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Control de Rhipicephalus microplus - Revista Técnica Pecuaria en ...

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Melina Maribel Ojeda-Chi, et al. / Rev Mex Ci<strong>en</strong>c Pecu 2011;2(2):177-192<br />

alteraciones <strong>en</strong> varios metabolitos <strong>en</strong>tre los que se<br />

<strong>en</strong>contraban la hemoglobina, glóbulos blancos,<br />

colesterol, albúmina, globulina, amilasa, fosfatasa<br />

alcalina y también es posible que secret<strong>en</strong><br />

compuestos hepatotóxicos.<br />

c) Métodos para el control<br />

Químico<br />

Los químicos disponibles, que se utilizan para el<br />

tratami<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> ectoparásitos <strong>de</strong> importancia <strong>en</strong><br />

medicina veterinaria, son sistémicos, todos los<br />

ixodicidas son neurotóxicos, y ejerc<strong>en</strong> su efecto<br />

sobre el sistema nervioso <strong>de</strong> los ectoparásitos (18).<br />

Los métodos tradicionales <strong>de</strong>l tratami<strong>en</strong>to ixodicida,<br />

para el control <strong>de</strong> garrapatas requier<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />

formulaciones que se diluyan <strong>en</strong> agua y se apliqu<strong>en</strong><br />

por aspersión o inmersión <strong>en</strong> los animales. A<strong>de</strong>más<br />

se incluy<strong>en</strong> los métodos <strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong>rrame (pour-on),<br />

inyectables, bolos intraruminales, aretes<br />

impregnados con ixodicidas y feromonas (19).<br />

Entre los principales ixodicidas que se utilizan para<br />

el control <strong>de</strong> garrapatas se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran los<br />

organoclorados (OCs), OFs, PSs, Am, f<strong>en</strong>ilpirazoles,<br />

reguladores <strong>de</strong>l crecimi<strong>en</strong>to y los <strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ctocidas<br />

<strong>de</strong>nominadas lactonas macrocíclicas (LM) (19,20,21).<br />

Sin embargo, el uso indiscriminado <strong>de</strong> estos productos<br />

ha provocado la selección <strong>de</strong> poblaciones <strong>de</strong> garrapatas<br />

resist<strong>en</strong>tes, <strong>de</strong>bido a la fuerte presión que elimina a<br />

los individuos susceptibles, por lo que se disminuye<br />

progresivam<strong>en</strong>te el efecto y se elevan los costos <strong>de</strong><br />

<strong>de</strong>sarrollo <strong>de</strong> nuevos ixodicidas. La resist<strong>en</strong>cia<br />

mundial a los acaricidas se <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra bi<strong>en</strong><br />

docum<strong>en</strong>tada (22,23).<br />

En el sureste <strong>de</strong> México Rodríguez-Vivas et<br />

al (3,22,23) estudiaron poblaciones <strong>de</strong> campo <strong>de</strong> R.<br />

<strong>microplus</strong> y <strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tran que la mayoría <strong>de</strong> los<br />

ranchos estudiados pres<strong>en</strong>taban poblaciones <strong>de</strong><br />

garrapatas con resist<strong>en</strong>cia múltiple a ixodicidas<br />

(principalm<strong>en</strong>te multiresist<strong>en</strong>cia a OFs-PSs-Am).<br />

La resist<strong>en</strong>cia a los PSs fue la más importante, ya<br />

que <strong>de</strong>l 66 al 95 % <strong>de</strong> los ranchos <strong>en</strong> el sureste<br />

<strong>de</strong> México pres<strong>en</strong>tan garrapatas con resist<strong>en</strong>cia a<br />

<strong>de</strong>ltametrina, flumetrina y cipermetrina.<br />

Reci<strong>en</strong>tem<strong>en</strong>te (24,25) se han reportado <strong>en</strong> México<br />

los primeros casos <strong>de</strong> R. <strong>microplus</strong> resist<strong>en</strong>te a<br />

180<br />

c) <strong>Control</strong> methods<br />

Chemical control<br />

Drugs available for the treatm<strong>en</strong>t of ectoparasites<br />

with veterinary importance work systemically. All<br />

ixodici<strong>de</strong>s are neurotoxic, exerting their effects on<br />

the nervous system of ectoparasites (18) Traditional<br />

tick control treatm<strong>en</strong>ts are based on water-soluble<br />

ixodici<strong>de</strong> formulations to be applied by spray or<br />

immersion. Other administration methods are also<br />

used including pour-on, injection, intra-ruminal bolus,<br />

and ixodici<strong>de</strong>-/pheromone-impregnated ear tags (19).<br />

Major ixodici<strong>de</strong> classes used for tick control inclu<strong>de</strong><br />

organochlorinated drugs (OCs), OPs, SPs, Am,<br />

PPs, growth regulators, and the <strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>ctoci<strong>de</strong>s known<br />

as MLs (19,20,21). Ev<strong>en</strong> though, the indiscriminate<br />

use of these products has resulted in the selection<br />

of resistant tick populations due to the strong<br />

pressure that kills susceptible individuals, so that<br />

the effect of these chemical drugs is gradually lost.<br />

In addition, the <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of new ixodici<strong>de</strong>s is<br />

extremely exp<strong>en</strong>sive. Worldwi<strong>de</strong> resistance of ticks<br />

to acarici<strong>de</strong>s is well docum<strong>en</strong>ted (22,23).<br />

In Southeast Mexico, Rodríguez-Vivas et al (3,22,23)<br />

studied field populations of R. <strong>microplus</strong> and found<br />

that most cattle ranches studied had tick populations<br />

with multiple ixodici<strong>de</strong> resistance (particularly to OPs,<br />

SPs, and Am). The most important resistance was<br />

that to SPs, since 66 to 95 % of the cattle operations<br />

studied in that region showed ticks resistant to<br />

<strong>de</strong>ltamethrin, flumethrin and cypermethrin. The first<br />

Mexican cases of R. <strong>microplus</strong> resistant to fipronil (24)<br />

and ivermectin (25) have be<strong>en</strong> reported rec<strong>en</strong>tly, which<br />

emphasizes the need of searching new control alternatives<br />

in or<strong>de</strong>r to reduce the use of ixodici<strong>de</strong>s thus <strong>de</strong>lay the<br />

selection process of drug-resistant tick populations.<br />

Non-chemical control<br />

Non-chemical control methods are based on the<br />

use of animal husbandry practices such as selecting<br />

tick-resistant cattle breeds, grassland managem<strong>en</strong>t,<br />

vaccination, biological control, etc.<br />

Biological control<br />

Biological control is <strong>de</strong>fined as the rational use of<br />

live organisms aiming to reduce the populations of

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