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Aspectos anatómicos de la semilla de papaya - Sociedad ...

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146<br />

abStraCt<br />

GIL/MIRANDA<br />

Due to the <strong>la</strong>ck of the anatomical studies in seeds of the species of economical interest and a few knowledge<br />

of this matter by the agronomists, the investigation as a base for un<strong>de</strong>rstanding of this problem and further<br />

<strong>de</strong>velopment in future studies was done. With this purpose, several anatomical aspects of <strong>papaya</strong> seed were<br />

analyzed from immature fruits of 60 days age and mature fruits of 120 and 150 days between physiological<br />

and commercial maturity were taken from Tainung-1 hybrid p<strong>la</strong>ntation. The seeds extracted from fruits were<br />

transported to the <strong>la</strong>boratory and a<strong>de</strong>quated with paraffin technique to make the microtome sections in<br />

or<strong>de</strong>r to <strong>de</strong>scribe anatomically the tissues and structures un<strong>de</strong>r optical microscopy. Papaya seed is composed<br />

of the seed coat, endosperm, and embryo. As a bitegumental seed, the testa and tegmen were observed with<br />

their own parts. The endosperm is composed mainly of lipids and proteins grouped in aleurone grains. The<br />

cotyledons are composed by the epi<strong>de</strong>rmis and four-<strong>la</strong>yer inner cells and, in the radicle zone, initiation of the<br />

secondary roots was observed. The objective of this study was to generate knowledge about the anatomy of<br />

<strong>papaya</strong> seed for un<strong>de</strong>rstanding the basic aspects of seed physiology, such as vigour, viability, and dormancy in<br />

this species, prior to future researches.<br />

additional key words: Tainung-1 hybrid, testa, endosperm, embryo, aleurone grains.<br />

Fecha <strong>de</strong> recepción: 30-07-2008 Aprobado para publicación: 02-12-2008<br />

La <strong>papaya</strong> (Carica <strong>papaya</strong> L.) es consi<strong>de</strong>rada <strong>de</strong> origen<br />

Americano, específicamente <strong>de</strong> Centroamérica,<br />

entre México y Costa Rica (León, 1987). La<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ntificación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s distintas características morfológicas<br />

y fisiológicas es un paso inicial importante<br />

en el estudio <strong>de</strong>l <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s semil<strong>la</strong>s en<br />

<strong>la</strong>s diversas especies (Ren y Bewley, 1998). El megasporangio<br />

(óvulo) es <strong>la</strong> estructura a partir <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

cual se forman <strong>la</strong>s semil<strong>la</strong>s. En <strong>la</strong>s angiospermas<br />

está formado por uno o dos tegumentos, ocasionalmente<br />

por tres, y muy raramente por cuatro.<br />

En <strong>la</strong> semil<strong>la</strong> madura, los tegumentos que ro<strong>de</strong>an<br />

al óvulo se transforman en <strong>la</strong> cubierta seminal<br />

(Niembro, 1988; Reiser y Fischer, 1993).<br />

Las semil<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s angiospermas pue<strong>de</strong>n ser divididas<br />

en tres partes, <strong>de</strong> origen genéticamente diferente:<br />

el embrión, el endospermo y <strong>la</strong> cubierta<br />

seminal. El cigoto, a partir <strong>de</strong>l cual se <strong>de</strong>sarrol<strong>la</strong><br />

el embrión, combina los genotipos <strong>de</strong>l haploi<strong>de</strong><br />

masculino y el gameto femenino. Después <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

REV. COLOMB. CIENC. HORTIC.<br />

iNtroDuCCióN<br />

fertilización, durante el <strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong>l embrión<br />

y <strong>la</strong> subsiguiente maduración <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> semil<strong>la</strong>, los<br />

integumentos experimentan cambios morfológicos<br />

y se convertirán en <strong>la</strong> testa, <strong>la</strong> cual posee el<br />

genotipo materno (Fosket, 1994; León-Kloosterziel<br />

et al., 1994). Debido a que el embrión está<br />

encerrado por el endospermo, el cual a su vez<br />

está <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l integumento <strong>de</strong>l óvulo, estas tres<br />

estructuras <strong>de</strong>ben coordinar su <strong>de</strong>sarrollo para<br />

producir una semil<strong>la</strong> madura <strong>de</strong> tamaño a<strong>de</strong>cuado<br />

(García et al., 2003).<br />

Cuando <strong>la</strong> semil<strong>la</strong> proviene <strong>de</strong> un primordio seminal<br />

con un solo tegumento, es unitegumentada<br />

y su cubierta seminal se <strong>de</strong>nomina testa.<br />

Igualmente si el primordio posee dos tegumentos,<br />

los tejidos <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l tegumento externo<br />

constituyen <strong>la</strong> testa y los <strong>de</strong>rivados <strong>de</strong>l tegumento<br />

interno conforman el tegmen, cuando <strong>la</strong><br />

semil<strong>la</strong> es bitegumentada (Becerra y Chaparro,<br />

1999).

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