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QUELS TRAITEMENTS<br />

IMMUNOSUPPRESSEURS CHEZ LES SUJETS AGES ?<br />

Yvon Lebranchu<br />

Université François Rabelais<br />

Tours - France


Mme P., 77ans, 1m60, 70kg<br />

• ATCD<br />

– Néphropathie diabétique en insuffisance rénal préterminale<br />

– HTA<br />

– Diabète type 2 insulino-requérant<br />

– Hypothyroïdie<br />

– Primo-infection tuberculose pulmonaire non traitée en<br />

1944<br />

• Mode de vie<br />

veuve, 1 fille, ancienne serveuse


Bilan prégreffe<br />

• Immunologie<br />

– A+<br />

– A02/24 B35/51 DR11/14 DQ07/05<br />

– Pas d’Ac antiHLA (TGI 0%), pas de transfusion<br />

• Virologie<br />

– Vaccinée contre le VHB, VHC-, HIV-, HTLV-,<br />

CMV+, EBV+, Toxo+, TPHA/VDRL-<br />

• Urologie<br />

– Diurèse 2000ml/j


• Cardiovasculaire<br />

– HTA avec ETT: cardiopathie hypertrophique,<br />

FEVG normale<br />

– Echo stress -, Scinti -<br />

– Doppler TSA: athérome bilatéral, sténose<br />

carotide G 40%<br />

– TDM axes iliaques: calcifications sans sténose<br />

• Digestif: RAS, Neurologie: RAS, Infectieux:<br />

RAS, Gynecologie: RAS


• Pulmonaire<br />

– Primoinfection tuberculose pulmonaire non<br />

traitée en 1944 (Radio pulmonaire Normale)<br />

• Hématologie<br />

– Hb 11.3g/dl sous EPO<br />

• Phosphocalcique<br />

– PTH 70pg/ml<br />

• Métabolique<br />

– Diabète type 2<br />

– HbA1c 6.2%


QUELLE DEFINITION DU SUJET AGE ?<br />

• Sur le plan immunitaire 65 à 70 ans


HOMEOSTASIE ET AGE<br />

J GORONZY Curr. Opin. Immunol. 2005


INVOLUTION THYMIQUE<br />

J NIKOLICH-ZUGICH NAT. REV. IMMUNOL. 2008


• Donneur<br />

Greffe rénale préemptive<br />

janvier 2012<br />

– A +, 76 ans, 1m73, 82kg, AVC ischémique<br />

– HIV-, VHC-, VHB -, CMV-, EBV+<br />

• Cross match - (virtuel <strong>et</strong> lymphocytotoxicité)<br />

• Rein G, 2 artères, 1 veine, 1 ur<strong>et</strong>ère<br />

– Ischémie froide 10h26, tiède 1h28


Quel <strong>traitement</strong> d in<strong>du</strong>ction ?<br />

• 1 THYMOGLOBULINE<br />

• 2 SIMULECT<br />

• 3 CAMPATH<br />

• 4 MABTHERA<br />

• 5 AUCUN


+<br />

+<br />

Simulect : 20 mg day 0 and day 4<br />

NEORAL FROM DAY 0<br />

Thymoglobuline : 1-1.5 mg/kg/d for 6-10 days<br />

MMF 2g/day<br />

Prednisolone<br />

Y Lebranchu AJT 2002<br />

Thymoglobuline vs Simulect<br />

NEORAL FROM DAY 6-10 (creat < 250 µm/l)<br />

6 months<br />

Follow-up<br />

//<br />

//<br />

//<br />

End points : Acute rejections<br />

Treatment failure<br />

Saf<strong>et</strong>y/tolerability<br />

12 months<br />

End of study


