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Summary<br />

Light conditions measurement<br />

in 3D digitized app<strong>le</strong> trees<br />

to evaluate their influence<br />

on fruit quality<br />

3D plant mo<strong>de</strong>ls of 13 to 14<br />

year-old app<strong>le</strong> trees were created<br />

with computer programs,<br />

consi<strong>de</strong>ring the variety Gol<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Delicious and three training<br />

systems (Vertical Axis, Drilling,<br />

Ycare). These mo<strong>de</strong>ls helped<br />

calculating light conditions<br />

within a tree and consequently<br />

their influence on sugar content<br />

of individual fruits. Within<br />

a tree, the sugar content was<br />

related to the STAR (Silhouette<br />

to Total Area Ratio, i.e. the<br />

ratio of exposed to total <strong>le</strong>af<br />

area during a day) of the <strong>le</strong>af<br />

area near the fruit. High correlation<br />

coefficients (r 2 = 0.75 in<br />

2004 and > 0.88 in 2005) could<br />

be achieved between STAR<br />

categories and sugar content<br />

of the respective fruits. However,<br />

for individual fruits the<br />

correlation coefficients were<br />

rather low (r 2 < 0.2 for over a<br />

half of the trees in 2004 et<br />

2005), suggesting that light<br />

conditions nearby fruit were<br />

not sufficient to explain alone<br />

its sugar content. Other<br />

factors, such as shoot <strong>le</strong>ngths<br />

which affects the <strong>le</strong>af area,<br />

may also play a ro<strong>le</strong>. This information<br />

is useful for trailing<br />

and pruning the trees to improve<br />

fruit quality. Differences<br />

in average sugar content of the<br />

fruits between training systems<br />

and app<strong>le</strong> trees could not<br />

be related to light conditions.<br />

The fruit to <strong>le</strong>af area ratio was<br />

better suited to explain those<br />

differences in fruit sugar<br />

content between the trees.<br />

Key words: Malus domestica,<br />

three-dimensional, plant digitising,<br />

mo<strong>de</strong>lling, tree training.<br />

Pommiers digitalisés pour mesurer l’influence du microclimat lumineux sur la qualité <strong>de</strong>s fruits | Arboriculture<br />

Zusammenfassung<br />

Lichtbedingungen in Apfelbäumen<br />

gemessen mittels 3D-Digitalisierung<br />

und <strong>de</strong>ren Einfluss auf die Qualität<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Früchte<br />

Mittels Informatikprogrammen konnten<br />

3D-Mo<strong>de</strong>l<strong>le</strong> von 13 bis 14 jährigen<br />

Apfelbäumen erstellt und grafisch<br />

dargestellt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Dabei wur<strong>de</strong>n die<br />

Sorte Gol<strong>de</strong>n Delicious und drei Erziehungsformen<br />

(Spin<strong>de</strong>l, Drilling, Ycare)<br />

berücksichtigt. Mit Hilfe <strong>de</strong>r 3D-Mo<strong>de</strong>l<strong>le</strong><br />

konnten die Lichtbedingungen<br />

über die Zeit innerhalb <strong>de</strong>s Baumes<br />

berechnet wer<strong>de</strong>n und somit <strong>de</strong>ren<br />

Einfluss auf <strong>de</strong>n Zuckergehalt <strong>de</strong>r Einzelfrüchte<br />

bestimmt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Innerhalb<br />

eines Baumes stan<strong>de</strong>n die Zuckergehalte<br />

<strong>de</strong>r Früchte in Beziehung<br />

zum STAR (Silhouette to Total Area<br />

Ratio, d.h. das Verhältnis <strong>de</strong>r belichteten<br />

zur tota<strong>le</strong>n Blattfläche während<br />

eines Zeitraumes) <strong>de</strong>r Blattfläche <strong>de</strong>r<br />

entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n Frucht (Rosettenblätter<br />

und Blätter an Fruchtruten). Hohe<br />

Korrelationskoeffizienten (r 2 = 0,75<br />

und > 0,88 im 2004 bzw. 2005) konnten<br />

zwischen <strong>de</strong>n STAR-Stufen und<br />

<strong>de</strong>m Zuckergehalt <strong>de</strong>r entsprechen<strong>de</strong>n<br />

