Book Fauna Palaestina 4 Year 2014 By Prof Dr Norman Ali Bassam Khalaf von Jaffa ISBN 978-9950-383-77-7
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<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
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<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
Part Four / Teil Vier<br />
Zoological Studies in Palestine<br />
between 1983 – <strong>2014</strong><br />
Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – <strong>2014</strong><br />
Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine<br />
July <strong>2014</strong><br />
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Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine<br />
Tel. 00970-2-2340035<br />
info@aljundi.biz<br />
www.aljundi.biz<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four<br />
Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – <strong>2014</strong><br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Vier<br />
Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – <strong>2014</strong><br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
First Edition / Erste Auflage . July <strong>2014</strong><br />
<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong> – <strong>9950</strong> – <strong>383</strong> – <strong>77</strong> - 7<br />
All Rights Reserved / Alle Rechte vorbehalten<br />
Copyright © <strong>2014</strong> by Al Jundi Publishing House. Jerusalem, Palestine<br />
Website of the <strong>Book</strong>:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between<br />
1983 – <strong>2014</strong> (<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-<strong>77</strong>-7):<br />
http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm<br />
E-mail of the Author: <strong>Jaffa</strong>city@yahoo.de<br />
Tel. of the Author (Palestine): 00970-52-4170202<br />
English / German Cover: A Cheetah at the Emirates Park Zoo, Abu<br />
Dhabi, United Arab Emirates on 16.05.<strong>2014</strong>.<br />
Photograph by Mrs. Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Dubai, U.A.E.<br />
Cover Design / Umschlaggestaltung: Mrs. Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Dubai, United Arab Emirates<br />
Printed and bound in Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine<br />
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اقْرَأْ بِاسْ مِ رَ بِّكَ الَّذِي خَ لَ َق خَ لَقَ اْلْ ِنسَانَ مِنْ عَلَق اقْرَ أْ وَ رَ بُّكَ<br />
اْلْ َكْرَ م الَّذِي عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ عَلَّمَ اْلْ ِنسَانَ مَا لَمْ ٌَعْ لَمْ<br />
.<br />
.<br />
. 5-1<br />
.<br />
.<br />
سورة العلق ، اآلياث<br />
.<br />
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful<br />
Read! In the name of your Lord who created. He<br />
created man from a clinging form. Read! Your<br />
Lord Is the Most Bountiful One. Who taught by<br />
pen. Who taught man what he did not know.<br />
Surah 96 (Al-Alaq), Ayat 1-5<br />
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Contents<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four<br />
English Articles<br />
1. Preface .................................................................................... 9<br />
2. About the Author: A Palestinian-German Zoologist ………. 12<br />
3. Checklist of the Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab Beetles) from<br />
Palestine …............................................................................. 15<br />
4. Family Coccinellidae (Ladybird Beetles) in Palestine ……... 47<br />
5. Freshwater Fishes in Palestine ……………………………... 69<br />
6. Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 : A New Freshwater<br />
Doctor Fish Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve,<br />
Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine ……………………… 92<br />
7. † Macropomoides palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 : A New<br />
Coelacanth Fish Fossil Species from the Anthracothere Hill<br />
in Al-Naqab, Palestine .…………………………………….. 126<br />
8. The Ceratosaur Dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi<br />
Janensch, 1920 Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine …........................................ 140<br />
9. Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Nesting in Palestine ………………………………………… 182<br />
10. The <strong>By</strong>catch of a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta<br />
Linnaeus, 1758) in a fishing net on the Gaza Coast, Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine …………………………………………… 691<br />
11. Records of Dead Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta<br />
Linnaeus, 1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied<br />
Palestine between 2010 – 2013 …………………………….. 231<br />
12. Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in the State of Palestine<br />
in 2013 ……………………………………………………… 246<br />
13. Mus musculus gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007 : A New House<br />
Mouse Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine …………. 272<br />
14. The Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas Linnaeus, 1758) …….. 292<br />
15. Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008 : A New Golden<br />
Jackal Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine ………….. 296<br />
16. The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Palestine ……………………….. 319<br />
17 The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock,<br />
1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine ... 337<br />
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Contents<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four<br />
Arabic Articles<br />
1. Al-Muqadima (Preface) ........................................................... 11<br />
2. The Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens Blanford, 1875)<br />
in Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula ……………………… 16<br />
3. Dinosaurs of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine …..... 38<br />
4. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong> Award for Biodiversity in Palestine<br />
2012 / 2013 : Essay and Photography Contest of the Palestine<br />
Sunbird (Cinnyris osea Bonaparte, 1856) …………………... 53<br />
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IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, MOST GRACIOUS, MOST MERCIFUL<br />
PREFACE<br />
Packed into Palestine's small area are snow-covered mountains, parched<br />
deserts, fertile fields, lush woodlands and long stretches of sand dunes.<br />
No less than four different geographical zones are included in Palestine,<br />
and the country's climate ranges from semi-arid to temperate to<br />
subtropical.<br />
All of this makes Palestine home to a stunning variety of plants and<br />
animals. Some 47,000 living species have been identified in Palestine,<br />
with another 4,000 assumed to exist. There are 116 species of mammals<br />
native to Palestine, 511 kinds of birds, 97 types of reptiles and nine types<br />
of amphibians. Some 2,780 types of plants grow countrywide, from<br />
Alpine flowers on northern mountain slopes to bright red coral peonies<br />
and desert papyrus reeds in the south.<br />
My first published scientific article goes back to January 1980, when I<br />
was still a student in the Zoology Department at Kuwait University,<br />
State of Kuwait. The article was about "The Colouration of Animals".<br />
I was especially interested in the Arabian Wildlife, and in particular, in<br />
my Homeland Palestine. My first zoological article about the Palestinian<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> dates back to February 1983. The article was entitled "The<br />
Badger in Palestine and the Arabian Peninsula", and was published<br />
in the Palestinian "Al Khalisah" Bulletin, Kuwait University.<br />
Since that time, I had published many scientific articles in different<br />
scientific books, magazines and bulletins, and established my own<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. In July 1983, "Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin" was created. It was the First Palestinian Scientific<br />
Journal Worldwide (ISSN 0178 – 6288).<br />
My first zoological article in "Gazelle" was about "Order Lagomorpha<br />
in Palestine". Till now 124 "Gazelle" Issues were published; and many<br />
of my articles were about Palestinian Animals.<br />
Finally, and after more than 35 years in Zoological research and studies,<br />
in Palestine and many Arabic and European countries, and after<br />
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publishing many scientific articles in different scientific books,<br />
magazines and bulletins, especially the "Gazelle Bulletin", and after<br />
publishing many articles in the Gazelle Bulletin Web Site, since 2001<br />
under (www.gazelle.8m.net), and after publishing most of my articles<br />
on the internet under (www.webs.com), and after publishing my<br />
zoological books: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin in July<br />
2004, Aquatica Arabica in August 2005, Mammalia Arabica in July<br />
2006, Felidae Arabica in July 2007, Carnivora Arabica in September<br />
2008, <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part One in September 2009, <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
Emiratus – Part One in November 2010, <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part<br />
Two which was published by Dar Al Jundi Publishing House in Al Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Palestine in July 2012, and my ninth book <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Three which was also published by Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House in Al Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine in July<br />
2013; I finally decided to publish my newest scientific book in the Holy<br />
City of Jerusalem, State of Palestine, containing selected "Palestinian"<br />
research and articles which were published between 1983 - <strong>2014</strong>.<br />
It is hard to be optimistic about the future of Wildlife in Palestine. But<br />
recent years have shown the development of official and public interest,<br />
and efforts to conserve the Palestinian <strong>Fauna</strong>. Palestinian animals lived<br />
with humans for thousands of years. There are a lot of stories concerning<br />
Prophets with Palestinian animals, which were mentioned in the Holy<br />
Quran, Bible and Torah.<br />
I hope that I can participate with my new book to our knowledge about<br />
"<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong>", and to help and to be part in protecting the<br />
endangered Palestinian and Arabian <strong>Fauna</strong>.<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
Al Quds (Jerusalem), the Capital of the State of Palestine and the Capital<br />
of Arab Culture.<br />
05 th July <strong>2014</strong> (My 52 nd Birthday).<br />
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About the Author :<br />
A Palestinian-German Zoologist<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> is a Palestinian-German Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist. Born<br />
in Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany in 1962. His family originally comes<br />
from Al Eizariya (Bethany), east of Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine. The<br />
family then moved to the financial booming city of <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Palestine in the<br />
beginning of the twentieth century. Finished School in Kuwait. Studied<br />
Zoology, Geology and Ecology for the Bachelor, Master and Doctorate<br />
degrees at the Universities of Kuwait, Durham (England) and Ashwood<br />
(USA). Specialised in Animal Behaviour and Ecology. Done a lot of<br />
work and research in the Universities of Kuwait, Durham and<br />
Saarbrücken; and in the Zoos, Wild Parks and Field Studies in Palestine,<br />
Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Emirates,<br />
Qatar, Oman, Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary,<br />
Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, England, Scotland, Jersey Island,<br />
France, Austria, Switzerland and Germany.<br />
He is the author and publisher of "Gazelle : The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin" (ISSN 0178-6288), the first Palestinian scientific journal<br />
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worldwide (since 1983); and the author of ten books: Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin (2004), Aquatica Arabica (2005),<br />
Mammalia Arabica (2006), Felidae Arabica (2007), Carnivora Arabica<br />
(2008), <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part One (2009), <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Part One<br />
(2010), <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Two (2012), <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part<br />
Three (2013), <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four (<strong>2014</strong>), and the co-author of<br />
the book "Palestine: A Guide" (2005/2006).<br />
He discovered and scientifically named nine new animal species and<br />
subspecies. Two Palestinian mammal subspecies from the Gaza Strip:<br />
The Gaza or Palestine House Mouse (Mus musculus gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2007) and the Palestine Golden Jackal (Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2008); and the Pink Panther or the Pink-hued Leopard (Panthera pardus<br />
roseus <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013) from South Africa; and three freshwater fish<br />