100<br />

% patients<br />

0<br />

PATIENT AND GRAFT SURVIVAL<br />

Simulect<br />

Thymoglobuline<br />

98 % 100 % 100 %<br />

94 %<br />

Patient survival Graft survival<br />

Y Lebranchu AJT 2002


50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

ACUTE REJECTIONS OVER 6 MONTHS<br />

% of<br />

patients<br />

8 %<br />

Treated<br />

Biopsy confirmed<br />

12 % 8 %<br />

I<br />

I<br />

II II<br />

Simulect Thymoglobuline<br />

Y Lebranchu AJT 2002


Efficacy endpoints at 12<br />

months post-transplant<br />

Thymoglobulin<br />

(N=141)<br />

Basiliximab<br />

(N=137)<br />

P-value<br />

Composite Endpoint* 49.6% 43.8% 0.34<br />

Biopsy-proven Acute<br />

Rejection<br />

Rejection treated with<br />

Ab<br />

15.6%<br />

1.4%<br />

25.5%<br />

8%<br />

0.02<br />

0.005<br />

Delayed Graft Function ** 40.4% 44.5% 0.54<br />

Graft Loss 9.2% 10.2% 0.68<br />

Death 4.3% 4.4% 0.90<br />

*Quadruple endpoint of acute rejection, graft loss, death, and delayed graft function<br />

** Delayed graft function was defined as the need for dialysis within the first week posttransplant<br />

At 5 y: T vs B: GS, 69 vs 63%; PS: 76 vs 80 % (NS) (NEJM 2008)


M<strong>et</strong>a-analysis of RCT comparing IL2Ra to placebo and ATG<br />

(Webster, www.thecochranelibrary.com 2010)<br />

1 Year data IL2Ra/Placebo<br />

(32 studies, 5854<br />

patients)<br />

IL2Ra/ATG<br />

(18 studies, 1844<br />

patients)<br />

Mortality 0.80 (0.45, 1.40) 1.31 (0.77, 2.25)<br />

Graft loss 0.75 (0.62, 0.90) 1.07 (0.76, 1.49)<br />

Death-censored GL 0.75 (0.60, 0.93) 0.98 (0.66, 1.45)<br />

Acute rejection 0.72 (0.66, 0.78) 1.17 (0.96, 1.44)<br />

BPAR 0.72 (0.64, 0.81) 1.30 (1.01, 1.67)<br />

Steroid-resistant AR 0.71 (0.54, 0.92) 2.24 (0.95, 5.27)<br />

Malignancy 0.87 (0.46, 1.67) 0.25 (0.07, 0.87)<br />

CMV 0.81 (0.68, 0.97) 0.72 (0.48, 1.07)


ATG (n=113) Daclizumab<br />

(n=114)<br />

p value<br />

BPAR (NEJM ) 15.0% (15%) 27.2% (25%) 0.016<br />

Steroid-resistant rejection<br />

(NEJM)<br />

Median time to rejection<br />

(days)<br />

2.7% (1.4%) 14.9% (8.0%) 0.002<br />

35 13 0.007<br />

Delayed graft function 31.5% 44.6% 0.044<br />

N° of bacterial<br />

infections/patient<br />

(mean±SD)<br />

2.5 ±1.8 1.8 ±1.2 0.014<br />

Treated CMV infection 18.6% 10.5% 0.093<br />

Graft loss 17.7% 14.0% 0.47<br />

Death 4.4% 3.5% 0.75


Delayed Graft Functiion<br />

(DGF)<br />

Acute Rejection<br />

Cellular<br />

Humoral<br />

n,(%)<br />

Pre-op<br />

(n=27)<br />

Post-op<br />

(n=31)<br />

p<br />

value<br />

4 (14,8) 11 (35,5)


