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Control de Rhipicephalus microplus - Revista Técnica Pecuaria en ...

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Melina Maribel Ojeda-Chi, et al. / Rev Mex Ci<strong>en</strong>c Pecu 2011;2(2):177-192<br />

(<strong>en</strong>zimas producidas por M. anisopliae) relacionadas<br />

con la pre-p<strong>en</strong>etración y crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>en</strong> la cutícula<br />

<strong>de</strong>l hospe<strong>de</strong>ro (42). A<strong>de</strong>más posee la proteína quinasa<br />

A, importante para la difer<strong>en</strong>ciación <strong>de</strong> las<br />

estructuras apresoras, p<strong>en</strong>etración y <strong>de</strong>gradación<br />

<strong>de</strong> la cutícula, adquisición <strong>de</strong> nutri<strong>en</strong>tes, regulación<br />

<strong>de</strong> pH, síntesis <strong>de</strong> lípidos, control <strong>de</strong>l ciclo celular<br />

y <strong>de</strong>l citoesqueleto (43).<br />

Invasión. A las 96 h pos infección las hifas<br />

colonizan el huésped y emerg<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> la cutícula.<br />

Una vez <strong>de</strong>ntro <strong>de</strong>l insecto, el hongo se disemina<br />

vía hemolinfa y produce blastosporas y cuerpos<br />

filam<strong>en</strong>tosos <strong>de</strong> hifas que inva<strong>de</strong>n el sistema inmune<br />

<strong>de</strong>l hospe<strong>de</strong>ro y se multiplican rápidam<strong>en</strong>te <strong>en</strong> los<br />

tejidos. A<strong>de</strong>más produc<strong>en</strong> dos familias <strong>de</strong> toxinas<br />

que son las <strong>de</strong>struxinas y las citocalacinas. De la<br />

primer familia se han aislado 14 toxinas, <strong>de</strong> las<br />

cuales las más comunes son: A, B, C, D, diesmetil<strong>de</strong>struxina<br />

B y proto<strong>de</strong>struxina. En la segunda, se<br />

<strong>en</strong>cu<strong>en</strong>tra la citocalacina A y D. La función <strong>de</strong><br />

estas toxinas es inhibir el sistema inmunológico<br />

<strong>de</strong>l artrópodo, causando su muerte, a<strong>de</strong>más ti<strong>en</strong>e<br />

efecto sobre la fecundidad y viabilidad <strong>de</strong> los huevos<br />

incubados (38,44,45).<br />

Colonización. La colonización <strong>de</strong>l hongo <strong>en</strong> los<br />

órganos <strong>de</strong>l artrópodo se produce <strong>en</strong> la sigui<strong>en</strong>te<br />

secu<strong>en</strong>cia: cuerpos grasosos, sistema digestivo,<br />

tubos <strong>de</strong> malpigio, hipo<strong>de</strong>rmis, sistema nervioso,<br />

músculos y tráquea. Bitt<strong>en</strong>court et al (41) m<strong>en</strong>cionan<br />

que la p<strong>en</strong>etración <strong>de</strong>l hongo <strong>en</strong> los órganos ocurre<br />

al quinto día pos infección invadi<strong>en</strong>do también los<br />

órganos reproductivo y digestivo.<br />

Muerte. Esta se <strong>de</strong>be a las micotoxinas, cambios<br />

patológicos <strong>en</strong> el hemocele, acción histolítica y<br />

bloqueo mecánico <strong>de</strong>l aparato digestivo, secundario<br />

al crecimi<strong>en</strong>to <strong>de</strong> las hifas (35).<br />

Emerg<strong>en</strong>cia. Se produce <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> la muerte <strong>de</strong>l<br />

insecto y cuando las condiciones <strong>de</strong> humedad<br />

relativa son a<strong>de</strong>cuadas. La emerg<strong>en</strong>cia <strong>de</strong>l micelio<br />

se realiza a través <strong>de</strong>l tegum<strong>en</strong>to, crece <strong>en</strong> la<br />

superficie y esporula <strong>de</strong>spués <strong>de</strong> 48 a 60 h <strong>de</strong> la<br />

muerte <strong>de</strong>l hospe<strong>de</strong>ro (40,46).<br />

Se ha <strong>de</strong>mostrado que M. anisopliae no causa<br />

efectos colaterales <strong>en</strong> los animales <strong>de</strong> sangre cali<strong>en</strong>te<br />

184<br />

arthropod’s immune system, which results in its<br />

<strong>de</strong>ath. In addition, toxins have effects on the<br />

fecundity and livability of incubating eggs (38,44,45).<br />

Colonization. Arthropod organ colonization by the<br />

fungus fulfills the following sequ<strong>en</strong>ce: fatty bodies,<br />

digestive tract, Malpighian tubes, hypo<strong>de</strong>rmis,<br />

nervous system, muscles, and trachea. Bitt<strong>en</strong>court<br />

et al (41) reported that organ p<strong>en</strong>etration by the<br />

fungus occurs on day 5 p.i., and that the<br />

reproductive and digestive organs are also inva<strong>de</strong>d.<br />

Death. Death is caused by mycotoxins, pathological<br />

changes in the hemocele, hystolytic action, and<br />

physical blocking of the digestive system, secondary<br />

to hyphal growth (35).<br />

Emerg<strong>en</strong>ce. After insect <strong>de</strong>ath and in the face of<br />

a<strong>de</strong>quate relative humidity, the fungus emerges.<br />

Mycelium emerg<strong>en</strong>ce occurs through the tegum<strong>en</strong>t.<br />

The fungus th<strong>en</strong> grows on the surface and sporulates<br />

by 48 to 60 h after host <strong>de</strong>ath (40,46).<br />

M. anisopliae has shown not to cause si<strong>de</strong> effects on<br />

either warm blood animals or the <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t (47). Studies<br />

have shown that it is only toxic for insect cells, not<br />

affecting human cells, bacteria or protozoa (48). On the<br />

other hand, Leyva et al (49) reported that M. anisopliae<br />

Ma2 strain has no pathog<strong>en</strong>ic, toxic, or allergic effects,<br />

and it does not cause appetite loss, diarrhea or <strong>de</strong>ath<br />

in Wistar rats. It is also worthy to m<strong>en</strong>tion that un<strong>de</strong>r<br />

field conditions M. anisopliae affects specifically its<br />

target host thus reducing the possibility of affecting<br />

other beings pres<strong>en</strong>t in the field (50). Rath et al (35,51)<br />

reported that the application on the vegetation of M.<br />

anisopliae for the control of the un<strong>de</strong>rground beetle<br />

Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister), does not have<br />

negative effects on other invertebrates. In addition,<br />

contrary to conv<strong>en</strong>tional acarici<strong>de</strong>s, myco-acarici<strong>de</strong>s<br />

do not affect the <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t (28).<br />

c) In vitro/in vivo effects<br />

Table 1 lists in vitro results reported by differ<strong>en</strong>t<br />

authors after the treatm<strong>en</strong>t of adult/instar stages of<br />

R. <strong>microplus</strong> with differ<strong>en</strong>t fungal strains and<br />

conc<strong>en</strong>trations. Virul<strong>en</strong>ce/pathog<strong>en</strong>icity variations<br />

are influ<strong>en</strong>ced by factors such as variations in the<br />

secretion of proteases and chitinolytic <strong>en</strong>zymes

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