subspecies: The Emirati or Wadi Al Wurayah Blind Cave Fish (Garra<br />
barreimiae wurayahi <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2009), the Emirati or <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>'s Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2009) from the Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates and the<br />
Palestine or Wadi Qana Doctor Fish (Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2013) from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of<br />
Palestine; and three fossils: the Arabian or Emirati Four-Tusked<br />
Elephant Fossil († Stegotetrabelodon syrticus emiratus <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2010) from the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; the<br />
Sharjah or Arabian Coelacanth Fish Fossil († Coelacanthus<br />
sharjah <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013) from Sharjah Natural History and Botanical<br />
Museum in Sharjah, Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates and the<br />
Palestine or Al-Naqab Coelacanth Fish Fossil († Macropomoides<br />
palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013) from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab,<br />
Palestine.<br />
He is working now as a free Scientific Researcher, Publisher and Eco-<br />
Tourist Guide in the United Arab Emirates. He is married to Ola <strong>Khalaf</strong><br />
and has one daughter, Nora (15 <strong>Year</strong>s).<br />
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Checklist of the Family Scarabaeidae<br />
(Scarab Beetles) from Palestine<br />
خنافس الج عل فً فلسطٌن<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
Propomacrus bimucronatus. <strong>By</strong>: Peter Simon Pallas, 1781.<br />
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Propomacrus_bimucronatus.png<br />
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Family Scarabaeidae<br />
Subfamily Eucheirinae<br />
Propomacrus bimucronatus Pallas, 1781<br />
Subfamily Melolonthinae<br />
Tribe Melolonthini<br />
Anoxia (Anoxia) maculiventris Reitter, 1890<br />
Anoxia (Mesanoxia) cypria Zurcher, 1911<br />
Anoxia (Protanoxia) laevimaculata Petrovitz, 1973<br />
Anoxia (Protanoxia) orientalis Krynicki, 1832<br />
Anoxoides bytinskisalzi Petrovitz, 1971<br />
Cyphonoxia praestabilis Reitter, 1889<br />
Melolontha (Melolontha) albida Frivaldszky, 1835<br />
Polyphylla (Polyphylla) olivieri Laporte, 1840<br />
Tribe Rhizotrogini<br />
Aplidia caesarina Reitter, 1902<br />
Aplidia chaifensis Kraatz, 1882<br />
Aplidia endroedii Baraud, 1988<br />
Aplidia fissa fissa Burmeister, 1855<br />
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Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Web%20Polyphylla%20olivieri.jpg<br />
Aplidia janczyki Baraud, 1988<br />
Aplidia joannis Baraud, 1988<br />
Aplidia lizleri Keith, 2000<br />
Aplidia nitidula Kraatz, 1882<br />
Aplidia petrovitzi petrovitzi Baraud,1988<br />
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Aplidia villosicollis Kraatz, 1882<br />
Gnaphalostetha bonvoisini Reiche & Saulcy, 1856<br />
Holochelus (Holochelus) setiventris Reitter, 1902<br />
Tribe Pachydemini<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Gnaphalostetha%20bonvoisini.jpg<br />
Brenskiella flavomicans Brenske, 1897<br />
Leptochristina pubicavula Reitter, 1902<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) sinaiticus Heyden, 1900<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctus) kindermanni Reiche, 1861<br />
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Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) crinitus Petrovitz, 1971<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) israeliticus Petrovitz, 1971<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) lederi Reiche, 1861<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) minutus Petrovitz, 1973<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) nabataeus Petrovitz, 1973<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) pumilus Petrovitz, 1973<br />
Tanyproctus (Taniproctocera) saulcyi Reiche & Saulcy, 1856<br />
Subfamily Sericinae<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/web%20tanyproctus%20saulcyi.jpg<br />
Maladera (Cephaloserica) insanabilis Brenske, 1894<br />
Maladera (Eusericula) modesta Fairmaire, 1881<br />
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Maladera (Macroserica) punctatissima Faldermann, 1835<br />
Maladera (Macroserica) syriaca syriaca Petrovitz, 1969<br />
Omaloplia (Acarina) labrata Burmeister, 1855<br />
Paratriodonta olivieri Blanchard, 1850<br />
Paratriodonta tripolitana Brenske, 1889 (?)<br />
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/Maladera%20syriaca%20syriaca.jpg<br />
Subfamily Rutelinae<br />
Tribe Adoretini<br />
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Adoretus granulifrons Fairmaire, 1882<br />
Adoretus irakanus Ohaus, 1928<br />
Tribe Anomalini<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Adoretus%20irakanus.jpg<br />
Anisoplia (Anisoplia) signata akbesiana Baraud, 1991<br />
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Anisoplia ferruginipes Petrovitz, 1963 (?)<br />
Brancoplia klapperichi Petrovitz, 1971<br />
Anisoplia pumila Mersuel, 1878<br />
Brancoplia leucaspis leucaspis Laporte, 1840<br />
Brancoplia mesopotamica Pilleri, 1954<br />
Chaetopteroplia obenbergeri Vsetecka 1941<br />
Chaetopteroplia syriaca Burmeister, 1844<br />
Hemichaetoplia gossypiata Fairmaire, 1881<br />
Anomala palaestina Pic, 1905<br />
Asiopertha nazarena Marsuel, 1878<br />
Blitopertha nigripennis Reitter, 1888<br />
Pharaouns varicoloreus Burmeister, 1844<br />
Tribopertha aegyptiaca Blanchard, 1851<br />
Subfamily Dynastinae<br />
Tribe Oryctini<br />
Oryctes nasicornis kuntzeni )Minck,1915(<br />
Oryctes agamemnon sinaicus<br />
(Walker,1871)<br />
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Tribe Pentodontini<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Asiopertha%20nazarena.jpg<br />
Heteroninchus licas Klug, 1835<br />
Pentodon algerinum dispar Baudi,1870<br />
Pentodon bidens sulcifrons Kuster, 1848<br />
Pentodon idiota idiota Herbst,1789<br />
Pentodon variolopunctatus deserti Heyden, 1900<br />
Phyllognathus excavatus Forster,1<strong>77</strong>1<br />
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Podalgus cuniculus arabicus Fairmaire, 1895<br />
Temnorhynchus baal Reiche & saulcy, 1856<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Oryctes%20agamemnon%20sinaicus.jpg<br />
Subfamily Cetoniinae<br />
Tribe Cetonini<br />
Subtribe Cetonina<br />
Protaetia (Netocia) subpilosa dorchini Legrand & <strong>Dr</strong>umond, 2006<br />
Protaetia (Potosia) cuprea ignicollis<br />
Gory et Percheron 1833<br />
Protaetia (Cetonichema) speciosa jousselini Gory et Percheron, 1833<br />
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Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Temnorhynchus%20baal.jpg<br />
Protaetia (Foveopotosia) judith Reiche, 1871<br />
Protaetia (Netocia) vidua (Gory et Percheron,1833)<br />
Protaetia funebris funesta (Menetries,1838)<br />
Protaetia (Netocia) afflicta<br />
Gory et Percheron,1833<br />
Protaetia (Eupotosia) afflnis pyrodera (Reitter,1891)<br />
Protaetia (Netocia) trojana syriaca Reitter, 1891<br />
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Protaetia (Eupotosia) mirifica koenigi Reitter, 1894<br />
Cetonia delegrangei Boucard,1893<br />
Aethiessa mesopotamica<br />
Burmeister,1842<br />
Aethiessa floralis (Fabricius,1787)<br />
Stalagmosoma albella (Pallas,1781)<br />
Tropinota (Epicomentis) hirta suturalis Reitter, 1913<br />
Tropinota squalida pilosa<br />
Brulle,1832<br />
Tropinota vittula (Reiche et Saulcy,1857)<br />
Tropinota (Tropinota) ilariae (Dutto, 2007)<br />
Oxythyrea abigail Reiche et Saulcy,1857<br />
Oxythyrea noemi<br />
Reiche et Saulcy,1856<br />
Oxythyrea cinctella (Schaum,1841)<br />
Subfamily Valginae<br />
Valgus hemipterus )Linnaeus,1758(<br />
Subfamily Scarabaeinae<br />
Tribe Coprini<br />
Catharsius sesostris Waterhouse, 1888<br />
Copris (Copris) hispanus cavolinii Petagna, 1792<br />
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Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Aethiessa%20mesopotamica.jpg<br />
Copris (Copris) lunaris (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
Tribe Gymnopleurini<br />
Gymnopleurus flagellatus (Fabricius, 1787)<br />
Gymnopleurus geoffroyi geoffroyi (Fuessly, 1<strong>77</strong>5)<br />
Gymnopleurus mopsus ssp. mopsus (Pallas, 1781)<br />
Gymnopleurus sturmii (MacLeay, 1821)<br />
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http://webzoom.freewebs.com/saturnids/Web%20Copris%20hispanu<br />
s%20SERIES.jpg<br />
Tribe Oniticellili<br />
Euoniticellus fulvus (Goeze, 1<strong>77</strong>7)<br />
Euoniticellus pallens (A. G. Olivier, 1789)<br />
Euoniticellus pallipes (Fabricius, 1781)<br />
Tribe Onitini<br />
Bubas bubaloides Janssens, 1938<br />
Cheironitis furcifer (P. Rossi, 1792)<br />
Cheironitis pamphilus (Menetries, 1849)<br />
Cheironitis irroratus (P. Rossi, 1790) ??<br />
Cheironitis ungaricus (Herbst, 1789) ??<br />
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Onitis alexis ssp. septentrionalis Balthasar, 1942<br />
Onitis damoetas Steven, 1806<br />
Onitis ezechias Reiche and Saulcy, 1856<br />
Onitis humerosus (Pallas, 1<strong>77</strong>1)<br />
Onitis ion (A. G. Olivier, 1789) ??<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner.<br />
http://webzoom.freewebs.com/saturnids/Bubas%20bubaloides.jpg<br />
Tribe Onthophagini<br />
Caccobius (Caccobius) histeroides (Menetries, 1832)<br />
Caccobius (Caccobius) mundus (Menetries, 1839)<br />
Caccobius (Caccobius) schreberi (Linnaeus, 1767 )<br />
Caccobius (Caccophilus) pulicarius Harold, 1875<br />
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Euonthophagus amyntas ssp. alces (Fabricius, 1792)<br />
Euonthophagus atramentarius (Menetries, 1832)<br />
Euonthophagus conterminus Petrovitz, 1971<br />
Euonthophagus gibbosus (Scriba, 1790)<br />
Euonthophagus tissoni (Reitter, 1906)<br />
Onthophagus (Eremonthophagus) transcaspicus Konig, 1889<br />
Onthophagus (Furconthophagus) furcatus (Fabricius, 1781)<br />
Onthophagus (Micronthophagus) melanocephalus Klug, 1845<br />
Onthophagus (Onthophagus) illyricus (Scopoli, 1763)<br />
Onthophagus (Onthophagus) taurus (Schreber, 1759)<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) aerarius Reitter, 1892<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) aleppensis Redtenbacher, 1843<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) andalusicus Waltl, 1835<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) angorensis Petrovitz, 1963<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) bytinskii Balthasar, 1960<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) coenobita (Herbst, 1783)<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) cruciatus Menetries, 1832<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) falzonii Goidanich, 1926<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) fissicornis (Steven, 1809)<br />
30
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) fissinasus Fairmaire, 1895<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) fracticornis (Preyssler, 1790)<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) hermonensis Baraud, 1982<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) lucidus (Sturm, 1800)<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) marginalis Gebler, 1817<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) muelleri P. Novak, 1921<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) nebulosus Reiche, 1864<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) opacicollis Reitter, 1892<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) ruficapillus Brulle, 1832<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) sericatus Reitter, 1892<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) similis (Scriba, 1790) ??<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) speculifer Solsky, 1876 ??<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) suturellus Brulle, 1832<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) truchmenus ssp.<br />
truchmenus Kolenati, 1846<br />
Onthophagus (Palaeonthophagus) vacca (Linnaeus, 1767) ??<br />
Tribe Scarabaeini<br />
Ateuchetus puncticollis (Latreille, 1819)<br />
Ateuchetus semipunctatus (Fabricius, 1792)<br />
31
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Scarabaeus%20irakensis.jpg<br />
Mnematidium multidentatum (Klug, 1845)<br />
Scarabaeus (Mesoscarabaeus) cristatus Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5<br />
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) gangeticus (Castelnau, 1840)<br />
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) irakensis Stolfa, 1938<br />
32
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) pius (Illiger, 1803)<br />
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) sacer Linnaeus, 1758<br />
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeus) typhon (Fischer de Waldheim, 1823)<br />
Tribe Sisyphini<br />
Sisyphus schaefferi boschnakii Fischer de Waldheim, 1824<br />
Subfamily Aphodiinae<br />
Acanthobodilus immundus (Creutzer, 1799)<br />
Acrossus luridus (Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5)<br />
Alocoderus hydrochaeris (Fabricius, 1798)<br />
Alocoderus turbatus (Baudi, 1870)<br />
Amidorus cribrarius (Brulle, 1832)<br />
Amidorus obscurus (Fabricius, 1792)<br />
Aphodius fimetarius (Linne, 1758)<br />
Aphodius foetidus (Herbst, 1783)<br />
Biralus equinus (Faldermann, 1835)<br />
Biralus menetriesi (Menetries, 1847)<br />
Biralus satellitius (Herbst, 1789)<br />
Bodiloides ictericus ssp. ghardimaouensis (Balthasar, 1929)<br />