THYMOGLOBULINE<br />

• EFFICACTE SUPERIEURE CHEZ HYPERIMMUNISE<br />

• PREVENTION RETARD DE FONCTION?<br />

• INDUCTION RETARDEE ANTICALCINEURINE<br />

• MAIS+++<br />

• RECONSTITUTION IMMUNITAIRE ALTEREE<br />

• MAJORATION RISQUE CMV<br />

• RISQUE ACCRU DE CANCERS


En analyse multivariée<br />

OR 95% IC P<br />

Age à la greffe (par an) 1.031 (1.01-1.06) 0.003<br />

Nombre CD4 + T pré-greffe (/mm 3 ) 0.998 (0.997-0.999) 0.001<br />

Dose totale de Thymoglobuline® (mg/kg) 1.09 (0.98-1.21) 0.1<br />

Tacrolimus (vs. Ciclosporine) 2.22 (1.22-4.05) 0.008<br />

Mycophenolate mof<strong>et</strong>il (vs. Azathioprine) 2.88 (1.23-7.06) 0.016<br />

Rej<strong>et</strong> aigu (vs. pas de rej<strong>et</strong> aigu) 1.44 (0.67-3.35) 0.509


Mais Le nombre de CD4 à 1 an est lié à l’âge avec ou<br />

sans SAL<br />

SAL=0<br />

Nombre/mm 3<br />

SAL+<br />

1800<br />

1600<br />

1400<br />

1200<br />

1000<br />

800<br />

600<br />

400<br />

200<br />

0<br />

1800<br />

1600<br />

1400<br />

1200<br />

1000<br />

800<br />

600<br />

400<br />

200<br />

0<br />

CD4 1 an<br />

0,00019<br />

Box plots<br />

X1 X2 X3<br />

Box plots<br />

0,005<br />

0,001<br />

0,01<br />

X1 X2 X3<br />


Simulect ou absence de<br />

<strong>traitement</strong> d in<strong>du</strong>ction?


Simulect ® :Pooled phase III trials<br />

% of patients<br />

60<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

p


Simulect ® in Triple Therapy with<br />

• 6-month, double-blind,<br />

placebo-controlled, triple<br />

therapy (with MMF)<br />

• Interim results @ 3 months<br />

• 123 patients, 16 centers<br />

• Graft losses: 7 (still blinded)<br />

No deaths<br />

• No difference in adverse events<br />

MMF<br />

40%<br />

30%<br />

20%<br />

10%<br />

0%<br />

* ASN 1999<br />

% Acute rejection *<br />

13.5%<br />

25.0%<br />

Simulect ® Placebo


QUEL TRAITEMENT IMMUNOSUPPRESSEUR?<br />

• 1 CYCLOSPORINE<br />

• 2 TACROLIMUS<br />

• 3 SIROLIMUS<br />

• 4 BELATACEPT


CYCLOSPORINE OU<br />

TACROLIMUS?


A<br />

B<br />

C<br />

SYMPHONY Study<br />

Design<br />

150-300 ng/ml for 3 months<br />

100-200 ng/ml thereafter<br />

50–100 ng/ml<br />

3-7 ng/ml<br />

4-8 ng/ml<br />

Tx 6 mo 12 mo<br />

Normal dose CsA<br />

MMF<br />

Steroids<br />

Daclizumab<br />

Low dose CsA<br />

MMF<br />

Steroids<br />

Daclizumab<br />

Low dose TAC<br />

MMF<br />

Steroids<br />

Daclizumab<br />

Low dose SRL<br />

D MMF<br />

Steroids


Biopsy Proven Acute Rejection<br />

(ITT, Excluding Borderline)<br />

BPAR (% of patients)<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

26% 24%<br />

p


GFR (Cockcroft Gault) (ml/min)<br />

100<br />

90<br />

80<br />

70<br />

60<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

Calculated GFR<br />

(Cockcroft-Gault)<br />

p=0.0014<br />

p


Graft survival (%)<br />

Graft and Patient Survival<br />

100<br />

90<br />

80<br />

70<br />

p=0.0143<br />

89%<br />

93% 94%<br />

p=0.0147<br />

89%<br />

12 months post-Tx<br />

Normal-dose CsA Low-dose CsA<br />

Patient survival (%)<br />

100<br />

90<br />

80<br />

70<br />

p = NS<br />

97% 98% 97% 97%<br />

12 months post-Tx<br />

Low-dose TAC Low-dose SRL


CYCLOSPORINE OU<br />

SIROLIMUS?


