Word Expert Translation from German into Chinese in - Knowledge ...

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serves as the object of the first verb and as the subject of the second verb [3, p.124-125]. For example, in �� (��/we, �/order, �/he, �/serve, ��/representative), there are two verbs �/send and �/serve, a pronoun�/he is the object of �/send and the subject of �/serve (in Chinese �/he has the same form as nominal case and as dative case). This direct translation of the sentence is that ‘we order he serve as representative’. The meaning is that we delegate him to be representative. Within the word expert perspective, we can explain this special construction without introducing any new terminologies (as done in the rule-based grammar theories). CWE� asks: whom is sent? CWE� asks: who serves? CWE� answers to both: �/he. IV. GERMAN-CHINESE WORD EXPERT TRANSLATORS Given a sentence in German, the WOCADI parser can be used to generate a corresponding semantic representation in the MultiNet formalism. We need to design word expert translators that communicate with each other, linearize themselves to form a (nested) topic-comment structure, and transform the MultiNet representation into Chinese sentences. We start with a simple example to introduce the main idea. Suppose the German sentence is Er ist ein Deutscher (He is a German). The WOCADI parser delivers the MulitNet semantic representation as illustrated in Figure 1: er.1.1 is the word sense2 of the lexeme er/he; c275 represents the word expert for a concrete individual3 subordinate (SUB) to er.1.1; similarly, c287 represents the word expert whose concept is subordinate to deutsche.1.1/German. The word expert c278 has two arguments: one is the topic, c275, pointed by ARG1; the second is the comment, c287, pointed by ARG2; the temporal status (TEMP)ofc278 is present (present.0). The word expert c275 posts a message: if I am the topic, who can be my comment? The word expert c278 answers: as far as I know, the word expert c287 is your comment. If word expert c275 knows that his Chinese lexeme is �/he, and word expert c287 knows that his Chinese lexeme is � ��/German, they will know that in the linearization of the Chinese sentence c275 is before c287. The simplest case is: ��(He German), which is indeed a valid Chinese sentence with the same meaning as Er ist ein Deutscher. If word expert c278 knows that his Chinese lexeme is �/is, and knows that I shall stay between the topic and the comment in the Chinese sentence, the Chinese sentence will be �� (he is German). If c278 knows that ��/now is the Chinese lexeme meaning present and decides that his temporal knowledge shall also be encoded in the Chinese sentence, the Chinese sentence could be ��, ��, ��, ��. Ifhe knows that his temporal label shall be in front of him, the two linearizations will be �� and �� , both are valid Chinese sentences. These word experts are now also experts for translating. Activities of each word 2 Our lexicon uses a double indexing scheme to distinguish word senses 3 Entities mentioned in the text are represented by constants c1, c2 etc. Fig. 1. MultiNet representation of the sentence Er ist ein Deutscher (he is a German) expert translator comprise: to transform its German lexeme into possible Chinese lexemes, to determine a linear ordering relation among Chinese lexemes of a single word expert translator, to determine whether its Chinese lexemes shall appear in the Chinese translation, to establish a linear ordering relation with other word expert translators by communication, and to choose most appropriate Chinese lexemes. A. Transforming into Chinese Lexemes This task is to find Chinese lexemes for a given German lexeme such that they represent the same concept. This may not be always feasible. Some German lexemes may not have a corresponding native Chinese lexeme, e.g. names of Cheeses, beers, and chocolates – in German, Franziskaner can refer to a kind of beer, and there is no corresponding native Chinese lexeme. For those having corresponding native Chinese lexemes, these may be different in Chinese dialects. For example, German lexeme wir (we) can be mapped to �� in Mandarin, �� in Shanghai dialect, �� in Canton dialect. Chao [3] suggest that a complete lexicon shall be constructed to make selection applicable in grammar. For the translation from German into Chinese, we need to embed the Chinese lexical ontologies system into the German lexical ontologies system, and mark each Chinese lexeme with its dialect group, while neglecting fine Chinese ontologies lexemes which do not have corresponding German lexemes. German lexemes which do not have native Chinese lexemes will be translated separately. B. Lexeme Ordering within a Word Expert Translator A word expert in the analysis of a German sentence may have a temporal property representing the tense. In Chinese tense is achieved by particles: � � � � �, such as � �� (er hat gegessen/he has eaten). The word expert essen.1.1/eat has a temporal property past.0, which shall be translated into the Chinese particle � and �. The corresponding Chinese lexemes of word expert essen.1.1 are �� , whose linear ordering in Chinese sentence is stated as follows. Chinese WE Principle 4: Let L be a word expert which may have � or �as particle. (1) if � is the only particle, it must occur directly after L; (2) if � is the only particle, it
