Lichen morphology and terminology
Lichen morphology and terminology
Lichen morphology and terminology
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<strong>Lichen</strong> <strong>morphology</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>terminology</strong><br />
Growth forms<br />
CRUSTOSE lichens form crusts that are so tightly attached to the<br />
rocks, trees, sidewalks, or soils they grow on that they can't be<br />
removed without damaging the substrate. Cracked crusts like this<br />
species of Acarospora (or Pleopsidium) that are separated into<br />
segments (areoles) are called areolate. Crustose lichens that grow<br />
immersed in rocks with only their fruiting bodies above the surface are<br />
called endolithic, <strong>and</strong> those that grow immersed in plant tissues are<br />
called endophloidic or endophloidal.�<br />
FOLIOSE lichens are somewhat leaf-like, composed of lobes. They<br />
are relatively loosely attached to their substrates, usually by means of<br />
rhizines (see below). Their lobes have upper <strong>and</strong> lower sides <strong>and</strong><br />
usually grow more-or-less parallel to the substrate. Umbilicate lichens<br />
are attached to their substrate only at a central point. (See Lasallia<br />
papulosa)�Lobaria linita has large, leaf-like lobes.�<br />
FRUTICOSE lichens are the most three-dimensional. They're ususally<br />
round in cross secetion (terete), <strong>and</strong> most are branched. They can be<br />
like little shrubs growing upward, or they can hang down in long<br />
str<strong>and</strong>s.Ramalina stenospora Usnea longissima�<br />
SQUAMULOSE lichens have scale-like lobes called squamules that<br />
are usually small <strong>and</strong> overlapping.The squamules of Psora<br />
pseudorusselli are edged in white. Note the brown fruiting bodies.<br />
http://www.lichen.com/bigpix/Aevolutum.html
Haematomma lapponicum Raes.<br />
Family: Lecanoraceae<br />
Common Name: Bloodspot lichen<br />
http://waynesword.palomar.edu
Family: Lecanoraceae<br />
Common Name: Rim <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
ttp://www.alm-neu.de<br />
Lecanora epibryon<br />
ttp://www.alm-neu.de
Rhizocarpon geographicum<br />
Family: Lecideaceae<br />
Common Name: Map <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
http://www.lichen.com<br />
http://www.colby.edu/geology
Nephroma arctica (L.) Torss.<br />
Family: Nephromataceae<br />
Common Name:<br />
Arctic Kidney <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff<br />
http://www.lichens.biz
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.<br />
Family: Peltigeraceae<br />
Common Name: Felt <strong>Lichen</strong> ?<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery<br />
Note black cephalodia<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.<br />
Family: Peltigeraceae<br />
Common Name: Dog lichen<br />
http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/bto/microbes<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Umbilicaria hyperborea (Ach.) Hoffm.<br />
Family: Umbilicariaceae<br />
Common Name: Navel <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
http://www.floraisl<strong>and</strong>s.is/fletmynd.htm<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Cladina mitis (S<strong>and</strong>st.) Hustich<br />
Family: Cladoniaceae<br />
Common Name: Reindeer <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff<br />
http://www.uri.edu/ce/rinhs/webpubs/lichens
Cladina rangiferina (L.) Nyl.<br />
Family: Cladoniaceae<br />
Common Name:<br />
Greygreen Reindeer <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
http://www.ars.usda.gov<br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff
Cladina stellaris (Opiz) Brodo<br />
Family: Cladoniaceae<br />
Common Name:<br />
Star-tipped Reindeer <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff<br />
http://www.uku.fi/~holopain
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.<br />
Family: Cladoniaceae Common Name: Smooth cladonia<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm.<br />
Family: Cladoniaceae<br />
Common Name: Cup <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
http://www.lichens.biz<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Bryocaulon divergens (Ach). Karnef.<br />
Family: Parmeliaceae<br />
Common Name:<br />
Heather foxhair lichen<br />
Shiny thallus<br />
Highly branched<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery
Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach.<br />
Family: Parmeliaceae<br />
Common Name: NA<br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff<br />
http://www.lichens.biz
Cetraria isl<strong>and</strong>ica (L.) Ach.<br />
Family: Parmeliaceae<br />
Common Name: NA<br />
http://www.lichens.biz<br />
http://www.swsbm.com/Illustrations
Cetraria nivalis (L.) Ach.<br />
Family: Parmeliaceae<br />
Common Name: NA<br />
http://www.bioimages.org.uk/<br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo,<br />
Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff
Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) W. Culb.<br />
Family: Pertusariaceae<br />
Common Name: Whiteworm <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/lichen/jiman/thamnolia.htm<br />
http://www.lichen.com/animals.html<br />
http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/aq/lichen
Sphaerophorus globosus (Muell. Arg.)<br />
Zahlbr.<br />
Family: Sphaerophoraceae<br />
Common Name: Globe Ball <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
www.floraisl<strong>and</strong>s.is/ fletmynd.htm<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery
Alectoria ochroleuca (Hoffm.) Mass.<br />
Family: Usneaceae<br />
Common Name: Witch's Hair<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery
Dactylina arctica (Hook.) Nyl.<br />
Family: Usneaceae<br />
Common Name: Arctic Finger lichen<br />
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp<br />
http://www.lichen.com
Alectoria sarmentosa (Ach.) Ach.<br />
Family: Usneaceae<br />
Common Name: Witch's Hair<br />
http://www.toyen.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery<br />
http://www.lichen.com
Hypogymnia austerodes (Nyl.) Raes.<br />
Family:<br />
Parmeliaceae<br />
Common Name:<br />
Tube <strong>Lichen</strong><br />
Photo from <strong>Lichen</strong>s of North America by Brodo, Sharnoff <strong>and</strong> Sharnoff
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