

St.-Hil.) Hieron.] 


ENGLISH: mountain papaya, small-fruited papaya 

PORTUGUESE: mamãozinho 

SPANISH: calasacha, figuera del monte, gargatea, higuera del monte, 

higuerón, mamón del monte, orto karalau, q’ara llanta, sacha 

higuera 

USES/NOTES: Small fruits are eaten candied or preserved. 


796


NATURAL RANGE: Northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southwestern 

Brazil, eastern Bolivia, and eastern Peru 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, Facciola 

1990, Fernandez Casas 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Smith et al. 

1992, Uphof 1968, Zuloaga 1997 

Vasconcellea stipulata (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica stipulata 

Badillo] 


SPANISH: chamburro, jigacho de monte, paronchi, sigalón, siglalón 

silvestre, toronchi 

USES/NOTES: Rich in papain, sour fruits are best eaten cooked, 

preserved, or candied. Also crossed with other Carica spp. for 

hybrid fruits. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central Andean Ecuador to northern Andean Peru 


Facciola 1990, Jimenez et al. 1998/1999, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 

1999, National Research Council 1989, Smith et al. 1992, Van den 

Eynden et al. 1999 

Vasconcellea weberbaueri (Harms) Badillo [syn. Carica weberbaueri 

Harms] 


SPANISH: mauscha, mausha 

USES/NOTES: Hardy fruit of this rare wild plant is edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Andean Ecuador and adjacent Peru 

REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 1993, Badillo 2000 

Vasconcellea x heilbornii (Badillo) Badillo [syn. Carica x 

heilbornii Badillo, C. pentagona Heilb.], V. x h. var. 

chrysopetala (Heilborn) Badillo [syn. C. chrysopetala Heilb., C. 

x heilbornii nm. chrysopetala (Heilb.) Badillo], and V. x h. var. 

fructigragrans (García & Hernández) Badillo [syn. C. 

fructifragrans García & Hernández, C. x heilbornii nm. 

fructifragrans (García & Hernández) Badillo] 


ENGLISH: babaco (var. chrysopetala), highland papaya, mountain 

papaya 

SPANISH: babaco(var. chrysopetala), babaco pequeño, babaco redondo, 

chamburo, chihualcán, higacho, jigacho, papaya de tierra fría, 

siglalón, siglo, toronche, toronche de castilla, toronche de 

cerro, toronche pequeño, toronchi 

USES/NOTES: Among the most productive highland papaya, the seedless 

fruits are eaten fresh, cooked, or preserved. This naturally 

occurring, much cultivated hybrid is a cross between V. 

cundinamarcensis and V. stipulata. The name Carica chrysophylla 

Heilb. has appeared erroneously in the literature. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Andean Colombia and Andean Ecuador, though 

cultivated throughout the Andes 


797


REFERENCES: Badillo 1971, Badillo 2000, Badillo 2001, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1987a, National Research 

Council 1989, OAS 1973, Van den Eynden et al. 1999 

Vaupesia cataractarum R.E. Schultes 


ENGLISH: cataract vaupesia 

USES/NOTES: Oily seeds are eaten after boiling to remove toxins. 

NATURAL RANGE: Colombia and perhaps Brazil 

REFERENCES: Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uphof 1968 

Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. [syn. V. thapsus Schrader] 


ENGLISH: mullein 

PORTUGUESE: verbasco 


NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia, introduced in the Americas and naturalized 

in North America and perhaps beyond 

REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, Marcin 1983, Neumann 

n.d. 

Verbena hastata L. 


ENGLISH: blue verbain, simpler’s-joy 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are made into tea and bitter seeds can be ground 

into an edible meal. 



Verbena litoralis Kunth 


ENGLISH: verbena 

PORTUGUESE: erva-do-pai-caetano, fel-da-terra 

SPANISH: verbena, yapo 



REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Mentz et 

al. 1997 

Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. 



ENGLISH: American brooklime, American speedwell, brooklime, water 

speedwell 

PORTUGUESE: verônica 

USES/NOTES: Bitter plant is eaten like water cress (Rorippa 

nasturtium-aquaticum) or cooked as a potherb. 


REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Harrington 1967, Harris 1972 


798


Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 



ENGLISH: brooklime, water speedwell 


USES/NOTES: Leaves and tender new stem tips are eaten fresh or 

cooked. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Correll and Johnston 1970, 

Facciola 1990, Gibbons and Tucker 1979 

Veronica beccabunga L. 



ENGLISH: European brooklime 


USES/NOTES: Bitter plant is eaten like water cress (Rorippa 

nasturtium-aquaticum) or cooked as a potherb. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eurasia to North Africa, naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Mabberley 1987 

Veronica chamaedrys L. 



ENGLISH: bird’s-eye speedwell 


USES/NOTES: Leaves are used as tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Temperate regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Marticorena and Quezada 1985 

Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash ex Small [syn. V. odorata Virey, 

Andropogon muricatus Retz.] 


ENGLISH: cuscus, khus-khus, vetiver 

PORTUGUESE: capim-de-cheiro, capim-sândalo, patchuli, patichuli, 

vetiver 

SPANISH: pacholí, pachulí, vetiver, zacate violeta 

USES/NOTES: Roots contain a volatile oil used in perfumery, insect 

repellents, and to flavor sherbets. Roots also are made into 

scented mats and baskets. The plant is grown as an ornamental and 

to control erosion. 

NATURAL RANGE: India to Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Guia Rural n.d., León 1987, OAS 1973, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Viburnum alnifolium Marshall 


ENGLISH: hobblebush, wild raisin 

USES/NOTES: Dark sweet fruits are eaten dried like raisins, cooked, 

or made into jelly. 


799


NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to the Georgia 

mountains 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Peterson 1977 

Viburnum edule (Michaux) Raf. [syn. V. pauciflorum La Pylaie ex 

Torrey & A. Gray] 


ENGLISH: arrowhead, mooseberry, rayless cranberrybush, squashberry, 

viburnum 

USES/NOTES: Tart, red berries are nibbled out of hand, added to 

sauces, dried, or made into juice, jams, jellies, and wine. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Yanovsky 

1936 

Viburnum lentago L. 


ENGLISH: black haw, cowberry, nannyberry, nanny plum, sheepberry, 

sweet viburnum, tea plant, wild raisin 

USES/NOTES: Dark sweet fruits are eaten dried like raisins, cooked, 

or made into jelly. Once somewhat important to Amerindians and 

early European settlers, V. lentago lost out to grape raisons 

(Vitis spp.) and prunes (Prunus spp.) before it could be 

improved. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Canada to higher 

elevations of northern Georgia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris 

1972, Mabberley 1987, Peterson 1977 

Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides (L.) Torr & Gray [syn. V. 

cassinoides L., V. nitidum Aiton] 


ENGLISH: Appalachian tea, blackhaw, false Paraguay tea, nanny 

berry, possum-haw, smooth withe-rod, swamp haw, sweet viburnum, 

tea berry, wild raisin, withe-rod 

USES/NOTES: Red to dark blue fruits are eaten in jellies or meat 

sauces and leaves are used as tea. 


REFERENCES: Gibbons 1966, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998, Tull 1978, 


Viburnum odoratissimum Ker-Gawl. 


ENGLISH: sweet arrowwood, sweet viburnum, viburnum 

USES/NOTES: Round (~1cm), dark drupes are said to be edible. Small 

tree is a hardy landscape plant, much used, and often kept as a 

hedge in Florida. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and southern Asia from Japan and China to 

Myanmar and India 


800


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), von Reis Altschul and 

Lipp 1982 

Viburnum opulus L. 


ENGLISH: cramp bark, cranberry tree, European cranberry bush, 

golden European cranberry, Guelder rose, high-bush cranberry, 

snowball viburnum, yellow Guelder rose 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, similar to cranberries, though generally bitter 

and with hard stones, are used for piquant jellies and sauces. 

Yellow-fruited cultivar is used for wine. Bark is medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe through West Asia to the Caucasus, perhaps to 

North Africa, sparsely naturalized in North America 

REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Peterson 1977, 

Simmons 1972, Uphof 1968 

Viburnum prunifolium L. 


ENGLISH: blackhaw, rusty blackhaw, sheepberry, smoth blackhaw, 

stagbush 

USES/NOTES: Highly variable, dark fruits are used in jellies, jams, 

and meat sauces, or rarely eaten out of hand. The plant is 

occasionally cultivated outside its native range. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America to central Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Harris 

1972, Hyam and Pankhurst 1995, Mabberley 1987, Tomikel 1986, Tull 


Viburnum rufidulum Raf. 


ENGLISH: blackhaw, blue haw, rusty blackhaw, rusty haw, southern 

blackhaw 

USES/NOTES: Dark blue to purple fruits are eaten out of hand, in 

jellies, or meat sauces. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southestern U.S. to Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Nelson 1994, Taylor 1998, 

Tull 1978 

Viburnum trilobum Marshall 


ENGLISH: American cranberry-bush, crampbark, cranberry bush, 

cranberry tree, cranberry viburnum, grouseberry, highbush 

cranberry, pembina, pimbina, squawbush, summerberry, tree 

cranberry 

USES/NOTES: Tart red berries are eaten fresh or cooked like 

cranberries. 

NATURAL RANGE: Canada and the northern U.S. 


Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Peterson 1977, Tomikel 1986, 

Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Yanovsky 1936 


801


Vicia faba L. [syn. Faba vulgaris Moench] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: broad bean, faba bean, fava bean, field bean, horse bean 

PORTUGUESE: fava-comum, fava-italiana, fava-silvestre, faveira, 

feijão-fava 

SPANISH: haba, haba caballar, haba comun, habas, hawas, veza 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the largest edible beans. Also grown for 

fodder and to improve soil. Seeds of wild relatives were 

collected at least 8,000 years ago. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, Mediterranean North Africa to the Caspian 

Sea, perhaps the Middle East 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Duke 1981, Duke 1986, Franquemont et al. 

1990, Guia Rural n.d., Horst 1992b, Kay 1979, Leung 1961, 

Mabberley 1987, Rehm and Espig 1991, Schneider 1987, Smartt 1976, 

Usher 1974, Wiersema et al. 1990, Zohary and Hopf 1993 

Vicia narbonensis L. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: French vetch, narbonne vetch, pigeon bean 

PORTUGUESE: fava, feijão 

SPANISH: haba 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this ancient cultivar are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Europe to Central Asia 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Facciola 1990, 


Victoria amazonica (Poeppig) Sowerby [syn. V. regia Lindley] and 

V. cruziana Orb. [syn. V. regia Lindley] 


ENGLISH: giant water-lily, Queen Victoria water-lily, royal waterlily, 

Victoria water-lily 

PORTUGUESE: uapé, vitória régia 

SPANISH: abatiyú, irupé, maíz de agua, sábana del lagarto, Victoria 

Regia 

USES/NOTES: Stems, roots, and roasted seeds of these aquatic plants 

are eaten locally. Also important tourist attraction along the 

Amazon and its tributaries and grown in gardens for its huge 

leaves (to two meters) and showy flowers. 

NATURAL RANGE: V. amazonica from Amazonia, V. cruziana grows in more 

variable climates as far south as northern Argentina 

REFERENCES: Bernhardt 1988, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Kermath (notes), 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Prance and Arias 1975, Schultes 1988, 


Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Maréchal [syn. Phaseolus aconitifolius 

Jacq.] and V. trilobata (L.) Verdc. [syn. Dolichos trilobatus L., 

Phaseolus trilobatus (L.) Schreber] 


802



pea) 

ENGLISH: aconite leaved bean, aconite leaved kidney bean, dew bean, 

gram, India moth bean, kidney bean, mat, mat bean, math, moot, 

moth bean, Turkish gram 

SPANISH: mat 

USES/NOTES: Culivated for its edible seeds and young pods and as a 

forage crop. Domesticated in South Asia. 

NATURAL RANGE: South Asia, perhaps to Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, National Research 

Council 1979, Purseglove 1968, Whyte et al. 1953 

Vigna adenantha (G. Meyer) Maréchal, Mascherpa, & Stainier [syn. 

Phaseolus adenantha G. Meyer] 


pea) 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten. 



Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi [syn. Phaseolus angularis 

(Willd.) W. Wight] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: aduki bean, adzuki bean, azuki bean, Chinese red bean 

PORTUGUESE: feijão-adzuki, feijão-japonês, soja-chinesa 

SPANISH: adzuki, frijol adzuki, frijol diablito, judía 

USES/NOTES: Small, dark brick red seeds are eaten boiled or made 

into curd, sometimes sweetened and eaten as a pasty bean cake or 

spread by Japanese Dominicans of the Dominican Republic. Young 

pods and sprouts are eaten as vegetables. 

NATURAL RANGE: Japan and/or China 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Harrington 1967, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, 

Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Purseglove 1968, Rachie and Roberts 

1974, Rehm and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper [syn. Phaseolus mungo L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: black gram, golden gram, mung bean, urd, woody pyrul 

PORTUGUESE: grão-de-pulha 

SPANISH: frijol mungo, frijolitos chinos, urd 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are eaten boiled or ground into flour, 

tender young sprouts are added to salads, and leaves are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Asia, probably India 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Bailey Hortorium 1976, Bhat 1994, Brouk 

1975, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 1974, Kay 1979, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin 1984a, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Rehm and 

Espig 1991, Singh and Singh 1992, Steinkraus 1983 


803


Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek [syn. Phaseolus aureus Roxb., P. 

radiatus L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: black dhal, black gram, chickasaw pea, golden gram, green 

gram, Jerusalem pea, mung bean 

SPANISH: frijol mungo, icaraota, judía de mungo 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are eaten boiled whole or mashed as dahl, 

leaves are eaten cooked, young pods are eaten as a vegetable, and 

sprouts are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: India, widely cultivated 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute 

1974, Harrington 1967, Kay 1979, Martin 1984a, Omawale 1973 

Vigna repens (L.) Kuntze [syn. V. luteola (Jacq.) Benth. in Mart.] 


pea) 

SPANISH: porotillo 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds are eaten. 


REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, OAS 1973 

Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. [syn. Voandzeia subterranea (L.) 

Thouars ex DC.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: bambara groundnut, bambarra groundnut, Congo goober, earth 

pea, ground bean, Madagascar goundnut, Manila bean, stone 

groundnut 

PORTUGUESE: mandubi d’Angola 

SPANISH: bambarra 

USES/NOTES: Nuts are similar to common peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). 

Rare in the Americas. 

NATURAL RANGE: probably Nigeria, Camaroon, and the Central African 

Republic 

REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Bourke et al. 1987, Brouk 1975, Facciola 

1990, Kay 1979, Linnemann and Azam-Ali 1993, Rhem and Espig 1991 

Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. [syn. Dolichos trilobatus L., 

Phaseolus trilobatus (L.) Schreber] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: African gram, mat, mat bean, math bean 

SPANISH: mat 

USES/NOTES: Wild and cultivated in India and Sri Lanka as a cover 

and forage crop, though the seeds and young pods are edible. Rare 

in the Americas. Once considered a wild form of V. aconitifolia, 

though now believed to be closer to V. radiata. 


804


NATURAL RANGE: South India and Sri Lanka, perhaps to Afghanistan and 

Pakistan to the west and Burma and the Malay Archipelago to the 

east 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, National Research Council 

1979, Tateishi 1996, Whyte et al. 1953 

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & Ohashi [syn. Phaseolus calcaratus 

Roxb.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: red bean, rice bean 

PORTUGUESE: feijão-arroz 

SPANISH: frijol arroz, frijol de arroz, judía, judía de arroz, 

poroto arroz 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are eaten boiled, young leaves and pods are eaten 

as a cooked vegetable, and sprouts are added to salads. Also 

grown as a cover crop. 

NATURAL RANGE: South or Southeast Asia 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Leung 

1961, Martin 1984a, National Research Council 1979, OAS 1973, 

Rehm and Espig 1991 

Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. [syn. V. sinensis (L.) Savi, Dolichos 

sinesis L., D. sphaerospermus (L.) DC., D. unguiculatus L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: black-eyed pea, bora, calavance, callivance, cherry bean, 

cornfield pea, cowpea, crowders, halifax pea, horse gram, Indian 

pea, poroto pea, southern pea, yawa 

PORTUGUESE: caupi, ervilha-de-vaca, feijão-brabham, feijão-decorda, 

feijão-da-praia, feijão-macassar, feijão-vigna 

SPANISH: alubia, birijorë, caspi chiclayo, caupí, chiclayo, 

chiclayo verdura, cumandá, frijol, frijol arubano, frijol chino, 

frijol de costa, frijol de cuerno, frijol de maíz, frijol de ojo 

negro, frijol de rienda, frijol petenero, frijol precioso, 

frijole, kimandá, kumandá tupí, porotito del ojo, porotito tapé, 

poroto de maíz, poroto señorita, poroto tape, tape 

USES/NOTES: Green fruits (pods and seeds) and young leaves are used 

as vegetables, dried seeds are eaten boiled or as a ground flour, 

sprouts aeaten fresh. Also grown for fodder, as a cover or shade 

crop, and for its leaf fiber. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Tropical Africa 

REFERENCES: Albala 2007, Boom 1987, Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Guia 

Rural n.d., IBGE 1980, Kay 1979, Kitajima et al. 1979, León 1987, 

Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Omawale 

1973, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Popenoe 1974, Purseglove 

1968, Singh and Singh 1992, Vásquez and Gentry 1989 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) A. Rich. [syn. V. 

sesquipedalis (L.) Fruwirth, V. sinensis subsp. sesquipedalis 


805


(L.) Asch. & Schweinf., V. catjang Walp., Dolichos sesquipedalis 

L.] 


pea) 

ENGLISH: asparagus bean, pea bean, six-weeks bean, yard bean, yardlong 

bean, yawa 

PORTUGUESE: caupi, ervilha-de-vaca, feijão-da-China, feijão-decorda, 

feijão-de-vaca, feijão-fradinho, feijão-macassar, feijãomiúdo, 

feijão-verde, feijão-vigna 

SPANISH: alubia, caupi, frijol arubano, frijol carita, frijol 

castilla, frijol de cuerno, frijol de maíz, fríjol de ojo negro, 

frijol de rienda, frijol petenero, judía asparaga, habichuela 

china 

USES/NOTES: Immature pods, young leaves, and sprouting seeds are 

eaten as vegetables. Dry seeds are eaten boiled. 

NATURAL RANGE: Africa or India 

REFERENCES: Borget 1992, Duke 1981, Guia Rural 1990, Harrington 

1967, Kay 1979, Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973 

Vincetoxicum salvinii (Hemsley) Standley & S. Calderón 


SPANISH: cuchamper 




Viola adunca Sm. in Rees 


ENGLISH: western dog violet 

PORTUGUESE: violeta 

SPANISH: violeta 

USES/NOTES: Leaves may be eaten or made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Western North America from Mexico to Alaska 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Facciola 1990 

Viola canadensis L. [includes many varieties] 


ENGLISH: Canada violet, Canadian white violet, tall white violet, 

white violet 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and leaves are made 

into tea. Flowers also can be candied like rose petals and have 

been used to flavor vinegar. 




Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (E. Greene) C. Hitchc. [syn.V. 

rugulosa E. Greene] 


ENGLISH: Canada violet 


806


USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and leaves are made 

into tea. 



Viola cucullata Aiton 


ENGLISH: marsh blue violet 

USES/NOTES: Young leaves, rich in vitamins A and C, are added to 

soups or salads or made into tea. Flowers are an emergency food 

and may be eaten candied. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Canada to the Georgia mountains 

REFERENCES: Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968 

Viola nephrophylla E. Greene 


ENGLISH: northern bog violet 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and young leaves are edible and made into tea. 

NATURAL RANGE: Moist areas of northern North America 


Viola nuttallii Pursh 


ENGLISH: yellow prairie violet 




Viola odorata L. 


ENGLISH: sweet violet 

SPANISH: violeta, violeta de jardín, violita 


Infusions of various plant parts are is used as medicinal teas in 

Ecuador. 

NATURAL RANGE: Europe, now widely cultivated and naturalized 

REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, MBG n.d. 

Viola palmata L. 


ENGLISH: early blue violet, palmate violet, wild okra 

USES/NOTES: Young plants or young leaves of older plants are used 

to thicken soups. Leaves and flowers are used to treat bronchial 

ailments. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from Florida north 

REFERENCES: Harris 1972, Taylor 1998, Uphof 1968 

Viola pedata L. 


ENGLISH: bird foot violet, wild okra 


807


USES/NOTES: Young leaves are eaten as vegetables, cooked or fresh, 

flowers are candied, and leaves are made into tea. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Peterson 1977 

Viola pedatifida G. Don f. 


ENGLISH: larkspur violet, prairie violet, purple prairie violet 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten fresh or cooked in soups and flowers 

are added to salads. 

NATURAL RANGE: Oklahoma and Arkansas of the U.S. 


Viola sororia Willd. [syn. V. papilionacea Pursh] 


ENGLISH: blue violet, butterfly violet, common blue violet, common 

violet, door-yard violet, hairy wood violet, hooded blue violet, 

sand violet, sisterly violet, wooly blue violet 

USES/NOTES: Thick, somewhat pubescent, dark green leaves, rich in 

vitamins A and C, are eaten like spinach, added to salads when 

still young, or used for tea. Showy, violet flowers and buds, 

rich in vitamin C, may be eaten raw, preserved, in cooked dishes, 

or candied. Some authors consider V. papilionacea a distinct 

species with a smaller range in the northern range of V. sororia. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern and central U.S. from the Dakotas and Maine 

to Texas and central Florida 

REFERENCES: Bailey Hortorium 1976, Crowhurst 1972, Facciola 1990, 

Fernald 1950, Gibbons 1966, Harrington 1967, Kartesz 1994, 

Kermath (notes), Kindscher 1987, Peterson 1977, Taylor 1998, 


Viola tricolor L. 


ENGLISH: bird’s eye, bouncing bet, bullweed, garden pansy, heart’sease, 

johnny-jump-up, jump-up, pansy, pink-eyed-john, three-color 

violet, three-faces-under-a-hood, trinitaria, trinity violet, 

violet, wild pansy 

PORTUGUESE: amor-perfeito 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are eaten fresh, cooked in soups, or made into 

tea, and flowers are added to salads. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, McPherson and Mcpherson 

1977 

Virola guatemalensis (Hemsley) Warb. [syn. Myristica guatemalensis 

Hemsley] 


SPANISH: cacao volador, sangre 

USES/NOTES: Dried seeds have been used to flavor chocolate. 



808


REFERENCES: Hazlett 1979, La Rotta 1992, Molina 1975, OAS 1973 

Virola sebifera Aublet [syn. V. venezuelensis Warb.] 


PORTUGUESE: bicuíba, ucumba-da-terra-firme, ucuúba, ucuúba-daterra-firme, 

ucuúba-vermelha, virola 

SPANISH: ayuku, ayuku ñojôdû, banak, camaticaro, cebada mocahua, 

cebo, cebo macho, chaldiande pelado, chalviande, comaticaro, come 

mono, conchillo, cordillero, cuajo, cuajo de tierra firme, cuajo 

negro, cuangare, cuangaré, cumala, cumala amarilla, cumala 

blanca, cumala colorada, cumala negra, cumala rosada, cumalilla 

gigante, cumalilla rosada, gabun, guapa, gunmacongue, huapa, 

huapa doncel, huambula, palo santo, picana negra, payo curu, 

sangre de toro, sebo, seboa, shu ainchi, sinchama, tangare 

chiquito, tarara, tsempu, virola grande, yaís, yekuana 

USES/NOTES: Leaves are used for tea, and seeds are used as an 

aphrodisiac. Seeds are an oil source, though perhaps not edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from Honduras to Bolivia and 

Brazil 

REFERENCES: Brako and Zarucchi 1993, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Jardim 

Botânico de Brasília 1989, MBG n.d., OAS 1973, Renner et al. 

1990, Vásquez 1997 

Virola surinamensis (Rottb.) Warb. 


PORTUGUESE: ucuúba, ucuúba-amarela, ucuúba-de-baixo, ucuúba-deigapó, 

ucuúba-verdadeira 

SPANISH: cedrillo, cedro blanco, cuajo, cuajo morichalero, cumala 

blanca, guanabillo, hoja parda, sangrino blanco, ucahuba 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the source of ucahuba or ucuiba butter, which 

is similar to cacao butter (from Theobroma cacao) and is used to 

flavor foods. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., La Rotta 1992, 

Silva et al. 1977, UFA/NYBG n.d., Uphof 1968 

Vismia cayenensis (Jacq.) Pers. [syn. Hypericum cayennensis Jacq.] 


PORTUGUESE: lacre, lacre-branco 

SPANISH: achotillo, achiotillo, carate, manchamancha, papano, 

sangregao, sangro 

SURINAMESE: pinga, pinja 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonia through Venezuela and the Guianas to 

Trinidad and Tobago 

REFERENCES: Anderson and Posey 1989, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977 

Vitex agnus-castus L. 


ENGLISH: chaste tree, hemp tree, monk’s pepper, sage tree 


809


PORTUGUESE: agno-casto, pimenta-dos-monges 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and leaves have been used as spices. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean Europe, locally naturalized in the 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, IBGE 1980 

Vitex capitata Vahl 


SPANISH: aceituno 




Vitex cymosa Bertero ex Sprengel 


PORTUGUESE: aceituno, tarumã-de-várzea, tarumã-guazu 

SPANISH: pechiche 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible, but leave a bitter aftertaste. 


REFERENCES: Bennett et al. 2001, Martin et al. 1987, Silva et al. 

1977 

Vitex duckei Huber 


USES/NOTES: Fruit is said to be edible, but very little information 

on the validity of the taxon is available. 



Vitex flavens Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: tarumã, turia 



REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Moldenke 1973 

Vitex gigantea Kunth 


SPANISH: pechichi 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia from Brail, Peru, and Ecuador 

REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, Moldenke 1979, Renner et al. 1990 

Vitex mollis Kunth 


SPANISH: ahuilote, atuto, atuto-ayaqui-cueramo, coyotomate, 

cuyotomate, igualama, nanche de perro, ovalamo, tuti cuaa, 

uvalama 

USES/NOTES: Edible fruits are sold in local markets and plant is 

used as a coffee substitute. 


810



REFERENCES: Espejo Serna et al. n.d., Martin et al. 1987, 

Pennington and Sarukhán 1998, Uphof 1968 

Vitex odorata Huber 


PORTUGUESE: tarumã-cheiroso 




Vitex orinocensis Kunth 


PORTUGUESE: guarataro 


NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, Brazil, and 

Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Martin et al. 1987, 

Renner et al. 1990, Steyermark et al. 1995 

Vitex pseudolea Rusby 


SPANISH: cormiñón, paliperro 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Amazonia to the Andes 


Vitex triflora Vahl 


ENGLISH: wild grape 

PORTUGUESE: tarumã 

SPANISH: ama uva, paliperro 




UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Vitis acerifolia Raf. 


ENGLISH: bush grape 




Vitis aestivalis Michaux 


ENGLISH: pigeon grape, summer grape 

USES/NOTES: Dark berries, to about a cm in diameter, are eaten out 

or hand or otherwise and stems produce a sweet potable sap. 



811


REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Turner and Szczawinski 1979, Uphof 1968 

Vitis argentifolia Munson ex L. Bailey 


ENGLISH: blue grape, blueleaf grape 




Vitis arizonica Engelm. 


ENGLISH: canyon grape 

USES/NOTES: Pueblo people ate the fruits fresh or dried. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 

1936 

Vitis berlandiera Planchon 


ENGLISH: Spanish grape, winter grape 



REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Sturtevant 1972, Tanaka 

1976, Yanovsky 1936, Zeven and de Wet 1982 

Vitis californica Benth. 


ENGLISH: California grape, California wild grape 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and tendrils are edible and leaves are used to 

wrap other foods. 


REFERENCES: Clarke 1977, Tanaka 1976, Weatherford 1988, Yanovsky 

1936 

Vitis candicans Engelm. 


ENGLISH: mustang grape 

USES/NOTES: Dark, tough-skinned fruits are edible. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939, Yanovsky 1936 

Vitis caribea DC. 


ENGLISH: Caribbean grape 

PORTUGUESE: tarumã 

SPANISH: agrá, parra cimarrona, pichol, uva cimarrona, uva 

silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Small, sour fruits are eaten and the vine’s watery sap 

makes a refreshing drink. 

NATURAL RANGE: Caribbean rim and the West Indies 


812


REFERENCES: Martin et al. 1987, OAS 1973, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 

1968, Usher 1974 

Vitis cinerea (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Millardet var. cinerea 


ENGLISH: downy grape, sweet winter grape 

SPANISH: uva silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Black berries are eaten out of hand or as jelly. 

Confused with A. aestivalis. 


REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974, Yanovsky 

1936 

Vitis cinerea (Engelm. ex A. Gray) Millardet var. floridana Munson 

[syn. V. simpsonii Munson] 


ENGLISH: currant grape, Simpson’s grape 

USES/NOTES: Black berries are eaten out of hand or as jelly. 

Confused with A. aestivalis. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988 

Vitis labrusca L. 


ENGLISH: fox grape, skunk grape 

SPANISH: labrusca, parriza, parriza americana 

USES/NOTES: Musky-tasting fruits are eaten or made into wine and 

juice. The origin of many cultivated varieties such as the 

concord and the catawba. Also, because of its resistance to 

phylloxera, V. labrusca has been used as a root stock for the 

more commercially important V. vinifera. 


REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1992, Mabberley 1987, 

Sturtevant 1972, Yanovsky 1936 

Vitis mesoamericana Rogers 


SPANISH: t’uthub 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten as a snack or made into a beverage. 

Stem is a potable water source. 



Vitis monticola Buckley 


ENGLISH: mountain grape, sweet mountain grape 



REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 1972, Uphof 1968 


813


Vitis riparia Michaux 


ENGLISH: frost grape, river-bank grape 

USES/NOTES: Somewhat tart fruits and stem sap are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Estern North America 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Medsger 1939 

Vitis rotundifolia Michaux [syn. V. munsoniana Simpson ex Munson, 

Muscadinia rotundifolia (Michaux) Small] 


ENGLISH: bullace, bird grape (small variety), fox grape, muscadine 

grape, scuppernong, southern fox grape 

USES/NOTES: Typically large, thick-skinned, dark fruit is consumed 

out of hand, as jelly, or made into wine. Smaller variety, 

identified by some authorities as V. munsoniana, also is edible. 


REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Maxwell and 

Maxwell 1991, Sturtevant 1972, Usher 1974 

Vitis rupestris Scheele 


ENGLISH: bush grape, sand grape, sugar grape 



REFERENCES: Crowhurst 1972, Mabberley 1987 

Vitis shuttleworthii House 


ENGLISH: calloosa grape, calusa grape, leather-leaf 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten out of hand or as jelly, young leaves 

and stems are edible, and larger stems contain a potable juice. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Godfrey 1988, Morton 1977 

Vitis solonis Planchon 


ENGLISH: grape 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible. Also used as a rootstock. 



Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes 


ENGLISH: West Indian grape 

SPANISH: bejuco de agua, bejuco mión, bejuco miona, bejuco negro, 

bejuco suave, chochogo, miona, miona negra, tz'usub, uva de 

cerro, uva de monte, uva montes, uva silvestre 

USES/NOTES: Acidic, dull, dark fruits are made into beverages or 

occasionally eaten out of hand. Stems are a potable water source. 


814


NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics from South Florida and Texas to the West 

Indies, Ecuador, and Venezuela 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Hoyas 1989, Ibarra-Manríquez et al. 1997, 

MBG n.d. 

Vitis vinifera L. 


ENGLISH: European grape, grape, raisin (when dried), wine grape 

PORTUGUESE: passa (when dried), uva, uva branca, uva seca (when 

dried) 

SPANISH: parra, pasa (when dried), uva, uva roxa, uva blanca, uva 

negra, uva pas, uva seca (when dried), vid 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are edible and made into wine, juice, jellies, 

and preserves. The principle grape of commerce. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mediterranean region of southeastern Europe or 

western Asia 

REFERENCES: Guia Rural n.d., Leung 1961, Schwanitz 1966, Terra 

1966, Usher 1974, Will 1991 

Vitis vulpina L. 


ENGLISH: chicken grape, frost grape, river-bank grape, winter grape 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated occasionally for its dark fruit, which 

becomes sweet after a frost. Sap may be drunk. 


REFERENCES: Duke 1992, Godfrey 1988, Mabberley 1987, Sturtevant 


Vochysia vismiifolia Spruce ex Warming 


PORTUGUESE: dima-vermelha, quaruba-vermelha 



REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Silva et al. 1977 

Vulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb. var. octoflora [syn. Festuca 

octoflora Walter] 



USES/NOTES: Previously inter-cropped with corn by the Navaho for 

its edible seeds. 


REFERENCES: Kindscher 1987, Yanovsky 1936 

Wasabia japonica (Miq.) Matsumara [syn. Alliaria wasabi Prantl., 

Cochlearia wasabi Sieb., Eutrema japonica, E. wasabi (Siebold) 

Maxim., Lunaria japonica Miq.] 


ENGLISH: Japanese horseradish, wasabi 

PORTUGUESE: wasabi 


815


SPANISH: wasabi 

USES/NOTES: Roots are the source of the piquant green paste used 

widely as a condiment for sushi and other Japanese quisine. 

Leaves, stems, and flowers are also edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Asia 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Tanaka 1976, Terrell et al. 1986 

Washingtonia filifera (Linden) H. Wendl. 


ENGLISH: American cotton palm, California fan palm, California 

Washington palm, desert fan palm, desert palm, petticoat palm, 

thread palm, Washington palm 

PORTUGUESE: palmeira-washingtonia, washingtonia-de-saia 

SPANISH: palma blanca 

USES/NOTES: Pulp of the small, dark fruit tastes like dates 

(Phoenix dactilifera) and may be eaten raw, cooked, or dried, 

seed is edible cooked, and young terminal buds and stem hearts 

are eaten as vegetables. Tall, cold-hardy palm is also used as a 

landscape plant, especially along streets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Border region of southern California and Arizona, and 

adjacent Mexico, naturalized in other warm regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 

1995, Kirk 1970, Mabberley 1987, Uphof 1968, Weiner 1980, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Washingtonia robusta H. Wendl. [syn. W. sonorae S. Watson] 


ENGLISH: Mexican fan palm, petticoat palm, skyduster, thread palm, 

Washington palm 

SPANISH: palma blanca 

USES/NOTES: Small, berry-like fruits are edible. Tall, slender tree 

is used as a landscape palm, especially along streets. 

NATURAL RANGE: Baja California, naturalized in other warm regions 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Graf 1974, Henderson et al. 1995, Jones 

1995, Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Nelson 1994, Uphof 1968 

Wettinia maynensis Spruce 


ENGLISH: wettinia palm 

SPANISH: bambil, camonilla, corunta, cuyu-corota, gualte, gualte 

bola, pambil, ponilla, pullo coroto 


NATURAL RANGE: East-central Andes from Peru to southern Colombia 


1995, Kahn and de Granville 1992 

Wisteria frutescens (L.) Poiret in Lam. 


pea) 

ENGLISH: American wisteria, wisteria 


816


USES/NOTES: Flowers of this twining vine are eaten fresh in salads 

or fried in batter. Seeds, however, are poisonous. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern coastal plain from Virginia and Florida 

to Missouri and Texas 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Fernald et al. 1958, Godfrey 1988, 

Peterson 1977 

Wulffia baccata (L.f.) Kuntze 


PORTUGUESE: acoci, margaridinha 

SPANISH: chirapa sacha, manzanilla sacha 

USES/NOTES: Fruit reportadly is edible. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Berg 1984, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Rutter 1990 

Wulffia stenoglossa DC. 


PORTUGUESE: jambu 

USES/NOTES: Fleshy cypselas are edible. 


REFERENCES: Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987 

Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt. 


USES/NOTES: Roots are heated and allowed to ferment, then eaten. 

Cypselas are also edible. 



Wyethia longicaulis Gray 


USES/NOTES: Leaves and stems are eaten. Cypselas are used for 

pinole. 



Xanthium strumarium var. canadense (Miller) Torrey & A. Gray [syn. 

X. pensylvancium Wallr.] 


ENGLISH: cocklebur 

USES/NOTES: Leaves and shoots are cooked as greens. Seeds should 

not be eaten. 


REFERENCES: Kartesz 1994, Tomikel 1986 

Xanthosoma atrovirens K. Koch & Bouché 


ENGLISH: dark-leaf malanga, tannia 

SPANISH: tampa taja, yautía amarilla, yautía vinola 


817


USES/NOTES: Cultivated in the West Indies, especially Dominica, for 

its edible leaves and knobby corms. Also medicinal. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, OAS 1973, Plowman 1969 

Xanthosoma belophyllum (Willd.) Kunth 


USES/NOTES: Corms are eaten cooked in Venezuela. 

NATURAL RANGE: Venezuela and the Guianas 


Xanthosoma brasiliense (Desf.) Engl. 


ENGLISH: belembe, calalu, Indian kale, spinach, Tahitian spinach, 

Tahitian taro, tanier spinach, tannia 

PORTUGUESE: inhame, taiá 

SPANISH: belembe, malanga, ocumo, tembé-tayá, yautía 

USES/NOTES: Leaf and petiole of this shade-tolerant species are 

eaten like spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and small corms are eaten 

occasionally. Leaves contain less calcium oxalate than other 

Xanthosoma species. 

NATURAL RANGE: Brazilian river margins, now widespread 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Cárdenas 1969, Martin and Ruberté 

1979, O’Hair 1990, Omawale 1973, Plowman 1969, Ruberté 1984, 


Xanthosoma caracu K. Koch & Bouché 


ENGLISH: arrowleaf, cocoyam, elephant ear, yautia horqueta 

SPANISH: caracu, tarabolií, tegüe, yautía blanca, yautía horqueta, 

yautía manola, yautía rolliza, yautía viaquera 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in the West Indies and Central America for 

its edible corms and young, unfolded leaves, which are eaten in 

soups or prepared like spinanch (Spinacia oleracea). 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical South America and the West Indies, perhaps 

to portions of Mesoamerica 

REFERENCES: Hanelt and IPGCPR 2001, Kay 1973, Kermath (notes), OAS 

1973, Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968 

Xanthosoma helleborifolium (Jacq.) Schott 


SPANISH: belembe silvestre, mano abierta 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its edible corms and leaves, both of 

which must be cooked before eating. 


REFERENCES: Duke and Vásquez 1994, Plowman 1969 

Xanthosoma jacquinii Schott 


SPANISH: tegüe, yautía palma 


818


USES/NOTES: Tubers and leaves are eaten cooked, and tubers are used 

to make chicha, an alcoholic beverage. 



Xanthosoma mafaffa Schott 


PORTUGUESE: mangarases, rascadeira, taiás, taioba, tártago 

SPANISH: mafafa, oreja de elephante, yautía 

USES/NOTES: Corms and leaves are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern Brazil 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Plowman 

1969 

Xanthosoma poeppigii Schott [syn. X. maffafa var. poeppigii 

(Schott) Engl.] 


PORTUGUESE: taioba 

SPANISH: mafafa 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated in northern South America for its edible 

corms, which are pounded into a starchy meal called fufu. 



Xanthosoma riedelianum Schott [syn. Caladium striatipes (Kunth & 

C.D. Bouché) Schott and includes Xanthosoma striatipes (Kunth & 

C.D. Bouché) Madison] 


ENGLISH: malanga, yautia 

PORTUGUESE: banana-de-brejo, bananeira-do-brejo, cana-de-brejo, 

mangará-mirim, mangarito 

SPANISH: changuango de monte, malanga, yautía 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated for its tubers and corms, which is eaten 

boiled or roasted in ash. 

NATURAL RANGE: Amazonian Brazil and southern Venezuela 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Gragson 1997, MBG n.d., Plowman 1969, 


Xanthosoma robustum Schott 


ENGLISH: elephant ear, poor man’s umbrella 

SPANISH: capote, lum, marac, oreja de elefante, pixi, quequesque, 

quequexque, quiscamo, quiscamote 

USES/NOTES: Tubers are eaten cooked in Oaxaca, Mexico. Large leaves 

are used as umbrellas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Tropical Mexico to Costa Rica 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Brücher 1989, Kermath (notes), Plowman 


Xanthosoma roseum Schott 


819



ENGLISH: elephant ear 

SPANISH: mafafa, oreja de elefante, quequeshte, quiscamote 

USES/NOTES: Leaf is eaten cooked. Large leaves are used as 

umbrellas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropics, perhaps Mexico 

REFERENCES: Breedlove 1986, Niembro Rocas 1992, Plowman 1969 

Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott 


ENGLISH: American taro, arrowleaf, arrowleaf elephant ear, badoo, 

chou, coco, elephant ear, new cocoyam, tani, tania, tanier, 

tannia, tannier, tanyove, tarias, yautia 

PORTUGUESE: inhame, mangará, mangará-mirim, mangarito, racadera, 

taioba 

SPANISH: galanga, gualusa, gualuza, huitina, mafafa, malanga, 

malangay, ocumo, ocumo cumán, oreja de elefante, otó, otoy, papa 

china, papa japonesa, papa walusa, pituca, quequesque, rascadera, 

tiquisque, uncucha, waluza, yautía, yautía blanca, yautía brava, 

yautía de coco 

USES/NOTES: Starchy corms and young leaves (of some cultivars) are 

eaten cooked. Widely cultivated throughout the Neotropics due in 

part to its high nutritional value and ability to be stored in 

the ground. Numerous varieties and other Xanthosoma species, 

along with its Old World relatives, Alocasia and Colocasia, are 

cultivated for food and as the ornamental elephant ear. Diffused 

to the Old World in the mid 1800s. Among the most shade-tolerant 

of food plants. Pestiferous along Florida waterways. 

NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, probably to northern Colombia and 

Venezuela and the Caribbean coast of Central America, widely 


REFERENCES: Cárdenas 1969, Guia Rural 1990, IBGE 1980, Kay 1973, 

Kermath (notes), León 1987, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Mabberley 

1987, Martin and Ruberté 1979, Morton 1972, Naranjo 1991, NRC 

1975, OAS 1973, Padoch and de Jong 1991, Price 1990, Purseglove 

1972, Rehm and Espig 1991, Salick 1989, Sauer 1993, Towle 1961, 


Xanthosoma violaceum Schott [syn. X. nigrum (Vell.) Stellfeld] 


ENGLISH: blue tannia, blue taro, elephant ear, malanga, primrose 

malanga, violet-stemmed taro, yautia 

PORTUGUESE: mangará-mirim, mangarito, taiazes, taioba 

SPANISH: cerdo quelite, huitina, macal, malanga, papa china, 

pashnikak, paxni kak, puerco quelite, quequesque, tiquisque, 

totonaco, uncuchu, yautía guayamera, yautía morada 

USES/NOTES: Widely cultivated for its edible tubers and as an 

ornamental elephant ear. Leaves and young shoots of some 

cultivars are also eaten. 


820


NATURAL RANGE: West Indies, probably to Central America and Mexico, 


REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Bennett et al. 2001, Coe 1994, Duke and 

Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, IBGE 1980, Kermath (notes), 

Mabberley 1987, OAS 1973, Plowman 1969, Uphof 1968 

Xanthosoma yucatense Engl. 


SPANISH: xmacal 

USES/NOTES: Cultivated on a small scale in the Yucatán for its 

edible tubers. 

NATURAL RANGE: Yucatán 


Ximenia americana L. 


ENGLISH: false sandlewood, hog plum, monkey plum, mountain plum, 

purge-nut, seaside plum, tallow-wood, tallow-wood plum, wild 

lime, wild olive 

PORTUGUESE: ababuí, ambuy, ameixa, ameixa-da-Bahia, ameixa-daterra, 

ameixa-de-espinho, ameixa-do-Brasil, ameixa-do-Pará, 

espinheiro- de-ameixa, limão-bravo-do-brejo, sandalo-do-Brasil, 

umbu-bravo 

SPANISH: albarillo, cagalera, chocomico, jía manzanilla, limón de 

mar, limoncillo, manzana de diablo, manzana guayabo, manzanilla 

de playa, manzanillo, pepenance, tigrito, yaná 

USES/NOTES: Very sweet, though sometimes bitter (from prussic 

acid), yellow, plum-like fruit, to 3 cm in diameter, is eaten 

fresh or preserved. Roasted seeds are edible and contain an oil 

used as a substitute for ghee. Uncooked seed kernel is toxic. 

Young leaves reportedly can be eaten cooked, though they too may 

be toxic. Scented, yellow wood is used like sandlewood. 

NATURAL RANGE: Humid Neotropics and subtropics to north-central 

Florida, now widespread in the tropics and most nearly frost-free 

subtropics 

REFERENCES: Accorsi et al. n.d., Bourke et al. 1987, Brücher 1989, 

Godfrey 1988, Heywood 1978, IBGE 1980, Lakela and Wunderlin 1980, 

Mabberley 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Morton 1974, Morton 1977, 

Nelson 1994, OAS 1973, Perkins and Payne 1978, Uphof 1968 

Ximenia coriacea Engl. 


PORTUGUESE: ameixeira-brava 




Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. [syn. Unona concolor Willd.] 


ENGLISH: Guyana unona 


821


PORTUGUESE: embira, esfolha-bainha, pimenta-de-macaco, pimenta-dosnegros, 

pindaíba 

SPANISH: bufumo, chirinyó ipipin, cujicabro, espintana, fruta/o de 

burro, fruta/o de capuchino, guariche, magaleto, malagüeta/o, 

pinsha cello 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a condiment, like black pepper (Piper 

nigrum). Also a stimulant or to treat intestinal gas. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central America, the Antilles, and tropical South 

America 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Duke and Vásquez 1994, FUDENA n.d., IBGE 

1980, Jardim Botânico de Brasília 1989, Steyermark et al. 1995, 


Xylopia brasiliensis Sprengel 


PORTUGUESE: embira, envira-ferro, pimenta-de-macaco, pindaíba 

SPANISH: ybira catú, yvyrá jakatú 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are used as a spice like black pepper (Piper 

nigrum). 


REFERENCES: López et al. 1987, MBG n.d., Silva et al. 1977 

Xylopia discreta (L.f.) Sprague & Hutch. [syn. Unona discreta 

L.f.] 


SPANISH: ponotourayek 

USES/NOTES: Aromatic purple berries are edible. 


REFERENCES: Steyermark et al. 1995, Sturtevant 1972 

Xylopia frutescens Aublet 


PORTUGUESE: coajerucu, embira-vermelha, jejerucu, malagueto chico, 

pajerecu, pau-carne, pimenta-de-gentio, pimenta-do-mato, pimentalonga, 

pindaiba 

SPANISH: espintana 


nigrum). 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland, seasonally inundated areas 

REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Duke and Vásquez 1994, Facciola 1990, 

IBGE 1980, Maas et al. 1987, Uphof 1968 

Xylopia peruviana R.E. Fries 



NATURAL RANGE: Peru, perhaps to Bolivia 

REFERENCES: Boom 1989, Fries 1938 


822


Xylopia sericea A. St-Hil. [syn. X. carminativa (Arruda) R.E. 

Fries, Unona carminativa Arruda] 


PORTUGUESE: embira, embiriba, pão-d’embira, pimenta-de-macaco, 

pimenta-da-mata, pimenta-da-terra, pindaíba-verdadeira, pindaíbavermelha 

SPANISH: aponotó-yek, chirin yó, espintana 


nigrum). 


REFERENCES: Abreu Matos n.d., Arrázola et al. 2000, Chatrou et al. 

1997, Duke and Vásquez 1994, IBGE 1980, Maas et al. 1987, 


Xylosma flexuosa (Kunth) Hemsley 


ENGLISH: brushholly, xylosma 

SPANISH: coronilla, espina de corona, espina de la corona, 

granadillo, granadilla, granjero, huiscorol, limoncillo, 

tejotillo, tsak kíith, wićhunun 

USES/NOTES: Stems are boiled to make a beverage similar to pulque 

(typically made from Agave species). 

NATURAL RANGE: Texas, Mexico, and Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Espejo Serna et al. n.d., USDA-NRCS 2004 

Yucca aloifolia L. 


ENGLISH: Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger, yucca 

PORTUGUESE: iúca 

SPANISH: bayoneta, cogollo de itabo, cogollo de izote, espinero, 

espino, flor de itabo, itabo, izote, jérico, palmita, palmito, 

tuk, yuca 

USES/NOTES: Flowers, peeled flower stalks, and leaf bases (cogollo 

de izote in Central America), are eaten, and seeds, fruits, and 

roots are edible, though of poor food value. Firm, lance-shaped, 

spine tipped leaves make for an effective living fence, though 

dangerous. Planted occasionally as a landscape specimen, Y. 

aloifolia imparts an interesting tropical effect. Leaf fiber may 

be used for rope. 

NATURAL RANGE: Coastal zones of the southeastern U.S. from the 

Carolinas and Louisiana to the West Indies, though Adams suggests 

it was introduced to the West Indies, while Taylor and Wunderlin 

suggests that it escaped from cultivation in the U.S. 

REFERENCES: Adams 1972, Bourke et al. 1987, Duke 1986, Godfrey 

1988, Horst 1992a, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, Niembro Rocas 

1992, OAS 1973, Peterson 1977, Ruberté 1984, Taylor 1998, Usher 

1974, Wunderlin 1998, Zeven and Zhukovsky 1975 

Yucca australis (Engelm.) Trel. 



823


ENGLISH: St. Peter’s palm, tree yucca 

SPANISH: palma oriente 

USES/NOTES: Young stems and leaves are fermented to make an 

alcoholic beverage and flowers are eaten in salads. 


REFERENCES: Kunkel 1984, Uphof 1968 

Yucca baccata Torrey 


ENGLISH: banana yucca, datil yucca, soapweed, Spanish bayonet, 

yucca, wild date 

SPANISH: dátil, yuca 

USES/NOTES: Unripe fruit is eaten roasted, ripe fruit pulp, though 

scant, is eaten fresh or made into a fermented beverage, and 

flowers are eaten cooked. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Gibbons 1973, Harrington 1967, Kindscher 

1987, Lenz and Hanson 2000, Yanovsky 1936 

Yucca brevifolia Engelm. [syn. Y. arborescens (Torrey) Trel.] 


ENGLISH: Joshua tree, Spanish dagger 

USES/NOTES: Sweet flowers are eaten fresh, flower buds, fruits, and 

roots are eaten cooked, and seeds are eaten ground. Leaves are a 

fiber source and roots are a dye source. 


REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Harrington 1967, Hickman 1993, Keith 

1982, Keith 1985, Maxwell 1971, Moerman 1998, Munz 1974, Tanaka 

1976, Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Uphof 1968 

Yucca elata Engelm. 


ENGLISH: soap-tree yucca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits and flowers are eaten cooked or uncooked. Root 

decoction is used as a foaming agent in beverages. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Facciola 1990, Kunkel 1984, 

Lenz and Hanson 2000, Uphof 1968 

Yucca faxoniana (Trel.) Sarg. 


ENGLISH: Faxon yucca, Spanish bayonet, Spansih dagger, yucca 


NATURAL RANGE: Western Texas, eastern Chihuahua, and northwestern 

Coahuila 

REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Yanovsky 1936 

Yucca filamentosa L. 


Liliaceae (lily) 


824


ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass, common yucca, Eve’s thread, 

stiff-leaved bear grass 

SPANISH: palma china, yuca seca 

USES/NOTES: Flower petals are added to salads, and fruit pulp is 

edible. Godfrey considers this taxon in Florida to be conspecific 

with Y. flaccida. Other authorities consider Y. filifera as 

synonymous. Taxonomic revision is needed. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern North America from New Jersey south 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Godfrey 

1988, Peterson 1977, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Yucca flaccida Haw. 


ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass, silkgrass 

USES/NOTES: Flower petals are edible. 


REFERENCES: Correll and Johnston 1970, Godfrey 1988 

Yucca glauca Nutt. 


ENGLISH: small soapweed, soapweed yucca, Spanish bayonet 

USES/NOTES: Flower stalks are eaten like asparagus and flowers and 

cooked immature fruits are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southeastern U.S. and northern Mexico 



Yucca gloriosa L. 


ENGLISH: mound-lily yucca, Spanish bayonet 



REFERENCES: Godfrey 1988, Radford et al. 1968 

Yucca guatemalensis Baker [syn. Y. elephantipes Regel] 


ENGLISH: Spanish dagger, spineless yucca 

SPANISH: coyol, itabo, izote, palmita, tsamnek k’oyol 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten boiled or fried. Similar in 

appearance to Y. aloifolia, but with softer leaf tips. Planted 

widely as an ornamental in warm regions. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Mexico and Central America 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Facciola 1990, Kermath (notes), OAS 1973, 


Yucca mohaviensis Sarg. 


ENGLISH: Mohave yucca, Mojave yucca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits are eaten cooked when green or fresh when ripe 

and flowers are eaten cooked. 


825




Yucca schidigera Roezl. ex Ortgies. 


ENGLISH: Mohave yucca, Mojave yucca, Spanish dagger, wild date 

SPANISH: dátil, palmilla, yuca, yucca 

USES/NOTES: Fruits, young stems, and flowers are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Southern California, southern Nevada, western 

Arizona, southwestern Utah, and Baja California del Norte 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Hickman 1993, Munz 1974, Tanaka 1976, 

USDA-NRCS 2004 

Yucca schottii Engelm. 


ENGLISH: yucca 


NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert of Arizona and presumably Mexico 

REFERENCES: Shreve and Wiggins 1964, Yanovsky 1936 

Yucca smalliana Fern. [syn. Y. filamentosa var. smalliana (Fern.) 

Ahles] 


ENGLISH: Adam’s needle, beargrass 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are edible. Also used increasingly as a 

landscape specimen. Godfrey says that Y. smalliana should be 

included under Y. flaccida. 


REFERENCES: Fernald 1950, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Rolfsmeier 

et al. 1987, Watkins and Sheehan 1975 

Yucca torreyi Schaeffer [syn. Y. macrocarpa (Torrey) Cov.] 


ENGLISH: Spanish dagger, Torrey’s yucca 

SPANISH: palma criolla 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and young flower stalks are edible. 


REFERENCES: Faucon 1998, Kunkel 1984, Uphof 1968 

Yucca treculeana Carrière 


ENGLISH: Spanish bayonet, Spanish dagger 

SPANISH: coyol, izote 

USES/NOTES: Flowers are eaten boiled then fried, and fruit is eaten 

as a snack or made into a fermented beverage. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico and southwestern U.S. 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Correll and Johnston 1970, Kunkel 1984, 

Yanovsky 1936 

Yucca valida Brandegee 


826



ENGLISH: giant tree yucca, tree yucca 

SPANISH: datilillo 

USES/NOTES: Flower buds are eaten like fruit, cooked and ground 

flowers are made into candy called colache, and dark ripe fruits 

are eaten cooked. Flower buds are made into a medicinal tea. 

Tree-like (rarely to 7 meters) and often branched or multistemmed, 

the cut plants are cultivated as a living fence. 

NATURAL RANGE: Sonoran Desert and Baja California, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Lauri 2000, Shreve and Wiggins 1964 

Yucca whipplei Torrey in Emory [syn. Hesperoyucca whipplei 

(Torrey) Baker] 


Liliaceae (lily) 

ENGLISH: chaparral yucca, our Lord’s candle, Whipple’s yucca 

USES/NOTES: Flowers and flower stalks are edible and ground seeds 

have been used in porridge. 


REFERENCES: Desert Tropicals 1998-2000, Uphof 1968, Yanovsky 1936 

Zamia furfuracea Aiton 


ENGLISH: cardboard cycad, cardboard palm, coontie, Mexican zamia 

SPANISH: acesiva, camotillo, thipaak (Zamia sp.) 

USES/NOTES: Roots, once an important Amerindian starch source, must 

be cooked to destroy toxins. Also used in urban landscaping in 

warm regions. Alcorn reports that the fruit of an unidentified 

Zamia sp. is eaten in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico possibly to Belize 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Dehgan 1983, Kermath (notes), OAS 1973, 

Stevenson 1987a, Uphof 1968 

Zamia integrifolia Willd. [syn. Z. erosa Cook & Collins, Z. 

floridana A. DC., Z. lucayana Britton, Z. media Jacq., Z. 

silvicola Small, Z. tenuis Willd., Z. umbrosa Small; previously 

included under Z. pumila L.] also Z. angustifolia Jacq. [syn. Z. 

angustissima Miq., Z. multifoliolata A. DC., Z. stricta Miq., Z. 

yatesii Miq.], Z. portoricensis Urban, and Z. pumila L. [syn. Z. 

debilis L.f. nomen illegit., Z. latifoliolata Preneloup] 


ENGLISH: comfortroot, compties, contis, coontie, coontie fern, 

Florida arrowroot, Florida coontie, Seminole bread, St. John’s 

coontie 

SPANISH: acesiva, guáyara, guáyiga (Z. pumila), marunguey, yuquilla 

de ratón 

USES/NOTES: Large tuberous rootstocks were an important starch 

source (Florida arrowroot), made into bread and sofkee stew, for 

Amerindians throughout the plant’s range and by early European 

settlers in Florida. Roots must be cooked to remove the toxic 


827


cycasin before being eaten. Dense, shrubby, drought-tolerant Z. 

integrifolia is used increasingly, along with several exotic 

Zamia spp., as an urban landscape plant in Florida, and now is 

endangered in the wild due to habitat loss, previous harvest for 

starch, and the unscrupulous removal of wild specimens for urban 

planting. Cultivated also for the leaves, used like ferns for cut 

flower arrangements. Also a food source for the rare atala 

butterfly larvae (Eumaeus atala). Plants with wider leaflets, 

generally restricted to northeastern Florida and adjacent 

Georgia, were previously described as Z. umbrosa. 

NATURAL RANGE: Z. integrifolia from southern coastal Georgia and 

Florida, portions of the Bahamas, western Cuba, the Cayman 

Islands, and south-central Puerto Rico; Z. angustifolia from 

Eleuthera Island in the Bahamas and eastern Cuba; Z. 

portoricensis from Puerto Rico; Z. pumila from central Cuba, the 

Dominican Republic, and southern Puerto Rico 

REFERENCES: Bennett 1997, Dehgan 1983, Eckenwalder 1980, Facciola 

1990, FNAEC 1993, Godfrey 1988, Kermath (notes), Morton 1977, 

Nelson 1996, OAS 1973, Rodríguez Martínez 1987, Stevenson 1987a, 

Stevenson 1987b, Stevenson et al. 1990, Uphof 1968, Ward n.d., 

Wunderlin 1998, Yanovsky 1936 

Zamia lindenii Regel & André 


SPANISH: acesiva, palma tabaquillo 

USES/NOTES: Seeds reportedly are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Andean Ecuador and Colombia 

REFERENCES: Dehgan 1983, Schultes and Raffauf 1990, Uphof 1968 

Zea diploperennis Iltis, Doebley, & R. Guzmán 


ENGLISH: diploid perennial teosinte, perennial teosinte, teosinte 

PORTUGUESE: teosinto 

SPANISH: teosinte 

USES/NOTES: Seeds of this wild grass, only recently described by 

Western science, are occasionally eaten. May be useful in 

breeding with common maize (Z. mays). 

NATURAL RANGE: Jalisco, Mexico 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Iltis et al. 1979, McVaugh 1983, Native 

Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Smith 1994 

Zea mays L. [Z. mays var. everta nomen illegit. has been applied 

to popping varieties] 


ENGLISH: corn, Indian corn, maize, pop corn 

PORTUGUESE: abati, avati, cabelo-de-milho, milho, pipoca (when 

popped), trigo-da-Turquia (antiquated) 

SPANISH: cha, chapalote (primitive landrace), choclero, choclo, 

jilote (immature and sweet corn in Mezoamerica), joba, maíz, maíz 

café (primitive landrace), maíz de Nueva Granada, muti, ob, oba, 


828


palomitas (when popped), pe, pelo de choclo (corn hair), sara, 

trigo de las Indias, xëqui, zara 

USES/NOTES: Seeds are the corn, or maize, of international 

commerce, and are eaten cooked, ground into meal or flour, or 

popped. Tiny, tender immature ears (cob and all) are eaten in 

salads. An alcoholic beverage (chicha in Portuguese and Spanish) 

is fermented from the plant’s juices. Seeds are a source of 

edible and industrial oils and sweet syrup (corn syrup) of major 

commercial importance. Sweet fine fibers that encase the cob, 

known as corn silk or corn hair, are added to foods for flavor 

and as a thickening agent. People of Todos Santos Cuchumatán, 

Guatemala drink the liquid that they boil the corn in. Cobs and 

seeds of some varieties yield a purple dye. Worth more than $50 

million in 1986 on the world market, maize is the third most 

valuable food crop in the world. In recent years, Z. mays has 

become an important source of ethanol. The Tarahumara of Mexico 

ferment a sour, yellowish alcoholic beverage known as tesgüino, 

which is an important cultural element of these natives of 

northwestern Mexico. Immature galls of Ustilago maydis, a dark 

fungus known by its Nahuatl name huitlacoche or cuitlacoche in 

Mexico and corn smut in English is harvested from maize plants 

(typically from the cobs, though also from tassels and nodes) and 

is eaten in cooked dishes and soups in Mexico. 

NATURAL RANGE: Domesticated in southwestern Mexico well over 7,000 

years ago; diffused to Tabasco, Mexico at least 7,300 years ago 

and then into Central and South America; cultivated in Peru 

between 3,600 and 4,000 years ago 

REFERENCES: Antúnez de Mayolo 1989, Argüello 1991, Bird 1984, Boom 

1987, Buitimea 2003, Carneiro Martins 1989, Duke 1986, Erwin 

1950, Ford 1984, Fussell 1999, Galinat 1992, González 2001, Guia 

Rural n.d., Harris 1972, Iltis 1988, Johannessen 1992, 

Johannessen and Parker 1988, Johannessen and Parker 1989, Kermath 

(notes), Naranjo 1991, OAS 1973, Omawale 1973, Perry et al. 2006, 

Pohl et al. 2007, Schwanitz 1966, Soukup 1970, Smith 1994, 

Webster et al. 2005, Wellhausen et al. 1952, Zimmerer 1992 

Zea mexicana (Schrader) Kuntze [syn. Z. mays L. subsp. mexicana 

(Schrader) Iltis, Euchlaena mexicana Schrader] 


ENGLISH: annual teosinte, tembe, teosinte 

PORTUGUESE: teosinto 

SPANISH: maíz café, milpa de pájaro, teosinte, teozintle 

USES/NOTES: Seeds and sweet green stems are edible, and dry seeds 

may be eaten popped. Used for forage in Mexico and the 

southwestern U.S., this wild annual species may be a progenitor 

of common maize (Z. mays) and may be useful in breeding with 

common maize. 

NATURAL RANGE: Mexico, perhaps southern Chihuahua, where it remains 

extant today, to the south-central Mexican plateau 


829


REFERENCES: Casas et al. 1994, Facciola 1990, Houaiss 1982, Leung 

1961, Native Seeds/SEARCH 1991, Smith 1994, Usher 1974 

Zingiber officinale Roscoe 


ENGLISH: ginger, ginger root 

PORTUGUESE: gengibre, gengivre, mangaratai 

SPANISH: ajenjibre, ajinjible, bijao, conopio, genegibre, jengibre, 

jenjibre, kion, kión 

USES/NOTES: Mature rhizome is the ginger of commerce, used as a 

spice and in teas, and the source of an extract used to scent 

perfumes and flavor beverages like ginger ale. Young rhizomes are 

added raw to salads, and young shoots are occasionally used as a 

potherb. Leaves are added to baked goods. Widely cultivated 

throughout the humid tropics. Also used medicinally as an antiinflammatory, 

for circulation, and to treat motion sickness and 

headaches. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Southeast Asia, possibly Malaysia, 

New Guinea, or South Asia 

REFERENCES: Alcorn 1984, Balée and Gély 1989, Branch and Silva 

1983, Duke 1986, Duke and Vásquez 1994, Guia Rural n.d., Guia 

Rural 1990, Hoyas 1989, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 

1987, Morton 1976a, Omawale 1973, Purseglove et al. 1981, Smith 

1977 

Zingiber mioga (Thunb.) Roscoe 


ENGLISH: edible ginger, Japanese ginger, mioga ginger, myoga ginger 

SPANISH: jengibre mioga 

USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in the Americas, though young 

spring sprouts and yellow flowers are edible and the plant has 

been used as a flavoring agent similar to bergamot (Citrus 

aurantium subsp. bergamia). Reports also suggest, however, 

carcinogenic properties. 


REFERENCES: Hirono et al. 1982, Mabberley 1987, Osborn 1999 

Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Sm. 


ENGLISH: pine cone ginger, pine cone lily, shampoo ginger, wild 

ginger, zerumbet 

USES/NOTES: Primarily an ornamental in the Americas, though rhizome 

tips, leaves, and shoots are edible. Also a fragrance source for 

hair-care products. 

NATURAL RANGE: Indomalaya 

REFERENCES: Facciola 1990, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1976a 

Zizania aquatica L. [syn. Z. palustris L.] 



830


ENGLISH: American wildrice, annual wildrice, Canada rice, Canadian 

wild rice, Indian rice, Indian wildrice, tuscarora rice, water 

oats, water rice, wild oat, wildrice 

SPANISH: cizaña, tuscarora 

USES/NOTES: Edible seed of this wetland species was an important 

grain in North-central North America and recently has become a 

popular gourmet grain. Pudding is made from the seeds. Culm bases 

are used as a vegetable. Cultivated primarily in its native range 

and in the Sacramento Valley of California where it was 

introduced. 

NATURAL RANGE: wetlands and slow moving streams of the north-central 

U.S. and adjacent Canada, now more widespread and perhaps 

diffusing naturally to Florida and Texas 

REFERENCES: Bourke et al. 1987, Gibbons 1962, Harris 1972, Hayes et 

al. 1989, Mabberley 1987, McPherson and McPherson 1977, Peterson 

1977, Sauer 1993, Sokolov 1991, Vennum 1988, Yanovsky 1936 

Zizaniopsis miliacea (Michaux) Döll & Asch. 


ENGLISH: false wild rice, southern wild rice, water millet 

USES/NOTES: Young white rhizome tips are eaten cooked. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central North America from southern Illinois to Texas 

and Florida 


Fernald et al. 1958, Gibbons and Tucker 1979, Long and Lakela 

1971 

Ziziphus celata Judd & Hall 


ENGLISH: Florida jujube, scrub ziziphus 

USES/NOTES: Small yellow drupes of this endangered shrub are 

edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Central peninsular Florida 

REFERENCES: DeLaney et al. 1989, Judd and Hall 1984, Wunderlin 1998 

Ziziphus cinnamomum Triana & Planchon 


PORTUGUESE: gabiuna, jacarandá, maria-preta 

SPANISH: chichiboa, mamón de venado, maya 

USES/NOTES: Children eat the fruit. 

NATURAL RANGE: Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil 

REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999, Macbride 

1956, Raisman and González 1998-2005, UFA/NYBG n.d. 

Ziziphus cyclocardia S.F. Blake 


SPANISH: cana chica, yacure 

USES/NOTES: Small sweet fruits are eaten out of hand, typically by 

children and rural field workers. 



831


REFERENCES: Hoyas 1989, MBG n.d., Raisman and González 1998-2005 

Ziziphus endlichii Loes. (?) 


ENGLISH: Mexican jujube 




Ziziphus guatemalsensis Hemsl. 


SPANISH: michiguiste, nancigüiste, naranjito 

USES/NOTES: Small yellow drupes are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica 


Ziziphus joazeiro Mart. [syn. Z. gardneri Reiss. nomen illegit., 

Z. guaranitica Malme] 


PORTUGUESE: injuá, joá, joazeiro, juá, juá-fruta, juazeiro, 

laranjeira-de-vaqueiro, laranjinha-de-vaqueiro, raspa-de-juá 

SPANISH: beludiño, quitachiyu blanco 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruit pulp and flowers are edible, though of no 

commercial consequence. Also medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: the form previously considered Z. joazeiro is 

restricted to northeastern Brazil from Bahia to Piaui, the other 

form, previously Z. guaranitica, is found in eastern Bolivia and 

Paraguay 

REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Killeen et al. 1993, León 1987, Martin et 


Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. [syn. Z. jujuba (L.) Lam., non Miller] 


ENGLISH: ber, Chinese apple, Chinese date, Chinese jujube, coolie 

plum, crabapple, dunks, Indian cherry, Indian jujube, Indian 

plum, jujube, Malay jujube, mangustine 

PORTUGUESE: dão, jujuba 

SPANISH: angolit, aprim, aprin, aprines, azufaifa, azufeifo 

africano, guinda, manzanas, manzanita, pastilla, perita haitiana, 

ponsigue, ponsigué, ponsique, yuiubi, yuyuba, yuyubo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this drought-tolerant, tropical plant is 

edible fresh or pickled and leaves are used in tanning. Widely 

cultivated. 

NATURAL RANGE: uncertain, perhaps Afghanistan to China, Malaysia, 

and Queensland, Australia, or perhaps India and naturalized 

elsewhere, and invasive in many warm regions 


Institute 1974, Cavalcante 1991, Duke 1986, Johns and Stevenson 

1985, Kermath (notes), Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Morton 1987a, 


832


Mowry et al. 1967, Omawale 1973, Popenoe 1974, Rehm and Espig 

1991 

Ziziphus mistol Griseb. 


ENGLISH: Argentine jujube, mistol 

SPANISH: axájik, kitachiyú, laišé’tene, mistol, nûha, ojo de buey, 

šimták, tõha, yuai, yuaqué 

USES/NOTES: Sweet fruits are edible and used in alcoholic 

beverages. 

NATURAL RANGE: Northern Andean Argentina and adjacent Bolivia and 

the Gran Chaco of Paraguay 

REFERENCES: Foster 1958, Mabberley 1987, MBG n.d., López et al. 

1987, Martin et al. 1987, Serrano and Terán 2000, Uphof 1968 

Ziziphus parryi Torrey 


ENGLISH: California abrojo, California crucillo, California 

lotebush, desert jujube, greythorn, lotebush, Parry abrojo, Parry 

jujube, Parry’s jujube 

SPANISH: crucillo 

USES/NOTES: Dry fruits are edible, used infrequently in atole 

(often a thick liquid). 

NATURAL RANGE: Southwestern North America, perhaps restricted to 

southern California and adjacent Baja California del Norte 

REFERENCES: Benson and Darrow 1981, Facciola 1990, Munz and Keck 

1959 

Ziziphus ziziphus (L.) Karsten [syn. Z. jujuba Miller] 


ENGLISH: Chinese date, Chinese jubjube, common jujube, coolie plum, 

dunks, French jujube, jujube 

PORTUGUESE: dão, jujuba 

SPANISH: azofaifa, azofaifo, azufaifa, azufaifo, azufeifo, 

pastilla, ponsigue 

USES/NOTES: Fruit of this cold-hardy plant is edible and medicinal. 

NATURAL RANGE: East Indies, perhaps Malaysia, and East Asia 


Institute 1974, Leung 1961, Mabberley 1987, Popenoe 1974, Rehm 

and Espig 1991, Usher 1974 

Zollernia ilicifolia (Brongn.) Vogel 


pea) 

PORTUGUESE: espinheira-santa, ipê-boia, laranjeira-brava, 

laranjeira-da-mata, laranjinha-do-mato, maria-preta, mocetaíba, 

mocitaíba, moçutaíba, orelha-de-onça, pau-ferro, pau-santo 

USES/NOTES: Fruit is edible, though used primarily medicinally. 

NATURAL RANGE: Eastern Brazil from southeastern Amazonia and Bahia 

to Santa Catarina 


833


REFERENCES: IBGE 1980, Lewis 1987, Martin et al. 1987, Paganucci 

n.d., Uphof 1968 

Zygia longifolia (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Britton & Rose [syn. 

Pithecellobium longifolium (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Standley] 


ENGLISH: longleaf zygia, swampwood 

SPANISH: amé, apa, azote-caballo, barbasquillo, bucshilla, 

buscilla, bushica, bushillo, chichimbina, chipare, chiparo, 

chipero, chípero, chirrinchao, cola de marrano, fotomo de 

cieniga, guabito del río, guamo macho, guamo prieto, guana, mayamaya, 

pichindé, samik, shimbillo, sisino, solocaballo, sota 

caballo, sota cabello, sotocaballo, suribio, yutes 

USES/NOTES: Long fruit pods are edible. 

NATURAL RANGE: Neotropical mainland from southern Mexico to Peru, 

French Guiana, and Amazonian Brazil 

REFERENCES: Barneby and Grimes 1997, Bennett et al. 2001, MBG n.d. 


