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Procesos productivos de la industria avícola zuliana - Revista de la ...

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Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2008, 25: 160-184<br />

kilogramos aceptado por el mercado<br />

consumidor (existen variaciones en<br />

cuanto al peso final <strong>de</strong> mercado, sin<br />

embargo se encuentra entre 1,8 y 2<br />

kg). Es importante resaltar que en<br />

este proceso todo está muy calcu<strong>la</strong>do:<br />

tiempo, alimentos, medicinas, costos,<br />

etc. y es bastante estandarizado; se<br />

rige por parámetros establecidos en<br />

manuales para <strong>la</strong> conversión <strong>de</strong> alimento<br />

tanto en los pollos hembras<br />

como en los machos, los mismos indican<br />

<strong>la</strong>s cantida<strong>de</strong>s exactas <strong>de</strong> alimentos<br />

que se <strong>de</strong>ben suministrar a los<br />

pollos que se engordan, el tiempo que<br />

<strong>de</strong>ben permanecer en <strong>la</strong>s granjas, entre<br />

otros aspectos.<br />

• Proceso <strong>de</strong> producción;<br />

fase beneficio<br />

El proceso productivo llevado a<br />

cabo en <strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> beneficio posee<br />

su propia autonomía <strong>de</strong> trabajo, así<br />

como el aprovechamiento <strong>de</strong> todos los<br />

<strong>de</strong>sechos resultantes <strong>de</strong>l proceso. Este<br />

proceso consta <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s siguientes fases o<br />

etapas: 1) Recepción <strong>de</strong> aves, 2) Matanza<br />

y Desplume, 3) Línea <strong>de</strong> evisceración,<br />

y 4) Escurrido y empaque.<br />

En este proceso, el insumo principal<br />

proviene <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> fase <strong>de</strong> engor<strong>de</strong> y<br />

se constituye en el pollo vivo con un<br />

peso aproximado <strong>de</strong> 1,8 a 2,1 kg<br />

aproximadamente; este es recibido en<br />

<strong>la</strong>s p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> beneficio en horas <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>la</strong> mañana (<strong>de</strong>s<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s seis aproximadamente)<br />

para evitar muertes por <strong>la</strong>s<br />

elevadas temperaturas <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> región.<br />

Una vez que el pollo es extraído<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong>s jau<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> tras<strong>la</strong>do, son colgados<br />

en unos ganchos sujetos a una<br />

ca<strong>de</strong>na transportadora, <strong>la</strong> primera<br />

actividad que se realiza consiste en<br />

<strong>la</strong> sensibilización (adormecimiento)<br />

commercialized and distributted in<br />

market.<br />

It is important to <strong>de</strong>tach those<br />

enterprises Avíco<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> Rosita and<br />

Protinal <strong>de</strong>l Zulia have in their<br />

s<strong>la</strong>ughter industries: entire chicken<br />

room, cut room and chicken meat<br />

processing room. Enterprises Avico<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

Occi<strong>de</strong>nte and Agropecuaria Nivar<br />

have in their s<strong>la</strong>ughter industries the<br />

entire chicken room and chicken cut<br />

room do not count with processing room<br />

or transformation of chicken meat.<br />

Process accomplished in<br />

s<strong>la</strong>ughters of poultry industry analyzed,<br />

is mechanized and intensive in <strong>la</strong>bor<br />

hand, which carry out its work in risks<br />

and adverses conditions. Mechanization<br />

in this phase is represented by a<br />

transport chain (chain rhythm increases<br />

when chicken <strong>de</strong>mand increases too.<br />

When chain rhythm increases, workers<br />

have to increase rhythm of its operations<br />

by making tasks for them mechanic and<br />

repetitive likewise inherent risks) in<br />

which chicken are hanging out for<br />

passing from one stage to the following,<br />

by being people who makes work in a<br />

manual way.<br />

Workers face up to something<br />

more than hard work and daily<br />

confront conditions that (in some<br />

enterprises) attempt against its<br />

human rights. In these industries<br />

prevails by following a Taylorian<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>l; the tasks extreme division, times<br />

assignment and limited<br />

responsibilities, long schedules with<br />

a littles rests causes tiredness in<br />

workers, whom assume conditions<br />

imposed by supervisors and/or people<br />

in charged of these industries.<br />

Activities are highly standardized and<br />

changes workers into robots, by<br />

177

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