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Control de Rhipicephalus microplus - Revista Técnica Pecuaria en ...

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Melina Maribel Ojeda-Chi, et al. / Rev Mex Ci<strong>en</strong>c Pecu 2011;2(2):177-192<br />

Ma6 y Ma10 <strong>de</strong> M. anisopliae son efectivas <strong>de</strong> 60<br />

hasta 100 % <strong>de</strong> 6 a 13 días pos infección. En estudios<br />

in vitro realizados <strong>en</strong> la pulga Ct<strong>en</strong>ocephali<strong>de</strong>s felis<br />

felis, M. anisopliae (cepa E9) reduce la eclosión<br />

<strong>de</strong>l huevo y causa alta mortalidad a las 60 h a la<br />

conc<strong>en</strong>tración <strong>de</strong> 1x10 7, mi<strong>en</strong>tras que la cepa Ma595<br />

pres<strong>en</strong>ta 100 % <strong>de</strong> mortalidad a las 72 h (66).<br />

Mohanty et al (67), <strong>en</strong> estudios in vitro para evaluar<br />

la patog<strong>en</strong>icidad <strong>de</strong> la cepa 892 <strong>de</strong> M. anisopliae<br />

<strong>en</strong> la fase larvaria <strong>de</strong> los mosquitos Anopheles<br />

stephes y Culex quinquefasciatus, reportan una alta<br />

eficacia <strong>de</strong>l hongo para ambas especies. También<br />

se ha evaluado (68) la eficacia <strong>de</strong> M. anisopliae para<br />

el control <strong>de</strong> Varroa <strong>de</strong>structor y se reportan picos<br />

<strong>de</strong> mortalidad <strong>en</strong> 3 a 4 días pos tratami<strong>en</strong>to (PT).<br />

e) Factores que influy<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> la patog<strong>en</strong>icidad<br />

A nivel <strong>de</strong> campo las condiciones climáticas, orig<strong>en</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong> la cepa y virul<strong>en</strong>cia influy<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> la germinación<br />

<strong>de</strong> éstas (6,30). Los factores que afectan la eficacia<br />

<strong>de</strong> M. anisopliae se divi<strong>de</strong>n <strong>en</strong> dos grupos:<br />

Factores que afectan la sobreviv<strong>en</strong>cia. Los<br />

principales factores ambi<strong>en</strong>tales que interfier<strong>en</strong> con<br />

el crecimi<strong>en</strong>to, producción <strong>de</strong>l hongo y producción<br />

<strong>de</strong> micotoxinas son la actividad <strong>de</strong>l agua,<br />

temperatura, humedad, pH, textura <strong>de</strong>l suelo o<br />

composición <strong>de</strong> los sustratos y rayos ultravioleta<br />

(UV) (6,69,70). Se han realizado estudios que<br />

<strong>de</strong>muestran que los conidios con tolerancia a altas<br />

temperaturas y rayos UV produc<strong>en</strong> altas cantida<strong>de</strong>s<br />

<strong>de</strong> grasas saturadas y altas cantida<strong>de</strong>s <strong>de</strong> trealosa y<br />

manitol, las cuales prove<strong>en</strong> protección contra la<br />

<strong>de</strong>snaturalización <strong>de</strong> las proteínas y la<br />

membrana (70,71). Otros factores que se <strong>de</strong>b<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

tomar <strong>en</strong> cu<strong>en</strong>ta son las interacciones <strong>en</strong>tre el hongo<br />

y el medio ambi<strong>en</strong>te e interacciones con otros<br />

organismos, por ejemplo la utilización <strong>de</strong> sustratos<br />

<strong>de</strong>l medio y la producción <strong>de</strong> metabolitos<br />

(adaptación a niveles bajos <strong>de</strong> CO 2 y NaCl) (6).<br />

Factores que afectan el estado fisiológico <strong>de</strong> los<br />

conidios. La edad es uno <strong>de</strong> los factores que afectan<br />

a los conidios, ya que mi<strong>en</strong>tras más jóv<strong>en</strong>es sean<br />

existe una mayor germinación <strong>en</strong> comparación con<br />

los conidios antiguos. El agua favorece la<br />

germinación inicial <strong>de</strong> los conidios (72). La<br />

rehidratación <strong>de</strong> los conidios es vital <strong>en</strong> las primeras<br />

188<br />

rate, in contrast with ol<strong>de</strong>r conidia. Water promotes<br />

conidium initial germination (72). Conidial<br />

rehydration is vital in the first 48 h since, un<strong>de</strong>r<br />

stress conditions, only small amounts of mannitol<br />

are produced thus conidia can no longer tolerate<br />

high temperatures (6).<br />

f) Formulations<br />

Conidium application un<strong>de</strong>r field conditions is<br />

limited by the <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t that can promote<br />

moisture loss, thus limiting conidial growth and<br />

their effects. Leemon et al (70) studied the effect of<br />

plant oil on M. anisopliae conidial germination<br />

and p<strong>en</strong>etration, and observed 100 % mortality of<br />

R. <strong>microplus</strong> by 2 to 5 d p.i. These results show<br />

that oil works as glue betwe<strong>en</strong> conidia and arthropod<br />

cuticle, and increases conidial livability probably<br />

by prev<strong>en</strong>ting water evaporation.<br />

Studies to evaluate the survival of conidia exposed<br />

to UV light in differ<strong>en</strong>t media (olive oil + solar<br />

filter; water + solar filter; and control) found 29<br />

to 40 %, 14 to 24 %, and 4 % conidial survival<br />

rates, respectively. These results suggest that both<br />

olive oil and solar filters protect conidia against<br />

UV radiation, not interfering with germination or<br />

pathog<strong>en</strong>icity. In addition, mixtures including the<br />

solar filter resulted in 88 to 94 % larval mortality<br />

and 81 to 83 % adult tick mortality.<br />

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT<br />

Integrated pest managem<strong>en</strong>t (IPM) consists of the<br />

proper combination of various control tools aiming<br />

to <strong>de</strong>stabilize the constitution of populations with<br />

higher proportions of g<strong>en</strong>etically-resistant<br />

individuals, while maintaining a<strong>de</strong>quate levels of<br />

production. IPM is typically associated with a drastic<br />

<strong>de</strong>crease in treatm<strong>en</strong>t frequ<strong>en</strong>cy. As stated above,<br />

resistance prev<strong>en</strong>tion/managem<strong>en</strong>t requires not only<br />

<strong>de</strong>creased <strong>de</strong>p<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>nce of antiparasitics, but also<br />

using such products on seasons/times/animals in<br />

such a way that it does not result in increased<br />

g<strong>en</strong>etic selection pressure (26).<br />

In or<strong>de</strong>r to achieve an effective managem<strong>en</strong>t of tick<br />

populations, minimizing tick effects, and preserving<br />

the available acarici<strong>de</strong>s, an IPM must be used.

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