834


Latin Name Index 

Abbevillea fenzliana (see Campomanesia guaviroba) 

Abelmoschus esculentus 

Abelmoschus moschatus 

Aberia abyssinica (see Dovyalis abyssinica) 

Aberia caffra (see Dovyalis caffra) 

Aberia gardneri (see Dovyalis hebecarpa) 

Abies amabilis 

Abies balsamea 

Abies excelsior (see A. grandis) 

Abies grandis 

Abies lasiocarpa 

Abroma mariae (see Herrania mariae var. mariae) 

Abroma nitida (see Herrania nitida) 

Abronia fragrans 

Abronia latifolia 

Abrus precatorius 

Abuta grandifolia (see Cissampelos pareira) 

Abuta obovata 

Abutilon esculentum 

Abutilon megapotamicum (under A. esculentum) 

Acacia angustissima 

Acacia arabica (see A. nilotica) 

Acacia cornigera 

Acacia farnesiana 

Acacia flexicaulus (see Ebenopsis ebano) 

Acacia greggii 

Acacia nilotica (under A. senegal) 

Acacia senegal 

Acacia verek (see A. senegal) 

Acajuba occidentalis (see Anacardium occidentale) 

Acanthocereus pentagonus (see A. tetragonus) 

Acanthocereus pitajaya(see A. tetragonus) 

Acanthocereus tetragonus 

Acanthochiton wrightii (see Amaranthus acanthochiton) 

Acanthorrhiza aculeata (see Cryosophila nana) 

Acanthosyris falcata 

Acanthosyris spinescens 

Acca sellowiana (see Feijoa sellowiana) 

Acer barbatum (see A. saccharum subsp. floridanum) 

Acer circinatum 

Acer floridanum (see A. saccharum subsp. floridanum) 

Acer glabrum 

Acer grandidentatum 

Acer interius (see A. negundo var. interius) 

Acer macrophyllum 

Acer mexicanum (see A. negundo var. mexicanum) 

Acer negundo 


835


Acer negundo var. arizonicum (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. californicum (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. interius (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. mexicanum (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. negundo (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. orizabense (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. texanum (under A. negundo) 

Acer negundo var. violaceum (under A. negundo) 

Acer neo-mexicanum (see A. glabrum) 

Acer nigrum 

Acer pensylvanicum 

Acer rubrum 

Acer saccharinum 

Acer saccharum 

Acer saccharum subsp. floridanum 

Acer spicatum 

Acetosella violacea (see Oxalis violacea) 

Achillea millefolium 

Achlys triphylla 

Achyranthes aspera 

Achyranthes indica (see A. aspera) 

Achras caimito (see Pouteria caimito) 

Achras lucuma (see Pouteria lucuma) 

Achras mammosa (see Manilkara zapota and Pouteria sapota) 

Achras sapota (see Manilkara zapota) 

Achras zapota (see Manilkara zapota) 

Acioa edulis (see Couepia edulis) 

Acmella oleracea 

Acmella oppositifolia 

Acmella oppositifolia var. repens 

Acmella repens (see A. oppositifolia var. repens) 

Acnistus arborescens 

Acorus calamus 

Acreugenia pungens (see Myrcianthes pungens) 

Acrocomia aculeata 

Acrocomia antioquensis (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia erioacantha (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia intumescens (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia lasiospatha (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia media (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia mexicana (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia panamensis (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia sclerocarpa (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia totai (see A. aculeata) 

Acrocomia vinifera (see A. aculeata) 

Acrostichum aureum 

Acrostichum danaeifolium 

Actinella odorata (see Hymenoxys odorata) 

Actinidia arguta 


836


Actinidia chinensis 

Actinidia deliciosa 

Actinidia kolomikta 

Actinidia polygama 

Adansonia digitata 

Adelia barbinervis 

Adenostoma sparsifolium 

Aechmea bracteata 

Aechmea hoppii 

Aechmea longifolia 

Aechmea magdalenae 

Aegle marmelos 

Aeschynomene grandiflora (see Sesbania grandiflora) 

Aesculus californica 

Aesculus hippocastanum 

Afrocarpus gracilior 

Agallostachys fastuosa (see Bromelia pinguin) 

Agallostachys ignea (see Bromelia pinguin) 

Agallostachys pinguin (see Bromelia pinguin) 

Agastache cana 

Agastache foeniculum 

Agastache mexicana 

Agastache urticifolia 

Agati grandiflora (see Sesbania grandiflora) 

Agave americana 

Agave angustifolia 

Agave asperrima 

Agave atrovirens 

Agave bakeri (see A. karwinskii) 

Agave caeciliana (see A. asperrima) 

Agave cantala 

Agave cochlearis (see A. salmiana var. salmiana) 

Agave complicate (see A. americana) 

Agave corderoyi (see A. karwinskii) 

Agave crassispina (see A. salmiana subsp. crassispina) 

Agave deserti 

Agave esperrima (see A. asperrima) 

Agave ferox (see A. salmiana var. ferox) 

Agave gracilispina (see A. americana) 

Agave karwinskii 

Agave latissima (see A. atrovirens) 

Agave lecheguilla 

Agave lehmannii (see A. salmiana var. salmiana) 

Agave mapisaga 

Agave melliflua (see A. americana) 

Agave missionum 

Agave mitriformis (see A. salmiana var. salmiana) 

Agave neomexicana (see A. parryi subsp. neomexicana) 

Agave palmeri 


837


Agave parrasana (under A. parryi subsp. parryi) 

Agave parryi subsp. parryi 

Agave parryi subsp. neomexicana 

Agave portoricensis (see A. missionum) 

Agave potatorum 

Agave quiotifera (see A. salmiana var. salmiana) 

Agave salmiana subsp. crassispina 

Agave salmiana var. ferx 

Agave salmiana var. salmiana 

Agave scabra (see A. asperrima) 

Agave shawii 

Agave sisalana 

Agave tequilana 

Agave tequilana var. azul (see A. tequilana) 

Agave utahensis 

Agave verschaffeltii (see A. potatorum) 

Agave weberi 

Agave wislizeni (see A. parryi subsp. parryi, A. parrasana, and A. 

asperrima) 

Agave wocomahi 

Agoseris aurantica 

Agoseris glauca 

Agoseris villosa (see A. glauca) 

Agropyron repens (see Elymus repens) 

Ahouai nitida (see Thevetia ahouai) 

Aiphanes acanthophylla (see A. minima) 

Aiphanes aculeata 

Aiphanes caryotifolia (see A. aculeata) 

Aiphanes chocoensis (see A. macroloba) 

Aiphanes eggersii 

Aiphanes linearis 

Aiphanes macroloba 

Aiphanes minima 

Aiphanes orinocensi (see A. aculeata) 

Albizia saman (see Samanea saman) 

Alcea rosea 

Aleurites moluccanus 

Aleurites triloba (see A. moluccanus) 

Alfonsia oleifera (see Elaeis oleifora) 

Alibertia concolor 

Alibertia edulis 

Alibertia hexagyna 

Alibertia macrophylla 

Alibertia melloana (see A. sessilis) 

Alibertia myrciifolia (under A. edulis) 

Alibertia panamensis (see A. edulis) 

Alibertia sessilis 

Alibertia sorbilis 

Alibertia tutumilla 


838


Alisma plantago-aquatica 

Allagoptera arenaria 

Allagoptera campestris 

Allagoptera leucocalyx 

Allantoma lineata 

Allium ampeloprasum var. porrum (see A. porrum) 

Allium canadense 

Allium bakeri (see A. chinensis) 

Allium cepa var. cepa 

Allium cepa var. solaninum 

Allium cernuum 

Allium chinensis 

Allium dicotymum (under A. geyeri) 

Allium drummondii 

Allium fistulosum 

Allium geyeri 

Allium glandulosum 

Allium kunthii (see A. glandulosum) 

Allium porrum 

Allium sativum 

Allium schoenoprasum 

Allium stellatum 

Allium tricoccum 

Allium tuberosum 

Allium unifolium 

Allium ursinum 

Allium validum 

Allium vineale 

Allophylus edulis 

Allouya americana (see Calathea allouia) 

Alocasia macrorrhizos 

Aloë barbadensis (see A. vera) 

Aloë vera 

Aloysia citriodora 

Aloysia gratissima 

Aloysia lycioides (see A. gratissima) 

Aloysia triphylla (see A. citriodora) 

Alpinia speciosa (see A. zerumbet) 

Alpinia zerumbet 

Alsodeia physiphora (see Rinorea laevigata) 

Alsophila rufa (see Trichipteris microdonta) 

Alstroemeria aurantiaca 

Alstroemeria haemantha (under A. aurantiaca) 

Alstroemeria ligtu 

Alstroemeria revoluta (under A. aurantiaca) 

Alstroemeria versicolor (under A. aurantiaca) 

Alternanthera brasiliana 

Althaea officinalis 

Althaea rosea (see Alcea rosea) 


839


Amaioua genipoides (see Duroia genipoides) 

Amaioua guianensis 

Amaranthus acanthochiton 

Amaranthus albus 

Amaranthus arenicola 

Amaranthus blitoides 

Amaranthus caracasanus (see A. spinosus) 

Amaranthus caudatus 

Amaranthus chlorostachys (see A. hybridus) 

Amaranthus crassipes 

Amaranthus cruentus 

Amaranthus dubius 

Amaranthus edulis (see A. caudatus) 

Amaranthus gangeticus (see A. tricolor) 

Amaranthus gracilis (see A. viridis) 

Amaranthus graecizens (see A. albus) 

Amaranthus hybridus 

Amaranthus hypochondriacus 

Amaranthus leucocarpus (see A. hypochondriacus) 

Amaranthus mantegazzianus (see A. caudatus) 

Amaranthus palmeri 

Amaranthus paniculatus (see A. cruentus) 

Amaranthus powellii 

Amaranthus quitensis (see A. hybridus) 

Amaranthus retroflexus 

Amaranthus retroflexus var. powellii (see A. powellii) 

Amaranthus retroflexus var. salicifolius (see A. retroflexus) 

Amaranthus spinosus 

Amaranthus torreyi (see A. arenicola) 

Amaranthus tricolor 

Amaranthus tristis (see A. dubius) 

Amaranthus viridis 

Ambelania acida 

Ambelania occidentalis 

Ambelania tenuiflora (see A. acida) 

Ambrosia artemisifolia 

Ambrosia maritima (see A. artemisifolia) 

Ambrosia trifida 

Amelanchier alnifolia 

Amelanchier alnifolia var. cusickii 

Amelanchier arborea 

Amelanchier asiatica (under A. ovalis) 

Amelanchier bartramiana 

Amelanchier canadensis 

Amelanchier cusickii (see A. alnifolia var. cusickii) 

Amelanchier denticulata (see Malacomeles denticulata) 

Amelanchier florida (see A. alnifolia) 

Amelanchier laevis 

Amelanchier obovalis 


840


Amelanchier ovalis 

Amelanchier stolonifera 

Amelanchier utahensis 

Amelanchier x grandiflora (see A. laevis) 

Ammandra dasyneura 

Ammandra decasperma 

Ammandra natalia (see Aphandra natalia) 

Amomyrtus luma 

Amoreuxia palmatifida 

Amorpha canescens 

Amorpha fruticosa 

Ampelocera hottlei 

Ampelocissus acapulcensis 

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata 

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata var. maximowiczii (see A. 

brevipedunculata) 

Ampelopsis heterophylla (see A. brevipedunculata) 

Amphicarpaea bracteata 

Amphicarpaea monoica (see A. bracteata) 

Amphipterygium adstringens 

Amygdalus dulcis (see Prunus dulcis) 

Amygdalus persica (see Prunus persica var. nectarina) 

Amyris elemifera 

Amyrsia foliosa (see Myrcianthes foliosa) 

Anacardium corymbosum (see A. nanum) 

Anacardium excelsum 

Anacardium giganteum 

Anacardium humile 

Anacardium macrocarpum (see A. occidentale) 

Anacardium microcarpum (see A. occidentale) 

Anacardium nanum 

Anacardium negrense 

Anacardium occidentale 

Anacardium occidentale var. nanum (see A. nanum) 

Anacardium parvifolium 

Anacardium pumilum (see A. nanum) 

Anacardium rhinocarpus (see A. excelsum) 

Anacardium spruceanum 

Ananas ananassoides 

Ananas ananassoides var. nanus (ses A. nanus) 

Ananas bracteatus 

Ananas comosus 

Ananas erectifolius (see A. lucidus) 

Ananas lucidus 

Ananas nanus 

Ananas parguazensis (see A. comosus) 

Ananas sativus (see A. comosus) 

Ananassa sativa (see Ananas comosus) 

Anaueria brasiliensis 


841


Ancistrocactus uncinatus (see Sclerocactus uncinatus var. 

wrightii) 

Andromeda glaucophylla (see Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla) 

Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla 

Andropogon muricatus (see Vetiveria zizanioides) 

Andropogon nardus (see Cymbopogon nardus) 

Andropogon sorghum (see Sorghum bicolor) 

Androstephium coeruleum 

Anemonella thalictroides (see Thalictrum thalictroides) 

Anethum graveolens 

Angelica archangelica 

Angelica atropurpurea 

Angelica lucida 

Angostura febrifuga (see A. trifoliata) 

Angostura trifoliata 

Aniba canelilla 

Aniba firmula 

Anisum officinarum (see Pimpinella anisum) 

Anisum vulgare (see Pimpinella anisum) 

Annona acutiflora 

Annona ambotay 

Annona aurantiaca 

Annona bonplandiana (see A. muricata) 

Annona cacans 

Annona cearensis (see A. muricata) 

Annona cherimola (see also Rollinia sylvatica) 

Annona cinera (see A. squamosa) 

Annona coriacea 

Annona cornifolia 

Annona crassiflora 

Annona densicoma 

Annona diversifolia 

Annona echinata 

Annona exalbida (see Rollinia sylvatica) 

Annona excellens 

Annona fagifolia (see Rollinia sylvatica) 

Annona glabra 

Annona globiflora 

Annona guaricensis (see A. jahnii) 

Annona hypoglauca 

Annona impressivenia 

Annona jahnii 

Annona longiflora 

Annona lutescens 

Annona macrocarpa (see A. muricata) 

Annona marcgravii (see A. montana) 

Annona montana 

Annona monticola (under A. montana) 

Annona mucosa (see Rollinia mucosa) 


842


Annona muricata 

Annona nitida (under A. montana) 

Annona nutans 

Annona paludosa 

Annona palustris (see A. glabra) 

Annona pisonis (see A. montana) 

Annona punctata 

Annona purpurea 

Annona reticulata 

Annona sanctae-crucis 

Annona scleroderma 

Annona sericea 

Annona silvestris (see Rollinia sylvatica) 

Annona spraguei 

Annona squamosa 

Annona squamosa x A. cherimola (under A. cherimola and A. 

squamosa) 

Annona sylvatica (see Rollinia sylvatica) 

Annona testudinea 

Annona triloba (see Asimina triloba) 

Anoda cristata 

Anredera baselloides 

Anredera cordifolia 

Anredera diffusa 

Anredera leptostachys (see A. vesicaria) 

Anredera vesicaria 

Antennaria microphylla 

Antennaria neglecta 

Anthemis nobilis (see Chamaemelum nobile) 

Anthriscus cereifolium 

Anthurium acrobates (see A. breviscapum) 

Anthurium alienatum (see A. rubrinervium) 

Anthurium breviscapum 

Anthurium fosteri 

Anthurium rigidulum (see A. scandens) 

Anthurium rubrinervium 

Anthurium scandens 

Anthurium triphyllum 

Antidesma bunius 

Antidesma ghaesembilla 

Antidesma paniculatum (see A. ghaesembilla) 

Antidesma platyphyllum 

Antigonum leptopus 

Antrocaryon amazonicum (see Poupartia amazonica) 

Aphandra natalia 

Apios americana 

Apios tuberosa (see A. americana) 

Apium graveolens var. dulce 

Apium graveolens var. rapaceum 


843


Apium petroselinum (see Petroselinum crispum) 

Apocynum cannabinum 

Aponogeton distachyus 

Apuleia ferrea 

Arachis hypogaea 

Aralia cordata 

Aralia hispida 

Aralia nudicaulis 

Aralia racemosa 

Aralia spinosa 

Araucaria angustifolia 

Araucaria araucana 

Araucaria brasiliensis (see A. angustifolia) 

Araucaria excelsa (under A. angustifolia and A. araucana) 

Araucaria imbricata (see A. araucana) 

Arbutus arizonica 

Arbutus menziesii 

Arbutus texana (see A. xalapensis) 

Arbutus xalapensis 

Arbutus xalapensis var. arizonica (see A. arizonica) 

Archangelica actaeifolium (see Angelica lucida) 

Archangelica gmelini (see Angelica lucida) 

Arctium lappa 

Arctium minus 

Arctostaphylos columbiana 

Arctostaphylos glauca 

Arctostaphylos manzanita 

Arctostaphylos patula 

Arctostaphylos pungens 

Arctostaphylos stanfordiana 

Arctostaphylos tomentosa 

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 

Ardisia compressa 

Ardisia coriacea 

Ardisia crenata 

Ardisia elliptica (under A. crenata) 

Ardisia escallonioides 

Ardisia esculenta 

Ardisia guadalupensis 

Ardisia guianensis 

Ardisia longistaminea (see Geissanthus longistamineus) 

Ardisia manglillo 

Ardisia obovata (see A. guadalupensis) 

Ardisia panurensis 

Ardisia revoluta 

Ardisia sapida 

Ardisia semicrenata 

Ardisia tinifolia (see A. coriacea) 

Areca catechu 


844


Arecastrum romanzoffianum (see Syagrus romanzoffiana) 

Arecastrum romanzoffianum var. botryophora (see Syagrus 

botryophora) 

Arenaria peploides (see Honckenya peploides subsp. peploides) 

Arenga pinnata 

Arenga saccharifera (see A. pinnata) 

Argania sideroxylon (see A. spinosa) 

Argania spinosa 

Argythamnia heterantha (see Ditaxis heterantha) 

Ariocarpus fissuratus 

Arisaema dracontium 

Arisaema triphyllum 

Aristoclesia esculenta (see Platonia esculenta) 

Aristolochia maxima 

Aristotelia chilensis 

Armatocereus laetus 

Armoracia lapathifolia (see A. rusticana) 

Armoracia rusticana 

Arnoglossum atriplicifolium 

Aronia arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia) 

Aronia arbutifolia var. brilliantissima hort. (see Photinia 

pyrifolia) 

Aronia melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Aronia mitshurinii (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Aronia nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Aronia x prunifolia (see Photinia floribunda) 

Arracacia esculenta (see A. xanthorrhiza) 

Arracacia xanthorrhiza 

Artemisia absinthium 

Artemisia dracunculoides (see A. dracunculus subsp. dracunculus) 

Artemisia dracunculus 

Artemisia dracunculus subsp. dracunculus 

Artemisia frigida 

Artemisia ludoviciana 

Artemisia mexicana (see A. ludovicianaot) 

Artemisia tridentata 

Artemisia tripartita 

Artemisia vulgaris 

Arthrocnemum subterminale 

Artocarpus altilis 

Artocarpus champeden (see A. integer) 

Artocarpus communis (see A. altilis) 

Artocarpus heterophyllus 

Artocarpus incisa (see A. altilis) 

Artocarpus integer 

Artocarpus integrifolia (see A. heterophyllus) 

Artocarpus lacoocha (see A. lacucha) 

Artocarpus lacucha 

Artocarpus lingnanenis (see A. nitidus subsp. lingnanensis) 


845


Artocarpus nitidus subsp. lingnanensis 

Artocarpus odoratissimus 

Artocarpus polyphena (see A. integer) 

Arum bicolor (see Caladium bicolor) 

Arum colocasia (see Colocasia esculenta) 

Arundinaria gigantea 

Arundinaria macrosperma (see A. gigantea) 

Arundo donax 

Asarum canadense 

Asarum caudatum 

Asclepias asperula var. decumbens 

Asclepias eriocarpa 

Asclepias incarnata 

Asclepias involucrata 

Asclepias speciosa 

Asclepias syriaca 

Asclepias tuberosa 

Asclepiodora decumbens (see Asclepias asperula var. decumbens) 

Asimina cuneata (see A. reticulata) 

Asimina pulchella (see Deeringothamnus rugelii var. pulchellus) 

Asimina reticulata 

Asimina rugelii (see Deeringothamnus rugelii) 

Asimina triloba 

Asparagus officinalis 

Aster macrophyllus 

Astragalus canadensis 

Astragalus caryocarpus (see A. crassicarpus) 

Astragalus crassicarpus 

Astragalus mexicanus (see A. crassicarpus) 

Astragalus plattensis 

Astragalus succulentus (see A. crassicarpus) 

Astrocaryum acaule 

Astrocaryum aculeatissimum 

Astrocaryum aculeatum 

Astrocaryum awarra (see A. vulgare) 

Astrocaryum ayri (see A. aculeatissimum) 

Astrocaryum campestre 

Astrocaryum chambira 

Astrocaryum guara (see A. jauari) 

Astrocaryum gynacanthum 

Astrocaryum huicungo (see A. murumuru var. huicungo) 

Astrocaryum jauari 

Astrocaryum macrocarpum (see A. aculeatum) 

Astrocaryum manaoense (see A. aculeatum) 

Astrocaryum mexicanum 

Astrocaryum munbaca (see A. gynacanthum) 

Astrocaryum murumuru var. huicungo 

Astrocaryum murumuru var. murumuru 

Astrocaryum plicatum (see A. sciophilum) 


846


Astrocaryum princeps (see A. aculeatum) 

Astrocaryum princeps (see A. aculeatum) 

Astrocaryum sciophilum 

Astrocaryum segregatum (see A. vulgare) 

Astrocaryum standleyanum 

Astrocaryum tucuma (see A. aculeatum and A. vulgare) 

Astrocaryum tucumoides (see A. vulgare) 

Astrocaryum vulgare (see also A. chambira) 

Atenia montana (see Perideridia gairdneri) 

Atriplex argentea 

Atriplex canescens 

Atriplex confertifolia 

Atriplex hastata 

Atriplex hortensis 

Atriplex lentiformis 

Atriplex patula 

Atriplex polycarpa 

Atriplex semibaccata 

Atriplex subspicata 

Atriplex wrightii 

Attalea allenii 

Attalea amygdalina 

Attalea butyracea 

Attalea cohune 

Attalea colenda 

Attalea compta (see A. oleifera) 

Attalea crassispatha 

Attalea cuatrecasana 

Attalea dubia 

Attalea excelsa (see A. phalerata) 

Attalea exigua 

Attalea funifera 

Attalea geraensis 

Attalea guaranitica (see A. geraensis) 

Attalea humilis 

Attalea maripa 

Attalea microcarpa 

Attalea monogyna (see A. geraensis) 

Attalea oleifera 

Attalea phalerata 

Attalea princeps (see A. phalerata) 

Attalea speciosa 

Attalea spectabilis 

Attalea tessmannii 

Attalea uberrima (see A. amygdalina) 

Attalea victoriana (see A. amygdalina) 

Aulomyrcia lauriflora (see Myrcia guianensis) 

Aulomyrcia sphaerocarpa (see Myrcia multiflora) 

Aulospermum longipes (see Cymopterus longipes) 


847


Aulospermum purpureum (see Cymopterus purpureus) 

Auxemma oncocalyx 

Avena byzantina 

Avena fatua 

Avena nuda 

Avena sativa 

Averrhoa bilimbi 

Averrhoa carambola 

Avicennia germinans 

Aydendron firmulum (see Aniba firmula) 

Azalea nudiflora (see Rhododendron periclymenoides) 

Baccharis gaudichaudiana 

Baccharis trimera 

Baccharis triptera (under B. trimera) 

Bactris acanthocarpa var. crispata (see B. acanthocarpoides) 

Bactris acanthocarpoides 

Bactris actinoneura (see B. maraja var. maraja) 

Bactris amoena (see B. simplicifrons) 

Bactris arenaria (see B. simplicifrons) 

Bactris arundinacea (see B. tomentosa var. tomentosa) 

Bactris brongniartii 

Bactris chaetospatha (see B. maraja var. chaetospatha) 

Bactris concinna 

Bactris gasipaes 

Bactris guineensis 

Bactris infesta (see B. major var. infesta) 

Bactris insignis (see B. gasipaes) 

Bactris macana 

Bactris macroacantha 

Bactris major var. infesta 

Bactris major var. major 

Bactris major var. megalocarpa 

Bactris major var. socialis 

Bactris maraja var. chaetospatha 

Bactris maraja var. juruensis 

Bactris maraja var. maraja 

Bactris megalocarpa (see B. major var. megalocarpa) 

Bactris minor (see B. guineensis) 

Bactris monticola (see B. maraja) 

Bactris penicillata (see B. maraja var. juruensis) 

Bactris piranga (see B. maraja var. juruensis) 

Bactris praemorsa (see Aiphanes aculeata) 

Bactris setosa 

Bactris simplicifrons 

Bactris shaerocarpa (see B. tomentosa var. shaerocarpa) 

Bactris speciosa (see B. gasipaes) 

Bactris sociales (see B. major var. socialis) 

Bactris subglobosa (see B. major var. major) 

Bactris tomentosa var. shaerocarpa 


848


Bactris tomentosa var. tomentosa 

Bagassa guianensis 

Balsamorhiza deltoidea 

Balsamorhiza hookeri 

Balsamorhiza sagittata 

Bambusa arundinaceae (see B. vulgaris) 

Bambusa tuldoides (under B. vulgaris) 

Bambusa vulgaris 

Banisteria crotonifolia 

Banisteria lupuloides (see Gouania lupuloides) 

Barbarea praecox (see B. verna) 

Barbarea verna 

Barbarea vulgaris 

Basanacantha armata (see Randia armata) 

Basella alba 

Basella crodifolia (under B. alba) 

Basella rubra (see B. alba) 

Basella tuberosa (see Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus) 

Batis maritima 

Batocarpus amazonicus 

Batocarpus orinocensis 

Bauhinia dipetela 

Bauhinia esculenta 

Bauhinia purpurea 

Bauhinia variegata 

Begonia barkeri 

Begonia franconis 

Begonia fusca 

Begonia gracilis 

Begonia heracleifolia 

Begonia incarnata 

Begonia manicata 

Begonia nelumbiifolia 

Begonia sp. 

Beilschmiedia anay 

Bellucia aequiloba 

Bellucia axinanthera (see B. pentamera) 

Bellucia brasiliensis (see B. grossularioides) 

Bellucia costaricensis 

Bellucia grossularioides 

Bellucia imperialis 

Bellucia pentamera 

Bellucia spruceana (see Loreya spruceana) 

Benincasa cerifera (see B. hispida) 

Benincasa hispida 

Benzoin aestivale (see Lindera benzoin) 

Berberis aquifolium var. repens (see B. repens) 

Berberis buxifolia 

Berberis canadensis 


849


Berberis darwinii 

Berberis haematocarpa 

Berberis nervosa 

Berberis pinnata 

Berberis repens 

Berberis swaseyi 

Berberis trifoliata 

Berberis vulgaris 

Berlandiera lyrata 

Bertholletia excelsa 

Bertholletia nobilis (see B. excelsa) 

Besleria violacea (see Schlegelia violacea) 

Beta vulgaris subsp. cicla 

Beta vulgaris var. conditiva (see B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) 

Beta vulgaris var. esculenta (see B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) 

Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima 

Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris 

Betonica officinalis 

Betula alba (see B. pubescens subsp. pubescens) 

Betula lenta 

Betula pubescens subsp. pubescens 

Bidens bigelovii 

Bidens pilosa 

Bidens squarrosa 

Bidens tripartita 

Bignonia capreolata 

Bignonia hymenaea (see Mansoa hymenaea) 

Bistorta vivipara (see Polygonum viviparum) 

Bixa orellana 

Blakea spp. 

Blephilia ciliata 

Blephilia hirsuta 

Blighia sapida 

Blitum capitatum (see Chenopodium capitatum) 

Blutaporon vermiculare 

Boerhavia erecta 

Boerhaavia tuberosus (see Commicarpus tuberosa) 

Boldoa fragrans (see Peumus boldus) 

Bomarea acutifolia 

Bomarea edulis 

Bomarea glaucescens 

Bomarea ovata 

Bomarea salsilla 

Bombax aquaticum (see Pachira aquatica) 

Bombax ellipticum 

Bombax gracilipes (see Eriotheca gracilipes) 

Bombax munguba (see Pseudobombax munguba) 

Bombax pentandrum (see Ceiba pentandra) 

Bombax spruceanum (see Pachira insignis) 


850


Bonafousia longituba (see Tabernaemontana markgrafiana) 

Bonafousia sananho (see Tabernaemontana sananho) 

Bonfousia tetrastachya (see Tabernaemontana siphilitica) 

Bontia daphnoides 

Borago officinales 

Borassus aethiopum 

Borassus flabellifer 

Bornoa crassispatha (see Attalea crassispatha) 

Borojoa patinoi 

Borojoa sorbilis (see Alibertia sorbilis) 

Borojoa stipularis 

Borrichia arborescens 

Borzicactus acanthurus (see Cleistocactus acanthurus) 

Borzicactus eriotrichus (see Cleistocactus acanthurus) 

Borzicactus sepium (see Cleistocactus sepium) 

Bouea gandaria (see B. macrophylla) 

Bouea macrophylla 

Bourreria formosa (see B. huanita) 

Bourreria huanita 

Bourreria ovata 

Bourreria succulenta 

Boussingaultia baselloides (see Anedra baselloides) 

Bouteloua gracilis 

Brahea armata 

Brahea brandeegei 

Brahea dulcis 

Brahea edulis 

Brahea salvadorensis (see B. dulcis) 

Brahea serrulata (see Serenoa repens) 

Brasenia schreberi 

Brassica alba (see Sinapis alba) 

Brassica arvensis (see Sinapis arvensis) 

Brassica campestris (see B. rapa var. rapa) 

Brassica campestris var. rapa (see B. rapa var. rapa) 

Brassica chinensis 

Brassica hirta (see Sinapis alba) 

Brassica juncea 

Brassica kaber (see Sinapis arvensis) 

Brassica napobrassica (see B. napus var. napobrassica) 

Brassica napus 

Brassica napus var. napobrassica 

Brassica nigra 

Brassica oleracea var. acephala 

Brassica oleracea var. botrytis 

Brassica oleracea var. capitata 

Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera 

Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes 

Brassica pekinensis (see B. rapa var. amplexicaulis) 

Brassica rapa var. amplexicaulis 


851


Brassica rapa var. rapa 

Britoa acida (see Psidium acutangulum) 

Britoa sellowiana (see Psidium acutangulum) 

Brodiaea douglasii 

Brodiaea pulchella 

Bromelia alsodes 

Bromelia chrysantha 

Bromelia comosa (see Ananas comosus) 

Bromelia fastuosa (see B. pinguin) 

Bromelia hemisphaerica 

Bromelia karatas (see B. plumeiri) 

Bromelia longifolia (see Aechmea longifolia) 

Bromelia nidus-puellae 

Bromelia pinguin 

Bromelia plumeiri 

Bromelia slyvestris (see B. alsodes) 

Bromelia trianae 

Bromus anomalus (see B. porteri) 

Bromus carinatus 

Bromus mango 

Bromus porteri 

Brosimum acutifolium 

Brosimum alicastrum 

Brosimum aubletii (see B. guianense) 

Brosimum costaricanum 

Brosimum discolor (see B. guianense) 

Brosimum galactodendron (see B. utile) 

Brosimum gaudichaudii 

Brosimum guianense 

Brosimum lactescens 

Brosimum longifolium (see B. utile subsp. longifolium) 

Brosimum mello-berretoi (see Naucleopsis mello-berretoi) 

Brosimum ovatifolium (see B. utile subsp. ovatifolium) 

Brosimum potabile 

Brosimum terrabanum (see B. alicastrum) 

Brosimum utile 

Brosimum utile subsp. longifolium 

Brosimum utile subsp. ovatifolium 

Broussonetia xanthoxylum (see Maclura tinctoria) 

Bubroma grandiflorum (see Theobroma grandiflorum) 

Buddleja cordata (seen also as Buddleia cordata) 

Buddleja humboldtiana (see B. cordata) 

Bumelia altamiranoi (see Sideroxylon altamiranoi) 

Bumelia celastrina (see Sideroxylon celastrinum) 

Bumelia laetevirens (see Sideroxylon palmeri) 

Bumelia lanuginosa (see Sideroxylon lanuginosum subsp. 

lanuginosum) 

Bumelia obtusifolia (see Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. 

obtusifolium) 


852


Bumelia retusa (see Sideroxylon americanum) 

Bumelia sertorum (see Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. 

obtusifolium) 

Bumelia spiniflora (see Sideroxylon celastrinum) 

Bumelia tenax (see Sideroxylon tenax) 

Bunchosia argentea 

Bunchosia armeniaca 

Bunchosia costaricensis 

Bunchosia glandulifera 

Bunchosia glandulosa 

Bunchosia guadalajarensis (see Malpighia mexicana) 

Bunchosia lanceolata 

Bursera hindsiana 

Bursera leptophloeos (see Commiphora leptophloeos) 

Bursera simaruba 

Butia capitata 

Butia capitata subsp. yatay (see B. yatay) 

Butia eriospatha 

Butia yatay 

Byrsonima aerugo 

Byrsonima amazonica (see B. densa) 

Byrsonima brasiliensis (see B. sericea) 

Byrsonima chrysophylla (see also B. sericea) 

Byrsonima cinerea (see B. crassifolia) 

Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata (see B. spicata) 

Byrsonima cotinifolia (see B. crassifolia) 

Byrsonima crassifolia 

Byrsonima crispa 

Byrsonima densa 

Byrsonima ferruginea (see B. crassifolia) 

Byrsonima intermedia 

Byrsonima laevigata 

Byrsonima lancifolia 

Byrsonima lucida 

Byrsonima lucidule 

Byrsonima nitida 

Byrsonima peruviana (see B. chyrsophylla) 

Byrsonima peruviana var. eglandulosa (see B. chyrsophylla) 

Byrsonima sericea 

Byrsonima spicata 

Byrsonima stipulacea 

Byrsonima verbascifolia 

Byttneria aculeata 

Byttneria carthagenensis (see B. aculeata) 

Cabralea canjerana 

Cacalia atriplicifolia (see Arnoglossum atriplicifolium) 

Cacara erosa (see Pachyrhizus erosus) 

Cacara tuberosa (see Pachyrrhizus tuberosus) 

Cactus bleo (see Pereskia grandifolia) 


853


Cactus bonplandii (see Opuntia bonplandii) 

Cactus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis) 

Cactus grandiflorus (see Selenicereus grandiflorus) 

Cactus indicus (see Opuntia monacantha) 

Cactus monacanthos (see Opuntia monacantha) 

Cactus pereskia (see Pereskia aculeata) 

Caesalpinia bonduc 

Caesalpinia gilliesii 

Caesalpinia pulcherrima 

Cajanus bicolor (see C. cajan) 

Cajanus cajan 

Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (see C. cajan) 

Cajanus flavus (see C. cajan) 

Cajanus indicus (see C. cajan) 

Cakile edulenta 

Cakile lanceolata 

Cakile maritima 

Caladium bicolor 

Caladium colocasia (see Colocasia esculenta) 

Caladium esculentum (see Colocasia esculenta) 

Caladium lindenii 

Caladium schomburgkii 

Caladium sororium (see C. bicolor) 

Caladium striatipes (see Xanthosoma riedelianum) 

Calamintha macrostema (see Satureja macrostema) 

Calandrinia ciliata 

Calandrinia menziesii (see C. ciliata) 

Calandrinia micrantha (see C. ciliata) 

Calathea allouia 

Calathea lutea 

Calathea macrochlamys (see Stromanthe macrochlamys) 

Calathea macrosepala (see C. allouia) 

Calathea violacea (see C. allouia) 

Calendula officinalis 

Calla palustris 

Calliandra saman (see Samanea saman) 

Callicarpa americana 

Callicarpa japonica 

Callirhoe digitata 

Callirhoe involucrata 

Calocarpum mammosum (see Pouteria sapota) 

Calocarpum sapota (see Pouteria sapota) 

Calocarpum viride (see Pouteria viridis) 

Calochortus aureus 

Calochortus elegans 

Calochortus flexuosus 

Calochortus gunnisonii 

Calochortus macrocarpus 

Calochortus nutallii 


854


Calochortus pulchellus 

Calonyction aculeatum (see Ipomoea alba) 

Calonyction album (see Ipomoea alba) 

Calophyllum antillanum (see Sinningia incarnata) 

Calophyllum brasiliense (see Sinningia incarnata) 

Calophyllum brasiliense var. antilliense (see Sinningia incarnata) 

Calophyllum calaba (see Sinningia incarnata) 

Calophyllum edulis (see Rheedia edulis) 

Calophyllum inophyllum 

Calopogonium caeruleum 

Caltha leptosepala 

Caltha palustris 

Calycanthus floridus 

Calycanthus occidentalis 

Calycolpus moritizianus 

Calypso borealis (see C. bulbosa) 

Calypso bulbosa 

Calyptranthes aromatica 

Calyptranthes grandifolia 

Calyptranthes obscura (see Mitranthes obscura) 

Calyptranthes pallens 

Calyptranthes plicata 

Calyptranthes schiedeana 

Calyptranthes zuzygium 

Calyptronoma dulcis (see C. plumeriana) 

Calyptronoma plumeriana 

Calyptropsidium sartorianum (see Psidium sartorianum) 

Calystegia sepium 

Camassia esculenta (see C. scilloides) 

Camassia hyacinthina (see C. scilloides) 

Camassia leichtlinii 

Camassia quamash 

Camassia scilloides 

Camellia japonica 

Camellia sinensis 

Camellia thea (see C. sinensis) 

Campanula rapunculoides 

Campe verna (see Barbarea verna) 

Campnosperma panamense 

Campomanesia adamantium 

Campomanesia aromatica 

Campomanesia cerulea (see C. adamantium) 

Campomanesia cornifolia (see C. lineatifolia) 

Campomanesia crenata (see C. xanthocarpa var. xanthocarpa) 

Campomanesia guaviroba (under C. aromatica) 

Campomanesia lineatifolia 

Campomanesia obscura (see C. adamantium) 

Campomanesia phaea 

Campomanesia xanthocarpa 


855


Campomanesia xanthocarpa var. xanthocarpa 

Campsiandra angustifolia 

Campsiandra comosa 

Campsiandra comosa var. laurifolia (under C. comosa) 

Campsiandra laurifolia (see C. comosa var. laurifolia) 

Canarium commune 

Canarium ovatum 

Canavalia ensiformis 

Canavalia gladiata 

Canavalia ladiata (see C. ensiformis) 

Canavalia maritima (see C. rosea) 

Canavalia rosea 

Canavalia villosa 

Canella alba (see C. winterana) 

Canella winterana 

Canna coccinea (see C. indica) 

Canna edulis (see C. indica) 

Canna flaccida 

Canna glauca 

Canna indica 

Canna lutea 

Canna paniculata (under C. indica) 

Cannabis indica (see C. sativa subsp. indica) 

Cannabis sativa 

Cannabis sativa subsp. indica (under C. sativa) 

Capparis spinosa 

Capirona decordicans 

Capraria biflora 

Capsella bursa-pastoris 

Capsicum annuum var. annuum 

Capsicum annuum var. aviculare 

Capsicum annuum var. conicum 

Capsicum annuum var. conoide 

Capsicum annuum var. conoide (see C.a. var. conicum) 

Capsicum annuum var. frutescens 

Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (see C.a. var. aviculare) 

Capsicum annuum var. grossum (see C.a. var. annuum) 

Capsicum annuum var. minimum (see C.a. var. aviculare) 

Capsicum baccatum 

Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (see C. baccatum) 

Capsicum baccatum var. praetermissum (see C. baccatum) 

Capsicum cardenasii 

Capsicum chacoense 

Capsicum chinense 

Capsicum conicum (see C. annuum var. conicum) 

Capsicum eximium 

Capsicum frutescens (see C. annuum var. frutescens) 

Capsicum frutescens var. frutescens (see C. annuum var. aviculare) 

Capsicum glapagoensis 


856


Capsicum grossum (see C. annuum var. annuum) 

Capsicum hispidum var. glabriusculum (see C. annuum var. 

aviculare) 

Capsicum indicum var. aviculare (see C. annuum var. aviculare) 

Capsicum minimum (see C. annuum var. aviculare) 

Capsicum pendulum (see C. baccatum var. pendulum) 

Capsicum pubescens 

Cardamindum majus (see Tropaeolum majus) 

Cardamindum minus (see Tropaeolum minus) 

Cardamine bonariensis 

Cardamine concatenata (under C. diphylla) 

Cardamine diphylla 

Cardamine hirsuta 

Cardamine nasturtioides (see C. bonariensis) 

Cardamine oligosperma 

Cardamine pensylvanica 

Cardamine pratensis 

Carduus edulis (see Cirsium edule) 

Carduus nutans 

Carica boissieri (see Vasconcellea cauliflora) 

Carica candamarcencis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Carica candicans (see Vasconcellea candicans) 

Carica cauliflora (see Vasconcellea cauliflora) 

Carica cestriflora (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Carica chilensis (see Vasconcellea chilensis) 

Carica chiriquensis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Carica chrysopetala (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. 

chrysopetala) 

Carica chrysophylla (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii) 

Carica crassipetala (see Vasconcellea crassipetala) 

Carica cundinamarcensis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Carica digitata (see Jacaratia digitata) 

Carica erythrocarpa (see Vasconcellea monoica) 

Carica fructifragrans (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. 

fructigragrans) 

Carica goudotiana (see Vasconcellea goudotiana) 

Carica gracilis (see Vasconcellea goudotiana) 

Carica leptantha (see Vasconcellea parviflora) 

Carica manihot (see Vasconcellea microcarpa) 

Carica mexicana (see Jacaratia mexicana) 

Carica microcarpa (see Vasconcellea microcarpa) 

Carica microcarpa subsp. microcarpa (see Vasconcellea microcarpa) 

Carica microcarpa subsp. heterophylla (see Vasconcellea 

microcarpa) 

Carica monoica (see Vasconcellea monoica) 

Carica palandensis (see Vasconcellea palandensis) 

Carica papaya 

Carica paniculata (see Vasconcellea parviflora) 

Carica parviflora (see Vasconcellea parviflora) 


857


Carica pentagona (see C. x heilbornii) 

Carica peltata (see C. papaya) 

Carica pentagona (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii) 

Carica pubescens (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Carica quercifolia (see Vasconcellea quercifolia) 

Carica spinosa (see Jacaratia spinosa) 

Carica stipulata (see Vasconcellea stipulata) 

Carica weberbaueri (see Vasconcellea weberbaueri) 

Carica x heilbornii (see Vasconcellea x heilbornii) 

Carica x heilbornii nm. chrysopetala (see Vasconcellea x 

heilbornii var. chrysopetala) 

Carica x heilbornii nm. fructifragrans (see Vasconcellea x 

heilbornii var. fructigragrans) 

Cariniana pyriformis 

Carissa carandas 

Carissa grandiflora (see C. macrocarpa) 

Carissa macrocarpa 

Carludovica palmata 

Carnegiea gigantea 

Carpinus americana (see C. caroliniana) 

Carpinus caroliniana 

Carpobrotus aequilateralis (see C. aequilaterus) 

Carpobrotus aequilaterus 

Carpobrotus chilensis 

Carpobrotus deliciosus 

Carpobrotus dulcis (under C. edulis) 

Carpobrotus edulis 

Carpobrotus muirii (under C. edulis) 

Carpotroche brasiliensis 

Carpotroche longifolia 

Carthamus tinctorius 

Carum carvi 

Carum gairdneri (see Perideridia gairdneri) 

Carum montanum (see Perideridia gairdneri) 

Carya alba (see C. tomentosa) 

Carya aquatica 

Carya buckleyi (see C. texana) 

Carya carolinae-septentrionalis (see C. ovata var. australis) 

Carya cordiformis 

Carya floridana 

Carya glabra 

Carya illinoinensis 

Carya laciniosa 

Carya mexicana (see C. ovata) 

Carya myristiciformis 

Carya oliviformis (see C. illinoinensis) 

Carya ovalis (see C. glabra) 

Carya ovata 

Carya ovata var. australis (see C. ovata) 


858


Carya pallida 

Carya texana 

Carya tomentosa 

Caryocar amygdaliferum 

Caryocar brasiliense (under C. villosum) 

Caryocar butyrosum (see C. villosum) 

Caryocar coriaceum 

Caryocar cuneatum 

Caryocar glabrum 

Caryocar microcarpum 

Caryocar nuciferum 

Caryocar tomentosusm 

Caryocar villosum 

Caryodendron amazonicum 

Caryodendron orinocense 

Caryophyllus aromaticus (see Syzygium aromaticum) 

Caryota urens 

Casasia clusiifolia 

Casearia combaymensis 

Casearia corymbosa 

Casearia decandra 

Casearia fasciculate 

Casearia nitida (see C. decandra and C. corymbosa) 

Casearia pringlei (see C. corymbosa) 

Casearia parviflora (see C. decandra) 

Casearia prunifolia 

Casimirella ampla 

Casimiroa edulis 

Casimiroa sapota 

Casimiroa tetrameria 

Cassia bicapsularis (see Senna bicapsularis) 

Cassia floribunda (see Senna x floribunda) 

Cassia fructicosa (see Senna fructicosa) 

Cassia grandis 

Cassia marilandica (see Senna marilandica) 

Cassia laevigata (see Senna septentrionalis) 

Cassia leiandra 

Cassia obtusifolia (see Senna obtusifolia) 

Cassia occidentalis (see Senna occidentalis) 

Cassia ornithopoides (see Senna uniflora) 

Cassia pendula (see Senna pendula var. pendula) 

Cassia sericea (see Senna uniflora) 

Cassia tomentosa (see Senna hursuta var. hursuta) 

Cassia tora (see Senna obtusifolia) 

Cassia uniflora (see Senna uniflora) 

Castalia ampla (see Nymphaea ampla) 

Castalia odorata (see Mymphaea odorata subsp. Odorata) 

Castanea alnifolia (see C. pumila var. pumila) 

Castanea dentata 


859


Castanea mollissima 

Castanea pumila var. pumila 

Castanopsis chrysophylla (see Chrysolepis chrysophylla) 

Castilla ulei 

Castilleja linariaefolia 

Catesbaea spinosa 

Catharanthus roseus 

Caulanthus glaucus 

Cavanillesia platanifolia 

Cavanillesia umbellata 

Cavendishia adenophora 

Cavendishia bracteata 

Cavendishia caulialata (see Thibaudia caulialata) 

Cavendishia cordifolia (see C. bracteata) 

Cavendishia divaricata 

Cavendishia dulcis 

Cavendishia gilgiana (see C. tarapotana var. gilgiana) 

Cavendishia nitida (see Macleania rupestris) 

Cavendishia pubescens 

Cavendishia tarapotana var. gilgiana 

Cayaponia ruizii 

Ceanothus americanus 

Ceanothus cuneatus 

Ceanothus fendlari 

Ceanothus herbaceous 

Ceanothus ovatus (see C. herbaceous) 

Ceanothus reclinatus (see Colubrina elliptica) 

Ceanothus sanguineus 

Ceanothus velutinus 

Cecropia obtusifolia 

Cecropia palmata 

Cecropia peltata 

Cecropia sciadophylla 

Ceiba aesculifolia 

Ceiba occidentalis (see C. pentandra) 

Ceiba pentandra 

Celastrus scandens 

Celtis boliviensis (see C. iguanaea) 

Celtis brasiliensis (see C. iguanaea) 

Celtis douglasii (see C. reticulata) 

Celtis ehrenbergiana 

Celtis glycycarpa (see C. triflora) 

Celtis iguanaea 

Celtis laevigata 

Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (see C. reticulata) 

Celtis morifolia (see C. iguanaea) 

Celtis occidentalis 

Celtis pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis pubescens (see C. iguanaea) 


860


Celtis reticulata 

Celtis sellowiana (see C. ehrenbergiana and C. iguanaea) 

Celtis spinosa (see C. iguanaea) 

Celtis spinosa var. pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis tala (see C. ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis tala var. pallida (see C. ehrenbergiana) 

Celtis triflora 

Centropogon cornutus 

Cephalocereus russelianus (see Pilocereus russelianus) 

Cerastium semidecandrum 

Cerasus tomentosa (see Prunus tomentosa) 

Ceratonia siliqua 

Ceratopteris thalictroides 

Cercidium floridum (see Parkinsonia florida) 

Cercidium microphyllum (see Parkinsonia microphylla) 

Cercidium torreyanum (see Parkinsonia florida) 

Cercis canadensis 

Cercis occidentalis (see C. canadensis) 

Cerdana alliodora (see Cordia alliodora) 

Cereus chacoanus (see Stetsonia coryne) 

Cereus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis) 

Cereus columna-trajani 

Cereus coryne (see Stetsonia coryne) 

Cereus eriophorus var. fragrans (see Harrisia fragrans) 

Cereus geometrizans (see Myrtillocactus geometrizans) 

Cereus giganteus (see Carnegiea gigantea) 

Cereus grandiflorus (see Selenicereus grandiflorus) 

Cereus guelichii (see H. balansae) 

Cereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus) 

Cereus hexagonus 

Cereus jamacaru 

Cereus margaritensis 

Cereus marginatus (see Lemaireocereus marginatus) 

Cereus megalanthus (see Selenicereus megalanthus) 

Cereus ocamponis (see Hylocereus ocamponis) 

Cereus pernambucensis 

Cereus peruvianus (see C. repandus) 

Cereus pringlei (see Pachycereus pringlei) 

Cereus quisco (see Echinopsis chiloensis) 

Cereus repandus 

Cereus spinulosus (see Selenicereus spinulosus) 

Cereus trigonus var. guatemalensis (see Hylocereus undatus) 

Cereus undatus (see Hylocereus undatus) 

Cereus variabilis (see C. pernambucensis) 

Ceroxylon echinulatum 

Cestrum nocturnum 

Chaenomeles speciosa 

Chaerophyllum bulbosum 

Chaetoptelea mexicana (see Ulmus mexicana) 


861


Chaetospermum glutinosum (see Swinglea glutinosa) 

Chamaedorea costaricana 

Chamaedorea elegans 

Chamaedorea graminifolia (under C. elegans) 

Chamaedorea pacaya (see C. pinnatifrons) 

Chamaedorea pinnatifrons (under C. elegans) 

Chamaedorea sartorii (under C. elegans) 

Chamaedorea seifrizii (under C. elegans) 

Chamaedorea tepejilote 

Chamaedorea wendlandiana (see C. tepejilote) 

Chamaemelum nobile 

Chamaenerion angustifolium (see Epilobium angustifolium subsp. 

angustifolium) 

Chamaenerion latifolium (see Chemerion latifolium) 

Chamaerops humilis 

Chamaesarcha coronopus 

Chamissoa altissima 

Chamomilla recutita 

Chayota edulis (see Sechium edule) 

Cheiloclinium cognatum 

Chelyocarpus ulei 

Chemerion latifolium 

Chenopodium album 

Chenopodium ambrosioides 

Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelmiticus (see C. ambrosioides) 

Chenopodium anthelminticum (see C. ambrosioides) 

Chenopodium berlandieri 

Chenopodium berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae 

Chenopodium botrys 

Chenopodium capitatum 

Chenopodium canihua (see C. pallidicaule) 

Chenopodium carnosulum 

Chenopodium caudatum (see Amaranthus viridis) 

Chenopodium fremontii 

Chenopodium incanum 

Chenopodium gigantospermum (see C. simplex) 

Chenopodium hircinum 

Chenopodium leptophyllum 

Chenopodium murale 

Chenopodium nuttalliae (see C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae) 

Chenopodium pallidicaule 

Chenopodium petiolare 

Chenopodium quinoa 

Chenopodium quinoa var. melanospermum 

Chenopodium simplex 

Chenopodium urbicum 

Chimaphila maculata 

Chimaphila umbellata 

Chiococca alba 


862


Chiogenes hispidula (see Gaultheria hispidula) 

Chionanthus virginicus 

Chlorogalum pomeridianum 

Chloroleucon ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano) 

Chlorophora tinctoria (see Maclura tinctoria) 

Chlorophora tinctoria subsp. tinctoria (see Maclura tinctoria) 

Chondodendron platyphyllum 

Chondrodendron tomentosum 

Chromolaena collina 

Chrysallidosperma smithii (see Syagrus smithii) 

Chrysanthemum integrifolium (see Leucanthemum integrifolium) 

Chrysanthemum coronarium 

Crysanthemum leucanthemum (see Leucanthemum vulgare) 

Chrysanthemum segetum 

Chrysobalanus icaco 

Chrysolepis chrysophylla 

Chrysolepis sempervirens 

Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. argenteum 

Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. auratum 

Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. ferrugineum 

Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. panamense 

Chrysophyllum auratum (see C. argenteum subsp. auratum) 

Chrysophyllum bicolor (see C. cainito) 

Chrysophyllum bombycinum 

Chrysophyllum buranhem (see Pradosia lactescens) 

Chrysophyllum cainito 

Chrysophyllum cainito var. b (see C. oliviforme subsp. oliviforme) 

Chrysophyllum cuneifolium 

Chrysophyllum excelsum (see C. venezuelanense) 

Chrysophyllum eximium 

Chrysophyllum ferrugineum (see C. argenteum subsp. ferrugineum) 

Chrysophyllum glabrum (see C. argenteum subsp. argenteum) 

Chrysophyllum gonocarpum 

Chrysophyllum guianensis (see Ecclinusa guianensis) 

Chrysophyllum lucentifolium subsp. pachycarpum 

Chrysophyllum lucumifolium (see C. gonocarpum) 

Chrysophyllum macoucou 

Chrysophyllum manaosense 

Chrysophyllum mexicanum 

Chrysophyllum microcarpum (see C. argenteum subsp. argenteum) 

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum (see C. cainito) 

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum var. microphyllum (see C. oliviforme 

subsp. oliviforme) 

Chrysophyllum nanaosense (see C. manaosense) 

Chrysophyllum oliviforme subsp. oliviforme 

Chrysophyllum oppositum (see Pouteria opposita) 

Chrysophyllum pavonii (see C. argenteum subsp. ferrugineum) 

Chrysophyllum peruvianum 

Chrysophyllum pomiferum 


863


Chrysophyllum prieurii 

Chrysophyllum revolutum 

Chrysophyllum rufocupreum (see C. eximium) 

Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. balata 

Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. sanguinolentum 

Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. spurium 

Chrysophyllum scalare 

Chrysophyllum sericeum (see C. argenteum subsp. auratum) 

Chrysophyllum soboliferum (see Pradosia brevipes) 

Chrysophyllum sparsiflorum 

Chrysophyllum venezuelanense 

Chrysothamnus confinis (see C. viscidiflorus) 

Chrysothamnus nauseosus 

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus 

Cicca acida (see Phyllanthus acidus) 

Cicca disticha (see Phyllanthus acidus) 

Cicer arietinum 

Cichorium endivia 

Cichorium intybus 

Cinchona calisaya 

Cinchona cordifolia (see C. pubescens) 

Cinchona ledgeriana (under C. calisaya) 

Cinchona officinalis (under C. calisaya) 

Cinchona pubescens (under C. calisaya) 

Cinchona succirubra (see C. pubescens) 

Cinnamomum verum 

Cinnamomum zeylanicum (see C. verum) 

Cirsium drummondii 

Cirsium edule 

Cirsium horridulum 

Cirsium ochocentrum 

Cirsium pallidum 

Cirsium texanum 

Cirsium undulatum 

Cirsium vulgare 

Cissampelos pareira 

Cissus biformifolia 

Cissus erosa (see C. biformifolia) 

Cissus gongylodes 

Cissus sicyoides (see C. verticillata) 

Cissus verticillata 

Citharexylum fruticosum 

Citrofortunella x spp. (see Citrus reticulata x Fortunella spp.) 

Citrullus lanatus 

Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus (under C. lanatus) 

Citrullus vulgaris (see C. lanatus var. lanatus) 

Citrus aurantiifolia 

Citrus aurantium 

Citrus aurantium var. bergamia 


864


Citrus aurantium var. brasiliensis 

Citrus aurantium var. sinensis (see C. sinensis) 

Citrus bergamia (see C. aurantium var. bergamia) 

Citrus decumana (see C. maxima) 

Citrus grandis (see C. maxima) 

Citrus limetta (under C. aurantiifolia) 

Citrus limon 

Citrus maxima 

Citrus medica 

Citrus nobilis var. deliciosa (see C. reticulata var. deliciosa) 

Citrus paradisii 

Citrus reticulata 

Citrus reticulata x Fortunella spp. (under C. reticulata) 

Citrus reticulata x C. sinensis (under C. reticulata) 

Citrus sinensis 

Citrus sinensis x C. paradisii (under C. sinensis) 

Cladium jamaicense 

Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense (see C. jamaicense) 

Clarisia ilicifolia 

Clarisia strepitans (see C. ilicifolia) 

Clausena lansium 

Clavija lancifolia 

Clavija tarapotana 

Clavija weberbaueri 

Claytonia acutifolia 

Claytonia caroliniana 

Claytonia lanceolata 

Claytonia megarrhiza 

Claytonia perfoliata var. perfoliata 

Claytonia sibirica 

Claytonia tuberose 

Claytonia umbellata 

Claytonia virginica 

Cleistocactus acanthurus 

Cleistocactus baumannii 

Cleistocactus sepium 

Cleistocactus smaragdiflorus 

Cleome gynandra 

Cleome integrifolia (see C. serrulata) 

Cleome isomeris 

Cleome lutea 

Cleome serrulata 

Cleome speciosa 

Cleome viscosa 

Clerodendron ligustrinum (see Clerodendrum ligustrinum) 

Clerodendrum ligustrinum 

Clethra occidentalis 

Clethra tinifolia (see C. occidentalis) 

Cleyera panamensis (see C. theaeoides) 


865


Cleyera theaeoides 

Clidemia chinautlana 

Clidemia deppeana (see C. petiolaris) 

Clidemia heterophylla 

Clidemia hirta 

Clidemia naudiniana (see C. petiolaris) 

Clidemia petiolaris 

Clinopodium ganderi (see Satureja parvifolia) 

Clinopodium laevigatum (see Satureja laevigata) 

Clinopodium macrostemum (see Satureja macrostema) 

Clintonia borealis 

Clintonia umbellata (under C. borealis) 

Clitoria ternatea 

Clusia sp. 

Cnidoscolus aconitifolius 

Cnidoscolus chayamansa 

Cnidoscolus marcgravii (see C. urens) 

Cnidoscolus multilobus 

Cnidoscolus texanus 

Cnidoscolus urens 

Coccinia cordifolia (see C. grandis) 

Coccinia grandis 

Coccinia indica (see C. grandis) 

Coccocypselum aureum 

Coccoloba barbeyana (see C. densifrons) 

Coccoloba caracasana 

Coccoloba densifrons 

Coccoloba diversifolia 

Coccoloba floridana (see C. diversifolia) 

Coccoloba marginata 

Coccoloba obovata 

Coccoloba pichuma 

Coccoloba plumieri 

Coccloba polystachya var. jamaicensis (see C. plumieri) 

Coccoloba uvifera 

Coccoloba venosa 

Coccothrinax argentata 

Cocculus spp. 

Cochlearia armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana) 

Cocos australis (see Syagrus romanzoffiana and Butia capitata) 

Cocos botryophora (see Syagrus botryophora) 

Cocos campestris (see Syagrus flexuosa) 

Cocos capitata (see Butia capitata) 

Cocos chilensis (see Jubaea chilensis) 

Cocos coronata (see Syagrus coronata) 

Cocos crassispatha (see Attalea crassispatha) 

Cocos eriospatha (see Butia eriospatha) 

Cocos flexuosa (see Syagrus flexuosa) 

Cocos flexuosa var. cataphracta (see Syagrus flexuosa) 


866


Cocos flexuosa var. densiflora (see Syagrus flexuosa) 

Cocos nucifera 

Cocos odorata (see Butia capitata) 

Cocos petraea (see Syagrus petraea) 

Cocos plumosa (see Syagrus romanzoffiana) 

Cocos pulposa (see Butia capitata) 

Cocos schizophylla (see Syagrus schizophylla) 

Cocos urbaniana (see Syagrus flexuosa) 

Cocos vagans (see Syagrus vagans) 

Cocos yatay (see Butia yatay) 

Coelopleurum actaeifolium (see Angelica lucida) 

Coffea arabica 

Coffea canephora 

Coffea liberica 

Coffea racemosa (see Rudgea racemosa) 

Cogswellia ambigua (see Lomatium ambiguum) 

Cogswellia canbyi (see Lomatium canbyi) 

Cogswellia cous (see Lomatium cous) 

Cogswellia farinosa (see Lomatium farinosum) 

Cogswellia foeniculacea (see Lomatium foeniculaceum) 

Cogswellia macrocarpa (see Lomatium hallii) 

Cogswellia nudicaulis (see Lomatium nudicaule) 

Cogswellia utriculata (see Lomatium utriculatum) 

Coix lacryma-jobi 

Cola acuminata 

Cola nitida 

Coleus amboinicus (see Plectranthus amboinicus) 

Coleus aromaticus (see Plectranthus amboinicus) 

Coleus blumei (see Solenostemon scutellarioides) 

Coleus carnosus (see Plectranthus amboinicus) 

Collinia elegans (see Chamaedorea elegans) 

Colocasia antiquorum (see C. esculenta var. antiquorum) 

Colocasia esculenta 

Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (see C. esculenta) 

Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta (see C. esculenta) 

Colocasia esculenta var. globulifera (see C. esculenta) 

Colubrina asiatica 

Colubrina elliptica 

Colubrina ferruginosa 

Colubrina reclinata (see C. elliptica) 

Colubrina texensis 

Comandra umbellata 

Comarostaphylis arbutoides subsp. arbutoides 

Comarostaphylis discolor subsp. discolor 

Comarostaphylis longifolia 

Comarum palustre 

Commelina communis 

Commelina nudiflora (see Murdannia nudiflora) 

Commicarpus tuberosa 


867


Commiphora leptophloeos 

Compsoneura atopa 

Comptonia peregrina 

Conanthera bifolia 

Conanthera simsii (under C. bifolia) 

Condalia hookeri (under C. spp.) 

Condalia mexicana 

Condalia obovata (under C. spp.) 

Condalia spp. 

Conostegia arborea (under C. xalapensis) 

Conostegia icosandra (under C. xalapensis) 

Conostegia mexicana (under C. xalapensis) 

Conostegia subhirsuta (see C. icosandra) 

Conostegia xalapensis 

Conradina verticillata 

Convolvulus reptans (see Ipomoea aquatica) 

Conyza canadensis 

Copaifera sp. 

Copernicia cerifera (see C. prunifera) 

Copernicia prunifera 

Corchorus capsularis 

Corchorus olitorius 

Corchorus siliquosus 

Cordia alba 

Cordia alliodora 

Cordia boissieri 

Cordia calocephala 

Cordia collococca 

Cordia dentata (see C. alba) 

Cordia dodecandra 

Cordia grandiflora 

Cordia lomatoloba 

Cordia nodosa 

Cordia scabrifolia 

Cordia sebestena 

Cordia sellowiana 

Cordia superba 

Cordia tetranda 

Coreopsis cardaminefolia (see C. tinctoria var. tinctoria) 

Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria 

Coriandrum sativum 

Coriaria ruscifolia 

Coridothymus capitatus (see Thymus vulgaris) 

Cornuella venezuelanensis (see Chrysophyllum venezuelanense) 

Corozo oleifera (see Elaeis oleifera) 

Cornus canadensis 

Corylus americana 

Corylus americana var. indehiscens (see C. americana) 

Corylus avellana 


868


Corylus californica (see C. cornuta subsp. californica) 

Corylus cornuta subsp. californica 

Corylus cornuta subsp. cornuta 

Corylus maxima (under C. avellana) 

Corylus rostrata (see C. cornuta subsp. cornuta) 

Coryphantha arizonica (see C. vivipara var. arizonica) 

Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica 

Cosmos caudatus 

Costus amazonicus subsp. krukovii 

Costus erythrocoryne 

Costus pulverulentus 

Costus ruber (see C. pulverulentus) 

Costus scaber 

Costus speciosus 

Cotyledon edulis (see Dudleya edulis) 

Cotyledon lanceolata (see Dudleya lanceolata) 

Cotyledon pulverulenta (see Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica) 

Couepia amazonica (see C. subcordata) 

Couepia bracteosa 

Couepia chrysocalyx 

Couepia dolicopoda 

Couepia edulis 

Couepia guianensis 

Couepia longipendula 

Couepia paraensis 

Couepia polyandra 

Couepia rufa 

Couepia subcordata 

Couma dulcis (see C. utilis) 

Couma guatemalensis 

Couma guianensis 

Couma macrocarpa 

Couma rigida 

Couma utilis 

Coumarouna odorata (see Dipteryx odorata) 

Coumarouna oleifera (see Dipteryx oleifera) 

Coumarouna punctata (see Dipteryx punctata) 

Couroupita guianensis subsp. surinamensis 

Couroupita subsessilis 

Couroupita surinamensis (see C. guianensis subsp. surinamensis) 

Coussarea brevicaulis 

Cowania mexicana 

Craniolaria annua 

Crataegus aestivalis 

Crataegus x anomala 

Crataegus arnoldiana (see C. x anomala) 

Crataegus brockwayae (see C. douglasii) 

Crataegus douglasii 

Crataegus flava 


869


Crataegus greggiana 

Crataegus marshalli 

Crataegus mexicana (see C. pubescens) 

Crataegus mollis 

Crataegus pubescens 

Crataegus punctata 

Crataegus pyrifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia) 

Crataegus succulenta 

Crataegus stipulosa (see C. pubescens) 

Crataegus uniflora 

Crataeva gynandra 

Crataeva tapia 

Crepidospermum goudotianum 

Crepidospermum prancei 

Crescentia alata (see Parmentiera alata) 

Crescentia cujete 

Crocus sativus 

Crotalaria carmioli (see C. vitellina) 

Crotalaria guatemalensis (see C. vitellina) 

Crotalaria longirostrata 

Crotalaria vitellina 

Croton eluteria 

Croton moluccanus (see Aleurites moluccanus) 

Croton nivevs 

Croton reflexifolius 

Croton texensis 

Cryosophila argentea (see C. stauracantha) 

Cryosophila nana 

Cryosophila stauracantha 

Cryptocarya alba 

Cryptocarya canelilla (see Aniba canelilla) 

Cryptocarya moschata 

Cryptotaenia canadensis 

Cucumis anguria 

Cucumis anguria var. longipes (see C. anguria) 

Cucumis melo var. cantelupensis 

Cucumis melo var. chate (see C. melo var. canteloupensis) 

Cucumis melo var. inodorus 

Cucumis melo var. reticulatus 

Cucumis metuliferus 

Cucumis sativus 

Cucurbita argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma 

Cucurbita argyrosperma var. callicarpa (see C. argyrosperma subsp. 

argyrosperma) 

Cucurbita citrullus (see Citrullus lanatus) 

Cucurbita digitata 

Cucurbita ficifolia 

Cucurbita foetidissima 

Cucurbita fraterna (see C. pepo subsp. fraterna) 


870


Cucurbita maxima 

Cucurbita melanosperma (see C. ficifolia) 

Cucurbita mixta (see C. argyrosperma subsp. argyrosperma) 

Cucurbita moschata 

Cucurbita moschata var. argyrosperma (see C. argyrosperma subsp. 

argyrosperma) 

Cucurbita pepo 

Cucurbita pepo subsp. fraterna 

Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo 

Cucurbita pepo var. moschata (see C. moschata) 

Cuervea ovalifolia (see Tontelea ovalifolia) 

Cuminum cyminum 

Cunila origanoides 

Cupania prisca 

Curcuma domestica (see C. longa) 

Curcuma longa 

Curupira tefeensis 

Cyamopsis psoraloides (see C. tetragonolobus) 

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus 

Cycas circinalis 

Cycas revoluta 

Cyathea microdonta (see Trichipteris microdonta) 

Cyclanthera dissecta 

Cyclanthera edulis (see C. pedata) 

Cyclanthera explodens 

Cyclanthera pedata 

Cyclanthera pittieri (see Sechium tacaco) 

Cyclanthera tonduzii 

Cyclanthus bipartitus 

Cycloloma atriplicifolia 

Cydonia oblonga 

Cydonia vulgaris (see C. oblonga) 

Cylindropuntia fulgida (see Opuntia fulgida) 

Cylindropuntia imbricata (see Opuntia imbricata) 

Cylindropuntia leptocaulis 

Cymbopetalum costaricense 

Cymbopetalum penduliflorum 

Cymbopogon citratus 

Cymbopogon nardus 

Cymopterus acaulis 

Cymopterus bulbosus 

Cymopterus fendleri (see C. acaulis var. fendleri) 

Cymopterus globosus 

Cymopterus longipes 

Cymopterus montanus 

Cymopterus newberryi 

Cymopterus purpurascens 

Cymopterus purpureus 

Cynanchum nigrum (see C. vincetoxicum) 


871


Cynanchum vincetoxicum (see Asclepias curassavica) 

Cynara cardunculus 

Cynara scolymus 

Cynodendron ferrugineum (see Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. 

ferrugineum) 

Cyperus aristatus (see C. squarrosa) 

Cyperus esculentus var. sativus 

Cyperus inflexus (see C. squarrosa) 

Cyperus rotundus 

Cyperus squarrosa 

Cyphomandra betacea (see C. crassicaulis) 

Cyphomandra casana (see C. cajanumensis) 

Cyphomandra cajanumensis 

Cyphomandra corymbiflora 

Cyphomandra crassicaulis 

Cyphomandra crassifolia (see C. crassicaulis) 

Cyphomandra diplocanes 

Cyphomandra endopogon 

Cyphomandra fragrans 

Cyphomandra hartwegii 

Cyphomandra heterophylla 

Cyphomandra naranjilla 

Cyphomandra obliqua 

Cyphomandra sibundoyensis 

Cyphomandra splendens (see C. hartwegii) 

Cyphomandra stellata 

Cytisus cajan (see Cajanus cajan) 

Cytisus scoparius 

Dacryodes belemensis 

Dacryodes peruviana 

Dahlia coccinea 

Dahlia lehmanii 

Dahlia pinnato 

Dahlia rosea (see D. pinnato) 

Dalea candida 

Dalea candida var. oligophylla (under D. candida) 

Dalea lanata var. lanata 

Dalea purpurea 

Dasylirion cedrosanum 

Dasylirion leiophyllum 

Dasylirion texanum 

Dasylirion wheeleri 

Daucus carota subsp. carota 

Daucus carota subsp. sativus 

Daucus pussilus 

Davilla kunthii 

Davilla nitida 

Deeringothamnus pulchellus (see D. rugelii var. pulchellus) 

Deeringothamnus rugelii 


872


Deeringothamnus ruguelii var. pulchellus 

Dendrobangia boliviana 

Dendrocalamus asper 

Dendrocalamus giganteus 

Dendrocalamus strictus 

Dentaria diphylla (see Cardamine diphylla) 

Dentaria lacinata (see Cardamine concatenata) 

Descurainia incana subsp. incisa 

Descurainia pinnata subsp. halictorum 

Descurainia pinnata subsp. pinnata 

Descurainia sophia 

Desmanthus brachylobus (see D. illinoensis) 

Desmanthus illinoensis 

Desmodium cinereum 

Desmodium frutescens (see D. incanum) 

Desmodium incanum 

Desmoncus cirrhiferus 

Desmoncus longifolius (see D. orthacanthos) 

Desmoncus macroanthus (see D. polyacanthos var. polyacanthos) 

Desmoncus orthacanthos 

Desmoncus polyacanthos var. polyacanthos 

Desmoncus polyacanthos var. prunifer 

Desmoncus prostratus (see D. orthacanthos) 

Desmoncus prunifer (see D. polyacanthos var. prunifer) 

Dialium guianensis 

Dialyanthera acuminata 

Dialyanthera parvifolia (see Otoba parvifolia) 

Diclidanthera penduliflora 

Diclinanona tessmannii 

Dictyocaryum lamarckianum 

Dictyocaryum schultzei (see D. lamarckianum) 

Dicypellium caryophyllatum 

Dilkea acuminata (see D. retusa) 

Dilkea retusa 

Dilkea wallisii (see D. retusa) 

Dillenia indica 

Dimerocostus strobilaceus subsp. strobilaceus 

Dimocarpus litchi (see Litchi chinensis) 

Dimocarpus longan 

Dioon edule 

Dioscorea aculeata (see D. esculenta) 

Dioscorea alata 

Dioscorea batatas (see D. oppositifolia) 

Dioscorea brasiliensis 

Dioscorea bulbifera 

Dioscorea cayenensis 

Dioscorea cinnamonifolia 

Dioscorea divaricata (see D. batatas) 

Dioscorea dodecaneura 


873


Dioscorea dumetorum 

Dioscorea esculenta 

Dioscorea hastata 

Dioscorea hebantha (see D. dodecaneura) 

Dioscorea heptaneura 

Dioscorea macrostachya 

Dioscorea matagalpensis 

Dioscorea oppositifolia 

Dioscorea rotundata 

Dioscorea teretiuscula (see D. cinnamomifolia) 

Dioscorea trifida 

Dioscorea trifoliata 

Dioscorea triphylla var. dumetorum (see D. dumetorum) 

Dioscorea tuberosa (see D. cinnamomifolia) 

Diospyros artanthaefolia 

Diospyros blancoi 

Diospyros chinensis (see D. kaki) 

Diospyros conzattii 

Diospyros digyna (see D. revoluta) 

Diospyros discolor (see D. blancoi) 

Diospyros ebenaster (see D. revoluta) 

Diospyros inconstans 

Diospyros kaki 

Diospyros lotus 

Diospyros malabarica 

Diospyros philippensis (see D. blancoi) 

Diospyros praetermissa (under D. artanthaefolia) 

Diospyros revoluta 

Diospyros texana 

Diospyros virginiana 

Diphysa americana 

Diphysa robinioides (see D. americana) 

Diplotaxis muralis 

Diplotaxis tenuifolia 

Diplothenium campestre (see Allagoptera campestris) 

Diplothenium maritimum (see Allagoptera arenaria) 

Diplotropis martiusii 

Dipteryx micrantha 

Dipteryx odorata 

Dipteryx oleifera 

Dipteryx panamensis (see D. oleifera) 

Dipteryx punctata (under D. odorata) 

Disterigma empetrifolium (see Vaccinium crenatum) 

Disterigma margaricoccum (see Vaccinium crenatum) 

Disterigma alaternoides 

Disterigma popenoei (see D. alaternoides) 

Distichlis palmeri 

Ditremexa occidentalis (see Senna occidentalis) 

Ditaxis heterantha 


874


Dodonaea viscosa 

Dolichos ensiformis (see Canavalia ensiformis) 

Dolichos erosus (see Pachyrhizus erosus) 

Dolichos lablab (see Lablab purpureus) 

Dolichos lobatus (see Pueraria montana var. lobata) 

Dolichos sesquipedalis (see Vigna unguiculata subsp. 

sesquipedalis) 

Dolichos sphaerospermus (see Vigna unguiculata) 

Dolichos trilobatus (see Vigna aconitifolia) 

Doliocarpus dentatus 

Doliocarpus macrocarpus (under D. dentatus) 

Doliocarpus major subsp. major (under D. dentatus) 

Dondia californica (see Suaeda californica) 

Dondia ramosissima (see Suaedea ramosissima) 

Dondia suffrutescens (see Suaeda suffrutescens) 

Dovyalis abyssinica 

Dovyalis abyssinica x D. hebecarpa (under D. abyssinica) 

Dovyalis caffra 

Dovyalis engleri (see D. abyssinica) 

Dovyalis hebecarpa 

Dracontium asperum 

Dracontium loretense 

Dracontium margaretae 

Dracontium pittieri 

Dracontium polyphyllum 

Drimys chilensis (see D. winteri) 

Drimys punctata (see D. winteri) 

Drimys winteri 

Duckesia verrucosa 

Dudleya edulis 

Dudleya lanceolata (under D. edulis) 

Dudleya pulverulenta (see D. pulverulenta subsp. typica) 

Dudleya pulverulenta subsp. typica 

Duguetia bahiensis 

Duguetia bracteosa (see D. bahiensis) 

Duguetia flagellaris 

Duguetia insculpta (see D. riparia) 

Duguetia lanceolata 

Duguetia macrophylla 

Duguetia marcgraviana 

Duguetia riparia 

Duguetia spixiana 

Duguetia stenantha 

Duranta erecta 

Duranta macrophylla (see D. erecta) 

Duranta plumieri (see D. erecta) 

Duranta repens (see D. erecta) 

Durio zibethinus 

Duroia eriopila 


875


Duroia genipoides 

Duroia macrophylla 

Duroia saccifera 

Ebenopsis ebano 

Ecclinusa bullata 

Ecclinusa cuneifolia (see Chrysophyllum cuneifolium) 

Ecclinusa guianensis 

Ecclinusa lanceolata 

Ecclinusa ramiflora 

Ecclinusa sanguinolenta (see Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum subsp. 

sanguinolentum) 

Echinocactus grandis 

Echinocactus horizonthalonius 

Echinocactus ingens 

Echinocactus piliferus (see Ferocactus pilosus) 

Echinocactus pilosus var. pringlei (see Ferocactus pilosus) 

Echinocactus pilosus var. stainesii (see Ferocactus pilosus) 

Echinocactus pringlei (see Ferocactus pilosus) 

Echinocactus stanesii (see Ferocactus pilosus) 

Echinocereus conglomeratus 

Echinocereus dasyacanthus (see E. pectinatus var. dasycanthus) 

Echinocereus engelmannii 

Echinocereus enneacanthus 

Echinocereus pectinatus 

Echinocereus pectinatus var. dasycanthus (under E. pectinatus) 

Echinocereus platyacanthus fo. Grandis (see E. grandis) 

Echinocereus stramineus 

Echinocereus triglochidiatus 

Echinochloa crusgalli var. frumentacea (see E. frumentacea) 

Echinochloa frumentacea 

Echinodorus paniculatus 

Echinopanax horridus (see Oplopanax horridus) 

Echinopsis chiloensis 

Echites pandurata (see Fernaldia pandurata) 

Echites pinguifolia (see Fernaldia pandurata) 

Eglerodendron pariry (see Pouteria pariri) 

Ehretia anacua 

Ehretia bourreria 

Ehretia elliptica 

Ehretia tinifolia 

Eichhornia crassipes 

Eichhornia speciosa (See E. crassipes) 

Elaeagnus argentea (under E. commutata) 

Elaeagnus commutata 

Elaeagnus multiflora 

Elaeagnus philippensis 

Elaeagnus pungens (under E. multiflora) 

Elaeis guineensis 

Elaeis melanococca (see E. guineensis and E. oleifera) 


876


Elaeis oleifera 

Elaeocarpus serratus 

Eleocharis dulcis 

Eleocharis tuberosa (see E. dulcis) 

Elaeoluma glabrescens 

Elaeoluma schomburgkiana 

Elettaria cardamamomum 

Eleusine coracana 

Eleusine indica 

Eleuththerine bulbosa 

Elymus canadensis 

Elymus condensatus (see Leymus condensatus) 

Elymus racemosus (see Leymus racemosus) 

Elymus triticoides (see Leymus triticoides) 

Elymus repens 

Elytrigia repens var. repens (see Elymus repens) 

Emmotum fagifolium 

Emmotum nitens (under E. fagifolium) 

Empetrum nigrum 

Encelia farinosa 

Encyclia chochleata 

Endopleura uchi 

Entada gigas 

Entada scandens (see E. gigas) 

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 

Enterolobium saman (see Samanea saman) 

Ephedra americana 

Ephedra antisyphilitica (under E. americana) 

Ephedra nevadensis 

Ephedra ochreata (under E. americana) 

Ephedra torreyana 

Ephedra trifurca 

Ephedra viridis 

Epidendrum cochleatum (see Encyclia chochleata) 

Epilobium angustifolium subsp. angustifolium 

Epiphyllum biforme 

Epiphyllum phyllanthus 

Equisetum arvense 

Equisetum laevigatum 

Equisetum pratense 

Erechtites valerianifolius 

Eriobotrya cordata (see Hesperomeles ferruginea) 

Eriobotrya japonica 

Eriocoma hymenoides (see Oryzopsis hymenoides) 

Eriodendron aesculifolium (see Ceiba aesculifolia) 

Eriodendron anfractuosum (see Ceiba pentandra) 

Eriodictyon californicum 

Eriogonum corybosum 

Eriogonum inflatum 


877


Eriogonum longifolium 

Eriotheca gracilipes 

Erisma calcaratum 

Erisma japura 

Erodium cicutarium 

Erodium moschatum 

Eruca sativa (see E. vesicaria subsp. sativa) 

Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa 

Ervum lens (see Lens culinaris) 

Eryngium aquaticum var. ravenelii 

Eryngium floridanum (see E. aquaticum var. ravenelii) 

Eryngium foetidum 

Eryngium maritimum 

Erythea armata (see Brahea armata) 

Erythea edulis (see Brahea edulis) 

Erythrina americana 

Erythrina arborea (see E. herbacea) 

Erythrina berteroana 

Erythrina corallodendron 

Erythrina edulis 

Erythrina esculenta (see E. edulis) 

Erythrina glauca 

Erythrina herbacea 

Erythrina rubrinervia (see E. herbacea) 

Erythrina standleyana 

Erythronium albidum 

Erythronium americanum 

Erythronium grandiflorum 

Erythronium oreganum 

Erythronium parviflorum (see E. grandiflorum) 

Erythroxylum chiapense (see E. havanense) 

Erythroxylum coca var. coca 

Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu 

Erythroxylum havanense 

Erythroxylum mexicanum (see E. havanense) 

Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense 

Erythroxylum novogranatense var. truxillense 

Erythroxylum truxillense (see E. novogranatense var. truxillense) 

Eschscholzia californica 

Eschweilera compressa 

Eschweilera grandiflora 

Eschweilera ovata 

Escobaria vivipara 

Escontria chiotilla 

Espostoa lanata 

Ethanium mexicanum (see Renealmia mexicana) 

Etlingera elatior 

Eucalyptus globulus 

Eugenia actiniflora (see E. catingiflora) 


878


Euchlaena mexicana (see Zea mexicana) 

Eugenia acapulcensis 

Eugenia aeruginea (see E. domingensis) 

Eugenia aggregata 

Eugenia aromatica (see Syzygium aromaticum) 

Eugenia axillaris 

Eugenia biflora 

Eugenia brasiliensis 

Eugenia buxifolia (see E. foetida) 

Eugenia cabelludo (see Paramyrciaria glomerata) 

Eugenia capuli 

Eugenia caryophyllata (see Syzygium aromaticum) 

Eugenia catingiflora 

Eugenia cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora) 

Eugenia confusa 

Eugenia conzattii 

Eugenia crenata 

Eugenia cumini 

Eugenia delicatula (see Paramyrciaria delicatula) 

Eugenia dichotoma 

Eugenia discolorans 

Eugenia disticha 

Eugenia dombeyana (see E. brasiliensis) 

Eugenia dombeyi (see E. brasiliensis) 

Eugenia domingensis 

Eugenia dulcis 

Eugenia dysentericus 

Eugenia edulis (see Hexachlamys edulis) 

Eugenia eggersii 

Eugenia eurcheila 

Eugenia floribunda (see Myrciaria floribunda) 

Eugenia foetida 

Eugenia foliosa (see Myrcianthes foliosa) 

Eugenia fragrans (see Myrcianthes fragrans) 

Eugenia garberi (see E. confusa) 

Eugenia guabiju 

Eugenia haematocarpa 

Eugenia inocarpa (see E. patrisii) 

Eugenia inundata 

Eugenia itacolumensis 

Eugenia jambolana (see E. cumini) 

Eugenia jambos 

Eugenia javanica (see Syzygium samarangense) 

Eugenia klotzschiana 

Eugenia krugii (see E. confusa) 

Eugenia lambertiana 

Eugenia ligustrina 

Eugenia longipes (see Psidium longipes) 

Eugenia lucescens (see E. luschnathiana) 


879


Eugenia luschnathiana 

Eugenia macrophylla (see E. malaccensis) 

Eugenia malaccensis(see Syzygium malaccense) 

Eugenia maleolens (see E. monticola) 

Eugenia maritima (see E. acapulcensis) 

Eugenia mcvaughii 

Eugenia michelii (see E. uniflora) 

Eugenia monticola 

Eugenia muricata 

Eugenia myrcianthes 

Eugenia myrobalana 

Eugenia myrtoides (see E. foetida) 

Eugenia nhanica 

Eugenia oblongifolia (see E. uniflora) 

Eugenia oerstedeana 

Eugenia origanoides 

Eugenia pallens (see Calyptranthes pallens) 

Eugenia paniculata (see Syzygium paniculatum) 

Eugenia patrisii 

Eugenia pimenta (see Pimenta dioica) 

Eugenia pisiformis 

Eugenia pitanga 

Eugenia procera 

Eugenia pseudopsidium 

Eugenia pumila 

Eugenia pungens (see Myrcianthes pungens) 

Eugenia pyriformis 

Eugenia rabeniana (see Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora) 

Eugenia rhombea 

Eugenia riparia (see E. muricata) 

Eugenia schomburkii (see E. lambertiana) 

Eugenia selloi 

Eugenia stipitata subsp. sororia 

Eugenia stipitata subsp. stipitata (under E. stipitata subsp. 

sororia) 

Eugenia sulcata 

Eugenia supraaxillaris 

Eugenia tenella (see Myrciaria tenella) 

Eugenia tomentosa (see Myrcia tomentosa) 

Eugenia umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera) 

Eugenia uniflora 

Eugenia uruguayensis (see E. guabiju) 

Eugenia uvalha (see E. pyriformis) 

Eulychnia acida 

Eulychnia spinibarbis 

Eupatorium collinum (see Chromolaena collina) 

Eupatorium dalea 

Euphoria nephelium (see Dimocarpus longan) 

Euphorbia helioscopia 


880


Euphorbia marginata 

Eurya theaeoides (see Cleyera theaeoides) 

Eurygania multiflora (see Thibaudia mellifera) 

Euterpe badiocarpa (see E. oleracea) 

Euterpe broadwayi 

Euterpe catinga var. catinga (see E. catinga) 

Euterpe catinga var. roraimae (under E. catinga var. catinga) 

Euterpe controversa (see E. catinga) 

Euterpe cuatrecasana (see E. oleracea) 

Euterpe edulis 

Euterpe oleracea 

Euterpe precatoria 

Euthamia graminifolia 

Euxolus caudatus (see Amaranthus viridis) 

Exellodendron barbatum 

Eysenhardtia polystachya 

Faba vulgaris (see Vicia faba) 

Fagopyrum esculentum 

Fagopyrum sagittatum (see F. esculentum) 

Fagopyrum tataricum 

Fagus grandifolia 

Fagus sylvatica 

Faramea capillipes 

Faramea miconioides 

Fatsia horrida (see Oplopanax horridus) 

Feijoa sellowiana 

Fernaldia pandurata 

Ferocactus acanthodes 

Ferocactus hamatacanthus 

Ferocactus piliferus (see F. pilosus) 

Ferocactus pilosus 

Ferocactus pringlei (see F. pilosus) 

Ferocactus stainesii (see F. pilosus) 

Ferocactus stainesii var. pilosus (see F. pilosus) 

Ferocactus stainesii var. pringlei (see F. pilosus) 

Ferocactus viridescens 

Ferocactus wislizeni 

Ferocactus uncinatus var. wrightii (see Sclerocactus uncinatus 

var. wrightii) 

Feronia ternata (see Swinglea glutinosa) 

Ferula assa-foetida (see F. foetida) 

Ferula foetida 

Festuca obtusa (see F. subverticillata) 

Festuca octoflora (see Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora) 

Festuca paradoxa 

Festuca subverticillata 

Fevillea cordifolia 

Ficus americana 

Ficus anthelminthica 


881


Ficus aurea 

Ficus benghalensis 

Ficus carica 

Ficus citrifolia 

Ficus dulciaria 

Ficus erratica (see F. mathewsii) 

Ficus gigantosyce 

Ficus glabrata (see F. insipida subsp. insipida) 

Ficus indica (see F. benghalensis) 

Ficus insipida subsp. insipida 

Ficus involuta 

Ficus laevigata (see F. citrifolia) 

Ficus mathewsii 

Ficus obtusifolia 

Ficus padifolia (see F. pertusa) 

Ficus pallida 

Ficus pertusa 

Ficus pseudopalma 

Ficus sapida 

Ficus surinamensis 

Ficus velutina 

Flacourtia cataphracta (see F. jangomas) 

Flacourtia indica 

Flacourtia inermis 

Flacourtia jangomas 

Flacourtia ramontchi (under F. indica) 

Flacourtia rukam 

Foeniculum officinale (see F. vulgare) 

Foeniculum vulgare 

Forestiera neo-mexicana 

Fortunella crassifolia (under F. japonica) 

Fortunella hindsii (under F. japonica) 

Fortunella japonica 

Fortunella margarita (under F. japonica) 

Fouquieria splendens 

Fragaria americana (see F. vesca subsp. americana) 

Fragaria ananassa 

Fragaria ananassa var. cuneifolia 

Fragaria australis (see F. virginiana subsp. virginiana) 

Fragaria bracteata (see F. vesca subsp. bracteata) 

Fragaria chiloensis 

Fragaria cuneifolia (see F. ananassa var. cuneifolia) 

Fragaria grandiflora (see F. ananassa) 

Fragaria ovalis (see F. virginiana subsp. virginiana) 

Fragaria vesca subsp. americana 

Fragaria vesca subsp. bracteata 

Fragaria virginiana subsp. glauca 

Fragaria virginiana subsp. virginiana 

Franchetella gongrijpii (see Pouteria gongrijpii) 


882


Frangula purshiana (see Rhamnus purshiana) 

Frantzia tacaco (see Sechium tacaco) 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 

Fritillaria camschatcensis 

Fritillaria pudica 

Fuchsia arborescens 

Fuchsia boliviana 

Fuchsia cordifolia (see F. splendens) 

Fuchsia corymbifolia 

Fuchsia denticulata 

Fuchsia fulgens (see F. racemosa) 

Fuchsia magellanica 

Fuchsia racemosa 

Fuchsia splendens 

Fusaea longifolia 

Galinsoga aristulata (see G. quadriradiata) 

Galinsoga ciliata (see G. quadriradiata) 

Galinsoga parviflora 

Galinsoga quadriradiata (under G. parviflora) 

Galipea febrifuga (see Angostura trifoliata) 

Galipea officinalis (see Angostura trifoliata) 

Galium aparine 

Galium odoratum 

Galium verum 

Garcinia benthamiana 

Garcinia brasiliensis 

Garcinia cochinchinensis 

Garcinia dulcis 

Garcinia livingstonei 

Garcinia macrophylla 

Garcinia madruno 

Garcinia mangostana 

Garcinia pictorius 

Garcinia spiculata 

Garcinia tinctoria (see G. pictorius) 

Garcinia xanthochymus (see G. pictorius) 

Gardenia augusta 

Gardenia brasiliensis 

Gardenia jasminoides (see G. augusta) 

Gaultheria acuminata 

Gaultheria bradeana 

Gaultheria bracteata 

Gaultheria domingensis 

Gaultheria erecta 

Gaultheria glomerata 

Gaultheria hapolotricha 

Gaultheria hispidula 

Gaultheria humifusa 

Gaultheria insipida 


883


Gaultheria myrsinites (see G. humifusa) 

Gaultheria ovatifolia 

Gaultheria procumbens 

Gaultheria schultesii 

Gaultheria shallon 

Gaultheria tomentosa 

Gaultheria vaccinoides 

Gaussia maya 

Gaylussacia baccata 

Gaylussacia brachycera 

Gaylussacia buxifolia 

Gaylussacia dumosa 

Gaylussacia frondosa var. nana 

Gaylussacia frondosa var. tomentosa (under G. frondosa var. nana) 

Gaylussacia resinosa 

Gaylussacia ursina 

Geissanthus longistamineus 

Genipa americana 

Genipa americana var. caruto (see G. americana) 

Genipa caruto (see G. americana) 

Genipa clusiifolia (see Casasia clusiifolia) 

Genipa spruceana 

Geoffroea decorticans 

Geoffroea superba 

Geonoma binervia (see G. interrupta) 

Geonoma camana 

Geonoma deversa 

Geonoma interrupta 

Geonoma macropoda (see G. deversa) 

Geonoma maxima var. chelidonura 

Geophila cordifolia 

Geoprumnon succulentum (see Astragalus crassicarpus) 

Geum rivale 

Geum triflorum 

Geum urbanum 

Gevuina avellana 

Ginkgo biloba 

Glaux maritima 

Glechoma hederacea 

Gleditsia triacanthos 

Gliricidia sepium 

Gloeospermum sphaerocarpum 

Glycine apios (see Apios americana) 

Glycine hispida (see G. max) 

Glycine max 

Glycine soja (see G. max) 

Glycoxylon huberi (see Pradosia huberi) 

Glycoxylon inophyllum (see Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp. 

schomburgkiana) 


884


Glycoxylon pedicellatum (see Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp. 

schomburgkiana) 

Glycydendron amazonicum 

Glycyrrhiza glabra 

Glycyrrhiza lepidota 

Gnetum gnemon 

Gnetum leyboldii 

Gnetum nodiflorum 

Gnetum paniculatum 

Gnetum schwackeanum 

Gnetum urens 

Gnetum venosum 

Gonolobus edulis 

Gonolobus niger 

Gossypium arboreum 

Gossypium barbadense 

Gossypium herbaceum 

Gossypium hirsutum 

Gouania lupuloides 

Gouania polygama 

Goupia glabra 

Gourliea decorticans (see Geoffroea decorticans) 

Greigia sodiroana 

Greigia sphacelata 

Grias cauliflora 

Grias haughtii 

Grias loretensis (see G. neuberthii) 

Grias mexicana (see Gustavia augusta) 

Grias neuberthii 

Grias peruviana 

Grindelia squarrosa 

Grossularia cynobati (see Ribes cynosbati) 

Grossularia divaricata (see Ribes divaricatum) 

Grossularia hirtella (see Ribes hirtellum) 

Grossularia inermis (see Ribes inerme) 

Grossularia missouriensis (see Ribes missouriense) 

Grossularia setosa (see Ribes oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum) 

Guadua angustifolia 

Guadua latifolia (under G. angustifolia) 

Guaiacum officinale 

Guaiacum guatemalense (see G. sanctum) 

Guaiacum sanctum 

Guarea borisii (see G. grandifolia) 

Guarea grandifolia 

Guarea guara (see G. guidona) 

Guarea guidonia 

Guarea trichilodes (see G. guidona) 

Guatteria buchtienii 

Guatteria elongata 


885


Guatteria gracilipes 

Guatteria ponderosa (see Porcelia ponderosa) 

Guazuma grandiflora (see Theobroma grandiflorum) 

Guazuma guazuma (see G. ulmifolia) 

Guazuma tomentosa (see G. ulmifolia) 

Guazuma ulmifolia 

Guettarda argentea 

Guettarda speciosa 

Guettarda scabra 

Guettarda uruguensis 

Guilandina moringa (see Moringa oleifera) 

Guilielma chontaduro (see Bactris gasipaes) 

Guilielma gasipaes (see Bactris gasipaes) 

Guilielma insignis (see Bactris gasipaes) 

Guilielma speciosa (see Bactris gasipaes) 

Guilielma utilis (see Bactris gasipaes) 

Gunnera chilensis (see G. tinctoria) 

Gunnera tinctoria 

Gustavia augusta 

Gustavia longifolia 

Gustavia macarenensis subsp. macarenensis 

Gustavia mexicana (see G. augusta) 

Gustavia nana 

Gustavia speciosa subsp. speciosa 

Gustavia superba 

Gymnocladus dioica 

Gymnoluma glabrescens (see Elaeoluma glabrescens) 

Gynandropsis speciosa (see Cleome speciosa) 

Haageocereus decumbens 

Haageocereus pseudomelanostele 

Habenaria sparsiflora (see Platanthera sparsiflora var. 

sparsiflora) 

Hahnia arbutifolia var. nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Halesia carolina 

Hamamelis virginiana 

Hamatocactus hamatacanthus (see Ferocactus hamatacanthus) 

Hamatocactus uncinatus (see Sclerocactus uncinatus var. wrightii) 

Hamelia patens 

Hancornia speciosa 

Haplopappus nuttallii (see Machaeranthera grindelioides var. 

grindelioides) 

Harpephyllum caffrum 

Harrisia aboriginum 

Harrisia balansae 

Harrisia bonplandii (see H. pomanensis) 

Harrisia eriophora 

Harrisia eriophora var. fragrans (see H. fragrans) 

Harrisia fragrans 

Harrisia guelichii (see H. balansae) 


886


Harrisia pomanensis 

Harrisia portoricensis 

Harrisia simpsonii 

Hasseltia dioica 

Hechtia montana 

Hedeoma drummondii 

Hedeoma pulegioides 

Hedychium coronarium 

Hedychium spicatum (see H. coronarium) 

Hedyosmum angustifolium 

Hedyosmum maximum 

Hedyosmum mexicanum 

Hedyosmum nutans 

Hedyosmum racemosum 

Hedysarum alpinum 

Hedysarum alpinum var. americanum (see H. alpinum) 

Hedysarum boreale subsp. mackenzii 

Hedysarum mackenzii (see H. boreale subsp. mackenzii) 

Hedysarum occidentale 

Helianthus annuus 

Helianthus doronicoides 

Helianthus giganteus 

Helianthus maximiliana 

Helianthus tuberosus 

Heliconia bihai 

Heliconia caribaea 

Heliconia hirsuta 

Heliconia humilis (see H. bihai) 

Heliconia latispatha 

Heliconia psittacorum 

Heliconia rostrata 

Heliconia velutina 

Helicostylis elegans 

Helicostylis scabra 

Helicostylis tomentosa 

Heliopsis buphthalmoides 

Hemerocallis flava (see H. lilioasphodelus) 

Hemerocallis fulva 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. flavus (see H. lilioasphodelus) 

Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus var. fulvus (see H. fulva) 

Henriettea succosa 

Heracleum lanatum (see H. maximum) 

Heracleum maximum 

Heracleum sphondylium 

Herrania albiflora 

Herrania camargoana 

Herrania mariae var. mariae 

Herrania nitida 


887


Hesperis matronalis 

Hesperomeles ferruginea 

Hesperomeles lanuginosa (see H. ferruginea) 

Hesperoyucca whipplei (see Yucca whipplei) 

Heteromeles arbutifolia 

Heteromeles salicifolia (see H. arbutifolia) 

Heteropsis sp. 

