Sustainable Financing of MPAs - Komodo National Park

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zone. Community is also involved in coral farming and transplantation activities. Local people will eventually be involved in the rehabilitation of nearby coral reef in return of the economic benefit of coral farming. (Awriya Ibrahim 2003) It is also necessary to contribute to the capacity building of all the participating actors. Local people, and often even local government, lack knowledge and understanding of World Heritage status. In addition to this they did not perceive any direct benefit of obtaining the status. To improve this situation a program of conservation education campaign was initiated by UNESCO-WHC and an NGO. The aim is to build a stronger conservation constituency in support of the park and its efforts to promote conservation. In addition, this will help to protect the park against the threats of unsustainable resource use, population expansion, uncontrolled tourism and other forms of unregulated development. The park’s World Heritage values are also communicated to residents, visitors and the public through leaflets, booklets, pictures, posters at the information center, and through the extension activities especially aimed at elementary schools. (UNESCO-WHC) 4.2.5 Political What was already said about the political indicators in the previous section applies also for Ujung Kulon National Park. A noticeable effect of World Heritage status is the adding of weight or influence to political decision-making, which in turn reduces the threat to the site from being used for extractive purposes or being reduced in size. Local and central government have supported every policy that came from the management authority to help the protection and conservation in the park, because they know the importance of the park being a World Heritage Site. (UNESCO-WHC) 4.2.6 Environmental There are many challenges for the park management, e.g. pollution. The top source of domestic, agricultural and industrial pollution in Indonesia is Java. The population of eastern Indonesia is estimated to be 35 million. Java and Bali also produce ~70% of the national food supply largely through agriculture. Phosphate and nitrate from agriculture and sediments from logging and conversion of salt marshes and mangroves to rice paddies also flow into the marine estuaries. Land reclamation and other coastal development activities also contribute to poor water quality (Uychiaoco et al.). Other management problems include agricultural encroachment 10 , illegal logging and firewood collection from the heavily populated areas to the east. The threat of rhino poaching remains serious. Other management problems include illegal commercial fishing within park boundaries, collection of algae for agar production, and 10 One of the major threats is encroachment. Most of the local villagers are farmers and fishermen, approximately 30% of the farmers do not own land for farming. Therefore, they work as labourers for the landowners. Furthermore, most farming lands in the buffer zone rely on the rainfall, as they do not have irrigation system to support their farms. In a long dry season, farming becomes somewhat unreliable to support people’s economy. Because of (unsustainable agriculture) these difficulties, many people encroach the park and extract natural resources to fulfil their daily needs, or to earn cash by selling it to others. These activities pose threat for the National Park, as the extraction is conducted inside the park boundary, thus jeopardizing the existence of biodiversity, and the species within the park. (Rachmat Hariyadi) 25
predation of turtle eggs from nesting beaches by monitor lizards and wild boar. In addition, Selamet Datang Bay and its coral reefs have undergone siltation due to deforestation activities on Gunung Honje. Oil pollution from passing tankers remains also a potential threat (UNEP 1991). During 1994 and 1995, the World Heritage Fund provided assistance to Ujung Kulon National Park for improvements in the eastern part of the Park and for water development projects in the buffer zone. The government has also sought the cooperation of UNESCO and IUCN to improve monitoring systems to further protect the World Heritage Sites (UN). The main objectives of the participatory management approach are to promote the conservation and the sustainability of the Ujung Kulon National Park (Putro 2001). There are activities which support the conservation and protection of marine and coastal resources. Monitoring of coral reefs, reef fishes and sea weed is done in several locations in the park. Sustainable use of resources is promoted, such as the use of sea weed in traditional utilization zone (south coast), sea weed farming and the use of artificial reef. Also studies and research are done for conservation purposes. Current studies focus on turtle nesting, heart cockle and soft coral farming which searches for possible rehabilitation methods as well as marketing potentials of soft corals (Awriya Ibrahim 2003). 26
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable financing for marine pr
Page 3 and 4: 5 Conclusions and recommendations 2
Page 5 and 6: The paper is divided in five sectio
Page 7 and 8: 1.2 Sustainable financing in Marine
Page 9 and 10: 1.3.2 National level At the nationa
Page 11 and 12: 2 Indicators of sustainable financi
Page 13 and 14: • Support from local communities.
Page 15 and 16: 3 Case study: Komodo National Park
Page 17 and 18: Collaborative Management Initiative
Page 19 and 20: Finally, there are revenues coming
Page 21 and 22: the local communities on maricultur
Page 23 and 24: 4.1 Components of the financial str
Page 25: or not - for entering the park (Pan
Page 29 and 30: force is not enough to protect the
Page 31 and 32: References Awriya Ibrahim, M. (2003
Page 33 and 34: Parris, Thomas M. and Kates, Robert
Page 35: World Bank (2001). Office Memorandu

Sustainable Financing of MPAs - Komodo National Park

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