revue_geosciences16

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74 a worldwide overview of carbon dioxide storage Assest lifecycle stage Identify Evaluate Define Execute Operate Seventeen LSIPs in operation or about to become operational, demonstrate the capture, transport and permanent storage of CO2 utilising measurement, monitoring and verification systems. Only a few CO2 EOR projects that utilise anthropogenic CO2 are included in the count since there is currently no clear standard or regulatory guidance on monitoring requirements involving CO2 storage associated with EOR. Until recently all commercial operations were associated with hydrocarbon production, natural gas processing or enhanced oil recovery (EOR); however, a project capturing CO2 from an ethanol production plant with storage in a deep saline formation is now being developed in the Illinois Basin; importantly two coalfired power plants are now being constructed (Kemper County in the USA and Boundary Dam in Canada) associated with EOR, as well as the Alberta Carbon Trunk Line (ACTL) project, sourcing CO2 from the Agrium fertiliser plant for CCS associated with EOR operations. Geographic Bias of Storage Activities The geographical distribution of LSIPs and storage types is currently still mainly driven by historical oil & gas activities and most often located where capture is part of an industrial process (figure 4). EOR is currently the primary storage option for a vast majority of LSIPs in North America, where this technique has been applied for the last 40 years, infrastructures are in place and it presents a viable business case. In Europe and Australia, operational and planned storage of CO2 is essentially in offshore and onshore deep saline United States Europe China Canada Australia and New Zealand Middle East Other Asia Africa Storage type Deep saline formations Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) Depleted oil and gas reservoirs Various options considered, not specified Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) Depleted oil and gas reservoirs Deep saline formations Various options considered, not specified 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 Potential volume of CO2 (Mtpa) Fig. 4: LSIPs by location, asset lifecycle and storage type. The final investment decision occurs at the end of the Define phase. Active stages include Execute (construction) and Operate; (Closure not shown). Volumes: only anthropogenic or captured CO2 is considered for CO2 EOR projects. Fig. 4 : Grands projets intégrés (LSIPs) par position géographique, stade de développement et type de stockage. Les stades actifs sont les stades Exécution (construction) et Opération ; le stade de Fermeture n’est pas représenté. Volumes: seul le CO2 anthropogénique ou capturé est pris en compte pour les projets de récupération assistée des hydrocarbures (CO2 EOR). © GCCSI.
un panorama mondial du stockage géologique de dioxyde de carbone CO2 capture at the Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM) Norway, using two capture technologies – one amine process and one chilled ammonia process. Captage du CO2 au Centre de Technologie de Mongstad (TCM) Norvège, avec utilisation de deux technologies de captage – un processus amine et un processus à l’ammoniaque réfrigérée. © TCM.
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