Group A<br />

n=71<br />

Sirolimus (SRL)<br />

Load: 15mg x 2 days<br />

10mg / day<br />

T0: 10-15ng/ml (HPLC)<br />

Study Design<br />

Randomization<br />

n=150<br />

Transplantation<br />

ATG: 5 days<br />

+<br />

MMF: 2g/day<br />

+<br />

STEROIDS<br />

WITHDRAWN AT<br />

MONTH 6<br />

Group B<br />

n=74<br />

Neoral (CsA)<br />

6-8 mg/kg/d<br />

T0: 150-250ng/ml W1-M3<br />

75-150 ng/ml M3-M6


%<br />

Low Incidence of Biopsy-proven Acute<br />

16<br />

14<br />

12<br />

10<br />

8<br />

6<br />

4<br />

2<br />

0<br />

14.3<br />

Rejection, 12 Months<br />

p=0. 30<br />

SRL (n=71) CsA (n=74)<br />

SRL CsA<br />

8.6


ml/min<br />

SRL CsA<br />

60<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

51,8<br />

±17.8 48,6<br />

±15.0<br />

60 Month Results<br />

Renal Function at 5 Years ITT<br />

(MDRD)<br />

52,8<br />

±18.5<br />

*<br />

47.0<br />

±16.7<br />

51,9<br />

±19.7<br />

46.0<br />

±18.8<br />

54,2<br />

M12 M24 M36 M60<br />

*<br />

±22.9<br />

* p


15<br />

10 %<br />

5<br />

0<br />

60 Month Results<br />

6,3<br />

Cancers<br />

13,2<br />

SRL CsA


Cyclosporine ou Belatacept?


LEA29Y (BMS-224818)<br />

CTLA4Ig re-engineered for transplantation<br />

Compared with CTLA4Ig, LEA29Y has:<br />

• 4-fold higher avidity for CD86<br />

• 2-fold higher avidity for CD80<br />

• ~10-fold more potent inhibition of<br />

T-cell activation in-vitro


LEA29Y*<br />

CsA (7±3 mg/kg daily)*<br />

LEA29Y Phase II dose-finding study design<br />

Randomization<br />

Clinical<br />

endpoint<br />

Clinical endpoint<br />

(LEA29Y arms<br />

unblinded)<br />

1 month 3 months 6 months 1 year<br />

10 mg/kg<br />

DAY 1 5 15 29 43 57 71 85<br />

10 mg/kg<br />

113 141 169<br />

150–400 ng/ml 150–300 ng/ml<br />

5 mg/kg every 4 or 8 weeks<br />

5 mg/kg every 4 or 8 weeks<br />

*All patients received MMF, basiliximab, and corticosteroid-tapering regimen<br />

