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Redalyc.La cumbia villera y el fin de la cultura del trabajo en la ...

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<strong>La</strong> <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong> y <strong>el</strong> <strong>fin</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>cultura</strong> d<strong>el</strong> <strong>trabajo</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Arg<strong>en</strong>tina <strong>de</strong> los 90 http://www.sibetrans.com/trans/trans12/art05.htm<br />

12<br />

Revista Trans<strong>cultura</strong>l <strong>de</strong> Mú<br />

Trans<strong>cultura</strong>l Music Rev<br />

#12 (2008) ISSN:1697-<br />

<strong>La</strong> <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong> y <strong>el</strong> <strong>fin</strong> <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>cultura</strong> d<strong>el</strong> <strong>trabajo</strong> <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> Arg<strong>en</strong>tin<br />

<strong>de</strong> los 90 [1]<br />

Eloísa Ma<br />

CONICET/ IDAES-UNS<br />

Resum<strong>en</strong><br />

El pres<strong>en</strong>te artículo pres<strong>en</strong>ta y contextualiza los nuevos usos <strong>de</strong> una categoría social, <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> pibe--u<br />

categoría que <strong>en</strong> su uso actual es transversal a <strong>la</strong>s divisiones g<strong>en</strong>eracionales <strong>en</strong>tre infancia, juv<strong>en</strong><br />

y adultez--a partir <strong>de</strong> su lugar <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong>. En <strong>la</strong> primera parte pres<strong>en</strong>to <strong>el</strong> contexto <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> c<br />

nace <strong>el</strong> género aquí analizado. En un segundo mom<strong>en</strong>to, propongo hacer un ejercicio comparat<br />

<strong>en</strong> que consi<strong>de</strong>raremos algunos tópicos pres<strong>en</strong>tes <strong>en</strong> <strong>el</strong> género <strong>en</strong> contraste con los valo<br />

hegemónicos y con los que no siéndolo ori<strong>en</strong>taban <strong>la</strong>s prácticas <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s g<strong>en</strong>eraciones previas <strong>de</strong><br />

sectores popu<strong>la</strong>res. Consi<strong>de</strong>raremos esta pres<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>villera</strong> vehicu<strong>la</strong>da por los pibes a través <strong>de</strong> e<br />

tipo <strong>de</strong> <strong>cumbia</strong> como disi<strong>de</strong>ncia fr<strong>en</strong>te a un i<strong>de</strong>al que ligaba <strong>el</strong> <strong>trabajo</strong> y <strong>la</strong> familia como horizo<br />

masculino, y como disi<strong>de</strong>ncia fr<strong>en</strong>te a <strong>la</strong> exclusión social. Veremos así una ambigüedad no resue<br />

<strong>en</strong>tre <strong>la</strong> ruptura con un mundo disciplinario y <strong>la</strong> reacción contra <strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong>sagregación social <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> q<br />

<strong>el</strong>los no quier<strong>en</strong> ser contro<strong>la</strong>dos ni excluidos. Se trata <strong>de</strong> un ejercicio <strong>en</strong> que, <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> comparación<br />

horizontes se vu<strong>el</strong>ve más nítida <strong>la</strong> especificidad <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> categoría analizada y d<strong>el</strong> género musical que<br />

mismo tiempo, <strong>la</strong> rev<strong>el</strong>a y ayuda a construir<strong>la</strong>. Sin embargo, al ser este contexto estructuralme<br />

ambiguo, es posible que, tanto <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s letras como <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong>s <strong>en</strong>trevistas periodísticas a los músicos,<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>t<strong>en</strong>, <strong>en</strong> r<strong>el</strong>ación al tipo <strong>de</strong> disrupción con <strong>el</strong> or<strong>de</strong>n dominante, interpretaciones difer<strong>en</strong>tes. E<br />

será analizado <strong>en</strong> <strong>la</strong> tercera parte, don<strong>de</strong> consi<strong>de</strong>raremos <strong>el</strong> rol que los medios han jugado <strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong><strong>fin</strong>ición d<strong>el</strong> espacio social ocupado por <strong>la</strong> <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong> y <strong>la</strong>s reacciones <strong>de</strong> los grupos que<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ntifican con <strong>el</strong><strong>la</strong>.<br />

Pa<strong>la</strong>bras c<strong>la</strong>ve: Sectores popu<strong>la</strong>res- Hegemonía- Resit<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

Abstract<br />

The pres<strong>en</strong>t article pres<strong>en</strong>ts and contextualizes the new uses of a social category, that of a “pibe”—<br />

category transversal to the g<strong>en</strong>erational divisions betwe<strong>en</strong> infancy, youth and adulthood—analyzing<br />

p<strong>la</strong>ce in <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong>. In the first part of the article I pres<strong>en</strong>t the context within which this mus<br />

g<strong>en</strong>re emerges. In the second part I propose a comparative exercise in which I consi<strong>de</strong>r some top<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>t in the g<strong>en</strong>re contrasting them not only with the hegemonic values but also with those ot<br />

values that, while they were not hegemonic, still ori<strong>en</strong>ted the social practices in previous g<strong>en</strong>eratio<br />

of the popu<strong>la</strong>r sectors in Arg<strong>en</strong>tina. We will consi<strong>de</strong>r this shanty town pres<strong>en</strong>ce, brought about by<br />

pibes through this kind of <strong>cumbia</strong>, as a diss<strong>en</strong>ting discourse regarding an i<strong>de</strong>al that linked work a<br />

family as a <strong>de</strong>sirable masculine horizon, and as diss<strong>en</strong>ting practice regarding social exclusion.<br />

will see some sort of unsolved ambiguity betwe<strong>en</strong> the rupture with a disciplinary world and the react<br />

against social segregation in which the pibes do not want to be controlled, but neither soci<br />

exclu<strong>de</strong>d. Through this comparison of horizons it becomes w<strong>el</strong>l marked the specificity of the categ<br />

at stake and the musical g<strong>en</strong>re that, at the same time, reveals it and h<strong>el</strong>ps to construct. Howev<br />

because this context is structurally ambiguous, it is possible that in both, the lyrics of the songs a<br />

the media interviews with the musicians, differ<strong>en</strong>t interpretations are staged regarding the type<br />

disruption with the dominant or<strong>de</strong>r <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong> is attempting to <strong>en</strong>act. This will be analyzed in<br />

third part of the article, where we consi<strong>de</strong>r the role the media has p<strong>la</strong>yed in the <strong>de</strong><strong>fin</strong>ition of the so<br />

space that <strong>cumbia</strong> <strong>villera</strong> occupies and the reactions of the groups that i<strong>de</strong>ntify thems<strong>el</strong>ves with<br />

g<strong>en</strong>re.<br />

Key words: Popu<strong>la</strong>r sectors-hegemony-resistance

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