Fig. 2. MultiNet representation of the sentence Das Kind hat Angst und fängt an zu weinen (The Child is scared and begins to cry) shall be after L; (3) if both � and �are particles, � shall be before �besides obeying rules (1) and (2); (4) if � is used twice, besides obeying rule (2), they must be separated by lexemes of another word expert, and one must directly follow L. With the above principle, the following orderings are all understandable translations: ��– (1), ��– (2), �� – (2), ��– (1)(2)(3), ��– (1)(2)(3), �� – (2)(4). C. Determining to Appear or Not Not all the word experts of a German sentence shall appear in the translated Chinese sentence. For example, the German sentence Das Kind hat Angst und fängt an zu weinen (The Child is scared and begins to cry) shall be translated into Chinese ��(��/Kind/Child, �/Angst/scare, �/weinen/cry, �/particle), as illustrated in Figure 2. The following word experts appear in the translated Chinese sentence: kind.1.1/child (c97), weinen.1.1/cry (c138), angst.1.1/scare (c101), and haben.1.1/have (c98). The carrier (SCAR) of haben.1.1/have is kind.1.1/child, which is the actor (AGT) of both weinen.1.1/cry and anfangen.1.2/begin. The affected object (AFF) of anfangen.1.2/begin is weinen.1.1/cry, which is the second argument (ARG2) of anfangen.1.1. 4 Considering the topic-comment relations among the word experts, we find that the comment of angst.1.1/scare is weinen.1.1/cry, and that the two word experts anfangen.1.2/begin and anfangen.1.1/begin simply duplicate this topic-comment relation. Therefore, they shall not appear in the translated Chinese sentence – the redundancy is only an artifact of our deep semantic analysis. A principle is stated as follows. Chinese WE Principle 5: A word expert shall not appear in the translated Chinese sentence, if it duplicates an existing topic-comment relation. 4 This analysis reflects that if someone starts something (anfangen.1.1), then this starting actions causes something to start (anfangen.1.2). D. Ordering of Word Expert Translators For those word experts that will appear in the translated Chinese sentence, a nested topic-comment ordering shall be constructed. As we have semantic representations from WOCADI and lexemes tagged with semantic roles, topiccomment relations among word experts are not difficult to obtain – we only need to examine the description of the lexeme and the possible MultiNet constructions, to see which elements can be the comment of which other elements in the meaning representation. In Figure 2, angst.1.1/scare is the topic for weinen.1.1/cry, so we have a list (WE-angst.1.1/scare WEweinen.1.1/cry), kind.1.1/child is the topic for angst.1.1/scare, so we have (WE-kind.1.1 (WE-angst.1.1 WE-weinen.1.)). By flattening this nested structure, we have a linear ordering of the word experts: (WE-kind.1.1 WE-angst.1.1 WE-weinen.1.1). Chinese sentences can be obtained by replacing each word expert with their Chinese lexeme(s). For example, ��, ��, and �� are all understandable translations, where � is the particle of �, whose ordering follows Chinese WE Principle 4. E. Choosing Chinese Lexemes A word expert may have more than one corresponding Chinese lexeme even in one Chinese dialect. Communications among word experts are required to select the most suitable one, or to delete incompatible ones. For example, the word expert ein.1.1/a in the German phrase ein Baum (a tree) can be mapped to ��.... By communicating with the word expert Baum.1.1/tree, word expert ein.1.1/a knows that it can only be mapped to ��. This requires word experts of countable objects to have measurement information. F. A Slow Intelligence (SIS) Workflow The word expert translation system can be organized in the slow intelligence architecture [2]. Each word expert that occurs in the German parse is a unit slow intelligence system. It enumerates possible Chinese lexemes, determines possible linear orderings among themselves, and the topic-comment relation of its arguments. Word experts communicate among themselves and form a larger slow intelligence system: nested topic-comment structures are firstly enumerated, then duplicated topic-comment relation will be removed, incorrect lexemes will be pruned, ordering of particles will be linearized with lexemes of other word experts. At last possible Chinese sentences will be produced. For the German sentence Ich fällte einen Baum mit einer Axt (I cut down a tree with an ax), the MultiNet analysis results in four word experts: WE-ich.1.1/I (abbreviated WE-I in the following), WE-baum.1.1/tree (WE-tree), WE-axt.1.1/ax (WEax), and WE-fällen.1.1/cut-down (WE-cut-down). The system first creates one CWE for each word expert WE. All the CWEs are unit SIS, searching for possible Chinese lexemes and enumerating linear orders based on CWE principles. In our current German-Chinese dictionary CWE-I has one Chinese lexeme: �; CWE-cut-down has five Chinese lexemes: �� and two particles � and �;
Page 1 and 2: Word Expert Translation from German
Page 3: The CWE� answers to both: soft. A

Word Expert Translation from German into Chinese in - Knowledge ...

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