Hevea brasiliensis 

Hevea guianensis 

Hevea pauciflora var. coriacea 

Hexachlamys edulis 

Hibiscus abelmoschus (see Abelmoschus moschatus) 

Hibiscus bifurcatus 

Hibiscus cannabinus 

Hibiscus esculentus (see Abelmoschus esculentus) 

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis 

Hibiscus sabdariffa 

Hibiscus syriacus 

Hibiscus tiliaceus 

Hibiscus uncinellus (see H. bifurcatus) 

Hicoria alba (see Carya tomentosa) 

Hicoria cordiformis (see Carya cordiformis) 

Hicoria glabra (see Carya glabra) 

Hicoria laciniosa (see Carya laciniosa) 

Hicoria microcarpa (see Carya glabra) 

Hicoria ovata (see Carya ovata) 

Hicoria pecan (see Carya illinoinensis) 

Hippocratea comosa (see Hylenaea comosa) 

Hippocratea volubilis 

Hippuris vulgaris 

Hiraea reclinata 

Hirtella americana 

Hirtella bicornis 

Hirtella bullata 

Hirtella lightioides 

Hirtella pilosissima (under H. lightioides) 

Hirtella racemosa (under H. lightioides) 

Hirtella triandra 

Hoffmanseggia densiflora (see H. glauca) 

Hoffmanseggia falcaria (see H. glauca) 

Hoffmanseggia glauca 

Holchus sorghum (see Sorghum bicolor) 

Holodiscus discolor 

Honckenya peploides subsp. peploides 

Hordeum distichon (see H. vulgare) 

Hordeum jubatum 

Hordeum vulgare 

Hovenia dulcis 

Hufelandia anay (see Beilschmiedia anay) 


888


Huilaea ecuadorensis 

Huilaea macrocarpa 

Humiria balsamifera 

Humirianthera ampla (see Casimirella ampla) 

Humirianthera duckei (see Casimirella ampla) 

Humirianthera rupestris 

Humiriastrum cuspidatum 

Humulus lupulus 

Hydrastis canadensis 

Hydrophyllum appendiculatum 

Hydrophyllum canadense 

Hydrophyllum occidentale 

Hydrophyllum virginianum 

Hyeronima colombiana (see H. macrocarpa) 

Hyeronima macrocarpa 

Hylenaea comosa 

Hylocereus costaricensis 

Hylocereus guatemalensis (see H. undatus) 

Hylocereus lemairei 

Hylocereus ocamponis 

Hylocereus polyrhizus (see H. lemairei) 

Hylocereus triangularis 

Hylocereus trigonus 

Hylocereus undatus 

Hymenaea altissima (see H. courbaril var. altissima) 

Hymenaea courbaril 

Hymenaea courbaril var. altissima 

Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa (see H. courbaril) 

Hymenaea intermedia 

Hymenaea martiana 

Hymenaea oblongifolia var. oblongifolia 

Hymenaea oblongifolia var. palustris (under H. oblongifolia var. 

oblongifolia) 

Hymenaea palustris (see H. oblongifolia var. palustris) 

Hymenaea parvifolia 

Hymenaea reticulata 

Hymenaea stigonocarpa 

Hymenaea stilbocarpa (see H. courbaril) 

Hymenocallis spp. 

Hymenopappus filifolius 

Hymenoxys odorata 

Hypericum cayennensis (see Vismia cayenensis) 

Hypericum perforatum 

Hypopterygium adstringens (see Amphipterygium adstringens) 

Hyptis albida 

Hyptis emoryi 

Hyptis multiflora 

Hyptis pectinata 

Hyptis suaveolens 


889


Icacorea guadalupensis (see Ardisia guadalupensis) 

Icacorea guianensis (see Ardisia guianensis) 

Icacorea revoluta (see Ardisia revoluta) 

Ibicella lutea 

Ilex amara 

Ilex cassine 

Ilex conocarpa 

Ilex glabra 

Ilex guayusa 

Ilex opaca 

Ilex paraguariensis 

Ilex verticillata 

Ilex vomitoria 

Illicium anisatum (inedible, under I. verum) 

Illicium floridanum 

Illicium mexicanum (see I. floridanum) 

Illicium parviflorum (inedible, under I. verum) 

Illicium religiosum (inedible, see I. anisatum) 

Illicium verum 

Impatiens biflora (see I. capensis) 

Impatiens capensis 

Impatiens pallida 

Inga adenophylla 

Inga affinis (see also I. pilosula) 

Inga alba 

Inga aria 

Inga auristellae 

Inga brevialata 

Inga bourgonii 

Inga calocephala (see I. macrophylla) 

Inga canaminensis 

Inga capitata 

Inga cayennensis 

Inga ciliata (see also I. poeppigiana) 

Inga cinnamomea 

Inga coerulescens (see I. ciliata) 

Inga coruscans 

Inga cyclocarpa (see Enterolobium cyclocarpum) 

Inga dulcis (see Pithecellobium dulce) 

Inga densiflora 

Inga dumosa 

Inga edulis 

Inga expansa (see I. velutina) 

Inga fagifolia (see I. laurina and I. ruiziana) 

Inga falcistipula (see I. capitata) 

Inga feuillei 

Inga foliosa (see I. ruiziana) 

Inga gracilifolia 

Inga heterophylla 


890


Inga ilta 

Inga inga (see I. vera) 

Inga ingoides 

Inga insignis 

Inga killipiana 

Inga klugii 

Inga lallensis 

Inga lateriflora 

Inga laurina 

Inga leiocalycina 

Inga leptoloba 

Inga lineata 

Inga longipes 

Inga lopadadenia 

Inga macrophylla 

Inga marginata (see I. semialta) 

Inga mathewsiana (see I. nobilis) 

Inga micheliana 

Inga minutula 

Inga mucuna 

Inga multijuga 

Inga myriantha (see I. umbellifera) 

Inga nobilis 

Inga obidensis 

Inga obtusata 

Inga oerstediana 

Inga paraensis 

Inga paterno 

Inga peltadenia (see I. thibaudiana) 

Inga pilosula 

Inga plumifera 

Inga poeppigiana 

Inga preussii (see. I. sapindoides) 

Inga pruriens 

Inga punctata 

Inga quadrangularis (see I. macrophylla) 

Inga quaternata 

Inga radians (see I. paterno) 

Inga rensonii (see. I. sapindoides) 

Inga reticulata (see I. feullei) 

Inga rubiginosa 

Inga ruiziana 

Inga salzmanniana 

Inga saman (see Samanea saman) 

Inga santaremnensis 

Inga sapindoides 

Inga semialata 

Inga spectabilis 

Inga splendens 


891


Inga spuria (see I. minutula) 

Inga stenocarpa 

Inga strigillosa 

Inga suturalis (see I. brevialata) 

Inga thibaudiana 

Inga tocacheana 

Inga tomentosa 

Inga umbellata (see I. heterophylla) 

Inga umbellifera 

Inga velutina 

Inga vera 

Inga villosissima 

Inga virescens 

Iochroma fuchsioides 

Ipomoea alba 

Ipomoea aquatica 

Ipomoea batatas 

Ipomoea bona-nox (see I. alba) 

Ipomoea bracteata 

Ipomoea dumosa 

Ipomoea leptophylla 

Ipomoea macrantha (see I. violaceae) 

Ipomoea pandurata 

Ipomoea pes-caprae 

Ipomoea reptans (see I. reptans) 

Ipomoea tuba (see I. violaceae) 

Ipomoea violacea 

Iriartea deltoidea 

Iriartea durissima (see Socratea exorrhiza) 

Iriartea ventricosa (see I. deltoidea) 

Iris setosa 

Iryanthera elliptica 

Iryanthera juruensis (under I. elliptica) 

Iryanthera laevis 

Iryanthera lancifolia (under I. elliptica) 

Iryanthera paraensis (under I. elliptica) 

Iryanthera ulei (under I. elliptica) 

Ischnosiphon arouma 

Isomeris arborea (see Cleome isomeris) 

Itaya amicorum 

Iva annua 

Ixora sp. 

Jacaratia digitata 

Jacaratia dodecaphylla (see J. spinosa) 

Jacaratia mexicana 

Jacaratia spinosa 

Jacquinia caracasana 

Jaltomata bicolor 

Jaltomata confinis (under J. procumbens) 


892


Jaltomata chiuahuensis 

Jaltomata procumbens 

Jaltomata viscosa (under J. procumbens) 

Jaltomata ventricosa 

Jambosa jambos (see Eugenia jambos) 

Jambosa malaccensis (see Eugenia malaccensis) 

Jambosa vulgaris (see Eugenia jambos) 

Jarilla caudata (see J. heterophylla) 

Jarilla heterophylla 

Jatropha aconitifolia (see Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) 

Jatropha curcas 

Jatropha multifida 

Jatropha moluccana (see Aleurites moluccanus) 

Jatropha phyllacantha 

Jatropha urens (see Cnidoscolus urens) 

Jessenia bataua (see Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua) 

Jessenia bataua subsp. oligocarpa (see Oenocarpus bataua var. 

oligocarpa) 

Jessenia oligocarpa (see Oenocarpus bataua var. oligocarpa) 

Jessenia polycarpa (see Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua) 

Jessenia weberbaueri (see Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua) 

Jubaea chilensis 

Jubaea spectabilis (see J. chilensis) 

Juglans andina (see J. neotropica) 

Juglans arizonica (see J. major) 

Juglans australis 

Juglans boliviana 

Juglans brasiliensis (see J. australis) 

Juglans californica 

Juglans californica var. hindsii (see J. hindsii) 

Juglans cinerea 

Juglans colombiensis (see J. neotropica) 

Juglans elaeopyron (see J. major) 

Juglans guatemalensis (see J. olanchana) 

Juglans hindsii 

Juglans hirsuta 

Juglans honorei (see J. neotropica) 

Juglans insularis (see J. jamaicensis) 

Juglans jamaicensis 

Juglans major 

Juglans mexicana (see J. mollis) 

Juglans microcarpa 

Juglans microcarpa var. stewartii 

Juglans mollis 

Juglans neotropica 

Juglans nigra 

Juglans nigra var. boliviana (see J. boliviana) 

Juglans olanchana 

Juglans peruviana (see J. boliviana) 


893


Juglans regia 

Juglans rupestris (see J. microcarpa) 

Juglans torreyi (see J. major) 

Juglans venezuelensis (see J. neotropica) 

Juliania adstringens (see Amphipterygium adstringens) 

Juniperus californica 

Juniperus communis 

Juniperus deppeana 

Juniperus horizontalis 

Juniperus monosperma 

Juniperus occidentalis 

Juniperus osteosperma 

Juniperus pachyphlaea (see J. deppeana) 

Juniperus scopulorum 

Juniperus silicicola (see J. virginiana var. silicicola) 

Juniperus utahensis (see J. osteosperma) 

Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola (under J. v. var. virginiana) 

Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana 

Justicia pectoralis 

Kallstroemia maxima 

Karatas pinguin (see Bromelia pinguin) 

Karatas plumeiri (see Bromelia plumeiri) 

Karwinskia humboldtiana 

Koeleria cristata (see K. macrantha) 

Koeleria macrantha 

Koeleria pyramidata (see K. macrantha) 

Kotchubaea sericantha (see Kutchubaea sericantha) 

Krameria erecta 

Krugiodendron ferreum 

Kutchubaea sericantha 

Labatia caimito (see Pouteria caimito) 

Labatia macrocarpa (see Pouteria macrocarpa) 

Lablab niger (see L. purpureus) 

Lablab purpureus 

Lablab vulgaris (see L. purpureus) 

Labourdonnaisia albescens (see Manilkara valenzuelana) 

Lacistema aggregatum 

Lacmellea aculeata 

Lacmellea arborescens 

Lacmellea arborescens var. peruviana (see L. peruviana) 

Lacmellea edulis 

Lacmellea floribunda 

Lacmellea gracilis 

Lacmellea lactescens 

Lacmellea peruviana 

Lacmellea speciosa 

Lactuca canadensis 

Lactuca intybacea (see Launaea intybacea) 

Lactuca longifolia (see L. romana) 


894


Lactuca ludoviciana 

Lactuca pulchella (see L. tatorica var. pulchella) 

Lactuca romana (see L. sativa) 

Lactuca sativa 

Lactuca scariola (see L. serriola) 

Lactuca serriola 

Lactuca tatarica var. pulchella 

Lactuca virosa (see L. serriola) 

Lacunaria grandiflora 

Lacunaria jenmani 

Lagenaria leucantha (see L. siceraria) 

Lagenaria siceraria 

Lagenaria vulgaris (see L. siceraria) 

Lagerstroemia parviflora 

Lagerstroemia indica (under L. parviflora) 

Lamium amplexicaule 

Lansium domesticum 

Lantana camara 

Lantana involucrata 

Lantana trifolia 

Lapageria rosea 

Laportea canadensis 

Lardizabala biternata 

Larix occidentalis 

Larrea mexicana (see L. tridentata) 

Larrea tridentata 

Lathyrus brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx 

Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus 

Lathyrus maritimus (see L. japonicus var. maritimus) 

Lathyrus ochroleucus 

Lathyrus odoratus 

Lathyrus ornatus (see L. brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx) 

Lathyrus polymorphus 

Lathyrus sativus 

Lathyrus tuberosus 

Launaea intybacea 

Laurelia sempervirens 

Laurelia serrata (see L. sempervirens) 

Laurocerasus officinalis 

Laurus winterana (see Canella winterana) 

Laurus cinnamomum (see Cinnamomum verum) 

Laurus nobilis 

Laurus persea (see Persea americana var. americana) 

Lecythis amapaensis (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis amazonum (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis ampla 

Lecythis angustifolia (see Eschweilera compressa) 

Lecythis costaricensis (see L. ampla) 

Lecythis elliptica (see L. minor) 


895


Lecythis grandiflora (see Eschweilera grandiflora) 

Lecythis hians (see L. zabucajo) 

Lecythis lanceolata 

Lecythis minor 

Lecythis ollaria 

Lecythis ovata (see Eschweilera ovata) 

Lecythis paraensis (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis pisonis 

Lecythis pisonis subsp. usitata (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis usitata (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis usitata var. paraensis (see L. pisonis) 

Lecythis zabucajo 

Ledum decumbens (see L. palustre subsp. decumbens) 

Ledum glandulosum 

Ledum groenlandicum 

Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens 

Lemaireocereus chichipe 

Lemaireocereus deficiens 

Lemaireocereus griseus 

Lemaireocereus gummosus 

Lemaireocereus laetus (see Armatocereus laetus) 

Lemaireocereus marginatus 

Lemaireocereus queretaroensis 

Lemaireocereus stellatus 

Lemaireocereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi) 

Lemaireocereus weberi 

Lemna minor 

Lens culinaris 

Lens esculenta (see L. culinaris) 

Leonia glycycarpa 

Leonia triandra 

Leopoldia comosa 

Leopoldinia piassaba 

Leopoldinia pulchra 

Lepargyraea argentea (see Shepherdia argentea) 

Lepargyrea canadensis (see Shepherdia canadensis) 

Lepianthes peltata (see Piper peltatum) 

Lepianthes umbellata (see Piper umbellatum) 

Lepidium campestre 

Lepidium fremontii 

Lepidium latifulium 

Lepidium meyenii 

Lepidium sativum 

Lepidium virginicum 

Leptochloopsis virgata 

Leptotaenia multifida (see Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum) 

Leptotes bicolor 

Lespedeza capitata 

Leucaena esculenta 


896


Leucaena glauca (see L. leucocephala) 

Leucaena leucocephala 

Leucaena pulverulenta 

Leucanthemum integrifolium 

Leucanthemum leucanthemum (see L. vulgare) 

Leucanthemum vulgare 

Levisticum officinale 

Lewisia rediviva 

Leymus arenarius 

Leymus condensatus 

Leymus racemosus 

Leymus triticoides 

Liatris punctata 

Licania apetala 

Licania canescens 

Licania glabriflora 

Licania heteromorpha 

Licania hypoleuca var. hypoleuca 

Licania incana 

Licania kunthiana 

Licania latifolia 

Licania licaniiflora 

Licania macrocarpa 

Licania macrophylla 

Licania michauxii 

Licania oblongifolia 

Licania octandra subsp. pallida 

Licania parinarioides (see L. licaniiflora) 

Licania parviflora 

Licania pendula (see L. apetala) 

Licania platypus 

Licania pyrifolia 

Licania tomentosa 

Ligusticum hultenii (see L. scothicum subsp. hultenii) 

Ligusticum scothicum 

Ligusticum scothicum subsp. hultenii 

Lilium brownii 

Lilium columbianum 

Lilium lancifolium 

Lilium montanum (see L. philadelphicum var. andinum) 

Lilium parviflorum 

Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum 

Lilium superbum 

Lilium tigrinum (see L. lancifolium) 

Lilium umbellatum (see L. philadelphicum var. andinum) 

Limnia perfoliata (see Claytonia perfoliata var. perfoliata) 

Limnophila aromatica 

Limonia aurantifolia (see Citrus aurantifolia) 

Limonia glutinosa (see Swinglea glutinosa) 


897


Lindera aestivale var. pubescens (see L. benzoin) 

Lindera benzoin 

Linum bienne 

Linum lewisii 

Linum perenne 

Linum perenne var. lewisii (see L. lewisii) 

Linum usitatissimum 

Lippia alba 

Lippia berlandieri 

Lippia geminata (see L. alba) 

Lippia graveolens 

Lippia helleri (see L. micromera var. helleri) 

Lippia mexicana 

Lippia micromera 

Lippia micromera var. helleri (under L. micromera) 

Liquidambar styraciflua 

Liquidambar styraciflua var. mexicana(see L. styraciflua) 

Litchi chinensis 

Lithocarpus densiflora 

Lithospermum officinale 

Litsea glaucecens 

Litsea neesiana 

Lobelia berlandieri 

Lochnera rosea (see Catharanthus roseus) 

Lomatium ambiguum 

Lomatium californicum 

Lomatium canbyi (under L. ambiguum) 

Lomatium cous (under L. ambiguum) 

Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum 

Lomatium farinosum (under L. ambiguum) 

Lomatium foeniculaceum 

Lomatium hallii 

Lomatium macrocarpum (see L. hallii) 

Lomatium nudicaule 

Lomatium utriculatum 

Lonchocarpus longistylus 

Lonicera caerulea 

Lonicera ciliosa 

Lonicera involucrata 

Lonicera japonica 

Lophocereus schottii (see Pachycereus schottii) 

Loretoa peruviana (see Capirona decordicans) 

Loreya arborescens 

Loreya collatata (see L. spruceana) 

Loreya spruceana 

Lucuma arguacoensium (see Pouteria arguacoensium) 

Lucuma bifera (see Pouteria lucuma) 

Lucuma caimito (see Pouteria caimito) 

Lucuma dissepala (see Pouteria venosa subsp. amazonica) 


898


Lucuma glabrescens (see Elaeoluma glabrescens) 

Lucuma huallagae (see Pouteria guianensis) 

Lucuma lasiocarpa (see Pouteria caimito) 

Lucuma laurifolia (see Pouteria caimito) 

Lucuma macrocarpa (see Pouteria multiflora) 

Lucuma mammosa (see Pouteria sapota) 

Lucuma multiflora (see Pouteria multiflora) 

Lucuma nervosa (see Pouteria campechiana) 

Lucuma obovata (see Pouteria lucuma) 

Lucuma palmeri (see Pouteria campechiana) 

Lucuma paraensis (see Pouteria macrocarpa) 

Lucuma pariry (see Pouteria pariri) 

Lucuma parviflora (see Pouteria ramiflora) 

Lucuma procera (see Pouteria procera) 

Lucuma rivicola (see Pouteria macrophylla) 

Lucuma salicifolia (see Pouteria campechiana) 

Lucuma serpentaria (see Pouteria dominigensis subsp. dominigensis) 

Lucuma speciosa (see Pouteria speciosa) 

Lucuma torta (see Pouteria torta) 

Lucuma turbinata (see Pouteria lucuma) 

Lucuma valparadisea (see Pouteria splendens) 

Luffa acutangula 

Luffa aegyptiaca 

Luffa cylindrica (see L. aegyptiaca) 

Luffa operculata 

Lupinus albus 

Lupinus jugoslavicus (see L. albus) 

Lupinus littoralis 

Lupinus luteus 

Lupinus mutabilis 

Lupinus perennis 

Lupinus raecus (see L. albus) 

Lupinus termis (see L. albus) 

Lycianthes asarifolia 

Lycianthes mociniana 

Lycium andersonii 

Lycium barbarum (see L. halimifolium) 

Lycium berlandieri 

Lycium carolinianum 

Lycium fremontii 

Lycium halimifolium 

Lycium pallidum 

Lycium torreyi 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme 

Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum 

Lycopersicon humboldtii 

Lycopersicon lycopersicum (see L. esculentum var. esculentum) 

Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium 

Lycopus asper 


899


Lycopus uniflorus 

Lycopus virginicus 

Lygodesmia grandiflora 

Lysimachia clethroides 

Lythrum salicaria 

Maba inconstans (see Diospyros inconstans) 

Mabea longifolia 

Macadamia integrifolia 

Macadamia tetraphylla 

Machaeranthera grindelioides var. grindelioides 

Macheocereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus) 

Macleania benthamiana 

Macleania ecuadoriensis (see M. rupestris) 

Macleania popenoei (see M. benthamiana) 

Macleania rupestris 

Maclura pomifera 

Maclura mora (see M. tinctoria) 

Maclura tinctoria 

Macoubea guianensis 

Macoubea wititorum (see M. guianensis) 

Macroptilium lathyroides 

Macrorhynchus troximoides (see Agoseris aurantica) 

Magnolia grandiflora (see also Talauma mexicana) 

Magnolia mexicana (see Talauma mexicana) 

Magnolia virginiana 

Mahonia aquifolium (see Berberis aquifolium) 

Mahonia haematocarpa (see Berberis haematocarpa) 

Mahonia nervosa (see Berberis nervosa) 

Mahonia pinnata (see Berberis pinnata) 

Mahonia repens (see Berberis repens) 

Mahonia swaseyi (see Berberis swaseyi) 

Mahonia trifoliolata (see Berberis trifoliolata) 

Maieta guianensis 

Maieta heterophylla (see Clidemia heterophylla) 

Maieta poeppigii 

Malacomeles denticulata 

Malocchia ensiformis (see Canavalia ensiformis) 

Malpighia angustifolia (see M. linearis) 

Malpighia cnide 

Malpighia coccigera 

Malpighia crassifolia (see Byrsonima crassifolia) 

Malpighia densa (see Byrsonima densa) 

Malpighia edulis (see M. mexicana) 

Malpighia emarginata 

Malpighia fucata 

Malpighia glabra (see also M. emarginata) 

Malpighia linearis 

Malpighia macrophylla 

Malpighia mexicana 


900


Malpighia nitida (see M. glabra) 

Malpighia obovata (see Hiraea reclinata) 

Malpighia oaxacana (see M. mexicana) 

Malpighia peruviana (see M. glabra) 

Malpighia punicifolia (see M. emarginata and M. glabra) 

Malpighia reclinata (see Hiraea reclinata) 

Malpighia rutilans (see Byrsonima sericea) 

Malpighia setosa 

Malpighia spicata (see Byrsonima spicata) 

Malpighia urens 

Malus angustifolia 

Malus baccata 

Malus communis (see M. pumila) 

Malus coronaria var. coronaria 

Malus fusca 

Malus ioensis var. ioensis 

Malus malus (see M. sylvestris) 

Malus prunifolia 

Malus pumila 

Malus sylvestris 

Malva neglecta (see also M. rotundifolia) 

Malva niacennsis 

Malva parviflora 

Malva pusilla (see M. rotundifolia) 

Malva rotundifolia 

Malva setosa (see M. niacennsis) 

Malva sylvestris 

Malva verticillata 

Malva verticillata var. crispa (under M. verticillata) 

Malvaviscus arboreus 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii (see M. arboreus) 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. mexicanus (see M. arboreus) 

Malvaviscus arboreus var. penduliflorus (see M. arboreus) 

Malvaviscus drummondii (see M. arboreus var. drummondii) 

Malvaviscus penduliflorus (see M. arboreus) 

Mammea americana 

Mammillaria heyderi var. meiacantha 

Mammillaria gummifera var. meiacantha (see M. heyderi var. 

meiacantha) 

Mammillaria mammillaris 

Mammillaria mazatlanensis 

Mammillaria meiacantha (see M. heyderi var. meiacantha) 

Mammillaria nivosa 

Mammillaria simplex (see M. mammillaris) 

Mandevilla potosina (see Fernaldia pandurata) 

Mandevilla velutina (see Fernaldia pandurata) 

Mangifera indica 

Mangifera odorata 

Manicaria saccifera 


901


Manihot dulcis (see M. esculenta) 

Manihot esculenta 

Manihot glaziovii 

Manihot utilissima (see M. esculenta) 

Manilkara achras (see M. zapota) 

Manilkara bahamensis (see M. jaimiqui subsp. emarginata) 

Manilkara balata (see M. bidentata subsp. bidentata) 

Manilkara balata var. domingensis (see M. bidentata subsp. 

surinamensis) 

Manilkara bella 

Manilkara bidentata subsp. bidentata 

Manilkara bidentata subsp. surinamensis 

Manilkara chicle 

Manilkara darienensis (see M. bidentata subsp. bidentata) 

Manilkara excelsa 

Manilkara huberi 

Manilkara jaimiqui subsp. emarginata 

Manilkara nitida (see M. bidentata subsp. surinamensis) 

Manilkara salzmannii 

Manilkara staminodella 

Manilkara surinamensis (see M. bidentata subsp. surinamensis) 

Manilkara valenzuelana 

Manilkara zapota 

Manilkara zapotilla (see M. zapota) 

Mansoa alliacea 

Mansoa hymenaea 

Mansoa standleyi 

Maranta arouma (see Ischnosiphon arouma) 

Maranta arundinacea 

Maranta divaricata 

Maranta ruiziana 

Marcgravia sp. 

Margaritaria nobilis (see Phyllanthus nobilis) 

Maripa panamensis 

Maripa sp. 

Marlierea edulis 

Marlierea glomerata (see Eugenia discolorans) 

Marliarea guildingiana 

Marlierea montana 

Marlierea obtusa (see M. montana) 

Marrubium vulgare 

Marshallocereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi) 

Marsilea polycarpa 

Martinezia caryotifolia (see Aiphanes aculeata) 

Martinezia ernesti (see Aiphanes aculeata) 

Mastichodendron capiri (see Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque) 

Mastichodendron foetidissimum (see Sideroxylon foetidissimum) 

Matelea rivularis 

Matisia bicolor 


902


Matisia cordata 

Matisia ochrocalyx 

Matricaria chamomilla (see Chamomilla recutita) 

Matricaria recutita (see Chamomilla recutita) 

Matteuccia pensylvanica (see M. struthiopteris) 

Matteuccia struthiopteris 

Mauria obtusa (see Tapirira obtusa) 

Mauritia aculeata (see Mauritiella aculeata) 

Mauritia armata (see Mauritiella armata) 

Mauritia carana 

Mauritia flexuosa 

Mauritia huebneri (see Mauritiella armata) 

Mauritia martiana (see Mauritiella armata) 

Mauritia vinifera (see M. flexuosa) 

Mauritiella aculeata 

Mauritiella armata 

Maximiliana crassispatha (see Attalea crassispatha) 

Maximiliana inajai (see Syagrus inajai) 

Maximiliana maripa (see Attalea maripa) 

Maximiliana martiana (see Attalea maripa) 

Maximiliana regia (see Attalea maripa) 

Maximiliana stenocarpa (see Attalea maripa) 

Mayna grandiflora 

Mayna odorata 

Maytenus boaria 

Medeola virginiana 

Medicago lupulina 

Medicago sativa 

Mediocactus megalanthus (see Selenicereus megalanthus) 

Melastoma grossularioides (see Bellucia grossularioides) 

Melastoma succosa (see Henriettea succosa) 

Melicocca bijuga (see Melicoccus bijugatus) 

Melicoccus bijugatus 

Melicoccus lepidopetala 

Melicoccus oliviformis (see Talisia oliviformis) 

Melilotus albua 

Melilotus officinalis 

Melissa macrostema (see Satureja macrostema) 

Melissa officinalis 

Melloca peruviana (see Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus) 

Melocactus caesius 

Melocactus communis (see M. intortus) 

Melocactus curvispinus 

Melocactus curvispinus subsp. caesius (see M. caesius) 

Melocactus intortus 

Melocactus ruestii (see M. curvispinus) 

Melothria pendula 

Mentha aquatica 

Mentha arvensis 


903


Mentha dumetorum var. natalensis (see M. aquatica) 

Mentha x piperita 

Mentha pulegium 

Mentha sativa (see M. x verticillata) 

Mentha spicata 

Mentha suaveolens 

Mentha x verticillata 

Mentha viridis (see M. spicata) 

Mentzelia albicaulis 

Menyanthes trifoliata 

Menziesia ferruginea 

Merremia quinquefolia 

Mertensia maritima 

Mesembryanthemum aequilaterum (see Carpobrotus aequilaterus) 

Mesembryanthemum chilense (see Carpobrotus chilensis) 

Mespilodaphne sassafras 

Mespilus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia) 

Mespilus arbutifolia var. Melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Metteniusa edulis 

Metteniusa nucifera 

Maianthemum racemasum 

Maianthemum stellatum 

Miconia affinis 

Miconia albicans 

Miconia boomii 

Miconia calvescens 

Miconia ciliata 

Miconia desmantha 

Miconia holosericea 

Miconia klugii (under M. affinis) 

Miconia liebmannii 

Miconia ligustrina 

Miconia longispicata (under M. affinis) 

Miconia macrophylla (see M. serrulata) 

Miconia macrothyrsa 

Miconia poeppigii (under M. affinis) 

Miconia prasina 

Miconia punctata 

Miconia serrulata 

Miconia splendens (under M. affinis) 

Miconia tomentosa (under M. affinis) 

Micrandra spruceana 

Micromeria chamissonis (see Satureja douglasii) 

Micromeria gilliesii (see Satureja parvifolia) 

Micropholis acutangula 

Micropholis crotonoides 

Micropholis egensis 

Micropholis guyanensis subsp. guyanensis 

Micropholis melinoniana 


904


Micropholis obscura 

Micropholis rugosa 

Micropholis venulosa 

Mimosa alba (see Inga alba) 

Mimosa cyclocarpa (see Enterolobium cyclocarpum) 

Mimosa ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano) 

Mimosa saman (see Samanea saman) 

Mimosa senegal (see Acacia senegal) 

Mimosa velutina (see Inga velutina) 

Mimulus guttatus 

Mimusops bidentata (see Manilkara bidentata subsp. bidentata) 

Mimusops commersonii 

Mimusops elata (see Manilkara bella) 

Mimusops elengi 

Mimusops excelsa (see Manilkara excelsa) 

Mimusops huberi (see Manilkara huberi) 

Mimusops sieberi (see Manilkara jaimiqui subsp. emarginata) 

Mimusops triflora (see Manilkara huberi) 

Minquartia guianensis 

Mirabilis expansa 

Mirabilis jalapa 

Mirabilis multiflora 

Mitchella repens 

Mitranthes obscura 

Mitranthes sartoriana (see Psidium sartorianum) 

Modiola caroliniana 

Momordica balsamina (under M. charantia) 

Momordica charantia 

Monarda citridora 

Monarda didyma 

Monarda fistulosa 

Monarda menthaefolia (see M. didyma) 

Monarda pectinata 

Monolepsis nuttalliana 

Monstera adansonii 

Monstera deliciosa 

Monstera dilacerata 

Monstera pertusa (see M. adansonii) 

Montia fontana 

Montia perfoliata (see Claytonia perfoliata var. perfoliata) 

Montia sibirica (see Claytonia sibirica) 

Montrichardia arborescens 

Morinda citrifolia 

Morinda royoc 

Morinda yucatanensis (see M. royoc) 

Moringa moringa (see M. oleifera) 

Moringa oleifera 

Moringa pterygosperma (see M. oleifera) 

Morisonia americana 


905


Morrenia odorata 

Morrenia variegata (under M. odorata) 

Morus alba 

Morus alba var. multicaulis 

Morus celtidifolia 

Morus mexicana (see M. celtidifolia) 

Morus microphylla (see M. celtidifolia) 

Morus multicaulis (see M. alba var. multicaulis) 

Morus nigra 

Morus rubra 

Morus tinctoria 

Mouriri acutiflora 

Mouriri apiranga 

Mouriri crassifolia 

Mouriri domingensis 

Mouriri eugeniifolia 

Mouriri ficoides 

Mouriri grandiflora (see M. macrophylla) 

Mouriri guianensis 

Mouriri huberi 

Mouriri macrophylla 

Mouriri oligantha 

Mouriri pendulifolia (see M. acutiflora) 

Mouriri pseudo-geminata 

Mouriri pusa 

Mouriri sagotiana 

Mouriri trunciflora 

Moutabea aculeata 

Moutabea angustifolia 

Moutabea chodatiana 

Mucoa duckei 

Mucuna pruriens 

Mucuna pruriens var. utilis 

Muehlenbeckia chilensis (see M. hastulata) 

Muehlenbeckia hastulata 

Muehlenbeckia sagittifolia 

Muhlenbergia spp. 

Muntingia calabura 

Murdannia nudiflora 

Murraya exotica (see M. paniculata) 

Murraya koenigii 

Murraya paniculata 

Musa acuminata 

Musa balbisiana 

Musa cavendishii (see M. acuminata) 

Musa chinensis (see M. acuminata) 

Musa nana (see M. acuminata) 

Musa x paradisiaca 

Musa x paradisiaca var. sapientum 


906


Musa sapientum (see M. x paradisiaca var. sapientum) 

Muscadinia rotundifolia (see Vitis rotundifolia) 

Mussatia hyacinthina 

Myrceugenia fernandeziana 

Myrcia acuminata (see M. fallax) 

Myrcia aromatica (see Calyptranthes schiedeana) 

Myrtus cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora) 

Myrcia fallax 

Myrcia fenestrata 

Myrcia guianensis 

Myrcia multiflora 

Myrcia paivae 

Myrcia sphaerocarpa (see M. multiflora) 

Myrcia splendens 

Myrcia tomentosa 

Myrcia umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera) 

Myrcianthes foliosa 

Myrcianthes fragrans 

Myrcianthes pungens 

Myrcianthes umbellulifera (see Pseudanamomis umbellulifera) 

Myrciaria baporeti (see M. rivularis var. baporetii) 

Myrciaria cauliflora 

Myrciaria caurensis (see M. dubia) 

Myrciaria dubia 

Myrciaria edulis (see Hexachlamys edulis) 

Myrciaria floribunda 

Myrciaria glomerata (see Paramyrciaria glomerata) 

Myrciaria jaboticaba 

Myrciaria delicatula (see Paramyrciaria delicatula) 

Myrciaria linearifolia (see Paramyrciaria delicatula) 

Myrciaria paraensis (see M. dubia) 

Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora 

Myrciaria plicatocostata 

Myrciaria pittieri (see M. vexator) 

Myrciaria protracta (see M. floribunda) 

Myrciaria pumila 

Myrciaria rivularis var. baporetii 

Myrciaria tenella 

Myrciaria trunciflora (see M. peruviana var. trunciflora) 

Myrciaria vexator 

Myrciaria vismeifolia 

Myriaspora decipiens (see M. egensis) 

Myriaspora egensis 

Myrica cerifera 

Myrica cerifera var. pumila (see M. cerifera) 

Myrica gale 

Myrica pennsylvanica 

Myrica pumila (see M. cerifera) 

Myriophyllum aquaticum 


907


Myriophyllum brasiliense (see M. aquaticum) 

Myristica aromatica (see M. fragrans) 

Myristica fragrans 

Myristica guatemalensis (see Virola guatemalensis) 

Myristica moschata (see M. fragrans) 

Myristica officinalis (see M. fragrans) 

Myroxylon balsamum 

Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae 

Myroxylon pereirae (see M. pereirae balsamum var. pereirae) 

Myroxylon toluifera (see M. balsamum) 

Myrsoma cannifolia 

Myrtillocactus cochal 

Myrtillocactus geometrizans 

Myrtus arayan (see Psidium arayan) 

Myrtus foliosa (see Myrcianthes foliosa) 

Myrtus fragrans (see Myrcianthes fragrans) 

Myrtus incana (see Psidium incanum) 

Myrtus jaboticaba (see Myrciaria jaboticaba) 

Myrtus luma (see Amomyrtus luma) 

Myrtus mucronata (see Psidium luridum) 

Myrtus pimenta (see Pimenta dioica) 

Myrtus zuzygium (see Calyptranthes zuzygium) 

Nageia nagi 

Narcissus jonquilla 

Nasturtium armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana) 

Nasturtium officinale 

Nauclea esculenta (see N. latifolia) 

Nauclea latifolia 

Naucleopsis concinna 

Naucleopsis mello-berretoi 

Naucleopsis pseudonaga 

Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora 

Nectandra brenesii (see Ocotea brenesii) 

Nectandra cinnamomoides (see Ocotea quixos) 

Neea theifera 

Negundo aceroides (see Acer negundo) 

Negundo mexicanum (see Acer negundo var. mexicanum) 

Negundo negundo (see Acer negundo) 

Nelumbium nelumbo (see Nelumbo nucifera) 

Nelumbo lutea 

Nelumbo nucifera 

Neocardenasia herzogiana (see Neoraimondia herzogiana) 

Neopometia ptychandra (see Pradosia ptychandra) 

Neoraimondia arequipensis 

Neoraimondia herzogiana 

Neoraimondia macrostibas (see N. arequipensis) 

Neoxythece elegans (see Pouteria elegans) 

Nepeta cataria 

Nephelium lappaceum 


908


Nephelium litchi (see Litchi chinensis) 

Nephelium longana (see Dimocarpus longan) 

Nephelium mutabile (see N. ramboutan-ake) 

Nephelium ramboutan-ake 

Nicolaia elatior (see Etlingera elatior) 

Nicotiana tabacum 

Nopalea cochenillifera (see Opuntia cochenillifera) 

Nopalea dejecta 

Nopalxochia ackermanii 

Nothoscordum gracile 

Nothoscordum inodorum (see N. gracile) 

Nuphar advena 

Nuphar lutea subsp. advena (see N. advena) 

Nuphar lutea subsp. polysepala (see N. polysepala) 

Nuphar lutea subsp. variegata (see N. variegata) 

Nuphar polysepala 

Nuphar variegata 

Nycterisition ferrugineum (see Chrysophyllum argenteum subsp. 

ferrugineum) 

Nymphaea ampla 

Nymphaea elegans 

Nymphaea odorata subsp. odorata 

Nymphaea odorata subsp. tuberosa 

Nymphaea polysepala (see Nuphar polysepala) 

Nymphaea tuberosa (see N. odorata subsp. tuberosa) 

Nyssa aquatica 

Nyssa ogeche 

Nyssa sylvatica vav. biflora 

Nyssa sylvatica vav. sylvatica 

Oberna behen 

Ocimum basilicum 

Ocimum campechianum 

Ocimum canum 

Ocimum gratissimum 

Ocimum micranthum (see O. campechianum) 

Ocimum pilosum (see O. basilicum) 

Ocimum tweedianum 

Ocotea brenesii 

Ocotea cymbarum (see O. brenesii) 

Ocotea odorifera 

Ocotea pretiosa (see O. odorifera) 

Ocotea quixos 

Ocotea sassafras (see Mespilodaphne sassafras) 

Odontadenia nitida 

Oemleria cerasiformis 

Oenanthe sarmentosa 

Oenocarpus bacaba 

Oenocarpus balickii 

Oenocarpus bataua var. bataua 


909


Oenocarpus bataua var. oligocarpa 

Oenocarpus discolor (see O. distichus) 

Oenocarpus distichus 

Oenocarpus huebneri (see O. minor) 

Oenocarpus intermedius (see O. minor) 

Oenocarpus macrocalyx (see O. mapora) 

Oenocarpus makeru 

Oenocarpus mapora 

Oenocarpus microspadix (see O. minor) 

Oenocarpus minor 

Oenocarpus multicaulis (see O. mapora) 

Oenocarpus oligocarpa (see O. bataua var. oligocarpa) 

Oenocarpus tarampabo (see O. distichus) 

Oenothera albicaulis 

Oenothera biennis 

Oenothera hookeri 

Oenothera speciosa 

Oenothera villosa subsp. strigosa 

Oenothera strigosa (see O. villosa subsp. strigosa) 

Ogcodeia pseudonega (see Naucleopsis pseudonega) 

Ogcodeia ternstroemiiflora (see Naucleopsis ternstroemiiflora) 

Olea europaea 

Oleiocarpon panamense (see Dipteryx oleifera) 

Olneya tesota 

Omphalea diandra 

Omphalea megacarpa 

Omphalea triandra 

Onoclea sensibilis 

Oplopanax horridus 

Opsiandra maya (see Gaussia maya) 

Opuntia amyclaea 

Opuntia atropes 

Opuntia azurea 

Opuntia basilaris 

Opuntia boliviensis (see Tunilla soehrensii) 

Opuntia bonplandii 

Opuntia camanchica (see O. phaeacantha var. camanchica) 

Opuntia chlorotica 

Opuntia clavata 

Opuntia cochenillifera 

Opuntia compressa (see O. humifusa) 

Opuntia dillenii (see O. stricta var. dillenii) 

Opuntia dobbieana (see O. soederstromiana) 

Opuntia engelmannii 

Opuntia engelmannii var. linguiformis 

Opuntia ficus-indica 

Opuntia ficus-indica var. amyclaea (see O. amyclaea) 

Opuntia fulgida 

Opuntia humifusa 


910


Opuntia imbricata 

Opuntia leptocaulis (see Cylindropuntia leptocaulis) 

Opuntia leucotricha 

Opuntia lindheimeri var. linguiformis (see O. engelmannii var. 

linguiformis) 

Opuntia linguiformis (see O. engelmannii var. linguiformis) 

Opuntia littoralis 

Opuntia macrorhiza 

Opuntia megacantha (see O. ficus-indica) 

Opuntia monacantha 

Opuntia opuntia (see O. humifusa) 

Opuntia phaeacantha 

Opuntia phaeacantha var. camanchica 

Opuntia polyacantha 

Opuntia pottsii 

Opuntia quimilo 

Opuntia robusta 

Opuntia soederstromiana 

Opuntia soehrensii (see Tunilla soehrensii) 

Opuntia streptacantha 

Opuntia stricta 

Opuntia stricta var. dillenii 

Opuntia tenuispina 

Opuntia tomentosa 

Opuntia tortispina (under O. humifusa) 

Opuntia versicolor 

Opuntia vulgaris (see O. monacantha) 

Opuntia whipplei 

Orbignya cohune (see Attalea cohune) 

Orbignya cuatrecasana (see Attalea cuatrecasana) 

Orbignya guacuyule (see Attalea cohune) 

Orbignya martiana (see Attalea speciosa) 

Orbignya phalerata (see Attalea speciosa) 

Orbignya polysticha (see Attalea microcarpa) 

Orbignya speciosa (see Attalea speciosa) 

Orbignya spectabilis (see Attalea spectabilis) 

Oreocereus hendriksenianus (see O. leucotrichus) 

Oreocereus leucotrichus 

Oreodoxa oleracea (see Roystonea oleracea) 

Oreosphacus parvifolia (see Satureja parvifolia) 

Origanum majorana 

Origanum vulgare 

Orobanche bulbosa 

Orobanche californica 

Orobanche fasciculata 

Orobanche ludoviciana 

Orobanche tuberosa (see O. bulbosa) 

Orogenia linearifolia 

Orontium aquaticum 


911


Orophoma carana (see Mauritia carana) 

Oryza sativa 

Oryzopsis asperifolia 

Oryzopsis hymenoides 

Osmanthus americanus 

Osmanthus fragrans 

Osmanthus megacarpus 

Osmaronia cerasiformis (see Oemleria cerasiformis) 

Osmorhiza claytoni 

Osmorhiza depauperata 

Osmorhiza obtusa (see O. depauperata) 

Osmorhiza ooccidentalis 

Osmunda cinnamomea 

Osmunda regalis 

Osmunda struthiopteris (see Matteuccia struthiopteris) 

Ossaea capillaris 

Otholobium glandulosum 

Otoba parvifolia 

Ouratea macrobotrys 

Ouratea nitida (under O. macrobotrys) 

Oxalis acetosella 

Oxalis barrelieri (see O. cytisoides) 

Oxalis corniculata 

Oxalis corymbosa (see O. debilis var. corymbosa) 

Oxalis crenata (see O. tuberosa) 

Oxalis cytisoides 

Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa 

Oxalis deppei (see O. tetraphylla) 

Oxalis latifolia 

Oxalis martiana (see O. debilis var. corymbosa) 

Oxalis oregana 

Oxalis pes-caprae 

Oxalis repens (see O. corniculata) 

Oxalis stricta 

Oxalis tetraphylla 

Oxalis tuberosa 

Oxalis violacea 

Oxydendrum arboreum 

Oxyrhynchus volubilis 

Oxyria digyna 

Oxythece fabrilis (see Pouteria pallida) 

Pachira aquatica 

Pachira grandiflora (see P. aquatica) 

Pachira insignis 

Pachira macrocarpa (see P. aquatica) 

Pachira spruceana (see P. insignis) 

Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum 

Pachycereus pringlei 

Pachycereus schottii 


912


Pachycereus thurberi (see Stenocereus thurberi) 

Pachycereus weberi (see Lemaireocereus weberi) 

Pachylecythis egleri (see Lecythis pisonis) 

Pachyptera alliacea (see Mansoa alliacea) 

Pachyrhizus ahipa 

Pachyrhizus angulatus (see P. erosus) 

Pachyrhizus erosus 

Pachyrhizus palmatilobus (see P. erosus) 

Pachyrhizus thunbergianus (see Pueraria montana var. lobata) 

Pachyrhizus tuberosus 

Paivaea langsdorffi (see Campomanesia phaea) 

Palma cocos (see Cocos nucifera) 

Panax quinquefolium 

Panax trifolium 

Pandanus tectorius 

Pandanus utilis 

Panicum hirticaule 

Panicum miliaceum 

Panicum obtusum 

Panicum sonorum (see P. hirticaule) 

Papaver somniferum 

Papaya carica (see Carica papaya) 

Papaya chilensis (see Vasconcellea chilensis) 

Papaya cundinamarcencis (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Papaya goudotiana (see Vasconcellea goudotiana) 

Papaya gracilis (see Vasconcellea goudotiana) 

Papaya paniculata (see Vasconcellea parviflora) 

Papaya parviflora (see Vasconcellea parviflora) 

Papaya pubescens (see Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis) 

Parahancornia amapa 

Parahancornia fasciculata 

Parahancornia peruviana 

Parajubaea cocoides 

Paramyrciaria delicatula 

Paramyrciaria glomerata 

Parathesis crenulata 

Parathesis serrulata (see P. crenulata) 

Parinarium brachistachium (see P. pachyphylum) 

Parinari campestris 

Parinari excelsa 

Parinari montana 

Parinari pachyphyla 

Parinari sprucei 

Parkia balslevii 

Parkia multijuga 

Parkia nitida 

Parkia panurensis 

Parkia platycephala 

Parkinsonia aculeata 


913


Parkinsonia florida 

Parkinsonia microphylla 

Parmentiera aculetea 

Parmentiera alata 

Parmentiera cerifera 

Parmentiera edulis (see P. aculetea) 

Parmentiera stenocarpa 

Parosela lanata (see Dalea lanata var. lanata) 

Passiflora actinia 

Passiflora adenopoda 

Passiflora alata 

Passiflora ambigua 

Passiflora amethystina 

Passiflora antioquiensis 

Passiflora caerulea 

Passiflora capsularis 

Passiflora cincinnata 

Passiflora coccinea 

Passiflora edulis 

Passiflora foetida 

Passiflora incarnata 

Passiflora laurifolia 

Passiflora ligularis 

Passiflora macrocarpa (see P. quadrangularis) 

Passiflora maliformis 

Passiflora manicata 

Passiflora membranacea 

Passiflora menispermifolia 

Passiflora mixta var. mixta 

Passiflora mollissima (see P. tripartita var. mollissima) 

Passiflora morifolia 

Passiflora mucronata 

Passiflora nitida 

Passiflora organensis 

Passiflora pallida (see P. suberosa) 

Passiflora paraguayensis (see P. capsularis) 

Passiflora pinnatistipula 

Passiflora platyloba 

Passiflora popenovii 

Passiflora psilantha (see P. tripartita var. tripartita) 

Passiflora quadrangularis 

Passiflora riparia 

Passiflora rubra 

Passiflora schlimiana 

Passiflora seemannii 

Passiflora serratodigitata 

Passiflora suberosa 

Passiflora tenuifila 

Passiflora tetragona (see P. quadrangularis) 


914


Passiflora tomentosa (see P. mixta var. mixta) 

Passiflora tomentosa var. mollissima (see P. tripartita var. 

mollissima) 

Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima 

Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita 

Passiflora umbilicata 

Passiflora vespertilio 

Passiflora villosa (see P. menispermifolia) 

Passiflora vitifolia 

Passiflora warmingii (see P. morifolia) 

Pastinaca sativa 

Patinoa almirajo 

Paullinia cupana 

Paullinia macrophylla 

Paullinia obovata var. subrotundata 

Paullinia pinnata 

Paullinia sorbilis (under P. cupana) 

Paullinia subrotundata (see P. obovata var. subrotundata) 

Paullinia yoco 

Pectis papposa 

Pedicularis langsdorfii 

Pedilanthus tithymaloides 

Pediomelum castoreum 

Pediomelum cuspidatum 

Pediomelum esculentum 

Pediomelum hypogaeum 

Pediomelum mephiticum 

Pellaea mucronata 

Peltandra sagittifolia 

Peltandra virginica 

Peltiphyllum peltatum 

Peniocereus greggii 

Pennisetum americanum (see P. glaucum) 

Pennisetum glaucum 

Penstemon confertus 

Penstemon procerus 

Pentagonia brachyotis 

Pentagonia macrophylla 

Pentagonia parvifolia 

Pentaphylloides floribunda 

Peperomia acuminata 

Peperomia angustata 

Peperomia fraseri 

Peperomia maculosa 

Peperomia pellucida 

Peperomia resedaeaflora (see P. fraseri) 

Peperomia viridispica (see P. angostata) 

Pepo ficifolia (see Cucurbita ficifolia) 

Pepo malabaricus (see Cucurbita ficifolia) 


915


Peraphyllum ramosissimum 

Perebea concinna (see Naucleopsis concinna) 

Perebea elegans (see Helicostylis elegans) 

Perebea guianensis 

Perebea mollis 

Pereskia aculeata 

Pereskia bahiensis (under P. grandifolia) 

Pereskia bleo (see P. grandifolia) 

Pereskia colombiana 

Pereskia grandifolia 

Pereskia guamacho (see P. colombiana) 

Pereskia pereskia (see P. aculeata) 

Pereskiopsis aquosa 

Pereskiopsis porteri 

Periandra dulcis 

Perideridia gairdneri 

Perideridia montana (see P. gairdneri) 

Perilla frutescens 

Perilla ocymoides (see P. frutescens) 

Peritassa dulcis 

Peritassa laevigata 

Pernettya prostrata 

Persea americana var. americana 

Persea americana var. drymifolia 

Persea americana var. guatemalensis (see P. guatemalensis) 

Persea borbonia 

Persea drymifolia (see P. americana var. drymifolia) 

Persea gratissima (see P. americana var. americana) 

Persea gratissima var. schiedeana (see P. schiedeana) 

Persea guatemalensis 

Persea leiogyna (see P. americana var. americana) 

Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis 

Persea schiedeana 

Persicaria vulgaris (see Polygonum persicaria) 

Persica vulgaris (see Prunus persica) 

Petalostemon candidum (see Dalea candida) 

Petalostemon oligophyllum (see Dalea candida var. oligophylla) 

Petalostemon purpureus (see Dalea purpurea var. purpurea) 

Petasites frigidus 

Petasites palmatus 

Petroselinum crispum 

Petroselinum hortense (see P. crispum) 

Petroselinum sativum (see P. crispum) 

Peumus boldus 

Phaeomeria speciosa (see Etlingera elatior) 

Pharmacosicea anthelmintica (see Ficus anthelminthica) 

Phaseolus aborigineus (see P. vulgaris var. aborigineus) 

Phaseolus aconitifolius (see Vigna aconitifolia) 

Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius 


916


Phaseolus adenantha (see Vigna adenantha) 

Phaseolus angularis (see Vigna angularis) 

Phaseolus aureus (see Vigna radiata) 

Phaseolus calcaratus (see Vigna umbellata) 

Phaseolus coccineus 

Phaseolus coccineus subsp. darwinianus (see P. polyanthus) 

Phaseolus coccineus subsp. polyanthus (see P. polyanthus) 

Phaseolus filiformis 

Phaseolus flavescens 

Phaseolus lathyroides (see Macroptilium lathyroides) 

Phaseolus limensis (see P. lunatus) 

Phaseolus lunatus 

Phaseolus maculatus (see P. ritensis) 

Phaseolus metcalfei (see P. ritensis) 

Phaseolus multiflorus (see P. coccineus) 

Phaseolus mungo (see Vigna mungo) 

Phaseolus polyanthus 

Phaseolus polystachios 

Phaseolus radiatus (see Vigna radiata) 

Phaseolus retusus (see P. ritensis) 

Phaseolus ritensis 

Phaseolus trilobatus (see Vigna trilobata) 

Phaseolus vulgaris 

Phaseolus vulgaris subsp. aborigineus (see P. vulgaris var. 

aborigineus) 

Phaseolus vulgaris var. aborigineus (see P. vulgaris) 

Phaseolus asellus 

Phaseolus derasus 

Phaseolus diversifolius 

Phaseolus pallar 

Phellopterus bulbosus (see Cymopterus bulbosus) 

Phellopterus montanus (see Cymopterus montanus) 

Phenakospermum guyannense 

Philodendron bipinnatifiidum 

Philodendron remifolium 

Philodendron selloum (see P. bipinnatifiidum) 

Philodendron squamiferum 

Philodendron warszewiczii 

Philoxerus vermicularis (see Blutaporon vermiculare) 

Phlebodium aureum (see Polypodium aureum) 

Phoenix canariensis 

Phoenix dactylifera 

Phoenix reclinata 

Pholidostachys syanthera 

Phoradendron californicum 

Phoradendron juniperinum 

Phormium tenax 

Photinia arbutifolia (see Heteromeles salicifolia) 

Photinia floribunda 


917


Photinia melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Photinia pyrifolia 

Photinia japonica (see Eriobotrya japonica) 

Photinia melanocarpa (Aronia melanocarpa) 

Phragmites australis 

Phragmites communis (see P. australis) 

Phyla scaberrima 

Phyllanthus acidus 

Phyllanthus adenodiscus 

Phyllanthus distichus (see P. acidus) 

Phyllanthus emblica 

Phyllanthus niruri 

Phyllanthus nobilis 

Phyllocactus biformis 

Phyllocalyx edulis (see Eugenia selloi) 

Phyllocalyx luschnathianus (see Eugenia luschnathiana) 

Phyllospadix scouleri 

Phyllostachys arcana 

Phyllostachys aurea 

Phyllostachys aureosulcata 

Phyllostachys bambusoides 

Phyllostachys dulcis 

Phyllostachys elegans 

Phyllostachys flexuosa 

Phyllostachys makinoi 

Phyllostachys nidularia 

Phyllostachys nigra 

Phyllostachys nuda 

Phyllostachys pubescens 

Phyllostachys rubromarginata 

Phyllostachys sulphurea (see P. bambusoides) 

Phyllostachys viridi-glauscens 

Phyllostachys viridis (see P. bambusoides) 

Phyllostachys vivax 

Phyllostylon rhamnoides 

Phyllotaenium lindenii (see Caladium lindenii) 

Physalis angulata 

Physalis brasiliensis 

Physalis chenopodifolia (see P. peruviana) 

Physalis edulis (see P. peruviana) 

Physalis fendleri (under P. heterophylla) 

Physalis heterophylla 

Physalis hispida (see P. lanceolata) 

Physalis ixocarpa (see P. philadalphica) 

Physalis lanceolata 

Physalis longifolia 

Physalis longifolia var. subglabrata 

Physalis melanocystis var. melanocystis 

Physalis neo-mexicana (see P. subulata var. neomexicana) 


918


Physalis peruviana 

Physalis philadalphica 

Physalis pruinosa 

Physalis pubescens (under P. subulata var. neomexicana) 

Physalis schiedeana (see P. gracilis) 

Physalis subglabrata (see P. longifolia var. subglabrata) 

Physalis subulata var. neomexicana 

Physalis virginiana 

Physalis viscosa 

Phytelephas aequatorialis 

Phytelephas dasyneura (see Ammandra dasyneura) 

Phytelephas decasperma (see Ammandra decasperma) 

Phytelephas macrocarpa (under P. aequatorialis) 

Phytelephas seemanni (under P. aequatorialis) 

Phytelephas tumacana (under P. aequatorialis) 

Phytolacca americana 

Phytolacca dioica 

Phytolacca icosandra 

Phytolacca octandra (see P. icosandra) 

Phytolacca rivinoides 

Piaropus crassipes (see Eichhornia crassipes) 

Picea glauca 

Picea mariana 

Picea rubens 

Picramnia sp. 

Picramnia sellowii subsp. spruceana (see P. sp.) 