Früchte erzielt wer<strong>de</strong>n. Wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />

aber die Einzelfrüchte berücksichtigt<br />

so sind die Korrelationskoeffizienten<br />

eher tief (r 2 < 0,2 für mehr als die Hälfte<br />

<strong>de</strong>r untersuchten Bäume im 2004 et<br />

2005). Dies <strong>de</strong>utet darauf hin, dass<br />

nicht nur die Lichtbedingungen in<br />

Fruchtnähe einen Einfluss haben. Faktoren<br />

wie die Länge <strong>de</strong>r Fruchttriebe,<br />

was die Blattfläche beeinflusst, spie<strong>le</strong>n<br />

wohl auch eine Rol<strong>le</strong>. Die Be<strong>de</strong>utung<br />

dieser Informationen für einen<br />

angepassten Schnitt <strong>de</strong>r Bäume zur<br />

Verbesserung <strong>de</strong>r Qualität wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />

diskutiert. Unterschie<strong>de</strong> zwischen<br />

Apfelbäumen und Erziehungssystemen<br />

betreffend <strong>de</strong>s durchschnittlichen<br />

Zuckergehaltes <strong>de</strong>r Früchte<br />

konnten mit unterschiedlichen Lichtbedingungen<br />

nicht erklärt wer<strong>de</strong>n.<br />

Das Frucht-Blattflächenverhältnis <strong>de</strong>r<br />

Bäume war besser geeignet, um<br />

Unterschie<strong>de</strong> zwischen Bäumen im<br />

Zuckergehalt <strong>de</strong>r Früchte zu erklären.<br />

Riassunto<br />

Microclima luminoso misurato<br />

attraverso alberi digitalizzati e la<br />

sua influenza sulla qualità <strong>de</strong>i frutti<br />

L’analisi informatica di mo<strong>de</strong>lli 3D<br />

ottenuti partendo da alberi adulti,<br />

ossia la rappresentazione grafica<br />

di individui condotta secondo tre<br />

forme (asse vertica<strong>le</strong>, Drilling e Ycare)<br />

e d’età compresa tra 13 e 14 anni,<br />

è servita come metodo per studiare<br />

l’influenza <strong>de</strong>l microclima luminoso<br />

sulla qualità, in particolare sul<br />

contenuto tota<strong>le</strong> zuccherino (°Brix)<br />

<strong>de</strong>lla varietà Gol<strong>de</strong>n Delicious. Alla<br />

scala <strong>de</strong>lla pianta, il tenore °Brix è<br />

ben correlato allo STAR (ratio superficie<br />

fogliare illuminata/superficie<br />

fogliare tota<strong>le</strong>) <strong>de</strong>ll’organo fogliare<br />

associato al frutto (borsa + brindillo).<br />

Un’e<strong>le</strong>vata correlazione (r 2 = 0,75 nel<br />

2004 e > 0,88 nel 2005) è ottenuta<br />

attraverso la media <strong>de</strong>l °Brix per<br />

classe d’illuminazione (STAR < 0,05<br />

a > 0,4, con valori d’incremento di<br />

0,05). Se consi<strong>de</strong>riamo i valori<br />

individuali, la correlazione risulta<br />

molto <strong>de</strong>bo<strong>le</strong> (r 2 < 0,2 per 50 % <strong>de</strong>gli<br />

alberi nel 2004 e 2005), dimostrando<br />

che non è unicamente la luce che<br />

<strong>de</strong>termina la qualità <strong>de</strong>l frutto.<br />

La lunghezza <strong>de</strong>l brindillo che<br />

<strong>de</strong>termina direttamente la superficie<br />

fogliare <strong>de</strong>l comp<strong>le</strong>sso borsa +<br />

brindillo, influenza allo stesso modo<br />

i °Brix.<br />

Quest’osservazione è uti<strong>le</strong> per<br />

orientare una strategia di potatura,<br />

mirante il miglioramento <strong>de</strong>lla<br />

qualità <strong>de</strong>i raccolti. Nessun criterio<br />

relativo al microclima luminoso ha<br />

potuto essere evi<strong>de</strong>nziato per<br />

spiegare <strong>le</strong> differenze in termini di<br />

qualità osservati alla scala d’alberi<br />

di una stessa forma di potatura e a<br />

fortiori per evi<strong>de</strong>nziare un’influenza<br />

<strong>de</strong>lla forma d’al<strong>le</strong>vamento.<br />

Unicamente il carico espresso in<br />

numero di frutti/m 2 di superficie<br />

fogliare tota<strong>le</strong> permette di spiegare,<br />

in parte, <strong>le</strong> differenze <strong>de</strong>l °Brix<br />

medio osservato tra un albero<br />

e l’altro e da un anno all’altro.<br />

<strong>Revue</strong> <strong>suisse</strong> Viticulture, Arboriculture, Horticulture | Vol. 44 (2): 122–129, 2012 129

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