33
Bodilopsis rufa (Moll, 1782)<br />
Bodilopsis sordida (Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5)<br />
Bodilus lugens (Creutzer, 1799)<br />
Bodilus punctipennis (Erichson, 1848)<br />
Bodilus sabaeus (Peyerhimhoff, 1907)<br />
Calamosternus granarius (Linne, 1767)<br />
Calamosternus hyxos (Petrovitz, 1962)<br />
Calamosternus pseudounicolor (Balthasar, 1960)<br />
Calamosternus trucidatus (Harold, 1863)<br />
Chilothorax discedens (A. Schmidt, 1907)<br />
Chilothorax distinctus (O. F. Muller, 1<strong>77</strong>6)<br />
Chilothorax hieroglyphicus (Klug, 1845)<br />
Chilothorax hucklesbyi (Paulian, 1942)<br />
Chilothorax lineolatus (Illiger, 1803)<br />
Chilothorax melanostictus (W. Schmidt, 1840)<br />
Colobopterus erraticus (Linne, 1758)<br />
Erytus aequalis (A. Schmidt, 1907)<br />
Erytus cognatus (Fairmaire, 1860)<br />
Erytus lindemannae (Balthasar, 1960)<br />
34
Erytus mesopotamicus (Petrovitz, 1961)<br />
Erytus opacior (D. Koshantschikov, 1894)<br />
Erytus pruinosus (Reitter, 1892)<br />
Esymus filitarsis (Reitter, 1898)<br />
Esymus merdarius (Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5)<br />
Esymus ornatulus (Harold, 1866)<br />
Esymus pusillus (Herbst, 1789)<br />
Esymus suturinigra (A. Schmidt, 1916)<br />
Eudolus quadriguttatus (Herbst, 1783)<br />
Euheptaulacus carinatus (Germar, 1824)<br />
Euorodalus longevittatus (A. Schmidt, 1916)<br />
Labarrus digitatus (Harold, 1871)<br />
Labarrus lividus (Olivier, 1789)<br />
Labarrus splendidus (Petrovitz, 1955)<br />
Liothorax isikdagensis (Balthasar, 1952)<br />
Liothorax plagiatus (Linne, 1767)<br />
Loraphodius suarius (Faldermann, 1835)<br />
Mecynodes angulosus (Harold, 1869)<br />
Mecynodes leucopterus (Klug, 1945)<br />
35
Mecynodes trochylus (Reitter, 1892)<br />
Megatelus contractus (Klug, 1845)<br />
Melinopterus consputus (Creutzer,1799)<br />
Melinopterus prodromus (Brahm,1790)<br />
Melinopterus pubescens (Sturm,1805)<br />
Melinopterus punctatosulcatus ssp. hirtipes (Fischer, 1844)<br />
Melinopterus sphacelatus (Panzer, 1798)<br />
Melinopterus tingens (Reitter, 1892)<br />
Mendidaphodius angustatus (Klug, 1845) - Palestine<br />
Mendidaphodius armiger (Harold, 1874) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Mendidaphodius lepidulus (Harold, 1866) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Lebanon<br />
Mendidaphodius linearis (Reiche and Saulcy, 1856) -<br />
Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Mendidaphodius palaestinensis (Petrovitz, 1963) - Palestine, Jordan<br />
Mendidius assectator (Balthasar, 1961) - Palestine, Jordan, Syria<br />
Mendidius (?) calliger (Sahlberg, 1908) - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Mendidius fimbriolatus (Mannerheim, 1849) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Syria<br />
Mendidius palmetincolus (Karsch, 1881) - Palestine, Sinai<br />
36
Mesontoplatys arabicus (Harold, 1875) - Palestine, Sinai<br />
Nialosternus sitiphoides (d'Orbigny, 1896) - Palestine, Jordan, Syria<br />
Nialus politus (Mulsant and Rey, 1870) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Lebanon, Syria<br />
Nialus varians (Duftschmid, 1805) - Palestine, Jordan<br />
Nimbus contaminatus (Herbst, 1783) - Palestine<br />
Nimbus harpagonis (Reitter, 1890) - Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon,<br />
Syria<br />
Nimbus libanonensis (Petrovitz, 1958) - Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon,<br />
Syria<br />
Nimbus obliteratus (Panzer, 1823) - Palestine<br />
Nobius serotinus (Panzer, 1799) - Palestine<br />
Oxyomus sylvestris (Scopoli, 1763) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Parabodilus wollastoni ssp. iranicus (Balthasar, 1946) - Palestine,<br />
Jordan, Lebanon, Sinai, Syria<br />
Phalacronothus fumigatulus (Reitter, 1892) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Lebanon, Syria<br />
Phalacronothus hilaris (Harold, 1869) - Palestine, Jordan, Syria<br />
Phalacronothus quadrimaculatus (Linne, 1761) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Lebanon, Syria<br />
Plagiogonus esymoides (Reitter, 1893) - Palestine<br />
37
Plagiogonus nanoides (Balthasar, 1961) - Palestine, Jordan, Syria<br />
Plagiogonus praeustus (Ballion, 1871) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Plagiogonus syriacus (Harold, 1863) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Planolinellus vittatus (Say, 1825) - Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Pseudacrossus koshantschikovi (Jakobson, 1911) - Palestine, Jordan,<br />
Lebanon, Syria<br />
Pseudacrossus suffertus (A. Schmidt, 1916) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Pseuderytus chobauti (Clouet, 1896) - Palestine, Jordan<br />
Pseudesymus lucidus (Klug, 1845) - Palestine, Sinai<br />
Sahlbergianus longissimus (Sahlberg, 1908)<br />
Subrinus (?) feculentus (Fairmaire, 1892) - Palestine<br />
Subrinus sturmi (Harold, 1870) - Palestine<br />
Subrinus vitellinus (Klug, 1845) - Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Sinai,<br />
Syria<br />
Volinus (?) signifer (Mulsant and Rey, 1870) - Palestine, Syria<br />
Tribe Eupariini<br />
Ataenius horticola Harold, 1869 - Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Tribe Psammodiini<br />
Brindalus porcicollis (Illiger, 1803) - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria<br />
38
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/Subrinus%20sturmi.jpg<br />
Diastictus vulneratus (Sturm, 1805) - Palestine, Lebanon<br />
Leiopsammodius laevicollis (Klug, 1845) - Palestine, Jordan, Syria<br />
Psammodius asper (Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5) – Palestine<br />
Psammodius laevipennis A. Costa, 1844 - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Psammodius nocturnus Reitter, 1892 - Palestine, Lebanon, Syria<br />
Tribe Rhyssemiini<br />
Platytomus laevistriatus (Perris, 1869)<br />
39
Psammodius asper (Fabricius, 1<strong>77</strong>5). Source: Darren J. Mann.<br />
http://www.coleoptera.org.uk/scarabaeoidea/psammodius-asper<br />
Platytomus tibialis (Fabricius, 1798)<br />
Pleurophorus anatolicus Petrovitz, 1961<br />
Pleurophorus arabicus Pittino and Mariani, 1986<br />
Pleurophorus caesus (Creutzer, 1796)<br />
Pleurophorus opacus Reitter, 1893<br />
Rhyssemodes orientalis (Mulsant and Godart, 1875)<br />
Rhyssemus beritensis Marseul, 1878<br />
Rhyssemus verrucosus Mulsant, 1842<br />
Trichiorhyssemus setulosus (Reitter, 1892)<br />
40
Rhyssemodes orientalis (Mulsant and Godart, 1875).<br />
http://jcringenbach.free.fr/website/beetles/scarabaeidae/Rhyssemod<br />
es_orientalis.htm<br />
References and Internet Websites:<br />
Cambefort, Yves. Beetles as Religious Symbols.<br />
http://www.insects.org/ced1/beetles_rel_sym.html<br />
Copeland, Dave (Cameraman), NBC News. Insect invasion: Israel<br />
battles plague of locusts. NBC News.<br />
http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/13/18233295-<br />
insect-invasion-israel-battles-plague-of-locusts?lite<br />
Department of Entomology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<br />
http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/entomology/<br />
41
Evenor, Zachi. Insects in Israel . Flickr.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/zachievenor/sets/721576232207<br />
01942/<br />
Freidberg, A. and Y. Ben-Dov (Editors). (2007). Israel Journal of<br />
Entomology. Vol. 37, 2007. http://www.magnes-<br />
press.com/<strong>Book</strong>/Israel+Journal+of+Entomology.aspx?code=45-<br />
412004<br />
Israeli Journal of Entomology - Cover photo. (2008). Vol. 38, 2008.<br />
http://www.nature-ofoz.com/apps/photos/photo?photoid=60173104<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1980). Tabie‘t Al-Talawon fi Al-<br />
Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin.<br />
Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait<br />
University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany. Number 30, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In<br />
Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae‘q Al-Nouma‘n (Anemone<br />
coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI<br />
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental<br />
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with<br />
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.<br />
Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-<br />
42
ooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حٌوانات فلسطٌن (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
September 2007 CE, Sha‘ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010). Der<br />
Hitlerkäfer (Anophthalmus hitleri Scheibel, 1937) / The Hitler‘s<br />
Slovenian Blind Cave Beetle (Anophthalmus hitleri, Scheibel 1937).<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 –<br />
6288. Twenty-eighth <strong>Year</strong>, Number 97, January 2010 CE,<br />
Muharam 1431 AH. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://www.hitler-beetle.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
43
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2011).<br />
Khunfusa‗ Hitler خىفساء ٌخهز (The Hitler Beetle). Arab-Wikipedia.<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%81%D8%<br />
B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Checklist of the Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab<br />
Beetles) from Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 105, September 2013, Thu Al<br />
Qia‘da 1434 AH. pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://palestine-insects.webs.com/scarab-beetles<br />
Pavlíček, Tomas; Vladimir Chikatunov, Vasily Kravchenko, Petr<br />
Zahradnik & Eviatar Nevo (1999). New records of deathwatch<br />
beetles (Anobiidae) from Israel. Zoology in the Middle East.<br />
Volume 17, Issue 1, 1999. pages <strong>77</strong>-78.<br />
44
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09397140.1999.1<br />
063<strong>77</strong>71#.Uh-KSdI3CSq<br />
Ptashkovskiy, Yu.A. Beetles of Israel -illustrated atlas.<br />
http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/eng/col_izrb.htm<br />
Springer. Abstracts of papers presented at the 16th conference of the<br />
Entomological Society of Israel Research on thrips in Israel Dedicated to<br />
the Memory of <strong>Prof</strong>. E. Rivnay on the 100th Anniversary of his Birth.<br />
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02981466<br />
The Insect World of Israel. Israel‘s Nature Site.<br />
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/scarablist.htm<br />
Trek Nature. Insects in Israel.<br />
http://www.treknature.com/themes.php?thid=1<strong>77</strong><br />
Ward, Alex and Steve Nolan (6 March 2013). Locust swarm hits Israel as<br />
a million insects cross border from Egypt . Mail Online.<br />
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2288908/Locust-swarmhits-Israel-millions-insects-cross-border-Egypt.html<br />
Wikimedia Commons. Insects of Israel.<br />
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Insects_of_Israel<br />
Wikipedia. Scarabaeidae.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabaeidae<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/Scarabaeus%20sacer.jpg<br />
45
46
Family Coccinellidae (Ladybird<br />
Beetles) in Palestine<br />
خنافس الدعسوقت في فلسطين<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>- Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
7-Spot Ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata) from Palestine. Photo by<br />
Zachi Evenor. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:7-Spotted-Ladybird-<br />
Wiki-Zachi-Evenor-0119.jpg<br />
The Beetles comprise an order of insects characterized by<br />
complete metamorphosis (including a pupal stage between the<br />
larval and adult stages), biting-chewing mouth parts, and two<br />
pairs of wings, of which the hind pair are membranous and used<br />
for flight and the front pair (elytra) are sturdy and used for<br />
protection. The approximately 350,000 known species of beetles in<br />
the world comprise the largest animal group in existence. Only<br />
1% of this number, about 3,500 species, are found in Palestine.<br />
These species represent a wide variety of families, shapes, colours<br />
47
and modes of life. Many species are harmful to crops and stored<br />
products, including food, while others are beneficial to mankind<br />
through preying on agricultural pests or by recycling waste<br />
products. Due to the hardness of their bodies and their<br />
tremendous resistance, variety of shapes, range of size (from 1-160<br />
mm) and amazing colours, the beetles are a favourite group for<br />
many amateur entomologists and collectors (Boeliem, 2008). As a<br />
result of their habitat destruction, several species in Palestine have<br />
become extinct, such as some of the large water beetles; while<br />
others are endangered.<br />
The Coccinellidae are a family of small beetles, ranging from 1 to<br />
10 mm (0.04 to 0.4 inches). They are commonly yellow, orange, or<br />
scarlet with small black spots on their wing covers, with black<br />
legs, heads and antennae. Such colour patterns vary greatly,<br />
however; for example, a minority of species, such as Vibidia<br />
duodecimguttata, a twelve-spotted species, have whitish spots on a<br />
brown background. Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over<br />
5,000 species described (Wikipedia). About 70 species of ladybird<br />
beetles (Coccinellidae) are known in Palestine, and many of them<br />
help to regulate pest populations. Both in Palestine and abroad,<br />
some of the species are employed for biological control of pests.<br />
At the end of spring the beetles migrate to mountain tops, such as<br />