Picrasma excelsa 

Piloblephis rigida 

Pilocereus engelmannii (see Carnegiea gigantea) 

Pilocereus giganteus (see Carnegiea gigantea) 

Pilocereus pringlei (see Pachycereus pringlei) 

Pilocereus repandus (see Cereus repandus) 

Pilocereus royenii 

Pilocereus russelianus 

Pimenta acris (see P. racemose) 

Pimenta dioica 

Pimenta haitiensis 

Pimenta officinales (see P. dioica) 

Pimenta racemose 

Pimpinella anisum 

Pindarea fastuosa (see Attalea dubia) 

Pinus albicaulis 

Pinus ayacahuite 

Pinus canadensis (see Tsuga canadensis) 

Pinus cembroides 

Pinus chiapensis (see P. strobus) 

Pinus clausa 

Pinus coulteri 

Pinus edulis 


919


Pinus elliottii 

Pinus jeffreyi 

Pinus lambertiana 

Pinus maximartinezii 

Pinus monophylla 

Pinus nelsonii 

Pinus palustris 

Pinus parryana (see P. quadrifolia) 

Pinus pinceana 

Pinus pinea 

Pinus ponderosa 

Pinus ponderosa var. jeffreyi (see P. jeffreyi) 

Pinus quadrifolia 

Pinus sabiniana 

Pinus scopulorum (see P. ponderosa) 

Pinus serotina 

Pinus strobus 

Pinus strobus var. chiapensis (see P. strobus) 

Pinus torreyana 

Pinus torreyana subsp. insularis (see P. torreyana) 

Pinus torreyana subsp. torreyana (see P. torreyana) 

Pinzona coriacea 

Piper aduncum 

Piper amalago 

Piper asterotrichum 

Piper auritum (see P. biseriatum) 

Piper biseriatum 

Piper immutatum 

Piper marginatum 

Piper nigrum 

Piper peltatum 

Piper sanctum 

Piper trumanyunckerii 

Piper umbellatum (under P. peltatum) 

Pirus malus (see Malus communis) 

Pistacia chinensis 

Pistacia lentiscus 

Pistacia vera 

Pisum sativum 

Pisum sativum var. macrocarpon (see P. sativum) 

Pithecellobium calostachys 

Pithecellobium dulce 

Pithecellobium ebano (see Ebenopsis ebano) 

Pithecellobium flexicaule (see Ebenopsis ebano) 

Pithecellobium hymenaeifolium 

Pithecellobium lanceolatum 

Pithecellobium longifolium (see Zygia longifolia) 

Pithecellobium saman (see Samanea saman) 

Pithecellobium unguis-cati 


920


Plantago lanceolata 

Plantago major 

Plantago rugelii (under P. major) 

Platanthera sparsiflora var. sparsiflora 

Platanus occidentalis 

Platonia esculenta 

Platonia insignis (see P. esculenta) 

Platymiscium pinnatum 

Pityothamnus reticulatus (see Asimina reticulata) 

Platyopuntia soehrensii (see Tunilla soehrensii) 

Plectranthus amboinicus 

Plinia cauliflora (see Myrciaria cauliflora) 

Plinia glomerata (see Paramyrciaria glomerata) 

Plinia jaboticaba (see Myrciaria jaboticaba) 

Plinia rubra (see Eugenia uniflora) 

Plinia trunciflora (see Myrciaria peruviana var. trunciflora) 

Plukenetia volubilis 

Plumeria rubra 

Podocarpus andinus (see Prumnopitys andina) 

Podocarpus gracilior (see Afrocarpus gracilior) 

Podocarpus macrophylla 

Podocarpus macrostachya 

Podocarpus nagi (see Nageia nagi) 

Podophyllum peltatum 

Pogogyne douglasii subsp. parviflora 

Pogogyne parviflora (see P. douglasii subsp. parviflora) 

Pogostemon cablin 

Polakowskia tacaco (see Sechium tacaco) 

Polanisia viscosa (see Cleome viscosa) 

Poliomintha incana 

Poliomintha longiflora 

Polyandrococos caudescens 

Polianthes tuberosa 

Polygala nitida var. lithophila 

Polygonatum biflorum 

Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum 

Polygonatum commutatum (see P. biflorum var. commutatum) 

Polygonatum giganteum (see P. biflorum var. commutatum) 

Polygonum amphibium var. emersum 

Polygonum aviculare 

Polygonum bistotoides 

Polygonum coccineum (see P. amphibium var. emersum) 

Polygonum cuspidatum 

Polygonum douglasii 

Polygonum persicaria 

Polygonum viviparum 

Polymnia edulis (see P. sonchifolia) 

Polymnia sonchifolia 

Polypodium aureum 


921


Polypodium areolatum (see P. aureum) 

Polypodium leucatomos (see P. aureum) 

Polypodium glycyrrhiza 

Polypodium polypodioides (under P. aureum) 

Poncirus trifoliata 

Pontederia cordata 

Pontederia crassipes (see Eichhornia crassipes) 

Pontederia lanceolata (see P. cordata) 

Populus alba 

Populus deltoides subsp. wislizeni 

Populus grandidentata 

Populus tremuloides 

Populus wislizeni (see P. deltoides subsp. wislizeni) 

Poraqueiba guianensis 

Poraqueiba paraensis 

Poraqueiba sericea 

Porcelia cinnamomea (see Cymbopetalum penduliflorum) 

Porcelia nitidifolia 

Porcelia ponderosa 

Porcelia saffordiana (see P. ponderosa) 

Porophyllum ruderale var. macrocepholum 

Porophyllum ruderale subsp. macrocepholum (see P. ruderale var. 

macrocepholum) 

Portulaca oleracea 

Portulaca pilosa 

Portulaca retusa (see P. oleracea) 

Portulaca triangularia (see Talinum fruticosum) 

Posoqueria latifolia 

Posoqueria longifolia 

Potalia amara 

Potamogeton natans 

Potamogeton pectinatus 

Potentilla anserina 

Potentilla erecta 

Potentilla fruticosa (see Pentaphylloides floribunda) 

Potentilla glandulosa 

Potentilla palustris (see Comarum palustre) 

Pothomorphe peltata (see Lepianthes peltata) 

Pothomorphe umbellata (see Lepianthes umbellata) 

Pothomorphe peltata (see Piper peltatum) 

Pothomorphe umbellata (see Piper umbellatum) 

Poulsenia armata 

Poupartia amazonica 

Pourouma acuminata 

Pourouma bicolor subsp. bicolor 

Pourouma bicolor subsp. tessmannii 

Pourouma cecropiifolia 

Pourouma guianensis subsp. guianensis 

Pourouma herrerensis 


922


Pourouma laevis (see P. villosa) 

Pourouma minor 

Pourouma mollis subsp. mollis 

Pourouma sapida (see P. cecropiaefolia) 

Pourouma schultesii (see P. bicolor subsp. bicolor) 

Pourouma tessmannii (see P. bicolor subsp. tessmannii) 

Pourouma tomentosa subsp. tomentosa 

Pourouma villosa 

Pouteria amygdalicarpa 

Pouteria arguacoensium 

Pouteria bilocularis 

Pouteria bullata 

Pouteria butyrocarpa 

Pouteria caimito 

Pouteria campechiana 

Pouteria carabobensis (see P. multiflora) 

Pouteria cayennensis 

Pouteria chiricana 

Pouteria cladantha 

Pouteria collina 

Pouteria cuspidata subsp. cuspidata 

Pouteria cuspidata subsp. robusta 

Pouteria dominigensis subsp. dominigensis 

Pouteria durlandii subsp. durlandii 

Pouteria egregia 

Pouteria elegans 

Pouteria engleri 

Pouteria filipes 

Pouteria fossicola 

Pouteria gardneri 

Pouteria gardneriana 

Pouteria glauca 

Pouteria glomerata subsp. glomerata 

Pouteria glomerata subsp. stylosa 

Pouteria gomphiifolia 

Pouteria gongrijpii 

Pouteria grandiflora 

Pouteria guianensis 

Pouteria hispida 

Pouteria hypoglauca 

Pouteria insignis (see P. lucuma) 

Pouteria jariensis 

Pouteria laevigata 

Pouteria laurifolia (see P. caimito) 

Pouteria lucuma 

Pouteria macrocarpa (see also P. multiflora) 

Pouteria macrophylla 

Pouteria maguirei 

Pouteria mammosa (see P. sapota) 


923


Pouteria multiflora 

Pouteria nemorosa 

Pouteria opposita 

Pouteria pallida 

Pouteria pariry 

Pouteria penicillata 

Pouteria plicata 

Pouteria procera 

Pouteria ptychandra (see Pradosia ptychandra) 

Pouteria ramiflora 

Pouteria reticulata subsp. reticulata 

Pouteria sapota 

Pouteria simulans 

Pouteria speciosa 

Pouteria splendens 

Pouteria suavis (see P. gardneriana) 

Pouteria surinamensis (see Pradosia surinamensis) 

Pouteria surumuensis 

Pouteria torta subsp. glabra 

Pouteria torta subsp. torta 

Pouteria torta subsp. tuberculata 

Pouteria tovarensis (see P. guianensis) 

Pouteria trigonosperma 

Pouteria triplarifolia 

Pouteria ucuqui 

Pouteria unilocularis (see P. reticulata subsp. reticulata) 

Pouteria venosa subsp. amazonica 

Pouteria viridis 

Pradosia beardii 

Pradosia brevipes 

Pradosia huberi 

Pradosia lactescens 

Pradosia ptychandra 

Pradosia schomburgkiana subsp. schomburgkiana 

Pradosia surinamensis 

Prestoea acuminata 

Prestoea acuminata var. montana 

Prestoea montana (see P. acuminata var. montana) 

Prestoea schultzeana 

Prieurella manaosense (see Chrysophyllum manaosense) 

Primula veris 

Proboscidea fragrans 

Proboscoidea louisianica 

Proboscidea parviflora 

Prosopis alba 

Prosopis alba var. panta (under P. alba) 

Prosopis chilensis 

Prosopis dulcis (see P. laevigata) 

Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa 


924


Prosopis glandulosa var. torreyana 

Prosopis juliflora (see also P. glandulosa var. glandulosa) 

Prosopis juliflora var. torreyana (see P. glandulosa var. 

torreyana) 

Prosopis laevigata 

Prosopis nigra 

Prosopis odorata (see P. glandulosa var. torreyana) 

Prosopis pallida 

Prosopis panta (see P. alba var. panta) 

Prosopis pubescens 

Protium aracouchini 

Protium brasiliense 

Protium decandrum 

Protium fimbriatum 

Protium giganteum 

Protium grandifolium 

Protium heptaphyllum 

Protium nodulosum 

Protium pallidum 

Protium polybotrium 

Protium spruceanum 

Protium sagotianum 

Protium subserratum 

Protium tenuifolium 

Protium trifoliolatum 

Protium unifoliolatum 

Prumnopitys andina 

Prunella vulgaris 

Prunus alabamensis 

Prunus americana 

Prunus amygdalus (see P. dulcis) 

Prunus angustifolia 

Prunus angustifolia var. watsonii 

Prunus armeniaca 

Prunus avium 

Prunus besseyi 

Prunus capuli (see P. serotina subsp. capuli) 

Prunus capullin (see P. serotina subsp. capuli) 

Prunus chicasa (see P. angustifolia) 

Prunus cerasifera 

Prunus cerasus 

Prunus demissa (see P. virginiana var. demissa) 

Prunus domestica 

Prunus dulcis 

Prunus geniculata 

Prunus gracilis 

Prunus hortulana 

Prunus ilicifolia 

Prunus maritima 


925


Prunus melanocarpa (see P. virginiana var. melanocarpa) 

Prunus mexicana 

Prunus munsoniana 

Prunus myrtifolia 

Prunus nigra 

Prunus occidentalis 

Prunus pennsylvanica 

Prunus persica 

Prunus persica var. nectarina (under P. persica var. nucipersica) 

Prunus persica var. nucipersica 

Prunus pumila 

Prunus salicina 

Prunus salicifolia (see P. serotina subsp. capuli) 

Prunus serotina 

Prunus serotina subsp. capuli 

Prunus serotina var. salicifolia (see P. serotina subsp. capuli) 

Prunus spinosa 

Prunus subcordata 

Prunus tomentosa 

Prunus umbellata 

Prunus virginiana 

Prunus virginiana subsp. demissa (see P. virginiana var. demissa) 

Prunus virginiana var. demissa 

Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa 

Pseudanamomis catingflora (see Eugenia catingiflora) 

Pseudanamomis umbellulifera 

Pseudananas sagenarius 

Pseudobombax munguba 

Pseudocalymma alliaceum (see Mansoa alliacea) 

Pseudocalymma standleyi (see Mansoa standleyi) 

Pseudolabatia penicillata (see Pouteria penicellata) 

Pseudolmedia laevigata 

Pseudolmedia laevis 

Pseudolmedia macrophylla 

Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria 

Pseudolmedia rigida subsp. rigida 

Pseudophoenix ekmanii 

Pseudophoenix vinifera 

Pseudostellaria jamesiana 

Pseudotsuga menziesii 

Psidium acutangulum 

Psidium albidum 

Psidium araca (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium arayan 

Psidium aromaticum (see Campomanesia aromatica) 

Psidium cattleianum 

Psidium cattleianum var. lucidum (see P. cattleianum) 

Psidium caudatum (see Calycolpus moritizianus) 

Psidium chinense (see P. cattleianum) 


926


Psidium cinereum var. incanescens 

Psidium costaricense (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium dubium (see Myrciaria dubia) 

Psidium fluviatile (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium friedrichsthalianum 

Psidium grandifolium (see P. acutangulum) 

Psidium guajava 

Psidium guaviroba (see Campomanesia guaviroba) 

Psidium guineensis 

Psidium guyanense (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium humile 

Psidium incanum 

Psidium incarnescens (see P. cinereum) 

Psidium laurifolium (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium littorale (see P. cattleianum) 

Psidium longipes 

Psidium luridum 

Psidium microphyllum (see P. sartorianum) 

Psidium molle (see P. guineensis) 

Psidium montanum 

Psidium multiflorum 

Psidium oerstedeanum 

Psidium rivulare (see Campomanesia lineatifolia) 

Psidium sartorianum 

Psidium schiedeanum (see P. guineensis) 

Psophocarpus palustris (under P. tetragonolobus) 

Psophocarpus tetragonolobus 

Psoralea castorea (see Pediomelum castoreum) 

Psoralea cuspidata (see Pediomelum cuspidatum) 

Psoralea esculenta (see Pediomelum esculentum) 

Psoralea glandulosa (see Otholobium glandulosum) 

Psoralea hypogaea (see Pediomelum hypogaeum) 

Psoralea mephitica (see Pediomelum mephiticum) 

Psoralea tenuiflora (see Psoralidium tenuflorum) 

Psoralidium tenuiflorum 

Psychotria galeottiana 

Psychotria nervosa 

Psychotria skutchii (see P. galeottiana) 

Psychotria undata (see P. nervosa) 

Ptelea baldwinii (see P trifoliata) 

Ptelea tomentosa (see P. trifoliata var. mollis) 

Ptelea trifoliata 

Ptelea trifoliata var. mollis (under P. trifoliata) 

Pteridium aquilinum 

Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum (see P. aquilinum) 

Pteris caudata (see Pteridium aquilinum var. caudatum) 

Pterodon emarginatus 

Pterodon pubescens (see P. emarginatus) 

Pueraria lobata (see P. montana var. lobata) 


927


Pueraria lobata var. montana (see P. montana var. lobata) 

Pueraria montana var. lobata 

Pueraria thunbergiana (see P. montana var. lobata) 

Punica granatum 

Punica granatum var. nana (see P. nana) 

Punica nana 

Puya berteroniana 

Puya boliviensis (see P. chilensis) 

Puya chilensis 

Puya coerulea 

Puya gummifera (see P. sodiorona) 

Puya hamata 

Puya sodiorona 

Pycnanthemum incanum 

Pycnanthemum muticum 

Pycnanthemum pilosum (see P. verticillatum) 

Pycnanthemum verticillatum 

Pycnanthemum virginianum 

Pyrenoglyphis maraja (see Bactris maraja) 

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 

Pyrularia pubera 

Pyrus angustifolia (see Malus angustifolia) 

Pyrus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia) 

Pyrus arbutifolia var. nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Pyrus betulifolia 

Pyrus calleryana 

Pyrus communis 

Pyrus coronaria (see Malus coronaria var. coronaria) 

Pyrus cydonia (see Cydonia oblonga) 

Pyrus fusca (see Malus fusca) 

Pyrus ioensis (see Malus ioensis var. ioensis) 

Pyrus malus (see Malus sylvestris) 

Pyrus melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Pyrus nigra (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Pyrus rivularis (see Malus fusca) 

Qualea acuminata (under Q. paraensis) 

Qualea paraensis 

Qualea parviflora (under Q. paraensis) 

Quamasia spp. (see Camassia) 

Quararibea bicolor (see Matisia bicolor) 

Quararibea cordata (see Matisia cordata) 

Quararibea fieldii 

Quararibea funebris 

Quararibea ochrocalyx (see Matisia ochrocalyx) 

Quararibea wittii 

Quassia amara 

Quassia simarouba (see Q. amara) 

Quassia excelsa (see Picrasma excelsa) 

Quercus agrifolia 


928


Quercus alba 

Quercus bicolor 

Quercus candicans 

Quercus emoryi 

Quercus gambelii 

Quercus garryana 

Quercus geminata 

Quercus iberica (see Q. macrocarpa) 

Quercus lobata 

Quercus macrocarpa 

Quercus muehlenbergii 

Quercus nigra 

Quercus palustris 

Quercus rubra 

Quercus rugosa 

Quercus reticulata (see Q. rugosa) 

Quercus utahensis (see Q. gambelii) 

Quercus virginiana 

Quiina florida 

Quiina poeppigiana (see Q. florida) 

Racaria sylvatica (see Talisia sylvatica) 

Radicula armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana) 

Radlkoferella macrocarpa (see Pouteria multiflora) 

Radlkoferella trigonosperma (see Pouteria trigonosperma) 

Randia aculeata 

Randia armata 

Randia echinocarpa 

Randia formosa (see Tocoyena formosa) 

Randia laetevirens 

Randia ruiziana (see Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum) 

Ranunculus bulbosus 

Ranunculus ficaria 

Ranunculus pallasii 

Rapanea ovalifolia 

Raphanus raphanistrum 

Raphanus sativus 

Raphia taedigera 

Rathbunia alamoensis 

Ravenala guyannensis (see Phenakospermum guyannense) 

Renealmia alpinia 

Renealmia breviscapa 

Renealmia jalapensis (see R. mexicana) 

Renealmia mexicana 

Renealmia occidentalis (see Zingiber officinale) 

Reynosia septentrionalis 

Reynosia uncinata 

Reynoutria japonica (see Polygonum cuspidatum) 

Rhamnus crocea 

Rhamnus purshiana 


929


Rheedia acuminata (see Garcinia madruno) 

Rheedia benthamiana (see Garcinia benthamiana) 

Rheedia brasiliensis (see Garcinia brasiliensis) 

Rheedia edulis 

Rheedia floribunda (see Garcinia madruno) 

Rheedia gardneriana 

Rheedia lateriflora 

Rheedia longifolia 

Rheedia macrophylla (see Garcinia macrophylla) 

Rheedia madruno (see Garcinia madruno) 

Rheedia spruceana 

Rheum officinale 

Rheum rhaborabarum (under R. rhaponticum) 

Rheum rhaponticum 

Rhexia virginica 

Rhigospira quadrangularis 

Rhinocarpus excelsa (see Anacardium excelsum) 

Rhipsalis baccifera 

Rhipsalis cassutha (see R. baccifera) 

Rhizophora mangle 

Rhodiola rosea (see Sedum rosea) 

Rhododendron nudiflora (see R. periclymenoides) 

Rhododendron periclymenoides 

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa 

Rhus aromatica 

Rhus copallinum 

Rhus glabra 

Rhus hirta 

Rhus integrifolia 

Rhus microphylla 

Rhus ovata 

Rhus trilobata 

Rhus typhina (see R. hirta) 

Rhynchelytrum longeracemosa 

Rhyticocos amara (see Syagrus amara) 

Ribes americanum 

Ribes aureum 

Ribes aureum var. villosum (see R. odoratum) 

Ribes bracteosum 

Ribes cereum 

Ribes cynosbati 

Ribes divaricatum 

Ribes glandulosum 

Ribes grossularia (see R. reclinatum) 

Ribes hirtellum 

Ribes hudsonianum 

Ribes inerme 

Ribes lacustre 

Ribes missouriense 


930


Ribes montigenum 

Ribes nigrum 

Ribes odoratum 

Ribes oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum 

Ribes punctatum 

Ribes reclinatum 

Ribes rubrum 

Ribes sativum 

Ribes setosum (see R. oxyacanthuides subsp. setosum) 

Ribes triste 

Ribes viscosissimum 

Richardella lucuma (see Pouteria lucuma) 

Richardella macrophylla (see Pouteria macrophylla) 

Richardella rivicoa (see Pouteria macrophylla) 

Richardella speciosa (see Pouteria speciosa) 

Richardella trigonosperma (see Pouteria trigonosperma) 

Rinorea castaneaefolia (see R. laevigata) 

Rinorea laevigata 

Rinorea physiphora (see R. laevigata) 

Robinia neomexicana 

Robinia pseudoacacia 

Robinia sepium (see Gliricidia sepium) 

Rollinia cardiantha 

Rollinia curvipetala (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia cuspidata 

Rollinia deliciosa (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia discreta 

Rollinia edulis 

Rollinia emarginata 

Rollinia exalbida (see R. sylvatica) 

Rollinia exsucca 

Rollinia fagifolia (see R. sylvatica) 

Rollinia jimenzii (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia laurifolia 

Rollinia longifolia 

Rollinia mucosa 

Rollinia multiflora (see R. exsucca) 

Rollinia occidentalis (see R. emarginata) 

Rollinia orthopetala (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia papilionella (see R. pittieri) 

Rollinia pittieri 

Rollinia pulchrinervis (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia sieberi (see R. mucosa) 

Rollinia sylvatica 

Rolliniopsis discreta (see Rollinia discreta) 

Rorippa armoracia (see Armoracia rusticana) 

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (see Nasturtium officinale) 

Rosa arkansana 

Rosa blanda 


931


Rosa californica 

Rosa canina 

Rosa carolina 

Rosa centifolia 

Rosa chinensis 

Rosa damascena 

Rosa eglanteria 

Rosa gallica 

Rosa moschata 

Rosa multiflora 

Rosa nutkana 

Rosa pimpinellifolia (see R. spinosissima) 

Rosa pisocarpa 

Rosa pomifera (see R. villosa) 

Rosa rubiginosa (see R. eglanteria) 

Rosa rugosa 

Rosa spinosissima 

Rosa villosa 

Rosa villosa var. pomifera (see R. villosa) 

Rosa virginiana 

Rosa woodsii 

Rosenbergiodendron longiflorum 

Rosmarinus officinalis 

Roumea hebecarpa (see Dovyalis hebecarpa) 

Roystonea borinquena (under R. regia) 

Roystonea oleracea (under R. regia) 

Roystonea regia 

Rubus adenotrichus 

Rubus allegheniensis 

Rubus arcticus 

Rubus argutus 

Rubus betulifolius 

Rubus bogotensis 

Rubus boliviensis (under R. roseus) 

Rubus brasiliensis 

Rubus briareus (under R. roseus) 

Rubus caesius 

Rubus canadensis (see R. flagellaris) 

Rubus chamaemorus 

Rubus costaricanus 

Rubus cuneifolius 

Rubus deliciosus 

Rubus ellipticus 

Rubus flagellaris 

Rubus floribundus (see R. robustus) 

Rubus frondosus 

Rubus fruticosus 

Rubus geoides 

Rubus glaucus 


932


Rubus idaeus 

Rubus idaeus subsp. strigosus (under R. idaeus) 

Rubus laciniatus 

Rubus leucodermis 

Rubus x loganobaccus 

Rubus macrocarpus (see R. nubigensus) 

Rubus melanolasius (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus) 

Rubus neglectus (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus) 

Rubus niveus 

Rubus nubigensus 

Rubus occidentalis 

Rubus odoratus 

Rubus ostryifolius 

Rubus parviflorus 

Rubus pedatus 

Rubus phoenicolasius 

Rubus porphyromallus (see R. bogotaensis) 

Rubus procerus 

Rubus pubescens var. pubescens 

Rubus robustus 

Rubus roseus 

Rubus rosifolius 

Rubus rubrisetus (see R. trivialis) 

Rubus sapidus 

Rubus saxatilis 

Rubus shankii 

Rubus spectabilis 

Rubus stipularis (see R. nubigensus) 

Rubus strigosus (see R. idaeus subsp. strigosus) 

Rubus triflorus (see R. pubescens var. pubescens) 

Rubus trivialis 

Rubus ursinus 

Rubus ursinus x R. idaeus (see R. loganobaccus) 

Rubus urticifolius 

Rubus vitifolius 

Rudgea racemosa 

Rumex acetosa 

Rumex acetosella 

Rumex alpinus 

Rumex arcticus 

Rumex berlandieri (see R. chrysocarpus) 

Rumex brasiliensis 

Rumex chrysocarpus 

Rumex crispus 

Rumex hymenosepalus 

Rumex mexicanus (see R. salicifolius var. mexicanus) 

Rumex occidentalis 

Rumex patientia 

Rumex paucifolius 


933


Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus 

Ruta chalapensis (see R. graveolens) 

Ruta graveolens 

Sabal bahamensis (see S. palmetto) 

Sabal etonia 

Sabal mauritiiformis 

Sabal minor 

Sabal mexicana 

Sabal morrisiana (see S. mauritiiformis) 

Sabal palmetto 

Sabal pumos 

Sabal serrulata (see Serenoa repens) 

Sabal texana (see S. mexicana) 

Sabal uresana 

Sabicea amazonensis 

Sabicea paraensis 

Sabicea villosa 

Saccharum barberi (see S. officinarum) 

Saccharum officinarum 

Saccharum sinense (see S. officinarum) 

Saccharum spontaneum 

Sacoglottis amazonica 

Sacoglottis ceratocarpa 

Sacoglottis cuspidata 

Sacoglottis guianensis 

Sacoglottis guianensis var. guianensis (under S. guianensis) 

Sacoglottis mattogrossensis var. subintegra 

Sacoglottis uchi (see Endopleura uchi) 

Sacoglottis verrucosa (see Duckesia cf. verrucosa) 

Sagittaria cuneata (under S. latifolia) 

Sagittaria latifolia 

Sagittaria rhombifolia 

Sagittaria sagittifolia 

Sahagunia racemifera (see Clarisia ilicifolia) 

Sahagunia strepitans (see Clarisia ilicifolia) 

Salacca secunda 

Salacia campestris 

Salacia cognata (see Cheiloclinium cognatum) 

Salacia crassifolia 

Salacia dulcis (see Peritassa dulcis) 

Salacia impressifolia 

Salacia insignis 

Salacia patens (see Tontelea ovalifolia) 

Salacia polyanthomaniaca (see S. impressifolia) 

Salacia sylvestris 

Salicornia bigelovii 

Salicornia perennis (see Sarcocornia perennis) 

Salicornia subterminalis (see Arthrocnemum subterminale) 

Salicornia virginica 


934


Salsola atriplicifolia (see Cycloloma atriplicifolia) 

Salix alba 

Salix planifolia subsp. pulchra 

Salix pulchra (see S. planifolia subsp. pulchra) 

Salpichroa origanifolia 

Salpichroa rhomboidea (see S. origanifolia) 

Salsola kali 

Salsola pestifer (see S. kali) 

Salvia apiana 

Salvia ballotiflora 

Salvia carduacea 

Salvia chiapensis 

Salvia clevelandii 

Salvia clinopodioides 

Salvia columbariae 

Salvia elegans (see S. rutilans) 

Salvia hispanica 

Salvia mellifera 

Salvia mexicana 

Salvia officinalis 

Salvia reflexa 

Salvia rutilans 

Salvia tiliifolia 

Samanea saman 

Sambucus australis 

Sambucus bipinnata (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus callicarpa (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus canadensis (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus canadensis var. laciniata (see S. nigra subsp. 

canadensis) 

Sambucus canadensis var. submollis (see S. nigra subsp. 

canadensis) 

Sambucus cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus cerulea var. mexicana (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus cerulea var. neomexicana (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus cerulea var. velutina (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus glauca (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus melanocarpa (see S. racemosa var. melanocarpa) 

Sambucus mexicana (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus mexicana subsp. cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus mexicana var. cerulea (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus microbotrys (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus neomexicana (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus neomexicana var. vestita (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Sambucus nigra 

Sambucus nigra subsp. canadensis 

Sambucus nigra subsp. cerulea 

Sambucus nigra subsp. peruviana 

Sambucus orbiculata (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 


935


Sambucus oreopola (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus peruviana (see S. nigra subsp. peruviana) 

Sambucus pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus pubens var. arborescens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa subsp. pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa var. leucocarpa (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa var. melanocarpa 

Sambucus racemosa var. microbotrys (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa var. pubens (see S. racemosa var. racemosa) 

Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa 

Sambucus simpsonii (see S. nigra subsp. canadensis) 

Sambucus velutina (see S. nigra subsp. cerulea) 

Samolus valerandi 

Samuela carnerosana 

Sandoricum indicum (see S. koetjape) 

Sandoricum koetjape 

Sanguisorba canadensis 

Sanguisorba officinalis 

Sanguisorba minor 

Santolina chamaecyparissus 

Sapindus edulis (see Talisia esculenta) 

Sapindus esculentus (see Talisia esculenta) 

Sapota achras (see Manilkara zapota) 

Saracha chiuahuensis (see Jaltomata chiuahuensis) 

Saracha spp. (see Jaltomata procumbens) 

Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. brasiliensis 

Sarcaulus brasiliensis subsp. gracilis 

Sarcobatus vermiculatus 

Sarcocornia perennis 

Sarothamnus scoparius (see Cytisus scoparius) 

Sassafras albidum 

Sassafras officinale (see S. albidum) 

Sassafras variifolium (see S. albidum) 

Satureja douglasii 

Satureja gilliesii (see S. parvifolia) 

Satureja hortensis 

Satureja laevigata 

Satureja macrostema (see Clinopodium macrostemum) 

Satureja montana 

Satureja parvifolia 

Satureja rigida (see Piloblephis rigida) 

Satureja viminea 

Satyria warszewiczii 

Saurauia aspera 

Saurauia conzattii 

Saurauia pulchra 

Saurauia scabrida 

Saurauia speluncicola (see S. villosa) 


936


Saurauia villosa (under S. conzattii) 

Saxifraga pensylvanica 

Scandix pecten-veneris 

Schaefferia cuneifolia 

Scheelea bassleriana (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea cephalotes (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea costaricensis (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea excelsa (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea liebmannii (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea lundellii (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea macrocarpa (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelia martiana (see Attalea phalerata) 

Scheelea preussii (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea tessmannii (see Attalea butyracea) 

Scheelea zonensis (see Attalea butyracea) 

Schinus huygan (see S. molle) 

Schinus latifolius 

Schinus molle 

Schinus terebinthifolius 

Schistostemon reticulatum 

Schlegelia violacea 

Schmaltzia trilobata (see Rhus trilobata) 

Schmidelia edulis (see Allophylus edulis) 

Schoenoplectus acutus (under Scirpus pterolepis) 

Schoenoplectus californicus (see Scirpus californicus) 

Scirpus acutus (see Schoenoplectus acutus) 

Scirpus californicus 

Scirpus lacustris (see S. pterolepis) 

Scirpus maritimna 

Scirpus nevadensis 

Scirpus occidentalis (see S. acutus) 

Scirpus paludosus (see S. maritimns) 

Scirpus pterolepis 

Scirpus tabernaemontani 

Scripus tuberosus (see Eleocharis dulcis) 

Scirpus validus (see S. tabernaemontani) 

Sclerocactus uncinatus var. wrightii 

Scoparia dulcis 

Scytalia chinensis (see Litchi chinensis) 

Secale cereale 

Sechium edule 

Sechium tacaco 

Sedum acre 

Sedum collinum (see S. reflexum) 

Sedum integrifolium 

Sedum reflexum 

Sedum rhodanthum 

Sedum rosea 

Sedum rhodanthum 


937


Sedum rosea 

Sedum rupestre (under S. reflexum) 

Sedum telephium 

Selenicereus grandiflorus 

Selenicereus megalanthus 

Selenicereus spinulosus 

Selenicereus testudo 

Senna bicapsularis 

Senna x floribunda 

Senna fructicosa 

Senna hursuta var. hursuta 

Senna marilandica 

Senna obtusifolia 

Senna occidentalis 

Senna pendula var. pendula 

Senna septentrionalis 

Senna tora (see S. obtusifolia) 

Senna uniflora 

Serenoa repens 

Sesamum indicum (see S. orientale) 

Sesamum orientale 

Sesamum radiatum (under S. orientale) 

Sesbania grandiflora 

Sesuvium portulacastrum 

Setaria italica 

Setaria viridis 

Shepherdia argentea 

Shepherdia canadensis 

Sicana odorifera 

Sicyos angulatus 

Sida rhombifolia 

Sidalcea neomexicana 

Sideroxylon altamiranoi 

Sideroxylon americanum 

Sideroxylon amygdalicarpum (see Pouteria amygdalicarpa) 

Sideroxylon capiri subsp. capiri 

Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque 

Sideroxylon celastrinum 

Sideroxylon eucoriaceum 

Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. foetidissimum 

Sideroxylon foetidissimum subsp. gaumeri 

Sideroxylon lanuginosum subsp. lanuginosum 

Sideroxylon mastichodendron (see S. foetidissimum subsp. 

foetidissimum) 

Sideroxylon mexicanum (see S. capiri) 

Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. buxifolium 

Sideroxylon obtusifolium subsp. obtusifolium 

Sideroxylon occidentale 

Sideroxylon palmeri 


938


Sideroxylon persimile subsp. persimile 

Sideroxylon persimile subsp. subsessiliflorum 

Sideroxylon petiolare (see S. capiri) 

Sideroxylon rugosum (see Micropholis rugosa) 

Sideroxylon stevensonii 

Sideroxylon tempisque (see Sideroxylon capiri subsp. tempisque) 

Sideroxylon tenax 

Sideroxylon tepicense 

Silene acaulis 

Silene inflata (see Oberna behen) 

Silene vulgaris (see Oberna behen) 

Silphium laciniatum 

Silybum marianum 

Simarouba amara (see Quassia amara) 

Simarouba glauca (see Quassia amara) 

Simmondsia californica (see S. chinensis) 

Simmondsia chinensis 

Sinapis alba 

Sinapis arvensis 

Sinningia incarnata 

Sisymbrium canescens (see Descurainia pinnata subsp. pinnata) 

Sisymbrium nasturtium-aguaticum (see Nasturtium officinale) 

Sium cicutifolium (see S. suave) 

Sium suave 

Sloanea dentata 

Smilacina racemosa (see Maianthemum racemasum) 

Smilacina stellata (see Maianthemum stellatum) 

Smilax aristolochiaefolia 

Smilax auriculata 

Smilax bona-nox 

Smilax caduca (see S. rotundifolia) 

Smilax cinnamomifolia (see S. smallii) 

Smilax domingensis (see S. lanceolata) 

Smilax glauca 

Smilax grandifolia (see S. regelii) 

Smilax havanensis 

Smilax herbacea 

Smilax kraussiana 

Smilax lanceolata 

Smilax laurifolia 

Smilax medica (see S. aristolochiaefolia) 

Smilax officinalis 

Smilax ornata (see S. aristolochiaefolia) 

Smilax ovata (see S. smallii) 

Smilax pseudochina (see S. kraussiana) 

Smilax regelii 

Smilax rotundifolia 

Simlax smallii 

Smilax spruceana 


939


Socratea durissima (see S. exorrhiza) 

Socratea exorrhiza 

Socratea rostrata 

Soja max (see Glycine max) 

Solandra grandiflora 

Solanum aethiopicum 

Solanum agrarium 

Solanum ajanhuiri 

Solanum americanum 

Solanum andigenum (see S. tuberosum subsp. andigenum) 

Solanum asarifolium (see Lycianthes asarifolia) 

Solanum asperum 

Solanum candidum 

Solanum caripense 

Solanum chaucha 

Solanum coconilla (see S. stramoniifolium var. inerme) 

Solanum crinitum 

Solanum curtilobum (under S. juzepczukii) 

Solanum demissum 

Solanum diphyllum 

Solanum diversifolium 

Solanum edinense 

Solanum elaeagnifolium 

Solanum fendleri 

Solanum georgicum (see S. sessiliflorum var. georgicum) 

Solanum gilo (see S. aethiopicum) 

Solanum goniocalyx (see S. stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx) 

Solanum grandiflorum 

Solanum hirtum 

Solanum hirtussimum (see S. pectinatum) 

Solanum hygrothermicum (see S. phureja subsp. hygrothermicum) 

Solanum insidiosum 

Solanum jamaicense 

Solanum jamesii 

Solanum juciri 

Solanum juzepczukii 

Solanum liximitante 

Solanum lycocarpum 

Solanum lycopersicum (see Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum) 

Solanum melongena var. esculentum 

Solanum morellifolium 

Solanum mozinianum (see Lycianthes mociniana) 

Solanum muricatum 

Solanum nigrescens 

Solanum nigrum 

Solanum paniculatum (under S. insidiosum) 

Solanum paucijugum 

Solanum pectinatum 

Solanum phureja subsp. hygrothermicum 


940


Solanum piliferum 

Solanum platyphyllum (see S. stramoniifolium) 

Solanum pseudolulo 

Solanum quitoense 

Solanum quitoense var. septentrionale 

Solanum saponaceum (see S. elaeagnifolium) 

Solanum scabrum (see also S. elaeagnifolium) 

Solanum sessiliflorum 

Solanum sessiliflorum var. georgicum 

Solanum sisymbriifolium 

Solanum stenotomum subsp. goniocalyx 

Solanum stenotomum subsp. stenotomum 

Solanum stramoniifolium 

Solanum stramoniifolium var. inerme 

Solanum tequilense (see S. candidum) 

Solanum topiro (see S. sessiliflorum) 

Solanum topiro var. georgicum (see S. sessiliflorum var. 

georgicum) 

Solanum torvum 

Solanum triflorum 

Solanum tuberosum 

Solanum tuberosum subsp. andigenum 

Solanum variegatum (see S. muricatum) 

Solanum verrucosum 

Solanum vestissimum 

Solanum wendlandii 

Solenostemon scutellarioides 

Solidago canadensis 

Solidago graminifolia (see Euthamia graminifolia) 

Solidago missouriensis 

Solidago nana (under S. canadensis) 

Solidago odora 

Solidago spectabilis 

Sonchus oleraceus 

Sophia incisa (see Descurainia incana subsp. incisa) 

Sophia halictorum (see Descurainia pinnata subsp. halictorum) 

Sophia pinnata (see Descurainia pinnata subsp. pinnata) 

Sophora nuttalliana 

Sophora sericea (see S. nuttalliana) 

Sorbus americana 

Sorbus arbutifolia (see Photinia pyrifolia) 

Sorbus aucuparia 

Sorbus decora 

Sorbus domestica 

Sorbus melanocarpa (see Photinia melanocarpa) 

Sorbus scopulina 

Sorbus sitchensis 

Sorghum bicolor 

Sorghum vulgare (see S. bicolor) 


941


Sorocea guilleminiana 

Sorocea muriculata (under S. guilleminiana) 

Sparganium eurycarpum 

Spartium scoparium (see Cytisus scoparius) 

Spathiphyllum friedrichsthalii 

Spathiphyllum phryniifolium 

Spergula arvensis 

Spergula sativa (see S. arvensis) 

Spergularia rubra 

Spilanthes acmella var. oleracea (see Acmella oleracea) 

Spilanthes americana (see Acmella oppositifolia) 

Spilanthes americana var. repens (see Acmella oppositifolia var. 

repens) 

Spilanthes oleracea beta. fusca (see Acmella oleracea) 

Spilanthus oleracea (see Acmella oleracea) 

Spilanthes oppositifolia (see Acmella oppositifolia) 

Spinacia oleracea 

Spiraea beauverdiana 

Spiraea pyramidata 

Spondias cythera (see S. mombin) 

Spondias cytherea (see S. dulcis) 

Spondias dulcis 

Spondias lutea (see S. mombin) 

Spondias macrocarpa 

Spondias mombin 

Spondias myrobalanus Jacq. (see S. purpurea) 

Spondias myrobalanus L. (see S. mombin) 

Spondias purpurea 

Spondias purpurea var. venulosa (see S. mombin) 

Spondias radlkoferi (see S. mombin) 

Spondias tuberosa 

Spondias venulosa (see S. mombin) 

Sporobolus airoides 

Sporobolus cyrptandrus 

Sporobolus flexuosus 

Stachys floridana 

Stachys hyssopifolia 

Stachys officinalis (see Betonica officinalis) 

Stachys palustris 

Stachytarpheta cayennensis 

Stachytarpheta indica 

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (see S. indica) 

Stachytarpheta mutabilis 

Stanleya elata (under S. pinnata) 

Stanleya pinnata 

Staphylea trifolia 

Stellaria jamesiana (see Pseudostellaria jamesiana) 

Stellaria media 

Stenocalyx dysentericus (see Eugenia dysentericus) 


942


Stenocalyx michelii (see Eugenia uniflora) 

Stenocalyx pitanga (see Eugenia pitanga) 

Stenocalyx sulcatus (see Eugenia sulcata) 

Stenocalyx uniflorus (see Eugenia uniflora) 

Stenocereus griseus (see Lemaireocereus griseus) 

Stenocereus gummosus (see Lemaireocereus gummosus) 

Stenocereus peruvianus (see Cereus repandus) 

Stenocereus stellatus (see Lemaireocereus stellatus) 

Stenocereus thurberi 

Stenocereus weberi (see Lemaireocereus weberi) 

Sterculia apetala 

Sterculia chicha 

Stetsonia coryne (see Cereus coryne) 

Stevia rebaudiana 

Stevia serrata 

Stizolobium deeringianum (see Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) 

Streptanthus glaucus (see Caulanthus glaucus) 

Streptocalyx longifolius (see Aechmea longifolia) 

Streptopus amplexifolius 

Streptopus roseus 

Strobus strobus (see Pinus strobus) 

Stromanthe macrochlamys 

Stromanthe sp. 

Stylophyllum edule (see Dudleya edulis) 

Strychnos spinosa 

Suaeda californica (under S. ramosissima) 

Suaeda linearis 

Suaeda ramosissima 

Suaeda suffrutescens 

Subpilocereus margaritensis (see Cereus margaritensis) 

Subpilocereus repandus (see Cereus repandus) 

Subpilocereus russelianus (see Cereus margaritensis) 

Swinglea glutinosa 

Syagrus amara 

Syagrus botryophora 

Syagrus campestris (see S. flexuosa) 

Syagrus cardenasii 

Syagrus cocoides 

Syagrus comosa 

Syagrus coronata 

Syagrus flexuosa 

Syagrus inajai 

Syagrus oleracea 

Syagrus petraea 

Syagrus picrophylla 

Syagrus romanzoffiana 

Syagrus schizophylla 

Syagrus smithii 

Syagrus urbaniana (see S. flexuosa) 


943


Syagrus vagans 

Syagrus yatay (see Butia yatay) 

Symphonia globulifera 

Symphytum asperum (under S. officinale) 

Symphytum officinale 

Symplocarpus foetidus 

Symplocos serrulata 

Symplocos theiformis 

Symplocos tinctoria 

Synedrella nodiflora 

Syngonium donnell-smithii 

Syngonium podohyllum 

Syngonium salvadorense 

Syngonium vellozianum (see S. podohyllum) 

Synsepalum dulcificum 

Syzygium aromaticum 

Syzygium cumini (see Eugenia cumini) 

Syzygium jambolanum (see Eugenia cumini) 

Syzygium jambos (see Eugenia jambos) 

Syzygium malaccense 

Syzygium paniculatum 

Syzygium samarangense 

Tabebuia heterophylla 

Tabebuia pallida 

Tabernaemontana markgrafiana 

Tabernaemontana maxima 

Tabernaemontana sananho 

Tabernaemontana siphilitica 

Tabernaemontana vanheurickii 

Tacsonia mollissima (see Passiflora tripartita var. mollissima) 

Tagetes erecta 

Tagetes filifolia 

Tagetes lucida 

Tagetes major (see T. erecta) 

Tagetes minuta 

Tagetes patula 

Tagetes tenuifolia 

Talauma mexicana 

Talauma ovata 

Talinum auranticum 

Talinum fruticosum 

Talinum paniculatum 

Talinum racemosum (see T. fruticosum) 

Talinum triangulare (see T. fruticosum) 

Talisia acutifolia 

Talisia carinata 

Talisia cerasina 

Talisia cupularis 

Talisia esculenta 


944


Talisia floresii (under T. esculenta) 

Talisia guianensis 

Talisia hemidasya 

Talisia hexaphylla 

Talisia macrophylla 

Talisia micrantha (see T. sylvatica) 

Talisia nervosa 

Talisia olivaeformis (see T. oliviformis) 

Talisia oliviformis (under T. esculenta) 

Talisia panamensis (see T. hexaphylla) 

Talisia reticulata (see T. sylvatica) 

Talisia retusa 

Talisia subalbens 

Talisia sylvatica 

Tamarindus indica 

Tanacetum vulgare 

Tapirira fanshawei (see T. guianensis) 

Tapirira guianensis 

Tapirira marchandii (see T. obtusa) 

Tapirira myriantha (see T. guianensis) 

Tapirira obtusa 

Tapirira peckoltiana (see T. obtusa) 

Tapirira retusa 

Tapura amazonica 

Taraxacum officinale 

Taxus baccata 

Taxus canadensis 

Taxus cuspidata (under T. baccata) 

Tecoma crucigera (see Bignonia capreolata) 

Tecoma stans 

Teloxys ambrosioides (see Chenopodium ambrosioides) 

Tephrosia purpurea 

Terminalia catappa 

Tetracera oblongata 

Tetracera volubilis (see T. oblongata) 

Tetracera willdenowiana subsp. willdenowiana 

Tetragastris altissima 

Tetragastris panamensis 

Tetragonia expansa (see T. tetragonioides) 

Tetragonia tetragonioides 

Tetramicra bicolor (see Leptotes bicolor) 

Tetrapterys crispa 

Thalia geniculata 

Thalictrum thalictroides 

Thea sinensis (see Camellia sinensis) 

Thelesperma gracile (see T. megapotamicum) 

Thelesperma filifolium 

Thelesperma megapotamicum 

Thelesperma subnudum (under T. filifolium) 


945


Thelesperma trifidum (under T. filifolium) 

Theobroma albiflora (see Herrania albiflora) 

Theobroma angustifolium (see T. speciosum) 

Theobroma bicolor 

Theobroma cacao 

Theobroma cacao fo. leiocarpum (see T. cacao) 

Theobroma cacao subsp. leiocarpum (see T. cacao) 

Theobroma camargoanum (see Herrania camargoana) 

Theobroma canumanense 

Theobroma glaucum 

Theobroma grandiflorum 

Theobroma leiocarpum (see T. cacao subsp. cacao fo. leiocarpum) 

Theobroma macrantha (see T. grandiflorum) 

Theobroma mariae (see Herrania mariae var. mariae) 

Theobroma microcarpa 

Theobroma nitidum (see Herrania nitida) 

Theobroma obovatum 

Theobroma pentagonum 

Theobroma purpureum 

Theobroma speciosum 

Theobroma spruceana 

Theobroma stipulatum 

Theobroma subincanum 

Theobroma sylvestris 

Thespesia populnea 

Thevetia ahouai 

Thibaudia alata (see T. caulialata) 

Thibaudia caulialata 

Thibaudia floribunda 

Thibaudia grantii 

Thibaudia lehmannii (see T. floribunda) 

Thibaudia longifolia (see T. floribunda) 

Thibaudia martiniana 

Thibaudia mellifera 

Thibaudia melliflora (see T. mellifera) 

Thibaudia parvifolia 

Thibaudia pichinchensis (see T. floribunda) 

Thieleodoxa sorbilis (see Alibertia sorbilis) 

Thieleodoxa stipularis (see Borojoa stipularis) 

Thlaspi arvense 

Thrinax floridana (see T. radiata) 

Thrinax parviflora (see T. radiata) 

Thrinax radiata 

Thrinax wenlandiana (see T. radiata) 

Thuja occidentalis 

Thymus vulgaris 

Tigridia grandiflora (see T. pavonia) 

Tigridia pavonia 

Tilia americana 


946


Tilia americana var. mexicana (under T. americana) 

Tillandsia complanta 

Tillandsia erubescens 

Tillandsia maxima 

Tillandsia recurvata 

Tillandsia rubella 

Tococa guianensis 

Tocoyena formosa 

Toluifera pereirae (see Myroxylon balsamum var. pereirae) 

Tontelea fluminensis (see T. ovalifolia) 

Tontelea ovalifolia 

Torreya californica 

Tournefortia hirsutissima 

Tovomita schomburgkii 

Tradescantia occidentalis 

Tradescantia ohiensis 

Tradescantia virginiana 

Tragopogon dubius 

Tragopogon porrifolius 

Trapa natans 

Trema floridana (see T. micrantha) 

Trema micrantha 

Trianthema portulacastrum 

Tribulus maximus (see Kallstroemia maxima) 

Trichilia maynasiana 

Trichipteris microdonta 

Trichocereus chiloensis (see Echinopsis chiloensis) 

Trichocereus coquimbanus 

Trichocereus pasacana 

Trichocereus schickendantzii 

Trichocereus spachianus 

Trichosanthes anguina (see T. cucumerina var. anguina) 

Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina 

Trifolium agrarium (see T. aureum) 

Trifolium amabile 

Trifolium aureum 

Trifolium campestre (see T. aureum) 

Trifolium ciliolatum 

Trifolium fimbriatum (see T. wormskioldii) 

Trifolium gracilentum 

Trifolium hybridum 

Trifolium incarnatum 

Trifolium medium 

Trifolium microcephalum 

Trifolium pratense 

Trifolium repens 

Trifolium stoloniferum 

Trifolium tridentatum (see T. willdenovii) 

Trifolium willdenowii 


947


Trifolium wormskioldii 

Triglochin maritimum 

Trigonella foenum-graecum 

Trillium erectum 

Trillium grandiflorum 

Trillium sessile 

Trillium undulatum 

Triosteum angustifolium (under T. perfoliatum) 

Triosteum aurantiacum (under T. perfoliatum) 

Triosteum perfoliatum 

Triphasia trifolia 

Tripsacum dactyloides 

Trithrinax brasiliensis 

Triticum aestivum 

Triticum compactum 

Triticum dicoccum (see T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum) 

Triticum durum 

Triticum monococcum 

Triticum polonicum 

Triticum spelta 

Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum 

Tropaeolum brasiliense 

Tropaeolum bridgesii (see T. leptophyllum) 

Tropaeolum chilense var. eximium (see T. leptophyllum) 

Tropaeolum edule (see T. leptophyllum) 

Tropaeolum leptophyllum 

Tropaeolum linearifolium (see T. leptophyllum) 

Tropaeolum majus 

Tropaeolum minus 

Tropaeolum patagonicum (see Trophaeastrum patagonicum) 

Tropaeolum tuberosum 

Trophaeastrum patagonicum 

Trophis racemosa 

Tsuga canadensis 

Tsuga heterophylla 

Tsuga mertenziana 

Tulbaghia violacea 

Tumion californicum (see Torreya californica) 

Tunilla soehrensii 

Turnera diffusa 

Turnera ulmifolia 

Tussilago farfara 

Tylosema esculentum (see Bauhinia esculenta) 

Typha angustifolia 

Typha domingensis 

Typha latifolia 

Ugni molinae 

Ullucus kunthii (see U. tuberosus subsp. tuberosus) 

Ullucus tuberosus subsp. tuberosus 


948


Ulmus fulva (see U. rubra) 

Ulmus mexicana 

Ulmus rubra 

Umbellularia californica 

Uniola palmeri (see Distichlis palmeri) 

Uniola paniculata 

Uniola virgata (see Leptochloopsis virgata) 

Unona carminativa (see Xylopia sericea) 

Unona concolor (see Xylopia aromatica) 

Unona discreta (see Xylopia discreta) 

Unonopsis floribunda 

Urechites karwinskii (see Fernaldia pandarata) 

Urera caracasana 

Uribea tamrindoides 

Urospatha caudata (see U. sagittifolia) 

Urospatha sagittifolia 

Urostigma tjiela (see Ficus indica) 

Urtica californica (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis) 

Urtica dioica 

Urtica dioica var. californica (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis) 

Urtica dioica subsp. gracilis 

Urtica dioica subsp. holosericea 

Urtica holosericea (see U. dioica subsp. holosericea) 

Urtica gracilis (see U. dioica subsp. gracilis) 

Urtica urens 

Uvularia sessilifolia 

Vaccinium angustifolium 

Vaccinium arboreum 

Vaccinium arbuscula (see V. cespitosum var. caespitosum) 

Vaccinium arkansanum (see V. corymbosum) 

Vaccinium ashei (see V. corymbosum) 

Vaccinium atrococcum (see V. corymbosum) 

Vaccinium caesariense 

Vaccinium caespitosum 

Vaccinium caespitosum var. caespitosum (see V. cespitosum) 

Vaccinium corymbosum 

Vaccinium crassifolium subsp. Crassifolium 

Vaccinium crenatum 

Vaccinium darrowii 

Vaccinium deliciosum 

Vaccinium elliottii 

Vaccinium erythrocarpum 

Vaccinium floribundum 

Vaccinium fuscatum (see V. corymbosum) 

Vaccinium globulare (see V. membranaceum) 

Vaccinium lamarckii (see V. angustifolium) 

Vaccinium leucanthum 

Vaccinium macrocarpon 

Vaccinium membranaceum 


949


Vaccinium meridionale 

Vaccinium mortina 

Vaccinium myrsinites 

Vaccinium myrtilloides 

Vaccinium myrtillus 

Vaccinium nitidum (see V. myrsinites) 

Vaccinium ovalifolium 

Vaccinium ovatum 

Vaccinium oxycoccos 

Vaccinium pallidum 

Vaccinium parvifolium 

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum (see V. angustifolium) 

Vaccinium scoparium 

Vaccinium sempervirens 

Vaccinium stamineum 

Vaccinium uliginosum 

Vaccinium vacillans (see V. pallidum) 

Vaccinium vitis-idaea 

Valeriana ciliata (see V. edulis var. ciliata) 

Valeriana edulis var. ciliata 

Valeriana edulis var. edulis 

Valeriana edulis subsp. procera 

Valeriana procera (see V. edulis subsp. procera) 

Valeriana sitchensis 

Valerianella locusta 

Valerianella olitoria (see V. locusta) 

Vallesia glabra 

Vanilla fragrans (see V. planifolia) 

Vanilla garneri 

Vanilla guianensis (see V. pompona) 

Vanilla phaeantha 

Vanilla planifolia 

Vanilla pompona 

Vasconcellea boissieri (see V. cauliflora) 

Vasconcellea cauliflora 

Vasconcellea cestriflora (see V. cundinamarcensis) 

Vasconcellea cundinamarcensis 

Vasconcellea goudotiana 

Vasconcellea gracilis (see V. goudotiana) 

Vasconcellea manihot (see V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea microcarpa 

Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. australis (under V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. baccata (under V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. heterophylla (under V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. microcarpa (under V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea microcarpa subsp. pillifera (under V. microcarpa) 

Vasconcellea monoica 

Vasconcellea palandensis 

Vasconcellea parviflora 


950


Vasconcellea pubescens (see V. cundinamarcensis) 

Vasconcellea quercifolia 

Vasconcellea stipulata 

Vasconcellea x heilbornii 

Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. chrysopetala (under V. x 

heilbornii) 

Vasconcellea x heilbornii var. fructigragrans (under V. x 

heilbornii) 

Vaupesia cataractarum 

Verbascum densiflorum 

Verbascum thapsus (see V. densiflorum) 

Verbena gratissima (see Aloysia gratissima) 

Verbena hastata 

Verbena litoralis 

Veronica americana 

Veronica anagallis-aquatica 

Veronica beccabunga 

Veronica chamaedrys 

Vetiveria odorata (see V. zizanioides) 

Vetiveria zizanioides 

Viborquia polystachya (see Eysenhardtia polystachya) 

Viburnum alnifolium 

Viburnum cassinoides (see V. nudum var. cassinoides) 

Viburnum edule 

Viburnum lentago 

Viburnum nitidum (see V. nudum var. cassinoides) 

Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides 

Viburnum opulus 

Viburnum pauciflorum (see V. edule) 

Viburnum prunifolium 

Viburnum rufidulum 

Viburnum trilobum 

Vicia faba 

Vicia narbonensis 

Vicia sativa (see Pisum sativum) 

Victoria amazonica 

Victoria cruziana (under V. amazonica) 

Victoria regia (see V. amazonica and V. cruziana) 

Vigna aconitifolia 

Vigna adenantha 

Vigna angularis 

Vigna catjang (see V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) 

Vigna luteola (see V. repens) 

Vigna mungo 

Vigna radiata 

Vigna repens 

Vigna sesquipedalis (see V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) 

Vigna sinensis (see V. unguiculata) 


951


Vigna sinensis subsp. sesquipedalis (see V. unguiculata subsp. 

sesquipedalis) 

Vigna subterranea 

Vigna trilobata 

Vigna umbellata 

Vigna unguiculata 

Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis 

Vinca rosea (see Catharanthus roseus) 

Vincetoxicum officinale (see Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 

Vincetoxicum salvanii (see Cynanchum vincetoxicum) 

Vincetoxicum salvinii 

Viola adunca 

Viola canadensis 

Viola canadenses var. rugulosa 

Viola cucullata 

Viola nephrophylla 

Viola nuttallii 

Viola odorata 

Viola palmata 

Viola papilionacea (see V. sororia) 

Viola pedata 

Viola pedatifida 

Viola rugulosa (see V. canadensis var. rugulosa) 

Viola sororia 

Viola tricolor 

Virola guatemalensis 

Virola sebifera 

Virola surinamensis 

Virola venezuelensis (see V. sebifera) 

Vismia cayenensis 

Vitellaria multiflora (see Pouteria multiflora) 

Vitellaria rivicola (see Pouteria macrophylla) 

Vitex agnus-castus 

Vitex capitata 

Vitex cymosa 

Vitex duckei 

Vitex flavens 

Vitex gigantea 

Vitex mollis 

Vitex odorata 

Vitex orinocensis 

Vitex pseudolea 

Vitex triflora 

Vitis acerifolia 

Vitis aestivalis 

Vitis argentifolia 

Vitis arizonica 

Vitis berlandiera 

Vitis californica 


952


Vitis candicans 

Vitis caribea 

Vitis cinerea var. cinerea 

Vitis cinerea var. floridana 

Vitis labrusca 

Vitis mesoamericana 

Vitis monticola 

Vitis munsoniana (see V. rotundifolia) 

Vitis riparia 

Vitis rotundifolia 

Vitis rupestris 

Vitis shuttleworthii 

Vitis sicyoides (see Cissus verticillata) 

Vitis simpsonii (see V. cinerea var. floridana) 

Vitis solonis 

Vitis tiliifolia 

Vitis vinifera 

Vitis vulpina 

Voandzeia subterranea (see Vigna subterranea) 

Vochysia vismiifolia 

Vulpia octoflora var. octoflora 

Washingtonia filifera 

Washingtonia robusta 

Washingtonia sonorae (see W. robusta) 

Wettinia maynensis 

Wisteria frutescens 

Wulffia baccata 

Wulffia stenoglossa 

Wyethia amplexicaulis 

Wyethia longicaulis 

Xanthium pensylvancium (see X. strumarium var. canadense) 

Xanthium strumarium var. canadense 

Xanthosoma atrovirens 

Xanthosoma belophyllum 

Xanthosoma brasiliense 

Xanthosoma caracu 

Xanthosoma helleborifolium 

Xanthosoma jacquinii 

Xanthosoma lindenii (see Caladium lindenii) 

Xanthosoma mafaffa 

Xanthosoma maffafa var. poeppigii (see X. poeppigii) 

Xanthosoma nigrum (see X. violaceum) 

Xanthosoma poeppigii 

Xanthosoma riedelianum 

Xanthosoma robustum 

Xanthosoma roseum 

Xanthosoma sagittifolium 

Xanthosoma striatipes (see X. riedelianum) 

Xanthosoma violaceum 


953


Xanthosoma yucatense 

Ximenia americana 

Ximenia coriaceae 

Xylopia aromatica 

Xylopia brasiliensis 

Xylopia carminativa (see X. sericea) 

Xylopia discreta 

Xylopia frutescens 

Xylopia peruviana 

Xylopia sericea 

Xylosma flexuosa 

Yucca aloifolia 

Yucca arborescens 

Yucca australis 

Yucca baccata 

Yucca brevifolia (under Y. arborescens) 

Yucca elata 

Yucca elephantipes (see Y. guatemalensis) 

Yucca faxoniana 

Yucca filamentosa 

Yucca filamentosa var. smalliana (see Y. smalliana) 

Yucca flaccida 

Yucca glauca 

Yucca gloriosa 

Yucca guatemalensis 

Yucca macrocarpa (see Y. torreyi) 

Yucca mohaviensis 

Yucca schidigera 

Yucca schottii 

Yucca smalliana 

Yucca torreyi 

Yucca treculeana 

Yucca valida 

Yucca whipplei 

Zamia angustifolia (under Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia angustissima (see Z. angustifolia) 

Zamia debilis (see Z. pumila) 

Zamia erosa (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia floridana (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia furfuracea 

Zamia integrifolia 

Zamia latifoliolata (see Z. pumila) 

Zamia lindenii 

Zamia lucayana (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia media (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia multifoliolata (see Z. angustifolia) 

Zamia portoricensis (under Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia pumila (under Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia silvicola (see Z. integrifolia) 


954


Zamia stricta (see Z. angustifolia) 

Zamia tenuis (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia umbrosa (see Z. integrifolia) 

Zamia yatesii (see Z. angustifolia) 

Zea diploperennis 

Zea mays 

Zea mays var. everta (see Z. mays) 

Zea mexicana 

Zea mays subsp. mexicana (see Z. mexicana) 

Zingiber officinale 

Zingiber mioga 

Zingiber zerumbet 

Zizania aquatica 

Zizania palustris (see Z. aquatica) 

Zizaniopsis miliacea 

Ziziphus cinnamomum 

Ziziphus celata 

Ziziphus cyclocardia 

Ziziphus endlichii 

Ziziphus gardneri (see Z. joazeiro) 

Ziziphus guaranitica (see Z. joazeiro) 

Ziziphus guatemalsensis 

Ziziphus joazeiro 

Ziziphus jujuba (see Z. mauritiana and Z. ziziphus) 

Ziziphus mauritiana 

Ziziphus mistol 

Ziziphus parryi 

Ziziphus ziziphus 

Zollernia ilicifolia 

Zschokkea arborescens (see Lacmellea arborescens) 

Zschokkea peruviana (see Lacmellea peruviana) 

Zwingera amara (see Quassia amara) 

Zygia longifolia 

Zygia saman (see Samanea saman) 


