Word Expert Translation from German into Chinese in - Knowledge ...

serves as the object of the first verb and as the subject of the
second verb [3, p.124-125]. For example, in ������
�(��/we, �/order, �/he, �/serve, ��/representative),
there are two verbs �/send and �/serve, a pronoun�/he is
the object of �/send and the subject of �/serve (in Chinese
�/he has the same form as nominal case and as dative case).
This direct translation of the sentence is that ‘we order he
serve as representative’. The meaning is that we delegate
him to be representative. Within the word expert perspective,
we can explain this special construction without introducing
any new terminologies (as done in the rule-based grammar
theories). CWE� asks: whom is sent? CWE� asks: who
serves? CWE� answers to both: �/he.
IV. GERMAN-CHINESE WORD EXPERT TRANSLATORS
Given a sentence in German, the WOCADI parser can be
used to generate a corresponding semantic representation in
the MultiNet formalism. We need to design word expert translators
that communicate with each other, linearize themselves
to form a (nested) topic-comment structure, and transform the
MultiNet representation into Chinese sentences.
We start with a simple example to introduce the main idea.
Suppose the German sentence is Er ist ein Deutscher (He is a
German). The WOCADI parser delivers the MulitNet semantic
representation as illustrated in Figure 1: er.1.1 is the word
sense2 of the lexeme er/he; c275 represents the word expert
for a concrete individual3 subordinate (SUB) to er.1.1;
similarly, c287 represents the word expert whose concept
is subordinate to deutsche.1.1/German. The word expert
c278 has two arguments: one is the topic, c275, pointed by
ARG1; the second is the comment, c287, pointed by ARG2;
the temporal status (TEMP)ofc278 is present (present.0).
The word expert c275 posts a message: if I am the topic,
who can be my comment? The word expert c278 answers:
as far as I know, the word expert c287 is your comment. If
word expert c275 knows that his Chinese lexeme is �/he,
and word expert c287 knows that his Chinese lexeme is �
��/German, they will know that in the linearization of the
Chinese sentence c275 is before c287. The simplest case
is: ����(He German), which is indeed a valid Chinese
sentence with the same meaning as Er ist ein Deutscher. If
word expert c278 knows that his Chinese lexeme is �/is, and
knows that I shall stay between the topic and the comment
in the Chinese sentence, the Chinese sentence will be ��
���(he is German). If c278 knows that ��/now is
the Chinese lexeme meaning present and decides that his
temporal knowledge shall also be encoded in the Chinese
sentence, the Chinese sentence could be �������,
�������, �������, �������. Ifhe
knows that his temporal label shall be in front of him, the
two linearizations will be ������� and �����
��, both are valid Chinese sentences. These word experts
are now also experts for translating. Activities of each word
2 Our lexicon uses a double indexing scheme to distinguish word senses
3 Entities mentioned in the text are represented by constants c1, c2 etc.
Fig. 1. MultiNet representation of the sentence Er ist ein Deutscher (he is
a German)
expert translator comprise: to transform its German lexeme
into possible Chinese lexemes, to determine a linear ordering
relation among Chinese lexemes of a single word expert
translator, to determine whether its Chinese lexemes shall
appear in the Chinese translation, to establish a linear ordering
relation with other word expert translators by communication,
and to choose most appropriate Chinese lexemes.
A. Transforming into Chinese Lexemes
This task is to find Chinese lexemes for a given German
lexeme such that they represent the same concept. This may
not be always feasible. Some German lexemes may not
have a corresponding native Chinese lexeme, e.g. names of
Cheeses, beers, and chocolates – in German, Franziskaner
can refer to a kind of beer, and there is no corresponding
native Chinese lexeme. For those having corresponding native
Chinese lexemes, these may be different in Chinese dialects.
For example, German lexeme wir (we) can be mapped to ��
in Mandarin, �� in Shanghai dialect, �� in Canton dialect.
Chao [3] suggest that a complete lexicon shall be constructed
to make selection applicable in grammar. For the translation
from German into Chinese, we need to embed the Chinese
lexical ontologies system into the German lexical ontologies
system, and mark each Chinese lexeme with its dialect group,
while neglecting fine Chinese ontologies lexemes which do
not have corresponding German lexemes. German lexemes
which do not have native Chinese lexemes will be translated
separately.
B. Lexeme Ordering within a Word Expert Translator
A word expert in the analysis of a German sentence may
have a temporal property representing the tense. In Chinese
tense is achieved by particles: � � � � �, such as �
���� (er hat gegessen/he has eaten). The word expert
essen.1.1/eat has a temporal property past.0, which shall
be translated into the Chinese particle � and �. The corresponding
Chinese lexemes of word expert essen.1.1 are ��
���, whose linear ordering in Chinese sentence is stated
as follows.
Chinese WE Principle 4: Let L be a word expert which
may have � or �as particle. (1) if � is the only particle,
it must occur directly after L; (2) if � is the only particle, it