Mount Hermon (Jabal Al Shaykh) and Mount Meron (Jabal Al<br />
Jarmaq), where they mass together. At the beginning of the<br />
following spring they migrate back to the low-lying areas - a<br />
phenomenon that has not yet been fully studied (Boeliem, 2008).<br />
Coccinellidae are known colloquially as ladybirds (in Britain,<br />
Ireland and the Commonwealth), ladybugs (in North America)<br />
or lady cows, among other names. When they need to use a<br />
common name, entomologists widely prefer the names ladybird<br />
beetles or lady beetles as these insects are not true bugs<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
48
14-Spot Ladybird Beetle (Propylea quattuordecimpunctata) from Palestine.<br />
Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
The Coccinellidae are generally considered useful insects, because<br />
many species feed on aphids or scale insects, which are pests in<br />
gardens, agricultural fields, orchards, and similar places. Within<br />
the colonies of such plant-eating pests, they will lay hundreds of<br />
eggs, and when these hatch the larvae will commence feeding<br />
immediately. However, some species do have unwelcome effects.<br />
Among these, the most prominent are the subfamily Epilachninae,<br />
which are plant eaters. Usually, Epilachninae are only mild<br />
agricultural pests, eating the leaves of grain, potatoes, beans, and<br />
various other crops, but their numbers can increase explosively in<br />
years when their natural enemies are few, such<br />
as parasitoid wasps that attack their eggs. When that happens,<br />
they can do major crop damage. They occur in practically all the<br />
49
major crop-producing regions of temperate and tropical countries<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
18-Spot Ladybird Beetle (Myrrha octodecimguttata) from Palestine. Photo<br />
by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Etymology<br />
Coccinelid is derived from the Latin word coccineus meaning<br />
"scarlet". The name "ladybird" originated in Britain where the<br />
insects became known as 'Our Lady's bird or the Lady beetle.<br />
Mary (Our Lady) was often depicted wearing a red cloak in early<br />
paintings, and the spots of the seven-spot ladybird (the most<br />
common in Europe) were said to symbolise her seven<br />
joys and seven sorrows. In the United States, the name was<br />
adapted to "ladybug". Common names in other European<br />
languages have the same association, for example, the German<br />
50
name ―Marienkäfer‖ translates to ―Marybeetle‖ (Wikipedia). The<br />
Arabic name ―Um <strong>Ali</strong>‖ أم علً translates to ―Mother of <strong>Ali</strong>‖. In<br />
some Arabic countries it is called ―Abu <strong>Ali</strong>‖ أبو علً (Father of<br />
<strong>Ali</strong>) or ―Um Sulayman‖ أم سلٌمان (Mother of Solomon).<br />
The Cream-Streaked Ladybird or 4-Spot Ladybird Beetle (Harmonia<br />
quadripunctata) from Palestine. Photo by Oz Rittner.<br />
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Physical Appearance<br />
Most coccinellids have oval, dome-shaped bodies with six short<br />
legs. Depending on the species, they can have spots, stripes, or no<br />
markings at all. Seven-spotted coccinellids are red or orange with<br />
three spots on each side and one in the middle; they have a black<br />
head with white patches on each side (Wikipedia).<br />
51
As well as the usual yellow and scarlet colorings, many<br />
coccinellid species are mostly, or entirely, black, grey, or brown,<br />
and may be difficult for non-entomologists to recognise as<br />
coccinellids at all. Conversely, non-entomologists might easily<br />
mistake many other small beetles for coccinellids. For example,<br />
the tortoise beetles, like the ladybird beetles, look similar because<br />
they are shaped so that they can cling to a flat surface so closely<br />
that ants and many other enemies cannot grip them (Wikipedia).<br />
Black Sign Louse Ladybird Beetle (Exochomus nigromaculatus) from<br />
Palestine. Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Non-entomologists are prone to misidentify a wide variety of<br />
beetle species in other families as "ladybirds", i.e. coccinellids.<br />
Beetles are particularly prone to such misidentification if they are<br />
spotted in red, orange or yellow and black. Examples include the<br />
52
much larger scarabaeid grapevine beetles and spotted species of<br />
the Chrysomelidae, Melyridae and others. Conversely, laymen<br />
may fail to identify unmarked species of Coccinellidae as<br />
"ladybirds". Other beetles that have a defensive hemispherical<br />
shape, like that of the Coccinellidae, (for example the Cassidinae),<br />
also are often taken for ladybirds (Wikipedia).<br />
Spotted Amber Ladybird Beetle (Adonia variegate) from Palestine.<br />
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
A common myth, totally unfounded, is that the number of spots<br />
on the insect's back indicates its age. In fact, the number, shape,<br />
and placement of the spots all are determined by the species of<br />
53
the beetle, and are fixed by the time it emerges from its pupa. The<br />
same applies to the colour, except it may take some days for the<br />
colour of the adult beetle to mature and stabilise. Generally, the<br />
mature colour tends to be fuller and darker than the colour of<br />
the callow (Wikipedia).<br />
Biology<br />
Coccinellids are best known as predators of Sternorrhyncha such<br />
as aphids and scale insects, but the range of prey species that<br />
various Coccinellidae may attack is much wider. A genus of small<br />
black ladybirds, Stethorus, presents one example of predation on<br />
non-Sternorrhyncha; they specialise in mites as prey, notably<br />
Tetranychus spider mites. Stethorus species accordingly are<br />
important in certain examples of biological control (Wikipedia).<br />
Various larger species of Coccinellidae attack caterpillars and<br />
other beetle larvae. Several genera feed on various insects or their<br />
eggs; for example, Coleomegilla species are significant predators of<br />
the eggs and larvae of moths such as species of Spodoptera and<br />
the Plutellidae. Larvae and eggs of ladybirds, either their own or<br />
of other species, can also be important food resources when<br />
alternative prey are scarce. As a family, the Coccinellidae used to<br />
be regarded as purely carnivorous, but they are now known to be<br />
far more omnivorous than previously thought, both as a family<br />
and in individual species; examination of gut contents of<br />
apparently specialist predators commonly yield residues of pollen<br />
and other plant materials. Besides the prey they favour, most<br />
predatory coccinellids include other items in their diets, including<br />
honeydew, pollen, plant sap, nectar, and various fungi. The<br />
significance of such nonprey items in their diets is still under<br />
investigation and discussion (Wikipedia).<br />
Apart from the generalist aphid and scale predators and<br />
incidental substances of botanical origin, many Coccinellidae do<br />
favour or even specialise in certain prey types. This makes some<br />
54
of them particularly valuable as agents in biological control<br />
programmes. Determination of specialisation need not be a trivial<br />
matter, though; for example the larva of the Vedalia<br />
ladybird Rodolia cardinalis is a specialist predator on a few species<br />
of Monophlebidae, in particular Icerya purchasi, which is the most<br />
notorious of the cottony cushion scale species. However, the<br />
adult R. cardinalis can subsist for some months on a wider range<br />
of insects plus some nectar (Wikipedia).<br />
Nile Striped Ladybird Beetle (Cheilomenes propinqua nilotica) from<br />
Palestine. Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Certain species of coccinellids are thought to lay extra infertile<br />
eggs with the fertile eggs, apparently to provide a backup food<br />
source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to<br />
fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg<br />
55
laying. Such a strategy amounts to the production of trophic eggs<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Some species in the subfamily Epilachninae are herbivores, and<br />
can be very destructive agricultural pests (e.g., the Mexican bean<br />
beetle). Again, in the subfamily Coccinellinae, members of the<br />
tribe Halyziini and the genus Tythaspis are mycophagous<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Spherical or Bullet Ladybird Beetle (Oenopia conglobata) from<br />
Palestine. Photo by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
While predatory species are often used as biological<br />
control agents, introduced species of coccinellids are not<br />
necessarily benign. Species such as Harmonia axyridis or Coccinella<br />
septempunctata in North America outcompete and displace native<br />
coccinellids and become pests themselves (Wikipedia).<br />
The main predators of coccinellids are usually birds, but they are<br />
also the prey of frogs, wasps, spiders, and dragonflies. The bright<br />
colours of many coccinellids discourage some potential predators<br />
56
from making a meal of them. This phenomenon, called<br />
aposematism, works because predators learn by experience to<br />
associate certain prey phenotypes with a bad taste. A further<br />
defence, known as "reflex bleeding", exists in which an alkaloid<br />
toxin is exuded through the joints of the exoskeleton, triggered by<br />
mechanical stimulation (such as by predator attack) in both larval<br />
and adult beetles, deterring feeding (Wikipedia).<br />
Heather Ladybird Beetle (Chilocorus bipustulatus) from Palestine. Photo<br />
by Oz Rittner. http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Coccinellids in temperate regions enter diapause during the<br />
winter, so they often are among the first insects to appear in the<br />
spring. Some species (e.g., Hippodamia convergens) gather into<br />
groups and move to higher elevations, such as a mountain, to<br />
enter diapause. Most coccinellids overwinter as adults,<br />
aggregating on the south sides of large objects such as trees or<br />
houses during the winter months, dispersing in response to<br />
increasing day length in the spring (Wikipedia).<br />
Predatory coccinellids are usually found on plants which harbour<br />
their prey. They lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the<br />
likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. In Harmonia<br />
57
axyridis, eggs hatch in three to four days from clutches numbering<br />
from a few to several dozen. Depending on resource availability,<br />
the larvae pass through four instars over 10–14 days, after<br />
which pupation occurs. After a teneral period of several days, the<br />
adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce<br />
again, although they may become reproductively quiescent<br />
if eclosing late in the season. Total life span is one to two years on<br />
average (Wikipedia).<br />
Ladybird Beetle (Nephus biflammulatus Motschulsky, 1837) from<br />
Palestine. http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
The Seven-Spot Ladybird Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata<br />
Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most common, familiar and<br />
congenial beetles in Palestine. Its elytra are of a red colour, but<br />
punctuated with three black spots each, with one further spot<br />
being spread over the junction of the two, making a total of seven<br />
spots, from which the species derives both its common and<br />
scientific names (from the Latin septem = "seven" and punctus =<br />
"spot"). In addition to its hemispherical shape (with a length of 5-8<br />
cm) and bright colours (that warn predators of their poisonous<br />
nature) the ladybird is exceptional in its voracity for aphids, a<br />
group of insects that includes many agricultural pests. One beetle<br />
(during both larval and adult stages) can eat thousands of aphids<br />
within its lifetime (Boeliem, 2008).<br />
58
7-Spot Ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata) from Palestine. Photo by Oz<br />
Rittner. http://www.nature-of-oz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Their distinctive spots and attractive colours apparently make<br />
them unappealing to predators. The species can secrete a fluid<br />
from joints in their legs which gives them a foul taste. A<br />
threatened ladybird beetle may both play dead and secrete the<br />
unappetising substance to protect itself. The seven-spot ladybird<br />
synthesizes the toxic alkaloids, N-oxide coccinelline and its free<br />
base precoccinelline; depending on sex and diet, the spot size and<br />
coloration can provide some indication of how toxic the<br />
individual bug is to potential predators (Wikipedia).<br />
In Popular Culture<br />
Coccinellids are, and have been for very many years, a favourite<br />
insect of children. The insects had many regional names (now<br />
59
mostly disused) in English, such as the lady-cows, may-bug,<br />
golden-knop, golden-bugs (Wikipedia).<br />
The 7-Spot Ladybird Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) Israeli Stamp<br />
from 1994. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~CH2M-NITU/israele.htm<br />
Many cultures consider coccinellids lucky and have nursery<br />
rhymes or local names for the insects that reflect this. For instance,<br />
the Turkish name for the insect is uğur böceği, literally meaning<br />
"good luck bug". In many countries, including Russia, Turkey,<br />
and Italy, the sight of a coccinellid is either a call to make a wish<br />