955

Kermath, Bennett, & Pulsipher – Food Plants in the Americas 

Index to Common Names 

‘ak 

a’teshiuk 

a’tesiuk 

aachuá 

a-agl 

aala 

aara 

Aaron’s rod 

aaxt 

aaxux ts’aah 

ababaya 

ababuí 

abacachí 

abacate 

abacate-roxo 

abacaxi 

abacaxí 

abacaxi-bravo 

abacaxi-do-campo 

abaja 

abajeru 

abal 

abalá 

abanico 

abarco 

abata 

abata cola 

abati 

abatí 

abatí tembary 

abatiyú 

abbey palm 

abecedária 

abedul 

abedul pubescente 

abeiro 

abelmosco 

abeokuta coffee 

aberas 

aberia 

abesón 

abeto 

abeto alpino 

abeto balsámico 

abeto blanco americano 

DRAFT - DO NOT DUPLICATE 

abeto canadiense 

abeto de Vancouver 

abeto falso 

abeto subalpino 

abezón doméstico 

abi 

abiaba 

abio 

abiorana 

abiorana-do-igapó 

abiorana-preta 

abiruana 

abirurana cascuda 

abiu 

abiú 

abíu 

abiu branco 

abiu carambola 

abiu carriola 

abiu do campo 

abiu grosalia 

abiu mangabarana 

abiu ucuuba 

abiu-bravo 

abiufi 

abiu-fofo 

abiurana 

abiurana caramuri 

abiurana caranazal 

abiurana casca fina 

abiurana cascuda 

abiurana cutitiribá 

abiurana da casca grossa 

abiurana de massa 

abiurana do caranzal 

abiurana flor miuda 

abiurana folha estreita 

abiurana gigante 

abiurana grande 

abiurana guiina 

abiurana gutta 

abiurana matamata 

abiurana preta 

abiurana sabia 

abiurana-abiu 

956


abiurana-aquariquara 

abiurana-bacuri 

abiurana-braba 

abiurana-branca 

abiurana-branca 

abiurana-caju 

abiurana-da-folha-grande 

abiurana-de-igapó 

abiurana-de-massa 

abiurana-de-várzea 

abiurana-do-igapó 

abiurana-maçaranduba 

abiurana-roxa 

abiurana-seca 

abiurana-vermelha 

ablaca 

abóbora 

abóbora almiscar 

abóbora carneira 

abóbora catinga 

abóbora cheirosa 

abóbora de porco 

abóbora melão 

abóbora menina 

abóbora moranga 

abóbora porqueira 

abóbora rasteira 

abóbora-árvore 

abóbora-cheirosa 

abóbora-chila 

abóbora-de-moita 

abóbora-do-mato 

abóbora-rasteira 

abóboro de carneiro 

abobrinha 

abobrinha-italiana 

abono negro 

aborí 

aboro-aibá 

abricó 

abricó-das-Antilhas 

abricó-de-Pará 

abricó-de-São-Domingo 

abricó-do-Pará 

abricó-selvagem 

abricote 

abricoteiro 

abridero 

abridor 


abrojo terrestre 

abrunheiro-bravo 

abrunho 

absinth 

absinthe 

absinthium 

absíntio-comum 

absinto 

abugui 

abundio 

abuta 

abutilon 

abutua 

abútua 

abutua legítima 

abutua preta 

abutua verdadeira 

aca 

aca preto 

aca’hua 

acacia 

acácia 

acacia bastarda 

acacia blanca 

acacia de catarina 

acacia de tres púas 

acacia palida 

acácia-branca 

aca-cipó 

açafrão 

açafrão-da-Índia 

açafrão-da-terra 

açafroa 

açafroa-da-serra 

acahite 

acahual 

acahual blanco 

acahualera 

acahuite 

açaí 

açaí-caatinga 

açaí-chumbo 

açaí-da-catinga 

açaí-da-mata 

açaí-de-planta 

açaí-de-touceira 

açaí-do-Amazonas 

açaí-do-Pará 

acaiju 

957


açaí-mirim 

açaí-pardo 

açaí-solteiro 

açaituira 

açaizinha 

açaizinho 

acajaíba 

acajaúba 

acajou 

acaju 

acajú 

acajuíba 

acana 

acana-acana 

acano 

acapatate 

acapurana 

acara-uba 

acariquara 

acariquara-roxa 

acariúba 

acaya 

acayoba 

acayocha 

acebo 

acebuche 

acebuchina 

acedera 

acedera de Guinea 

acedera espinaca 

acedera menor 

acedera rojo de Guinea 

acederilla 

aceite 

aceito cachicamo 

aceite de palo 

aceite de piquia 

aceite del ricino 

aceite mario 

aceitico 

aceitilla 

aceito 

aceito de maria 

aceituna 

aceituna dulce 

aceituno 

acelga 

acenoria 

acer 


acer-negundo 

ácer-prata 

ácer-prateado 

ácere 

acerico 

acerola 

acerola cherry 

acerola roja 

acesiva 

acetosa 

acezintle 

achachairú 

achera 

achicoria 

achicoria de Bruselas 

achicoria de rizada 

achihiuti 

achinachinata 

achiolillo 

achiote 

achiote amarillo 

achiote colorado 

achiote de venado 

achiotillo 

achipa 

achira 

achira cimarrona 

achis 

achita 

acho 

achoca 

achocapa 

achoccha 

achocha 

achogcha 

achojcha 

achokkcha 

achoncha 

achoscha 

achote 

achotillo 

achuá 

achual 

achuni-caspi 

achupa poroto 

achupalla 

acíbar 

ackee 

acmela 

958


acoci 

acom 

acom yam 

acoma piquant 

aconite leaved kidney bean 

acore 

acorn squash 

acoro 

ácoro 

ácoro indio 

ácoro verdadero 

acqueero 

acueyo 

acuje 

acum palm 

acumã 

acumã-rasteira 

acuri 

acurucó 

acuyo 

Adam’s banana 

Adam’s fig 

Adam’s needle 

adder’s tongue 

adeira 

adicuri 

adjeran 

adlai 

adlay 

adormidera 

aduki 

aduncum 

adura 

adzuki bean 

aechmea 

aerampu 

aerial yam 

aeta 

affoo 

affou 

African apple 

African bitter yam 

African dove plum 

African fan palm 

African fern pine 

African gooseberry 

African gram 

African horned mellon 

African mallow 


African mangosteen 

African marigold 

African millet 

African oil palm 

African spider-flower 

agalla de costa 

agárico ostreato 

agarita 

agarito 

agarradera 

agati 

agati sesbania 

agave 

agave da tequila 

age 

agiru 

agnacate 

agno-casto 

agrá 

agraz 

agrião 

agrião-comum 

agrião-d’água 

agrião-da-fonte 

agrião-da-ilha-de-frança 

agrião-da-mata 

agrião-da-ponte 

agrião-das-hortas 

agrião-da-terra 

agrião-da-terra-enxuta 

agrião-de-água 

agrião-de-rio 

agrião-do-Brasil 

agrião-do-norte 

agrião-do-Pará 

agrião-do-seco 

agrião-dos-jardins 

agrião-ordinário 

agrião-silvestre 

agricultural mustard 

agrilla 

agrillas 

agrillo 

agrio 

agrio de Guinea 

agrito 

agua 

agua bendita 

aguacate 

959


aguacate cimarrón 

aguacate del monte 

aguacate guatemalteco 

aguacate mexicano 

aguacate oloroso 

aguacatillo 

aguacatón 

aguaçu 

aguai 

aguaí 

aguaí blanco 

aguaí da serra 

aguaí guazu 

aguai-guaca 

aguai-guaw 

aguaja 

aguaje 

aguaje del varillal 

aguallumantu 

aguama 

aguanillo 

aguapé 

aguardente 

aguardiente 

aguaribai 

aguaribay 

aguaschi 

aguaschi 

aguaturma 

aguay 

aguayllumantu 

aguaymanto 

aguen catohue 

aguijilla 

agüijote 

aguitzearicua 

aguja 

agutiguepe 

aguya 

aguyi 

ahara hupa 

ahinhus 

ahipa 

ahoga 

ahogador 

ahuama 

ahuashi yacu 

ahuejote 

ahuijote 


ahuilote 

ahuyama 

aibika 

aile 

aili 

aipi 

aipilla 

aipim 

aipo 

aipo-bravo 

aipo-d’água 

aipo-dos-pântanos 

aipo-hortense 

aipo-silvestre 

air potato 

airambo 

airampo 

airela vermelho 

aisiki arisi 

akuiesi varirakua 

akuitsi-usrhirakua 

aja 

ajahuiri 

ajamata 

ajanhuiri 

ajanhuiri 

ajara 

ajarahy 

ajaraí 

ajará-y 

ajé 

ajedra 

ajedrea 

ajedrea común 

ajedrea de huerta 

ajedrea de jardín 

ajenjibre 

ajenjo 

ajenjo común 

ají 

ají agujeta 

ají amarillo 

ají arnaucho 

ají boniato 

ají bravo 

ají caballero 

ají caribe 

ají chirel 

ají coralillo 

960


ají del campo 

ají del monte 

ají dulce 

ají escabeche 

ají guaguao 

ají largo 

ají oro 

ají pajarito 

ají picante 

ají pinguita de mono 

ají puca-uchu 

ají quitucho 

ají tabasco 

ají turco 

ají verde 

ajicito montecino 

ajillo 

ajima 

ajinjible 

ajipa 

ají-rocoto 

ajiru 

ajito tierno 

ajo 

ajo moruno 

ajo porro 

ajo puerro 

ajo sacha 

ajo sacha macho 

ajo silvestre 

ajobiewe 

ajonjoli 

ajonjolí 

ajonjolí cimarrón 

ajos quiro 

ajote 

ajuru 

ajurú 

aka-dyssô 

akaiyaas 

akal k’ak’al ilaal 

akan k’athaw 

aka-shiso 

akayas 

akee 

akho 

aki 

akí 

akoinsiba 


akuyuru 

akw’aalil palats 

ala de oro 

Alabama cherry 

Alabama chokecherry 

alache 

alachi 

alacrán 

alagua 

álamo 

álamo blanco 

Alaska blueberry 

Alaska spiraea 

alatrique 

alazor 

albaca 

albaca silvestre 

albahaca 

albahaca blanca 

albahaca cimarrona 

albahaca de caballo 

albahaca de calvo 

albahaca de gallina 

albahaca de monte 

albahaca fina 

albahaca montés 

albahaca moruna 

albahaca siete esencias 

albahaga 

albahita 

albaque simarrón 

albarda 

albarico 

albaricoque 

albaricoquero 

albarillo 

albarrá marítima 

albergas 

alberja 

alberjas blancas 

alberjas rojas 

alberjón 

albina 

albopán 

alboroto 

alcachofa 

alcachofa de Jerusalén 

alcachofera 

alcachofra 

961


alcachofra-brava 

alcachofra-de-Jerusalém 

alcaçuz 

alcaçuz-da-Europa 

alcaçuz-do-Brasil 

alcaçuz-glabro 

alcajer 

alcana 

alcanfor 

alcaparra 

alcaparrera 

alcaparro 

alcaparrón 

alcarahueya 

alcarava 

alcaravea 

alcaravia 

alcarávia 

alcavária 

alcayata 

alcayota 

alcayota común 

alcayote 

alcazuz 

alcea 

alchexu 

alcornoque 

alcosoria 

alecrim 

alecrim-da-horta 

alecrim-de-jardim 

alecrim-de-São-José 

alecrim-do-campo 

alecrim-do-mato 

alegría 

alehoof 

aleluia 

aleluya 

alevante 

Alexander’s angelica 

Alexandrian laurel 

alfa alfa 

alfabaca 

alfábaga 

alface 

alface-de-mesa 

alface-selvagem 

alfafa 

alfafa-de-flor-roxa 


alfafa-de-provença 

alfafa-verdadeira 

alfalfa 

alfar 

alfaro 

alfarroba 

alfarrobeira 

alfavaca 

alfavaca-cheiroso 

alfavaca-de-América 

alfavaca-de-cheiro 

alfavaca-de-galinha 

alfavaca-do-campo 

alfavaquinha-de-cobra 

alfazema-do-brasil 

alfiler 

alfileria 

alfóncigo 

alforfón 

alforjón 

alforva 

algalia 

algaroba 

algarobeia 

algarroba 

algarroba bean 

algarrobo 

algarrobo blanco 

algarrobo del país 

algarrobo europeo 

algarrobo loco 

algerita 

algodão 

algodão-branco 

algodão-da-praia 

algodão-do-brejo 

algodão-moro 

algodoeiro-bravo 

algodoeiro-da-Índia 

algodoeiro-da-praia 

algodoeiro-do-brejo 

algodón 

algodón blanco 

algodón de monte 

algodón silvestre 

algodonero 

algondoncillo 

alheña 

alho 

962


alho-de-urso 

alholva 

alho-macho 

alho-por 

alho-poró 

alho-porro 

alho-porrum 

alho-silvestre 

alicayota 

alicoche 

alicuri 

alidimai 

alien weed 

aliso 

alka qumpis 

alkali bulrush 

alkali sacatón 

allagua 

Alleghany barberry 

Allegheny blackberry 

Allegheny chinkapin 

alléluia 

all-heal 

alligator flag 

alligator juniper 

alligator pear 

alligator wood 

alligator-apple 

allouya 

allpa guayaba 

allscale 

allspice 

almáciga 

almácigo 

almajo 

almarjo 

almécega 

almecega-cheirosa 

almecegueira 

almecera 

almeirão 

almeirão-selvagem 

almeirão-silvestre 

almeixa 

almendoa 

almendra 

almendra castaña 

almendra colorada 

almendra del beni 


almendrillo 

almendrito 

almendro 

almendro amarillo 

almendro corozo 

almendro de Java 

almendro de la India 

almendro de montaña 

almendrón 

almendrón cagüí 

almendrón de las Antillas 

almendrón maní 

almez americano 

almique 

almirajó 

almirón 

almizcle 

almizcle vegetal 

almizcle 

almizclillo 

almond 

aloe 

alóe 

aloe vera 

aloés 

alpine bistort 

alpine blueberry 

alpine dock 

alpine fir 

alpine smartweed 

alpine sorrel 

alpine springbeauty 

alpine strawberry 

alpista 

alquequenje 

alsike clover 

alta palm 

altarreina 

altea 

altéa-bastarda 

alteia 

althaea 

altramuz 

alubia 

alubias rojas 

aluína 

aluma 

alva-aka 

963


alvellana 

alverja 

alverjas 

alverjones 

alverón 

alvina 

ama uva 

ama’yrary 

amabilis fir 

amahuaca 

amaina 

amaint-nak 

amamastla 

amandiú 

amanduerana 

amanduerana-bravo 

amaniu-rana 

amankayo 

amansa caballo 

amapa 

amapá 

amapa hasta 

amapá murué 

amapa rosa 

amapá-amargoso 

amapá-doce 

amapala 

amapola 

amapola azul 

amapola blanca 

amapola de California 

amapola de monte 

amapola de san francisco 

amapola del campo 

amapola real 

amapolita morada 

amaranta 

amaranth 

amaranth greens 

amaranth pigweed 

amaranto 

amaranto de cauda 

amarelão 

amarelao-pitiá 

amarelinho 

amarelle cherry 

amargo 

amargocilla 


amargón 

amargoso 

amarillo 

amash 

amasisa 

amatillo 

amatungula 

Amazon tree grape 

Amazonian coca 

ambaí 

ambaíba 

ambaitinga 

ambal 

ambarela 

ambarella 

ambari hemp 

ambarina 

ambati 

ambau 

ambaúba-do-vinho 

ambaúva-mansa 

ambo 

ambreta 

ambrosia 

ambrosia 

ambrosía 

ambrósia-dos-boticas 

ambubeya 

ambuy 

amé 

ameiju 

ameiro-negro 

ameixa 

ameixa-amarela 

ameixa-braba 

ameixa-da-Bahia 

ameixa-da-terra 

ameixa-de-espinho 

ameixa-de-Madagascar 

ameixa-do-Brasil 

ameixa-do-Japão 

ameixa-do-Pará 

ameixa-do-Peru 

ameixeira-brava 

ameixeira-do-México 

amêndoa 

amêndoa-da-América 

amêndoa-de-espinho 

amêndoa-do-Brasil 

964


amêndoa-do-Peru 

amendoeira da américa 

amendoim 

amendoim-de-Inka 

amentilho 

amento 

American aloe 

American arbor vitae 

American barberry 

American basswood 

American beauty berry 

American beech 

American birthroot 

American bistort 

American bittersweet 

American black cherry 

American black currant 

American bladdernut 

American brooklime 

American cabbage palm 

American chestnut 

American China-root 

American chokecherry 

American cotton palm 

American cranberry 

American cranberry bush 

American elderberry 

American ephedra 

American fountaingrass 

American ginseng 

American gooseberry 

American goosefoot 

American great burnet 

American hackberry 

American hazel 

American hazel nut 

American hornbeam 

American horsemint 

American ivy 

American jute 

American licorice 

American lotus 

American mandrake 

American mountain ash 

American oil palm 

American olive 

American pawpaw 

American pennyroyal 

American pepper 


American persimmon 

American plum 

American potato bean 

American red currant 

American red elder 

American red mangrove 

American red raspberry 

American saltwort 

American sea rocket 

American speedwell 

American spikenard 

American strawberry 

American sweetgum 

American sycamore 

American taro 

American Turk’s-cap lily 

American valerian 

American waterlily 

American water-lotus 

American wild ginger 

American wild gooseberry 

American wild plum 

American wildrice 

American wisteria 

American wood strawberry 

American wormseed 

American yew 

amero 

amescla 

amescla-branca 

amida 

amiklío 

amista 

amoeira-de-espinho 

amole 

amomo 

amor de hortelano 

amor de un rato 

amor en bolsa 

amor seco 

amora 

amora-branca 

amora-da-selva 

amora-de-espinho 

amora-do-mato 

amor-perfeito 

amora-preta 

amora-verde 

amor-crescido 

965


amoreira 

amoreira-amarela 

amoreira-branca 

amoreira-brava 

amoreira-de-espinho 

amoreira-do-campo 

amoreira-do-mato 

amorfina 

amorfina colorada 

ampato huasca 

ampihuasca 

amuchile 

amuio 

amur pepper-vine 

amush 

anabi 

ancabesux 

anacagüita 

anacahuite 

anacardo 

anaconda 

anacua 

anacuahuitl 

anador 

anagalide azul 

anajá 

añallo caspi 

anami gum 

ananá 

ananaí 

ananás 

ananás japonês 

ananás-bravo 

ananás-de-cerca 

ananás-do-mato 

ananáz 

anani 

anaqua 

anare 

anatto 

anauco 

anauerá 

anaura 

anay 

anaya 

ancara 

anchera 

ancho 

anchovy pear 


anco 

ancocach 

ancoche 

ancusacha 

andaí 

andaiá 

Andean ají 

Andean black raspberry 

Andean blackberry 

Andean blueberry 

Andean lupin 

Andean potato 

Andean walnut 

Andean wax palm 

andigena 

andrino 

andu 

anea 

anega 

aneldo 

anethum 

aneto 

ángel 

angel’s wing 

angela 

angelica 

angelica 

angelica tree 

angelite 

angico 

angled loofah 

Angola pea 

angolit 

angolito 

angostura 

angostura bark 

angostura febrífuga 

anguila 

anileto 

anilina 

anillo 

anime 

anime 

aninga 

aninga 

aninga-d’agua 

aninga-de-cinco-dedos 

aninga-uba 

anis 

966


anís 

anís comino 

anís común 

anís de monte 

anís del campo 

anís estrella 

anís estrellado 

anís ujts 

anís verde 

anis-doce 

anise 

anise hyssop 

anise verbena 

aniseed 

anise-scented goldenrod 

anis-estrelado 

anisillo 

anis-verde 

annato 

annatto 

annona 

annual coreopsis 

annual glasswort 

annual hibiscus 

annual nettle 

annual teosinte 

annual weed 

anomalous hawthorn 

año 

anón 

anón cimarrón 

anón de puerco 

anón injerto 

anón liso 

anón morado 

anón pelón 

anona 

anona amarilla 

anona babosa 

anona blanca 

anona colorada 

anona conde 

anona corazón 

anona de tierra fría 

anona del monte 

anona del Perú 

anona pina 

anona poshté 

anona rojo 


anona-do-Chile 

anoncillo 

anonilla 

anonillo 

anonita de papagayos 

anquchi 

ansarinha 

ansepara 

anserina-branca 

anserina-vermifuga 

anserine 

anta 

antá 

antenária 

antidesma 

antidote cacoon 

antidote vine 

Antilles calophyllum 

antipurutu 

antúrio 

anu 

añu 

añú 

anumu 

añushi morena 

anya 

anyú 

ao-dyssô 

ao-shiso 

aorí 

aouará 

aoura 

apa 

apacas 

apacharama 

apahuata 

apai 

apalachina 

apamate 

apasote 

apats’ akw’aal 

apazote 

ape 

ape’s-earring 

apepú 

apgi 

apichu 

apichú 

apikara 

967


apilja 

apilla 

apiña-mama isaño 

apincoya 

apio 

apio blanco 

apio criollo 

apio de laguna 

apio de monte 

apio hortense 

apio palustre 

apio peruviano 

apio silvestre 

apios 

apiranga 

api-ttara 

apombo 

apomo 

aponotó-yek 

Appalachian tea 

apple 

apple cactus 

apple chili 

apple haw 

apple mint 

apra 

aprahoedoe 

apricot 

apricot velvet berry 

apricot vine 

aprim 

aprin 

aprín 

aprines 

apuí 

apupú 

apuruí 

apuruizinho 

aquariquara 

aquariquara-roxa 

aqui 

aquibuquil 

aquilea 

aquilea 

ara chiki 

Arabian coffee 

arabica coffee 

araçá 

araçá-açu 


araçá-boi 

araçá-comum-de-Pará 

araçá-da-praia 

araçá-de-anta 

araçá-de-anta-vermelha 

araçá-de-pedra 

araçá-do-campo 

araçá-do-Pará 

araçá-goiaba 

araçá-guaiaba 

aracah 

aracahy 

araçaí 

aracá-lima 

araçá-mirim 

araçandiva 

araçanduba 

araçá-pera 

araçá-piranga 

araçá-pomba 

araçazeiro-branco 

araçazeiro-do-campo 

aractium grande 

aracui 

aracuri 

araguaraíba 

araia 

arana gato 

arándano 

arándano agrio 

arándano europeo 

arándanos 

arando 

arando encarnado 

aranticó-mirim 

arapuruí 

aráquida 

ararai 

ararú 

araruta 

ara-ruta 

araruta bastarda 

arary 

arasa 

arasá 

araticu 

araticú 

araticu-da-mata 

araticum 

968


araticum-açu 

araticum-alvadio 

araticum-alvadio 

araticum-apé 

araticum-bravo 

araticum-cagão 

araticum-cagão-marolo 

araticum-de-comer 

araticum-de-tabuleiro 

araticum-do-cerrado 

araticum-do-grande 

araticum-do-mato 

araticum-grande 

araticum-macho 

araticum-manso 

araticum-mirim 

araticum-paná 

araticum-pitaia 

araticum-ponhe 

araticurana 

araucaria 

araucaria de Chile 

araucaria flácida 

araucária-do-Chile 

arayán 

araza 

arazá 

araza buey 

araza-boi 

arbeja 

arbella 

árbol candil 

árbol capoc 

arbol chili 

árbol de ajo 

árbol de cera 

árbol de churuco 

árbol de cuerillo 

árbol de Judea 

árbol de la jujias 

árbol de la leche 

árbol de la lluvia 

árbol de las calabazas 

árbol de las pasas 

árbol de las perlas 

árbol de leche 

árbol de lluvia 

árbol de los aspáragos 

árbol de melón 


árbol de orejas 

árbol de palo dulce 

árbol de pan 

árbol de pepino 

árbol de pimienta 

árbol de purma 

árbol de vaca 

árbol de vaca 

árbol del ámbar 

árbol del amor 

árbol del amor canadiense 

árbol del banyan 

árbol del caucho 

árbol del cielo 

árbol del clavo 

árbol del pan 

árbol del pan mexicano 

árbol del Perú 

árbol del tambor 

árbol del tomate 

árbol sagrado 

árbol salamandra 

árbol vaca 

arboloco 

arbopén 

arbor vitae 

arborescent philodendron 

arborescent pricklypear 

arbre de beurre 

arcacil 

arce 

arce de azúcar 

arce de Florida 

arce jaspeado 

arce maple 

arce negundo 

arce plateado 

arce rojo 

arce sacarino 

archangélica 

archucha 

Arctic beauty kiwi 

Arctic berry 

Arctic blackberry 

Arctic bramble 

Arctic dock 

Arctic raspberry 

Arctic lousewort 

Arctic sourdock 

969


ardisia 

ardísia 

areca 

areca nut 

areca palm 

arequipa lisas 

argan 

argán 

argentine 

Argentine jujube 

Argentine mesquite 

Argentine toothpick 

Argentine walnut 

arguta 

arhar dhal 

ariá 

aribury 

aricaguá 

aricaguá 

aricoma 

aricona 

aricui 

aricuri 

aricuriroba 

arikury palm 

arir 

ariri 

aririariu 

aristolóquia 

Arizona barrel cactus 

Arizona black walnut 

Arizona boxelder 

Arizona kidneywood 

Arizona walnut 

Arizona white pine 

Arkansas rose 

armuelle 

armuelle de huerta 

arnacucho 

arnatto 

arnaucho 

arnauchox 

arnica 

árnica 

arnica root 

Arnold hawthorn 

aroeira 

aroeira-branca 

aroeira-de-folha-de-salso 


aroeira-do-Amazonas 

aroeira-mansa 

aroeira-negra 

aroeira-rasteira 

aroeira-vermelha 

aroeirinha-do-campo 

aroeirinha 

aroma 

aroma blanca 

aroma boba 

aroma mansa 

aronia 

arosa 

arpón común 

arponcito 

arracacha 

arracachá 

arracacha de toro 

arracache 

arracacho 

arracacia 

arracha 

arraigán 

arraiján 

arrakacha 

arrayan 

arrayán 

arrayán brabántico 

arrayán de baya roja 

arrayón 

arrebenta-cavalo 

arrecate 

arrenbenta-pedra 

arricón 

arrocillo 

arroruz 

arrow arum 

arrowgrass 

arrowhead 

arrowleaf 

arrowleaf balsamroot 

arrowleaf elephant ear 

arrowroot 

Arroyo de la Cruz mariposa 

lily 

arroz 

arroz con coco 

arroz cruzeño 

arroz de la India 

970


arroz del Perú 

arroz racacha 

arroz-miúdo-do-Peru 

arruda 

arruda-doméstica 

arruda-dos-jardins 

arrurruz 

artemesia 

artemisa 

artemisia 

artemísia 

artichoke 

artichoke thistle 

articum 

arto 

artos 

aru aru 

arugula 

arundo 

aruuri 

arveja 

arvejas 

arvejera 

árvore-da-ave-do-paraíso 

árvore-da-cera 

árvore-da-pataca 

árvore-da-preguiça 

árvore-do-banyan 

árvore-do-dinheiro 

asafoetida 

asajarillo 

asarero 

aselgas 

asepoko 

ash pumpkin 

ashe chinkapin 

ashipa 

ashleaf maple 

ash-leaved maple 

ashpa quinoa 

ashue 

Asian bayberry 

Asian cucumber 

Asian naked-wood 

Asian snakeroot 

Asian snakewood 

Asiatic colubrina 

Asiatic yam 

asipa 


asipoka 

asipokoballi 

asna panga 

asparagus 

asparagus bean 

asparagus pea 

aspargo 

aspérula-odorífera 

assacu 

assafroa 

assaí 

assaí-chumbinho 

assaí-cubinha 

assaí-da-mata 

assaí-do-pará 

assaí-mirim 

assaí-rana 

assasu rana 

Astrakin wheat 

ata 

atá 

ata-amarela 

ata-brava 

ataco 

ataco morado 

atadero 

atadijo 

atanasia 

atanásia 

atchi 

até 

atemoya 

atinha 

atochietl 

atramuz 

atsa dheve 

atsa raoxo 

atsera 

atuq lisa 

atuq papa 

atuq ulluku 

atusara 

atuto 

atuto-ayaqui-cueramo 

auaçu 

auako-uri wirárika 

aubergine 

augue tree 

August flower 

971


August plum 

auinaquina 

aullama 

auquey 

aureli 

aurmá-rana 

Australian arrowroot 

Australian bush cherry 

Australian nut 

Australian saltbush 

Australian spinach 

ausú 

ausubo 

autumn pumpkin 

autumn squash 

auya 

auyama 

avacate 

avacate oloroso 

avalo 

avati 

avatí 

aveia 

avelã 

avellana 

avellana común 

avellana grande 

avellano criollo 

avellano turco 

avena 

avena cultivada 

avens 

avens root 

avian goosefoot 

avichurí 

avispa 

avitas poroto 

avocado 

avocado pear 

awara 

awarí 

awarra 

awarra palm 

awíshru papáajiri 

axájik 

axixá 

axocapaque 

axocarpa 

ay uätiktäua 


aya albaca 

aya machana 

aya manchana 

ayacahuite pine 

ayacote 

ayak 

ayak willku 

ayaporoto 

ayara 

ayaras 

ayecote 

ayo 

ayocote 

ayote 

aypi 

ayuku 

ayuku ñojôdû 

azabache 

azafran 

azafrán 

azafrán bastardo 

azafrán de bolita 

azafrán de la India 

azajar 

azahar de campo 

azaleia 

azambo 

azamboero 

azanoria 

azcarrio 

azeda 

azeda-brava 

azeda-de-ovelha 

azeda-espinafre 

azeda-miúda 

azedinha 

azedinha-aleluia 

azedinha-da-horta 

azedinha-de-folhas-roxas 

azedinha-de-sapo 

azedinha-tuberosa 

azeitona 

azenoria 

azevém 

azevim 

azofaifa 

azofaifo 

azola 

azolla 

972


azote 

azote-caballo 

Aztec clover 

Aztec marigold 

Aztec sweet herb 

azúcar 

azúcar huayo 

azucarito 

azucaró 

azufaifa 

azufaifo 

azufeifo africano 

azufre caspi 

azuki bean 

azulillo 

azul-sipari 

azumiatl 

baacohe 

baan caryla 

baba 

babaco 

babaco pequeño 

babaco redondo 

babaçu 

baba-de-boi 

babadotan lalaki 

babão 

babari 

babassu 

babassú 

babassu palm 

babasu 

babepa preta 

babosa 

babosa branca 

babosa-ananás 

babsi 

babul 

babul acacia 

babul gum 

babunha 

baby cucumber 

baby ice apple 

baby ité 

baby kiwi 

baby lime 

baby pumpkin 

bacaba 

bacaba oil palm 


bacaba palm 

bacaba-açu 

bacabaçu 

bacaba-de-azeite 

bacaba-de-caranaí 

bacaba-do-Pará 

bacabai 

bacabaí 

bacaba-mirim 

bacabao 

bacaba-verdadeira 

bacabeira 

bacabi 

bacabí 

bacabiña 

bacabinha 

bacanta 

bacao 

bacau 

bache 

bâche 

bacon weed 

bacu 

baçu 

bacuaçu 

bacupari 

bacupari-açu 

bacupari-apó 

bacupari-cipó 

bacupari-de-capoeira 

bacupari-do-campo 

bacupari-do-mato 

bacupari-miúdo 

bacur 

bacuri 

bacurí 

bacuri-açu 

bacuri-azedo 

bacuriba 

bacuri-bexiga 

bacuri-de-espinho 

bacuri-espinho 

bacuri-liso 

bacuri-mirim 

bacuripari 

bacuri-pari 

bacuripari-liso 

bacuripari-selvagem 

bacuri-pau 

973


bacuri-selvagem 

bacuri-uva 

bacurizinho 

bacury 

bacury-pary 

badea 

badiana-de-china 

badinjan 

badoo 

badoqueiro 

bael 

bael fruit 

bael tree 

bafureira 

baga 

baga-da-praia 

baga-de-bugre 

baga-de-morcego 

baga-de-veado 

baga-de-veado-gigante 

baguaçu 

baguaçuí 

Bahama strongbark 

Bahia piassava 

Bahia vanilla 

bahoeri 

baiano 

baíco 

baicuru-açu 

baitoa 

bajai 

bajo de wey 

bajoca 

bajra 

bajri 

bake apple 

baked-apple 

baked-apple berry 

bakersfield cactus 

bakuri 

bakury 

bala 

bala huayo 

balaire 

balãosinho 

balata 

balatá 

balata barbacona 

balata blanca 


balata-braba 

balata-branca 

balata bullet tree 

balatá de Panamá 

balata jaune d’oeuf 

balata poire 

balata poirier 

balata-rana 

balata-rosada 

balata-rosadinha 

balata-sapotina 

balata tree 

balata-ucuquirana 

balate 

balatilla 

balatillo 

balaustra 

balazo 

balché 

bal-ché 

baleo 

balín 

balisier 

ball cactus 

ball moss 

ballí 

balm 

balo 

balsam apple 

balsam fir 

balsam of Peru 

balsam of tolu 

balsam pear 

balsamaria 

balsamina 

balsaminha 

balsamino 

bálsamo 

bálsamo blanco 

bálsamo caboriba 

bálsamo de copayba 

bálsamo de El Salvador 

bálsamo de maría 

bálsamo de Perú 

bálsamo de tolú 

bálsamo del Perú 

bálsamo del valle 

bálsamo negro 

bálsamo sanalotodo 

974


balsamroot 

balsuy 

balta ucuquirana 

balú 

baluy 

bambara groundnut 

bambarra 

bambarra groundnut 

bambil 

bamboo 

bamboo brier 

bamboo shoots 

bamboo vine 

bamboo-brier 

bambu 

bambú 

bambú común 

bambuc 

bamia 

bampara amarilla 

bampera 

bampera 

banak 

banana 

banana China 

banana passionfruit 

banana pepper 

banana poka 

banana yucca 

banana-açucarina 

banana-baiê 

banana-brava 

banana-Caiena 

banana-cambota 

banana-casca-verde 

banana-catarina 

banana-caturra-galega 

banana-chorona 

banana-d’água 

banana-da-China 

banana-da-mata 

banana-da-terra 

banana-de-brejo 

banana-de-imbe 

banana-de-italiano 

banana-de-leque 

banana-de-macaco 

banana-de-viajante 

banana-do-mato 


banana-figo 

banana-inglesa 

banana-maçã 

banana-mangalô 

banana-marmelo 

banana-nanica 

banana-ouro 

banana-pacobeira 

banana-pacobuçu 

banana-pacova 

banana-peroá 

banana-petiça 

banana-prata 

banana-roxa 

banana-samburá 

banana-São-Domingos 

banana-São-Tomé 

banana-São-Tomé-legítima 

banana-tatu 

bananeira-do-brejo 

bananeira-do-mato 

bananeirinha 

bananinha 

bananinha-brava 

banano 

banano enano 

banano indio 

banano macho 

bancoulier-dos-franceses 

bandakai 

bandaria 

bandera 

bandera de uribe 

bandua de uribe 

baniti 

banner bean 

banutzin 

banyan 

banyan tree 

bao 

baoba 

baobab 

bapara amarilla 

bapeba 

bapeba preta 

bapsarukua 

bara muyo 

barahar 

barata 

975


barazón 

barba de angel 

barba de chivo 

barba de león 

barba de tigre 

barba de viejo 

barbacoa 

barba-de-barata 

Barbados aloe 

Barbados cherry 

Barbados eddo 

Barbados flower fence 

Barbados gooseberry 

Barbados pride 

barbaja 

bárbaro 

barbasco 

barbasco caspi 

barbasco del monte 

barbasco legítimo 

barbasco negro 

barbasco ordinario 

barbasquillo 

barbecho 

barbed-wire cactus 

barberry 

barbodine 

barcino 

bardana 

bardana mayor 

bardana-maior 

bardana-ordinária 

baré 

barí 

baría 

bariaco 

baribá 

barillo 

baricoco 

barimiso 

bario 

barley 

barnyard grass 

barnyard millet 

baro ehuhi 

baroa 

barpeba preta 

Barrelier’s woodsorrel 

barrigón 


barrigona 

barrigona palm 

barriguda 

barriheira 

barrilheira-gramata 

barrilla 

barsley 

bartabali 

Bartrum shadblow 

barú 

baruaru 

baru-baru 

barudo 

barzino 

baseball-bat cactus 

bashigo 

bashigóko 

basil 

basílico 

basilicum-grande 

basin big sagebrush 

basket tie-tie 

bassourinha 

bassu 

basswood 

bastard acacia 

bastard cedar 

bastard cherry 

bastard cress 

bastard fig 

bastard hog-berry 

bastard indigo 

bastard ipecacuanha 

bastard kooteritiballi 

bastard toadflax 

bastard vervain 

bastarda 

bastard-mustard 

bastón del emperador 

basul 

bataí 

bat-and-ball 

batata 

batata del aire 

batata dulce 

batata-ariá 

batata-baroa 

batata-baronesa 

batata-cenoura 

976


batata-da-terra 

batata-de-rama 

batata-do-ar 

batata-doce 

batata-do-reino 

batata-inglês 

batata-inglesa 

batata-nambu 

batata-portuguesa 

batatarna 

batata-rosa 

batata-salsa 

batata-suíça 

batata-tupinambá 

batatillo 

batatinha 

batatinha-amarelo 

batauá 

batea caspi 

bate-testa 

bath sponge 

batowí 

bats sauari 

batú 

batwa 

bat-wing 

bauaçu 

bauhinia 

baulia de onça 

baunilha 

baunilha-de-Bahia 

baunilha-do-Brasil 

bawã-piei-muka 

bay 

bay bean 

bay berry 

bay laurel 

bay leaf 

bay oil 

bay rum 

bay rum tree 

bay tree 

bayahonda 

bayal 

bayastillo 

bayberry 

bayoneta 

bayrum 

beach clover 


beach grass 

beach morning-glory 

beach pea 

beachhead iris 

beachwort 

beaked hazel nut 

bean trefoil 

bean vine 

bear huckleberry 

bear-berry 

bearberry honeysuckle 

beardless wild rye 

beargrass 

bear’s grape 

beautiful mariposa 

beautiful pawpaw 

beauty bush 

beauty-leaf 

beauty-of-the-night 

beaver wood 

beavertail cactus 

beavertail pricklypear 

bebelama 

bebelama de la sierra 

bebguiche 

becabinha 

becoquino 

bedoca 

bedstraw 

bee brush 

bee sage 

beebalm 

beech 

beechnut 

beef apple 

beefsteak plant 

beefwood 

beet 

beet berry 

beetberry 

beggar’s buttons 

beggar’s lice 

beggar’s ticks 

beggarticks 

bego 

begonia 

beijos-de-frade 

bejuco alcalde 

bejuco batatillo 

977


bejuco blanco 

bejuco cagalero 

bejuco camarón rojo 

bejuco canastilla 

bejuco costilla 

bejuco de agua 

bejuco de barbasco 

bejuco de canasta 

bejuco de costilla 

bejuco de mano 

bejuco de ratón 

bejuco de tres filos 

bejuco de vaca 

bejuco de vieja 

bejuco de zarcillo 

bejuco espino del diablo 

bejuco esponjilla 

bejuco iasú 

bejuco leñoso 

bejuco mión 

bejuco miona 

bejuco negro 

bejuco pedorro 

bejuco peludo 

bejuco pepino 

bejuco prieto 

bejuco real 

bejuco suave 

bejuco vaquero 

bejuco zarcillo 

bejuquillo 

be-ke-ta-po 

bel 

bel fruit 

bela 

belas-noites 

belcho 

belcho 

beldroega 

beldroega-da-horta 

beldroega-da-praia 

beldroega-grande 

beldroega-pequena 

beldroega-vermelha 

bele 

belembe 

belembe Silvestre 

Belgaum walnut 

Belgian endive 


bell apple 

bell yam 

bella maría 

bella sombra 

bellaco 

bellaco caspi 

belladona cimarrona 

bell-apple 

bellisima 

bellota 

bellotero 

bellwort 

beloca 

beludiño 

ben 

ben nuts 

ben tree 

bencenuco 

bene 

Bengal bean 

Bengal gram 

Bengal quince 

Bengal velvetbean 

beni kujaku 

beniseed 

Benjamin bush 

ben-oil tree 

bent-stem mariposa 

benzen yuca 

benzolive tree 

ber 

berba 

berdolaga 

berdorrega 

berduega 

berengena 

berenjena 

berg 

bergamot 

bergamot citron 

bergamot lime 

bergamot mint 

bergamot orange 

bergamota 

bergamote 

bergamoto 

beribá 

Bering Sea springbeauty 

berinjela 

978


bermim 

bermuda arrowroot 

Bermuda buttercup 

Bermuda mulberry 

berraco 

berrera 

berro blanco 

berro de agua 

berro de Pará 

berro terrestre 

berro(s) 

berro-do-prato 

bertalha 

bery 

berza 

berza común 

berza de perro 

berza perruna 

Bessey cherry 

betabel 

betabel azucarera 

betarraga 

betarraga azucarera 

betarrata 

betarrata azucarera 

betavel 

betel 

betel nut 

beteraba 

beterraba 

beterraba-branca 

beterraba-campestre 

betis-branco 

beto branco 

betónica 

betony 

betula 

bhajee 

bhaji 

bi 

bibosi palomo 

bichaam ts’ohool 

bichichinejo 

bicho 

bicho-de-rã 

bicito 

bico-de-papagaio 

bico-de-tucano 

bicolored leptotes 


bicuíba 

bien granada 

bien vestido 

Big Bend serviceberry 

big burdock 

big caltrop 

big cherry manzanita 

big cone pine 

big huckleberry 

big palulu 

big sagebrush 

big shellbark hickory 

big sugar pine 

big whortleberry 

big-leaf aster 

big-leaf mint 

big-leaf podocarp 

big-leaved maple 

bigberry manzanita 

bignai 

bignaj 

bignay 

big-root morning glory 

bigsting nettle 

bigtooth aspen 

big-tooth maple 

bija 

bijagüa 

bijáguara 

bijan 

bijao 

bijo 

bijo de monte 

bilberry 

bilimbi 

bilimbín 

bilimbing 

bilimbino 

billberry 

billion dollar grass 

bilsted 

bilva 

bimbling plum 

bimi 

bimichëxë 

bimplipatum tree 

binchberry elder 

birambi 

birchberry 

979


birch-leaved pear 

bird cactus 

bird cherry 

bird fig 

bird foot violet 

bird foot’s fern 

bird pepper 

bird rape 

bird’s nest 

bird’s eye 

bird’s-eye pepper 

bird’s-eye speedwell 

bird’s-foot cliff-brake 

biriba 

biribá 

biriba-branca 

biribá-brava 

biribá-bravo 

biribá-de-Pernambuco 

biriba-preta 

biribarana 

biribá-verdadeiro 

biri-biri 

birigí 

birijí 

birijorë 

birra 

birracas 

birthroot 

birthwort 

birú 

birú manso 

bis 

bisaltera 

Biscayne palm 

biscoyol 

biscuit root 

biscuitwood 

bishop’s wort 

bisillo 

bisnaga 

bistorta 

bitter aloes 

bitter buffaloberry 

bitter buttons 

bitter cassava 

bitter cress 

bitter cucumber 

bitter damson 


bitter fennel 

bitter gallbery 

bitter gingerleaf 

bitter gourd 

bitter manioc 

bitter melon 

bitter orange 

bitter pecan 

bitter potato 

bitter trefoil 

bitter weed 

bitter yam 

bitterbroom 

bitterbur 

bitternut hickory 

bitterroot 

bitterroot lewisia 

bittersweet 

bitterweed 

bitterwood 

bitterworm 

bitting stonecrop 

biurá 

bivorana sangrís 

bixate 

biznaga 

biznaga de limilla 

black alder 

black balata 

black bamboo 

black bean 

black cherry 

black chokeberry 

black currant 

black dhal 

black drink 

black elder 

black elderberry 

black gram 

black guava 

black gum 

black haw 

black hawthorn 

black hickory 

black highbush blueberry 

black huckleberry 

black ironwood 

black locust 

black maho 

980


black mangrove 

black maple 

black medic 

black medick 

black mulberry 

black mustard 

black nightshade 

black nightshade 

black pepper 

black plum 

black quinoa 

black raspberry 

black rhum palm 

black sage 

black sapote 

black slöe 

black spruce 

black sugar-maple 

black sugar-palm 

black velvet 

black walnut 

black western chokecherry 

blackbead 

blackbead elder 

blackberry 

blackberry bramble 

blackberry-jam fruit 

blackcap 

black-eyed pea 

blackhaw 

blackjack 

black-rodwood 

black-seed squash 

black-seeded plantain 

blackseeded proso millet 

blackthorn 

blackthorn slöe 

bladder campion 

bladder silene 

bladderbush 

bladderpod 

bladderpod spider-flower 

blaeberry 

blanquillo 

blaspheme-vine 

blazing star 

bledo 

bledo espinoso 

bledo extranjero 

bledo macho 

bledo rojo 

bledos 

bleo de chupa 

blero 

blessed thistle 

bletos 

blinks 

blite goosefoot 

blood flower 

blooming Sally 

blue barberry 

blue beech 

blue camass 

blue carpet 

blue dicks 

blue elderberry 

blue fan palm 

blue flax 

blue funnel lily 

blue giant hyssop 

blue grama 

blue granadilla 

blue grape 

blue gum 

blue haw 

blue hesper palm 

blue hornbeam 

blue huckleberry 

blue mallow 

blue palmetto 

blue paloverde 

blue pea 

blue porterweed 

blue puya 

blue sage 

blue sailors 

blue sotol 

blue stem 

blue tangle 

blue tannia 

blue taro 

blue verbain 

blue violet 

blue water lily 

bluebead 

blueberry 

blueberry elder 

blue-eyed grass 


981


blueleaf grape 

bluewood 

blume-huá-açu 

bo’bosh 

boa constrictor 

boa noite 

boar wood 

boaria 

boas-noites 

boba 

bobi 

boboro 

boca de vieja 

bocadillo 

bocaiá 

bocaiuva 

bocaiúva 

bochecha-de-velho 

boda 

bode 

boens 

bofrusiri 

bog arum 

bog bilberry 

bog cranberry 

bog rosemary 

bog spruce 

bog tea 

boga 

bog bean 

bog hop 

bog myrtle 

bog nut 

bogimoncamo 

boginca 

Bogotá tea 

bohol tsatsá 

bohorada 

boiabeira preta 

boighe 

bois amer 

bois balat 

bois blanc 

bois canon 

bois de fleche 

bois de lance 

bois de méche 

bois frene 

bois jaune 


bois negresse 

bois-flambeau 

bois-fléche 

bois-lolo 

bois sant 

boita 

bojón 

bojón prieto 

bok choi 

bola 

bola requia 

bolaina 

bolaqueiro 

bolaquiro 

bolchiche 

boldo 

boldo-baiano 

boldo-do-Chile 

boldo-japonês 

bolilla 

bolina 

Bolivian black walnut 

Bolivian coca 

Bolivian walnut 

bolón 

bolsa mullaca 

bolsa mullaca blanca 

bolsa-de-pastor 

bom dia 

bomba 

bombalón 

Bombay 

Bombay aloe 

bombey 

bombillo 

bombón 

bombonaje 

bombonassa 

bonavis 

bonavis pea 

bonavist 

bonavista 

bonbona paso 

bonche 

bondá 

bonduc 

bonete 

bonetera 

bonga 

982


boniato 

bonina 

bonnet pepper 

bonnie pepper 

boquetero 

bora 

bora negra 

borage 

boraso 

borboleta 

bordo 

bôrdo 

bôrdo-açucareiro 

bôrdo-negundo 

bôrdo-prateado 

bore 

borecole 

bori 

boriti 

borlas 

boroboro 

boroemia 

borojo 

borojó 

boroma 

borracha 

borrachera 

borrachero 

borracho 

borragem 

borraja 

bos myrtle 

botan 

botán 

botella 

botil 

botobobo 

botón de oro 

botón morado 

botoncillo 

botoncillo grande 

botoncite 

botovovo 

bottle gourd 

bottle grass 

bottonball tree 

botuca 

botuco 

boui 


boulanger 

boulder raspberry 

bouncing bet 

boundary ephedra 

bow wood 

bower actinida 

bower berry 

box blueberry 

box brier 

box elder 

box-elder maple 

boxleaf Eugenia 

boxleaf stopper 

boxthorn 

boyomo 

bracanaã 

bracelet 

bracillo 

bracken 

bracken fern 

Bradford pear 

Bragança 

brajaúva 

brake 

brake fern 

bramble 

bramble of the cape 

brasaviva 

brasil 

brasilete 

Brazil beauty-leaf 

Brazil chaff-flower 

Brazil cherry 

Brazil cress 

Brazil nut 

Brazil pepper 

Brazilian amaranth 

Brazilian arrowroot 

Brazilian cherry 

Brazilian cocoa 

Brazilian copaiba 

Brazilian copal 

Brazilian cress 

Brazilian fireweed 

Brazilian grape tree 

Brazilian guava 

Brazilian joyweed 

Brazilian mallow 

Brazilian monkey puzzle tree 

983


Brazilian nutmeg 

Brazilian oak 

Brazilian pepper 

Brazilian pepper tree 

Brazilian pine 

Brazilian sassafras oil 

Brazilian tea 

Brazilian tree pepper 

Brazilian vanilla 

Brazilian walnut 

brazilnut 

brazilwood 

brcolis 

brea 

brea caspi charichuela 

brea huayo 

bread wheat 

bread-and-cheese 

breadfruit 

breadnut 

breadnut tree 

brecól 

bredo 

bredo verdadeiro 

bredo-de-espinhas 

bredo-de-porco 

bredo-major-gomes 

bredo-roxo 

bredo-vermelho 

brejaúba 

brejaúva 

breo 

bretalha 

bretaña 

bretón 

bretón de Bruselas 

breu 

breu-almecega 

breu-amarelo 

breu-branco 

breu-branco-verdadeiro 

breu-de-campina 

breu-manga 

breu-peludo 

breu-pitomba 

breu-preto 

breuzinho 

brevo 

brier rose 


Brigham tea 

Brigham Young tea 

brinco-de-princesa 

brinco-de-princesa 

brincos 

brinjal 

brio-de-estudante 

bristly black currant 

bristly sarsaparilla 

brittle thatch palm 

brittlebush 

broad bean 

broadleaf cattail 

broadleaf greenbrier 

broadleaf podocarpus 

broadleaf sage 

broadleaf woodsorrel 

broad-leaved arrowhead 

broad-leaved asipokoballi 

broad-leaved springbeauty 

broad-leaved waterleaf 

broccoli 

brócolo 

brome 

bromelia 

bromeliad 

bromo cebadillo 

bromo frondoso 

brook bean 

brooklime 

brookweed 

broom 

broom corn 

broomjute 

broomrape 

broomweed 

brown mustard 

Brown’s pepper 

brown-corn millet 

brum 

bruno 

bruño 

brusca 

brusca chiquichique 

brusca cimarrona 

brusca hedionda 

brushholly 

Brussels sprouts 

bucare 

984


bucare peonía 

búcaro 

bucayo 

buccaneer palm 

bucha 

bucha de coco 

bucha de pescador 

bucha de purga 

bucha dos campistas 

bucha dos paulistas 

bucha verde 

buche 

buchinha 

buchinha-do-nordeste 

buchinha-do-norte 

buchito 

buchón de agua 

buck bhajee 

buck bean 

buck cotton 

buckbean 

buckberry 

buckbrush 

buckthorn 

buckwax 

buckwheat 

bucshilla 

bucte 

bucuporé 

buen pan 

buenas noches 

bueno grillo 

buffalo bean 

buffalo berry 

buffalo clover 

buffalo currant 

buffalo gourd 

buffalo grass 

buffalo herb 

buffalo nut 

buffalo pea 

buffalo rose 

buffalogourd pumpkin 

bufumo 

buganvilla blanca 

bugleweed 

buhango 

buis 

buko 


bulbil bearing yam 

bulbous buttercup 

bulbous crowfoot 

bulbous springparsley 

bulela 

bulishi 

bull apple 

bull nettle 

bull thistle 

bullace 

bullbay 

bullet tree 

bullet wood 

bulletwood 

bull-head pond lily 

bull-horn acacia 

bullock’s heart 

bullonera 

bullweed 

bully apple 

bully tree 

bulrush 

bulrush 

bunabis 

bunch cactus 

bunch moss 

bunchberry 

bunching onion 

bundleflower 

buniato 

bur cucumber 

bur gherkin 

bur thistle 

bura bura 

burandã 

burgundy amaranth 

buri 

buri-da-praia 

buri-do-campo 

buriti 

burití 

buriti palm 

buriti-caranã 

buriticilli 

buriti-do-brejo 

buriti-mirim 

buritirana 

buritizeiro 

burity do brejo 

985


burma bean 

burn plant 

burnet 

burning nettle 

burr oak 

burrillo 

burro 

burrowfat 

burrs 

bursera 

burucuya 

buscilla 

bush basil 

bush bean 

bush berry 

bush cabbage 

bush chinquapin 

bush cinquefoil 

bush currant 

bush flax 

bush golden chinquapin 

bush grape 

bush green 

bush lupine 

bush mint 

bush moonflower 

bush morning glory 

bush nasturtium 

bush okra 

bush palmetto 

bush scallop 

bush spinach 

bush squash 

bush tea 

bushica 

bushillo 

bussu 

bussu palm 

buta 

butia 

butía 

butiá-açu 

butiá-azedo 

butiá-da-praia 

butiá-da-serra 

butiazeiro 

butiá-verdadeiro 

buto 

butter bean 


butter fruit 

butter leaves 

butter nut 

butter nut of Guiana 

butter pear 

butter tree 

buttercup 

buttercup oxalis 

butterfly agave 

butterfly bush 

butterfly ginger 

butterfly lily 

butterfly milkweed 

butterfly pea 

butterfly tree 

butterfly violet 

butterfly weed 

butternut 

butternut squash 

buttersquash 

button of gold 

buttonweed 

buttonwood 

butua 

butuco 

buxixu 

buxixu-de-formiga 

buyero 

bvoi’i 

byrsonima 

caá 

caá guazú 

caá-ape 

caá-cambui 

caacica 

caá-ehé 

caapeba 

caapeba-branca 

caapeba-cheirosa 

caapeba-do-norte 

caaponga 

cabaça 

cabaça purunga 

cabaça verde 

cabaceira 

cabaceiro amargoso 

cabacinha 

cabaço amargoso 

cabbage 

986


cabbage palm 

cabbage palmetto 

cabeça-de-drunú 

cabeça-de-macaco 

cabeça-de-negro 

cabeça-de-urubu 

cabecita 

cabeçudo 

cabeleira 

cabello de ángel 

cabelluda 

cabelludo 

cabelo-de-milho 

cabeluda 

cabeludeira 

cabeludinha 

cabeludo 

cabeza de mono 

cabeza de negra 

cabeza de negrito 

cabeza de viejo 

cabezas de negrito 

cabi 

cabima 

cabirma 

cabirma santa 

cabitutu 

cablote 

cabo-de-machado 

cabra 

cabreúva 

cabrita 

cabuches 

caburra 

cabuya 

cabuya negra 

cabuyo 

cabuyo negro 

cabuyo verde 

caca de niño 

caca ravet 

cacachila 

cacagüillo 

cacahuananche 

cacahuate 

cacahuete 

cacahuillo 

cacahuito 

cacaito 


cacalia-amara 

cacalia-amarga 

cacama 

cacanapo 

cacangucha de sabana 

cacao 

cacao amarillo 

cacao azul 

cacao blanco 

cacao calabacillo 

cacao cimarrón 

cacao de agua 

cacao de la tierra 

cacao de mico 

cacao de monte 

cacao de Nicaragua 

cacao del monte 

cacao dulce 

cacao lagarto 

cacao macambillo 

cacao maní 

cacao montaras 

cacao pataste 

cacao sacha 

cacao selvagen 

cacao silvestre 

cacao volador 

cacaotero 

cacaoti 

cacaquillo 

cacaragua 

caçari 

cacarrowa 

cacau 

cacau-azul 

cacaubraba 

cacau-de-macaco 

cacau-da-mata 

cacau-do-Peru 

cacauhillo 

cacauí 

cacau-jacaré 

cacau-jacaró 

cacau-quadrado 

cacaurana 

cacau-rana 

cacauú 

cacau-verdadeiro 

cacay 

987


cacayas 

cacha 

cachaça 

cachaco 

cachariqui 

cache 

cacheo 

cacheo de Oviedo 

cachepai montañero 

caches 

cachicamo 

cachicamo de altura 

cachimán 

cachimán de la China 

cachiman montagne 

cachimbilla 

cachimbo 

cachimbo amarillo 

cachimguba 

cachinguba 

cachipay 

cachito 

cacho 

cacho de cabra 

cacho de venado 

cachoveano 

cachuito 

cachum 

cachumba 

cacicuto 

cacohuilla 

cacomite 

cacoon 

cacto 

cacto columnar 

cacto-rosa 

cactus apple 

cactus fruit 

cacuú 

cada 

cadena de amor 

cadillo 

cadillo de huerta 

cadillo de perro 

cadungo amargo 

caeté 

caetetuba 

café 

café arábica 


café bravo 

café de Liberia 

café de pobre 

café falso 

café forastero 

café Liberia 

café robusta 

café silvestre 

café soga 

cafecito de costa 

café-berão 

café-de-Sudão 

café-do-Amazonas 

caferana 

cafetillo 

cafuzo 

cagaiteira 

cagalera 

cagalero 

cagateira 

cagua 

caguajasa 

caguaní 

caguaza 

caguazo 

cahuara micuna 

caiarana 

caiaué 

caiba 

caihua 

caimán 

caimarón 

caimarón de mico 

caimarón silvestre 

caimba 

caime 

caimetillo 

caimillo 

caimit 

caimite 

caimiteiro 

caimitero 

caimitier a feuilles d’or 

caimitier bois 

caimitier macoucou 

caimitilho 

caimitilla 

caimitillo 

caimitillo amarillo 

988


caimitillo hoja grande 

caimitillo negro 

caimito 

caimito blanco 

caimito brasileño 

caimito brasilero 

caimito cimarrón 

caimito cocuyo 

caimito colorado 

caimito coto colorado 

caimito de mono 

caimito de montaña 

caimito de monte 

caimito del monte 

caimito dulce 

caimito largo 

caimito lechero 

caimito maduraverde 

caimito morado 

caimito negro 

caimito verde 

caimo 

caimo de monte 

caimo liso de monte 

caimo morado 

caimurro 

cainit 

caïnite 

cainito 

cainito blanco 

cainito morado 

caipoqui liso 

caituco 

caiu-tim 

caixeta 

cajá 

cajá-açu 

cajá-manga 

cajá-mirim 

cajarana 

cajarana 

cajazeira 

cajazeiro 

cajel 

cajetaho 

cajimán 

cajó 

cajón 

cajou 


caju 

cajú 

cajua 

cajuaçu 

caju-açu 

cajuado 

caju-assu 

cajuba 

caju-da-mata 

cajueiro 

cajueiro-de-campo 

cajueiro-do-campo 

caju-do-cerrado 

cajueiro-rasteiro 

cajuí 

cajuí-da-mata 

cajuil 

cajuilito de Surinam 

cajuilito sulimán 

caju-manso 

cajurana 

cajú-rana 

cajurana-coquirana 

cajure 

cajutim 

cajuzinho 

cajuzinho-do-cerrado 

cakak-orai-yek 

calaba 

calabacera 

calabacero 

calabacilla 

calabacilla amarga 

calabacilla de burro 

calabacilla loca 

calabacillo 

calabacín 

calabacinha-do-campo 

calabacita de indio 

calabash 

calabash gourd 

calabash marrow 

calabash squash 

calabash tree 

calabaza 

calabaza amarga 

calabaza amargosa 

calabaza amarilla 

calabaza común 

989


calabaza China 

calabaza de pepita gruesa 

calabaza de pepita menuda 

calabaza de San Roque 

calabaza del Paraguay 

calabaza grande 

calabaza melón 

calabaza mensejo 

calabaza moscada 

calabaza pinta 

calabaza pipiana 

calabazo 

calabazona 

calabezella 

calabezella 

calabezella 

calabur 

calabura 

caladium 

calafate 

calalu 

calalú 

cálam 

calambrena 

calambuca 

calamias 

calamís 

calamo 

cálamo acuático 

cálamo aromático 

cálamo verdadero 

cálamo-aromático 

calamondín 

calamus 

calathea 

calavance 

Calcutta bamboo 

Calcutta guava 

calderona 

caldo 

calendula 

caléndula 

caléndula oficinal 

calentura 

calguaje 

cali cali 

cali cali casha 

calicero 

calico cactus 


California abrojo 

California allspice 

California bay 

California bay laurel 

California black walnut 

California blackberry 

California blueberry 

California boxelder 

California brome 

California buckeye 

California bulrush 

California crucillo 

California chia 

California desert tea 

California dewberry 

California fan palm 

California field oak 

California goldpoppy 

California grape 

California hazel 

California hazelnut 

California holly 

California horse-chestnut 

California juniper 

California laurel 

California live oak 

California lotebush 

California mesquite mistletoe 

California mountain maple 

California nettle 

California pepper 

California poppy 

California rose 

California sassafras 

California walnut 

California white oak 

California white sage 

California wild grape 

California wild rose 

calimbo 

calisaya 

caliutli 

caltrop 

calú 

calumate 

calumbán 

calusa grape 

calypso 

calla 

990


calla lily 

callabazilla 

callery pear 

callivance 

calloaxin 

calloosa grape 

camaey peludo 

camagón 

camajonduro 

camalote 

camambu 

camamile 

camándula 

camapu 

camapú 

camapum 

camara 

camará 

camará-de-cheiro 

camará-de-chumbo 

camará-de-espinho 

camará-juba 

camará-miúdo 

camará-verdadeiro 

camarinha 

camaroja 

camarona 

camaronas de tierra 

camarroya 

camaru 

camaruca 

camas 

camasa 

camasey 

camash 

camasia 

camass 

camass lily 

camatai 

camaticaro 

cambará 

cambara-amarelha 

cambara-branca 

cambará-de-cheiro 

cambará-de-chumbo 

cambará-de-espinho 

cambiu preto 

cambo 

camboim 


camboinzinho 

cambrón 

cambuca 

cambucá 

cambucá-verdadeiro 

cambucá-verdadeiro 

cambucazeiro 

cambuci 

cambucizeiro 

cambuhy 

cambuí amarelo 

cambuizeiro 

cambuizeiro preto 

cámbulo 

cambuquira 

cambur 

cambur enano 

cambur pigmeo 

camburí 

camedórea-da-Costa-Rica 

camedórea-elegante 

camedórea-pacaia 

camel’s foot 

camel-foot 

camélia 

camelia japonesa 

camelio 

camellia 

cameri 

camerunga 

camias 

camiche 

camichón 

camillia 

camiquié 

camirio 

camitié 

camitillo 

camochayote 

camomila 

camomila de jardín 

camomila-dos-alemães 

camomila-nobre 

camomila-romana 

camomila-verdadeira 

camomile 

camoruco 

camote 

camote amarillo 

991


camotillo 

camotli 

campanha-de-canudo 

campanita blanca 

campano 

campaño 

camuari 

camu-camu 

camuirro 

camutin 

ca-mu-vé 

cana 

cana chica 

cana de açúcar 

cana verde 

cana-brava 

canac 

Canada black plum 

Canada blueberry 

Canada garlic 

Canada hemlock 

Canada onion 

Canada rice 

Canada violet 

Canada wild rye 

Canada yew 

cana-de-brejo 

cana-de-macaco 

Canadian aspen 

Canadian black currant 

Canadian blackberry 

Canadian elderberry 

Canadian milkvetch 

Canadian white violet 

Canadian wild ginger 

Canadian wild rice 

canadillo 

canafístula cimarrona 

canaflote 

canaguche yoco 

canaguchillo 

canaguichillo 

canahuala 

canaigre 

canajo 

canalete 

canalete araguato 

canambo 

canangucha 


cananguche 

canapu 

canapum 

canaqui 

canarana 

canari 

canary bird vine 

canary globe-tulip 

Canary Island date palm 

canatilla 

canavalia 

cancharagua 

canche 

candebobe 

candelabro 

candelas 

candelilla 

candelón 

candia 

candiá 

candleberry 

candlenut oil tree 

candlenut tree 

candletree 

candlewood 

candonga 

cane 

cane cholla 

canela 

canela blanca 

canela buena 

canela-cheirosa 

canela-da-Índia 

canela-de-cheiro 

canela-de-veado 

canela-do-Ceilão 

canela-do-Maranhão 

canela-funcho 

canelão 

canela-sassafrás 

canela-verdadeira 

caneleiro-cravo 

canelillo 

canelinha 

canelo 

canelo de Ceilán 

canelón 

canella 

canfincillo 

992


canfuncia 

cangerana 

cânhamo 

cânhamo-brasileiro 

cânhamo-da-Índia 

canharana 

canihua 

canilla de mula 

canillero 

caniste zapotillo 

caniste zapotillo blanco 

canistel 

canistel de montaña 

canizo 

canjelón 

canjerana 

canjura 

canna 

cannabis 

cannabis sativa 

cannonball tree 

canoche 

cansação 

cansamuelas 

cansancao 

cansanção 

cansancão-de-leite 

cantala 

cantalupe 

canteloupe 

cantyi 

canudo-de-pito 

canyon grape 

canyon maple 

caña 

caña agria 

caña amarilla 

caña arangola 

caña brava 

caña de azúcar 

caña de indio 

caña de limón 

caña de San Pablo 

caña dulce 

caña fistola 

caña verde 

cañacoros 

cañadonga 

cañafístola 


cañafístola cimarrona 

cañafístula 

cañafístula cimarrona 

cañafístula de castilla 

cañafítula 

cañaflote 

cañagre 

cañagua 

cañahua 

cañamiel 

cáñamo 

cáñamo acuático 

cáñamo de Gambó 

cáñamo de Guinea 

cáñamo de la India 

cáñamo de las Indias 

cáñamo de Nueva Zelanda 

cáñamo falso 

cañandonga 

cañandonga de masa 

cañaro 

cañaza 

cañigua 

cañihua 

cañilero 

cañiwa 

cañota 

cañuela 

cañutilla 

cañutillo 

caobilla 

caoquirana caranazal 

caoutchouc 

capá 

capá prieta 

capá roja 

capacho 

capaluallo 

capança 

caparosa 

caparosa-do-campo 

cape asparagus 

cape gooseberry 

cape jasmine 

cape pondweed 

capeba 

capeba-branca 

caper 

capera 

993


capers 

capiçoba 

capiçoba-vermelha 

capiçova-vermelha 

capicuru 

capim-barata 

capim-cidrão 

capim-cidreira 

capim-cidró 

capim-colônia 

capim-colonião 

capim-cheiroso 

capim-de-Angola 

capim-de-burro 

capim-de-cavalo 

capim-de-cidade 

capim-de-contas 

capim-de-cheiro 

capim-de-galhina 

capim-de-Nossa-Senhora 

capim-de-planta 

capim-gomoso 

capim-Guiné 

capim-limão 

capim-marinho 

capim-missanga 

capim-pé-de-galhina 

capim-rosário 

capim-sândalo 

capim-santo 

capinurí 

capire 

capiri 

capiro 

capirona 

capirona del bajo 

capirote 

capiroto 

capitão-de-sala 

capoc 

capoca 

capoli 

capolín 

capomo 

capoquero 

capote 

capsicum pepper 

capuchina 

capuchinha 


capuchinha-de-flores-grandes 

capuchinha-grande 

capul 

capul negro 

capuli 

capulí 

capulí cimarrón 

capuli cherry 

capulí de campo 

capuli de la costa 

capulí silvestre 

capulin 

capulín 

capulín agrio 

capulín blanco 

capulín cimarrón 

capulín de comer 

capulín de montaña 

capulina 

capulinas 

capulincillo 

capulincillo del diablo 

capure 

capurillo 

caquetá 

caqui 

caqui americano 

caqui-chocolate 

cará 

cará-açu 

cará-amarela 

cará-barbado 

cará-branco 

caracasana 

cará-coco 

caracoli 

caracolí 

caracolillo 

caracu 

cará-cultivado 

caracha copal 

cará-chinês 

cará-da-Guiné 

cará-de-Angola 

cará-de-espinho 

cará-de-Pará 

cará-de-São-Tomé 

cará-de-sapateiro 

cará-do-ar 

994


cará-doce 

cará-do-céu 

carago 

caragua 

caraguatá 

caraguatá-de-jardim 

caragüe 

cará-guine 

carahuasca 

cará-inhame 

caraipé 

carama jihui 

caramba 

carámbano 

carambola 

carambola tree 

carambola-amarela 

caramboleiro 

caramboler 

carambolera 

carambolero 

carambolo 

caramela 

cará-mimoso 

caramuri 

caramuri-de-várzea 

caramurizinho 

caramury caucho 

caramuxi 

carana 

caraná 

caranã 

caranã-de-espinhos 

caraná-grande 

caraná-grande 

caranaí 

caraná-i 

caranambu 

caranatinga 

caranãzinho 

caranda 

carandaguacu 

caranda-guaçu 

carandaí 

caranday 

Carano 

caraña 

caraño 

carao 


caraota 

caraota chivata 

caraota florida 

caraparí 

carapé 

cará-pé-de-anta 

cará-preto 

cará-sapateiro 

carat 

carata 

carate 

caratero 

caratinga-roxa 

cará-trifoliado 

carauatá 

carauta 

caraway 

carayá-vola 

carbón 

carboncillo 

cardamina-do-prato 

cardamom 

cardamomo 

cardboard cycad 

cardboard palm 

cardeiro-trepador 

cardinal-spear 

cardo 

cardo alcochofa 

cardo de comer 

cardo pendiente 

cardo-ananás 

cardo-de-santa-maria 

cardol 

cardon 

cardón 

cardón blanco 

cardón data 

cardón de candelabro 

cardón espinoso 

cardón gigante 

cardón grande 

cardón higo 

cardón pelón 

cardón peludo 

cardona 

cardoncillo 

cardoni 

cardoon 

995


cardo-santo 

careless weed 

carey 

carey de costa 

cari 

cari hosho 

Caribbean agave 

Caribbean apple-cactus 

Caribbean grape 

Caribbean royal palm 

Caril 

cariocar 

cariparí 

caripé 

caripé-branco 

caripé-da-várzea 

cariperana 

caripé-vermelho 

cariru 

cariru-bravo 

carissa 

carito 

cariuba 

cariz 

carmano 

carmelitana 

carnauba 

carnaúba 

carnauba palm 

carnauba wax palm 

carne de doncella 

carne suelo 

carne-gorda 

caro 

caro blanco 

caroá 

caroatá 

carob 

carob tree 

caroba 

carolina 

Carolina allspice 

Carolina bay 

Carolina bean 

Carolina cedar 

Carolina desert chicory 

Carolina hickory 

Carolina rose 

Carolina shrub 


Carolina silverbell 

Carolina springbeauty 

Carolina tea 

Carolina wolfberry 

carolito 

carota 

carota de caballo 

carpe 

carpenter’s grass 

carque 

carqueja 

carqueja-amarga 

carqueja-amargosa 

carqueja-doce 

carquesia 

carracho 

carrapateira 

carrapateiro 

carrapicho 

carrapicho-agulha 

carrapicho-bravo 

carrapicho-de-duas-pontas 

carreto 

carretón 

carrion flower 

carrizalero 

carrizo 

carrizo grande 

carrot 

carrot-leaved lomatium 

carry-me seed 

cártamo 

caruba 

caruru 

caruru-amargoso 

caruru-azedo 

caruru-bravo 

caruru-da-Guiné 

caruru-da-mata 

caruru-de-espinho 

caruru-de-porco 

caruru-grande 

caruru-vermelho 

caruto 

carvalho 

carvi 

carvia 

caryla 

cas 

996


cas extranjero 

cas guava 

casaba murciélago 

casabanana 

casabe 

casaguate 

casana 

casca-antidiabética 

cascabel 

cascabelillo 

casca-cheirosa 

cascade mountian ash 

casca-doce 

casca-do-Maranhão 

casca-preciosa 

cascara 

cáscara 

cascara buckthorn 

cascara Persian berry 

cascara sagrada 

cáscara sagrada 

cáscara-sagrada 

cascarija 

cascarilha 

cascarilla 

cascarilla amarilla 

cascarillo 

cascarito 

cascarola 

cascarón 

cascudo 

casearia 

caséaria á petites 

caseknife bean 

casha 

casha huasca 

cashapona 

casharana 

cashaw 

cashew 

cashew apple 

cashew nut 

cashipana 

cashiva 

cashú 

cashua 

casimiroa 

casipaes 

caspi colorado 


caspi chiclayo 

caspirol 

casposo 

cassaba melon 

cassabanana 

cassava 

cassena 

cassia 

cassie flower 

cassina 

cassine 

castanea dentata 

castanha 

castanha-curupira 

castanha-de-galinha 

castanha-de-porco 

castanha-do-Brasil 

castanha-do-Maranhão 

castanha-do-Pará 

castanha-fedorenta 

castanha-mansa 

castanha-maranhense 

castanha-pêndula 

castanha-pêndula 

castanha-sapucaia 

castanha-verdadeira 

castanha-vermelha 

castanheira 

castanheira-das-Guianas 

castanheira-de-pedra 

castanheiro 

castanheiro-da-Índia 

castanhola 

castaninha 

castano 

castaña 

castaña de agua 

castaña de monte 

castañas del Brasil 

castañilla 

castaño 

castaño de indias 

castaño de Malabar 

castaño de mono 

castaño de Pará 

castañón 

Castilian guava 

castilla 

casú 

997


casupo 

cat whiskers 

cat’s claw 

cat’s ear 

cat’s paw 

cat’s-foot 

cat’s-whiskers 

catagé 

catalônha 

catalônia 

cataract vaupesia 

catarina 

catbrier 

catclaw 

catclaw acacia 

catclaw blackbead 

catechu 

caterpillar calalu 

catey 

catinga-de-criola 

catinga-de-mulata 

catirina 

catmint 

catnip 

cato-barse 

catoche 

catolé 

catolé palm 

cattail 

cat-tail 

cattley guava 

catuaba 

catuche 

catuche cimarrón 

catzimec 

cauaçu 

caualla 

cauassu 

cauasú 

cauchao 

caucho 

caucho blanco 

caucho de Ceará 

caucho de Pará 

cauchorana 

caujaro 

cauje 

cauliflower 

caulote 


caupi 

caupí 

cautivo 

cavalinha 

cavalinha-dos-campos 

cavalinho-d’agua 

cavendish banana 

caxandó 

caxcamote 

caxinguba 

caxixi 

caya amarilla 

cayara 

cay-bari-cay 

cayeira 

cayena 

cayenne 

cayenne banana 

cayenne nut 

caygua 

cayhua 

cayiete 

cayo 

cayolozán 

cayote 

cayua 

cayuri 

cayutero 

cazuela de mono 

ceanothus 

Ceará rubber 

cebada 

cebada cultivada 

cebada mocahua 

cebo de mico 

cebo macho 

cebola 

cebola albarrá 

cebola-de-todo-ano 

cebolhina-comum 

cebolhina-verde 

cebolinha 

cebolinha branca 

cebolla 

cebolla albarrana 

cebolla de hoja 

cebolla de invierno 

cebolla de rama 

cebolla del monte 

998


cebolla del monte 

cebolla escalonia 

cebolla junca 

cebolleta 

cebolleta galesa 

cebollín 

cebollina 

cebollino 

cebollino francés 

cebollino inglés 

cebollita 

cebollo 

cecropia 

cedar apple 

cedar 

Cedar Island juniper 

cederilla 

cedrillo 

cedrillo majagua 

cedro 

cedro blanco 

cedro cimarrón 

cedro colorado 

cedro chino 

cedro de pantano 

cedro de Virginia 

cedro grande 

cedro limón 

cedro macho 

cedro negro 

cedro nogal 

cedro rojo de Virginia 

cedro-branco 

cedro-bravo 

cedro-canjerana 

cedro-canjerara 

cedro-mimosa 

cedrón 

cedrón de campo 

cedrón de monte 

cedrón limonera 

cedrorana 

Cedros island juniper 

cedro-vermelho 

ceiba 

ceiba de lana 

ceiba yuca 

ceibey 

ceibey cimarrón 


ceibillo 

ceibo 

ceibo de agua 

ceibón 

celandine 

celeriac 

celery 

celery cabbage 

cemerea 

cemeruco 

cempasúchil 

cencapuspu 

cenícero 

ceñiglo 

ceniza 

cenízaro 

cenizo 

cenizo blanco 

cenoira 

cenoura 

cenoura-amarela 

cenoura-branca 

cenourinha 

centeio 

centeno 

Central American walnut 

century plant 

ceñiglo 

cera 

cera carnaúba 

cera de carnaúba 

cera vegetal 

cerafolio 

cerasee 

ceraso 

cercefi 

cerdo quelite 

cerecilla 

cerecilla 

cerefolho 

cerefolio 

cerefólio 

cerefólio-de-raíz 

cerefólio-tuberoso 

cereja 

cereja-brasileira 

cereja-da-Europa 

cereja-das-Antilhas 

cereja-dos-pássaros 

999


cereja-galega 

cereja-preta 

céreo 

cerero 

cereso 

cereto 

cereus cactus 

cereza 

cereza Americana 

cereza colorada 

cereza cuardrada 

cereza de Barbados 

cereza de Ceilán 

cereza de mono 

cereza de Suriname 

cereza del Brasil 

cereza del país 

cereza del Perú 

cereza dulce 

cerezo 

cerezo agrio 

cerezo amarillo 

cerezo caspi 

cerezo de Andes 

cerezo de Cayena 

cerezo de fraile 

cerezo de Gayana 

cerezo de los Andes 

cerezo de natal 

cerezo de Río Grande 

cerezo de Virginia 

cerezo de Viriginia 

cerezo dulce 

cerezo mexicano 

cerezo negro silvestre 

cerezo tropical 

ceriba 

cericote 

cerieira 

cerillo 

ceriman 

cerimán 

cerimán de México 

cerito 

cero 

cerón 

cerote 

cerraja 

cerraja grande 


cersefi 

ceru 

cerú 

cerudo 

cervejeira 

cestillo 

cetico 

cetsé 

cevada forrageira 

Ceylon citronella 

Ceylon elaeocarpus 

Ceylon gooseberry 

Ceylon olive 

Ceylon raspberry 

Ceylon spinach 

ciama 

ciamarón guarumo 

ciamba 

cibalene 

cica 

ciclamor 

cidra 

cidra cayote 

cidracayote 

cidrão 

cidrapapa 

cidratero 

cidrato 

cidrayota 

cidreirinha 

cidrera 

cidrero 

cidrilha 

cedrina 

cidrilho 

cidro 

cidró 

cidrón 

cidronella 

cieneguillo 

ciergé pascal 

cigar bush 

ciguamo 

cila 

cilandro 

cilantrico 

cilantro 

cilantro de monte 

cilantrón 

1000


cimarron 

cimarrón 

cimarrona 

cina 

cina cina 

cinamillo 

cinamo 

cinamomo 

cínaro 

cinco dedos 

cinco negritos 

cinco negros 

cinco-llagas 

cinchona 

cinchona bark 

cinchweed 

Cindarella bean 

cinícero 

cinita delatilla 

cinnamon 

cinnamon bark 

cinnamon fern 

cinnamon vine 

cinnamon wood 

cinnamon yam 

cinquefoil 

cipó 

cipó-abuta 

cipó-caboclo 

cipó-castanha 

cipó-cruapé 

cipó-cururu 

cipó-d’agua 

cipó-de-agua 

cipó-de-aquecer-leite 

cipó-de-cobra 

cipó-de-Copacabana 

cipó-de-fogo 

cipó-de-imbé 

cipó-farinha-seca 

cipó-imbé 

cipó-malva 

cipó-puca 

cipó-timbó 

cipó-tingui 

ciprés 

ciprés rastrero 

cira 

cirial 


ciricote 

cirigüela 

cirimbo 

cirpe hembra 

cirpe macho 

ciruela 

ciruela agria 

ciruela campechana 

ciruela de América 

ciruela de coyote 

ciruela de fraile 

ciruela de Madagascar 

ciruela de natal 

ciruela del gobernador 

ciruela del Japón 

ciruela del monte 

ciruela del país 

ciruela dulce 

ciruela gobernadora 

ciruela japónica 

ciruela mexicana 

ciruela morada 

ciruela morreña 

ciruela Reina Claudia 

ciruela roja 

ciruela tronadora 

ciruela verde 

ciruela-de-fraile 

ciruela-de-la-China 

ciruelero 

ciruelo 

ciruelo amarillo 

ciruelo campechano 

ciruelo de fraile 

ciruelo de monte 

ciruelo de país 

ciruelo europeo 

ciruelo rojo 

ciruelo silvestre 

citabaro 

cítara 

citron 

citrón 

citronela 

citronela maior 

citronela-de-Java 

citronella 

citronella grass 

city goosefoot 

1001


ciuva 

civet bean 

civet fruit 

cizaña 

cjari-cjari 

clammy cherry 

clammy ground-cherry 

clammy weed 

clapweed 

clara agua 

claretcup cactus 

clariaba 

clarín 

clarol 

clasping twistedstalk 

clasping-leaved twisted-stalk 

claspleaf twistedstalk 

clavel 

clavel georgino 

clavellín blanco 

clavellina 

clavero 

clavito 

clavo 

clavo de especia 

cleavers 

clemón 

Cleveland blue sage 

Cleveland sage 

Cliffrose 

climbing bittersweet 

climbing cassia 

cloudberry 

clove 

clove currant 

clove root 

clover 

club wheat 

clubfoot amaranth 

club-hair mariposa lily 

clubmoss 

cluster bean 

cluster hollygrape 

cluster mountain-mint 

cluster rose 

cluster yam 

coachalalate 

coach-whip 

coajerucu 


coajinguva 

coamecatl 

coanextle 

coari-bravo 

coarse-leaf thyme 

coasa 

coast barrel cactus 

coast gooseberry 

coast juniper 

coast live oak 

coast pricklypear 

coastal agave 

coastal century plant 

coastal pricklypear 

coastal red cedar 

coatillo 

coatl 

cobeni 

cobi-do-Pará 

cobió-do-Pará 

cobola 

coca 

coca coca 

coca huánuco 

coca sanango 

coca shrub 

cocacho 

cocaisle 

cocanilla 

cocão 

cock’s eggs 

cocklebur 

coco 

cocó 

coco baboso 

coco chileno 

coco da praia 

coco de catarro 

coco de chile 

coco de mono 

coco de puerco 

coco grass 

coco hediondo 

coco macaque 

coco nain 

coco salero 

cocoa 

cocoa fingers 

coco-amargoso 

1002


coco-anaiá 

coco-anajá 

coco-azedinho 

coco-babão 

coco-baboso 

coco-bacaba 

cocoboloa 

coco-cabeçudo 

coco-catolé 

coco-curuá 

coco-da-bahia 

coco-da-chapada 

coco-da-praia 

coco-de natal 

coco-de-babaçu 

coco-de-Bahia 

coco-de-cachorro 

coco-de-campo 

coco-de-catarro 

coco-de-dendê 

coco-de-espinho 

coco-de-Índia 

coco-de-macaco 

coco-de-natal 

coco-dendê 

coco-de-sapo 

coco-de-ticum 

coco-de-tucum 

coco-de-tucumã 

côco-de-vassoura 

coco-guriri 

coco-inaj 

coco-indaiá 

coco-xodó 

cocoíte 

cocolmeca 

cocolobo 

cocombro 

cocona 

coco-najá 

coconilla 

coconilla colorada 

coconilla con espiñas 

coconut 

coconut palm 

cocoña 

coco-pindoba 

cocoplum 

côco-quaresma 


cocora 

cocorite palm 

cocorito 

cocorro 

cocos rura 

coco-titara 

cocoyam 

cocoyán 

cocté 

coctel de maca 

cocú 

cocuá 

cocura 

cocurito 

cochineal 

cochineal cactus 

cochineal plant 

cochineal prickly pear 

cochino 

cochopi 

coén 

coentro 

coffee 

coffee senna 

coffee weed 

cogollo de itabo 

cogollo de izote 

cogorda 

cohén 

cohetillo 

cohombro 

cohombro de olor 

cohombros 

cohuatli 

cohume 

cohune 

cohune nut 

cohune palm 

coime 

coimi 

coió-rosa 

coite 

coité-de-macaco 

coix lacryma-jobi 

cojombro 

cojón 

cojón de mico 

cojón de venado 

cojón de verraco 

1003


col 

col China 

col de Bruselas 

col de China 

col de montaña 

col de monte 

col del monte 

cola 

cola de caballo 

cola de marrano 

cola de rata 

cola nut 

cola-africana 

colación 

cola-de-balayi 

cola-de-cavalo 

coladera 

colaeira 

cola-medicinal 

colateira 

colatero 

cola-vera 

colca 

colcomeca 

colchón de pobre 

coleira 

colentro 

cóleo 

coleus 

colic mint 

colicero 

coliflor 

colinabo 

coloc 

colocasia 

colocmaax 

Colombia lily 

Colombian berry 

Colombian blueberry 

Colombian coca 

Colombian giant blackberry 

Colombian mahogany 

Colombian walnut 

colonião 

coloradillo 

coloradillo blanco 

Colorado juniper 

Colorado piñon 

Colorado red cedar 


Colorado wild potato 

colorau 

colorín 

coltsfoot 

Columbia manzanita 

colza 

collard 

collard greens 

colleja 

coma 

coma resinera 

comandra 

comarim 

comas 

comaticaro 

comba 

comé 

come mano 

come mono 

cometure 

comfortroot 

comfrey 

comida de culebra 

comida de danto 

comida de víboras 

cominho 

comino 

comino común 

comino del prado 

comiti 

commelina 

common apple 

common arrowhead 

common balm 

common banana 

common barberry 

common bean 

common beet 

common blue violet 

common breadroot 

common burdock 

common cabbage 

common caperbush 

common carrot 

common century plant 

common coffee 

common colubrina 

common cow parsnip 

common chokecherry 

1004


common dandelion 

common dayflower 

common elder 

common evening primrose 

common fennel 

common fig 

common garden cress 

common gardenia 

common greenbrier 

common gromwell 

common guava 

common hackberry 

common heronbill 

common honey-locust 

common hop 

common hop tree 

common ivory palm 

common jujube 

common juniper 

common kale 

common lambsquarters 

common lantana 

common large monkeyflower 

common lespedeza 

common licorice 

common mallow 

common marigold 

common milkweed 

common millet 

common mint 

common monkeyflower 

common mulberry 

common nettle 

common nightshade 

common orange daylily 

common pawpaw 

common pea 

common plantain 

common poppy 

common prickly pear 

common pumpkin 

common purslane 

common reed 

common rice 

common rue 

common sage 

common screw pine 

common sesban 

common sorrel 


common sotol 

common spatterdock 

common spinach 

common sunflower 

common tea 

common thistle 

common tomato 

common tule 

common vetch 

common violet 

common water cress 

common wax myrtle 

common wheat 

common winterberry 

common yellow monkeyflower 

common yellow oxalis 

common yucca 

comnuchtan 

comoruco 

compass plant 

compties 

comquat 

comrade de vaquero 

común-uchú 

conacaste 

conch apple 

conch nut 

conchillo 

condalia 

condessa 

cone pepper 

coneles 

confederate vine 

confite 

confitura 

confiturilla 

confrei 

confrey 

congama 

congeraman 

cóngora 

conguera-man 

conguerán 

congo 

congo amarillo 

Congo bean 

Congo coffee 

Congo goober 

Congo pea 

1005


congo pump 

congonha 

congonhinha 

conguito 

conibare 

conivari 

conizina-do-Canadá 

conjira 

conoco 

consá 

conserva 

consolda-do-cáucaso 

consólida 

consólida-maior 

consuelda 

consuelda menor 

contaca 

contaruro 

conte 

contis 

contracapetano 

coñapi 

coolie plum 

coolie tamarind 

coontie 

coontie fern 

copa 

copa de oro 

copá prieta 

copaiba 

copaíba 

copaíba-branca 

copaíba-jutaí 

copaíba-verdadeira 

copal 

copal blanco 

copal caraño 

copal tree 

copalchí 

copalhuallo 

copalillo 

copalme 

copao 

copayero 

copiba 

copihue 

copinol 

cópite 

cópite trampillo 


copoasu 

copoazú 

copo-azú 

cópte 

copuasú 

copuda 

coqueiro-amargoso 

coqueiro-cabeçudo 

coqueiro-catolé 

coqueiro-dicori 

coqueiro-do-campo 

coqueiro-guariroba 

coqueiro-javari 

coqueiro-yatay 

coquí 

coquilla 

coquilla nut 

coquillo 

coquinillo 

coquino 

coquirana 

coquirana-braba 

coquirana-braba-grande 

coquirana-brava 

coquirana-da-caatinga 

coquirana-de-pelo 

coquirana-do-igapó 

coquirana-do-igapó 

coquirana-dorada 

coquirana-folha-grande 

coquirana-gogo 

coquirana-mollenita 

coquirana-verde 

coquirana-visguenta 

coquito 

coquito de aceite 

coquito de colima 

coquito del Brasil 

coquito palmiche 

coração-de-boi 

coração-de-negro 

coraçao-de-rainha 

coração-tinto 

coraila 

coral 

coral ardisia 

coral bean 

coral berry 

coral bush 

1006


coral pea 

coral plant 

coral tree 

coral vine 

coralilla 

coralillo 

coralita 

coralito 

corama 

corazón 

corazón cimarrón 

corazón de buey 

corazón de Jesús 

corazoncillo 

corcomeca 

corcha 

cordia 

cordillero 

cordoncillo 

coreo 

cori 

coriander 

coriandro 

corita 

corkwing 

corky-stemmed passionflower 

cormi 

cormiñón 

corn 

corn hair 

corn lily 

corn marigold 

corn salad 

corn silk 

corn smut 

corn spurry 

corndaisy 

corneíba 

corneta amarilla 

cornfield pea 

cornichão-antilhano 

cornijuelo 

cornillo 

cornizuelo 

cornmint 

coró 

coroá 

coroatá 

coroatá-açu 


coroba 

corobore 

coroboré 

corocillo 

corocito 

corocho 

coró-de-Pernambuco 

corojo 

corojo palm 

corombolo 

corona de cristo 

corona de novia 

coronilla 

coronillo 

corosse 

corossol 

corotu 

corozillo 

corozo 

corozo criollo 

corozo de agüita 

corpus espina 

corregüela hembra 

cortex 

corteza 

cortica 

cortica-de-comer 

corturapi 

coruba 

coruja 

corunto 

cosá 

cosaguite 

cossack asparagus 

Costa Rican guava 

Costa Rican mint bush 

Costa Rican nightshade 

costela-de-adão 

costilla de Adan 

costilla de vaca 

costrona fina 

cota 

coto 

coto huayo 

coto quinilla 

coto shimbillo 

cotoiba 

cotopalo 

cotoperís 

1007


cotopriz 

cotorrelillo 

cotton 

cotton tree 

cottonball 

cottonwood 

cotufa 

cotupli 

cotyo 

couata beauly 

coubari 

couch grass 

cough root 

Coulter pine 

couma 

coumarona punctata 

coumarou 

country borage 

courbaril 

courgettes 

courouitaballi 

cous root 

couve 

couve-brócolo 

couve-crespa 

couve-China 

couve-chinesa 

couve-da-China 

couve-de-Bruxelas 

couve-de-cerca 

couve-de-folhas 

couve-flor 

couve-manteiga 

couve-nabo 

couve-palmito 

couve-rábano 

couve-repolhuda 

cow clover 

cow cress 

cow itch 

cow lily 

cow parsley 

cow parsnip 

cow tamarind 

cow tongue 

cow tree 

cow’s tongue 

cowadewe 

cowage velvetbean 


cowasi 

cowbell 

cowberry 

cowbush 

cowflock 

cow-itch cherry 

cowpea 

cows clover 

cowslip 

coyo 

coyó 

coyo avocado 

coyocte 

coyol 

coyol espinoso 

coyol real 

coyoli palm 

coyolillo 

coyolito 

coyolxóchitl 

coyore 

coyote gourd 

coyote tomato 

coyotillo 

coyotomate 

coyul 

coyur 

coyure palm 

cozoiba 

cozoiba negra 

cozoiba picuda 

cozoiba rebalsera 

crab apple 

crab grass 

crab’s-eye 

craboo 

crabwood 

cracilla 

cramp bark 

crampbark 

cranberry 

cranberry bean 

cranberry bush 

cranberry tree 

cranberry viburnum 

crape myrtle 

crapoo 

crategus 

craveiro-da-terra 

1008


craveiro-do-Maranhão 

craveiro-do-mato 

cravinho 

cravinho-do-mato 

cravo 

cravo-da-Índia 

cravo-de-defunto 

cream nut 

cream-of-tartar tree 

creeper 

creeping amaranth 

creeping blueberry 

creeping cucumber 

creeping devil 

creeping false holly 

creeping juniper 

creeping lady’s wood-sorrel 

creeping Oregon grape 

creeping oxalis 

creeping raspberry 

creeping snowberry 

creeping spotflower 

creeping winter savory 

creeping woods 

creeping wood-sorrel 

crementilla 

cremón 

creoli 

cres de Pará 

crescencia 

creson 

crespa 

crespo caspi 

cress 

cresta de gallo 

crested cat’s-tail 

crested hair-grass 

crestona 

crimson bramble 

crinkleroot 

crisântemo 

crista-de-galo 

crista-de-Peru 

cristobal 

criuri 

criviri 

croá 

croata 

crocus 


crookneck 

crookneck squash 

cross vine 

crotalaria 

crotalária 

croton 

crotón 

crow garlic 

crowberry 

crowders 

crown daisy 

crown-of-thorns 

crozier queen sago 

cruape-vermelho 

crucecilla 

crucecilla de la costa 

crucecita 

cruceto 

crucillo 

crucito 

cruili 

cruseta 

cruzeta 

crystal tea 

crystal tea ledum 

cuacamote 

cuacha 

cuachalalá 

cuachalalate 

cuachalalatl 

cuachilote 

cuachinalá 

cuachipil 

cuadrado 

cuahupinoli 

cuajachote 

cuajawi 

cuajilote 

cuajinicuil 

cuajiniquil 

cuajo 

cuajo de tierra firme 

cuajo morichalero 

cuajo negro 

cualadulce 

cuambu 

cuamecate 

cuamuche 

cuamuchil 

1009


cuamuchitl 

cuangare 

cuángare 

cuangaré 

cuapile 

cuapinol 

cuapinoli 

cuartololote 

cuassia 

cuaste 

cuate 

cuate blanco 

cuate macho 

cuatle 

cuatrofilos 

cuauchalalá 

cuauhiyautli 

cuaumecate 

cuaxinguba 

cuayote 

cubá 

Cuba jute 

cubace 

Cuban oregano 

Cuban pink tabebuia tree 

Cuban pumpkin 

Cuban purple woodsorrel 

Cuban royal palm 

Cuban spinach 

cubanelle 

cubarro 

cube 

cubé 

cube barbasco 

cube de almidón 

cuberu 

cubii 

cubio 

cubios 

cúbios 

cubiu 

cubíu 

cuca 

cucarda 

cucarda caspi 

cuckoo flower 

cuckoo plant 

cucubano 

cucui 


cuculmeca 

cucumber 

cucumber tree 

cucumber-root 

cucura 

cucurbita 

cucure 

cucurita palm 

cucurito 

cucutiribá-folha-peluda 

cucuva 

cuchamper 

cuchara 

cuchara caspi 

cucheme 

cucharilla 

cuchi-quinoa 

cuchi-ula 

cuchuña 

cuchuva 

cudidi 

cudweed 

cudzú 

cudzú criollo 

cuenta de agua 

cuernavaca 

cuernitos 

cuerno de oro 

cuerno de toro 

cuguazo 

cu-hó 

cuhuniquil 

cuia 

cuia-pequenha-do-igapó 

cuíba 

cuiera 

cuiete 

cuilde blanco 

cuimasao 

cuimi 

cuio 

cuipo 

cuiritze 

cuite 

cuiteseira 

cuitlacoche 

cuje 

cujete 

cují Carora 

1010


cují negro 

cují yaque 

cujicabro 

cujín 

cujinicuil 

culandro 

culantrillo de monte 

culantro 

culantro coyote 

culantro de montaña 

culantro de monte 

culantro del país 

culebra 

culuju 

culupa 

cullen mint 

cumã 

cumã-açu 

cumaca 

cumaí 

cumala 

cumala amarilla 

cumala blanca 

cumala colorada 

cumala negra 

cumala rosada 

cumalilla gigante 

cumalilla rosada 

cumandá 

cumandá-abatity 

cumandá-ibiraí 

cumandatiá 

cumandá-tupí 

cumandiata 

cumani tupi 

cumar 

cumara 

cumare 

cumari 

cumari-do-Pará 

cumarim 

cumaru 

cumarú 

cumaru-ape 

cumaru-de-ferro 

cumaru-ferro 

cumaru-roxa 

cumaru-verdadeiro 

Cumberland false rosemary 


Cumberland rosemary 

Cumberland snow 

Cumberland snow conradina 

cumbixaba 

cumin 

cumín 

cumino 

cumquat 

cunchaya 

cundeamor 

cundiamor 

curtain vine 

cha 

chá 

chaaú 

chaay k’uum 

chaay pach 

chaaya 

chabacano 

chabano 

chá-bravo 

chaca 

chacah 

chacalema 

chacam 

chácara 

chacarrá 

chacatca 

chacatía 

chachaca 

chacloc 

chaco 

chacopte 

chacoub 

chacrona 

chacruna 

chacumo 

chachaas 

chachaca 

chachafruto 

chachalaca 

chachalhaas 

chachapoyas 

chá-da-América 

chá-da-Índia 

chá-da-terra 

chá-de-bugre 

chá-de-estrada 

chá-de-França 

1011


chá-de-Marajó 

chá-de-mate 

chá-do-Brasil 

chá-dos-apalaches 

chafruto 

chaga-de-são-sebastião 

chagas cresson du perou 

chagas-de-Jesus 

chago 

chagos 

chagual 

chagualillo 

chagualo 

chaguar 

chaguaramo 

chaguarí 

chagueira 

chahuar 

chain-link cactus 

chá-japonês 

chak k’ kopté 

chak’opté 

chakaj 

chak-mol-che 

chala-chala 

chalahuite 

chalahuite silvestre 

chalalate 

chalar 

chal-chal 

chaldiande pelado 

chale-chale 

chalip 

chalk lettuce 

challu 

chalote 

chalta 

chalte 

chalviande 

chamacch 

chamach 

chamairo 

chamal 

chamalo 

chamaluco 

chamana 

chambira 

chambirá 

chambirilla 


chamborote 

chamburo 

chamburro 

chamburu 

chami papa 

chamiso 

chamiza 

chamizo 

chamizo colorado 

chamol 

chamomile 

champa huayo 

champignon 

champignon gigante 

champiñón de París 

chan 

chán 

chana 

chanal 

chanana 

chanchák 

chanchama 

chanchillo 

changuange sabanero 

changuango de monte 

changuarica 

changugo 

changunga 

chantlaco 

chañar 

chapalote 

chaparo manteco 

chaparral 

chaparral berry 

chaparral sage 

chaparral yucca 

chaparrera 

chaparrillo 

chaparro changogo 

chaparro de chinche 

chaparro manteca 

chaparrón 

chapéu 

chapéu-de-frade 

chapil 

chapile 

chapote 

chá-preto 

chapulí 

1012


chapulixctli 

chapulixtle 

chaqualo 

chaquilla 

chaquillon 

charachuela 

charahuesca 

charamazca 

charan pilli 

charapilla del murciélago 

charapillo 

chard 

charichuela 

charichuelo 

charichuelo de hoja menuda 

charlock 

charneca 

charo 

charo colorado 

charo macho 

charo peludo 

chascacay 

chascara 

chascaraza 

chaste tree 

chaté 

chato 

chaucha 

chaucha turca 

chauchau 

chavacano 

chavarquero 

chaya 

chaya silvestre 

chayamansa 

chayato 

chayota 

chayote 

chayotero 

chayotillo 

chayotli 

che che ra 

checker-barked cedar 

checkerberry 

checo 

cheena’ 

cheese pumpkin 

cheese rennet 

cheese shrub 


cheese weed 

cheese-and-bread 

cheeseberry 

cheeseplant 

cheeses 

chencua 

chenet 

chenga 

chengua 

chenopodium 

chepil 

chepilín 

cherimalla 

cherimola 

cherimolia 

cherimólia 

cherimoya 

cherimoya del monte 

cherimoyales 

cherimoya-of-the-lowlands 

cherimoyer 

cherivia 

Cherokee bean 

Cherokee mint 

cherry 

cherry bean 

cherry elaeagnus 

cherry guava 

cherry laurel 

cherry palm 

cherry pepper 

cherry plum 

cherry tomato 

cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande 

cherrystone juniper 

cheru 

cherú 

cherva 

chervil 

chervo 

cheshteya 

chestnut 

chestnut dioon 

chew stick 

chi 

chi’na 

chia 

chía 

chía blanco 

1013


chía de castilla 

chía de colima 

chía gorda 

chía grande 

chía roja 

chia sage 

chian 

chiank 

chiapas 

chiape 

chibe-chibe 

chiberre 

chibichibe 

chibu 

chibugá 

chica 

chi-cab 

chicab té 

chica-chica 

chicala 

chícama 

chicaquil 

chicaro 

chícaro 

chícaro de árbol 

chícaro de cumaná 

chicaros 

chicasaw lima 

chiccory 

chicchipa 

chickasaw lima 

chickasaw pea 

chickasaw plum 

chicken grape 

chickling pea 

chickling vetch 

chickling vetchling 

chickpea 

chickweed 

chiclayo 

chiclayo verdura 

chicle 

chicle bravo 

chicle de capure 

chicle faisán 

chicle huayo 

chicle sapote 

chicle tree 

chicmu 


chico 

chico humo 

chico mamey 

chico-magro 

chicombó 

chicoria 

chicória 

chicória-amarga 

chicória-brava 

chicória-selvagem 

chicory 

chicosapote 

chicozapote 

chicyorah 

chicha 

chichá 

chichaguai 

chichagui 

chichapí 

chícharo 

chícharo de árbol 

chícharo de cumaná 

chícharo de paloma 

chícharo de vaca 

chicharrón 

chicharros 

chichaso 

chichawac 

chichibe 

chichiboa 

chichicastle 

chichicayote 

chichimbina 

chichinguaste 

chichipe 

chichipince 

chichira 

chichita 

chichituna 

chichón 

chichuasca 

chidra 

chiena’ 