Charpentier SFT 2004


25<br />

20<br />

15<br />

10<br />

Acute rejection (%) Acute Rejection Rates*<br />

5<br />

0<br />

*Intent-to-treat population<br />

19%<br />

18%<br />

Biopsy-proven<br />

acute rejection<br />

22%<br />

LEA29Y CsA<br />

19%<br />

Biopsy-proven acute rejection/<br />

Presumed acute rejection<br />

Mean time to first rejection: LEA29Y (53 days); CsA (52 days)<br />

Charpentier SFT 2004


Median Iohexol clearance<br />

(ml/min/1.73m2 )<br />

Median calculated creatinine<br />

clearance (ml/min/1.73m2 )<br />

75<br />

70<br />

65<br />

60<br />

55<br />

50<br />

45<br />

40<br />

90<br />

80<br />

70<br />

60<br />

Post-transplant Renal Function<br />

Iohexol clearance †<br />

n=102 n=43 n=77 n=28<br />

1 6<br />

Calculated glomerular filtration rate †‡<br />

LEA29Y<br />

CsA<br />

50<br />

40<br />

n=132 n=60 n=120 n=47 n=113 n=43<br />

1 3 6<br />

Months post-transplant<br />

*p


Patients (%)<br />

10<br />

9<br />

8<br />

7<br />

6<br />

5<br />

4<br />

3<br />

2<br />

1<br />

0<br />

PTLD and EBV status<br />

8.8<br />

0.74<br />

1.75<br />

0.25<br />

5.49<br />

0.49<br />

0<br />

0<br />

Bela EBV (-) [n = 91]<br />

Bela EBV (+) [n = 810)<br />

CsA EBV (-) [n = 57]<br />

CsA EBV (+) [n = 399]<br />

3.3<br />

0.25<br />

1.75<br />

All PTLD CNS PTLD Non-CNS PTLD<br />

* 1/48 patients in the belatacept MI group with non-CNS PTLD had baseline EBV status unknown;<br />

1/20 subject in the CsA group with non-CNS PTLD had baseline EBV status unknown.<br />

0.25<br />

43


Cellcept ou Azathioprine?


CellCept & Rein<br />

Incidence cumulative (%)<br />

Incidence cumulée <strong>du</strong> 1er rej<strong>et</strong> prouvé par biopsie <strong>et</strong>/ou<br />

échec thérapeutique <strong>du</strong>rant la 1ère année *<br />

70<br />

60<br />

50<br />

40<br />

30<br />

20<br />

10<br />

0<br />

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12<br />

Kaplan-Meier Estimates<br />

PLA/AZA (n=498)<br />

MMF 2 g/j (n=505)<br />

MMF 3g/j (n=490)<br />

RR = 0.46 (PLA/AZA vs MMF 2<br />

g/j)<br />

RR = 0.38 (PLA/AZA vs MMF 3<br />

g/j)<br />

Délai d'apparition de l'événement (mois)<br />

Ré<strong>du</strong>ction de 50% dans les groupes CellCept<br />

40.8 %<br />

19.8 %<br />

16.5 %<br />

* : Halloran <strong>et</strong> al; Analyse Poolée à 1 an des trois études d’efficacité : Transplantation, 1997, 63<br />

: 39-47


Graft survival (%)<br />

100<br />

95<br />

90<br />

85<br />

80<br />

75<br />

70<br />

Survie <strong>du</strong> greffon à 4 ans<br />

p


Survie des patients à 4 ans<br />

Survie des patients (%)<br />

100<br />

95<br />

90<br />

85<br />

80<br />

75<br />

70<br />

MMF<br />

AZA<br />

0 12 24 36 48<br />

Délai post-transplantation (mois)<br />

p


STEROIDES OU NON?


Immunosuppression sans corticoïdes:<br />

Pourquoi ?<br />

• Eff<strong>et</strong>s secondaires:<br />

• - HTA<br />

• - Diabète post-Tx<br />

• - Ostéoporose<br />

• - Faciès cushingoïde<br />

• - Autres<br />

• Cause de non-compliance?<br />

• Augmentation eff<strong>et</strong>s secondaires <strong>du</strong> Tc.


Immunosuppression sans corticoïdes:<br />

Est-ce possible?<br />

OUI<br />

• Etudes pilotes:<br />

• Birkeland SA: Steroïd-free IS in<br />

renal transplantation: a long-term<br />

FU in 100 consecutive pts.<br />

Transplantation 2001. 71: 1089-<br />

1090.<br />

• Cole E <strong>et</strong> al. A pilot study of<br />

steroïd-free IS in the prevention of<br />

AR in renal allograft recipients.<br />

Transplantation 2001. 72: 845-<br />

850.


Immunosuppression sans corticoïdes:<br />

Est-ce possible?<br />

OUI<br />

• Etudes contrôlées:<br />

• Vincenti F <strong>et</strong> al: Multicenter<br />

randomized prospective trial of<br />

steroïd withdrawal in RTR<br />

receiving basiliximab, Neoral and<br />

MMF. Am j Transplant 2003. 3:<br />

306-311.<br />

• Rostaing L <strong>et</strong> al. Corticosteroïdfree<br />

IS with tacrolimus, MMF and<br />

daclizumab in<strong>du</strong>ction in renal<br />

transplantation. Transplantation<br />

2005. 79: 807-814.