or a sign that a wish will soon be granted (Wikipedia).<br />
In Christian areas, coccinellids are often associated with<br />
the Virgin Mary and the name that the insect bears in the various<br />
languages of Europe corresponds to this. Though historically<br />
many European languages referenced Freyja, the fertility goddess<br />
of Norse mythology, in the names, the Virgin Mary has now<br />
largely supplanted her, so that, for example, freyjuhœna (Old<br />
Norse) and Frouehenge have been changed into marihøne<br />
(Norwegian) and Marienkäfer (German), which corresponds with<br />
Our Lady's bird. Sometimes, the insect is referred to as belonging<br />
directly to God (Irish bóín Dé, Polish boża krówka, all meaning<br />
"God's [little] cow"). In Dutch it is called lieveheersbeestje, meaning<br />
"little animal of our Good Lord" (Wikipedia).<br />
60
In both Hebrew and Yiddish, it is called "Moshe Rabbenu's (i.e.<br />
Moses's) little cow" or "little horse", apparently an adaptation<br />
from Slavic languages. Occasionally, it is called "little Messiah"<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The Arabic name ―Um <strong>Ali</strong>‖ أم علً translates to ―Mother of <strong>Ali</strong>‖. In<br />
some Arabic countries it is called ―Abu <strong>Ali</strong>‖ أبو علً (Father of <strong>Ali</strong>)<br />
or ―Um Sulayman‖ أم سلٌمان (Mother of Solomon).<br />
The Seven-spotted Ladybird Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) Qatari<br />
Stamp from 20.07.1998. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ch2mnitu/qatare.htm<br />
References and Internet Websites<br />
14 Spot ladybird - Propylea quattuordecimpunctata.<br />
http://www.naturespot.org.uk/species/14-spot-ladybird<br />
Adonia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) bears maternally<br />
inherited flavobacteria that kill males only.<br />
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10028525<br />
Boeliem (2008). Beetles. Israeli Stamps.<br />
http://www.boeliem.com/content/1994/487.html#487c<br />
Cambefort, Yves. Beetles as Religious Symbols.<br />
http://www.insects.org/ced1/beetles_rel_sym.html<br />
Cheilomenes propinqua nilotica.<br />
http://eol.org/pages/13863497/overview<br />
Coccinella septempunctata Sevenspotted Lady Beetle.<br />
http://eol.org/pages/1174745/details<br />
61
Copeland, Dave (Cameraman), NBC News. Insect invasion: Israel<br />
battles plague of locusts. NBC News.<br />
http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/05/13/18233295-<br />
insect-invasion-israel-battles-plague-of-locusts?lite<br />
Department of Entomology. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<br />
http://departments.agri.huji.ac.il/entomology/<br />
Flickr. Insects in Israel.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/zachievenor/sets/721576232207<br />
01942/detail/<br />
Freidberg, A. and Y. Ben-Dov (Editors). (2007). Israel Journal of<br />
Entomology. Vol. 37, 2007. http://www.magnes-<br />
press.com/<strong>Book</strong>/Israel+Journal+of+Entomology.aspx?code=45-<br />
412004<br />
Granberry, Michael (March 23, 1993). Beetles Imported to Battle<br />
Whiteflies : Agriculture: Imperial Valley farmers hope the pest<br />
that has devastated their crops will be devoured by little brown<br />
insects from Israel. Los Angeles Times.<br />
http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-23/news/mn-<br />
14191_1_silverleaf-whiteflies<br />
Harmonia quadripunctata Cream-streaked Ladybird Beetle.<br />
http://eol.org/pages/1174379/overview<br />
Heather Ladybird (Chilocorus bipustulatus).<br />
http://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/123596-Chilocorusbipustulatus<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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Haywanat Filistin حٌوانات فلسطٌن (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
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<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
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Slovenian Blind Cave Beetle (Anophthalmus hitleri, Scheibel 1937).<br />
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Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2011).<br />
Khunfusa‗ Hitler خىفساء ٌخهز (The Hitler Beetle). Arab-Wikipedia.<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%81%D8%<br />
B3%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1<br />
64
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Checklist of the Family Scarabaeidae (Scarab<br />
Beetles) from Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 105, September 2013, Thu Al<br />
Qia‘da 1434 AH. pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://palestine-insects.webs.com/scarab-beetles<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Family Coccinellidae (Ladybird Beetles) in Palestine.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288.<br />
Number 106, October 2013, Thu Al Hijja 1434 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai<br />
and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://palestineinsects.webs.com/ladybird-beetles<br />
Ladybird Beetle. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ch2mnitu/tentoue.htm<br />
Ladybird Exochomus nigromaculatus (Goeze, 1<strong>77</strong>7) (Coccinellidae) -<br />
atlas of ladybirds of Russia.<br />
http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/eng/exonighe.htm<br />
Life history parameters of the coccinellid beetle, Oenopia<br />
conglobata contaminata, an important predator of the common<br />
65
pistachio psylla, Agonoscena pistaciae (Hemiptera: Psylloidea).<br />
2004.<br />
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09583150410001<br />
6823<strong>77</strong>?journalCode=cbst20#.UiMCIdI3CSo<br />
Nephus biflammulatus (Motschulsky, 1837).<br />
http://kharkov.naturalist.su/gallery/index_class_spec.php?categ<br />
ory=3619&lang=0<br />
Omkar and A. Pervez (2003). Ecology and biocontrol potential of<br />
a scale-predator, Chilocorus nigritus. Biocontrol Science and<br />
Technology 13: 379–390.<br />
Pavlíček, Tomas; Vladimir Chikatunov, Vasily Kravchenko, Petr<br />
Zahradnik & Eviatar Nevo (1999). New records of deathwatch<br />
beetles (Anobiidae) from Israel. Zoology in the Middle East.<br />
Volume 17, Issue 1, 1999. pages <strong>77</strong>-78.<br />
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09397140.1999.1<br />
063<strong>77</strong>71#.Uh-KSdI3CSq<br />
Peck, S.B., and M.C. Thomas (1998). A distributional checklist of<br />
the beetles (Coleoptera) of Florida. Arthropods of Florida and<br />
Neighboring Land Areas 16: i–viii + 1-180.<br />
Poorani, J. (2002). An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae<br />
(Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion.<br />
Oriental Insects 36: 307–<strong>383</strong>. Ptashkovskiy, Yu.A. Beetles of Israel<br />
-illustrated atlas.<br />
http://www.zin.ru/animalia/coleoptera/eng/col_izrb.htm<br />
Rittner, Oz. Coccinellidae of Israel. http://www.nature-ofoz.com/coccinellidae.htm<br />
Springer. Abstracts of papers presented at the 16th conference of<br />
the Entomological Society of Israel Research on thrips in Israel<br />
Dedicated to the Memory of <strong>Prof</strong>. E. Rivnay on the 100th<br />
Anniversary of his Birth.<br />
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02981466<br />
The Insect World of Israel. Israel‘s Nature Site.<br />
http://www.nature-of-oz.com/scarablist.htm<br />
Thomas, Michael C. and Orland J. Blanchard, Jr. (June 2013).<br />
Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Recently Immigrant<br />
66
to Florida. Entomology Circular Number 428. Florida Department<br />
of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry.<br />
Trek Nature. Insects in Israel.<br />
http://www.treknature.com/themes.php?thid=1<strong>77</strong><br />
Ward, Alex and Steve Nolan (6 March 2013). Locust swarm hits<br />
Israel as a million insects cross border from Egypt . Mail Online.<br />
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2288908/Locustswarm-hits-Israel-millions-insects-cross-border-Egypt.html<br />
Wikimedia Commons. Insects of Israel.<br />
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Insects_of_Israel<br />
Wikipedia. Coccinellidae.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinellidae<br />
Wikipedia. Coccinella septempunctata.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccinella_septempunctata<br />
Wikipedia. Da‘souqa دعسوقة (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%88%D<br />
9%82%D8%A<br />
Wikipedia. Eighteen-spotted Ladybird.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteen-spotted_Ladybird<br />
Wikipedia. Ladybird.<br />
http://wikipedia.qwika.com/de2en/Marienk%C3%A4fer Wikipedia.<br />
Oenopia congolobata.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oenopia_conglobata<br />
The Seven-spotted Ladybird Beetle (Coccinella septempunctata) Syrian<br />
Stamp from 1982. http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~ch2m-nitu/syriae.htm<br />
67
68
Freshwater Fishes in Palestine<br />
أسماك المٌاه العذبة فً فلسطٌن<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
The Origin of Palestinian Freshwater Fishes<br />
The Ichthyofauna of Palestine‘s inland waters includes 32 indigenous<br />
fish species belonging to eight families and another 14-16 species<br />
introduced by man.<br />
Palestine is a meeting point between Africa and Asia and is close to<br />
southeastern Europe. As a result, its inland water bodies are populated<br />
by fish of diverse origins: Africa, Asia Minor (Anatolia, Iraq, greater<br />
Syria), the Arabian Peninsula (and possibly the African Horn) and<br />
from the sea (probably relicts from the Tethys Sea period).<br />
The inland water system in our area has changed greatly during the<br />
faunal history of the Middle East. Rivers altered their flow direction<br />
and water links between various systems were formed and once again<br />
severed. Fish species of different origins expanded their distribution<br />
areas or were driven out by new invaders. These events shaped the<br />
fish fauna in our country (Goren, 1975).<br />
Fish have penetrated Palestine via diverse routes. African species<br />
arrived in several waves – most via the Pelusiac (or Pelusian) branch of<br />
the Nile River and some possibly via the Mediterranean (Cichlidae).<br />
Fish from the Tigris-Euphrates river system reached Mediterranean<br />
69
aquatic networks, such as the Orontes, at a time when these systems<br />
were linked. From there they spread to the Litani-Jordan river system<br />
when these were connected, which explains how fish from Asia Minor<br />
and the Levant penetrated into Palestine. Aquatic systems in the<br />
western Arabian Peninsula were once much more plentiful than today<br />
and were inter-connected during certain periods. These links reached<br />
as far as the southern Dead Sea and were used as a passage route by<br />
fish (Goren, 1975).<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9500749723/<br />
70
In addition there are a number of freshwater fish of marine origin<br />
(species from the families: Blenniidae, Mugilidae and Anguillidae).<br />
Some consider Salaria fluviatilis, a freshwater blenny species par<br />
excellence throughout the entire Mediterranean region, to be a relic<br />
from the Tethys Sea period (Goren, 1975).<br />
The damage to inland water body habitat<br />
Wetlands are considered extremely sensitive to development processes<br />
and are in danger of extinction throughout the world, particularly in<br />
arid or semiarid countries such as Palestine. Threats to these habitats<br />
result from a number of factors:<br />
1. Increasing exploitation of water sources for human needs.<br />
2. <strong>Dr</strong>ainage of wetlands for agriculture or urban development.<br />
3. Accelerated exploitation of groundwater reservoirs that leads to the<br />
drying of surface water bodies.<br />
4. Processes of fragmentation and barrier creation between<br />
neighboring water bodies or water bodies that were previously linked<br />
by continuous flow.<br />
5. Discharge of effluents and wastewater into stream and riverbeds.<br />
6. Pisciculture in natural habitats and deliberate and accidental<br />
stocking of natural habitats with exotic fish species.<br />
The effect of these factors on the populations of aquatic organisms is<br />
also amplified, among other reasons, by the following habitat<br />
characteristics:<br />
a. the dimensions of most terrestrial water bodies are small, with<br />
corresponding small fish populations;<br />
b. many water bodies are regularly or temporarily isolated from<br />
neighboring water bodies;<br />
c. poisons and fertilizers are discharged into water bodies from<br />
71
agricultural and industrial areas and aquatic animals are affected<br />
instantly by pollution.<br />
This combination of sensitivity to detrimental factors and to other side<br />
effects of anthropogenic activity has probably brought wetlands<br />
throughout the world closer to extinction than any other habitat<br />
(Goren, 1975).<br />
Al Auja or Yarkon Bleak (Acanthobrama telavivensis). Photo by: <strong>Dr</strong>. Menachem<br />
Goren. http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/61249/0<br />
Necessary conservation steps<br />
Conservation steps for freshwater fish can only be taken by preserving<br />
their habitats from pollution, drainage and structural modifications.<br />
Establishing survival (or breeding) nuclei for some of the threatened<br />
species should be considered in cases where there is a chance of habitat<br />
improvement in the future. In addition, as a result of objective<br />
