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Published by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity ISBN 92-9225-444-8 Copyright © 2012, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views reported in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Convention on Biological Diversity. This publication may be reproduced for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holders, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Secretariat of the Convention would appreciate receiving a copy of any publications that use this document as a source. Citation Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel—GEF (2012). Impacts of Marine Debris on Biodiversity: Current Status and Potential Solutions, Montreal, Technical Series No. 67, 61 pages. About STAP The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel comprises seven expert advisers supported by a Secretariat, which are together responsible for connecting the Global Environment Facility to the most up to date, authoritative, and globally representative science. http://www.unep.org/stap For further information, please contact: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity World Trade Centre 413 St. Jacques Street, Suite 800 Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2Y 1N9 Phone: 1(514) 288 2220 Fax: 1 (514) 288 6588 E-mail: secretariat@cbd.int Website: http://www.cbd.int Typesetting: Em Dash Design Cover photos courtesy of (top to bottom): 1. Fabi Fliervoet on Flickr 2. NOAA’s National Ocean Service on Flickr 3. NOAA’s National Ocean Service on Flickr 4. Cesar Harada on Flickr
contents Foreword ............................................................................................ 5 List of Acronyms ......................................................................................6 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................7 Key Messages .........................................................................................8 Section 1: Impacts of marine debris on biodiversity 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................11 1.2 Defining the problem .......................................................................12 1.3 Methodology ...............................................................................13 1.4 Results .....................................................................................14 1.5 Discussion ..................................................................................23 Section 2: Strategies to Address the Challenge of Marine Debris 2.1 Institutional responses .......................................................................27 2.2 Examples of Successful Strategies to Reduce Marine Debris: Lessons from Waste Management and Recycling ...........................................................30 2.3 Reuse and reduction .........................................................................31 2.4 Producer responsibility ......................................................................32 2.5 Incentives for collection and recycling ........................................................33 2.6 Other Economic instruments ................................................................34 2.7 Resources, not wastes ........................................................................35 2.8 Engagement with business leaders ...........................................................36 2.9 Support awareness building in coastal communities ...........................................36 Conclusions .........................................................................................38 References ...........................................................................................39 Annex 1: Information extracted from reports and publications in relation to documented encounters between marine debris and an organism ..............................................60 Annex 2: Limitations of the data available ............................................................61
Page 1: Secretariat of the Convention on Bi
Page 7 and 8: Foreword Impacts of Marine Debris o
Page 9 and 10: AcknowLedgements Impacts of Marine
Page 11 and 12: Impacts of Marine Debris on Biodive
Page 13 and 14: section 1: Impacts of marine debris
Page 15 and 16: Section 1: Impacts of marine debris
Page 17 and 18: Number of individuals (Mean ± SE)
Page 19 and 20: Number of individuals Number of pap
Page 25 and 26: Number of species 140 120 100 80 60
Page 29 and 30: Section 2: Strategies to Address th
Page 41 and 42: eFerences * Indicates original refe
Page 43 and 44: University, National Oceans Office
Page 45 and 46: University, National Oceans Office
Page 47 and 48: Marencic, H. & Vlas, J. de (Eds.),
Page 49 and 50: microplastics: a call for research.
Page 51 and 52: 1984, Honolulu, US Department of Co
Page 53 and 54: *Meylan, A. (1978). The behavioural
Page 55 and 56:
*Pettit, T., Grant, G. & Whittow, G
Page 57 and 58:
*Sazima, I., Gadig, O., Namora, R.
Page 59 and 60:
pp. 387-429 NOAA Technical Memorand
Page 61 and 62:
*Young, L., Vanderlip, C., Duffy, D
Page 63:
Annex 2: Limitations of the data av
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