Chronic oil pollution in Europe - International Fund for Animal Welfare

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80 Appendix III Chronic Oil Pollution in Europe West of Britain, Ireland and Irish Sea - recently well covered, vulnerability atlas available. • Seabirds in the area: internationally important breeding populations of auks, cormorants and gannets. Some breeding seaduck. Internationally important pathway for numerous species of migratory seabirds. Wintering auks (pelagic and coastal), divers, seaduck, cormorants (all coastal) and some gannets (pelagic). • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: extensive studies of seabirds at sea (Webb et al. 1995a, Pollock et al. 1997), continued in recent years (Mackey et al. 2004); information on wintering coastal seabird and waterfowl concentrations (Lack 1986). • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: vulnerability atlas produced, using species-specific OVI analysis and monthly seabird abundance data (Webb et al. 1995b). • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: locally very high; clearly identified seasonal and spatial patterns in sensitivity (Webb et al. 1995b). Channel and Celtic Sea - at least locally data-deficient. UK waters recently well covered, vulnerability atlas available. • Seabirds in the area: internationally important breeding populations of cormorants and gannets. Some breeding auks. Internationally important pathway for numerous species of migratory seabirds. Internationally important wintering area for auks (pelagic and coastal), divers, cormorants (coastal) and some gannets and seaduck. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: extensive studies of seabirds at sea (White & Webb 1995, Webb et al. 1995a), much less comprehensive data on seabird numbers at sea in French waters (some anecdotal data: Creswell & Walker 2001, Mustoe 2001, Walker et al. 2004). • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: vulnerability atlas produced, using species-specific OVI analysis and monthly seabird abundance data (Webb et al. 1995b). • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: locally very high; clearly identified seasonal and spatial patterns in sensitivity published for UK waters (Webb et al. 1995b); very high, at least in winter, in French waters; localised around major breeding colonies in summer. Bay of Biscay - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: breeding cormorants. Internationally important wintering areas for auks (pelagic and coastal), gannets, and maybe cormorants. Internationally important pathway for numerous species of migratory seabirds. Wintering divers and locally certain seaduck (all coastal). • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: non-integrated ship-based and aerial surveys in recent years, partly in response to the Erika oil spill, methodology different for each project (Bretagnolle et al. 2004, Castège et al. 2004, Valeiras et al. 2005, ESAS unpublished data); some additional anecdotal data: Creswell & Walker (2001, Mustoe (2001), Walker et al. (2004). • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: In the Bay of Biscay, an OVI evaluation has been made only for a small well studied area in the southeast of Brittany (47°34' - 46°40' N / 3°18' - 1°57' W; Recorbet 1998, 2001). Otherwise, an analysis has never been undertaken; difficult at present with available material and certainly with major gaps in knowledge. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: at least locally very high in winter, as demonstrated by recent major oil spills; unknown in summer.
Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic coasts - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: breeding auks, and cormorants. Internationally important pathway for numerous species of migratory seabirds. Wintering auks (pelagic and coastal), gannets, divers, seaduck and cormorants (coastal) in insufficiently known numbers. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: seaduck monitoring, including aerial surveys, in coastal waters (Rufino & Neves 1990); recent studies of the offshore distribution of seabirds currently under way (SEO and SPEA, data loggers, aerial surveys and ship-based surveys; no results published yet). • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: analysis never undertaken. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: at least locally very high in winter, as demonstrated by recent major oil spills; unknown in summer, but probably lower. The Azores, Canaries, Cape Verde Islands (Macaronesia) - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: no breeding species of the highest sensitivity, wintering seabirds such as auks and gannets relatively dispersed and therefore not immediately at risk. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: Recent studies of the offshore distribution of seabirds currently under way (SEO and SPEA, data loggers, aerial surveys and ship-based surveys; no results published yet); anecdotal information within published papers and grey literature. • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: analysis never undertaken. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: several rarer species of seabirds in lower vulnerability categories in the area; offshore distribution patterns not clear. Western Mediterranean - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: breeding cormorants, important numbers of wintering auks, cormorants, gannets; precise numbers and distribution patterns unknown. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: Recent studies of the offshore distribution of seabirds currently under way (SEO, data loggers, aerial surveys and ship-based surveys; no results published yet); some distributional data from observations at offshore stations and from ecological seabird studies (Arcos & Oro 1996, Abelló & Oro 1998). • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: analysis never undertaken. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: several rarer species of seabirds in lower vulnerability categories in the area; offshore distribution patterns not clear. Eastern Mediterranean - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: breeding and wintering cormorants, wintering divers; precise numbers and distribution patterns unknown. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: not known. • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: analysis never undertaken and no material on area sensitivity at hand. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: several rarer species of seabirds in lower vulnerability categories in the area; offshore distribution patterns unclear. Black Sea - data-deficient. • Seabirds in the area: breeding and wintering cormorants, wintering divers and seaduck; precise numbers and distribution patterns unknown. • Systematic studies of seabirds at sea: not known • OVI evaluation and area sensitivity: analysis never undertaken and no material on area sensitivity available. • Anticipated sensitivity to chronic oil pollution: wintering concentrations of divers and seaduck may lead to locally/temporally high vulnerability. Appendix III Chronic Oil Pollution in Europe 81
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Chronic oil pollution in Europe Kee
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Table of contents List of abbreviat
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List of abbreviations and acronyms
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2. Summary This report reviews rece
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• Recent work assessing the sensi
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3. Recommendations 3.1 National IFA
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• Following the proposals from th
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An effect of oil pollution that rea
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5. Chronic oil pollution as an issu
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Table 2 Average worldwide annual re
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c. Offshore platforms versus transp
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Type two casualties are heavily oil
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6. Measuring the scale and impact o
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The ICES Working Group for Seabird
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5 North Sea Oil Rate Analysi
Page 31 and 32: d. Detecting oil spills from space
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Page 35 and 36: 55 o 0’0”N 50 o 0’0”N 45 o
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Page 43 and 44: Anker-Nilssen (1987) assessed 17 fa
Page 45 and 46: Moderately sensitive seabirds are p
Page 47 and 48: 8. Sensitive species, sensitive are
Page 49 and 50: . Counts and drift experiments as t
Page 51 and 52: In cases when “floaters” buffer
Page 53 and 54: 10. Laws and Programs to reduce lev
Page 55 and 56: MARPOL 73/78 legally recognized tha
Page 57 and 58: Erika III In November 2005, in resp
Page 59 and 60: comply with this body of environmen
Page 61 and 62: • The sensitivity of European wat
Page 63 and 64: 12. References Abelló P. & D. Oro
Page 65 and 66: Camphuysen C.J. 1990a. Verstrikking
Page 67 and 68: European Commission 2005. Third Mar
Page 69 and 70: Kies B. & T. Tomek 1990. Bird morta
Page 71 and 72: Patin S. 1999. Environmental impact
Page 73 and 74: Verwey J. 1915. De Trekvogels, de O
Page 75 and 76: Appendix II Overall breeding (B) an
Page 77 and 78: Appendix II English name Genus Spec
Page 79: Faeroese waters - recently well cov
Page 83 and 84: f. Ghost nets Nets that become lost
Page 88: IFAW EU Office Boulevard Charlemagn
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Chronic oil pollution in Europe - International Fund for Animal Welfare

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