chifre-de-veado 

chiganet 

chigger flower 

chiggery grapes 

chigo 

chigua 

1014


chigüichigüe 

chihli 

chihua 

chihuahua 

Chihuahuan devil’s claw 

Chihualcán 

chii’na 

chijchi 

chiju 

chijura 

chikana 

chike 

chiko 

chiku 

chil piquin 

chila 

chila blanca 

chilacayote 

chilacayotl 

chilamate 

childa 

chile 

chile amarillo 

chile caballo 

chile canario 

chile congo 

chile chiltepe 

chile chiltepín 

chile chocolate 

chile de agua 

chile de árbol 

chile de iguana 

chile de relleno 

chile de zope 

chile dulce 

chile juipín 

chile jutiapa 

chile largo 

chile llata 

chile manzano 

chile max 

chile montero 

chile morrón 

Chile nut 

chile para rellenar 

chile parado 

chile pepe 

chile perón 

Chile pine 


chile piquín 

chile piquín grande 

chile poblano 

chile pulga 

Chilean algarrobo 

Chilean bellflower 

Chilean guava 

Chilean hazel 

Chilean laurel 

Chilean mayten tree 

Chilean mesquite 

Chilean myrtle 

Chilean pepper tree 

Chilean puya 

Chilean water cress 

Chilean wine palm 

chilemotate 

chilepete 

chiles rellenos 

chilhuacán 

chili coyote 

chili fruta 

chili piquín 

chili plum 

chilicote 

chilillo 

chilillo verde 

chilipiquín 

chilipuca 

chilipuca montés 

chilmecate 

chiloe strawberry 

chilonche 

chilpaya 

chilpepe 

chilpiquín 

chiltecpin 

chiltepec 

chiltepillo 

chiltepín 

chilto 

chiltomo 

chilú 

chillangua 

chillipiquin 

chima 

chimal-ma-u 

chimalte 

chimbo 

1015


chimbolito 

chimbolo verde 

chimbombo 

chimi 

chiminango 

chimiqua 

china 

China brier 

China grass 

China laurel 

China root 

China rose 

China wood-oil 

chinaberry 

chinamato 

chinapopo 

chinchayote 

chinchi-huaika 

chinchila 

chinchimali 

chinchimali 

chinchín 

chinchín de zope 

chinchinkias 

chinchi-uchú 

chinchucho 

chinchweed 

chinene 

Chinese amaranth 

Chinese anis 

Chinese apple 

Chinese banana 

Chinese box 

Chinese bush fruit 

Chinese cabbage 

Chinese cress 

Chinese chestnut 

Chinese date 

Chinese date plum 

Chinese eddo 

Chinese gooseberry 

Chinese guava 

Chinese hat 

Chinese hibiscus 

Chinese jubjub 

Chinese laurel 

Chinese lotus 

Chinese okra 

Chinese parsley 


Chinese persimmon 

Chinese potato 

Chinese preserving melon 

Chinese radish 

Chinese red bean 

Chinese spinach 

Chinese strawberry guava 

Chinese taro 

Chinese tayer 

Chinese tea 

Chinese tung-oil 

Chinese water chestnut 

Chinese winter melon 

Chinese yam 

chingonga 

chininango 

chinini 

chinita-limón de Jerusalén 

chinkapin 

chinkapin oak 

chinkias 

chino 

chino azul 

chinoclo 

chinola 

Chinook-licorice 

chinquapin 

chinquapin oak 

chinta 

chios 

chios mastic 

chiotilla 

chipara 

chipare 

chiparo 

chipero 

chípero 

chipia 

chipilín 

chipilín de caballo 

chipilín de venado 

chipilín de zope 

chipilín montés 

chique de tagua 

chiquechique 

chiquichique 

chiquichiqui 

chiquihuite 

chirapa sacha 

1016


chirca 

chirca de monte 

chirel 

chiriguana 

chiriguata 

chirimoillo 

chirimolla 

chirimolle 

chirimorriñón 

chirimote 

chirimoya 

chirimoya brasileña 

chirimoya del monte 

chirimoya roja 

chirimoyo 

chirimoyo del Perú 

chirin yó 

chirinumi 

chirinyó ipipin 

chirivá 

chirivía 

chiriya tetacho 

chirraca 

chirriador 

chirrinchao 

chirrivaca 

chisco de monte 

chisgua 

chisiqui 

chisqua 

chisqui 

chissô 

chiste 

chit 

chitato 

chitató 

chith 

chitoto 

chitzu 

chivato 

chivé 

chiverre 

chives 

chivo 

choclero 

Choco tomato 

chocoijoyó 

chocolate 

chocolate flower 


chocolate pudding fruit 

chocolate root 

chocolate tree 

chocolatera 

chocolatillo 

chocolatillo negro 

chocollo 

chocomico 

chocón 

choch 

chochito 

chocho 

chochogo 

chochos 

choclo 

chogro 

chohobba 

choi sum 

choiba 

choibá 

choiva 

chokecherry 

choko 

choky apple 

cholo 

choloque 

cholla 

chomborote 

choncho 

chonete 

chonque 

chonta 

chonta cade 

chonta de comer 

chonta quiro 

chontaduro 

chontaruro 

chontaruru 

chontilla 

chontillo 

chop suey greens 

chopé 

choque 

choque-pitu 

chorão 

choreque 

choreque blanco 

chorota 

chorote 

1017


chorreque 

chorro 

chote 

chou 

chou grass 

choupo-branco 

chow roi bhajee 

chow-chow 

choyllo-choyllo 

choyomostle 

choyotestle 

Christ’s thorn 

Christmas berry 

Christmas cassia 

Christmas senna 

Christmas tree 

christophine 

chrysanthemum 

chubaroki 

chucña 

chucte 

chucula caspi 

chucum blanco 

chuchao 

chuchu 

chuchu caxixe 

chuchus 

chuchus muti 

chuchute 

chuete 

chufa 

chufa oil 

chufle 

chugua 

chuguas 

chukil 

chulco 

chulu 

chulul 

chulupa 

chulupo 

chullachaqui 

ch’um 

chumbe 

chumbera 

chumbimbo 

chumbinho 

chumbinho opaco 

chumbo 


chuncu-chuncu 

chuncho 

chunchu khisa 

chunga 

chuno de concepción 

chunta 

chuño 

chupa 

chupa-chupa 

chupaya 

chupo 

chupo membrillo 

chupo sacha 

chupo sacha del monte 

chupón 

chupón colorado 

chupón chicle 

chupón negro 

chupón risa 

chupón torito 

chupones 

chura-catoco 

churchyard blossum 

churdón 

chureca 

churimito 

churimo 

churu 

churú 

chururo 

chutney 

chuvi 

chuwa 

cunquate 

cunshi ishanga 

cup plant 

cupa sacha 

cupaba 

cupana 

cupandra 

cupania 

cupão 

cupapayo 

cupape 

cupapé 

cupia 

cupilla 

cupís 

cupiúba 

1018


cupu 

cupuaçu 

cupu-açu 

cupuaçu-do-mato 

cupuaçu-verdadeiro 

cupuaçuzeiro 

cupuaí 

cupuassu 

cupuasú 

cupuí 

cupulate 

cupurana 

cupurillo 

cuquí 

cuquirana 

cura 

curaba 

Curaçao aloe 

curaré abutua 

curarina 

curassol 

curauá 

cúrbana 

curbaril 

curcas 

curcuma 

cúrcuma 

curí carora 

curí yaque 

curibitso 

curihjau 

curiola 

curiola-rasteria 

curiti 

curled dock 

curled lettuce 

curlew berry 

curly dock 

currañé 

currant 

currant cactus 

currant tomato 

currant tree 

currant-of-Texas 

curraré 

curro 

curry 

curry leaf 

curuá 


curuapé 

curuá-rana 

curuba 

curuba antioqueana 

curuba de castilla 

curuba de índio 

curuba sabanero blanco 

curucú 

curucumín 

curucumis 

curucumin 

curuguá 

curujujul 

curumi 

curupira 

cururu 

cururu-apé 

cururureçá 

curutú 

cusabi 

cuscus 

cushaw 

cush-cush yam 

cushín 

cushion cactus 

cushion pink 

cushipe 

cushpe 

cusi 

Cusick’s serviceberry 

cusp clover 

cuspa 

cuspare 

cusqueño 

custard apple 

cutabaro 

cut-and-come-again yam 

cutiriba-amarelo 

cutite 

cutite branco 

cutite grande 

cutité-tiribá 

cutiti-açu 

cutitiribá 

cutitiribá-amarelo 

cutitiribá-grande 

cutitiribá-peludo 

cutitiribá-rana 

cutitite 

1019


cutlass bush 

cutleaf cyclanthera 

cutleaf ground cherry 

cut-leaved blackberry 

cutuco 

cuxá 

cuyabra 

cuyaco 

cuyotomate 

cuyuri 

cuzqueño 

cyclanthera 

cympoterus 

cytherea 

dabau 

daboca 

dagger cactus 

daguilla 

dahl 

dahlia 

dahoon 

dahoon holly 

dahué 

Dakota pea 

dale-dale 

dalemarie 

dalia 

dália 

dali-dali 

damage 

dame marie 

damasco 

damasquina 

dambala 

dame’s rocket 

dame’s violet 

dame-más 

damiana 

damsel 

damson-plum 

danchi 

dandá 

dandá-da-costa 

dandelion 

danewort 

dangleberry 

dão 

daoon ajenton 

dark drink 


dark-leaf malanga 

darling plum 

Darrow’s blueberry 

Darwin barberry 

dasheen 

date 

date palm 

date plum 

datil 

dátil 

datil pepper 

datil yucca 

datilera 

datilillo 

dato 

dato blanco 

dauco 

dauicu 

David’s root 

dayflower 

day-lily 

dead nettle 

deadly nightshade 

Deccan hemp 

deditos 

dedo-de-moça 

deer calalu 

deer callalou 

deer grass 

deerberry 

deerfoot 

deerhorn cactus 

delicious monstera 

dendê 

dendê-africana 

dendê-do-Pará 

dendezeiro 

dente-de-leão 

Deppe’s wood-sorrel 

dereillo yokoro 

desert agave 

desert bird of paradise 

desert candle 

desert chia 

desert fan palm 

desert four o’clock 

desert gold 

desert goldpoppy 

desert hackberry 

1020


desert horse-purslane 

desert ironwood 

desert jujube 

desert lambsquarters 

desert lavender 

desert mistletoe 

desert palm 

desert spoon 

desert sumac 

desert tea 

desert thorn 

desert trumpet 

desert white cedar 

desert yaupon 

desespero-dos-macacos 

dessert root 

detsé 

devéke 

devil tree 

devil’s claw 

devil’s tongue 

devil’s walking stick 

devilwood 

dew 

dew bean 

dewberry 

diamba 

diambo 

dicademo 

dicori 

dicuri 

diente de león 

diente de tlacuache 

digger pine 

dildo cactus 

dildo espinoso 

dilenia 

dill 

dillen prickly pear 

dillenia 

dillweed 

dima-vermelha 

dinde 

dingleberry 

dinkel wheat 

dinner-plate 

dion 

dioon 

diploid perennial teosinte 


dishcloth gourd 

dittander 

divorce-vine 

doca 

dock 

doctor ojé 

dodol 

dog banana 

dog brier 

dog daisy 

dog nettle 

dog’s ear 

dogbane 

dogberry 

doghip 

dogrose 

dogtooth pea 

dogtooth violet 

dogwood 

doi 

dolicho lablab 

dolichos 

dolichos ajipa 

dolichos bean 

dólico de Goa 

dolicos 

domestic red currant 

dominguilla 

don Pedrito 

doncello 

doncenon 

dookoo 

door-yard violet 

dope 

dormideira 

dormilín 

dormilón 

dos caras 

dosábali 

dotted button-snake-root 

dotted gay feather 

dotted hawthorn 

double tawny day-lily 

Douglas fir 

Douglas knotweed 

Douglas maple 

Douglas rabbit-brush 

douradinha-falsa 

dove plum 

1021


dove’s dung 

dowáka 

dowemeñei 

downward plum 

downy chinquapin 

downy grape 

downy groundcherry 

downy haw 

downy hawthorn 

downy myrtle 

downy rose myrtle 

downy serviceberry 

downy shadblow 

downy wood-mint 

dracontium 

dracúnculo 

dragale 

dragão-fedorente 

dragão-fedorento 

dragon bean 

dragon herb 

dragon’s-wort 

dragoncillo 

drooping currant 

drooping prickly pear 

drooping tree pear 

Drummond’s thistle 

Drummond’s wax-mallow 

drumstick tree 

dry courbaril 

dryland blueberry 

duarte 

dub inagolosa 

duck acorn 

duck potato 

duck wheat 

duckmeat 

duckweed 

duffin bean 

duku 

dulce 

dulce lima 

dunks 

dupi 

duppy basil 

duppy machete 

dupurari 

duranta 

duraznillo 


duraznillo blanco 

durazno 

durazno de madera 

durian 

durián 

durião 

durio 

durra 

durrá 

durum wheat 

Dutch tonka 

Dutchman’s laudanum 

Dutchman’s-pipe 

dwarf agave 

dwarf banana 

dwarf bean 

dwarf bilberry 

dwarf blueberry 

dwarf chestnut 

dwarf cornel 

dwarf date palm 

dwarf elder 

dwarf fan palm 

dwarf fireweed 

dwarf ginseng 

dwarf haw 

dwarf huckleberry 

dwarf mallow 

dwarf maple 

dwarf milkweed 

dwarf nasturtium 

dwarf nettle 

dwarf palmetto 

dwarf pomegranate 

dwarf raspberry 

dwarf sumac 

dwarf thistle 

dwarf wax myrtle 

dwarf whortleberry 

dye yam 

dysentery bark 

dzich 

eagle fern 

ear flower 

earleaf greenbrier 

early almond 

early blue violet 

early low blueberry 

early sweet blueberry 

1022


early yellow-rocket 

earpodtree 

earth almond 

earth chestnut 

earth nut 

earth pea 

earth-nut vetchling 

ear-tree 

East Indian lotus 

eastern barberry 

eastern black currant 

eastern coral bean 

eastern gamma grass 

eastern hemlock 

eastern prickly gooseberry 

eastern red cedar 

eastern red juniper 

eastern redbud 

eastern white oak 

eastern white pine 

ebano 

ébano 

ébano agrio 

ébano amarillo 

ébano malabárico 

ebo 

ebulo 

echintal 

ecpatli de chietla 

Ecuador black walnut 

Ecuador walnut 

Ecuadorian black walnut 

Ecuadorian walnut 

edaballi 

edamame 

eddo 

eddoe 

edge teeth 

edible amaranth 

edible burdock 

edible canna 

edible date 

edible fig 

edible ginger 

edible hibiscus 

edible podded pea 

edible thistle 

edible valerian 

edible-rooted caraway 


eep 

efe 

efedra 

efedra de Nevada 

egg fruit 

Eggers plam 

eggplant 

Egyptian acacia 

Egyptian bean 

Egyptian kidney bean 

Egyptian lupine 

Egyptian mallow 

Egyptian mimosa 

Egyptian sesban 

Egyptian thorn 

eight months yam 

einkorn 

ejinrin 

ejote 

ejote silvestre 

El Salvador balsam 

elder 

elder tree 

elderberry 

elegant mariposa lily 

elephant apple 

elephant cactus 

elephant ear 

elephant-head amaranth 

elequeme 

elk nut 

Elliot’s blueberry 

elote 

elote jabonoso 

elotillo 

emajagua 

embaúba 

embaúba-branca 

embaúba-da-mata 

embaúba-lixa 

embira 

embirataia 

embiratanha 

embira-vermelha 

embiri 

embiriba 

embiru 

emblic 

emblic myrobalan 

1023


emburana 

emburi 

ememo 

emetic holly 

emmer wheat 

Emory oak 

emossé berog 

enano 

encinilla 

encino 

encino aguacatillo 

encino ahuatl 

encino avellano 

encino blanco 

encino blanco liso 

encino cenizo 

encino colorado 

encino cuero 

encino de asta 

encino de miel 

encino negro 

encino papantla 

encino prieto 

encino quiebra hacha 

encino roble 

encino rosillo 

endibia 

endive 

endivia 

endrino 

endrino azul 

endro 

enea 

enebrina 

enebro 

enebro aligator 

enebro americano 

enebro chino 

enebro común 

enebro criollo 

enebro de California 

enebro de las montañas rocosas 

enebro de sombra 

enebro de Virginia 

enebro real 

enebro ripario 

enebro rojo americano 

enebro virginiano 

eneldo 


engamolle 

Engelmann hedgehog 

Engelmann’s hedgehog cactus 

English chamomile 

English pennyroyal 

English tonka 

English walnut 

English wheat 

English yew 

Englishman prickly pear 

engorda muchacho 

enredadera 

enredadera del cerro 

entireleaf daisy 

entrada al baile 

envira 

envira-bôbo 

envira-conduru 

envira-fedorenta 

envira-ferro 

envira-iodo 

envira-preta 

envira-sangue-de-boi 

envirataí 

envirataia 

envireira 

envireira 

epadu 

epasote 

epasote de comer 

epasotle 

epazote 

ephedra 

epinard 

eporro 

erect ephedra 

erect prickly pear 

erect woodsorrel 

erguen 

erizo de árbol 

erva-aranha 

erva-babosa 

erva-benta 

erva-chumbinho 

erva-cidreira 

erva-cidreira-do-campo 

erva-coalheira 

erva-coroada 

erva-cucubalus 

1024


erva-da-Guiné 

erva-das-crianças 

erva-de-azebre 

erva-de-carreteiros 

erva-de-cortaduras 

erva-da-graça 

erva-de-jaboti 

erva-de-lavadeira 

erva-de-malaca 

erva-de-mucura 

erva-de-nossa-senhora 

erva-relógio 

erva-de-Santa-Maria 

erva-de-São-Caetano 

erva-de-São-João 

erva-de-São-Lourenço 

erva-de-São-Vicente 

erva-de-veado 

erva-do-cardeal 

erva-do-carpinteiro 

erva-doce 

erva-do-pai-caetano 

erva-do-sumidouro 

erva-dos-vermes 

erva-formigueira 

erva-jararaca 

erva-luísa 

erva-mate 

erva-moura 

erva-moura 

ervanço 

erva-picão 

erva-pomba 

erva-pombinha 

erva-príncipe 

erva-real 

erva-santa 

erva-Santa-Maria 

erva-tostão-de-Minas 

erva-traqueira 

erva-tranqueira 

ervilha 

ervilhaca 

ervilha-de-vaca 

ervilha-de-vagem 

ervilla 

ervum lens 

esacacuya 

escabeche 


escafidos 

escalán 

escambrón 

escandalosa roja 

escanjocote 

escariote 

escarola 

escarole 

eschallot 

escila 

escoba 

escoba lisa 

escoba negra 

escobilia 

escobilla 

escobilla del Peru 

escobo 

escobón 

escobón de aguja 

escomfra 

escomite 

escorrega-macaco 

escova-de-macaco 

esculcona 

escumite 

esfolha-bainha 

esfregão 

eshaona aqui 

eslo 

esmeraldo 

esnargan 

espadana 

espadaña 

espadaxa 

espadín 

espandana 

espargo 

esparguta 

espárrago 

esparraguera 

espartillo 

espavé 

espavé acajú 

espavel 

espavel amarillo 

espavel rosado 

espejuelo 

espelma 

espera-aí 

1025


espera-i 

esperaí 

esperanza 

espérgula 

espina 

espina cruz 

espina de corona 

espina de la corona 

espinaca 

espinaca blanca 

espinaca China 

espinaca de agua 

espinaca de Ceilán 

espinaca de Filipinas 

espinaca de Malabar 

espinaca de Nueva Zelandia 

espinaca extranjera 

espinaca filipina 

espinafre 

espinafre-da-Nova-Zelândia 

espinafre-do-Peru 

espinafre-europeu 

espinafre-japonês 

espinero 

espinheira-santa 

espinheiro 

espinheiro-branco 

espinheiro-bravo 

espinheiro-de-ameixa 

espinho-preto 

espino 

espino blanco 

espino chivo 

espino de crujo 

espino de playa 

espino mono 

espino amarillo 

espintana 

esponja 

esponja vegetal 

esponjilla 

esponjinha 

espuela de gallo 

espuelón 

esquizuchitl 

estafiate 

estévia 

estopa 

estopón 


estoraque 

estragão 

estragón 

estralador 

estrela 

estrella 

estrepeiro 

estropajo 

estropajole 

eta 

eta papero 

ethiopian sour gourd 

etopaa 

eucalipto 

eucalyptus 

eugenia 

eupatório 

European barberry 

European beech 

European black currant 

European blueberry 

European brooklime 

European cabbage 

European cow parsnip 

European crab apple 

European cranberry 

European cranberry bush 

European dewberry 

European elderberry 

European fan palm 

European gooseberry 

European grape 

European hazel 

European hazel nut 

European laurel 

European mountain ash 

European nettle 

European oregano 

European pennyroyal 

European plum 

European red raspberry 

European watercress 

European wood-sorrel 

European yellow lupine 

euterpe palm 

Eve’s thread 

evening primrose 

evera-tostão-de-Minas 

Everglades greenbrier 

1026


evergreen blueberry 

evergreen huckleberry 

evergreen Oregon oxalis 

excalán 

expanded lobster-claw 

eye balm 

eye root 

faba bean 

fábrega 

faia 

fairy slipper 

fairy spuds 

faisán 

faja 

fajan 

faldita morada 

fales China root 

falsa dulcamara 

falsa-erva-cidreira 

false acacia 

false banana 

false bittersweet 

false breadfruit 

false buckthorn 

false caraway 

false coriander 

false dandelion 

false garlic 

false garlic 

false huckleberry 

false indigo 

false marney 

false mastic 

false melissa 

false nightshade 

false Paraguay tea 

false pareira root 

false pepper 

false sago 

false sandlewood 

false sensitive plant 

false shamrock 

false Solomon’s seal 

false spikenard 

false tarragon 

false toadflax 

falso pimentero 

falso-algodão 

falso-amendoim 


fanja-maioranta 

fanjan 

fapu’ 

farinha-de-mandioca 

farkleberry 

fat-hen 

fatpork 

fava 

fava bean 

fava-comum 

fava-cumandatiá 

fava-de-arara 

fava-de-Belém 

fava-de-boi 

fava-de-bolota 

fava-de-cavalho 

fava-de-santo-inacio 

fava-italiana 

fava-pé-de-arara 

fava-silvestre 

faveira 

favela 

faveleira 

faveleira nut 

faveleiro 

faveria 

fawnlily 

faxina-vermelha 

feather bamboo 

feather geranium 

fedegoso 

feijão 

feijão-acutupé 

feijão-adzuki 

feijão-andu 

feijão-arroz 

feijão-batata 

feijão-brabham 

feijão-comum 

feijão-crista 

feijão-cuandú 

feijão-da-China 

feijão-da-Espanha 

feijão-da-Índia 

feijão-da-praia 

feijão-de-asa 

feijão-de-corda 

feijão-de-lima 

feijão-de-porco 

1027


feijão-de-trepar 

feijão-de-vaca 

feijão-de-vagem 

feijão-de-vara 

feijão-farinha 

feijão-fava 

feijão-fradinho 

feijão-guando 

feijão-guiné 

feijão-japonês 

feijão-lablab 

feijão-macassar 

feijão-macuçu 

feijão-mangalô 

feijão-miúdo 

feijão-quandú 

feijão-sete-camadas 

feijão-trepador 

feijão-vagem 

feijão-verde 

feijão-vigna 

feijão-yacatupé 

feijoa 

feijoeiro 

fel-da-terra 

female horsetail 

fendler potato 

Fendler(’s) buckbrush 

Fendler(’s) ceanothus 

fenegreco 

fennel 

fennel-leaf pondweed 

feno-grego 

fenugreek 

fer-de-lance 

fern 

fern mint 

fern pine 

fern podocarpus 

fernaldia 

fern-leaf yarrow 

fern-leaved biscuit root 

férula 

fescue 

fetid marigold 

feuilles 

fever nut 

fever tree 

feverberry 


feverbush 

feverroot 

feverwort 

fevillea 

few-flowered psoralea 

few-seeded bittercress 

fiapilla 

fiber palm 

fiddleheads 

fiddlewood 

field bean 

field dewberry 

field garlic 

field gourd 

field lupine 

field mint 

field mustard 

field pea 

field pepergrass 

field pumpkin 

field pussy-toes 

fierro caspi 

fig 

fig guava 

figleaf gourd 

figo 

figueira 

figuera del monte 

filanto 

filanto urinario 

filaree 

filbert 

filodendro 

fine-leaf thyme 

fine-leaved kamahora 

finger grass 

finger poppy-mallow 

fingerleaf gourd 

finger-leaved gourd 

fire barrel cactus 

fire cherry 

fire dart 

firebird 

firebush 

firecracker cactus 

firecracker hibiscus 

fireweed 

fish-eye pepper 

fish-hook cactus 

1028


fish-pole bamboo 

fishtail oxalis 

fish-tail palm 

fishweed 

fitolaca 

fitweed 

five fingers 

five seasons herb 

five-finger 

five-finger grass 

five-fingered ivy 

five-leaf grass 

five-leaf vine 

five-leaved ivy 

flag root 

flageolet 

flamboianzinho 

flame flower 

flamenquilla 

flase dandelion 

flatwoods pawpaw 

flatwoods plum 

flax 

fleshy hawthorn 

flint wheat 

flixweed 

flor de agosto 

flor de agua 

flor de arito 

flor de baile 

flor de caliz 

flor de cedazo 

flor de colorín 

flor de coral 

flor de corazón 

flor de cristo 

flor de granadita 

flor de itabo 

flor de Jamaica 

flor de la pasión 

flor de la reina 

flor de mayo 

flor de mediodía 

flor de montaña 

flor de muerte 

flor de muerto 

flor de niño 

flor de noche 

flor de once 


flor de paisto 

flor de pasión 

flor de pasión silvestre 

flor de pasto 

flor de pavo 

flor de San Pedro 

flor de Santa María 

flor de santos 

flor de seda 

flor de tierra dentro 

flor de tila 

flor de verano 

flor del sol 

flor escondida 

flor escondida 

flor-da-ave-do-paraíso 

flor-de-abril 

flor-de-baile 

flor-de-branco 

flor-de-graxa 

flor-de-paixão 

flor-de-pavão 

flor-de-sangue 

flor-de-um-dia 

flor-do-olimpo 

flor-do-paraíso 

florence fennel 

Florida anise 

Florida arrowroot 

Florida avocado 

Florida betony 

Florida cherry 

Florida coontie 

Florida cranberry 

Florida Dutchman’s-pipe 

Florida eryngo 

Florida evergreen blueberry 

Florida gooseberry 

Florida hickory 

Florida holly 

Florida hopbush 

Florida jujube 

Florida maple 

Florida prickly blackberry 

Florida scrub hickory 

Florida silver palm 

Florida thatch palm 

Florida trema 

Florida velvetbean 

1029


floroco 

floury potato 

flower fence 

flowered bamboo 

flowering ash 

flowering fern 

flowering okra 

flowering pear 

flowering quince 

flowering raspberry 

flyroost 

foetid marigold 

fogel kop 

fogo-do-inferno 

folha-branca 

folha-do-fogo 

folha-furada 

folha-preciosa 

food candletree 

food inga 

food-of-the-gods 

foothill clover 

foothill paloverde 

forbidden fruit 

formigueira 

formio 

fórmio 

fornio 

fortuga capsi 

fósforo blanco 

fotomo de cieniga 

four o’clock 

four-angled bean 

four-cornered bean 

four-leaved clover 

four-leaved nut pine 

four-rowed barley 

four-wing saltbush 

fox cherry 

fox grape 

foxberry 

foxtail barley 

foxtail bristlegrass 

foxtail millet 

fragrant apple-cactus 

fragrant crab 

fragrant crab apple 

fragrant giant hyssop 

fragrant goldenrod 


fragrant olive 

fragrant sage 

fragrant sumac 

fragrant verbena 

fragrant water-lily 

fragrant white abronia 

frailejón 

framboesa 

framboesa-negra 

framboesa-vermelha 

frambuesa 

frambuesa americana 

frambuesa de India 

frambueso 

franchipán 

frangipán 

frangipani 

fransoca 

freijo 

freijó 

freixo 

frejol 

fréjol 

frejol cerudo 

fréjol de árbol 

fréjol de manteca 

frejol de palo 

fréjol gigante 

fréjol machete 

Fremont’s goosefoot 

French artichoke 

French bean 

French cashew 

French crab apple 

French jujube 

French marigold 

French peanut 

French physic nut 

French tamarind 

French tarragon 

French vetch 

fresa 

fresa de monte 

fresa piña 

fresca 

fresno 

frijol 

frijol adzuki 

frijol arroz 

1030


frijol arubano 

frijol ayocote 

frijol bocón 

frijol bocón chileno 

frijol caballero 

frijol canario 

frijol carita 

frijol castilla 

frijol chamborote 

frijol chileno 

frijol chino 

frijol chuncho 

frijol comba 

frijol cubaces 

frijol de abono 

frijol de año 

frijol de antibo 

frijol de arroz 

frijol de caballo 

frijol de castilla 

frijol de colima 

frijol de costa 

frijol de cuerno 

frijol de gandul 

frijol de iztagapa 

frijol de jícama 

frijol de la tierra 

frijol de lima 

frijol de maíz 

frijol de mantequilla 

frijol de media luna 

frijol de ojo negro 

fríjol de ojo negro 

frijol de palo 

frijol de rienda 

frijol de terciopelo 

frijol diablito 

frijol dólicho 

frijol gallinazo 

frijol gandul 

frijol guaje 

frijol guandú 

frijol iztagapa 

frijol mono 

frijol mungo 

frijol petenero 

frijol piñuelero 

frijol precioso 

frijol quinchoncho 


frijol terciopelo 

frijol trigo 

frijole 

frijoles 

frijoles del monte 

frijolillo 

frijolito 

frijolito de Cuba 

frijolitos 

frijolitos chinos 

fringe flower 

fringe orchid 

fringe tree 

fringed poppy mallow 

fringed sage 

fringed wormwood 

frisol 

frisol calú 

frisoles 

frost grape 

frostblite 

fructa de macao 

fructa de parao 

fructa-de-macaco 

fructo-de-imbé 

fruiting myrtle 

fruta bomba 

fruta de agua 

fruta de burro 

fruta de campo 

fruta de capuchino 

fruta de capuchino 

fruta de la pasión 

fruta de manteiga 

fruta de mono 

fruta de pan 

fruta de perro 

fruta de rato 

fruta del Asia 

fruta del diablo 

fruta dos paulistas 

fruta huevo 

fruta-azeitona 

fruta-da-condessa 

fruta-da-roseira 

fruta-de-cedro 

fruta-de-cera 

fruta-de-cobra 

fruta-de-doente 

1031


fruta-de-guariba 

fruta-de-guariba 

fruta-de-lobo 

fruta-de-méxico 

fruta-de-negro 

fruta-de-pão 

fruta-de-parão 

fruta-de-passarinho 

fruta-de-pomba 

fruta-de-tatu 

fruta-do-conde 

fruta-do-conde-anon 

frutão 

fruta-pão 

fruta rosa 

fruteira-de-lobo 

frutilla 

fruto cítrico de Filipinas 

fruto de burro 

fruto de piedra 

fruto milagro 

fruto mono 

fruto-de-jacu 

fruto-de-macaco 

fruto-de-tatu 

fuchsia 

fúchsia 

fúcsia 

fufu 

fumo 

fumo-d’Angola 

funcho 

funcho-de-Florença 

funcho-doce 

funcho-gigante 

funnel lily 

fura-capa 

fura-fura 

furuna 

fusáia 

fuschia 

fustete 

fustic 

fustic tree 

gabiraba 

gabirova 

gabiuna 

gabun 

gachipaes 


gaïac blanc 

gaïac femelle 

galan de noche 

galanga 

galba 

gale of the wind 

galega 

gale-wind grass 

galimenta 

galimento 

galinsoga 

gallant soldier 

gallardete 

gallberry 

gallina ciega 

gallinazo 

gallinazo blanco 

gallinazo panga 

gallinero 

gallinita 

gallito 

gallo runto 

gallo-cresta-rango 

gallu 

galopa 

galupa 

Gambel oak 

gamboge 

gameleira 

gameleira-branca 

gameleira-brava 

gameleira-mansa 

gameleira-roxa 

gamelote 

gan ata 

ganagre 

gandal 

gandaria 

gandul 

gandules 

gangica 

ganja 

gapindá 

garabato 

garambullo 

garañón 

garañona 

garbacillo bolando 

garbanza 

1032


garbanzo 

garbanzo bean 

garbanzo falso 

garcigonzalez 

garcinia 

garcinia amarga 

garden asparagus 

garden balm 

garden balsam 

garden basil 

garden bean 

garden black currant 

garden burnet 

garden camellia 

garden cress 

garden currant 

garden dahlia 

garden hollyhock 

garden huckleberry 

garden lettuce 

garden orache 

garden pansy 

garden parsley 

garden pea 

garden pepper cress 

garden red currant 

garden rhubarb 

garden rocket 

garden sorrel 

garden strawberry 

garden thyme 

garden yellow rocket 

gardenia 

gardênia 

garget 

garguaba 

gari 

garinha 

gariroba 

garland chrysanthemum 

garland crab 

garland flower 

garlic 

garlic pear 

garlic vine 

garnetberry 

garrabatá 

garrafón piña 

garrambulla 


garrote 

Garry oak 

garumbullo 

gateado 

gatlo uchu 

gatuño 

gauchipilín 

gaulteria 

gavilán 

gayfeather 

gayuba 

gea 

gean 

gebero piña 

gedionilla 

geiger tree 

geland pasir 

gélica 

gem squash 

gemsbok-bean 

genegibre 

gengibre 

gengibre-amarelo 

gengivre 

genip 

genip tree 

genipap 

genipapo 

genipapo-do-campo 

geniparana 

genízaro 

genízero 

genízoro 

Georgia whiteman 

geotilla 

gergelim 

gerivá 

German millet 

German raison tomato 

German rampion 

gero 

gerua 

gervão 

gervão-roxo 

getica 

geum 

Geyer onion 

Geyer’s onion 

gherkin 

1033


ghingie 

ghoto 

gia mausa 

giabiche 

giant agave 

giant bamboo 

giant bulrush 

giant bur reed 

giant cactus 

giant cane 

giant chinkapin 

giant chinquapin 

giant fern 

giant filbert 

giant fir 

giant golden chinkapin 

giant golden chinquapin 

giant granadilla 

giant groundcherry 

giant hyssop 

giant leather-fern 

giant reed 

giant reedgrass 

giant rye 

giant stockbean 

giant sunflower 

giant taro 

giant timber bamboo 

giant tree yucca 

giant water-lily 

giant wild rye 

giant-seed goosefoot 

giesta 

giesteira-das-vassouras 

gigantón 

gigualtí 

gigulaté 

gill-over-the-ground 

gina 

ginco 

gingeira 

ginger 

gingerleaf 

ginger-lily 

ginger-thomas 

gingilim 

gingli 

gingo 

ginicuiste 


ginja 

ginkgo 

ginkgo biloba 

ginkgoácea 

ginko 

ginnie pepper 

ginseng 

gioaba do campo 

girasol 

girassol 

girassol-batateiro 

girassol-de-batata 

girgilim 

girimoya 

gisipó 

give-and-take 

glacierlilly 

glandular Labrador tea 

glasswort 

glaucous blueberry 

globe artichoke 

globe huckleberry 

globe springparsley 

globe tulip 

gloria 

glue berry 

goa bean 

goambu 

goat chaser 

goat dashalong 

goat nut 

goat rose 

goat’s beard 

goatweed 

gob 

gobbo 

gobernadora 

gobo 

God okra 

God tree 

goela-de-leão 

gogo 

gogo-de-guariba 

gogó-de-guariba 

goiaba 

goiaba-da-serra 

goiaba-de-anta 

goiaba-de-anta-branca 

goiaba-de-anta-vermelha 

1034


goiaba-do-campo 

goiaba-do-mato 

goiaba-preta 

goiabarana 

goiabeira-do-campo 

goiabinha 

goiti 

gold nuggets 

gold-and-silver flower 

golden apple 

golden bamboo 

golden canna 

golden chia 

golden chinkapin 

golden chinquapin 

golden cleome 

golden currant 

golden cushaw 

golden dewdrop 

golden elderberry 

golden elm 

golden European cranberry 

golden evergreen raspberry 

golden fig 

golden gram 

golden horn pepper 

golden mariposa 

golden mombin 

golden orange 

golden passion fruit 

golden pepper 

golden spoon 

goldenberry 

goldenclub 

goldenrod 

goldenseal 

golfball cactus 

golosa 

goma arábiga 

goma de caro 

goma de guaca 

goma de Pará 

goma dulce 

goma pasheca 

goma-de-mesquite 

gombo 

gombó 

gombô 

gonçalinho 


gone-quemo 

goober 

good-luck leaf 

good-luck palm 

good-luck plant 

goose grass 

goose plum 

gooseberry 

gooseberry currant 

gooseberry shrub 

goosefoot 

goosegrass 

gooseneck loosestrife 

goucou 

goudblad boom 

gouma 

goumi 

gourd 

governor’s plum 

goyohuali 

grabiola 

grajo 

grama 

grama castilla 

grama-da-terra 

gramalote 

grama-sapo 

grambula 

granada 

granada china 

granadilla ácida 

granadilla amarilla 

granadilla badea 

granadilla bellísima 

granadilla caspi 

granadilla cimarrona 

granadilla colorada 

granadilla común 

granadilla de China 

granadilla de culebra 

granadilla de hueso 

granadilla de mono 

granadilla de monte 

granadilla de piedra 

granadilla de quijos 

granadilla dulce 

granadilla gigante 

granadilla pasionaria 

granadilla montés 

1035


granadilla morada 

granadilla real 

granadilla sachavaca 

granadilla silvestre 

granadillo 

granadillo bobo 

granadino 

granaditta 

granado 

granado macho 

Grand Canyon beavertail cactus 

grand fir 

grand trillium 

granda 

grande-capucine 

grandsie-gray-beard 

granedilla 

granicillo 

granizo 

granjeiro 

granjeno 

granjero 

grano de pimienta 

grao de gallo 

grão-de-bico 

grão-de-bode 

grão-de-congonha 

grão-de-galho 

grão-de-macaco 

grão-de-pulha 

graos de gallo 

grape 

grape hyacinth 

grape kiwi 

grape tree 

grapefruit 

grape-leaved passionfruit 

grapes 

grass pea 

grass peavine 

gravancos 

gravatá 

gravatá-açu 

graveola 

graviola 

graviola-brava 

graxa 

graxa-de-estudante 

graxa-de-estudante 


graxa-de-soldado 

gray fern 

gray nickal 

gray nicker 

gray nicker bean 

gray pine 

gray santolina 

graybeard 

graythorn 

great American bulrush 

Great Basin orogenia 

Great Basin springbeauty 

great bulrush 

great bur 

great burdock 

great burnet 

great leadtree 

great manzanita 

great millet 

great nettle 

giant rye 

great silver fir 

great Solomon’s seal 

great sugar pine 

great-berried manzanita 

greater Asiatic Yam 

greater plantain 

greater yam 

Grecian laurel 

Greek cucumber 

green amaranth 

green arrow arum 

green arum 

green ash 

green bean 

green brier 

green bristlegrass 

green dragon 

green ephedra 

green fat-hen 

green foxtail 

green gram 

green onion 

green pea 

green pokeweed 

green rabbit-brush 

green sapote 

green stool 

green stick 

1036


green sulphur 

green watercress 

green-banded mariposa 

greenbrier 

green-flowered puya 

greenhouse tea plant 

greenleaf manzanita 

green-skinned star apple 

greenstripe 

greenstripe amaranth 

greenstripe cushaw 

greenthread 

Gregg’s acacia 

Gregg’s catclaw 

Gregg’s hawthorn 

grêpe 

grey ephedra 

grey sotol 

greythorn 

gri-gri 

grigri palm 

griñón 

gromwell 

groo-groo 

grosea 

groselha 

groselha chinesa 

groselha do Perú 

groselha preta 

groselha-China 

groselha-da-Índia 

groselha-espinosa 

groselha-vermelha 

groselheira 

grosella 

grosella blanca 

grosella carambola 

grosella caranbola 

grosella China 

grosella de Florida 

grosella de México 

grosella de miel 

grosella negra 

grosella roja 

grosellero 

grosellero americano 

grosellero de Florida 

grosellero de la Florida 

grosellero de novia 


grosellero espinosa 

grosellero silvestre 

groser 

grou-grou 

ground almond 

ground bean 

ground berry 

ground cherry 

ground ivy 

ground peanut 

ground plum 

ground raspberry 

ground-cherry 

ground-cherry tomato 

ground-cherry-of-Peru 

ground-hemlock 

groundnut 

grouse whortleberry 

grouseberry 

grow-stick 

grudge bean 

grugru 

gru-gru 

gru-gru nut 

gru-gru palm 

grumicha 

grumichama 

grumixaba 

grumixama 

grumixama-da-Índia 

gruya 

guaba 

guaba brasiliensis 

guaba chilillo 

guaba de la costa 

guaba forastera 

guaba macheto 

guaba machetona 

guabiju 

guabijú 

guabilla 

guabillo 

guabira-açu 

guabirá 

guabiraba 

guabiroba 

guabiroba-da-mata 

guabiroba-do-Pará 

guabiroba-dos-gerais 

1037


guabirobeira 

guabito del río 

guabiyú 

guabo 

guaçaí 

guacal 

guacamaya 

guacamo 

guacamote 

guacharaguero 

guache 

guache de tierra caliente 

guachibán 

guachimol 

guachiván 

guachocote 

guacimilla 

guácimo 

guácimo hembra 

guaco 

guaco de sur 

guacoquito 

guacu 

guaçu 

guacurí 

Guadeloupe cucumber 

Guadeloupe fan palm 

Guadeloupe Island fan palm 

Guadeloupe marlberry 

Guadeloupe palm 

guadúa 

guágara 

guagra changa 

guagui 

guaiaba 

guaiabo 

guaiarajea 

guaiava 

guaicume 

guaikuru rembi’u 

guaimarillo 

guaimaro 

guáimaro 

guaímero 

guairaje 

guaitil 

guajacan negro 

guajara 

guajará 

guajara-do-igapó 

guajarai 

guajaraí 

guaje 

guaje blanco 

guaje cirial 

guaje de bajillo 

guaje de casa 

guaje de casero 

guaje verde 

guajillo 

guajilote 

guajiniquil 

guajirote de agua 

guajiru 

guajotire de agua 

gualeguay 

gualicón 

gualicón 

gualiqueme 

gualtéria 

gualusa 

gualuza 

guama 

guamá 

guama americana 

guama de perro 

guamaberry 

guamache 

gaumachil 

guamachito 

guamacho 

guamara 

guamo 

guamo americano 

guamo arroyero 

guamo bejuco 

guamo blanco 

guamo bobo 

guamo cafetero 

guamo cajeto 

guamo cansamuelas 

guamo chigo 

guamo chirimo 

guamo copero 

guamo liso 

guamo macheto 

guamo macho 

guamo negrito 


1038


guamo negro 

guamo prieto 

guamo rabo de mico 

guamo rosario 

guamo santafereño 

guamoche 

guampán 

guamúche 

gaumuchil 

guamúchil 

guamuti 

guana 

guana cana 

guanaba 

guanabana 

guanábana 

guañábana 

guanábana cimarrona 

guanábana de loma 

guanábana de perro 

guanabana torete 

guanábano 

guanábano de monte 

guanabillo 

guanacaste 

guanacaste blanco 

guanache 

guanacona 

guanandi 

guañaschi 

guanavanillo 

guand 

guando 

guandó 

guandu 

guandú 

guandu-de-fava-larga 

guandul 

guango 

guanillo 

guanito 

guano 

guano de costa 

guano de escoba 

guanquero 

guapa 

guapaque 

guapeba 

guaperu 


guapeva 

guapeva currioloa 

guapeva vermehla 

guapilla 

guapinal 

guapinol 

guapinoli 

guapomó 

guapuru 

guapurú 

guar 

guara 

guarabato blanco 

guaracaro 

guaraguao 

guarán 

guarana 

guaraná 

guaraná-bravo 

guaraná-iiva 

guaraná-ripó 

guaraná-sipo 

guaraná-uva 

guaranda 

guarandi-de-leite 

guarango 

guaranina 

guarapo 

guarataro 

guarataro 

guaratimbo 

guaray 

guardarraya 

guari 

guariche 

guarijio conivari 

guariroba 

guariroba-do-campo 

guariúba 

guariúba-branca 

guaromo 

guarrey macho 

guaruma 

guarumba 

guarumbo 

guarumo 

guas 

guasábara 

guásara 

1039


guasávara guascas 

guasem 

guash 

guash de castilla 

guashe 

guásimo 

guasiqui 

guastomate 

guata 

guatambu 

guatapana 

guate 

guate-guate 

Guatemala rhubarb 

Guatemalan walnut 

Guatope 

guau-mochtli 

guava 

guava berry 

guava de castilla 

guava real 

guava strawberry 

guava tamarillo 

guavaberry 

guavasteen 

guavastín 

guavijú 

guavirá pytá 

guavira-açu 

guaviramí 

guaviroba 

guavita cansa-boca 

guavitos 

guaviyú 

guavo bejuco 

guavo de castilla 

guavo machek 

guavo real 

guaxima macho 

guaxina 

guaxinduba-brava 

guaxuma 

guaya 

guaya campechana 

guaya de monte 

guayaba 

guayaba ácida 

guayaba agria 

guayaba arraiján 


guayaba brava 

guayaba cimarrona 

guayaba de fresco 

guayaba de leche 

guayaba de mico 

guayaba de mono 

guayaba de sabana 

guayaba fresa 

guayaba hedionada 

guayaba japonesa 

guayaba pilosa 

guayaba rosada 

guayaba sabanera 

guayaba silvestre 

guayabilla 

guayabillo 

guayabillo blanco 

guayabita 

guayabita arrayán 

guayabita de sabana 

guayabito 

guayabito de monte 

guayabito del Perú 

guayabo 

guayabo agrio 

guayabo anselmo 

guayabo blanco 

guayabo colorado 

guayabo de danta 

guayabo del país 

guayabo montañero 

guayabo negro 

guayabo pequeño 

guayabo pescua 

guayabo pesgua 

guayabón 

guayabota 

guayacán 

guayacán blanco 

guayacán de vera 

guayacán de Virginia 

guayacancillo 

guayacté 

guayamochil 

guáyara 

guayato 

guayavi 

guayavilla 

guáyiga 

1040


guaymochil 

guaymochile 

guayo 

guaytambo 

guaytil blanco 

guayuba del país 

guayusa 

guayusa hembra 

guazima-macho 

gueirova 

Guelder rose 

guembe 

güembé 

guembé taya 

guerito 

gueroba 

guerregue 

guetzat 

guhoja 

guiabara 

guialacha-yati 

guía laga-zaa 

guiambé 

Guiana butternut 

Guiana nut 

Guiana orange 

guibelchi 

güícharo 

güiche 

guicombo 

guicondo 

guicume 

guiimencahue 

guiimonca 

guija tuberosa 

guillave 

guillomo 

guillomo de Canadá 

guimague 

guimbé 

guinconcho 

guinda 

guinda de las Indias 

guinda yumanasa 

guindo 

guindilla 

guinea 

Guinea arrowroot 

Guinea corn 


Guinea grass 

Guinea mint 

Guinea yam 

guineo 

guineo chamaluco 

guineo colorado 

guineo dátil 

guineo de oro 

guineo de rosa 

guineo de seda 

guineo enano 

guineo gigante 

guineo lacatán 

guineo manzana 

guineo manzano 

guineo mínimo 

guineo monte cristo 

guineo monte cristo enano 

guineo morado 

guineo niño 

guineo patriota 

guineo rulo 

guinep 

guingambó 

güira 

guirakupeti 

güiro 

guisador 

guisante 

guisante de Angola 

guisante de olor 

guisante de paloma 

guisante enano 

guisante oloroso 

guisaro 

guisaro 

güisayote 

gui-se 

güisnay 

güisquil 

guitaguemo 

guizache 

gujara 

gulag 

gullán 

gully bean 

gulosa 

gulupa 

gulupa-curuba 

1041


gum 

gum acacia 

gum arabic 

gum plant 

gum-arabic tree 

gumbo 

gumbo filé 

gumbo limbo 

gungo pea 

gunmacongue 

Gunnison mariposa 

guragua 

gurapo 

gurguí 

gurguri 

guri 

guriri 

guriri-do-campo 

guru 

guruá 

guruá 

gusaticha 

gusnay 

guta 

gutta percha 

Guyana arrowroot 

Guyana unona 

gwar 

haamxooíi 

haas avocado 

haba 

haba blanca 

haba caballar 

haba comun 

haba criolla 

haba de burro 

haba de caballo 

haba de las Indias 

haba de terciopelo 

haba de tocón 

haba lima 

haba tonca 

haba tonka 

habanero 

habas 

habichuela 

habichuela alada 

habichuela China 

habichuela colorada 


habichuela negra 

habichuela terciopelo 

habichuela verde 

habilla 

habillo 

hachich 

hachís 

hachiya 

hackberry 

hagberry 

haimara-kushi 

hair grass 

hair palm 

hairi 

hairi-te 

hairy beggarticks 

hairy bitter cress 

hairy melon 

hairy mountain-mint 

hairy portulaca 

hairy sweet cicely 

hairy wood violet 

hairy wood-mint 

haiwa 

halberd-leaved greenbrier 

halberd-leaved saltbush 

halchiballi 

half-back bamboo 

Halifax pea 

hamaca huayo 

hamamelis 

hambre huayo 

hammock maple 

Hansen’s bush cherry 

hard maple 

hard wheat 

hard yam 

hard-shelled passion flower 

hardstem bulrush 

hardy kiwi 

hardy orange 

hare’s lettuce 

harhui 

haricot bean 

haricot de lima 

harpón 

hartón 

haru 

has toch 

1042


haschich 

hash 

hashish 

hastate orache 

hau 

hava 

Hawaiian passion fruit 

hawas 

hawthorn 

haxixe 

haxz iztim 

hay 

haya 

hayo 

hayuelo 

hazel 

hazel brush 

hazel nut 

head lettuce 

headache bush 

headache tree 

healall 

heart nut 

heart of palm 

heart palm 

heart’s-delight 

heart’s-ease 

heart-of-Jesus 

heartweed 

hebe 

he-bu-ca-nu 

hebreo 

hecho hecho 

hedeoma 

hedge cactus 

hedge mustard 

hedgehog cactus 

hedionda 

hediondilla 

hedysarum 

Heil’s beavertail pricklypear 

helecho 

helecho de agua 

helecho de manglar 

heliconia 

helicônia 

hembra 

hemerocalis 

hemlock 


hemlock water parsnip 

hemp 

hemp plant 

hemp tree 

hemp-leaved hibiscus 

hemuru 

hen’s eyes 

henbit 

henê 

henequén europeo 

henna 

heno 

heracleum 

hera-terrestre 

herb bennet 

herb lily 

herb of grace 

herb patience 

herbes malingres 

Hercules’ club 

hericongo 

hericungo 

heronbill 

herva matte 

herva santa 

herva vomiqueira 

herva-das-cobras 

herva-das-lombrigas 

herva-de-Santa-Maria 

herva-maté 

herva-noiva-do-Perú 

hesper palm 

hevea rubber 

hibisco 

hibisco-colibri 

hibiscus 

hibiscus spinach 

hibiscus tea flower 

hicaco 

hicaco de costa 

hichiboa 

hichiconi 

hiedra 

hielitos 

hierba amarilla 

hierba buena 

hierba carmín 

herva cidreira 

hierba de borracho 

1043


hierba de café 

hierba de culebra 

hierba de dolor 

hierba de Guinea 

hierba de hechiceros 

hierba de India 

hierba de la maestranza 

hierba de la paciencia 

hierba de la pastora 

hierba de la reuma 

hierba de la venado 

hierba de las coyunturas 

hierba de las heridas 

hierba de las muelas 

hierba de las nubes 

hierba de limón 

hierba de los canarios 

hierba de madroño 

hierba de negro 

hierba de pollo 

hierba de puerco 

hierba de San Juan 

hierba de San Nicolás 

hierba de San Pedro 

hierba de Santa Bárbara 

hierba de Santa María 

hierba de Zorro 

hierba del ángel 

hierba del burro 

hierba del hígado 

hierba del jergón 

hierba del Paraguay 

hierba del vaquero 

hierba dulce 

hierba estañera 

hierba fatua 

hierba hormiguera 

hierba ixbolul 

hierba lombriguera 

hierba luisa 

hierba mate 

hierba mora 

hierba real 

hierba sagrada 

hierba San Nicolás 

hierba santa 

hierba velluda 

hierbabuena 

hierbamora 


hierbanís 

hierrillo 

hierrillo blanco 

higacho 

high mallow 

highbush blackberry 

highbush blueberry 

highbush cranberry 

highland papaya 

higicho 

higo 

higo chumbo 

higos de tetezo 

higuera 

higuera chumba 

higuera de las Indias 

higuera de pala 

higuera de tuna 

higuera del diablo 

higuera del infierno 

higuera del monte 

higuera dracena 

higuera infernal 

higuereta 

higuerilla 

higuero 

higüero 

higuerón 

higuerón guayabo 

higuillo 

higuito 

hija menuda 

hilil ts’ohool 

hiliy ts’ohool 

hill gooseberry 

hill raspberry 

hillside blueberry 

Himalaya berry 

Himalayan giant blackberry 

Hind’s black walnut 

Hind’s walnut 

hiniesta 

hinojo 

hinojo de prado 

hinojo del prado 

hinojo hediondo 

hiperição 

hipérico 

hipericón 

1044


hiquerilla 

hiraca 

hisquilite 

hitchu 

hivapuru 

hiye 

hjaun d’oeuf 

hoary balm of Gilead 

hoary basil 

hoary mountain-mint 

hoary pea vine 

hobblebush 

hobo 

hobo blanco 

hobo colorado 

hobo de racimos 

hog apple 

hog bhajee 

hog doctor 

hog gum tree 

hog millet 

hog peanut 

hog plum 

hogbrake 

hog-pasture brake 

hogweed 

hoja amarga 

hoja blanca 

hoja de baño 

hoja de bexo 

hoja de guacamayo 

hoja de María 

hoja de piedra 

hoja de Santa María 

hoja de serene 

hoja de verijado 

hoja menuda 

hoja parda 

hojadillo 

hojas de tilo 

hokoma 

hold-back 

holly barberry 

holly grape 

holly mahonia 

hollyhock 

holly-leaf cherry 

holy thistle 

holywood 


hombre grande 

hombrón 

homero 

homoarao 

homos 

hondapara 

hones 

honewort 

honey locust 

honey mesquite 

honey palm 

honey tree 

honeyberry 

honeydew melon 

honeypod 

honey-shucks locust 

honeysuckle 

honeysuckle azalea 

honeywort 

Hong Kong lily 

hongo 

hóntayek 

hooded blue violet 

Hooker’s balsam root 

Hooker’s evening primrose 

hoop withe 

hop 

hop clover 

hop tree 

hopbush 

Hopi blanket-flower 

hopniss 

hops 

hopseed bush 

hopwood 

horehound 

hormiga caspi 

hormigo 

hormiguera 

hormiguero 

hormiguillo 

horned cucumber 

horse banana 

horse bean 

horse cassia 

horse gram 

horse mint 

horse purslane 

horse-brier 

1045


horse-chestnut 

horsemint 

horseradish 

horse-radish tree 

horsetail 

hortelã 

hortelã silvestre 

hortelã-comum 

hortelã-das-cozinhas 

hortelã-das-panelas 

hortelã-do-campo 

hortelã-pimenta 

hortelã-preta 

hortiga 

hottentot fig 

hovenia 

hoyamono 

hoyito 

hu-kuchu 

huaba 

huabu midha 

huacamayo 

huacamayo chico 

huacamayo piña 

huacamote 

huacapú 

huacapurana 

huacatai 

huacatay 

huacava 

huachinango 

huachuca 

huachuca agave 

huacrapona 

huagra manzana 

huagra mora 

huagrachanga 

huahuachocho 

huailulo 

huaje 

hualhua 

hualpuchun 

huambula 

huamuchil 

huanábana 

huanábano 

huangana caspi 

huangurahui 

huanima 


huansoco 

huanturmo 

huánuco 

Huanuco coca 

huapaque 

huapa 

huapa doncel 

huapo shimbillo 

huaqueneeo 

huarahuao 

huasaí 

huasca 

huasca barbasco 

huasca mullaca 

huata 

huautle 

huauzontle 

huaxin 

huaxmënë 

huayava 

huayra papa 

huaysapilla 

huazontle 

hubas 

hubbard squash 

hubo 

huckleberry 

huecamo 

huecome nisperillo 

huén 

huesito 

huevo abajo 

huevo de burro 

huevo de gato 

huevo de piche 

huevo de sapo 

huevo de tortuga 

huevo de venado 

huevo vegetal 

huevos de gallo 

huicama 

huicame 

huicón 

huicosa 

hüicoy 

huicoyol 

huicume 

huicundo 

huidbori 

1046


huilote 

huimba 

huinarillo 

huingo 

huipilla 

huira caspi 

huira palta 

huiririma 

huiririrma 

huirirma 

huisache 

huisache dulce 

huiscorol 

huiscoyol 

huisisai 

huisquil 

huisquila 

huisquilete 

huistempisque 

huitillo 

huitina 

huitlacoche 

huito 

huizaa 

huizache 

huje 

huji 

hule 

hulless oat 

humarí 

Humboldt coyotillo 

humira 

hummingbird mint 

humo 

Hungarian turnip 

Hungarian wax pepper 

hunter’s nut 

huracán 

huragüe 

hurricane plant 

hurricane weed 

husk tomato 

hutucu 

huyimonca 

hyacinth bean 

hyacinth pea 

hybrid chokeberry 

hybrid dovyalis 

hyssop hedge nettle 

iataí 

ib 

iba 

ibacopari 

ibadiu 

ibaíba 

ibaituga 

iba-jayi 

ibarubá 

ibaviyú 

ibe 

ibia 

ibias 

ibipitanga 

ibiraí 

ibiranhira 

ibiraba 

ibixuna 

ibocoixa 

ica 

icacillo 

icaco 

icaco dulce 

icaco negro 

icaco rosado 

icacoré-caatinga 

icaque 

icaquero 

icaraota 

iceberg lettuce 

ice-cream bean 

ichilia copal 

icho 

ichuá 

ichuá 

ichukuta 

icimte 

icina de agua 

ico 

icoja 

idu 

igarwala 

igbo 

igname 

igo 

igua 

igua sapi 

igualama 

iguana hackberry 


1047


ikámanchi 

ikiam tsampu 

il brilloso semilla verde 

ilama 

Illinois bundleflower 

Illinois desmanthus 

imbaúba 

imbaúba-benguê 

imbaúba-branca 

imbaúba-da-mata 

imbaúba-de-cheiro 

imbaúba-de-cheiro-uvilha 

imbaúba-do-vinho 

imbaúba-gigante 

imbaúba-mansa 

imbaúba-puruma 

imbaúbarana 

imbaúbarana-vermelha 

imbaúba-roxa 

imbaúba-torém 

imbaúba-vermelha 

imbe 

imbé 

imbé-da-praia 

imbé-de-comer 

imbé-de-San-Pedro 

imbé-de-San-Pedro 

imbé-furado 

imbé-manso 

imbé-manso 

imbirataia 

imbiriba 

imbiruçu 

imbiry 

imbrig 

imbu 

imbú 

imburana 

imburi 

imbuzeiro 

imchich masha 

imiá 

imocona 

impanti 

impati 

in 

inaja 

inajá 

inajá palm 


inajaí 

inajá-y 

inambu 

iñame 

inaré 

inayuga 

inbaúba 

Inca peanut 

Inca rice 

Inca wheat 

incham 

inche 

inchi 

inchic 

inchik 

incienso 

incira 

indaiá 

indaiaçu 

indaiá-do-campo 

indaiá-rasteiro 

indano 

indano colorado 

indaya 

India moth bean 

Indian almond 

Indian balsam 

Indian banana 

Indian beadroot 

Indian bean 

Indian breadroot 

Indian butter bean 

Indian cabbage 

Indian caraway 

Indian cherry 

Indian cherry tree 

Indian chocolate 

Indian corn 

Indian cucumber 

Indian cucumber-root 

Indian date 

Indian dillenia 

Indian elm 

Indian fig 

Indian hemp 

Indian jujube 

Indian kale 

Indian laurel 

Indian lettuce 

1048


Indian licorice 

Indian lotus 

Indian medlar 

Indian millet 

Indian mountain rice 

Indian mulberry 

Indian mustard 

Indian oat 

indian paint 

Indian paintbrush 

Indian papoos 

Indian pea 

Indian persimmon 

Indian plum 

Indian poke 

Indian potato 

Indian prune 

Indian rhubarb 

Indian rice grass 

Indian root 

Indian shot 

Indian snakewood 

Indian sorrel 

Indian spinach 

Indian strawberry 

Indian tea 

Indian thistle 

Indian turnip 

Indian walnut 

Indian wheat 

Indian wormwood 

Indian yam 

Indian-cress 

Indian-paint 

indigo bush 

indigoberry 

indio desnudo 

iñéjhe 

inga 

ingá 

ingá cipó 

ingá dulce 

ingá peua 

ingá-açu 

ingá-azeda 

ingá-canela 

ingá-chata 

ingá-chichica 

ingá-chinela 


ingá-chinelo 

ingá-costela 

ingá-costela-de-vaca 

ingá-curumim 

ingá-cururu 

ingá-de-baixo 

ingá-de-fogo 

ingá-de-macaco 

ingá-de-mata 

ingá-de-metro 

ingá-facão 

ingá-ferradura 

ingá-ferro 

ingá-grossa 

ingaguazu 

ingaí 

ingaí-ferro 

ingá-leite 

ingá-mari 

ingá-mirim 

ingapé 

ingá-peba 

ingá-peludo 

ingá-titica 

ingá-turi 

ingá-verdadeiro 

ingá-vermelha 

ingaxixi 

ingaxixica 

ingá-xixica 

ingerto 

ingireira 

ingua 

ingurabe 

inhambane coffee 

inhame 

inhame-água 

inhame-branco 

inhame-bravo 

inhame-caraquento 

inhame-casco 

inhame-chinês 

inhame-d’água 

inhame-da-China 

inhame-da-costa 

inhame-da-Índia 

inhame-de-Angola 

inhame-de-guine 

inhame-de-São-Tomé 

1049


inhame-gigante 

inhame-liso 

inhame-nambu 

inhame-roxo 

inhame-são-tomé 

inhame-taiá 

inharé 

inharé-mole 

inharezinho 

iniá 

iniaku 

injerto 

injerto verde 

injito colorado 

injuá 

inkberry 

inland ceanothus 

inland gooseberry 

inland leather fern 

insira 

insira amarilla 

invirataí 

Iowa crab 

ipadu 

ipê 

ipê-boia 

ipecacuana 

ipecacuana de monte 

ipecacuanha-brava 

ipecacunha-falsa 

ipilipil 

ipil-ipil 

ipoméia 

ipomoea 

iporuro de altura 

iraca 

irana 

irayol 

iricuri 

iriri 

Irish lace marigold 

Irish potato 

Irish shamrock 

iron cross oxalis 

iron cross plant 

ironweed 

ironwood 

Iroquois breadroot 

iroro 


irupé 

irwa 

is duy 

isabelita 

isano 

isaño 

ishanga 

ishanga macho 

ishimu 

ishpingo 

isicaguo 

isigo crespo 

isiguillo 

island cabbage 

island Torrey pine 

isleño 

isperhuala 

ispingo 

ispundio 

ištá’k 

istamasúchil 

istle 

istle fiber agave 

išúk 

iswalla hupa 

ita palm 

itaba 

itacopa 

itahuba 

itajuba 

Italian bristlegrass 

Italian foxtail 

Italian licorice 

Italian millet 

Italian pepper 

Italian stone pine 

itapeuá 

itararanga 

itauba amarilla 

itaubarana 

ite 

ite palm 

ithim palats 

itil cedro 

itsama 

itsucua tsipata 

ituá 

ituaí 

itzimte 

1050


itzintal 

iúca 

iumanasa 

ivia 

ivirá 

ivory nut palm 

ivory nuts 

ivory palm 

ivy gourd 

iwajyu 

iwšúk 

ix bek’em 

ixcanal 

ixcumite 

ixla’hastapún skíti’ 

ixnotl 

ixpepe 

ixtan 

ixtapacal 

ixtle 

iya 

izlama 

izote 

jabillo 

jaboncillo 

jaboncillo airambo 

jabonero 

jaboti 

jaboticaba 

jaboticaba-de-cabinho 

jaboticaba-de-Campinas 

jaboticaba-de-cipó 

jaboticaba-de-São-Paulo 

jaboticaba-do-campo 

jaboticaba-do-Pará 

jaboticaba-grande 

jaboticaba-macia 

jaboticaba-miúda 

jaboticaba-olho-de-boi 

jaboticaba-sabará 

jaboti-catuba 

jaboticatuba-grande 

jabotocoba amarilla 

jabuti 

jabuticaba 

jabuticaba-açu 

jabuticaba-de-cipó 

jabuticaba-do-mato 

jabuticaba-miúda 


jabuticaba-murta 

jabuticaba-paulista 

jabuticatuba 

jabutocabeira-de-cipó 

jac 

jaca 

jaca-brava 

jaca-brava-pequena 

jaca-de-pobre 

jaca-do-Pará 

jacaicá 

jacama 

jacana 

jácana 

jacapé 

jacarandá 

jacaratia 

jacaratiá 

jacará-uva 

jacareíba 

jacareúba 

jacareúva 

jacatupé 

jaci 

jacinto 

jacinto acuático 

jacinto de agua 

jacitara 

jacitara tipiti 

jack bean 

jackfruit 

Jack-in-the-pulpit 

Jackson’s brier 

Jackson’s vine 

Jacob’s coat 

Jacob’s ladder 

jacocalalu 

jacón 

jacutupé 

jade 

jaggary palm 

jagua 

jagua dulce 

jaguá palm 

jaguara-muru 

jaguay 

jaguilla 

jaguillo 

jahuacté 

1051


jak 

jakfruit 

jaku huayaka 

jalão 

jalapa-falsa 

jalapeño 

jalbay 

jaltomata 

jaltomate 

jaltomatl 

jam fruit 

jamacaru 

jamaica 

Jamaica apple 

Jamaica cherry 

Jamaica cobseed 

Jamaica nightshade 

Jamaica plum 

Jamaica samphire 

Jamaica sasparilla 

Jamaica tea 

Jamaican blueberry 

Jamaican honeysuckle 

Jamaican horse bean 

Jamaican kino 

Jamaican mint bush 

Jamaican nettle tree 

Jamaican pepper 

Jamaican sarsaparilla 

Jamaican sorrel 

Jamaican tea flower 

jamargo 

jamberry 

jambo 

jambó 

jambo piña 

jambo-amarelho 

jambo-boliviano 

jambo-branco 

jambo-chá 

jambo-cheirosa 

jambo-comum 

jambo-da-índia 

jambo-encarnado 

jamboeiro de Malacca 

jamboisier rouge 

jambolan 

jambolan plum 

jambolana 


jambolão 

jamboleiro 

jambolim 

jambolón 

jambolona 

jambo-moreno 

jambo-rosa 

jambosa 

jambo-verdadeiro 

jambo-vermelho 

jambre 

jambu 

jambu-açu 

jambu-do-rio 

jambu-no-rio 

jambu-rana 

jambul 

jamelão 

jamica 

jamoon 

jamrosade 

janitá 

Japan clover 

Japanese anise 

Japanese arrowroot 

Japanese bunching onion 

Japanese burdock root 

Japanese ginger 

Japanese knotweed 

Japanese kudzu 

Japanese lespedeza 

Japanese medlar 

Japanese millet 

Japanese persimmon 

Japanese pie pumpkin 

Japanese plum 

Japanese pumpkin 

Japanese quince 

Japanese radish 

Japanese raisin tree 

Japanese raspberry 

Japanese rose 

Japanese sago-palm 

Japanese wineberry 

Japanese yew 

japecanga 

japoneira 

Japonese tea 

japonica 

1052


japunaki 

japura 

japurá 

jaquero 

jara 

jará 

jarabe huayo 

jaracatia 

jaracatiá 

jaracatiá 

jaracatiara 

jarai 

jaraí 

jaraí-da-terra-firme 

jaraí-do-igapó 

jaramago 

jaramargo 

jararaca 

jararaca-tajá 

jararaca merim 

jararaca-mirim 

jareua 

jarevá 

jarilla 

jarilla de día 

jarina 

jarivá 

jarrito 

jasmim-do-cabo 

jasmim-manga 

jasmine 

jassaí 

jassitara 

jataí 

jataíba 

jatata 

jatatilla 

jatauba 

jatayva 

jatiá 

jatica 

jatobá 

jatobá-capão 

jatobá-curuba 

jatobá-de-casca-fina 

jatobá-do-campo 

jatobá-do-cerrado 

jatuauba 

jauari palm 


jaujá 

jaundice root 

jaune d’oeuf a grandes 

feuilles 

jaune d’oeut 

Java almond 

Java apple 

Java jute 

Java plum 

jawi 

jaya 

jazmín 

jazmín francés 

jazmín-de-monte 

jebe 

jebe débil fino 

jebe fino 

jebo 

jeco 

Jeffrey pine 

jejerucu 

jelly palm 

jelly-mellon 

jemeco 

jengibre 

jengibre mioga 

jengibrillo 

jenipá 

jenipaba 

jenipapinho 

jenipapo 

jenipapo-manso 

jenjibre 

jequerite 

jequerity seeds 

jequirity bean 

jequitá 

jequitibá-amarella 

jequitibá-rosa 

jergón quiro 

jergón sacha 

jeribá 

jérico 

jerimu 

jerimum 

jerivá 

Jersey tea 

Jerusalem artichoke 

Jerusalem oak 

1053


Jerusalem oak goosefoot 

Jerusalem parsley 

Jerusalem pea 

Jerusalem rye 

Jerusalem tea 

Jerusalem thorn 

jerxelim 

jessenia palm 

Jesuit nut 

Jesuit tea 

Jesuit’s balsam 

Jesus’ heart 

jetaí 

jetica 

Jew plum 

Jew’s apple 

Jew’s mallow 

Jew’s plum 

jewels-of-Opar 

jewelweed 

jía manzanilla 

jicaco 

jicama 

jícama 

jícama de agua 

jícama dulce 

jicana 

jícana 

jiçara 

jícaro 

jicuite 

jigacho 

jigua 

jijirre 

jíkima 

jilo 

jiló 

jilote 

jiltomate 

jimbay 

jimbling 

jinicuil 

jinjilo 

jiñocuavo 

jinote 

jiote 

jiotilla 

jipi 

jipijapa 


jipijapá 

jipiti 

jippi jappa 

jíquera 

jiqui 

jiquima 

jíquima 

jíquimilla 

jiquiri 

jiquirioba 

jira 

jiracaca 

jitaí 

jitka 

jitó 

jitomate 

joá 

joá-de-capote 

João-Gomes 

João-mole 

joari 

joazeiro 

Job’s tears 

jobillo 

jobo 

jobo amarillo 

jobo corona 

jobo corronchoso 

jobo de las indias 

jobo de indio 

jobo de la India 

jobo francés 

jobo liso 

jobo rojo 

joçara 

joconostle 

jocote 

jocote de fraile 

jocote marañón 

jocote pitarrillo 

jocotillo extranjero 

jocuma 

jocuma amarilla 

jocuma prieta 

John’s salad 

Johnny green 

johnny-jump-up 

joint-fir 

jointpine 

1054


jojoba 

joko 

jolomocox 

jolmashté 

joma 

jómirim 

jonate 

jonquil 

jorco 

jorgelim 

jorkatiki 

josebé 

Joseph’s coat 

Joshua tree 

joyahiye 

joyapa 

ju 

jua 

juá 

juá-da-roça 

juá-da-roza 

juá-das-queimadas 

juá-de-capote 

juá-espinho 

juá-fruta 

juajua 

juá-manso 

Juan colorado 

Juan de Acaste 

Juan de la cruz 

Juan Diego 

Juan Primero 

juanache 

juansoco 

juá-poca 

juazeiro 

jubaea palm 

jubia 

juçara 

jucay 

juciri 

jucum 

jucumico 

judía 

judía asparaga 

judía batata 

judía común 

judía de arroz 

judía de caballo 


judía de egipto 

judía de España 

judía de la peladilla 

judía de lima 

judía de mungo 

judía encarnada 

judía escarlata 

judía pinta 

judión 

jujuba 

jujube 

jujure 

jumbie balsam 

jumbie beads 

jumbie bean 

jumbie tree 

jumbool 

jumping cactus 

jump-up 

jumpy bean 

junça 

juncinha-mansa 

junco 

junco de estera 

junco de pasión 

junco tapatío 

juneberry 

junegrass 

jungle plum 

jungle rice 

juniper 

juniper mistletoe 

junípero 

junípero rastrero 

junquillo 

junquinho 

jupati 

jupaty 

jupela 

jupihu 

juplón 

jupuaroke 

juqueri 

juripeba 

juriti-ubim 

jurubeba 

jurubeba-branca 

jurubeba-do-capim 

jurubeba-lobeira 

1055


jurubeba-roxa 

jurubeba-verdadeira 

jurubebão 

jurubebinha 

jurumum 

jurupi 

jussara 

justicia 

juta 

jutaí 

jutaí-açu 

jutaicica 

jutaicica 

jutaicita 

jutaí-curuba 

jutaí-da-folha-grande 

jutaí-grande 

jutaí-mirim 

jutaí-pororoca 

jutaí-pororoca 

jute 

jutucu 

juturuba 

juuna 

juvena 

juvia 

jwi’na 

k án oox 

k’an-k’opte 

k’anlol 

k’ita aselgas 

k’olok’ 

k’on k’ach 

k’onguarani 

k’oopté 

k’opte’ 