problems in assessing the dangers to or the status of the fish<br />
population in a changing environment, a regular fish monitoring<br />
system should be established in the entire Palestinian aquatic system<br />
(Goren, 1975).<br />
72
Status of the class species in Palestine<br />
DD<br />
Data<br />
Deficien<br />
t<br />
LC<br />
Least<br />
Concern<br />
NT<br />
Near<br />
Threate<br />
ned<br />
VU<br />
Vulnerabl<br />
e<br />
EN<br />
Endanger<br />
ed<br />
CR<br />
Criticall<br />
y<br />
Endang<br />
ered<br />
RE<br />
Regionall<br />
y Extinct<br />
Exti<br />
nct<br />
Total<br />
2 18 0 0 0 6 1 5 32<br />
Five fish species have become extinct from freshwater bodies during the 20th century<br />
(Goren, 1975).<br />
List of the Freshwater Fishes in Palestine<br />
Order Family Species Status Name<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Acanthobrama hulensis native Hula Bleak<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Acanthobrama lissneri native Lissner’s<br />
Bleak<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Acanthobrama<br />
telavivensis<br />
native Al Auja or<br />
Yarkon Bleak<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Acanthobrama<br />
terraesanctae<br />
endemic Tiberias or<br />
Kinneret bleak<br />
Acipenseriforme<br />
s<br />
Acipenserida<br />
e<br />
Acipenser sturio native Common<br />
Sturgeon<br />
Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla introduced European Eel<br />
Cyprinodontifor<br />
mes<br />
Cyprinodontid<br />
ae<br />
Aphanius dispar<br />
richardsoni<br />
native Dead Sea<br />
Killifish<br />
Cyprinodontifor<br />
mes<br />
Cyprinodontid<br />
ae<br />
Aphanius fasciatus native Mediterranean<br />
Killifish<br />
Cyprinodontifor<br />
mes<br />
Cyprinodontid<br />
ae<br />
Aphanius mento native Persian or<br />
Orient Killifish<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Aristichthys nobilis introduced Bighead Carp<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Astatotilapia<br />
flaviijosephi<br />
native Palestine<br />
Cichlid<br />
Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina boyeri native Big-Scale<br />
Sand Smelt<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Barbatula panthera native Panther Loach<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Barbatula tigris native Tiger Loach<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbus longiceps native Long-Headed<br />
Barbel<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Capoeta damascina native Damascus<br />
Barbel<br />
73
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carasobarbus canis native Jordan Himri<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carassius auratus<br />
not Goldfish<br />
auratus<br />
established<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carassius carassius introduced Crucian Carp<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Catla catla not Catla<br />
established<br />
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Chelon labrosus native Thicklip Grey<br />
Mullet<br />
Siluriformes Clariidae Clarias gariepinus native North African<br />
Catfish<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Ctenopharyngodon introduced Grass Carp<br />
idella<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio carpio introduced Common Carp<br />
Cyprinodontifor Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis introduced Mosquitofish<br />
mes<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Garra ghorensis native Jordanian Log<br />
Sucker<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Garra rufa native Doctor Fish<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Garra rufa wadiqana native Palestine or<br />
Wadi Qana<br />
Doctor Fish<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Hemigrammocapoeta<br />
nana<br />
native Tiberias or<br />
Jordanian<br />
Barbel<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Hypophthalmichthys<br />
not Silver Carp<br />
molitrix<br />
established<br />
Cypriniformes Catostomidae Ictiobus cyprinellus not<br />
established<br />
Bigmouth<br />
Buffalo<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Labeotropheus<br />
introduced Blue Mbuna<br />
fuelleborni<br />
Perciformes Latidae Lates calcarifer introduced Barramundi<br />
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza aurata native Golden Grey<br />
Mullet<br />
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza ramado native Thinlip Mullet<br />
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Liza saliens native Leaping Mullet<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Melanochromis auratus introduced Golden Mbuna<br />
Perciformes Moronidae Morone saxatilis not Striped Bass<br />
established<br />
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil cephalus native Flathead<br />
Mullet<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Nemacheilus angorae native Angora Loach<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Nemacheilus insignis misidentificat<br />
ion<br />
Palestine<br />
Loach<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Nemacheilus leontinae native Lebanese<br />
Loach<br />
Cypriniformes Balitoridae Nun galilaeus native Galilean Loach<br />
Atheriniformes Atherinopsida Odontesthes<br />
introduced Pejerrey<br />
e<br />
bonariensis<br />
Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus kisutch introduced Coho Salmon<br />
Salmoniformes Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss introduced Rainbow Trout<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis aureus native Blue Tilapia<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis macrochir introduced Longfin Tilapia<br />
74
Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis<br />
mossambicus<br />
not<br />
established<br />
Mozambique<br />
Tilapia<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus questionable Nile Tilapia<br />
niloticus<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Oreochromis niloticus<br />
vulcani<br />
introduced Turkana<br />
Tilapia<br />
Cyprinodontifor Poeciliidae Poecilia velifera introduced Sail-fin Molly<br />
mes<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pseudophoxinus<br />
drusensis<br />
native Jebel <strong>Dr</strong>uze or<br />
Golan Minnow<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pseudophoxinus<br />
kervillei<br />
native Jordanian<br />
Minnow<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Pseudotropheus<br />
introduced Kenyi Cichlid<br />
lombardoi<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Pseudotropheus<br />
tropheops tropheops<br />
introduced Golden<br />
Tropheops<br />
Perciformes Blenniidae Salaria fluviatilis native Freshwater<br />
Blenny<br />
Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo salar not<br />
established<br />
Atlantic<br />
Salmon<br />
Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo trutta trutta not Sea Trout<br />
established<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Sarotherodon galilaeus native Mango Tilapia<br />
galilaeus<br />
Perciformes Sillaginidae Sillago sihama native Silver Sillago<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Tilapia zillii native Redbelly<br />
Tilapia<br />
Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Tinca tinca not Tench<br />
established<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Tristramella sacra native Long Jaw<br />
Tristramella<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Tristramella simonis<br />
intermedia<br />
native Hula<br />
Tristramella<br />
Perciformes Cichlidae Tristramella simonis<br />
simonis<br />
native Short Jaw<br />
Tristramella<br />
Cyprinodontifor<br />
mes<br />
Poeciliidae Xiphophorus hellerii introduced Green<br />
Swordtail<br />
After Eli Agbayani (2007) and <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> (2013).<br />
References and Internet Websites:<br />
Agbayani, Eli (2007). List of Freshwater Fishes for Israel.<br />
http://fish.mongabay.com/data/Israel.htm<br />
Aronov A. and Goren M. (2008(. Ecology of the Mottled Grouper<br />
75
(Mycteroperca rubra) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Electronic Journal of<br />
Ichthylogy. 2:1-13.<br />
Elron, E., A. Gasith & M. Goren (2005). Reproductive strategy of a<br />
small endemic cyprinid, Acanthobrama telavivensis, in a mediterraneantype<br />
stream. Environmental Biology of Fishes. <strong>77</strong>:141–155.<br />
Elron, E., M. Goren, D. Milstein & A. Gasith (2004). Ammonia toxicity<br />
to juvenile Acanthobrama telavivensis (Cyprinidae), a critically<br />
endangered endemic fish in the coastal plain of Israel. Israel Jour. Zool.<br />
50:321-331.<br />
Fishelson, L., O. Gon, R., M. Goren & Ben-David-Zaslow (2005). The<br />
oral cavity and bioluminescent organs of the cardinal fish<br />
species Siphamia permutata and S. cephalotes (Perciformes, Apogonidae).<br />
Marine Biology 147: 603–609.<br />
Frenkel, V. & M. Goren (1997). Some environmental factors affecting<br />
the reproduction of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell, 1828). Hydrobiologia.<br />
347: 197-207. Galil, B.S. and M. Goren (1994). The bathyal fauna of the<br />
Levant - new records and rare occurrences. Senckenbergiana Maritima<br />
25, (1/3): 41-52.<br />
Jordanian Log Sucker (Garra ghorensis). Photo by: Nashat A. Hamidan.<br />
http://www.israquarium.co.il/Fish/IsraelFish/<br />
76
Galil, B., M. Goren, R. Ortal (2001). Shiqmona – between Carmel and<br />
Sea. Printed in Tel Aviv University. 70 pp.<br />
Gasith, A. and Goren, M. (2009). Habitat availability, reproduction<br />
and population dynamics of the fresh water blenny Salaria<br />
fluviatilis (asso, 1801) in Lake Kinneret, Israel. Electronic Journal of<br />
Ichthyology. 2: 34 – 46.<br />
Gasith, A., M Goren and S. Gafny (1996). Ecological consequences of<br />
lowering lake Kinneret water level: effect on breeding success of the<br />
Kinneret sardine. In: Preservation of our world in the wake of change,<br />
Vol. VI A/B ISEEQS Pub., Jerusalem, Israel, Ed: Y. Steiuberger: pp.<br />
569-573.<br />
Goren, M. (1972). The populations of Pseudophoxinus zeregi (Heckel) in<br />
Israel and Syria and the status of Pseudophoxinus (Pararhodeus)<br />
drusensis (Pellegrin) (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 51, 141-<br />
145.<br />
Goren, Menachem (1975). Freshwater Fishes in Israel.<br />
http://www.teva.org.il/?CategoryID=943<br />
Goren, M. (1975). The freshwater fishes of Israel. Isr. J. Zool. 23,67-<br />
118.<br />
Goren, M. (1980). Development of benthic community on artificial<br />
substratum at Ashdod (Eastern Mediterranean). Oceanol. Acta 3,275-<br />
283.<br />
Goren, M. (1983). The Freshwater Fishes of Israel. Kibbutz Ha'Muhad<br />
Publishing House, Tel Aviv, pp. 102. (in Hebrew).<br />
Goren, M. (1992). Lake Hula, reconstruction of the fauna and<br />
hydrobiology of the lost lake. Isr. J. Zool. 38,147.<br />
Goren, M. (1993). Statistical aspects of the Red Sea ichthyofauna. Isr. J.<br />
Zool. 39,293-298.<br />
Goren, M. (2007). De Situauie van Aphanius Soorten in Israël (The<br />
status of Aphanius species in Israel). Belgische Killifish Vereniging. 35:<br />
21-30. (translation by H. Meeus).<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1981). Fawa'ed Alasmak. (The Benefits<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1982). Samak Al-Coelacanth (The<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> (Translator) (1982). Al-Miah Al-Mulawatha Tohaded<br />
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Semester, Saturday 6.11.1982. Biological Society, Kuwait University,<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (1983). Al-Samaka Al-‗Auljumiyah Al-Naqaqa fi<br />
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Samaket Kozat Al-Snobar (Monocentris japonicus, Houttuyn) min Al-<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1986). The Schooling of Fishes. Gazelle: The<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1986). The Fish <strong>Fauna</strong> in Van Mildert Pond,<br />
Durham City, North East England. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 9. Fourth <strong>Year</strong>. Ramadan 1406. May 1986.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1987). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) in<br />
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The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 15. Fifth <strong>Year</strong>. July 1987.<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Germany. pp. 1-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1987). On a Collection of De<strong>von</strong> Period<br />
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Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1987). The Great White Shark (Carcharodon<br />
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September 1987 AD. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (1989). Qa‘ema li-ba‘d Asmak Al-Kuwait fi Al-<br />
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<strong>Year</strong>. December 1989. Bonn 2-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). A Trip to Zoo Budapest,<br />
Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). The Gulf War and its<br />
effect on the Arabian Ecosystem (Part One). Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany. Number 23, Ninth <strong>Year</strong>, July 1991. pp. 1-12.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). The Gulf War and its<br />
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Germany. Number 24, Ninth <strong>Year</strong>, August 1991. pp. 1-10.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). Notes on the Biological Ecology of<br />