R<br />

Tac<br />

0.1mg/kg<br />

MMF<br />

1g<br />

Dac<br />

1mg/kg<br />

Study design<br />

Tx<br />

Steroids<br />

500mgiv<br />

Tx<br />

J14<br />

Dac<br />

1mg/kg<br />

(5-10 ng/ml) (1 g/j)<br />

Tac + MMF<br />

Tac + MMF +<br />

steroids<br />

(5-10 ng/ml) (1 g/j) (5 mg/j)<br />

Rostaing L <strong>et</strong> al. Transplantation 2005. 79: 807-814.<br />

6 months


% Patients<br />

Biopsy proven acute rejection<br />

25<br />

20<br />

15<br />

10<br />

5<br />

0<br />

16,5<br />

6-month<br />

16,5<br />

5<br />

4,3<br />

Acute Steroid-resistant acute<br />

Tac+MMF Tac+MMF+S<br />

Rostaing L <strong>et</strong> al. Transplantation 2005. 79: 807-814.


Adverse events<br />

Tac+MMF<br />

(N=260)<br />

%<br />

Tac+MMF+S<br />

(N=278)<br />

%<br />

Urinary tract infection 25.4 30.2<br />

Anemia 23.5 20.9<br />

Leukopenia 21.5 18.0<br />

Pneumonia* 4.2 1.1<br />

New ons<strong>et</strong> diab<strong>et</strong>es** 0.4 5.4<br />

Rostaing L <strong>et</strong> al. Transplantation 2005. 79: 807-814.<br />

p=0.028<br />

p=0.001


Greffe rénale préemptive<br />

janvier 2012<br />

• In<strong>du</strong>ction:<br />

Simulect/Néoral/Cellcept/Corticoïdes<br />

• Prophylaxie: Bactrim ®


Evolution<br />

• Reprise normale de la fonction rénale (Nadir<br />

138µmol/l)<br />

• Oxygénodépendance persistante à J2 sans fièvre ni<br />

Sd inflammatoire<br />

– TDM thorax: Pneumopathie bilatérale<br />

– Rocephine ® /Rovamycine ®<br />

• Intro<strong>du</strong>ction <strong>du</strong> Rimifon®<br />

• J7: éruption vésiculeuse, douloureuse pli<br />

interfessier évoquant un Zona<br />

– Zovirax ® IV puis Zelitrex ®<br />

• Déséquilibre <strong>du</strong> diabète


CINETIQUE DES SOUS-POPULATIONS<br />

T CD4 + EN FONCTION DE L’AGE<br />

% / 100% T CD4 +<br />

% / 100% T CD4 +<br />

Mémoires centrales<br />

CCR7 + CD45RAneg 100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

âge<br />

Mémoires effectrices<br />

CCR7 neg CD45RA neg<br />

0<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

âge<br />

% / 100% T CD4 +<br />

% / 100% T CD4 +<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

Naïves<br />

CCR7 + CD45RA +<br />

0<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

âge<br />

Effecteurs terminaux<br />

CCR7 neg CD45RA +<br />

0<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

âge<br />

M LABALETTE Lille


CINETIQUE DES SOUS-POPULATIONS<br />

T CD8 + EN FONCTION DE L’AGE<br />

Mémoires centrales<br />

CCR7 + CD45RA neg<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

Mémoires effectrices<br />

CCR7negCD45RAneg 100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

âge<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

âge<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

100<br />

80<br />

60<br />

40<br />

20<br />

0<br />

Naïves<br />

CCR7 + CD45RA +<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

âge<br />

Effecteurs terminaux<br />

CCR7 neg CD45RA +<br />

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />

âge<br />

M LABALETTE Lille

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