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Protection <strong>de</strong>s végétaux | Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus, vecteur du bois noir <strong>de</strong> la vigne : répartition et biologie<br />

Summary<br />

Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus, the<br />

vector of bois noir: distribution<br />

and biology<br />

Since the appearance of the<br />

quarantine disease flavescence<br />

dorée, Swiss winegrowers’<br />

general awareness for the bois<br />

noir disease has consi<strong>de</strong>rably<br />

increased. Both grapevine<br />

yellows diseases elicit i<strong>de</strong>ntical<br />

symptoms and are transmitted<br />

by insects. Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus<br />

Signoret (Hemiptera,<br />

Cixiidae) is assumed to be the<br />

principal vector of bois noir in<br />

Europe. Its nymphs normally<br />

<strong>de</strong>velop on the roots of field<br />

bindweed or stinging nett<strong>le</strong>.<br />

Grapevine appears to be only<br />

an erroneous food source for<br />

H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus adults. In Switzerland,<br />

the epi<strong>de</strong>miology of bois<br />

noir disease is at present poorly<br />

un<strong>de</strong>rstood and the interaction<br />

between the phytoplasma,<br />

the insect vector, the original<br />

host plants and grapevines is<br />

unknown. In a first step, we<br />

studied the distribution and<br />

biology of the vector. A<br />

national survey revea<strong>le</strong>d that<br />

H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus is present in most<br />

viticultural areas of Switzerland,<br />

mainly on stinging nett<strong>le</strong>.<br />

Adult planthoppers were captured<br />

from June to September<br />

2008 and they were most abundant<br />

in July. The vector is quite<br />

mobi<strong>le</strong> and capab<strong>le</strong> of flying<br />

over several dozen meters. In<br />

conclusion, H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus and<br />

U. dioica seem to play central<br />

ro<strong>le</strong>s in the epi<strong>de</strong>miology of<br />

bois noir in Swiss vineyards.<br />

Key words: Viticulture, Vitis<br />

vinifera, phytoplasma, stolbur,<br />

plant-vector associations.<br />

Zusammenfassung<br />

Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Vektor <strong>de</strong>r Schwarzholzkrankheit:<br />

Verteilung und Biologie<br />

Seit <strong>de</strong>m Auftreten <strong>de</strong>r Goldgelben<br />

Vergilbung wird <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Schwarzholzkrankheit <strong>de</strong>utlich<br />

mehr Beachtung geschenkt.<br />

Die bei<strong>de</strong>n Vergilbungskrankheiten<br />

rufen die g<strong>le</strong>ichen<br />

Befallssymptome hervor und<br />

wer<strong>de</strong>n bei<strong>de</strong> von Insekten<br />

übertragen. Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus<br />

Signoret (Hemiptera,<br />

Cixiidae) scheint <strong>de</strong>r wichtigste<br />

Überträger von Schwarzholz<br />

in <strong>de</strong>r Europa zu sein. Die Nymphen<br />

dieser Glasfügelzika<strong>de</strong><br />

entwickeln sich für gewöhnlich<br />

auf Ackerwin<strong>de</strong>n o<strong>de</strong>r Brennnesseln<br />

und die Rebe zählt<br />

nicht zu <strong>de</strong>n eigentlichen<br />

Futterpflanzen <strong>de</strong>s Überträgers.<br />

In <strong>de</strong>r Schweiz wur<strong>de</strong> die<br />

Epi<strong>de</strong>miologie von Schwarzholz<br />

kaum untersucht und die<br />

Interaktionen zwischen <strong>de</strong>m<br />

Krankheitserreger, seinen<br />

eigentlichen Wirtspflanzen,<br />

seinem Überträger und <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Rebe sind weitgehend unbekannt.<br />

In einem ersten Schritt<br />

haben wir die Verteilung und<br />

Biologie <strong>de</strong>s Überträgers<br />

studiert. Eine lan<strong>de</strong>sweite<br />

Erhebung ergab, dass H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus<br />

in <strong>de</strong>n meisten Schweizer<br />

Weinbau gebieten vorkommt<br />

und dass man das Insekt<br />

hauptsächlich auf Brennnessel<br />

fin<strong>de</strong>t. Auch wenn <strong>de</strong>r Flug im<br />

Sommer 2008 von Juni bis<br />

September dauerte, wur<strong>de</strong>n<br />

am meisten adulte H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus<br />

im Juli gefangen. Die Adulten<br />

sind recht mobil und fliegen<br />

min<strong>de</strong>stens einige zehn Meter.<br />

In <strong>de</strong>n Schweizer Rebbergen<br />

scheinen H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus und<br />

Brennnesseln daher eine<br />

zentra<strong>le</strong> Rol<strong>le</strong> in <strong>de</strong>r Epi<strong>de</strong>miologie<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Schwarz holzkrankheit<br />

zu spie<strong>le</strong>n.<br />

196 <strong>Revue</strong> <strong>suisse</strong> Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture | Vol 42 (3) : 190–196, 2010<br />

Riassunto<br />

Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes obso<strong>le</strong>tus, vettore<br />

<strong>de</strong>l <strong>le</strong>gno nero: ripartizione<br />

e biologia<br />

Coll’apparizione <strong>de</strong>lla flavescenza<br />

dorata, l’attenzione <strong>de</strong>i<br />

viticoltori svizzeri per il <strong>le</strong>gno<br />

nero ha consi<strong>de</strong>revolmente<br />

cresciuto. Questi due giallumi<br />

<strong>de</strong>lla vigna inducono sintomi<br />

i<strong>de</strong>ntici e ambedue sono trasmessi<br />

da insetti. Hya<strong>le</strong>sthes<br />

obso<strong>le</strong>tus Signoret (Hemiptera,<br />

Cixiidae) è consi<strong>de</strong>rato come il<br />

vettore principa<strong>le</strong> <strong>de</strong>l <strong>le</strong>gno<br />

nero in Europa. Le ninfe di<br />

questo insetto si sviluppano<br />

abitualmente sul<strong>le</strong> radici <strong>de</strong>l<br />

vilucchio o <strong>de</strong>ll’ortica dioica e la<br />

vigna non costituisce altro che<br />

una risorsa nutritiva erronea<br />

per gli adulti. In Svizzera, l’epi<strong>de</strong>miologia<br />

di questa malattia è<br />

stata poco studiata e <strong>le</strong> interazioni<br />

tra l’agente patogeno,<br />

<strong>le</strong> sue piante ospiti originarie, il<br />

suo vettore e la vigna non erano<br />

conosciute. In un primo tempo<br />

abbiamo studiato la ripartizione<br />

e la biologia <strong>de</strong>l vettore.<br />

Dei ri<strong>le</strong>vamenti hanno dimostrato<br />

che si trova H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus<br />

nella maggior parte <strong>de</strong>l<strong>le</strong> regioni<br />

vitico<strong>le</strong> <strong>de</strong>lla Svizzera, sopra<br />

tutto sull’ortica dioica. Adulti di<br />

H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus sono stati catturati<br />

da giugno a settembre 2008,<br />

in maggioranza durante il mese<br />

di luglio. Gli adulti sono capaci<br />

di volare almeno su qualche<br />

<strong>de</strong>cina di metri. In conclusione<br />

H. obso<strong>le</strong>tus e l’ortica dioica<br />

sembrano tenere un ruolo <strong>de</strong>cisivo<br />

nell’epi<strong>de</strong>miologia <strong>de</strong>l <strong>le</strong>gno<br />

nero nel vigneto svizzero.

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