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Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
Number 29, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, September 1992. pp. 1-9. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). The United Nations Ecological<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to the<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1993). Al-Mushkilatan Al-Ma‘eyah<br />
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Number 31. Eleventh <strong>Year</strong>. December 1993. Bonn, Federal Republic of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to the<br />
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Acquaintance Card: Majallet Al-Ghazzal (Gazelle Magazine): The<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B.(1995). Alasmak fi Filistin (Die Fische<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1997). Amir Al-Bahar Al-Arabi (The Arabian Sea<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2001). The Extinct and Endangered<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Story of Prophet Musa<br />
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Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 38, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Moses Perch (Lutjanus russelli,<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Fish of Musa (Samak Musa).<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Number 38, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, February 2005. pp. 16.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Samak Al-Luchs (Al-Hamoor) or<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). <strong>Jaffa</strong> (Yaffa): The History of an<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Andromeda Sea Monster of<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Jewfish (Epinephelus itajara)<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Arabian Freshwater Fishes<br />
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Number 46, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, October 2005, Ramadan 1426. pp. 1-<br />
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Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 1-<br />
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The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
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9%8A%D9%86<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) caught off the<br />
Kuwaiti Coast: The Second Record from the State of Kuwait, Arabian<br />
/ Persian Gulf. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number<br />
71, November 2007. pp. 1-20. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
(Abstracts in English and Arabic). http://whaleshark.webs.com/whalesharkinkuwait.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Rhiniodon typus Smith, 1828 or Rhincodon typus Smith, 1829:<br />
The Story of a Scientific Name. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp. 21. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://whale-shark.webs.com/rhiniodontypus.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: A Whale Shark<br />
(Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) rescued near the Tantura Beach, Carmel<br />
Coast, North Palestine: The First Record from the Palestinian<br />
Mediterranean Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 71, November 2007. pp. 22-23. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. (Abstracts in English and Arabic). http://whaleshark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: Whale Sharks (Rhincodon<br />
typus, Smith 1828) near Um Al-Rashrash (Eilat) Beach, Gulf of Aqaba,<br />
86
South Palestine: First Records from the Palestinian Red Sea Coast.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November<br />
2007. pp. 23-26. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in English<br />
and Arabic). http://whale-shark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). An Ocean Sunfish or Common Mola (Mola mola, Linnaeus<br />
1758) caught off the coast of Gaza: The First Record from Palestine,<br />
East Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 72, December 2007, pp. 1-16. (Abstracts in English and<br />
Arabic).<br />
https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/conve<br />
rsations/messages/37<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Cetacea <strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Whales and Dolphins in Palestinian<br />
Waters. Cetacean Species Guide for Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 83, November 2008, Thu Al-Qi‘ada 1429<br />
AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://cetaceapalaestina.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). A Longcomb Sawfish (Pristis zijsron Bleeker, 1851) caught off<br />
the coast of Dibba, United Arab Emirates, Gulf of Oman. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 88, April 2009, Rabi‘e Al<br />
Thani 1430 AH. pp. 1-14. http://dibba-sawfish.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>.Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Garra barreimiae wurayahi <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2009 : A New Blind Cave Fish<br />
Subspecies from Wadi Al Wurayah Pools, Emirate of Fujairah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178<br />
– 6288. Number 90, June 2009, Jumada Al-Akhera 1430 AH. pp. 1-15.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://emirati-blind-cavefish.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-<br />
87
fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Oreochromis mossambicus bassamkhalafi <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2009 : A New<br />
Mozambique Tilapia Subspecies from Wadi Al Wurayah Pools,<br />
Emirate of Fujairah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 92, August 2009,<br />
Sha‘ban 1430 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://emirati-tilapia.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> –<br />
Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine Zoologische<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong><br />
<strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition, September 2009: 412<br />
Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler,<br />
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Bowmouth Guitarfish (Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider,<br />
1801) at Sharjah Aquarium, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Twenty-seventh<br />
<strong>Year</strong>, Number 93, September 2009,<br />
Ramadan 1430 AH. pp. 1-18. http://bowmouth-guitarfishemirates.webs.com/bowmouthguitarfishuae.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) Records from the<br />
United Arab Emirates between 1989 - 2009. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Twenty-seventh <strong>Year</strong>, Number<br />
94, October 2009, Shawal 1430 AH. pp. 1-28. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates.<br />
http://whale-shark.webs.com/whalesharkinemirates.htm<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>,<br />
Zoologist, Ecologist and Geologist : The Scientific References (1980-<br />
2009). http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-references.webs.com/<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010). <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab Emirates<br />
between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins. Zoologische<br />
Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate zwischen 2004 - 2009.<br />
<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First Edition, November 2010:<br />
350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong><strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-<br />
Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland.<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> –<br />
Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 / <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina zwischen<br />
1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July<br />
2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic Part 120 Pages and<br />
the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House,<br />
Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> –<br />
Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part 350 Pages<br />
and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing<br />
House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://dr-norman-alikhalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013: A New Freshwater<br />
Doctor Fish Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 103, July 2013, Ramadan 1434<br />
AH. pp. 1-25. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://palestine-fishes.webs.com/palestine-doctor-fish<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). Taxon<br />
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<strong>Prof</strong>ile: Subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013. BioLib.cz.<br />
Biological Library. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1059609/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Palestine Doctor Fish (Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013).<br />
EOL. Encyclopedia of Life. http://eol.org/collections/80813<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Freshwater Fishes in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 104, August 2013,<br />
Shawal 1434 AH. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://palestine-fishes.webs.com/<br />
Manheim, O., A. Freidberg, D. Graur, M. Goren, Y. Bhnayahu, Y.<br />
Yom-Tov and T. Dayan (Editors) (1998). The national collections of<br />
natural history at Tel Aviv university - a National Museum of Natural<br />
History in the making: The first 60 years. Israel Jour. Zool.44: 1-79.<br />
Roll U., T. Dayan, D. Simberloff and M. Goren (2007). Characteristics of the<br />
introduced fish fauna of Israel. Biological Invasions. 9: 813–824.<br />
The Jordan Times. Rare fish face extinction as water pumping, pollution<br />
degrade habitats. http://jordantimes.com/article/rare-fish-face-extinctionas-water-pumping-pollution-degrade-habitats<br />
The Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel. http://natureisrael.org/<br />
Lissner‘s Bleak (Acanthobrama lissneri). Photo by: Y. Oksman.<br />
http://www.israquarium.co.il/Fish/IsraelFish/<br />
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91
Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013: A<br />
New Freshwater Doctor Fish<br />
Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of<br />
Palestine<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9474980975/<br />
92
Abstract: A new subspecies of Doctor Fish of the genus Garra<br />
(Teleostei: Cyprinidae) from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve springs<br />
and pools, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine is described. This<br />
subspecies is distinguished from the other six freshwater<br />
subspecies of Garra rufa living in the Middle East by its distinctive<br />
body colouration and the smaller size. It is morphologically and<br />
geographically distinct from the other six subspecies. The new<br />
subspecies was named Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013.<br />
Keywords: Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae, Garra rufa wadiqana,<br />
Freshwater Fish, Doctor Fish, Palestine Doctor Fish, Wadi Qana<br />
Doctor Fish, New Subspecies, Wadi Qana, Nature Reserve,<br />
Springs, Pools, Salfit Governorate, Palestine, State of Palestine,<br />
Near East, Middle East.<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9474997501/<br />
93
Introduction:<br />
During a field trip to Wadi Qana, which is an important nature<br />
reserve in the northern West Bank of the Jordan River, Salfit<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine, on Monday the 8 th July 2013,<br />
accompanied by the Palestinian Botanist Banan Al Sheikh, my<br />
wife Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong> and my daughter Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, I inspected Ain Al Basa Spring عٌن البصة and pools at Wadi<br />
Qana وادي قانا , and saw many Doctor Fish (Garra rufa Heckel, 1843)<br />
swimming in the spring and pool waters. These fish were<br />
observed, examined, measured and photographed.<br />
After examining Garra rufa at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana<br />
Nature Reserve, I began comparing between the different Middle<br />
Eastern Doctor Fish subspecies.<br />
There are six Garra rufa freshwater subspecies living in the Middle<br />
East: The Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa rufa Heckel, 1843,<br />
from southern Turkey, northern Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Palestine,<br />
Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Oman; and Garra rufa obtusa<br />
Heckel, 1843, from northern Syria, northern Iraq and the hot<br />
springs at Kangal, Turkey; and Garra rufa turcica Karaman, 1971<br />
from Ceyhan River Basin, Turkey; and the Persian Doctor Fish<br />
subspecies Garra rufa persica Berg, 1914 from Iran; and Garra rufa<br />
gymnothorax Berg, 1949 from Karun River Basin, Iran; and Garra<br />
rufa crenulata Heckel, 1847 from the Qarah Aqaj River and Saadi,<br />
Iran.<br />
Description and Distinctive Features:<br />
Morphology (Key Characters)<br />
Garra rufa wadiqana has a laterally elongated body shape. Two<br />
pairs of barbels are present. The adhesive disc is well developed<br />
with a free anterior margin. Abundant mucous cells in the<br />
epidermis of the disc gives an oily appearance, and with the<br />