k’uiron 

k’uuwaap 

k’u-zub 

ka 

kaá-ehé 

kaashi baratji 

kabur 

kaburgia 

kachun 

kafe 

kaffir orange 

kaffir plum 

kafir corn 

kafir plum 

ká-ha-pa 

ka-he-pa 

kai 

kaimit 

kairiaballi 

kajuták 

kakaiwee 

kakarua 

kakawanance 

kakee 

kakeralli 

kaki 

kaki del Japón 

kaki plum 

kakiska 

kakixo 

kakka-yek 

kakwara 

kalamasa 

kale 

kamachil wood 

kamahora 

kamaku 

kamancha 

kamawarri 

kamchatka lily 

kampanak 

kamururu 

kan tsol 

kana-dá 

kañagua 

kañahua 

kañawa 

kandis 

kangkong 

kangra buckwheat 

kaniwa 

kañiwa 

kanixte 

kanji 

kanló 

Kansas gayfeather 

kan-te 

kantine-é 

kao 

kapoc 

kapok 

kapok tree 


1056


karabo 

karaguatá 

karaguatá ruhá 

karanda 

karapana 

karatu’a’a 

karé 

karhashi 

kari bush 

kari-kari 

karpoolay 

karqueja 

karwari 

kasari 

kaska 

kasnir bhai 

kasnir pbai 

katahar 

katié 

katio 

kaúrabali 

kauwaya 

kawarí 

kawawat 

kedeba 

kei 

kei-apple 

kekyura 

kelem 

kelem ts’aah 

kellupancarita 

kellu-uchu 

kenaf 

kenaf hibiscus 

kenari 

kenip 

Kentucky coffee tree 

ké-pá 

kerosene tree 

kerosín 

ketambila 

ketembilla 

Kew weed 

key byrsonima 

key lime 

khanachu 

kher 

khesari 

khisa 

khoa 

khus-khus 

kiawe 

kidney bean 

kidneywood 

kiku 

kimandá 

kimsacuchu 

kina-kina 

king nut 

king orange 

king’s crown 

kingcup 

kingcup cactus 

kininu 

kinkan 

kinke 

kinnikinnick 

kinoa 

kinsacucho 

kinza cuchu 

kion 

kión 

kirschmyrte 

kishtan 

kitachiyú 

kitambilla 

kitchen sage 

kitembilla 

kittie mcwanie 

kiudibushi 

kitwe 

kiwano 

kiwi 

kiwí 

kiwi vine 

kiwicha 

kiwifruit 

kjola 

Klamath plum 

Klamath weed 

knacás 

knock away 

knol-khol 

knotweed 

ko 

ko hemp 

koarí 

kobé 


1057


kobuyá 

koeleria 

koelon 

kohlrabi 

kokerit palm 

kokerite 

kokerite palm 

kokeritiballi 

kokeritje balli 

koku 

kola 

kola nut 

kolo 

kolok 

kolokmaax 

kolomaax 

kolomikta 

komaramara 

komora 

kongaran 

kongarani 

konguera 

konguera blanca 

konguera prieta 

konguerai 

koop-té 

kooteritiballi 

kopté 

kópte 

korakrie 

kordofan pea 

korí sivre 

korila 

kowa 

koxol wits 

Krishna’s cup 

ku’xub 

kualu 

kuan rud yixhé 

kudibushi 

kudzu 

kudzú 

kudzu vine 

kuík 

kuini 

kulimiro 

kum 

kum de amor 

kumakaballi 


kumandá as 

kumandá ibiraí 

kumandá tupí 

kumandá usú 

kumara 

kumari 

kummel 

kumpia 

kumquat 

kumu 

kuñapé 

kunché 

kunguel seed 

kunkuim nujint 

kunkúkmajo 

kunquat 

kunuana 

kurahara 

kurahura 

kurdee 

kurile tea 

kuru 

kuruba 

kurwini 

kusí urákame 

kuskin 

kuturu 

kwaheri 

kwai muk 

kwai muk breadfruit 

kwarkwatta 

kwata bobi 

labaça 

labaça-crespa 

labaçal 

labaça-obtusa 

labe-labe 

lablab 

Labrador rose 

Labrador tea 

labrusca 

lacachu 

lacahuite 

lacahuiti 

lacatán 

lacayote 

lacrão 

lacre 

lacre-branco 

1058


lady legs 

lady’s bedstraw 

lady’s leek 

lady’s leg 

lady’s purse 

lady’s smock 

lady’s thumb 

lady’s-fingers 

lady-of-the-night 

lagartillo 

lagarto 

lagarto caspi-blanco 

lagarto-crespi 

lagarto micunan 

lagarto moona 

lagarto piña 

lagartomoena 

lágrima-de-moça 

lágrima-de-Nossa-Senhora 

lágrimas de David 

lágrimas de Job 

lágrimas de la virgen 

lágrimas de María 

lágrimas de Nossa Senhora 

lágrimas de San Pedro 

lágrimas de San Pedro 

lágrimas-de-Job 

laguarí 

láirem 

lairén 

láiren 

laišé’tene 

lai-tus 

lakawiti 

lakoocha 

lala-nempá 

lamb’s cress 

lamb’s lettuce 

lamb’s quarters 

lamb’s tongue 

lambsquarters 

lamuña 

lana 

lanaé 

lanceleaf greenbrier 

lanceleaf sage 

lance-leaf springbeauty 

lancetilla 

landes-de-faia 


landi 

landim 

lanero 

lan-fe-la 

lang 

langsat 

Langsdorf’s lousewort 

lano 

lansio 

lanson 

lansón 

lantana 

lantim 

lanza caspi 

lanza colorada 

lanzón 

laranghina-do-campo 

laranja 

laranja-amarga 

laranja-azeda 

laranja-Bahia 

laranja-baianinha 

laranja-banana 

laranja-bigarade 

laranja-branca 

laranja-caipira 

laranja-catarina 

laranja-comum 

laranja-cravo 

laranja-da-China 

laranja-da-terra 

laranja-de-sevilha 

laranja-doce 

laranja-jabuticaba 

laranja-kunquat 

laranja-sem-caroços 

laranja-sina 

laranja-tacuari 

laranja-umbigo 

laranjeira-brava 

laranjeira-da-mata 

laranjeira-de-vaqueiro 

laranjinha-de-vaqueiro 

laranjinha-do-mato 

laranjinha-japonesa 

laredo mahonia 

large cane 

large cranberry 

large flowered torch thistle 

1059


large flowered trillium 

large fruited buscuit-root 

large hop-clover 

large trefoil 

large-blooming cereus 

large-flower skeletonplant 

large-flower wake-robin 

large-flowering cactus 

large-seed goosefoot 

large-toothed aspen 

larkspur lettuce 

larkspur violet 

larmes de Job 

laro 

lasturrin 

lata 

lata de playón 

lata hembra 

latanier 

latapi 

lataqui 

latex plant 

latón 

lauraimena 

laurel 

laurel blanco 

laurel chico 

laurel de espana 

laurel de la sierra 

laurel de los poetas 

laurel macho 

laurel magnolia 

laurel negro 

laurel noble 

laurel tulipán 

laurelillo 

laurelwood 

laureo 

laurimana 

lava ropa 

lavaplatos 

lava-pratos 

lava-zapote 

lavender cotton 

lavender giant hyssop 

layan 

layo 

leadplant 

leadtree 


leadwood 

leaf beet 

leaf cactus 

leaf mustard 

leaf-flower 

leafy-stemmed dandelion 

leather-leaf 

leathery jungleplum 

lech 

leche 

leche amarilla 

leche caspi 

leche de plátano 

leche huayo 

leche maría 

lechecillo 

lecheguilla 

lechemiel 

lechero 

lechero negro 

lechia 

lechosa 

lechosa de monte 

lechoso 

lechuga 

lechuga de agua 

lechuga montés 

lechuguilla 

leek 

leichtlin’s camass 

leitero-folha-miuda 

lemon 

lemon balm 

lemon beebalm 

lemon cactus 

lemon lily 

lemon marigold 

lemon mint 

lemon verbena 

lemon vine 

lemonade berry 

lemonade sumac 

lemonade tree 

lemongrass 

lena amarilla 

leña blanco 

lengevaco 

lengua de vaca 

lengua de venado 

1060


leño colorado 

lent coconut 

lenteja 

lenteja de agua 

lentil 

lentilha 

lentilha-d’água 

lentisco 

lentisco del Perú 

leopard-wood 

lepidio 

lepido 

leprosy gourd 

leren 

lerén 

lerenes 

lespedeza común 

lesser Asiatic yam 

lesser bullrush 

lesser yam 

lettuce 

leucaena 

leucena 

levant cotton 

levante 

levístico 

liamba 

liambo 

liane carrée 

Liberian coffee 

liberica coffee 

lichi 

lichí 

lichia 

licorice 

licórice 

licorice fern 

licorice mint 

licorice root 

licorice tree 

licorice verbena 

licuri 

licurioba 

licurioba das caatingas 

licury palm 

lieuque 

lieuque 

life-of-man 

lignum sanctum 


lignum vitae 

lilac oxalis 

lileka 

lily 

lily-royal 

lilythorn 

lima 

lima bean 

lima boba 

lima dulce 

lima tomate 

lima-comum 

lima-da-Pérsia 

lima-de-bico 

limão 

limão de Cayena 

limão-amargo 

limão-azedo 

limão-bravo 

limão-bravo-do-brejo 

limão-Caiana 

limão-China 

limão-comum 

limão-de-Cayena 

limão-de-molho 

limão-galego 

limão-mirim 

limão-rosa 

limão-silvestre 

limão-taiti 

limãozinho 

limasa 

lime 

limeberry 

limeña 

limestone grass 

limón 

limón ácido 

limón agrio 

limón amargo 

limón capsi 

limón chino 

limón cidra 

limón criollo 

limón de cabro 

limón de mar 

limón dulce 

limón francés 

limón mexicano 

1061


limón real 

limón sutil 

limonabali 

limoncillo 

limoncillo de Córdoba 

limoncillo de té 

limoncito 

limonero 

limonero mexicano 

limonete 

limonia 

limaorama 

limaorama-amarelo 

limorama 

limpia dientes 

limulana 

lin 

lináloe 

linão 

linaza 

Lincoln weed 

linda mañana 

linden 

lindenleaf sage 

lingaro 

lingberry 

lingonberry 

língua-de-vaca 

linho 

lino 

lino criollo 

lino de Nueva Zelanda 

linseed 

liokoho 

lipstick tree 

liquidámbar 

liquorice 

liquorice root 

lirio 

lírio 

lirio de un día 

lírio-amarelo 

lírio-branco 

lírio-brejo 

lírio-do-brejo 

lisas 

Lisbon yam 

liso 

litchi 


litchia 

litsea 

little blueberry 

little merrybells 

little monkey dick pepper 

little nipple cactus 

little silverbell 

little walnut 

little western bittercress 

littleflower penstemon 

littleleaf 

littleleaf paloverde 

littleleaf ratany 

littleleaf sumac 

littleleaf sumach 

littlenut hickory 

live oak 

liver berry 

living rock 

lixa-do-mato 

lizard’s tail pepper 

llacjón 

llacón 

llakhi 

llakuma 

llamon 

llamón 

llampu-cajana 

llampu-khana 

llanchama de altura 

llanchamillo 

llanten 

llaqhi 

llerén 

llerenes 

llipocha 

lloco molle 

llullu 

llutuyuyu 

lluvia de oro 

lobeira 

loblolly magnolia 

lobo sanango 

lobo-lobo 

lobster-claw 

loche 

lockhoste 

lockosti 

locma 

1062


locoto 

locuá 

locura 

locust 

locust bean 

locustberry 

loganberry 

logma 

loja 

lokhoste 

lokonanjo 

lokoste 

lokoto 

lombrigueira 

lonchocarpo 

longan 

longán 

longana 

longipe bush 

longleaf hollygrape 

longleaf zygia 

long-stemmed jaboticaba 

long-tailed wild ginger 

longyen 

loofah 

loquat 

lorahara 

loreo 

loro micuna 

loro shungo 

loroco 

losna 

losna-brava 

losna-maior 

lotebush 

loto azul 

lotus 

lotus lily 

loufa 

Louisiana yam 

Louisianna wormwood 

loureiro-comum 

loureiro-de-apolo 

loureiro-de-presunto 

loureiro-dos-poetas 

loureiro-ordinário 

louro 

louro-abacate 

louro-cheiroso 


louro-cravo 

louro-de-cozinha 

louro-inamuí 

louro-mole 

louro-sassafrás 

lousewort 

louvi 

love chain 

love-in-a-mist 

love-lies-bleeding 

lovi-lovi 

low mallow 

low prairie rose 

low sweet blueberry 

low-bush blueberry 

low-bush raspberry 

lowland purslane 

lowland white fir 

lóxuk 

lu 

luano 

lubia 

lucaica 

lucatero 

lucativa 

lucca gum 

lucern 

lucerne 

luchumche 

lucky beans 

lucky clover 

lucma 

lucma chuncha 

lucmo 

lucua 

lucuma 

lúcia-lima 

lúcuma 

lucumo 

lufa 

luffa 

lugma 

luki 

lukum 

lulá 

lulita 

lullo 

lulo 

lulo comun 

1063


lulo de la tierra fría 

lulo de perro 

lulo jibara 

lum 

luma 

lumbán 

lunda-e quec 

lungan 

lupin 

lupine 

lupino 

lupino blanco 

lupona 

lupona blanca 

lúpulo 

lupuna 

lupuna blanca 

lupuna bruja 

luquillo mountain stopper 

luruche 

lychee 

lychee nut 

lyon-bean 

maaihiiba 

maaona 

mabi 

mabola 

mabolo 

maby 

maca 

maçã 

maca chicha 

maçã-ácida 

macaba 

maçã-branca 

macacao 

macaco 

macachin 

macadamia 

macadâmia 

macadamia nut 

maca-de-agua 

maçã-doce 

macachuni 

macagua 

macagüita 

macaíba 

macaíba 

macaíba-mirim 


macaja 

macajuba 

macal 

macalte-ic 

maca-maca 

macamba 

macambillo 

macambo 

macambo sacha 

macanabo 

macanilla 

macao 

maçaranduba 

maçaranduba-balata 

maçaranduba-braba 

maçaranduba-casca-lisa 

maçaranduba-chicle 

maçaranduba-da-caatinga 

maçaranduba-da-praia 

maçaranduba-da-restinga 

maçaranduba-da-terra-firme 

maçaranduba-de-folha-miúda 

maçaranduba-de-várzea 

maçaranduba-do-igapó 

maçaranduba-folha-verde 

maçaranduba-irana 

maçaranduba-mansa 

maçaranduba-pendaria 

maçarandubarana 

maçaranduba-verdadeira 

maçaranduba-vermelha 

maçarandubinha 

macaroni wheat 

maçã-rosa 

macasnilla 

macata 

macata blanca 

macauabo 

macauba 

macaúba 

macaúba-mirim 

macaw flower 

macaw palm 

macaxeira 

macaxim 

macaya oil palm 

maccafat 

mace 

macela-do-campo 

1064


macela-dourada 

Macerán 

maceta 

macha macha 

machacomo 

macha-macha 

machare 

machari 

machetazo 

macheto 

machicho 

machicuqa 

machimango 

machín sapote 

machinga 

macho 

machucho 

machuchu 

macia 

macias 

macis 

Mackay bean 

Mackenzie bean 

maco 

macochín 

macondo 

maconha 

macoucou 

macqui 

macuá 

macuata 

macucu 

macucú 

macucu-chiador 

macucu-de-sangue 

macucu-murici 

macucu-peludo 

macucu-sangue 

macucu-terra 

macucu-xiador 

macuelizo 

macuil 

macuilquilitl 

maculigua 

maculiz 

macús 

mad apple 

Madagascar bean 

Madagascar goundnut 


Madagascar pepper 

Madagascar periwinkle 

Madagascar plum 

madake bamboo 

madam sentá 

mad-dog weed 

madeira mahogany 

madeira marrow 

madeira vine 

madeira-doce 

madera negra 

madero negro 

ma-dju 

Madras thorn 

madre 

madre de cacao 

madre de cocoa 

madre de harpón 

madre de sal 

madre jilete 

madre selva 

madreado 

madrecacao 

madregao 

madreselva 

madressilva 

madressilva-de-jardim 

madriado 

madrón 

madroña 

madrone 

madronillo 

madroñillo 

madrono 

madroño 

madroño borracho 

madroño colorado 

madroño de comer 

madruno 

madupuru 

madura 

madura verde 

maduraverde 

maestra 

mafafa 

mafafo 

mafome 

mafua 

magaranduva 

1065


magaleto 

Magellan barberry 

ma-gju 

magnolia 

magnolio 

magué 

maguey 

magüey 

maguey áspero 

maguey bruto 

maguey ceniso 

maguey cirial 

maguey de cerro 

maguey de ixtle 

maguey de manila 

maguey de mescal 

maguey de monte 

maguey de Nuevo México 

maguey de pulque 

maguey de tequila 

maguey de tobalá 

maguey espadilla 

maguey espadín 

maguey lechugilla 

maguey liso 

maguey manso 

maguey meco 

maguey mexcalero 

maguey mexicano 

maguey México 

maguey primavera 

maguey pulquero 

maguey silvestre 

maguey tequilero 

maguey tobalá 

maguey verde 

maguillo 

mahaujo 

maho 

mahoe 

maicillo 

maiden’s tears 

maidenhair tree 

maíllo 

mainland Torrey pine 

maíno 

maitén 

maíz 

maíz café 


maíz de agua 

maíz de Guinea 

maíz de Nueva Granada 

maíz de perro 

maíz de Texas 

maíz guineo 

maíz meco 

maíz millo 

maíz morocho 

maíz tostado 

maize 

majagua 

majagua negra 

majaguillo 

majagüillo 

majaguito 

majagüito 

majambo 

majambu 

majangua 

majanjo 

majo 

majoncho 

Major Gomes 

majorana 

majorano mexicano 

majorona 

majua 

maka 

makeru 

makulan 

mal de ojo 

mal-dos-sete-dias 

mal-me-quer 

mala mujer 

Malabar chestnut 

Malabar gourd 

Malabar nightshade 

Malabar spinach 

Malaca 

malacacheta 

Malacca apple 

malagay 

malago 

malaguesa 

malagueta 

malagüeta 

malaguetão 

malaguete 

1066


malaguetinha 

malagüeto 

malagueto chico 

malakabuyan 

malama 

málama 

malanga 

malanga gratter 

malanga isleña 

malangay 

malango 

malangu 

Malay apple 

Malay jujube 

Malay rose apple 

malcasada 

male bamboo 

male sapodilla 

maleza arvense 

malka 

mallau 

malli 

mallica 

mallow 

malmequer 

malobi 

malobi-weti 

maluco 

malva 

malva 

malva almizclero 

malva arbórea 

malva blanca 

malva chica 

malva loca 

malva real 

malva-relógio 

malva-branca 

malva-da-Índia 

malva-das-boticas 

malva-das-hortas 

malva-de-casa 

malva-do-pântano 

malva-grande 

malvaísco 

malva-maior 

malva-medicinal 

malva-preta 

malvarisco 


malva-rosa 

malvarrosa 

malva-selvagem 

malva-silvestre 

malva-vinagreira 

malvavisco 

malvavisco-rosa 

malvisco 

mama-cadela 

mama doosou 

mama-cadela 

mamajuana 

mamaku kawcuai 

mamalu 

mamaluco 

mamaluco-escorrega-macaco 

mamao 

mamão 

mamão-bravo 

mamão-de-veado 

mamão-do-mato 

mamãorana 

mamãozinho 

mame colorado 

mamee ciruela 

mameg-zapote 

mameiro 

mamey 

mamey apple 

mamey colorado 

mamey de injerto 

mamey de Santo Domingo 

mamey de tierra 

mamey hediondo 

mamey rojo 

mamey sapote 

mamey verde 

mamey zapote 

mamey-de-Cartagena 

mameyito 

mameyo 

mamey-zapote 

mami 

mami-hña 

mamilla 

maminha-de-cadela 

mammea americana 

mammee apple 

mammee zapote 

1067


mammey cedera 

mammey cederia 

mammi 

mammillaria 

mammoth squash 

mamocillo 

mamomana-grande 

mamón 

mamón chino 

mamón cutuplís 

mamón de montaña 

mamón de monte 

mamón de venado chica 

mamona 

mamoncillo 

mamoncillo chino 

mamorana 

mampurro 

mamuí 

mamuri 

mamuriballi 

mamurillo 

ma-mut 

man root 

man support 

mana grass 

manac 

manaca 

manacla 

manaju 

manamazu 

manapuçá 

manash 

manatin 

man-better-man 

manbospapaja 

manca-caballo 

mancha cherry 

manchamancha 

manchari caspi 

Manchurian gooseberry 

mandacaru 

mandacaru-de-boi 

mandapuca 

mandapuçá 

mandari panga 

mandarin 

mandarin orange 

mandarina 


mandarino 

mandioca 

mandioca-braba 

mandioca-branca 

mandioca-brava 

mandioca-cacau 

mandioca-doce 

mandioca-mansa 

mandioca-vassourinha 

mandioqueira 

mandioqueira-escamosa 

mandioqueira-vermelha 

mandioquinha 

mandioquinha-salsa 

mandiquinha-salsa 

mandiú 

mandrake 

mandu 

mandubí 

mandubi d’Angola 

mandur 

manduví 

manecilla blanca 

manga 

mangaba 

mangabarana 

mangabeira 

mangabera 

mangabinha-do-norte 

manga-brava 

manga-de-anta 

mangalô 

mangalô-amargo 

mangapiri 

mangará 

mangará-mirim 

mangarases 

mangarataia 

mangaratiá 

mangarito 

mangirioba 

mangle 

mangle blanco 

mangle colorado 

mangle negro 

mangle prieto 

mangle rojo 

mangle salado 

manglillo 

1068


mango 

mango jobo 

mango jsú 

mañanera 

mango mamey 

mango pepper 

mango tarango 

mangone 

mangosta 

mangostán 

mangostão amarelo 

mangosteen 

mangostino 

mangrove 

mangrove berry 

mangrove fern 

manguba 

mangue 

mangué 

manguena 

mangusta 

mangustão 

maní 

maní de árbol 

maní del monte 

maní estrella 

mani kwaha 

mania 

maniballi 

maniçoba 

manicol 

manicola palm 

manicole 

manigowae 

Manila bean 

Manila maguey 

Manila tamarind 

manindio 

manioc 

manirito 

manirusi 

manisoba 

manitê 

Manitoba maple 

mañiu 

maniva 

manixi 

manjerana-selvagem 

manjercão-de-folha-larga 


manjercão-de-molho 

manjercão-doce 

manjercão-grande 

manjericão 

manjerioba 

manjerona 

manjerona-inglesa 

manjerona-verdadeira 

manjirioba 

manjogome 

manjon-gome 

mano abierta 

mano de león 

manobodin 

manoco 

man-of-the-earth 

manos plum 

manoví 

manrito 

mansanilla 

manso 

mante 

manteca 

mantecaxocoyolli 

manteco 

mantequilla 

mantequilla amarillo 

mantequillam merecurillo 

mantiene-moza 

manto de San José 

man-to-man 

many-bristle chinchweed 

many-spined opuntia 

manzana 

manzana canella 

manzana de agua 

manzana de corona 

manzana de Curaçao 

manzana de diablo 

manzana de elefante 

manzana de faiti 

manzana de malaya 

manzana de mono 

manzana de oro 

manzana de playa 

manzana de rosa 

manzana guayabo 

manzana lora 

manzana malaya 

1069


manzana rosa 

manzanilla 

manzanilla común 

manzanilla de playa 

manzanilla dulce 

manzanilla romana 

manzanilla sacha 

manzanilla silvestre 

manzanillo 

manzanita 

manzanita de rosa 

manzanita del monte 

manzanita mexicana 

manzanita piracanta 

manzanito 

manzano 

manzano de montaña 

manzano silvestre 

manzanote 

mão-de-cabra 

mão-de-gato 

maparajuba 

maparajuba de mata 

mapari 

maparujaba 

mapati 

mapatirana 

mapayo 

mapén 

maple 

mapleleaf goosefoot 

mapora 

maprang 

mapuey 

mapuey morado 

mapuey yam 

mapure 

maqueliz 

maquelizo 

maquenque 

maqui 

maquie 

maquile 

maquiligua 

mar pacífico 

mar pacífico 

mara 

mara macho 

marac 


maraca 

maracujá-de-refresco 

maracujá 

maracujá-açu 

maracujá-amarelo 

maracujá-azul 

maracujá-branco 

maracujá-branco-miúdo 

maracujá-bravo 

maracujá-catinga 

maracujá-comprido 

maracujá-comum 

maracujá-da-capoeira 

maracujá-da-garapa 

maracujá-da-serra 

maracujá-de-Caiena 

maracujá-de-cheiro 

maracujá-de-cobra 

maracujá-de-comer 

maracujá-de-estalo 

maracujá-de-lagartinho 

maracujá-de-ponche 

maracujá-de-raposa 

maracujá-de-rato 

maracujá-de-sapo 

maracujá-de-serra 

maracujá-de-urubu 

maracujá-doce 

maracujá-do-mato 

maracujá-encarnado 

maracujá-escuro 

maracujá-fedorento 

maracujá-grande 

maracujá-hirsuto-do-sul 

maracujá-laranja 

maracujá-mamão 

maracujá-melão 

maracujá-mirim 

maracujá-pedra 

maracujá-peludo 

maracujá-peroba 

maracujá-pintado 

maracujá-poranga 

maracujá-preto 

maracujá-redondo 

maracujá-roxo 

maracujá-silvestre 

maracujá-suspiro 

maracujá-verde 

1070


maracujá-vermelho 

maracujazeiro suspiro 

maracujazeiro vermelho 

maracujazinho 

maracutango 

maracutão 

maracuya 

maracuyá 

maracuyá amarilla 

maracuyá cascuda 

maradai 

marajá 

maraja’i 

maraja’y 

marajá-açu 

marajá-de-cacho 

marajá-do-igapó 

marajá-fino 

marajah palm 

marajá-piranga 

marajá-pupunha 

marajaú 

marajazinha 

maraju 

marama bean 

maramapé 

maran 

maranga 

maranga calalu 

marango 

marañón 

marañón de Curazao 

marañón japonés 

maranta 

marapa 

marará 

mararay 

marare 

mararo 

marark’y 

marat 

marati 

maratro 

maravilha 

maravilla 

maravillosa 

marayáu 

marbleberry 

mare’s tail 


marfil vegetal 

marfim-vegetal 

margal-amargo 

margaridinha 

margarita 

marguerite 

mari 

mari-mari 

mari preto 

maria 

maría 

maría blanco 

maría colorado 

maria-ci 

maria-gombi 

maria-gorda 

maria-mole 

mariana 

marianinha 

maria-preta 

maria-preta 

maria-pretinha 

maria-sem-vergonha 

maria-wa 

mariba 

maricao 

maricao cimarrón 

maricao verde 

maricão verde 

maricas 

marigold 

mari-gordo 

mariguana 

marihuana 

marijuana 

marillo 

marimari 

marimarí 

marimari-da-várzea 

marimiipa 

marimiso 

marimoña 

maripenda 

mariposa lily 

marirana 

marití 

mariuô 

marjoram 

marlberry 

1071


marmalade fruit 

marmalade plum 

marmaladebox genip 

marmelada 

marmelada-de-bezerro 

marmelada-de-cachorro 

marmelada-de-cavalo 

marmelada-lisa 

marmeladinha 

marmeleiro 

marmelinho-do-campo 

marmelle 

marmelo 

marmelo da Europa 

marolo 

marriage-vine 

married-man-pork 

marroio-branco 

marrow 

marrubio 

marsh blue violet 

marsh clover 

marsh elder 

marsh fern 

marsh mallow 

marsh marigold 

marsh trefoil 

marsh woundwort 

marsh-barren horsetail 

marshmallow 

Martinez piñon 

Marubá 

marubio 

marumero 

marumi 

marumi kumquat 

marunguey 

marupa 

marupá 

marupá-preto 

marure 

marvel of Peru 

mary 

maryjane 

Maryland dittany 

Maryland senna 

Maryland wild sensitive plant 

masa 

masaranduvilla 


masasamba 

masasambra 

masato 

mase 

mash farhenak 

mashishe 

mashishi 

mashonaste 

mashua 

masicarán 

masico 

masilla 

masiquia 

maspa 

maspã 

massaranduba 

massaranduba de fruta vermelha 

massaranduba preta 

massaranduba verdadera 

massaranduba vermelha 

massarandubinha 

massranduba mirim 

massua 

mast wood 

mastate 

masterwort 

mastic 

mastic tree 

mastique 

mastrantillo 

mastranto 

mastranto de perro 

mastranto de sabana 

mastronto 

mastruço 

mastruço-do-Pará 

mastruço-do-sol 

mastruço-hortense 

mastruz 

mastuerzo 

mastuerzo de agua 

masur 

mat 

mat amaranth 

mata 

mata boni 

mata caspi 

mata palo 

mataa 

1072


mataboni 

mataburros 

matac 

mata-calado 

mata-cavalo 

mata-cobras 

mata-fome 

mata-matá-branco 

matagusano 

matamba 

matambilla 

matapalo 

mata-pinto 

mata-porco 

mata-rato 

mata-ratón 

matasano 

mataserrano 

mata-serrano 

matatropa 

mata-velha 

ma-tav-icú-li 

mate 

maté 

mate-falso 

math 

mati 

matico 

matilimi 

matilisguate 

matixerán 

mato 

mato-relógio 

matojobobo 

matomba 

matowí 

matricária 

matrimony vine 

matúrite 

matweed 

matzalt 

mauca 

maui 

mauja 

mauka 

mauritia 

mauritia wine 

Mauritius raspberry 

Mauritius velvetbean 


mauve 

mavaco 

mawbie 

maxán 

maxë 

maximilian sunflower 

maxixe 

maxixe-bravo 

maxixe-do-mato 

maxixe-do-Pará 

maxixe-francês 

maxixeiro 

maxixi peruano 

maxixo 

maxixola 

maxua 

may apple(s) 

may haw 

may hawthorn 

maya 

maya de puerco 

maya-maya 

mayacoma 

mayacoma manzanita 

Mayan breadnut 

Mayan spinach 

mayapple 

mayberry 

mayblob 

maygrass 

mayo 

maypop(s) 

mayten tree 

mayu mostazilla 

mazapán 

mazatxocoyolli 

mazzard 

mazorca 

mazorquilla 

mbocayá 

mburucuyá 

mburucuyá aceitoso 

mburucuyá campero 

mburucuyá chico 

mburucuyá común 

mburucuyá menor 

mburucuyá montés 

mburucuyá morotí 

mburucuyá rastrero 

1073


mburucuya-í 

mburuguia 

mburukuyá 

me’taresi 

meadow beauty 

meadow bright 

meadow cress 

meadow garlic 

meadow hyacinth 

meadow leek 

meadow quill 

meadow rose 

mealberry 

mealy goosefoot 

mecate rojo 

mechay 

mecieira de boi 

medicinal aloe 

medicinal mallow 

medicinal rhubarb 

meiju 

mejorana 

mekuá-bak 

melaito 

melancia 

melão 

melão-d’água 

melão-de-São-Caetano 

melilot 

melindjo 

melindre 

melisa 

melisa mexícana 

melissa 

melissa-romana 

meliteria 

melloco 

mellowfruit 

melocotón 

melon 

melón 

melón blanco 

melon cactus 

melón calabeza 

melón de agua 

melón de cera 

melón de coyote 

melon pear 

melón pera 


melon pumpkin 

melon shrub 

melon squash 

melon tree 

melón tuna 

melón zapote 

meloncillo 

meloncito blanco 

melosa 

membrillero del Japón 

membrillero japonés 

membrillito 

membrillo 

membrillo de Bengala 

membrillo japonés 

memiso 

memizo 

mendoim 

mendonha 

mendubi 

mendubim 

mensejo 

menstruço 

menta 

menta crespa 

menta de palo 

menta romana 

menta silvestre 

menta verde 

mentrasto-do-grande 

mentrusto 

mentruz 

mentzelia 

mercadela 

mercurilla 

merecure 

merecure de montaña 

merecurillo 

merei 

merey 

mergikualu 

meriti 

merú 

merujas 

mescal 

mescal agave 

mescal yapavai 

mescla 

mexcalmetl 

1074


mesonzapote 

mespel sapodilla 

mesquite 

mesquite mistletoe 

mestiço 

mesusu 

meta 

metalahura 

metárusi 

Metcalfe bean 

meto huayo 

mexerica 

mexic 

Mexican apple 

Mexican avocado 

Mexican bamboo 

Mexican barberry 

Mexican blue palm 

Mexican blueberry 

Mexican calabash 

Mexican cherry 

Mexican chia 

Mexican creeper 

Mexican elder 

Mexican fan palm 

Mexican fern palm 

Mexican fire barrel cactus 

Mexican firebush 

Mexican giant cactus 

Mexican giant hyssop 

Mexican grain amaranth 

Mexican gru-gru palm 

Mexican hawthorn 

Mexican hickory 

Mexican husk tomato 

Mexican jujube 

Mexican lemon hyssop 

Mexican madrone 

Mexican marigold 

Mexican mint marigold 

Mexican oregano 

Mexican paloverde 

Mexican panic-grass 

Mexican piñon 

Mexican pinyon 

Mexican plum 

Mexican sage 

Mexican saffron 

Mexican sapodilla 


Mexican sarsaparilla 

Mexican strawberry 

Mexican tarragon 

Mexican tea 

Mexican Turk’s cap 

Mexican valerian 

Mexican walnut 

Mexican white pine 

Mexican wood-sorrel 

Mexican zamia 

mexoeira 

mezquita 

mezquite 

miahuateco 

micauba 

micongo 

michai 

michay 

miche 

michi michi 

Michigan banana 

michiguiste 

michinche 

michire 

michirica 

michiruí migurí 

michu 

michuri 

midshipman’s butter 

miel quemada 

mielga 

mignonetle vine 

mignonette vine 

miimoncahue 

miinte’ 

mija 

mijagua 

mijao 

mije 

mijo 

mijo candela 

mijo negro 

mijo perla 

mil peso 

milefolio 

milefólio 

mil-em-rama 

mil-em-rama 

milenrama 

1075


milfoil 

mil-folhada 

mil-folhas 

milfurada 

milhete 

milheto 

milho 

milho-africano 

milho-de-cobra 

milho-miúdo 

mil-hojas 

milk thistle 

milkvetch 

milkweed 

milky iron 

milky tassel 

milo 

milpa de pájaro 

milpesillo 

milpesos 

miltomate 

millenrama 

millet 

millmi 

millo 

millua situlli 

mimbi 

mimbro 

mimisa yek 

mimo-de-vênus 

mimosa 

mimusops 

mindoran 

minemine 

miner’s lettuce 

miñona 

miñona 

minorcan 

mint 

mintweed 

minuana 

mioga ginger 

miona 

miona negra 

miquichi 

mirabel 

mirabelle 

mirabólano 

mirabolanos 


mirabolanos emblicos 

miracehen 

miracle bean 

miracle fruit 

miracle tree 

miraculous berry 

miraguano 

mirasol 

mirauba 

miri 

mirica cerífera 

miridimba-doce 

mirim 

mirística 

miriti 

mirití 

miriti palm 

mirixi 

mirliton 

mirobálano 

mirobálano émblico 

mirobolán 

mirtilo 

mirto 

mirto del río 

misar 

misho chaqui 

mishquina 

mishquipanga 

mishuisma 

misijallo 

misionero negro 

miso 

misqui corrota 

misqui huiro 

missel 

mission lettuce 

mission tuna 

Mississippi hackberry 

Missouri currant 

Missouri goldoenrod 

Missouri gooseberry 

Missouri gourd 

mistela 

misti uchu 

mistletoe 

mistletoe cactus 

mistol 

mithith 

1076


mito 

mixta squash 

moca 

moca palm 

mocajá 

mocajuba 

mocarya 

mocaya 

mocayá 

mocaya palm 

mocetaíba 

mocho 

mocitaíba 

mock orange 

mockernut 

mockernut hickory 

moco de gallo 

moco de pavo 

mocomoco 

moconha 

mocora 

mocou-mocou 

moçutaíba 

mochiguiste 

mochilita 

mocho 

mocure 

moela-de-mutum 

moema 

moena 

mogroño 

Mohave yucca 

Mohave mound cactus 

Mojave yucca 

Mojave mound cactus 

mokok 

molasses 

mole 

molinillo 

molocotón 

molondrón 

molongo 

molongó 

molle 

molle del Perú 

molle negro 

molle seed 

mollenita 

mombaca 


mombin 

mombín 

momo 

momórdiga 

monacillo 

monacillo colorado 

monarda 

monval 

monducuru 

monesa granadilla 

mongollano 

monguba 

moniato 

monk’s pepper 

monk’s rhubarb 

monk’s rhubarb 

monkey apple 

monkey bass 

monkey bread 

monkey dick pepper 

monkey nut 

monkey plum 

monkey pod 

monkey pot 

monkey puzzle 

monkey puzzle tree 

monkey soap 

monkey-cap palm 

monkey-tail pacaya 

mono 

mono blanco 

mono’s plum 

monomoco 

monos plum 

monstera 

Montana huckleberry 

monte tarralla 

montecillo 

Monterey mariposa lily 

montesa granadilla 

moon daisy 

moon vine 

moonflower 

moonlight cactus 

moonlight vine cactus 

moose elm 

mooseberry 

moosewood 

moot 

1077


moquillo 

mora 

mora blanca 

mora común 

mora de castilla 

mora de cerro 

mora de los Andes 

mora de piedra 

mora de rocoto 

mora-de-espinho 

mora fresa 

mora hueca 

mora negra 

mora piña 

mora silvestre 

moraballi 

morabilla 

morada 

moradilla 

moral 

moral blanco 

moral bobo 

moral fino 

moral fustete 

moral negro 

moral rojo 

morama 

moranga 

morango 

morango-silvestre 

moratama 

moratinga 

moregum negro 

moreira 

moreira-branca 

morella de Quito 

morelle 

morera 

morera blanca 

morera roja 

moréte 

moretillo 

moriato 

moriche 

moriche palm 

morichito 

morichito de tierra firme 

morilla 

morinda 

moringa 

moringa pea tree 

moritas 

moriti 

morkowekuak 

Mormon tea 

morning-glory 

moro 

moro-coya 

moro-coyo 

morolico 

mororó 

morón 

morrião-d'água 

morrito 

morro 

morroque 

morrón 

mortina 

mortiña 

mortino 

mortiño 

morus alba 

mosaico 

moscadeira 

moshaki 

moso bamboo 

mosqueta 

mosquito plant 

moss campion 

mossy-cup oak 

mostacilla 

mostarda 

mostarda-branca 

mostarda-da-China 

mostarda-da-Índia 

mostarda-de-folha 

mostarda-preta 

mostarda-vermelha 

mostaza 

mostaza negra 

mostazilla 

mostrenco 

motacu 

motacú 

motacuchí 

motanga 

motate 

moté 


1078


motecillo 

motelilla enana 

motelo chaqui 

motelo sanango 

moth bean 

mother of cocoa 

mother-of-the-evening 

motilón 

motojo-bobo 

motojobobo 

motojobobo embolsado 

motu 

motua 

moucou-moucou 

mound-lily yucca 

mount diablo fairy-lantern 

mount diablo globe-lily 

mount diablo globe-tulip 

mount diablo mariposa-lily 

mountain almond 

mountain apple 

mountain ash 

mountain blackberry 

mountain cabbage 

mountain cabbage palm 

mountain checkerberry 

mountain cherry 

mountain clover 

mountain cranberry 

mountain dandelion 

mountain ebony 

mountain grape 

mountain hemlock 

mountain huckleberry 

mountain junegrass 

mountain laurel 

mountain maple 

mountain maripa 

mountain mint 

mountain papaya 

mountain pawpaw 

mountain peanut 

mountain plum 

mountain rhubarb 

mountain rose 

mountain rosemary 

mountain sorrel 

mountain soursop 

mountain spinach 


mountain sumac 

mountain sweet 

mountain sweet cup 

mountain tea 

mountain tobacco 

mouse ear chickweed 

mouzambi 

movrai 

moxie-plum 

moyeja 

moyera 

mozaico 

mozote 

Mt. Pima anis 

muaxalaxlitli 

mucaiá 

mucajá 

muchite 

múchitl 

muco 

mucuchi 

mucucu 

mucujá 

mucujazeiro 

mucumucu 

mucuna 

mucuna rayada 

mucuna-anã 

mucuri 

mucurutú 

mudubim 

muela 

muelle 

mugwort 

muira pinima 

muira piranga 

muira pixi 

muiratinga 

muite 

mukambura 

mula khisa 

mulateiro-escorrega-macaco 

mulato 

mulato 

mulberry 

mulla de la virgen 

mullaca 

mullaca huayo 

mullaca morada 

1079


mullacahuayo 

mullein 

mulli 

mullo de la virgen 

multa 

multiflora bean 

mulungu 

mumbaca 

mumbacac 

mumu 

mun dupi 

munbaca 

munbaca-de-preta 

munduro 

munduru 

muña 

muña-muña 

muñeco 

mung bean 

munguba 

mungubarana 

muniato 

munición uchu 

mupero 

muquichi 

murciélago 

muréua 

muria 

murici 

murici-branco 

murici-cascudo 

murici-da-copoeira 

murici-da-fruta-miuda 

murici-da-mata 

murici-da-praia 

murici-de-capoeira 

murici-de-tabuleiro 

murici-do-brejo 

murici-do-campo 

murici-miúdo 

murici-penima 

murici-pinima 

murici-pitanga 

murici-rasteiro 

murici-rasteiro 

murici-vermelho 

muringueiro 

muriri 

muriti 


murrapo 

murta 

murta-branca 

murta-da-praia 

murta-de-campo 

murta-de-parida 

murta-vermelha 

murtinha 

muruchi 

muruci 

muruci-da-capoeira 

muruci-da-mata 

muruci-da-praia 

muruci-do-campo 

muruci-do-mato 

muruci-miúdo 

muruci-vermelho 

murucuja 

murucuyá 

murucuyá miní 

murujá-branco-miúdo 

murumur 

murumura 

murumurá 

murumuru 

murumuru palm 

murupi 

mururé 

mururé-da-terra-firme 

murusi 

murusol 

muscadeira 

muscadine grape 

musclewood 

mushroom 

musk 

musk mallow 

musk sage 

musk thistle 

musk-clover 

muskmelon 

muskwood 

musky pumpkin 

musky squash 

musky winter squash 

mustang grape 

mustard 

mustard greens 

musté 

1080


muster John-Henry 

musu 

musú 

muta 

mutamba 

mutamba-preta 

mutamba-verdadeira 

mutambo 

muti 

mutuy 

muuba 

muuthuuts’ 

muyaca 

muyusa 

muzte 

myoga ginger 

myrobalan 

myrobalan plum 

myrtilles des hautes 

myrtle laurel-cherry 

myrtle lime 

myrtle sedge 

myrtle-leaved cherry laurel 

myrtle-of-the-river 

myrtle-wood 

mysore raspberry 

na’ate 

naba 

nabá 

nabiça 

nabicol 

nabiza 

nabo 

nabo amarillo 

nabo de invierno 

nabo gallego 

nabo gordo 

nabo redondo 

nabo silvestre 

nabo sueco 

nabo-chinês 

naca 

nacahuita 

nacahuite 

ñacaratiá 

nacascol 

nacaspilo 

nacumas 

nadabau 


nagami 

nagami kumquat 

nagcha caspi 

nagi 

nagoonberry 

naguala 

naiá 

naidí 

nain 

najá 

najahe 

najesí 

naju 

ñajú 

naju de culebra 

naju de espinas 

naked coral-tree 

naked Indian 

naked oat 

nakedwood 

nala 

nalu 

nambiro 

namboca 

ñame 

ñame amargo 

ñame amarillo 

ñame amarillo de Guinea 

ñame asiático 

ñame azucar 

ñame blanco 

ñame blanco de Guinea 

ñame boniato 

ñame chino 

ñame chomo 

ñame congo 

ñame criollo 

ñame cush-cush 

ñame de agua 

ñame de China 

ñame de Guinea 

ñame de la India 

ñame de mata 

ñame de mina 

ñame de tres hojas 

ñame del aire 

ñame grande 

ñame mapuey 

ñame mayor de Asia 

1081


ñame menor de Asia 

ñame morado 

ñame negro 

ñame papa 

ñame peludo 

ñame pequeño 

ñame vino 

ñame ycampi 

namontaque 

ñampí 

nana 

nanã 

naná uarhi 

nananche 

nanás 

nance 

nancé 

nancé manteca 

nanche 

nanche colorado 

nanche de perro 

nanci chaparro 

nancigüiste 

nancite 

nancite macho 

nancito 

nandipá 

nanë 

nane repote 

ñangapirá 

ñanga-piré 

nangapiri 

ñangapirú 

nangate 

nangone 

nanica 

ñanica 

Nanking cherry 

nanny plum 

nannyberry 

ñapindá 

napiniu wanchup 

napoleão 

nara cherry 

naraná 

naranajeiro 

naranazeiro 

naranja 

naranja agria 


naranja cajero 

naranja China 

naranja de China 

naranja dulce 

naranja naranja 

naranjilla 

naranjilla de Quito 

naranjillo 

naranjita 

naranjita de Quito 

naranjita japonesa 

naranjito 

naranjo 

naranjo agrio 

naranjo amargo 

naranjo cajero 

naranjo dulce 

naranjo podrido 

naranjuelo 

narbonne vetch 

narciso 

narcissus 

nariz de chucho 

nariz de perro 

narraco 

narrow-leaf cattail 

narrow-leaf goosefoot 

narrow-leaf lambsquarters 

naseberry 

nasisi 

nastúrcio 

nasturtium 

nat’a’ 

natal orange 

natal plum 

ñati papa 

native hops 

native hopseed 

Navajo tea 

navarria 

navidad caspi 

navios 

navo 

navy bean 

nawe 

naya 

nazareno 

nazareno samaritano 

ne 

1082


neanthe bella 

Nebraska currant 

nebrina 

nebro 

nébula 

nectarina 

nectarine 

nectarino 

needle grass 

ñeeinó 

negra lora 

negrito 

negro yam 

negundo 

negundo mexicano 

ñeja 

ñejilla 

nejo 

nelí 

nelumbio 

nelumbo 

nemegue 

ñemehue 

nemote 

nempa 

nenenquemo 

nenepekago 

nenepekawe 

nensi 

nensi 

nenufar 

nenwah 

nere 

neroo yam 

nescafé 

nescao 

nêspera 

nêspera-do-Japão 

netleaf goosefoot 

netleaf hackberry 

netleaf oak 

netseed lambsquarters 

netted melon 

netted pawpaw 

nettle 

nettle tree 

nettle-leaved goosefoot 

Nevada bulrush 

Nevada ephedra 


Nevada goldenrod 

Nevada joint-fir 

neve-cheiroso 

neves 

new cocoyam 

New Jersey blueberry 

New Jersey tea 

New Mexican cheker mallow 

New Mexican locust 

New Mexican olive 

New Mexican pennyroyal 

New Mexico agave 

New Mexico locust 

New Mexico maple 

New World aloe 

New World coriander 

New Zealand flax 

New Zealand hemp 

New Zealand spinach 

New Zealand yam 

nhambu 

nhandiroba 

nhanica 

nia boens 

niamboka 

niame 

Nicaraguan cacao 

Nicaraguan cacao shade 

Nicaraguan chocolate 

niche 

nicker bean 

nickernut 

Nicobar breadfruit 

nicori 

nicori-iba 

nicua 

nícula 

nicuri 

nicuri-de-caboclo 

nicury 

niejilla 

ñiejilla 

night ipomoea 

night jessamine 

night-blooming cactus 

night-blooming cereus 

night-flowering cactus 

nightshade 

nigua(s) 

1083


nigua grande 

nigüito 

niguo 

nii-che 

nilauala 

nina caspi 

ninfa aquática 

niño rupa 

niño-urupá 

ninwah 

nipe 

nipirihe 

nipple catus 

niquivá 

niruri 

nisperito 

nispero 

níspero 

níspero caimito 

níspero colorado 

níspero de España 

níspero de montaña 

níspero de monte 

níspero del Canadá 

níspero del Japón 

níspero japonés 

níspero mono 

níspero montaña 

níspero montañero 

níspero monte 

níspero zapote 

nistamal 

nistamalillo 

nixtamalxochitl 

nixtamaxochitl 

nixtamaxuchiltl 

noble cane 

nocedal 

nocuana-guiche 

nodding onion 

nodding pink onion 

nodding plumeless thistle 

nodding wild onion 

no-eye pea 

nogada de Ibarra 

nogal 

nogal americano 

nogal blanco 

nogal cayure 


nogal ceniciento 

nogal cimarrón 

nogal común 

nogal criollo 

nogal de Australia 

nogal de Barquisimeto 

nogal de California 

nogal de Caracas 

nogal de Cuba 

nogal de Europa 

nogal de la tierra 

nogal de monte 

nogal de Nuevo León 

nogal del país 

nogal europeo 

nogal negro 

nogal pecanero 

nogal plance 

nogal satinado 

nogal silvestre 

nogalillo 

nogalito 

nogueira 

nogueira-da-praia 

nogueira-de-iguapé 

nogueira-de-óleo 

nogueira-de-Santa-Catarina 

nogueira-do-Havaí 

nogueira-do-iquape 

nogueira-do-Japão 

nogueira-do-litoral 

nohotë 

noisette indienne 

nolí 

noli palm 

no-me-olvide 

non 

nonginca 

noni 

nonita de mono 

nootka rose 

nopal 

nopal azucar 

nopal blanco 

nopal cactus 

nopal camueso 

nopal chamacuerito 

nopal chamacuero 

nopal costero 

1084


nopal cyotillo 

nopal de castilla 

nopal del desierto 

nopal del litoral 

nopal duraznillo 

nopalillo 

nopás 

nopotapeste 

ñorbito 

ñorbo cimarrón 

ñorbo hediondo 

norito 

noro 

North American ebony 

North American plum 

northern bayberry 

northern bean 

northern black currant 

northern bog violet 

northern California walnut 

northern dewberry 

northern mountain ash 

northern red oak 

northern white cedar 

northern white pine 

northwestern mariposa lily 

northwestern serviceberry 

noz 

noz-das-molucas 

noz-de-cola 

noz-de-gondja 

noz-de-guran 

noz-de-Sudão 

noz-moscada 

noz-moscada-do-Brasil 

noz-pecã 

nuasca barbasco 

nucñú baras 

nucñu bares 

Nuevo Leon walnut 

nuez australiana 

nuez corriente 

nuez de Australia 

nuez de California 

nuez de cola 

nuez de especia 

nuez de filipinas 

nuez de India 

nuez de la India 


nuez de marfil 

nuez de nogal 

nuez de pan 

nuez de Queensland 

nuez del Brasil 

nuez del Pará 

nuez del paraíso 

nuez encarcelada 

nuez meca 

nuez moscada 

nuez pecan 

nuez pili 

nuez souari 

nûha 

nula 

nulu 

ñume’mba 

numi kunchai 

numiallamihe 

nuñas 

ñuñco pichana 

nuni 

nuoma 

nupe 

nupera 

nupi 

nupu uchu 

nu-que 

nurhitini té 

nurite 

nuru 

nut pine 

nutamba 

nutgrass 

nut-grass 

nut-grass 

nutmeg 

nutmeg hickory 

nutmeg melon 

nut-sedge 

nutsulet 

Nuttall goldenweed 

Nuttall monolepis 

Nuttall’s goosefoot 

Nuttall’s mariposa lily 

nuxilha 

nuzundu 

nuzu-ndu 

oa 

1085


oacaju 

oak 

Oakland star-tulip 

oat(s) 

ob 

oba 

obelisco de la sierra 

obi 

obi 

oblong-leaf sunflower 

obo 

obos 

oca 

ocara 

ocatuhue viqui 

occa-occa 

occoruro 

ocean spray 

ocherie 

ochro 

ocoba 

ocori 

ocoro 

ocoró 

ocoró crespo 

ocote 

ocote mullaca 

ocotillo 

ocozote 

ocro 

ocu 

ocú 

ócu 

ocucu 

ocuje 

ocuje macho 

ocumo 

ocumo culin 

ocumo cumán 

ocuquirana 

oficial-da-sala 

ogador 

ogé 

ogeechee lime 

ogeechee plum 

ogeechee tupelo 

ogen melon 

ohia 

ohidu 


Ohio curcuma 

ohoru 

oi 

oil nut 

oil of rue 

oil palm 

oilnut 

oil-of-ben tree 

oisi-toroba 

oiti 

oiti cagão 

oiti da praia 

oiti mirim 

oiti-cagão 

oiticica 

oiti-coró 

oiti-da-praia 

oiti-mirim 

oiti-tiribá 

ojal 

ojcome 

ojé 

ojite 

ojito de nena 

ojo de buey 

ojo de minado 

ojo de novia 

ojo de pescado 

ojo de shara 

ojoche 

oka 

Oklahoma plum 

okra 

okze 

olandi 

old cocoyam 

old fustic 

old maid 

old maid’s oleander 

old man’s beard 

Old World aloe 

oleo bálsamo 

oleo de gualtéria 

oleo de rícino 

oleo vermelho 

olero 

olho-de-boi 

olho-de-dragão 

olho-de-pomba 

1086


oliva 

olive 

olive plum 

olive tree 

olivo 

olivoa 

oliy 

olla de mono 

olloco 

olluco 

olmo 

olmo chino 

olmo rojo 

olmo siberiano 

oloi 

olosapo 

olozapote 

oluka 

omancomo 

omas 

omnamshifi 

on 

onato 

one-flowered haw 

one-flowered hawthorn 

one-grained wheat 

one-leaf onion 

one-seed burr-cucumber 

one-seed juniper 

ongrê 

onion 

onion springparsley 

onipa 

onotillo 

onotillo rebalsero 

onoto 

onoto montañero 

oó-le-da 

oopow 

oot´ te 

oox 

ooy 

opium 

opium poppy 

opiuma 

optunia 

ora panga 

orach 

orache 


orange 

orange agoseris 

orange day-lily 

orange fame flower 

orange jasmine 

orange papaya 

orange root 

orange-cup lily 

ora-pro-nobis 

ora-pro-nobis-miúdo 

orchid pepper 

orchid tree 

oreganillo 

oregano 

orégano 

orégano brujo 

orégano cimmarrón 

orégano de castillo 

orégano de España 

orégano de la sierra 

orégano extranjero 

orégano falso 

orégano orejón 

orégão 

oregão-vulgar 

Oregon crab 

Oregon crab apple 

Oregon evergreen blackberry 

Oregon grape 

Oregon hollygrape 

Oregon lily 

Oregon maple 

Oregon myrtle 

Oregon oak 

Oregon oxalis 

Oregon pepperwood 

Oregon sunflower 

Oregon tea 

Oregon tea tree 

Oregon white oak 

Oregon wintergreen 

oreja 

oreja de elefante 

oreja de perro 

oreja de ratón 

orejero 

orejuelo 

orelha-de-boi 

orelha-de-burro 

1087


orelha-de-onça 

orelha-de-onça 

orelha-de-veado 

orenção 

orenço 

organillo 

órgano-pequeño alicoche real 

órgano-pequeño copa de vino 

órgano-pequeño fresa 

órgano-pequeño peine 

órgano-pequeño sanjuanero 

organ-pipe cactus 

oriental lotus 

oriental radish 

oriental sesame 

origanum 

Orinoco apple 

oriri 

orito 

orko molle 

ornamental okra 

ornamental pawpaw 

ornamental pulque agave 

oro azul 

orobo 

oronoto 

oropo 

orosul 

orozuz 

orpine 

orquidillo 

ortiga 

ortiga menor 

orzo 

osage orange 

osi 

osmanthus 

osoberry 

ostrich fern 

osun 

osurba 

Oswego beebalm 

Oswego-tea 

otaheite apple 

otaheite gooseberry 

otaheite potato 

otaheite yam 

otaita 

otate 


oticón 

otó 

otoe 

otome 

otoomal 

otoy 

oubi 

oulapele 

our lady’s milk thistle 

our Lord’s candle 

ouregão 

ouricuri 

ouricuru 

outlaw of the lily family 

ovalamo 

oval-leaf huckleberry 

oval-leaf strongbark 

oval-leaved blueberry 

overlooker plant 

overtop palm 

oviero 

ovina 

ovita 

ovito 

ovo 

ovo de Ibarra 

ovo de la costa 

ovo-de-galo 

ovo-de-mucura 

ovo-de-pomba 

ox 

oxálida-azeda 

oxalis 

oxális-azeda 

ox-eye daisy 

oyorique 

oyster plant 

oysterleaf 

ozua 

ozua berrón 

‘pahana 

pa ksmuk 

pacae 

pacae colombiano 

pacai 

pacai de los ríos 

pacai guava 

pacal amarillo 

pacana 

1088


pacay 

pacay del Perú 

pacaya 

pacaya palm 

pacayita 

paciência 

Pacific blackberry 

Pacific dewberry 

Pacific madrone 

Pacific mountain ash 

Pacific plum 

Pacific serviceberry 

pacheca 

pachí 

pachín 

pachío 

pachío azulito 

pachito 

pacholí 

pachuba 

pachuhuk 

pachuhul 

pachulí 

pachyla-pachyla 

Pacific silver fir 

Pacific water dropwort 

pacífico 

packoo jamoon 

paco 

pacó 

pacobusú 

pacón 

paconca 

pacosororoca 

pacová 

pacová carapé 

pacová de oro 

pacová-sororoca 

pacoveira-grande 

pacpa 

pacún 

pacueco 

pacunga 

pacunja 

pacuri 

pacuriguazu 

pacuy 

padea 

padoo 


pagoda tree 

pagu 

paguacha 

pah’ch’uhuk 

pahua 

paicco 

paico 

páico 

paico mocho 

paiko 

paila 

paina 

paina-de-Cuba 

painço 

painted lady 

painted trillium 

paipigu 

pairajo 

pairajo de altura 

paiste 

paitilla 

paiuetu 

paja de culebra 

paja Guinea caroreña 

paja toquilla 

pajarilla de agua 

pájaro pequeño 

pajerecu 

pajuil 

pajuil chaqui 

pajura 

pajurá 

pajurá verdadeiro 

pajurá-da-mata 

pajurá-de-Óbidos 

pajurá-de-racha 

pajurá-grande 

pajurá-pedra 

pajurazinho 

pajuro 

pak choi 

pakab olom 

pakay 

pakuri 

palato 

palca 

pale agoseris 

pale dock 

pale goat-chicory 

1089


pale hickory 

pale Indian plantain 

pale jewelweed 

pale lidflower 

pale thistle 

pale touch-me-not 

pale wolfberry 

palera 

palha 

palha vermelha 

palilho 

palillo 

paliperro 

palla 

pallar 

pallar de los gentiles 

pallares 

palma 

palma abanico 

palma aceitera 

palma africana 

palma africana de aceite 

palma amarga 

palma barreta 

palma bataua 

palma blanca 

palma brashic 

palma cana 

palma canaria 

palma china 

palma cimarrona 

palma coco 

palma costera 

palma criolla 

palma datilera 

palma de agua 

palma de azúcar 

palma de cera 

palma de chascara 

palma de cinta 

palma de corozo 

palma de cumare 

palma de dátiles 

palma de durazno 

palma de guagara 

palma de guano 

palma de jícara 

palma de la virgin 

palma de las rocas 


palma de leche 

palma de macetas 

palma de marfil 

palma de micharo 

palma de mícharos 

palma de palmira 

palma de ramos 

palma de rosario 

palma de sagú de Malabar 

palma de San Pablo 

palma de sierra 

palma de sombrero 

palma de tornillo 

palma de vino 

palma de yaguas 

palma doce 

palma dulce 

palma indiana 

palma ixtle 

palma lechera 

palma manacla 

palma mauritia 

palma oriente 

palma palmira 

palma real 

palma real cubana 

palma real puertorriqueña 

palma redonda 

palma sege 

palma seje 

palma tabaquillo 

palma temiche 

palma yatay 

palma-christi 

palmacristi 

palma-doce 

palmar 

palmarcito 

palmarejo 

palmarera 

palmarillo 

palmarira 

palmarito 

palma-santa 

palma-santa 

palmasito 

palmate bitterbur 

palmate violet 

palmate-leaved hibiscus 

1090


palmatória 

palmatória-doce 

palmatória-espinhosa 

palmeira-bacaba-y 

palmeira-betel 

palmeira-chonta 

palmeira-da-Índia 

palmeira-dos-brejos 

palmeira-imperial 

palmeira-leque-da-Europa 

palmeira-lú 

palmeira-lú-i 

palmeira-marajá-piranga 

palmeira-mucajá 

palmeira-rabo-de-peixe 

palmeira-sagu 

palmeira-tucumá-assi 

palmeira-washingtonia 

palmeirinha 

Palmer’s century plant 

Palmer’s saltgrass 

palmera 

palmera aceitera africana 

palmera azucarera 

palmera datilera 

palmera de aceite 

palmera de la reina 

palmera de las Antillas 

palmera de sagú 

palmera de sagú de Malabar 

palmera enano 

palmera suramericana de los 

viajeros 

palmetto 

palmetto palm 

palmicha 

palmiche 

palmiche de Río Negro 

palmiche grande 

palmicho 

palmiforme 

palmilla 

palmillo 

palmira 

palmiste 

palmit 

palmita 

palmita de agua 

palmiteiro 

palmitiqueira 

palmito 

palmito de coyol 

palmito dulce 

palmito europeo 

palmito-açaí 

palmito-amargoso 

palmito-do-campo 

palmito-doce 

palmito-do-chão 

palmito-juçara 

palmito-mole 

palmyra palm 

palo agrio 

palo amargo 

palo amarillo 

palo azul 

palo barbasco 

palo blanco 

palo Brasil 

palo camarón 

palo caraparí 

palo chino 

palo colorado 

palo cubano 

palo cuate 

palo de abejas 

palo de aceite 

palo de ají 

palo de arco 

palo de balsa 

palo de bálsamo 

palo de barranco 

palo de Brasil 

palo de burro 

palo de cachicamo 

palo de chamanare 

palo de Chile 

palo de coco 

palo de cotorra 

palo de Cuba 

palo de cuyure 

palo de frutilla 

palo de gallina 

palo de guaco 

palo de guitarra 

palo de gusano 

palo de hierro 

palo de higo 


1091


palo de humo 

palo de incienso 

palo de lacandón 

palo de lanza 

palo de lauza 

palo de leche 

palo de mambo 

palo de motelo 

palo de mora 

palo de muerto 

palo de muleta 

palo de negrito 

palo de nuez 

palo de orejas 

palo de piedra 

palo de pingüica 

palo de piñón 

palo de pulque 

palo de rosa 

palo de sal 

palo de sobo 

palo de tinta amarilla 

palo de tomate 

palo de toro 

palo de vaca 

palo de velas 

palo del Brasil 

palo del diablo 

palo dulce 

palo gordo 

palo gusano 

palo haux 

palo hediondo 

palo huaco 

palo jiote 

palo madrona 

palo manteco 

palo maría 

palo mora 

palo mulato 

palo peruano 

palo polvora 

palo prieto 

palo rey rosado 

palo sangre 

palo santo 

palo vela 

palo verde 

palo verde amarillo 


palo verde azul 

palo verde de hoja pequeña 

palo yuyo 

palo-de-ajo 

paloduz 

palomitas 

palosanto 

paloverde 

paloyancha 

palta 

palto 

pama 

pama amarela 

pama calata colorada 

pama-branca 

pama-caucho 

pama-de-onça 

pama-de-tamanho-médio 

pama-ferro 

pama-mao-de-onça 

pama-pequena 

pama-preta 

pamashto 

pambil 

pampa orégano 

pamplemousse 

pamplemusa 

pamplina de agua 

pamuco 

pan 

pan de año 

pan de cuco 

pan de fruta 

pan de la vida 

pan de masa 

pan de ñame 

pan de palo 

pan de pobre 

pan de todo el ãno 

pan del árbol 

pan del norte 

pana 

pana cimarrona 

pana de pepitas 

panabi 

panaecillo colorado 

panagsi 

panalero 

Panamá 

1092


Panama hat plant 

Panama tree 

panameño 

panamito 

panamitos 

panán-gsuni 

panapén 

pancake pricklypear 

pancha muca 

pancho de chancho 

panda papaya 

pandano 

pândano 

pandanus 

pandicho 

pandilla 

pandisho 

paneira-de-Cuba 

panelo 

panga 

pángana 

pangki naek 

pángoa 

pangue 

paniala 

panic grass 

panil book 

panima 

paniquesilla 

panizo moruno 

panizo negro 

panizo verde 

panke 

pansuba 

pansy 

panther lily 

pantriba 

panul 

pão-de-massa 

pão-d’embira 

papa 

papa amarillo 

papa blanca 

papa Caribe 

papa chawcha 

papa China 

papa criollo 

papa cusqueña 

papa de caña 


papa de montaña 

papa del aire 

papa extranjera 

papa japonesa 

papa lisa 

papa mantaro 

papa mantequilla 

papa morada 

papa numi 

papa olones 

papa roja 

papa ruk’i 

papa silvestre 

papa voladora 

papa walusa 

papache 

papachilla 

papaieira 

papailla 

papain 

papaita 

papaíta 

papalisa 

papalometl 

papaloquelite 

papamundi 

papanajo 

papano 

papas lisas 

papasan 

papa-terra-branca 

papa-terra-vermelha 

papaturro 

papaturro agrio 

papaturro blanco 

papauce 

papaunce 

papavi 

papaw 

papaya 

papaya caspi 

papaya de mico 

papaya de monte 

papaya de olor 

papaya de selva 

papaya de tierra fría 

papaya del venado 

papaya orejona 

papaye 

1093


papayito de los Andes 

papayo 

papayola 

papayuela 

papayuelo 

papelillo 

paper birch 

papito 

papo 

papo-de-mutum 

papoos 

papoula 

papoula dobrada 

papoula-São-Fransisco 

pappa 

pappas 

páprica 

paprika 

papuá do mato 

papunga 

papusa 

paque 

paquí 

paquío 

paquió 

Pará cress 

Pará guava 

Pará nut 

Pará palm 

Pará piassava 

Pará rubber 

Pará silveste 

paracuúba-doce 

paradise flower 

paradise nut 

paradise tree 

Paraguay palm 

Paraguay tea 

paraguayita 

parai 

parairie potato 

paraíso 

paraíso blanco 

paraíso francés 

parakeet flower 

paralejo 

paramán 

parana 

Paraná pine 


parapara 

paraparo 

pararu 

paraveris 

parcha 

parcha andina 

parcha cimarrona 

parcha de monte 

parcha de culebra 

parcha granadina 

parche 

parchita amarilla 

parchita de montaña 

parchita de sabana 

parchita morada 

parcho 

pardillo 

pardillo amarillo 

pareira 

pareira brava 

pareira root 

pareira-brava 

parencsuni 

parenta 

paricá-grande-da-terra-firme 

parinari 

parinari sacha 

parinari sprucei 

pariparoba 

paripi 

paripiballi 

parlor palm 

parmentiera 

parona 

paronchi 

parota 

parra 

parra cimarrona 

parreira-brava 

parreirinha-do-mato 

parriza 

parriza americana 

parrot’s beack 

parrot’s feather 

Parry abrojo 

Parry jujube 

Parry pine 

Parry pinyon 

Parry’s agave 

1094


Parry’s jujube 

parsley 

parsley haw 

parsley-leaved haw 

parsnip 

parsnip-chervil 

parsu 

partasana 

partridge berry 

parwah 

pasa 

pasa capulí 

pasa comestible 

pasacana 

pasaque 

pasarín 

pasas 

pasayo 

pascualito 

pashaco 

pashaquilla 

pashí 

pashnikak 

pasiflora 

pasilla 

pasionaria 

pasionaria con hojas de laurel 

pasionaria de hoja de moral 

pasionaria de la candelaria 

pasionaria hedionda 

pasita 

pasito 

pasmada 

pasorin 

pasote 

passa 

passa-de-corinto 

passa-do-japão 

passion flower 

passion fruit 

passion fruit banana 

passionflower 

pastate 

paste 

pastilla 

pastinaca 

pastinaca selvaje 

pastinaga 

pasto de Guinea 


pasto estrada 

pasto Guinea 

pasto italiano 

pasto limón 

pastorata 

pasture brake 

pasture gooseberry 

pata de cotuza 

pata de gallina 

pata de gallo 

pata de Morrocoy 

pata de pájaro 

pata de paloma 

pata de paují 

pata de vaca 

patabá 

pataca 

patachete 

pata-de-boi 

pata-de-vaca 

pataj 

patamba 

patas 

patashete 

patashte 

pataste 

patastilla 

patata 

pataua 

patauá 

patauá-branca 

patauá-roxa 

patchouli 

patchouly 

patchuli 

pate 

paterna 

paternilla 

paternillo 

paternita 

paterno 

paternoster beans 

pati 

pati queen palm 

pati-amargosa 

patichuli 

patience 

patience dock 

patilla 

1095


patillo 

patioba 

patisak’o 

patoá 

patol 

patola 

patriota 

pajuil 

paú shuina 

paú shuiya 

pau-amarelo 

pau-branco 

pau-Brasil 

pau-brasil 

pau-carne 

pau-cravo 

pau-d’alho 

pau-d’arco 

pau-de-bálsamo 

pau-de-bicho 

pau-de-bicho 

pau-de-cachimbo 

pau-de-cobra 

pau-de-colher 

pau-de-cores 

pau-de-espeto-vermelho 

pau-de-fogo 

pau-de-formiga 

pau-de-Guine 

pau-de-incenso 

pau-de-lepra 

pau-de-lixa 

pau-de-oleo 

pau-de-rato 

pau-de-seda 

pau-doce 

pau-ferro 

pau-funcho 

pauhui montañero 

pau-jacaré 

paují 

paují de amú 

paujil chaqui 

paujil huasca 

paujíl ruro 

pau-leo 

paulinia 

pau-mulato-da-terra-firme 

pau-Pernambuco 


pau-pombo 

pau-precioso 

pau-santo 

pau-sassafrás 

pau-terra 

pavana 

pavi 

pavona 

pavona encendida 

pawi 

pawpaw 

paxararok 

paxiúba 

paxiúba-barriguda 

paxiubão 

paxiubinha 

paxni kak 

paxte 

paxte de palo 

paya 

payandé 

payas 

payco 

payste 

payta 

payura 

pazoli 

pazote 

pazotl 

pazte 

pe 

pe’su po’o 

pea 

pëa 

pea bean 

pea eggplant 

pea leaf-flower 

pea vine 

peach 

peach bloom 

peach palm 

peach tomato 

peach wood 

peachnut 

peacock flower 

peacock tigerflower 

peanut 

peanut-butter fruit 

pear 

1096


pear melon 

pearl lupin 

pearl lupine 

pearl millet 

pecã 

pecan 

pecan nut 

pecana 

pechecua 

pechevaye 

pechiche 

pechichi 

pe-co-r 

pêcoyo-de-Santo-Domingo 

pé-de-ganso 

pé-de-gato 

pé-de-jaboti 

pé-de-papagaio 

pé-de-pombo 

pedón 

pedra-ume-caá 

pega-pega 

pegarropa 

pegibay 

pehuén 

peito-de-pombo 

peito-de-pombo-de-folha-larga 

pejibay 

pejibaya 

pejibaye 

pejijuayo 

pejivalle 

pejte 

pékéa tata-youba 

pekea-nut 

Peking cabbage 

pela 

peladera 

peladua 

pelat puchum 

peli 

pellejo de indio 

pelma 

pelo de choclo 

pelo ponte 

pelo ponto 

peloponte 

pelosilla 

pelusilla 


pembina 

pemoche 

penca 

pencil cedar 

pencil cholla 

pencil juniper 

pendanga 

pendant amaranth 

pendare 

pendare de sapo 

pendare purue 

pendare rebalsero 

pendaria 

pendaria-da-serra 

pendula 

pene 

peniseto 

penka 

Penn’s golden pepper 

Pennsylvania bittercress 

penny cress 

penny piece 

pennyroyal 

penoga 

peonía 

peora 

pepa de pan 

pepe boiti 

pepe de leche 

pepe del tagua 

pepe guare 

pepe poirier 

pepenance 

peperômia doméstica 

pepetillo 

pepeto 

pepeto de río 

pepeto negro 

pepetón 

pepian 

pepinillo 

pepininho 

pepinito 

pepino 

pepino andino 

pepino Angola 

pepino blanco 

pepino de agua 

pepino de árbol 

1097


pepino de castilla 

pepino de comer 

pepino de fruta 

pepino de la India 

pepino de las indias 

pepino de olor 

pepino de rellenar 

pepino de relleno 

pepino dulce 

pepino hueco 

pepino llorón 

pepino mango 

pepino morado 

pepino redondo 

pepino-bravo 

pepino-castanha 

pepino-de-burro 

pepino-de-espinho 

pepino-do-mato 

pepito 

pepo 

pepper 

pepper elder 

pepper grass 

pepper hibiscus 

pepper tree 

peppercorn 

peppergrass 

pepperidge 

peppermint 

pepper-root 

pepperweed 

pepperwood 

pepperwort 

pequi 

pequí 

pequiá 

pequia nut 

pequiá-brava 

pequiá-bravo 

pequiá-pedra 

pequiarana-do-igapó 

pequi-branco 

pe-qui-che 

pequijche 

pera 

pêra 

pera criolla 

pera de agua 


pera de ancho 

pera melón 

pêra-do-campo 

peral 

peraleja 

peralejo 

peramán 

peramán de agua 

peramancillo 

peramelon 

perehuétano 

pereira-do-campo 

perejil 

perennial bean 

perennial glasswort 

perennial Pará cress 

perennial teosinte 

perennial wall-rocket 

perguetana 

perguillo negro 

pericón 

pericón amarillo 

perifollo 

perija 

perillo 

periquillo 

periquiteira 

periquitinho 

periquito 

perita 

perita costeña 

perita de agua 

perita haitana 

periwinkle 

perlas 

perlillo 

perluxo 

Pernambuco wood 

pernilla de casa 

pero 

perôko 

peronilla 

perpetua 

perpétua 

perpétua-do-brasil 

perpétua-do-mato 

perrexi 

Persian mulberry 

Persian walnut 

1098


persicária 

persimmon 

Peru naval 

Peru-balsam 

peruétano 

Peruvian cape gooseberry 

Peruvian carrot 

Peruvian cherry 

Peruvian ginseng 

Peruvian groundcherry 

Peruvian lily 

Peruvian mastic 

Peruvian nutmeg 

Peruvian oka 

Peruvian old man cactus 

Peruvian papaya 

Peruvian parsnip 

Peruvian pepino 

Peruvian pepper 

Peruvian pepper tree 

Peruvian rice 

pescuezón 

pesgua 

pésjua morada 

pesoxocoyolli 

pêssego 

pessoek 

pessegueiro-bravo 

pessegueiro-do-mato 

petaco 

peterebi 

peterebí 

petha 

peti bouis 

petit caimitier bois 

petite caimite 

petticoat palm 

petty rice 

pettymorrel 

peumo 

peunke 

pewa 

pewa nut 

peyote 

pfirco 

pfiuco 

phantasma lisas 

phasemy bean 

Philippe fig 


Philippine fig 

Philippine persimmon 

Philippine spinach 

Philippine waxflower 

philodendron 

phureja 

physalis 

physic nut 

piaba 

piabinha 

piaçaba 

piaçava 

pião-branco 

piasaba 

piasava 

piasavá 

piasava de Bahia 

piassaba 

piassaba palm 

piassaba-do-Pará 

piassava 

piassava palm 

piassava-da-Bahia 

piaste 

piatu 

picagua 

picana negra 

picante blanco 

picão 

picão-das-hortas 

picão-do-campo 

picão-preto 

picatón 

pice de guara 

pícea 

picha de gato 

pichana 

pichana albaca 

pichana alvaca 

pichana blanca 

piche 

pichecua 

pichi 

pichí 

pichiche 

pichiguao 

pichiguey 

pichindé 

pichippul 

1099


pichol 

pickerel weed 

pickerelweed 

pico de lombriz 

pico de pájaro 

pico de paloma 

pico pico 

picurero 

picuyu 

pidoquera 

pie cherry 

pie de ganso 

pie de niño 

pied caimite 

pietie 

pifayo 

pifuayo 

pig nut 

pig’s face 

pigeon bean 

pigeon berry 

pigeon pea 

pigeon plum 

pigeon-berry 

pigeongrass 

pigmeo 

pignon 

pignut 

pignut hickory 

pigseed goosefoot 

pigweed 

pihiguao 

pihuayo 

pijiguao 

pijuanyo 

pijuayo 

pijuayo del monte 

pilewort 

pili nut 

piligüe 

pilliyuyu 

pilón 

piloy 

piloya 

pilriteiro 

Pima ratany 

Pima rhatany 

pimbina 

pimbu-ku 


pimenta 

pimenta-americana 

pimenta-bode 

pimenta-branca 

pimenta-camapu 

pimenta-cumari 

pimenta-da-costa 

pimenta-da-Índia 

pimenta-da-Jamaica 

pimenta-da-mata 

pimenta-da-terra 

pimenta-de-cheiro 

pimenta-de-comari 

pimenta-de-gentio 

pimenta-de-macaco 

pimenta-de-mesa 

pimenta-do-mato 

pimenta-do-Pará 

pimenta-do-reino 

pimenta-dos-índios 

pimenta-dos-monges 

pimenta-dos-negros 

pimenta-habaneiro 

pimenta-lambari 

pimenta-longa 

pimenta-madeira 

pimenta-malagueta 

pimentão 

pimentão-doce 

pimentão-quadrado 

pimenta-ordinária 

pimenta-preta 

pimenta-tabasco 

pimenteira-bastarda 

pimentera 

pimentero 

pimentero falso 

pimentinha 

pimento 

pimento-longo 

pimentón 

pimento-vermelha 

pimeta de Caiena 

pimienta 

pimienta blanca de la India 

pimienta de Jamaica 

pimienta del Brasil 

pimienta gorda 

pimienta inglesa 

1100


pimienta malagueta 

pimienta negra 

pimienta roja 

pimientilla 

pimientillo 

pimiento 

pimiento de perro 

pimiento rojo 

pimientón 

pimpinela 

pin cherry 

pin oak 

piná 

piña 

piña anona 

piña blanca 

piña de América 

piña de azúcar 

piña de Indias 

piña de playón 

piña de ratón 

piña montañera 

piña negra 

piña silvestre 

piña tropical 

pinabete 

piñamama 

piñanona 

pinca 

pinchão 

pinco-pinco 

pin-cushion 

pincushion beardtongue 

pincushion cactus 

pindaeua 

pindaíba 

pindaíba-verdadeira 

pindaíba-vermelha 

pindaíva 

pindayo 

pindó 

pindo palm 

pindoba 

pindoba-do-sul 

pine cone ginger 

pine cone lily 

pine nut 

pine strawberry 

pineapple 


pineapple guava 

pineapple mint 

pineapple sage 

pineapple shrub 

pineapple strawberry 

pineapple-scented sage 

pinete 

pinga 

pingo-pingo 

pingua 

pingüica 

pinguin 

pingüita 

pingüita de mono 

pingwing 

pinha 

pinhão 

pinhão-branco 

pinhão-de-purga 

pinhão-manso 

pinha-quemadeira 

pinhead clover 

pinhead pepper 

pinheiro-brasileiro 

pinheiro-do-Canadá 

pinheiro-do-Paraná 

pinja 

pink banana passionfruit 

pink cedar 

pink evening-primrose 

pink ladies 

pink lemonade flower 

pink lotus 

pink peppercorn 

pink purslane 

pink shamrock 

pink slipper orchid 

pink sorrel 

pink tabebuia 

pink wood-sorrel 

pink-eyed-john 

pinku-pinku 

pinkweed 

pino 

pino amarillo 

pino amarillo occidental 

pino blanco 

pino colorado 

pino de azucar 

1101


pino del Brasil 

pino dulce 

pino Jeffrey 

pino manco 

pino negro 

pino ocote 

pino Paraná 

pino piñón 

pino piñonero 

pino ponderosa 

pino romerón 

pinoguaçu 

piñón 

piñón blanco 

piñon cequeati 

piñón cubano 

piñón de cuba 

piñón de oreja 

piñón florido 

piñón pine nut 

pinpoint clover 

pinsha cello 

pintamora 

pinto bean 

piñuela 

piñuelo 

pinxter flower 

pinyon pine 

pinzán 

pinzón 

pinzona 

piogola 

piolho-de-padre 

pionche 

pipa 

pipchuelo 

pipewood 

pipian 

pipián 

pipilito 

pipire 

pipitoria 

pipoca 

pipsissewa 

piqu pichana 

piqui 

piquí 

piquiá 

piquia branco 


piquiá-arana 

piquiá-da-areia 

piquia-oil plant 

piquiarana 

piquiarana-vermelha 

piquiá-verdadeiro 

piquiche 

piquin 

piquín 

piquirana 

piquiteira 

piquizeiro 

pira 

pira brava 

pira de berraco 

pira de puerco 

piragua 

piraguina negra 

pirajá-pupunha 

piraju 

piramiri 

piranga 

pirauxi 

pirca 

piracanto 

piretro 

píretro 

piriguao 

pirijão 

pirima 

pirinola 

piriquitoya 

piririma 

piris 

piritu 

piro 

pirola 

pirú 

pirul 

pirumu 

pisba 

piscu uchu 

pisekua 

pisep 

pisho-guayo 

pishoy 

pishquisma 

pishuallo rojo 

pisouabite 

1102


piss-a-bed 

pissandó 

pissi 

pistache 

pistachio 

pistachio nut 

pistacho 

pistácia 

pita 

pita común 

pita floja 

pitahaya 

pitahaya agria 

pitahaya de agosto 

pitahaya de cardón 

pitahaya dulce 

pitahaya morada 

pitahaya orejona 

pitahaya roja 

pitahayacita 

pitahya de agosto 

pitajava 

pitajaya 

pitajón 

pitajoní 

pitajoní bravo 

pitajoní espinoso 

pitajoní hembra 

pitanga 

pitanga-branca 

pitanga-de-jardim 

pitanga-do-campo 

pitanga-do-norte 

pitanga-miúda 

pitangão 

pitanga-preta 

pitangatuba 

pitanga-tuba 

pitangauba 

pitanga-vermelha 

pitangueira 

pitangueira-de-jardim 

pitangueira-do-campo 

pitangueira-do-mato 

pitangueira-vermelha 

pitanguera 

pitarrillo 

pitaya 

pitayita-nocturna espinosa 


pitch pine 

piteira 

pitiá 

pitipuá 

pitiquiña 

pitirishi 

pitiu 

pito 

pito de peronilla 

pitomba 

pitomba de leite 

pitomba-da-mata 

pitombeira 

pitombinha 

pitón dulce 

pitorillo 

pitseed goosefoot 

pituca 

piva 

pixabay 

pixbá 

pixbae 

pixi 

pixirica 

pixtle 

pixuna 

pixuna 

placaminero 

plains beebalm 

plains lemon monarda 

plane tree 

plant brush 

planta del soldado 

planta preciosisima 

plantain 

plantanillo 

plantigras 

platanilla 

platanillo 

platanillo del monte 

plátano 

plátano bárbaro 

plátano blanco 

plátano burro 

plátano de cocinar 

plátano de la isla 

plátano de occidente 

plátano de seda 

plátano fruta 

1103


plátano guineo 

plátano hembra 

plátano macho 

plátano maqueño 

plátano rulo 

plátano tabasco 

plátano viando 

plate brush 

Platte River milkvetch 

pleurisy root 

plomillo blanco 

pluana uchu 

plum 

plum bush 

plum fir 

plum of Martinique 

plum pine 

plum rose 

plumajillo 

plumboy 

plumero 

plumero amarillo 

plum-fruited yew 

plum-leaf crab 

plumo de oro 

pnaocl 

po-yoko 

poblano 

pocan 

pochote 

pochotilla 

pocoto 

poe-hoe 

poejo 

poejo-das-hortas 

poejo-real 

pogostemon cablin 

poha 

pohne 

poi 

poinciana-anã 

pointleaf manzanita 

poiquinihua 

poirier de la Guiana 

pois souche 

pojó 

poka 

pokak 

poke 


poke salad 

pokeberry 

pokeweed 

polar plant 

pole-cat-tree 

polello 

poleo 

polines 

polipodio 

Polish wheat 

polleo 

polo ponto 

polok 

Polynesian plum 

poma 

poma rosa 

pomagás 

pomarosa 

pomarosa americana 

pomarosa de Malaca 

pomarosa del Brasil 

pomarosa forestera 

pomarrosa 

pomarrosa americana 

pomarrosa de Malaca 

pomarrosa del Brasil 

pomarrosa forestera 

pomarroso 

pomegranate 

pomela 

pomelo 

pomerac 

pomikie 

pomme de lait 

pomme de liane zombie 

pomme étoilée 

pomme surette 

pomo 

pomo celery 

pompelmous 

pona 

poncha 

ponciano 

poncidre 

poncil 

pond lily 

pond nuts 

pond-apple 

ponderosa pine 

1104


pondweed 

poni ani mite 

ponotourayek 

ponsigue 

ponsigué 

ponsique 

pony beebalm 

poor man’s pepper 

poor man’s umbrella 

poox 

pop corn 

pop nut 

popa 

popbeans 

popinac 

popo 

popocho 

poporo 

popote 

popotillo 

popped maize-flower 

popping beans 

poppy 

poppy seed 

populus alba 

popunha 

porcelain-berry 

porcelana 

porcupine tree 

poro 

poró 

poro gigante 

porongo 

porongueiro 

porotillo 

porotito del ojo 

porotito tapé 

poroto 

poroto arroz 

poroto batata 

poroto bombero 

poroto de maíz 

poroto de manteca 

poroto gandul 

poroto japonés 

poroto manteca 

poroto pea 

poroto señorita 

poroto shimbillo 


poroto tape 

porrino 

porro 

porte-noix 

Porter brome 

Porter’s chess 

portia tree 

portland arrowroot 

porto rico 

portorrico 

Portuguese yam 

poshno rao 

posho-guayo 

poshté 

possum grape 

possum oak 

post locust 

posta 

posuí 

posuy 

pot 

pot marigold 

pot marjoram 

potato 

potato bean 

potato yam 

potentila 

potherb fame flower 

poto-pate 

poulard wheat 

poulette 

poupounha 

pourouma 

poverty weed 

Powell’s amaranth 

Powell’s pigweed 

pox 

pozolillo 

prairie acacia 

prairie bundleflower 

prairie clover 

prairie crab 

prairie flax 

prairie gourd 

prairie junegrass 

prairie Koeler’s grass 

prairie mallow 

prairie mimosa 

prairie onion 

1105


prairie parsley 

prairie rose 

prairie shoestrings 

prairie smoke 

prairie turnip 

prairie violet 

prairie wattle 

prairie wild rose 

precatory-bean 

preciosa 

precocious potato 

preconcuahuitl 

prega-prega 

pretino 

pretino punga 

preto 

pretty false pawpaw 

prickle withe 

prickleweed 

prickly amaranth 

prickly apple-cactus 

prickly chaff flower 

prickly currant 

prickly custard apple 

prickly gooseberry 

prickly herb 

prickly lettuce 

prickly palm 

prickly pear 

prickly pear cactus 

prickly wild gooseberry 

pride of Barbados 

primavera 

primrose malanga 

prímula 

prince’s feather 

prince’s pea 

prince’s pine 

prince’s plume 

princess feather 

princess pea 

prisco 

privet stopper 

privilegio 

privy-vine 

procumbent yellow wood-sorrel 

prodigiosa 

pronto-alívio 

proper yam 


proso 

proso millet 

prosópis 

prostrate amaranth 

prostrate pigweed 

protón 

provision tree 

pruan tree 

prune 

prune mombin 

prune tree 

pruneira 

prunella 

prunier 

psidium 

psidium sylvestre 

puán 

pubescent birch 

puçá 

puca huasca 

puca lupuna 

puca pijuaio 

puçá-preta 

puca-uchu 

puch-pee-á 

pucheca 

pucunucho 

pudding withe 

puerco quelite 

puerro 

puerro silvestre 

Puerto Rican century plant 

Puerto Rican cherry 

Puerto Rican guava 

Puerto Rican royal palm 

Puerto Rico apple-cactus 

Puget balsamroot 

puhe 

pui paso 

puka qumpis 

puka t’ulluyuq khisa 

pulasan 

pulasán 

pulguillo 

pullipunta 

pullipuntu 

pulo 

pulque 

pulque agave 

1106


pulza 

puma chaqui 

puma chincha 

puma cuchu 

puma quiru 

puma rosa 

puma yarina 

pumacua 

pumbo 

pumelo 

pumerillo 

pummelo 

pumos 

pumpkin 

pumpunjunche 

pumuko 

punáma 

punchohuise 

punga 

punga de altura 

puntada de cabeza 

punte 

punyapong 

pupuaçu 

pupunha 

pupunha-brava 

pupunha-da-mata 

pupunha-de-macaco 

pupunha-de-metro 

pupunha-de-porco 

pupunha-do-mato 

pupunha-marajá 

pupunharana 

pupunha-verde-amarela 

purah 

purging nut 

purgo 

purgo macho 

purguá 

purgueira 

purguillo 

purguillo amaraillo 

purguillo chicle 

purguillo félix 

purguillo negro 

purguillo terciopelo 

purguillom 

purguo 

purguo blanco 


purguo morado 

purijo 

purma cetico 

purma shimbillo 

puro-puro 

purple alternanthera 

purple amaranth 

purple angelica 

purple anise 

purple arrowroot 

purple avens 

purple chokeberry 

purple granadilla 

purple ground-cherry 

purple guava 

purple haw 

purple heather 

purple hopseed bush 

purple loosestrife 

purple mammillaria 

purple mombin 

purple passion fruit 

purple passion-flower 

purple poppy-mallow 

purple prairie clover 

purple prairie violet 

purple rocket 

purple springparsley 

purple star apple 

purple tephrosia 

purple trillium 

purple wen-dock 

purple wood-sorrel 

purple-flowering raspberry 

purquillo 

purslane 

pursley 

puru 

purú 

puruhi grande 

purui 

puruí 

puruí pequeno 

puruí-da-mata 

puruí-grande 

puruí-grande-da-mata 

puruí-grange 

puruizinho 

puruma 

1107


purumã 

purumã-í 

puru-puru 

purutu 

puruzinho 

purvio 

purvio amarillo 

puspo-poroto 

puspu-poroto 

pussley 

pussy-toes 

pusuy 

puta-parió 

puto 

putsuti 

putumayo 

putu-putu 

putzuti 

puut’ ts’aah 

puya 

puyeque 

pyco 

payo curu 

pyramid spiraea 

Pyrenean sorrel 

pyrethrum 

qamaya 

qañawi 

qhillu chuqcha lisas 

qhishwa pimpinilla 

quackgrass 

quackgrass 

quackoo jamoon 

quail bush 

quaking aspen 

quamash 

quarana 

quarter vine 

quaruba-vermelha 

quassia 

quassia wood 

quau-chile 

quaymitu 

quëboitsama 

quebrachillo 

quebracho flojo 

quebracho rojo 

quebradora 

quebrahacha 


quebra-pedra 

quebra-pedra-branca 

Queen Anne’s lace 

queen sago 

Queen Victoria water-lily 

queen’s crown 

queen’s jewels 

queen’s wreath 

queen-of-the-night 

Queensland arrowroot 

Queensland hemp 

Queensland nut 

queldron 

quelite 

quelite cojudo 

quelite salado 

quelite tomate 

quemadera 

quemasusu 

quenepa 

quenepa china 

quenopodio 

quenopódio 

quenopodio de los jardines 

quëo 

quequeshque manchade 

quequeshte 

quequesque 

quequexque 

quereme 

quereme rosa 

quesito 

quëxquixaquini 

quiabeiro 

quiabo 

quiabo-azedo 

quiabo-da-Angola 

quiaborana 

quiabo-róseo 

quiabo-roxo 

quiba 

quiçaré 

quichuicha 

quickbeam 

quick-stick 

quickweed 

quidíja 

quiebra plato 

quiebraejo 

1108


quienbiendent 

quigombó 

quigombô 

quiguagua 

quihuicha 

quiina blanca 

quije-lechi-yate 

quijiniquil 

quijón 

quilapele 

quilite 

quillo sisa 

quimbolillo 

quimbolito 

quimgombó 

quimile 

quimilo 

quimsa-kuchu 

quina 

quina de Cayena 

quina quina 

quina quina blanca 

quina roja 

quina-morada 

quince 

quinchincha 

quinchoncillo 

quinchonchillo 

quinchoncho 

qunché 

quinchuicha 

quinconcho 

quindio 

quingombó 

quingombô grande 

quinilla 

quinilla amarilla 

quinilla blanca 

quinilla blanca del bajo 

quinilla caimitillo 

quinilla colorada 

quinilla criolla 

quinilla de bajo 

quinilla de fruto negro 

quinilla de hojas pequeñas 

quinilla negra 

quinina 

quinina criolla 

quinine 


quinine bush 

quinine weed 

quinino 

quinino de pobre 

quinoa 

quinoa 

quinoa ayara 

quínoa de castilla 

quínoa del valle 

quinoa negra 

quinón 

quino-quino 

quinoto 

quinqua 

quinque 

quinquina 

quinsakhuchu 

quintonil 

quinua 

quínua 

quinua dulce 

quinua silvestre 

quiôiô 

quiote 

quipara 

quiquiriqui 

quiquisque 

quirambaro 

quire 

quiscamo 

quiscamote 

quisco 

quisnaniquitonale 

quita manteca 

quitacañigua 

quitachiyu blanco 

quitarán 

Quito orange 

Quito palm 

quitonquillón 

quixabá 

quixabeira 

qumpis 

rabaça 

rabaneta 

rabanete 

rabanete-de-cavalo 

rábano 

rábano de caballo 

1109


rábano picante 

rábano rusticano 

rábano rústico 

rábano salvaje 

rábano silvestre 

rábano-bastardo 

rabbit brush 

rabbit ear 

rabbit thorn 

rabbiteye blueberry 

rabo de gato 

rabo de mico 

rabo de mono 

rabo-de-cavalo 

rabo-de-coati 

rabo-de-foguete 

rabo-de-rojão 

racacha 

racadera 

rache 

rackhacha 

radicchio 

radice-bravo 

radish 

radite 

rafia 

ragweed 

railroad vine 

railway beggar-ticks 

rain tree 

rainbow cactus 

rainbow chard 

rainbow weed 

rainha-das-flores 

Rainier bilberry 

raintree 

rainunculo-brasileiro 

raisin 

raisin tree 

raíz americana 

raíz de orozuz 

raíz-doce 

rakhacha 

ram dashalong 

ram rose 

Ramanas rose 

rambutã 

rambutan 

rambután 


rambuteira 

rami 

ramie 

ramillo colorado 

ramio 

ramo de novia 

ramon 

ramón 

ramón blanco 

ramon breadnut tree 

ramontchi 

ramp(s) 

