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Procesos productivos de la industria avícola zuliana - Revista de la ...

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Meleán-Romero et al.<br />

<strong>de</strong>l pollo utilizando un aturdidor don<strong>de</strong><br />

se somete al ave a una <strong>de</strong>scarga<br />

eléctrica, inmediatamente <strong>de</strong>spués se<br />

<strong>de</strong>güel<strong>la</strong> y pasa al proceso <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sangrado<br />

por <strong>de</strong>güello, luego es <strong>de</strong>spojado<br />

<strong>de</strong> sus plumas y pasa al corte <strong>de</strong><br />

patas. En <strong>la</strong> fase siguiente <strong>de</strong>l proceso<br />

se proce<strong>de</strong> a <strong>la</strong> extracción <strong>de</strong> cloacas,<br />

luego se corta <strong>la</strong> cabeza, y el abdomen<br />

para extraer por completo <strong>la</strong>s<br />

vísceras. Posteriormente se pasa a <strong>la</strong><br />

línea <strong>de</strong> escurrido y empaque, don<strong>de</strong><br />

se inspeccionan <strong>la</strong>s condiciones re<strong>la</strong>tivas<br />

a <strong>la</strong> limpieza interna <strong>de</strong> los pollos;<br />

se realiza una selección en función<br />

<strong>de</strong>l tamaño. Los más pequeños<br />

se empacan enteros, mientras que los<br />

pollos con un peso mayor se pasan a<br />

<strong>la</strong>s sa<strong>la</strong>s <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>sprese o a <strong>la</strong> sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

transformación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> carne <strong>de</strong> pollo.<br />

Todos estos productos se empacan<br />

para posteriormente ser comercializados<br />

y distribuidos en el mercado.<br />

Es importante resaltar que <strong>la</strong><br />

empresa Avíco<strong>la</strong> <strong>la</strong> Rosita y Protinal<br />

<strong>de</strong>l Zulia tienen en sus p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> beneficio:<br />

sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> pollos enteros, sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>spresado y sa<strong>la</strong> para el procesamiento<br />

<strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> carne <strong>de</strong> pollo. Las empresas<br />

Avíco<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> Occi<strong>de</strong>nte y<br />

Agropecuaria Nivar, tienen en su<br />

p<strong>la</strong>nta <strong>de</strong> beneficio <strong>la</strong> sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> pollos<br />

enteros y sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> pollo <strong>de</strong>spresado, no<br />

cuentan con <strong>la</strong> sa<strong>la</strong> <strong>de</strong> procesamiento<br />

o transformación <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> carne <strong>de</strong> pollo.<br />

El proceso llevado a cabo en <strong>la</strong>s<br />

p<strong>la</strong>ntas <strong>de</strong> beneficio <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong> <strong>industria</strong><br />

avíco<strong>la</strong> analizadas, es mecanizado e<br />

intensivo en mano <strong>de</strong> obra, <strong>la</strong> cual<br />

realiza su trabajo en condiciones<br />

riesgosas y adversas. La mecanización<br />

en esta fase está representada por una<br />

ca<strong>de</strong>na transportadora (el ritmo <strong>de</strong> <strong>la</strong><br />

making minimal activities,<br />

mechanized and risks which could<br />

cause injuries if any mistake happens.<br />

Regarding this subject, process<br />

is hybrid, with a manual part and<br />

other mechanized, in where hand <strong>la</strong>bor,<br />

great skills and experience for<br />

carrying out each of activities<br />

previously <strong>de</strong>scribed; this type of<br />

activities cause muscle and skeletal<br />

troubles, also could cause workers<br />

<strong>de</strong>ad. (Rights 2005).<br />

Type of process is repetitive with one<br />

distribution by product, the object of<br />

transformation (chicken) follows a lineal<br />

distribution through a chain, in which<br />

each of phases gives value to the processed<br />

bird; this is framed on production in mass<br />

(serie) because the products flow<br />

corresponds to a sequence and follows a<br />

right line, uses specific machines that<br />

requires little qualified job positions and<br />

it makes a high volume of a standardized<br />

product that is commercialized in mass<br />

market (Fernán<strong>de</strong>z et al., 2003; Fernán<strong>de</strong>z<br />

et al., 2006).<br />

For making exact the information<br />

re<strong>la</strong>tive to the productive process in<br />

phases analyzed, table 2 shows in where<br />

enterprises Avirosa, Agronivar, Avidoca<br />

and Protinal <strong>de</strong>l Zulia are consi<strong>de</strong>red, by<br />

making comparisons about productive<br />

factors more representatives: production<br />

technology (means of production) and <strong>la</strong>bor<br />

hand (<strong>la</strong>bor force).<br />

It is important to stand out that<br />

because of simi<strong>la</strong>rities of final<br />

products of enterprises studied,<br />

production processes and activities<br />

that conform them are very simi<strong>la</strong>r<br />

among them; nevertheless, some<br />

variations are shown: a) in feeding<br />

industries, there are differences in<br />

production technology used; b) in<br />

178

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