ramrash 

ramsoms 

range ratany 

rangoon bean 

raoxo 

rape 

rapeseed 

rapush 

raqacha 

rarusi 

rascadeira 

rascadera 

rascaviejo 

raspa 

raspa guacal 

raspa lengua 

raspa sombrero 

raspa-de-juá 

raspador 

raspberry 

raspberry bush 

rasponera 

rat ear 

rata-gorake 

ratanhia 

ratany 

ratta-temper 

rattlesnake weed 

rattleweed 

raxtul 

raya balsa 

rayan 

rayless aster 

rayless cranberrybush 

rayless tansyaster 

Rayner’s blueberry 

recão-de-monte 

1110


reclining date palm 

red amaranth 

red ash 

red barrel cactus 

red bay 

red bean 

red bergamot 

red bilberry 

red birch 

red cardinal 

red cedar 

red chokeberry 

red cinchona 

red clover 

red currant 

red dhal 

red dome blanket-flower 

red elder 

red elderberry 

red elm 

red faisan 

red gal 

red gram 

red haw 

red hedgehog cactus 

red hollygrape 

red huckleberry 

red ironwood 

red juniper 

red leg 

red mangrove 

red maple 

red mombin 

red oak 

red oat 

red palm 

red pepper 

red peppercorn 

red poison fruit 

red raspberry 

red root 

red santol 

red sapodilla 

red sapote 

red zarzaparrilla 

red shanks 

red sorrel 

red spruce 

red stopper 


red tea 

red traveler’s palm 

red trillium 

red wake-robin 

red whortleberry 

red-berried elder 

redberry 

redberry buckthorn 

redberry eugenia 

redberry stopper 

redbrush lippia 

redbud 

red-flowered anise 

red-flowered hedgehog cactus 

red-flowered runner bean 

red-flowered vegetable bean 

red-fruited arrow arum 

redgal 

redgum 

red-hot cattail 

red-margined bamboo 

redroot 

redroot pigweed 

red-shoot gooseberry 

red-spire 

red-spotted kiwifruit 

red-stalked plantain 

red-stemmed filaree 

redshank 

redtwig creeper 

redwood amaranth 

redwood sorrel 

reed 

reed grass 

reedmace 

regaliz 

regaliz de América 

reina de la noche 

reina de las flores 

reina gigante 

relajar 

relleno 

relógio 

relógio-altéa-bastarda 

remédio-de-vaqueiro 

remolacha 

remolacha azucarera 

remolacha comestible 

remolacha de huerto 

1111


remolacha de mesa 

renaco 

renaquilla 

renda-de-ouro 

repolho 

repolho-chinês 

repolho-de-Bruxelas 

repollo 

requesón violeta 

requezón 

requia 

resbalamono 

resedá 

resinweed 

resplandor 

resucitado 

resucitado rojo 

retama 

retama de escoba 

reticulate pawpaw 

reuzen amaranth 

reventón 

rhatany 

rheedia 

rhubarb 

rib-grass 

ribwort 

ribwort plantain 

rice 

rice bean 

rice grass 

rice paddy herb 

rice-of-the-earth 

ricino 

rícino 

ridged goosefoot 

ridged gourd 

riga pea 

rilha-de-boi 

rima 

rimo 

rina de gato 

rincão 

rinchão 

riñón 

riñón de montaña 

riñón de monte 

Rio Grande cottonwood 

Rio Grande palmetto 


rio nunez coffee 

riquezu 

riqui-riqui 

river beauty 

river plum 

river walnut 

river-bank grape 

riverside naval orange 

rivet wheat 

roćoló 

roast pork 

roatán 

roble 

roble americano 

roble blanco 

roble blanco de América 

roble colorado 

roble de sabana 

roble de yugo 

robleceillo 

robust coffee 

robusta coffee 

rock cranberry 

rock maple 

rock melon 

rock palm 

rock purslane 

rocket 

rocket salad 

Rocky Mountain bee plant 

Rocky Mountain cherry 

Rocky Mountain flax 

Rocky Mountain flowering 

raspberry 

Rocky Mountain juniper 

Rocky Mountain maple 

Rocky Mountain nut pine 

Rocky Mountain red cedar 

Rocky Mountain scrub oak 

Rocky Mountain strawberry 

rocopica 

rocot uchu 

rocotillo 

rocoto 

rocú 

roda 

rododendro 

roebuck berry 

rokkoto 

1112


roleso 

romã 

romã-de-granada 

romaine 

romaine lettuce 

Roman chamomile 

romaza 

Romanzoff coco palm 

romerito 

romero 

romínowa 

rompecaite 

rompe-gibão 

rompezaragüelles 

ron de laurel 

ron de malagueta 

root-beer tree 

roquete 

roquette 

rosa 

rosa blanca 

rosa china 

rosa de California 

rosa de Jamaica 

rosa de montaña 

rosa de Siria 

rosa Jamaica 

rosa japonesa 

rosa morado 

rosa ramanas 

rosa rugosa 

rosa silvestre 

rosa silvestre de California 

rosa sínica 

rosa-almiscarada 

rosa-amarela 

rosa-aromática 

rosa-canina 

rosacisa 

rosada 

rosada verde 

rosa-da-China 

rosa-damasco 

rosa-de-cão 

rosa-de-Damasco 

rosa-de-maio 

rosa-de-Provença 

rosadinha 

rosa-dos-ventos 


rosal-de-cem-folhas 

rosal-romano 

rosa-madeira 

rosa-marinha 

rosa-mole 

rosa-mosqueta 

rosario shimbillo 

rosary pea 

rosa-selvagem 

rosa-vermelha 

rosáwori 

rosca pacae 

rose apple 

rose hips 

rose tuna 

roseau 

roseau cane 

rose-flowering raspberry 

rosela 

rosella 

roselle 

roselle hemp 

rosemary 

rosemary mint 

rose-of-Sharon 

roseroot 

rosetillo 

rosewood 

rosilla 

rosinweed 

rosmarinho 

rosy periwinkle 

rotilla 

rouce 

rouco 

rough agave 

rough century plant 

rough pigweed 

rough tongues 

roughbark lignum-vitae 

rough-leaved century plant 

rough-shelled macadamia nut 

rough-shelled Queensland nut 

roundberry 

round-head lespedeza 

round-leaf mallow 

round-leaf sarsaparilla 

round-leaf sorrel 

round-leaved greenbrier 

1113


rover bellflower 

rowan 

roxinho 

roxinho-rana 

royal false pawpaw 

royal palm 

royal water-lily 

rozada braba 

rozelle 

ruamahi 

ruba 

rubas 

rubber 

rubber rabbit-brush 

rubber tree 

rubia 

rucki 

rucma 

rucola 

rúcola 

rucú 

rúcula 

ruda 

ruddles 

rue 

rue anenome 

ruema 

ruffle palm 

rufinde 

Rugel’s false pawpaw 

Rugel’s pawpaw 

Rugel’s plantain 

rugola 

rugosa rose 

rugula 

ruhuas 

ruibarbo 

ruibarbo medicinal 

ruibarbo-da-China 

ruichao 

rui-re’gö 

rukam 

rulo 

rum cherry 

rumara 

rumberry 

rumu-racacha 

runa 

runchu 


runeala plum 

runner bean 

running buffalo clover 

running mallow 

running pop 

rupina caspi 

ruri 

ruro de paloma 

rurus 

rurusí 

rush nut 

rusí 

russet buffaloberry 

Russian millet 

Russian mulberry 

Russian tarragon 

Russian thistle 

rusty blackhaw 

rusty haw 

rustyleaf 

ruta 

rutabaga 

ruta-de-cheiro-forte 

ruta-hortensis 

ruta-montana 

ruta-sativa 

ruue 

ruyaq waña 

rye 

saayab 

saba nut 

sabal 

sabal palm 

sabalet 

sábana del lagarto 

sabanaemico 

sabanero 

sabar jaboticaba 

sabelección 

sabía 

sabía dulce 

sábila 

sabina 

sabina americana 

sabina de la costa 

sabina de Virginia 

sabina horizontal 

sabina morena 

sable palm 

1114


sabonete de soldada 

saboneteira 

sabre bean 

sabugueiro 

sabugueiro-da-Europa 

sabugueiro-do-Canadá 

sabugueiro-maior 

sabugueiro-verdadeiro 

sacabuche 

sacacil 

sacarracacha 

sacatón 

sácere 

sach papaya 

sacha achote 

sacha aguajillo 

sacha anona 

sacha barbasco 

sacha bombanaje 

sacha caimito 

sacha cashú 

sacha chopé 

sacha curarina 

sacha foster 

sacha guayaba 

sacha huito 

sacha inche 

sacha inchi 

sacha macho 

sacha manga 

sacha mango 

sacha mangua 

sacha mangue 

sacha nisperillo 

sacha níspero 

sacha pandicho 

sacha papa 

sacha papa morada 

sacha peanut 

sacha poroto 

sacha puruto 

sacha quinilla 

sacha ubilla 

sacha uvilla 

sacha yuchi 

sachafruto 

sachahuasca 

sachapapa 

sacha-pera 


sachaporoto 

sachapua 

sachapuruto 

sachi 

sachón 

sackysac inga 

saco 

saco-de-mucura 

sacra mancua 

sacred lotus 

sacumana 

sacupembinha 

sacutiaba 

sada 

sadajii 

saeme 

saeme’sim 

saetilla 

safflower 

saffron 

saffron plum 

safranoria 

sagalita 

sage 

sage tree 

sagebrush mariposa 

sago palm 

sago pondweed 

sagu 

sagú 

saguaro 

saguaro cactus 

sagui 

saguinto 

saha 

sahuaro 

sahuintu 

Saint John’s bread 

Saint Vincent arrowroot 

saj 

sajo 

sak chucum 

sak piixoy 

saka 

sakiab 

sakil 

sakil poshil majben 

sal 

salad 

1115


salad burnet 

salad lettuce 

saladillo 

salado 

salak palm 

salaka 

salaka palm 

salal 

salamander tree 

salgadeira 

salgueiro 

salgueiro-branco 

salicaire 

salicor 

salicórnia 

salmonberry 

saloop 

salsa 

salsa-americana 

salsa-brava 

salsa-das-hortas 

salsa-de-cheiro 

salsa-de-praia 

salsafrás 

salsa-frisada 

salsa-limão 

salsão 

salsão-selvagem 

salsaparrilha 

salsaparrilha-de-Pará 

salsifí 

salsify 

salsinha 

salt greens 

salt-and-pepper 

saltbush 

saltweed 

saltwort 

salva 

salva real 

salva-das-boticas 

salvaje 

salva-limão 

salva-ordinária 

salva-verdadeira 

salveta 

sálvia 

salvia 

salvia blanca 


sálvia-do-Marajó 

sálvia-dos-jardins 

salvia negra 

salvia purgaperro 

salvia silvestre 

sama 

samaan 

samambaia-do-campo 

samambaia-verdadeira 

saman 

samán 

samanguare 

Samarang rose apple 

samaúma 

samdec 

samik 

samp 

samphire 

San Andres 

San Gabriel 

San José hesper palm 

San Pablo 

San Rafelito 

San Ramón 

sanaho 

sanango 

sanango macho 

sanango ucho 

sand amaranth 

sand blackberry 

sand bramble 

sand cherry 

sand cedar 

sand dropseed 

sand grape 

sand hickory 

sand mustard 

sand palm 

sand rocket 

sand tomato 

sand verbena 

sand violet 

sandal 

sandalo 

sandalo-do-Brasil 

sande 

sandhill amaranth 

sandhills amaranth 

sandhills pigweed 

1116


sandia 

sandía 

sandía de culebra 

sandía de la pasión 

sandillo 

sandla 

sangoracha 

sangorache 

sangre 

sangre de toro 

sangregao 

sangrino blanco 

sangro 

sangue-de-boi 

sangue-de-gato 

sanguisorba 

sanía 

sansapote 

santa clara 

Santa Lucía 

santa maría 

santa maría blanca 

santol 

sanwa millet 

São-Caetano 

são-pedro 

sa-ouro 

sapaelis 

sapallu 

sapayo 

sapina 

sapo huasca 

sapodilla 

sapodilla plum 

sapodillo 

sapokaia 

sapota 

sapota-do-Peru 

sapota-do-Solimões 

sapota-macho 

sapote 

sapote amarillo 

sapote apestoso 

sapote blanco 

sapote colorado 

sapote culebra 

sapote de montaña 

sapote de monte 

sapote prieto 

sapote yacu 

sapote-grande 

sapoti 

sapotiaba 

sapotilha 

sapotilla 

sapotillo 

sapotina 

sapotinha 

sapotón 

saptur 

sapucai nut 

sapucaia 

sapucaia-branca 

sapucaia-do-Amapá 

sapucaia-grande 

sapucaia-mirim 

sapucaínha 

sapucayo 

sapucha 

sapuche 

sapuchi 

saputá 

sapuyo 

saquil 

saquisaqui 

saquiyac 

sara 

sara pijuaio 

saragundín 

saramago 

saramullo 

saramuyo 

saranda 

sara-pifuayo 

sarasara 

sarca-amoreira 

sarcillos 

sargazo 

sarilla 

saro 

sarocloco 

sarraceno 

sarrapia 

sarrapia real 

sarrapio 

sarsaparilla 

sarsaparilla vine 

sarsil 


1117


sarzaparrilla 

sasafrás 

Saskatoon serviceberry 

sassafrac 

sassafras 

sassafrás 

sassafras nut 

sassafrás-amarelo 

sastra 

satajche 

satajchi 

satasche 

satin leaf 

satputia 

satsuma 

satsuma orange 

satuchi 

saturéia 

satureja 

sauarai 

saucecillo 

saucillo 

sauco 

saúco 

sauco común 

saúco del Canadá 

saúco del nordeste 

saúco peruano 

saúde-do-corpo 

saunan-yek 

sauwi 

savadilla 

savana bully tree 

savannah palm 

savila 

savin red cedar 

saw grass 

saw palm 

saw palmetto 

sawarri fat 

sawarri nut 

sawbrier 

sawtooth mountain-mint 

saxifraga 

saxifrax 

saya 

scalybark hickory 

scarlet amaranth 

scarlet beebalm 


scarlet brush 

scarlet bugler 

scarlet elder 

scarlet maple 

scarlet passionfruit 

scarlet runner 

scarlet runner bean 

scarlet strawberry 

scarlet sumac 

scented rocket 

schisohsiom 

scoke 

scot’s bonnet 

scotch bonnet 

scotch kale 

scotch lovage 

scotch marigold 

scotch spearmint 

scotch thistle 

scratchthroat 

screw bean 

screw bean mesquite 

screw pine 

scrub cabbage 

scrub hickory 

scrub palmetto 

scrub plum 

scrub ziziphus 

scuppernong 

scurfpea 

scury pea 

sea bean 

sea blight 

sea eryngo 

sea fig 

sea grape 

sea hibiscus 

sea holly 

sea island cotton 

sea lungwort 

sea lyme-grass 

sea milkwort 

sea oats 

sea oxeye 

sea pea 

sea purslane 

sea rocket 

sea vines 

sea watch 

1118


sea-almond 

seacoast abronia 

seacoast angelica 

seakale 

seakale beet 

seamberry palm 

seashore lupine 

seashore palm 

seaside bean 

seaside brookweed 

seaside clover 

seaside grape 

seaside mahoe 

seaside oxeye 

seaside plum 

seaside tuna 

sebo 

seboa 

sebucán 

sebul 

secana 

seco 

secona 

seda 

seed-on-the-leaf 

seep monkeyflower 

sego lily 

segolily mariposa 

segra seed 

segurelha 

segurelha-de-verão 

seiyou 

seja 

seje 

seje grande 

seje hembre 

seje pequeño 

sejito 

self-heading philodendron 

self-heal 

self-heal 

selga 

selloum 

selva-branca 

semente-de-soja 

semeruco 

semheeya 

semilla de anís 

semilla de soja 


semilla del Perú 

semilla del ricino 

Seminole balsamo 

Seminole bread 

Seminole pumpkin 

semito 

semitoo 

sempervivum 

sempiri 

sempreverde 

sem-vergonha 

senccapuscu 

senebone bean 

Senegal date palm 

Senegal-gum 

senita 

senna 

sensitive fern 

senteebyebee 

sentul 

sequa 

serbal 

serbo 

serení 

sereque 

seresa 

serin 

serin de culebra 

serin de niguey 

seringa 

seringa-itaúba 

seringa-real 

seringa-taúba 

seringa-verdadeira 

seringa-vermelha 

seringueira 

serita 

sernambi 

serón 

serpent grass 

serraia 

serraja lechosa 

serralha 

serralha-brava 

serralha-lisa 

sertãozinho 

seruaia 

service tree 

serviceberry 

1119


servilleta 

servilleta del pobre 

sesa 

sesame 

sésamo 

sesban 

sesbania 

seso vegetal 

sessile trillium 

sete-casacas 

seven-year apple 

seven-year bean 

seville orange 

shaa yapit 

shack-shack 

shadblow 

shadbush 

shaddock 

shadescale 

shagbark hickory 

shaggy purslane 

shaina 

shakahak yaas 

shallca yucca 

shallja 

shallon 

shallot 

shambre 

shambu 

shambu huayo 

shambu quiro 

shamburi 

shambu-shambu 

shampoo ginger 

shamrock 

Shank’s blackberry 

Shantung cabbage 

shapaja 

shapaja 

shapajilla 

shapurutu 

sharari 

sharharakua 

shash 

shasha 

shaska shakyas 

shato 

shatter stone 

Shawnee salad 


shebón 

sheep sorrel 

sheep’s sorrel 

sheepberry 

shell flower 

shell ginger 

shellbark hickory 

shellmound apple-cactus 

shepherd’s needle 

shepherd’s purse 

shia-pa 

shibwichi 

shihuahuaco 

shila blanca 

shimbile 

shimbillo 

shimbillo menuda 

shimbu 

shimi-panpana 

shimpich 

shining sumac 

shinnini 

shiny-leaved wild coffee 

shiquishi 

shirihuaco 

shiringa 

shiringa amarilla 

shiringa arana 

shiringa legítima 

shiringa maposa 

shiringa masha 

shiso 

shita 

shiwamuyo 

shoe black 

shoe flower 

shore lupine 

shore podgrass 

shortleaf fig 

short-staple American cotton 

short-toothed mountain-mint 

shot huckleberry 

showy evening-primrose 

showy milkweed 

showy mountain ash 

showy Navajo tea 

showy primrose 

shrub althea 

shruru 

1120


shu ainchi 

shucte 

shuiya 

shulla muyo 

shulpac 

shunga 

shuposacha machoa 

shyash poshil 

sia 

siama 

siamba 

Siberian buckwheat 

Siberian crab 

Siberian purslane 

sibili 

siccha muyo 

Siciya 

sickle pod 

sickle senna 

sicómoro 

sicupira 

sida 

sierra chinkapin 

sierra chinquapin 

Sierra Juárez piñon 

sierra juniper 

sierra maple 

sierra palm 

sierra plum 

sierran palm 

sierrilla 

siete caldos 

siete colores 

sieva bean 

sigalón 

siglalón 

siglo 

sigloalón 

siguapa 

siguiya 

síi 

sijan 

sikiya 

silandro sabanero 

silene 

silion blanco 

silk cotton tree 

silk cottonwood 

silk flower 


silkgrass 

silkweed 

silkworm mulberry 

silky sophora 

silva-silva 

silver buffalo berry 

silver buffaloberry 

silver fir 

silver maple 

silver palm 

silver thatch palm 

silver vine 

silverbell tree 

silverberry 

silverscale saltbush 

silverthorn 

silvertop 

silverweed 

silverweed cinquefoil 

silverwood 

silvery orach 

sima 

simaba 

simarouba 

simiente dulce 

simiri locust 

simito 

simonillo 

simorilla 

simpler’s-joy 

Simpson’s apple-cactus 

Simpson’s stopper 

simsim 

šimták 

sina 

siname 

sinami 

sinamillo 

sincamas 

sinchama 

sincuya 

sínfito 

singe rouge 

single-leaf pine 

single-leaf pinyon 

sinini 

sinita 

sinkle bible 

sipo-timbo 

1121


siquilla 

siquiya 

siraku k’amataraku 

siricote 

sirima 

siringa 

siringa legítima 

siringa mapa 

siriphal 

sirpe 

sirpe hembra 

sirpe macho 

sirsirsijo 

sirvulaca 

sisagua 

sisal tuxtlecs 

sisino 

sísip 

sisterly violet 

sitabaro 

sith 

sitiquira 

sitka mountain ash 

situlli 

sivuli 

six weeks bean 

six-rowed barley 

skapín 

skeleton plant 

skittle nut 

skunk bush 

skunk currant 

skunk grape 

skunkbush sumac 

skunkweed 

skyduster 

skyflower 

sleek sumac 

sleeping hibiscus 

slender mariposa lily 

slender nettle 

slender white prairie clover 

slim amaranth 

slimleaf wall-rocket 

slipper gourd 

slippery cabbage 

slippery elm 

slöe 

small cranberry 


small greenbrier 

small nettle 

small soapweed 

small Solomon’s seal 

small tropaeolum 

small wild plum 

smaller red-root 

small-flowered penstemon 

small-fruited papaya 

small-leaved paloverde 

smallspine pitaya 

small-spined cream pincushion 

smartweed 

smooth amaranth 

smooth black-haw 

smooth ground-cherry 

smooth-leaved sotol 

smooth loofah 

smooth pear 

smooth pigweed 

smooth rose 

smooth senna 

smooth sotol 

smooth star apple 

smooth sumac 

smooth withe-rod 

smooth-shell 

smooth-shelled macadamia nut 

smooth-shelled Queensland nut 

smyrnium 

snailseed 

snake gourd 

snake withe 

snake wood 

snakewood 

snakewood tree 

snaky 

snap bean 

snap pea 

snapweed 

snow trillium 

snowball 

snowball viburnum 

snowbell 

snowberry 

snowbrush 

snowdrop tree 

snow-on-the-mountains 

snowy cactus 

1122


snowy mespilus 

soap plant 

soapberry 

soapbloom 

soap-tree yucca 

soapweed 

soapweed yucca 

soapwood 

socoró 

socosóchil 

socovite 

soda 

soda-maior 

sófora 

soft maple 

softstem bulrush 

soga 

sogorome 

soja 

soja-chinesa 

soledad pine 

solera 

solimán 

solocaballo 

Solomon’s plume 

Solomon’s seal 

sombonaza 

sombra-de-touro 

sompantle 

soncoya 

Sonoran palmetto 

Sonoran panic-grass 

sontol 

sonzapote 

soperí 

sorb 

sorb apple 

sorghum 

sorgo 

soroclocco 

soroco 

sororoca 

sorosi 

sorrel 

sorrel dock 

sorrel tree 

sorva 

sorva gum 

sorva-da-mata 


sorva-do-Peru 

sorva-grande 

sorva-maparajuba 

sorva-miuda 

sorva-pequena 

sorvarana 

sorveira-brava 

sorvinha 

sosa 

soso 

sota caballo 

sota cabello 

soto 

sotocaballo 

sotol 

sotol brillante 

sotol de desierto 

souari 

souari fat 

souari nut 

sour berry 

sour cactus 

sour cherry 

sour dock 

sour gum 

sour lime 

sour orange 

sour pear 

sour pitaya 

sour tupelo 

sourberry 

sourgrass 

sourie 

soursob 

soursop 

sour-top blueberry 

sourwood 

South American apricot 

South American cotton 

South American holly 

South American locust 

South American lupine 

South American ocotea 

South American royal palm 

South American sapote 

South American sassafras 

South American tea 

South American traveler’s palm 

southern bayberry 

1123


southern blackhaw 

southern California black 

walnut 

southern California walnut 

southern cane 

southern cattail 

southern crab 

southern cranberry 

southern dewberry 

southern elder 

southern false serviceberry 

southern fox grape 

southern gooseberry 

southern hackberry 

southern huauzontle 

southern juneberry 

southern juniper 

southern magnolia 

southern mountain cranberry 

southern pea 

southern red cedar 

southern red juniper 

southern red maple 

southern slöe 

southern soapberry tree 

southern sugar maple 

southern sumac 

southern wild rice 

southern wild senna 

southwestern barrel cactus 

sow berry 

sow thistle 

sowa 

sowbane 

soy 

soya 

soya bean 

soyal 

soyate 

soybean 

spadic 

spaghetti squash 

Spanish arrowroot 

Spanish bayonet 

Spanish bayonnette 

Spanish cane 

Spanish cherry 

Spanish dagger 

Spanish gooseberry 


Spanish grape 

Spanish licorice 

Spanish lime 

Spanish machete 

Spanish mulberry 

Spanish nectarine 

Spanish needle 

Spanish physic nut 

Spanish plum 

Spanish potato 

Spanish stopper 

Spanish tarragon 

Spanish tea 

Spanish thyme 

spanitzote 

sparkleberry 

sparrow’s dung 

spatterdock 

spearmint 

spearscale 

speckled wood-lily 

spelt 

speltz 

spice 

spice guava 

spicebush 

spider lily 

spiderflower 

spiderwisp 

spiderwort 

spiked loosestrife 

spiked millet 

spikenard 

spilanthes 

spililixcutni 

spinach 

spinach beet 

spinach dock 

spineless cactus 

spineless yucca 

spinho preto 

spinks 

spiny bamboo 

spiny black currant 

spiny desert hackberry 

spiny hackberry 

spiny moon cereus 

spiny pigweed 

spiny thistle 

1124


spiny-club palm 

spinystar 

spiral-flag 

spirit-weed 

spleen amaranth 

split-leaf philodendron 

sponge gourd 

sponge tree 

spoon plant 

spoonflower 

spotted beebalm 

spotted touch-me-not 

spotted wintergreen 

spreading amaranthspreading 

dayflower 

spreading pigweed 

spring cress 

spring onion 

springbank clover 

springbeauty 

sprouting pincushion cactus 

spruce 

spurge nettle 

spurry 

squash 

squash gourd 

squash pepper 

squashberry 

squaw apple 

squaw berry 

squaw currant 

squaw grass 

squaw huckleberry 

squaw mint 

squaw tea 

squaw vine 

squawbush 

squawroot 

squirrel-banana 

squirrel-tail grass 

St. John’s coontie 

St. John’s wort 

St. Peter’s palm 

staff-vine 

stagbush 

staghorn sumac 

stalangaxcutni 

Stanford’s manzanita 

stangler fig 


star anise 

star apple 

star cucumber 

star fruit 

star gooseberry 

star tulip 

starbush 

star-nut palm 

star-plum 

starwort 

stave wood 

sterappel 

stévia 

stevice 

stick ground-cherry 

sticktight 

sticky cape 

sticky currant 

sticky ground-cherry 

sticky hopbush 

sticky laurel 

stiff-leaved bear grass 

stiff tumbleweed 

stilt palm 

stilt-root palm 

stinging nettle 

stink currant 

stink-bush 

stinking ash 

stinking Benjamin 

stinking clover 

stinking gourd 

stinking laurel 

stinking passion-flower 

stinking toe 

stinking wall-rocket 

stinking weed 

stinking Willie 

stock rose 

stone age wheat 

stone bramble 

stone groundnut 

stone mint 

stone pine 

stonebreaker 

stonecrop 

stoneseed piñon 

stork’s-bill 

straggling mariposa lily 

1125


strand wheat 

straw lily 

strawberry 

strawberry blite 

strawberry cactus 

strawberry guava 

strawberry hedgehog cactus 

strawberry myrtle 

strawberry pear 

strawberry shrub 

strawberry spinach 

strawberry tomato 

strawberry tree 

stretchberry 

string bean 

striped maple 

strongbark 

stuffing cucumber 

sua 

suari 

suari nut 

suari tree 

suassureçá 

suayaui 

sub-alpine fir 

subi-irã 

subul 

succulent hawthorn 

suchicahue 

sucuba 

sucupira 

sucupira-branca 

sucuúba 

Sudan gum-Arabic 

Sudanese tea 

suelda 

suelda consuelda 

suelda-suelda 

sufricalla 

sugar apple 

sugar bean 

sugar beet 

sugar bush 

sugar cane 

sugar grape 

sugar leaf 

sugar maple 

sugar palm 

sugar pine 


sugar sumac 

sugarberry 

sugú 

suia 

suiti 

sullucu 

sumac 

sumach 

sumaúma 

sumaúma-verdadeira 

sumaumeira 

summer grape 

summer haw 

summer pumpkin 

summer savory 

summer squash 

summer watercress 

summerberry 

sumn 

sumpweed 

sunchoke 

sundial lupine 

sundrops 

sunflower 

súngano 

sunkash 

sunkash 

sunsapote 

sunset hibiscus 

sunset musk-mallow 

sun-sun 

sunza 

sunzapote 

supay ocote 

supha 

supinim yutai 

supinin 

supua 

surcil-de-vênus 

surf grass 

suri 

suribio 

Surinam cherry 

Surinam plum 

Surinam purslane 

Surinam quassia 

Surinam spinach 

surrumbo 

surucuína 

1126


Sururu 

susumber 

susumber 

suyate 

suyché 

suyu 

swallowwort 

swamp black currant 

swamp black gum 

swamp bulrush 

swamp cabbage 

swamp cabbage tree 

swamp cranberry 

swamp fern 

swamp immortelle 

swamp kukarua 

swamp leaf 

swamp lily 

swamp maple 

swamp milkweed 

swamp morning-glory 

swamp onion 

swamp pear 

swamp potato 

swamp red currant 

swamp saxifrage 

swamp sugar pear 

swamp tupelo 

swamp white oak 

swampbay 

swampwood 

sweet acacia 

sweet alice 

sweet anise 

sweet apple 

sweet arrowwood 

sweet basil 

sweet bay 

sweet bay tree 

sweet bell pepper 

sweet broom 

sweet calabash 

sweet cassava 

sweet cherry 

sweet cicely 

sweet coltsfoot 

sweet corm root 

sweet corn root 

sweet cucumber 


sweet cup 

sweet fennel 

sweet flag 

sweet gale 

sweet garcinia 

sweet goldenrod 

sweet granadilla 

sweet herb of Paraguay 

sweet hibiscus 

sweet hottentot fig 

sweet inga 

sweet javril 

sweet lippia 

sweet locust 

sweet lucerne 

sweet mace 

sweet mallow 

sweet manioc 

sweet marigold 

sweet marjoram 

sweet mary 

sweet mountain grape 

sweet olive 

sweet orange 

sweet palm 

sweet pea 

sweet pepper 

sweet pigweed 

sweet pitaya 

sweet potato 

sweet quinoa 

sweet red pepper 

sweet rocket 

sweet root 

sweet sage 

sweet sand-verbena 

sweet shrub 

sweet sorghum 

sweet viburnum 

sweet violet 

sweet winter grape 

sweet woodruff 

sweet yam 

sweet-after-death 

sweetbay 

sweetbay magnolia 

sweet-bean locust 

sweet-berried juniper 

sweetcup 

1127


sweetfern 

sweet-fruited juniper 

sweetgum 

sweetie 

sweetroot 

sweet-scented cactus 

sweet-scented marigold 

sweetshoot bamboo 

sweetsop 

sweetvetch 

Swiss chard 

Swiss-cheese plant 

switch cane 

sword bean 

sycamore 

syrup palm 

t’uthub 

t-mundaya 

ta 

ta-ru-sí 

tabachín 

tabaco 

tabaquillo 

tabari 

tabasco 

tabena 

tabil 

tabla shimbillo 

tablote 

taboc 

taboca 

tabog 

tabua 

tacacá 

tacaco 

tacamahaco 

tacay 

tacay nut 

tache 

tachiore 

tachuelo 

taco 

tacón 

tacona bacalau 

taconcillos 

tacote 

tacso 

tacsonia 

tacua mishi 


tacuá mishí 

tacurero 

tadumo 

tagso 

tagua 

tagua nut palm 

tagua palm 

tagua passionflower 

taguapire 

tagua-tagua 

Tahiti mombin 

Tahitian quince 

Tahitian spinach 

Tahitian taro 

tahoka daisy 

taiá 

taiá-japonês 

taiás 

taiazes 

taimiá de cipó 

taimiá de comer 

taioba 

taioba-São-Tomé 

taiuva 

taiúva 

taiuva-vermelha 

tajá 

tajá-de-cobra 

tája-de-cobra 

tajauba 

tajiba 

tajuba 

tajuba-de-espinho 

tajumas 

tajuva 

tajuvao 

takenoto 

taknam 

takone 

takup 

takurushni 

tala 

talakama 

talauma 

talet bean 

talia 

tall blackberry 

tall bulruch 

tall huckleberry 

1128


tall white violet 

tall wood-sorrel 

tallote 

tallow shrub 

tallow-wood 

talo fino 

tamacayota 

tamaco 

tamalayota 

tamalayote 

tamamuri 

tamanqueira 

tamaoquare 

tamara 

támara 

tamara blanca 

tamareira 

tamareira-comum 

tamareira-das-canárias 

tamareira-do-Senegal 

tamarillo 

tamarina 

tamarind 

tamarindillo 

tamarindo 

tamarindo chino 

tamarindo de monte 

tamarindo dulce 

tamarindo silvestre 

tamarineiro 

tamarineiro-da-Índia 

tamarinheiro 

tamarinho 

tamarino 

tambor 

tambu 

tambury 

tamichil 

tampa taja 

tampala 

tampisque 

taná 

tanaceto 

tanaribe 

tanat shuiya 

tanbark oak 

tanchagem 

tanchagem lanceolata 

tanchagem maior 


tanchagem miúda 

tangare chiquito 

tangerina 

tangerine 

tangerino 

tani 

tania 

tanier 

tanier spinach 

tanner’s dock 

tannia 

tannier 

tan-oak 

tansagem 

tansharina 

tansy 

tansy mustard 

tantan 

tanyah 

tanyove 

tapabotija 

tapachichi 

tapacú 

tapaculco 

tapaculo 

tapal 

tapaón 

tapara 

tapara montañera 

taparau 

taparín 

taparito 

taparo 

taparo de caño 

taparo de monte 

taparón 

táparos 

tape 

taperebá 

taperebá-açu 

taperebá-cedro 

taperebá-do-sertão 

taperiba 

taperibá-assu 

tapete-de-oxalá 

tapia 

tapiá 

tapicuru 

tapicuruso 

1129


tapioca 

tapioca plant 

tapiramo 

tapisho 

tapishu sacha 

tapixava 

tapo 

tapón blanco 

taponu icha 

tap-rooted valerian 

taquara 

taque 

taquera 

tara vine 

tarabolií 

Tarahumara anis 

Tarahumara chia 

Tarahumara tomatillo 

taramira 

taraqui 

tarara 

tararabga 

tararanga-branca 

tararanga-preta 

tararanga-vermelha 

taraxaco 

taraxacón 

taray 

tarepe 

tarhui 

tarias 

taricuru 

tarkwa 

taro 

tarragon 

tarragón 

tártago 

tartary buckwheat 

taruco yoco 

tarui 

tarumã 

tarumã-cheiroso 

tarumã-de-várzea 

tarumã-guazu 

taruya 

tarwi 

tasajillo 

tasajo 

táscate 


tasco 

tasi 

taso 

tassel flower 

tataguiba 

tataiba 

tataiuva 

tatajiba 

tatajuba 

tatajuba-de-espinho 

tatajuba-de-espinho 

tatajuca 

tatajuca 

tatajuva 

tatane 

tatapiririca 

tatarema 

Tatarian buckwheat 

tataybá 

tatayibá 

tatayieva 

tatayiva 

tata-yuba 

tatayvá 

tatz zitmakum 

tauá 

tauari 

tauarí 

tauarisinho 

tauary 

tauba 

taura 

tauri 

taurí 

taurniro 

tauso 

taveso 

tawíshru papájiri 

tawny day-lily 

tax 

taxo 

taymarito 

tayota 

tayuva 

tazo 

tchutchú-bem-púm 

té 

té argentino 

té azteco 

1130


té brasileño 

té cedrón 

té de España 

té de México 

té de milpa 

té de país 

té de Santa María 

té de yerbabuena 

té del monte 

té del país 

té del Paraguay 

té español 

té limón 

té Mormón 

té nurite 

te’batai 

tea 

tea fern 

tea palm 

tea plant 

teaberry 

teaweed 

teberinto 

tecomate 

tecosxocoyolli 

tecuico 

teel 

tegüe 

teilplant 

teixo 

tejocote 

tejocote cimarrón 

tejocote rojo 

tejoruco 

tejotillo 

temara 

temare 

temare amarillo 

temare montañero 

temare rebalsero 

temari 

temariti 

temarito 

temarito banero 

temarito rebalsero 

temarote rebalsero 

temasqui 

tembe 

tembé 


tembé-tayá 

temiche 

temiche palm 

temo 

tempé 

tempeh 

tempenchile 

tempesquistle 

tempesquixtle 

tempiote 

tempisque 

tempiste 

tempixque 

tempixte 

tempixtle 

temple flower 

temple tree 

ten months yam 

tencanencahue 

tenera 

tenga 

Tennessee red cedar 

tentar shuina 

tento-pequeno 

teometl 

teosinte 

teosinto 

teozintle 

tepari 

tépari 

tepary bean 

tepehuaje 

tepejilote 

tepejilotillo 

tepemesquite 

tepescohuite 

tepesquis-uchil 

tepesquite 

tepexocoyolli 

tepezquite 

tepezquitl 

tepin 

tepín 

tepopote 

teposano 

teposcohuite 

tepoza 

tepozán 

tepozán blanco 

1131


tequesquitote 

tequila agave 

terciopelo 

terebinto 

terés 

terminalia 

teshuate 

tesota 

testículos 

teta de burra 

tetilla 

tetón 

tetragônia 

teunacaztli 

Texan bean 

Texas black walnut 

Texas ebony 

Texas madrone 

Texas mahonia 

Texas mimosa 

Texas mulberry 

Texas palmetto 

Texas persimmon 

Texas sotol 

Texas tarragon 

Texas thistle 

Texas walnut 

Texas mallow 

texócotl 

tezón-zapote 

thaco 

thak’chook’ uut’ 

thako 

thatch grass 

thatch palm 

thiiw 

thimbleberry 

thin-leaved huckleberry 

thipaak 

thistle 

thistle amarillo 

thistle comestible 

thistle común 

thistle de la lanza 

thistle de la ondulado-hoja 

thistle de Texas 

thistle enano 

thistle escocés 

thistle gris 


thistle pálido 

thistle sage 

thornless blackberry 

thornless rukam 

thorny bamboo 

thorny locust 

thread palm 

threeleaf piñon 

three-color violet 

three-leaf sumac 

three-leaved yam 

threetip sagebrush 

thyme 

tica 

ticazo 

ticazo-cipó-da-Colômbia 

tickclover 

tickseed 

ticuahndi 

tie-tie 

tie-tongue 

tifa 

tiger cacao 

tiger lily 

tiger nut 

tigerflower 

tigre yoco 

tigrito 

tih ti 

tijeras ango muyo 

tikas 

til 

tila 

tilandsia 

tilapo 

tilia 

tilo 

tilo americano 

timbe 

timben 

timber bamboo 

timbo 

timbó 

timbó-cipó 

timbó-de-peixe 

timbo legítimo 

timbó liane 

timbo-urucu 

timbo-vermelho 

1132


timbolillo 

timbo-manso 

timbós 

timbó-sipo 

timbre 

timu-ambi 

timuri 

tinajuito 

tinalujo 

tineco 

tiñedientes 

tingana 

tingui 

ti-nixpu 

tinker’s weed 

tintillo 

tintin 

tintuk 

tinturera 

tipi 

tipiti 

tiquiharo lisas 

tiquiño 

tiquisque 

tirá 

tiraco 

tirimo 

tiriguro 

tirinch 

tiririca-de-babado 

tirita 

tisicu panga 

tisswood 

titara 

titi 

titiá 

titiribá 

tlacote 

tlalxonpili 

tlapahuaxpatli 

tlaxisqui 

tlaxistle 

t-nuyá 

toa 

toad sorrel 

toad trillium 

toad vine 

toadflax 

toadshade 


tobacco 

tobacco brush 

tobacco-root 

tobalá 

toborochi 

tobasiche 

tocari 

tochitl 

tocino caimito 

tocte 

tocus 

tocuz 

toda la vida 

todai-gusa 

todasaguas 

toddy palm 

tõha 

toji 

tollon 

tollón 

Tolmie star-tulip 

tolok 

tolu balsam 

tolum tomate 

tomarillo 

tomate 

tomate arenoso 

tomate chileno 

tomate chimango 

tomate cimarrón 

tomate coyote 

tomate de agua 

tomate de árbol 

tomate de arena 

tomate de arenoso 

tomate de arvore 

tomate de campo 

tomate de cáscara 

tomate de castilla 

tomate de diablo 

tomate de indio 

tomate de la arena 

tomate de la paz 

tomate de lima 

tomate de palo 

tomate del campo 

tomate del monte 

tomate del serrano 

tomate érvore 

1133


tomate extranjero 

tomate francés 

tomate francês 

tomate granadilla 

tomate inglês 

tomate mora 

tomate riñón 

tomate salvaje 

tomate silvestre 

tomate uchu 

tomateiro da serra 

tomateiro inglês 

tomatilla 

tomatillo 

tomatillo cimarrón 

tomatillo cimarrón del Perú 

tomatillo del monte 

tomatillo groundcherry 

tomatillo negro 

tomatillo silvestre 

tomatl 

tómatl 

tomatl arenoso 

tomatl xalli 

tomato common 

tomato pepper 

tomazquitl 

tomcat clover 

tomilho 

tomillo 

tompimil 

tongo 

tongue pricklypear 

tonka 

tonka bean 

tonka bean tree 

tonka tree 

tonquin bean 

tonto rande 

toókee 

toomecocoriu 

toothed serviceberry 

toothpick cactus 

toothwort 

topa 

topán 

topee-tambo 

topee-tambu 

topeetampo 


topi 

topinambour 

topinambur 

topinámbur 

topiro 

tópiro 

topitambo 

topi-tambo 

topi-tamboo 

topocho 

topotopo 

toquilla 

toquillo 

toranja 

torch cactus 

torch ginger 

torch thistle 

torém 

torém-abacate 

torém-folha-de-lixa 

toreta 

tormentil 

tornasol 

tornillo 

toronche 

toronche de castilla 

toronche de cerro 

toronche pequeño 

toronchi 

toronja 

toronjil 

toronjil morado 

toronjina 

toronjo 

torote prieto 

Torrey amaranth 

Torrey ephedra 

Torrey pine 

Torrey’s joint fir 

Torrey’s yucca 

torta(s) 

tortora 

tortuga blanca 

tortuga caspi 

tortugo amarillo 

toruri iurhiri 

tossa jute 

tostado 

totai 

1134


totaí 

totoa-yoco 

totocal 

totonaco 

totora 

totorilla 

totorillo 

totoyam plantain 

totozapotl 

totumillo 

totumo 

touple nambours 

tous les mois 

towe bean 

toyoba brava 

toyoea 

toyon 

toyón 

tracuá 

tragorigano quauhnahuacense 

trailing chinquapin 

trailing raspberry 

trailing wild raspberry 

transage 

transagem 

trapiá 

trapichero 

trapoeraba-azul 

traponu-icha 

traveler’s palm 

treacle berry 

treacle mustard 

tread-softly 

trébol 

trébol Amarillo 

trébol intermedio 

tree anise 

tree chili 

tree cholla 

tree clover 

tree cotton 

tree cranberry 

tree fern 

tree huckleberry 

tree melon 

tree of life 

tree orchis 

tree papaya 

tree pear 


tree pepper 

tree sorrel 

tree spinach 

tree tomato 

tree yucca 

tree-calabash 

trefilo 

Trelease’s beavertail 

pricklypear 

trema 

tremoco 

tremoço 

tremoço-amarelo 

tremoço-amarelo-doce 

tremoço-branco 

tres filos 

três-corações 

trevo 

trevo-azedo 

trevo-de-agua 

trevo-mamute 

trevo-roxo 

trifoliate orange 

trifoliate yam 

trigo 

trigo de las Indias 

trigo del Inca 

trigo gentil 

trigo Inca 

trigo tropical 

trigo-da-Turquia 

trigo-de-Israel 

trigo-de-verão 

trigo-mourisco 

trigo-preto 

trigo-sarraceno 

trigrillo 

trillium 

trinitaria 

trinitario 

trinity violet 

tripa de buey 

tripa de zopilote 

triphasia trifolia 

trombos 

trompeta 

trompetero sacha 

trompetilla 

trompillo 

1135


trompillo de montana 

trompito 

trompo 

trompos 

tronadora 

tronadora 

troolie 

tropical almond 

tropical apricot 

tropical black walnut 

tropical jewel hibiscus 

tropical plum 

tropical pokeweed 

tropical spreading amaranth 

tropical walnut 

trout-lily 

true aloe 

true laurel 

Trujillo coca 

trumpet bush 

trumpet flower 

trumpet tree 

trumpet vine 

trumpetwood 

trunador 

trupa 

trupilla 

trupillo 

ts’een xiixté 

ts’ol 

ts’oom ta’ 

ts’uxuum 

tsa 

tsa’pushan 

tsaah 

tsabak 

tsachik 

tsak k’iith 

tsak patelax 

tsakam apats’ 

tsakam chikab ts’ohool 

tsakam chith 

tsakam ts’uh 

tsakam tsabalté 

tsakam tsak mokok 

tsamnek k’oyol 

tsanakw’il t’eel 

tsánku 

tsatano 


tsemantsma 

tsempu 

tsemtsem 

tsenke eep 

tsere kata 

tserékat 

tserékata 

tsiku 

tsisëcari 

tsitsiki agosturi 

tsmo 

tsol 

tsolitas 

tsootsoob olom 

tsumté 

tsuuíche 

tuber nasturtium 

tuberose 

tuberous chervil 

tuberous nasturtium 

tuberous pea 

tuberous sweetpea 

tuberroot 

tucá 

tuckahoe 

tucmã 

tuctuca 

tucujá 

tucum 

tucuma 

tucumá 

tucumã 

tucuma palm 

tucumã-açu 

tucumã-arara 

twisted stalk 

tucumá-assu 

tucumã-do-Amazonas 

tucumã-do-Pará 

tucuma-í 

tucumãí 

tucumã-í 

tucuman 

tucumã-piririca 

tucum-assu 

tucumã-uassu-rana 

tucumã-verdadeiro 

tucum-bravo 

tucum-da-serra 

1136


tucum-do-amazonas 

tucum-do-mato 

tucum-purupuru 

tucum-verdadeiro 

tucunaré-mereçá 

tucupí 

tucuriba 

tuetajo 

tuia 

tuinfa 

tukib 

tuko 

tukuro 

tula istle 

tula istle fiber agave 

tulán 

tulasuchil 

tule 

tule espadilla 

tule potato 

tule rush 

tulillo 

tulipa 

tulipán 

tulipán silvestre 

tulipancillo 

tullidora 

tulpay 

tulsie 

tumbado 

tumbarabu 

tumble pigweed 

tumblemustard 

tumbleweed 

tumbleweed amaranth 

tumbleweed 

tumbo 

tumbo costeño 

tumbo del norte 

tumbo serrano 

tumérico 

tumo 

tumpinambou 

tumutsali 

tuna 

tuna blanca 

tuna cardona 

tuna de agua 

tuna de alfajayuca 

tuna de castilla 

tuna de cobado 

tuna fina 

tuna mansa 

tuna mashua 

tuna ullush 

tunal 

tunché 

tunchi albaca 

tongue 

tunchitunch 

tunday 

tundityú 

tung-oil tree 

tunilla 

tuno 

tunto 

tuntu 

tunumi-taján 

túpan 

tupeiçaba 

tupeiçava 

tupelo 

tupelo gum 

tupí 

tupiçaba 

tupinambo 

tupinambur 

túpiro 

tupiru 

tupiticha 

tupitixa 

tupixaba 

turagua 

turaguo 

turbinto 

turia 

Turk’s cap 

Turk’s cap cactus 

Turk’s cap lily 

Turk’s head 

turkey apple 

turkey bean 

turkey-liver yam 

Turkish gram 

turma 

turmeric 

turmeric root 

turmero 


1137


turnera-de-folha-olmo 

turnip 

turnip-rooted chervil 

turpentine tree 

turquoise puya 

turquoise-berry 

turú 

turu palm 

tururu-ape 

turury 

turus 

turusí 

tus 

tuscarora 

tuscarora rice 

tushmo amarillo 

tusipono 

tusmo amarillo 

tussilagem 

tú-te-se-wa 

tuti cuaa 

tutiki 

tu-tintázuu 

tutiribá 

tutuma 

tutumilla 

tutumillo 

tutumo 

tuturubá 

tutut 

tuyo 

twelve months yam 

twinberry 

twinberry honeysuckle 

twinberry stopper 

twinflower 

twining mariposa 

twinleaf nightshade 

twitch grass 

two-eye-berry 

two-leaved toothwort 

two-rowed barley 

txuxan-pei-bainekia 

txu-xan-pei-bainekia 

txuxan-pei-huxupa 

txu-xan-pei-nimeraua 

tz’usub 

tzabac 

tzarracua tsitsiki 

tzij uch 

tzil tzil ujch’ 

tzilacayote 

tzilacayotli 

tziltzil zujch 

tziltzilzujch’ 

tzimbalo 

tzirimo 

tzol 

tzompantle 

tzonayotli 

tzuúri 

tzucoijoyó 

tzuta 

uabano 

uaçaí-chumbo 

uaçaí-mirim 

uachuá 

uachuá 

uacuri 

uaicima-do-brejo 

uaimiratipi 

uaipinu 

uajuru 

uampi 

uanani 

uapé 

uapuim-açu 

uar 

uará 

uarana 

uaraná 

uariá 

uarutama 

uasaí 

uauaçu 

uaxim 

ubacaba 

ubaia 

ubaia-do-campo 

ubalha 

ubalha-do-mato 

ubí 

ubilla 

ubim 

ubim-bravo 

ubim-com-espinho 

ubim-juriti 

ubim-uassu 


1138


ubo 

ubo colorado 

ubos 

ubuçu 

ubussu 

uca 

ucahuba 

uchi 

uchich tumashnum 

uchi-cora 

uchi-de-tambaqui 

uchirana 

ucho sanango 

uchpa mullo 

uchpa quinilla 

uchto 

uchu 

uchú 

uchu k’aspa 

uchuba 

uchuba negra 

uchuva 

ucsha-coconilla 

ucumba-da-terra-firme 

ucuqui 

ucuquí 

ucuquirana 

ucuquirana-brava 

ucuquirana de altura 

ucuquirana de selva baja 

ucuquirana de tierra firme 

ucuúba 

ucuúba-amarela 

ucuúba-branca 

ucuúba-da-terra-firme 

ucuúba-de-baixo 

ucuúba-de-igapó 

ucuúba-puna 

ucuúba-punã 

ucuúba-sangue 

ucuúba-verdadeira 

ucuúba-vermelha 

udo 

u-e 

uei nacaztli 

u-eo 

ugni 

uhih 

uichup 

uicungu 

uimáru 

uisquil 

uiti curube 

uititiriba 

uitzara 

uixi 

uji 

ujukam yaas 

ujuman 

ujushte 

ukuch 

ukuki 

ule 

uli 

ullpa mullo 

ulluca 

ulluco 

ullucu 

ulluma 

ullus 

ulmaceae 

ulúbasi 

ulúbsi 

ulukpana 

ulupica 

umari 

umarí 

umari amarillo 

umari negro 

umari rojo 

umarirana 

umbaru 

umbrella pine 

umbrella plant 

umbu 

umbu-bravo 

umburana 

umburucuya 

umbuzeiro 

umi 

umiri 

umirirana 

umiti yura 

umkokolo 

umuh 

uña de cabra 

uña de gato 

uña de vaca 


1139


unabai 

unama 

unamo 

uncú 

uncucha 

uncuchu 

unghuaray 

unguentine cactus 

ungurabe 

ungurabe morado 

unguragua 

ungurahuay 

ungurahui 

ungurahuy 

unguraui 

ungurauy 

unguravi 

ungurawi 

unha-de-boi 

unha-de-vaca 

uñi 

unicorn plant 

unkuch 

unkumutsuwake 

untuntu 

upa khisa 

upe 

upland cotton 

upland rabbitbane 

upright gossefoot 

upright yellow wood-sorrel 

upright yellow-sorrel 

uraca 

uraco 

uraná 

urcu quiru 

urd 

urero 

urgebão 

urgia 

urguia 

uri 

uricuri 

uricuri-vermelho 

uricury wax palm 

uriricuri 

urishi 

urqun sangra sangra 

urraca 

urraco 

ursa 

urtiga 

urtiga-branca 

urtiga-cansancão 

urtigão 

urubamba 

urúbisi 

urucú 

urucum 

urucúm 

urucurana 

urucuri 

urucury 

urukú 

uruma 

urumbeba 

urumbeva 

urupagua 

urupcu 

ururi 

ururucuri 

uruta 

uru-uva 

urwa gassib 

urze de brade 

usabi 

usami 

ushpa aguaje 

ushpa cacao 

ushum 

ushun 

usia-ey 

usiru 

usisuiti 

Utah aloe 

Utah juniper 

Utah oak 

Utah serviceberry 

utcju 

utcu 

utsun 

uut´ tsáah 

uva 

uva blanca 

uva branca 

uva caimarona 

uva caimarona 

uva caleta 


1140


uva camarona 

uva cimarrona 

uva de bosque 

uva de cerro 

uva de la playa 

uva de mar 

uva de monte 

uva de praia 

uva del monte 

uva marina 

uva menudo 

uva montes 

uva negra 

uva de Oregón 

uva pasa 

uva roxa 

uva seca 

uva silvestre 

uva-de-macaco 

uva-do-japão 

uva-do-mato 

uva-do-rio 

uva-espim 

uvaia 

uvaia-do-mato 

uvalama 

uvalde big-tooth maple 

uvalha 

uvas de mar 

uvaua 

uva-ursina 

uvayema 

uvera 

uvero 

uvero de playa 

uvero extranjero 

uvero macho 

uví 

uvilla 

uvilla blanca 

uvilla grande 

uvillo 

uvinha 

uvita 

uvita de monte 

uvita negra 

uvito 

uvito noble 

uvo 


uvo de anís 

uxi 

uxi-amarelo 

uxi-liso 

uxi-pucu 

uxicoroa 

uxi-corôa 

uxicuruá 

uxí-do-igapó 

uxipuca 

uxipucu 

uxirana 

uxirana-do-igapó 

uzxaca 

vaca monte 

vaca paleta 

vacavilla 

vacina-do-brejo 

vaco 

vacuá 

vacum 

vacuno 

vacunzeiro 

vagem 

vagem-feijão 

vagisco 

vagueo 

vaina 

vainilla 

vai-vem 

valamuerto 

valerian root 

valeriana 

valeriana amarilla 

valeriana mexicana 

valley oak 

valmoura 

vampi 

vanilla 

vanilla cactus 

vanilla leaf 

vanilla of Bahia 

vanilla of Brazil 

vara blanca 

vara casha 

vara de María 

vara de oro 

vara de San José 

vara dulce 

1141


vara real 

varaduz 

varía 

varía negra 

varía prieta 

varilla 

varillo 

varnish tree 

varnish-leaf 

vassoura 

vassoura-de-botão 

vassoura-de-relógio 

vassoura-vermelha 

vassourinha 

vassourinha-da-nossa-senhora 

vassourinha-de-botão 

vassourinha-doce 

vassourinha-mofina 

vassourinha-santa 

vassourinha-tupiçaba 

vaxi 

vaxiva 

vaya de porcelana 

vegetable butter 

vegetable gourd 

vegetable ivory 

vegetable marble 

vegetable marrow 

vegetable oyster 

vegetable pear 

vegetable sponge 

velas de coyote 

velvet apple 

velvet bean 

velvet seed 

velvet sumac 

velvet tree 

venado panga yura 

vencenuco 

Venezuelan walnut 

venturosa 

venus comb 

verano shimbillo 

verbasco 

verbena 

verbena regional 

verdecito 

verdín 

verdolaga 


verdolaga chivatera 

verdolaga de playa 

verdolagas 

verdolaguilla 

verdura 

vergamota 

vernônia 

verraco 

veru caimito 

vervena 

vesper-flower 

vetch 

vetiver 

veza 

veza común 

vi apple 

vi chico 

viborán 

viborana 

viburnum 

Victoria Regia 

Victoria squash 

Victoria water-lily 

vid 

vid silvestre 

viejillo 

viejito 

vik 

vimarú 

viña 

vinagar pear 

vinagreira 

vinagreira-do-campo 

vinagrera 

vinagrillo 

vinagrilo 

vinca 

vine maple 

vine mesquite 

vine spinach 

vinegar tree 

vino huayo 

vinorama 

viñuela 

violet 

violet prairie clover 

violet wood-sorrel 

violeta 

violeta de campo 

1142


violeta de jardín 

violeta del país 

violet-stemmed taro 

Virginia arrow-arum 

Virginia bugleweed 

Virginia cress 

Virginia ground-cherry 

Virginia mountain-mint 

Virginia poke 

Virginia springbeauty 

Virginia strawberry 

Virginia water horehound 

Virginia waterleaf 

Virginian cedar 

Virginian pencil cedar 

virola 

virola grande 

virote huayo 

virraca 

virreina 

virundis 

visguerio 

víspero 

vitis 

vito 

vitoc 

Vitoria 

Vitória Régia 

vitu 

viviparous bistort 

viznaga 

viznaga de lima 

voadeira 

vogel kop 

volador 

voladora 

volat 

Volga wild rye 

vomitel colorado 

voodoo devil chaser 

wa’na 

waashe 

waaya 

wadanidi-ishadu 

wafer parsnip 

wafer-ash 

wa-heé 

wai 

waiateima 


waiki plum 

wait-a-bit tree 

wait-a-minute tree 

wake-robin 

wal pooy 

wal puchun 

wolis tsol 

walking-stick cactus 

wall bur-cucumber 

wall goosefoot 

wall pepper 

wall rocket 

walnut 

walnut tree 

wampakar 

wampee 

wampi 

wan’tox tih’ may 

wana’yuk 

wapáimas 

wapatoo 

wara 

warabi 

washí 

Washington naval orange 

Washington palm 

washingtonia-de-saia 

watchman 

water agrimony 

water apple 

water arum 

water ash 

water avens 

water beech 

water blinks 

water calalu 

water caltrop 

water chestnut 

water chestnut vegetable 

water chickweed 

water chinquapin 

water cress 

water dragon 

water fern 

water gum 

water hawthorne 

water hickory 

water hyacinth 

water leaf 

1143


water lemon 

water lily 

water lotus 

water millet 

water mint 

water nut 

water nuts 

water oak 

water oats 

water onion 

water parsley 

water parsnip 

water pimpernel 

water plantain 

water purifying tree 

water rice 

water shamrock 

water snakeweed 

water speedwell 

water spinach 

water trfoil 

water tupelo 

water yam 

watercress 

waterleaf 

water-lily 

watermelon 

waternut 

water-nymph 

water-parsley 

water-shield 

watervine 

waterweed 

wavy-leaved thistle 

wax apple 

wax bean 

wax currant 

wax gourd 

wax jambu 

wax mallow 

wax myrtle 

wax palm 

wax wood 

waxberry 

waxgourd 

waxwork 

waya pais 

wayan 

wayan ‘ak 


wayãpi 

wayúr mayna 

weak-stem mariposa lily 

Weber’s agave 

Weber’s century plant 

wedgeleaf gooseberry 

weed 

weedy evening-primrose 

wee-ki 

weeping podocarpus 

weew uut’ 

welsh onion 

wesochai ejichü 

west coast apple-cactus 

West Indian almond 

West Indian avocado 

West Indian ben 

West Indian birch 

West Indian cherry 

West Indian cherry laurel 

West Indian elm 

West Indian gherkin 

West Indian gooseberry 

West Indian goosefoot 

West Indian grape 

West Indian hot pepper 

West Indian laurel-cherry 

West Indian laurel fig 

West Indian lemongrass 

West Indian lime 

West Indian locust 

West Indian pumpkin 

West Indian redwood 

West Indian tea 

West Indian vanilla 

West Indian walnut 

West Indian woodsorrel 

West Indies cherry 

West Indies mimosa 

West Indies Walnut 

western bistort 

western blackberry 

western boxelder 

western buckthorn 

western chokecherry 

western crab 

western dewberry 

western dog violet 

western elderberry 

1144


western hemlock 

western honey mesquite 

western juniper 

western larch 

western marsh marigold 

western mountain ash 

western oak 

western orange-cup lily 

western prickly pear 

western raspberry 

western red raspberry 

western redbud 

western sand cherry 

western shadbush 

western springbeauty 

western squaw lettuce 

western sweet-cicely 

wettinia palm 

wheat 

wheatgrass 

Wheeler’s sotol 

Whipple’s yucca 

white apple 

white amaranth 

white bark raspberry 

white bean 

white birch 

white brittlebush 

white brush 

white bully tree 

white butternut 

white candlewood 

white carrot 

white cedar 

white charlock 

white chia 

white clover 

white currant 

white cushaw 

white eddo 

white evening-primrose 

white faisan 

white fir 

white fringe tree 

white goosefoot 

white gourd 

white Guinea yam 

white horehound 

white horse nettle 


white indigoberry 

white Jerusalem artichoke 

white jute 

white locust 

white lupine 

white mandarin 

white mariposa 

white mulberry 

white mustard 

white oak 

white pepper 

white pigweed 

white pine 

white popinac 

white poplar 

white potato 

white prairie clover 

white prairie-sage 

white pumpkin 

white quinoa 

white rocket 

white sage 

white sapote 

white sassafras 

white squirrel-banana 

white stopper 

white swallow wort 

white sweet clover 

white trout lily 

white violet 

white wake-robin 

white walnut 

white water-lily 

white yam 

white-alling 

whiteback 

whiteball acacia 

whitebark pine 

whitebay 

white-flowered gourd 

white-flowering raspberry 

white-heart hickory 

white-skinned star apple 

white-stem filaree 

white-stem gooseberry 

whorled mallow 

whorled mint 

whortleberry 

whytee 

1145


wi’chunun 

wichari 

widieko 

wilapele 

wild allspice 

wild almond 

wild apple 

wild arugola 

wild azalea 

wild bamboo 

wild banana 

wild basil 

wild bean 

wild beardless rye 

wild beet 

wild bergamot 

wild bergamot beebalm 

wild bergamot horsemint 

wild black cherry 

wild black currant 

wild buckwheat 

wild cabash 

wild cabbage 

wild cacao 

wild cachiman 

wild calla 

wild camass 

wild cane 

wild caraway 

wild carrot 

wild cashew 

wild celery 

wild celery-parsley 

wild cerasee 

wild chataigne 

wild cherimoya 

wild cherry 

wild chervil 

wild chicory 

wild cinnamon 

wild cocoa 

wild cocolmeca 

wild cocoplum 

wild coffee 

wild coriander 

wild cranberry 

wild cucumber 

wild currant 

wild damson 


wild date 

wild date palm 

wild dragon 

wild eggplant 

wild endive 

wild fennel 

wild flax 

wild garlic 

wild ginger 

wild goose plum 

wild gouma 

wild gourd 

wild grape 

wild guava 

wild honey-tree 

wild hyacinth 

wild hyssop 

wild jícama 

wild kaimit 

wild leek 

wild lemon 

wild lettuce 

wild licorice 

wild lilac 

wild lime 

wild liquorice 

wild lupine 

wild mammey 

wild mammy 

wild manzanilla 

wild marjoram 

wild mastic 

wild millet 

wild mimosa 

wild mint 

wild mustard 

wild oat 

wild okra 

wild olive 

wild onion 

wild pansy 

wild passion-flower 

wild pawpaw 

wild pea 

wild peanut 

wild pear 

wild pepper 

wild pepper-grass 

wild pineapple 

1146


wild plantain 

wild plum 

wild potato 

wild potato vine 

wild prairie rose 

wild proso millet 

wild pumpkin 

wild pumpkin gourd 

wild quinoa 

wild radish 

wild raisin 

wild red cherry 

wild rhuda 

wild rice 

wild rocket 

wild rose 

wild rue 

wild rye 

wild sage 

wild sapote 

wild sarsaparilla 

wild sasparilla 

wild semitoo 

wild senna 

wild snowball 

wild sorrel 

wild soursop 

wild spider flower 

wild spikenard 

wild spinach 

wild star apple 

wild strawberry 

wild succory 

wild sugar apple 

wild sugar cane 

wild sweet crab 

wild sweet potato 

wild sweetsop 

wild taman 

wild tamarind 

wild tapioca 

wild taro 

wild tarragon 

wild tea 

wild tobacco 

wild turnip 

wild water lemon 

wild wheat 

wild zapote 


wild-bean 

wild-kers 

wildrice 

willow 

willow herb 

wimba 

winamoru 

winding mariposa lily 

wine grape 

wine palm 

wine raspberry 

winecups 

wingaca 

winged bean 

winged pea 

winged sumac 

winged yam 

winged-stemmed grape ivy 

winter cherry 

winter cress 

winter crookneck 

winter grape 

winter huckleberry 

winter melon 

winter purslane 

winter sage 

winter savory 

winter squash 

winter straightneck squash 

winter tarragon 

winter’s bark 

winterberry 

wintergreen 

wira caspi 

wiregrass 

wirink 

wiri-wiri 

wisa nañay 

wisteria 

witageño 

witch grass 

witch hazel 

witloof 

wocomahi 

wocomahi agave 

wolfbean 

wolfberry 

wonderbean 

wonderberry 

1147


wong-bok 

wonkapin 

wood avens 

wood garlic 

wood leek 

wood lily 

wood strawberry 

woodland passionflower 

woodland strawberry 

wood-nettle 

woody pyrul 

woolly nipple cactus 

woolly sweet cicely 

woolly white 

woollyjoint pricklypear 

woollypod milkweed 

wooly blue violet 

wooly leaf sapote 

wooly manzanita 

wooly mint 

wooly-berry manzanita 

worcesterberry 

worm weed 

wormseed 

wormwood 

worry vine 

Wright’s saltbush 

wulo 

Wyoming paintbrush 

xachum 

xacub 

xaltomatl 

xaltotomatl 

xaquitato 

xaricamata 

xatamo 

xatano 

xate 

xaté 

xate hembra 

xate macho 

xbal-che’ 

xbisil 

xëbi atsa 

xëqui 

xexuá 

xhas toch 

xiaat 

xiat 


xicaco 

xicoria 

xila 

xiquima 

xixá 

xixiro 

xkolocmaax 

xmacal 

xmayum 

xnuk kuum 

xobots’ 

xochinacaztli 

xoconostle 

xoconostli cardón 

xocoyolli 

xocoyolli cimarrón 

xocoyolli criollo 

xoya atsa 

xoyen ak’ 

xoyo 

xta 

xtez 

xubaco 

xumetl 

xuru 

xurú 

xutsun pathum 

xuxu 

xylosma 

xzapatillo 

yá 

yaa 

yaas 

yaas silvestre 

yabuticaba 

yaca 

yacaratiá 

yacá-yacá 

yacci 

yaco de cuero 

yaco-huito 

yacon 

yacón 

yacon strawberry 

yacu granadillo 

yacu shimbillo 

yacuma 

yacure 

yacuruna huito 

1148


yag lachi 

yaga 

yaga-biguichi 

yaga-bixihui 

yaga-de-guiche 

yaga-hui 

yaga-huil 

yaga-huizaa 

yaga-piquiche 

yage 

yagé-yoco 

yagua 

yagua palm 

yaguareté-ka’á 

yaguarmuyu 

yaha 

yahuarayo blanco 

yahuarhuayo colorado 

yail ba’ ade 

yaís 

yajuji 

yalaguitu 

yam 

yam bean 

yamagua 

yamaguey de costa 

yamakainim 

yamao 

yambo 

yame 

yame amarillo 

yame blanco 

yame papa 

yampa 

yampak 

yampé 

yampee 

yampi 

yampí 

yampie 

yaná 

yana bole 

yana mariba 

yana papa 

yana suytu 

yana wiraqucha 

yanaquero 

yanquapin 

ya-ntsin-tsu 


yanuco 

yapadu 

yape 

yapo 

yapoteco 

yaque 

yaraguana de costa 

yaraguey 

yarayara 

yarazo 

yard bean 

yard grass 

yard-long bean 

yarero de Margarita 

yari 

yarina 

yarina blanca 

yarinilla 

yarre patado 

yarrow 

yarumo 

yarure 

yas 

yash-tul 

yasitara 

yaso 

yataí 

yatay 

yatay palm 

yatiguá 

yattahou 

yauari 

yauhtli 

yau-ku 

yaupon 

yaupon holly 

yaurero 

yautia 

yautía 

yautía amarilla 

yautía blanca 

yautía bravia 

yautía de coco 

yautía guayamera 

yautia horqueta 

yautía horqueta 

yautía malanga 

yautía manola 

yautía morada 

1149


yautía palma 

yautía rolliza 

yautía viaquera 

yautía vinola 

yavaide 

yavarí 

yawa 

yaxcí 

yayajabico 

yayu huito 

yba-puru 

ybira catú 

yedra 

yekuana 

yellow abelmoschus 

yellow adder’s tongue 

yellow alder 

yellow balm 

yellow bamboo 

yellow bark 

yellow bedstraw 

yellow bee plant 

yellow bells 

yellow bird of paradise 

yellow bristlegrass 

yellow buttons 

yellow cacao 

yellow cane 

yellow chili 

yellow cleome 

yellow chestnut oak 

yellow day-lily 

yellow dhal 

yellow dock 

yellow elder 

yellow fawnlily 

yellow foxtail 

yellow fritillaria 

yellow fritillary 

yellow genip 

yellow glacierlily 

yellow gram 

yellow granadilla 

yellow grandilla 

yellow guava 

yellow Guelder rose 

yellow hibiscus 

yellow Himalayan raspberry 

yellow Indian-plant 


yellow jaboticaba 

yellow locust 

yellow lupin 

yellow lupine 

yellow mariposa 

yellow mombin 

yellow monkeyflower 

yellow mustard 

yellow nelumbo 

yellow nut-grass 

yellow nut-sedge 

yellow oxalis 

yellow paloverde 

yellow passion fruit 

yellow penstemon 

yellow Peruvian chili 

yellow pine 

yellow pitaya 

yellow pond lily 

yellow prairie violet 

yellow puccoon 

yellow rocket 

yellow root 

yellow sage 

yellow sand-verbena 

yellow sapote 

yellow sorrel 

yellow spider-flower 

yellow squirrel-banana 

yellow star apple 

yellow sweet clover 

yellow thistle 

yellow trefoil 

yellow trumpet bush 

yellow trumpet flower 

yellow unicorn plant 

yellow vetchling 

yellow water lily 

yellow wood-sorrel 

yellow yam 

yellowberry 

yellow-groove bamboo 

yellow-paint root 

yellow-spined thistle 

yema de huevo 

yemenca 

yepenemoncawe 

yerba de alambre 

yerba de ángel 

1150


yerba de la mula 

yerba de las muelas 

yerba de limón 

yerba de maté 

yerba de mora 

yerba de reuma 

yerba de Santa María 

yerba de seda 

yerba guinea 

yerba leche 

yerba limón 

yerba luisa 

yerba maté 

yerba mora 

yerba sagrada 

yerba santa 

yerbanís 

yeren 

yerén 

yerva de la culebra 

yeso 

yew 

yew plum-pine 

yew podocarpus 

yiauhtli 

yilo 

yita pericoó 

yitu bishi 

yiwa chińa 

ymaad 

yoco 

yoco colorado 

yoco de brujo 

yoco negro 

yoco verde 

yoco-cu 

yocoro 

yoco-yajé 

yokohoma velvetbean 

yo-lachi 

yolillo 

yolosuchil 

yoloxóchitl 

yona rao 

yoquito 

yori 

yorón 

yoshin coshqui rao 

ysaño 

yu 

yu-’y 

yuai 

yuapon holly 

yuaqué 

yuca 

yuca agria 

yuca amarga 

yuca amarilla 

yuca blanca 

yuca brava 

yuca cimarrona 

yuca de bejuco 

yuca de la jalca 

yuca de ratón 

yuca guariche 

yuca Inca 

yuca morada 

yuca seca 

yucca 

yuco 

yucú 

yucute 

yuiubi 

yuku-ñini 

yumanasa 

yumanaza 

yume 

yuncatomate 

yungay 

yunípero 

yunípero arboreo 

yunípero rastrero 

yuplón 

yuquilla 

yuquilla de ratón 

yuquito 

yurac saputi 

yuraq lisas 

yute 

yutes 

yuto blanco 

yutwinaek 

yuvia 

yuy 

yuyo 

yuyo de ojas 

yuyuba 

yuyu-chonta 


1151


yva he’e 

yvaporoity 

yvavi’ju 

y-vira 

yvyrá jakatú 

z’olivo 

zabala fruit 

zábila 

zabucajo 

zacate barqueño 

zacate de perla 

zacate guinea 

zacate inglés 

zacate limón 

zacate privilegio 

zacate violeta 

zacatón 

zacayahucli 

zacoub 

zalamera 

zambo 

zamboa 

zambujo 

zamuritow 

zanahoria 

zanahoria blanca 

zanahoria lisas 

zanca de mula 

zancona 

zanoria 

zapallito italiano 

zapallitos de árbol 

zapallo 

zapallo del tiempo 

zapallu 

zapalote 

zapatero 

zapatillo negro 

zapatito del obispo 

zapayo 

zapote 

zapote agrio 

zapote amarillo 

zapote blanco 

zapote bobo 

zapote bolo 

zapote borracho 

zapote cabello 

zapote chico 


zapote chupachupa 

zapote colorado 

zapote de ave 

zapote de carne 

zapote de cartagena 

zapote de chango 

zapote de mico 

zapote de monte 

zapote de niño 

zapote de tierra 

zapote domingo 

zapote faisán 

zapote grande 

zapote injerto 

zapote maduro 

zapote mamey 

zapote mico 

zapote morado 

zapote negro 

zapote negro silvestre 

zapote prieto 

zapote tatú 

zapote verde 

zapotilla amarilla 

zapotillo 

zapotillo amarillo 

zapotillo blanco caniste 

zapotillo bravo 

zapotillo de montaña 

zapotillo de pena 

zapotón 

zapoxihul 

zapuyul 

zara 

zaragosa 

zaranda 

zarandaja 

zarcillo 

zarcillos 

zarza 

zarzamora 

zarzamora de la grande 

zarzamora de loma 

zarzamora silvestre 

zarzaparrilla 

zaya 

zchirpe 

zebra wool 

zecale 

1152


zericote 

zerumbet 

zicaque 

zig-zag bamboo 

zimbro 

ziricote 

zirzelim 

zit-zuch 

zocato 

zocohuite 

zolive 

zompán 

zopa 

zorra 

zorra de limón 

zorrillo 

zorrillo real 

zorrocloco 

zoxohuite 

zoyamiche 

zucchini 

zukurate 

zulú 

zulu nut 

zumaque 

zumaque aromático 

zumbo 

zumpantle 

zumzapote 

Zuni tomatillo 

Zunza 

Zunzapote 


1153



1154


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