dorso-ventrally compressed snout, offers minimal resistance to<br />
94
water currents. Teeth are hooked at the tip. The short gill rakers<br />
number 14-26. The upper lip is delicately fimbriated.<br />
Scales on lateral line: 29 -38. The dorsal fin has 8 branched rays<br />
modally, and the caudal fin 17 branched rays modally. Total<br />
vertebrae in the Palestinian specimens 32-37.<br />
The Palestine Doctor Fish Discovery Team: Zoologist <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> (right), Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong><br />
(middle), Botanist Banan Al Sheikh (left) and Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong><br />
(Photographer) at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9475081719/<br />
Colour<br />
Overall colour is brownish-olive to dark green with darkly<br />
mottled flanks and a yellowish to whitish belly. The head and<br />
flanks may be a rusty-red, bronze or golden. A dark or bluish-<br />
95
green band runs along the whole flank ending in a spot on the<br />
caudal fin base. Much of the body may be blackish with only the<br />
belly creamy. Others are a light olive-green with lime-green<br />
highlights giving an iridescent effect especially on upper anterior<br />
flank scales. There is a black, greenish-blue, lime-green or duskyblue<br />
spot behind the upper corner of the gill opening, sometimes<br />
extending as a bar to the pectoral fin base where the skin is also<br />
blue.<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9475016619/<br />
The Fins can be yellowish with darker margins. The pectoral fins<br />
can be orange-pink dorsally, grey-white or slightly orange-pink<br />
ventrally. The pelvic and anal fins may be orange with the fin rays<br />
yellow posteriorly in the anal fin but yellow mesially in the pelvic<br />
fin. The bases of the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins are orange-red<br />
96
in breeding males and the caudal fin is orange. The caudal fin can<br />
be orange to red ventrally and yellow dorsally. There is a black<br />
spot at the caudal fin base and the upper caudal lobe may have a<br />
few dark grey spots. The dorsal fin is dark green with reddish<br />
pigment at its middle. There is usually a dark spot at the bases of<br />
each of the middle 4-5 dorsal fin rays. In some specimens the<br />
dorsal fin is orange with yellow posterior rays. The pectoral,<br />
dorsal and caudal fin rays may be olive to black rather than<br />
yellow or orange. The iris is bright yellow, orange or red (Coad,<br />
2013).<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9500646671/<br />
There is variation in colouration. Some fish are pale while others<br />
are very dark; the spots on the dorsal fin may extend two-thirds<br />
97
of the way up the fin rather than being restricted to the base; and<br />
the flanks may not be mottled. Fish from muddy water are a<br />
sickly grey with the body mottled and the lower caudal lobe dark.<br />
Their colour darkens and becomes brighter after immersion in ice<br />
water. Fish from deep in qanats are very pale (Coad, 2013).<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9500749723/<br />
Size<br />
Garra rufa attains 24 cm total length in the Tigris River in Iraq.<br />
Reaches 15.9 cm, over 17 cm according to Heckel (1843). Fish up<br />
98
to 18.5 cm total length are known from Khuzestan, Iran (Coad,<br />
2013). The Palestinian subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013<br />
is much smaller and attains a measured length of 5-12 cm.<br />
Age<br />
The species Garra rufa can live up to 7 years (Coad, 2013).<br />
The Palestine Doctor Fish Discoverer <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> examining the fish at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana<br />
Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. 08.07.2013.<br />
Photograph by: Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/94<strong>77</strong>944356/<br />
99
Sexual Dimorphism<br />
Large males become heavily tuberculate on the front and sides of<br />
the snout and in a band from the eye to the nostril and across to<br />
the other nostril and eye. A deep, tubercle-free groove is apparent<br />
between the upper band of tubercles through the nostrils and the<br />
tubercles on the snout above the mouth.<br />
Reproduction<br />
Sexual maturity at 2-3 years, 10 cm in length and a weight of 50 g<br />
in Iraqi fish. Spawning took place in May and June with eggs<br />
deposited on vegetation and rocks with a relative fecundity up to<br />
542 eggs/g. (Coad, 2013). Ovaries increased in size and weight<br />
from May to July. Different individuals release eggs and sperm at<br />
different times. Average egg diameter was 0.67 mm, maximum<br />
1.98 mm, with highest diameter in May and the lowest in<br />
November. Absolute and relative fecundity were 1179.65 and<br />
109.4 respectively on average. Maximum absolute fecundity<br />
reached 3794 eggs. The Iranian Kangir River fish had a maximum<br />
fecundity of 13,927 eggs and a maximum relative fecundity of<br />
2345.72 eggs/g. Egg diameters reached 1.7 mm. Reproduction<br />
occurred in April-May with the highest average gonadosomatic<br />
index for males of 4.21 in April and for females of 7.85 in May<br />
(Coad, 2013).<br />
Food<br />
Garra rufa is omnivorous and feeds on organic detritus,<br />
filamentous algae, diatoms, copepods, arthropods and insects.<br />
This species is a grazer on aquatic plants, mostly consisting of<br />
benthic cyanobacteria, chrysophytes and phytoplankton with<br />
included rotifers and protozoans. Both season and location in a<br />
stream affects the composition of the diet with season the most<br />
important factor.<br />
100
The Palestine Doctor Fish Discovery Team: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong> (middle), wife Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong> (right), daughter<br />
Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong> (left) and Banan Al Sheikh (Photographer) at<br />
Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine.<br />
08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9508408252/<br />
101
Habitat<br />
Found in different habitats such as rivers, lakes, small ponds, and<br />
small muddy streams. Hides under and among stones and<br />
vegetation. Bottom dweller, feeding on aufwuchs.<br />
The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: Ola Mostafa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9505806433/<br />
Distribution<br />
The species Garra rufa lives in the Jordan, Ceyhan, Orontes, and<br />
Tigris-Euphrates river basins. Also in some coastal rivers in<br />
southern Turkey and northern Syria and coastal drainages of the<br />
eastern Mediterranean as well as some springs and pools in<br />
102
Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Oman and Iran. The<br />
Palestinian subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 is endemic<br />
to Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of<br />
Palestine.<br />
Human Waste at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/9508650378/<br />
Conservation<br />
Garra rufa is a common species with a wide distribution and is not<br />
under any specific threat. The Palestinian subspecies Garra rufa<br />
wadiqanaa is endemic to Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, State of<br />
Palestine. The Nature Reserve is under protection and the<br />
subspecies is officially protected. Illegal Israeli settlements and<br />
103
human waste was observed at Wadi Qana Nature Reserve. More<br />
attention and protection is needed to protect the flora and fauna<br />
of Wadi Qana from any pollution and destruction.<br />
The Palestine Doctor Fish Discoverer <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> collecting the fish at Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana<br />
Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine. 08.07.2013.<br />
Photograph by: Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/94<strong>77</strong>904306/<br />
Economic Importance<br />
Garra rufa are sometimes referred to as ―doctor fish‖ because they<br />
eat away dead skin found on peoples‘ feet, leaving newer skin<br />
exposed. They have been used as a medical treatment for<br />
individuals with skin diseases, like psoriasis and neurodermitis.<br />
104
Etymology / Derivation of the Scientific Name<br />
The Genus name Garra is native from Burma (Myanmar) and<br />
means a ―big nose‖; the rhino horn fish from Burma. The species<br />
Latin name rufa means ―red‖, referring to the reddish body<br />
colouration. The Arabic subspecies name wadiqana refers to ―Wadi<br />
Qana‖ Nature Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine<br />
where the new subspecies was discovered.<br />
Conclusion:<br />
After studying and examining the Garra rufa Fish at<br />
Wadi Qana Nature Reserve springs and pools, and<br />
comparing with the different Doctor Fish subspecies,<br />
and referring to many zoological references, and<br />
searching the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion<br />
that we are in front of a new Doctor Fish subspecies<br />
from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve springs and pools,<br />
Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine.<br />
I gave it the scientific name Garra rufa wadiqana, new<br />
subspecies. The subspecies name “wadiqana” is for<br />
Wadi Qana, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine.<br />
Garra rufa wadiqana , new subspecies:<br />
Scientific trinomial name: Garra rufa wadiqana<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013<br />
Authority: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong><strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
105
Common Names: Palestine Doctor Fish, Wadi Qana<br />
Doctor Fish.<br />
Holotype: Grwq-1, Male, 12.00 cm, Beit Sahour Natural<br />
History Museum Collection, Beit Sahour, State of<br />
Palestine.<br />
Location: Ain Al Basa Spring, Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, Salfit Governorate, State of Palestine.<br />
Date of capture: 8 th July, 2013.<br />
Taxon profile<br />
Subordinated taxa<br />
Number of records: 4<br />
subspecies Garra rufa obtusa (Heckel, 1843)<br />
subspecies Garra rufa rufa (Heckel, 1843)<br />
subspecies Garra rufa turcica Karaman M. S., 1971<br />
subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 - Palestine Doctor Fish<br />
BioLib.cz. Biological Library Classification.<br />
http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id147650/<br />
Acknowledgements: A Special thanks is due to the Palestinian<br />
Botanist Mr. Banan Al Sheikh who showed me Wadi Qana Nature<br />
Reserve, and to my wife Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong> and my daughter<br />
Nora <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, who both assisted me with the shooting<br />
of the photos for this scientific article, and for sharing with me the<br />
field trip to Wadi Qana, and gave me the opportunity to discover<br />
a new Palestinian Doctor Fish Subspecies.<br />
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The Habitat of the Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa wadiqana<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>. 08.07.2013.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Jewfish (Epinephelus<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Arabian Freshwater<br />
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Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 40, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, April 2005. pp. 1-9.<br />
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Quastenflosser: Coelacanth Latimeria Yahoo! Deutschland Group.<br />
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The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
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Doctor Fish Subspecies from Wadi Qana Nature Reserve, Salfit<br />
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The newly discovered Palestine Doctor Fish subspecies Garra rufa<br />
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124
125
† Macropomoides palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
2013 : A New Coelacanth Fish Fossil<br />
Species from the Anthracothere Hill<br />
in Al-Naqab, Palestine<br />
: نوع جدٌد<br />
ماكروبوموٌدس بلستٌنا<br />
ْلحفورة سمكة الج مبٌزة )سٌالكانث( من تل أنثراكوثٌر<br />
فً النقب ، فلسطٌن<br />
3112<br />
خلف ،<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
Abstract: A new fossil species of Coelacanth Fish from<br />
the Early Miocene of the genus Macropomoides (Class<br />
Sarcopterygii, Subclass Crossopterygii, Order<br />
Coelacanthiformes, Suborder Latimerioidei, Family<br />
Latimeriidae) was found at the Anthracothere Hill in Al-<br />
Naqab (Negev), Palestine. The new fossil species is<br />
distinguished from the Lebanese Coelacanth fossil species<br />
Macropomoides orientalis by its slightly different skeletal,<br />
skull and fin features. It is morphologically a distinct<br />
species. The new species was named † Macropomoides<br />
palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013.<br />
A new fossil species of Coelacanth Fish from the Early Miocene of<br />
the genus Macropomoides (Class Sarcopterygii, Subclass<br />
Crossopterygii, Order Coelacanthiformes, Suborder Latimerioidei,<br />
126
Family Latimeriidae) was found at the Anthracothere Hill in Al-<br />
Naqab (Negev), Palestine. It belongs to the Family Latimeriidae<br />
and therefore closely related to the living coelacanth Latimeria.<br />
The new fossil species is distinguished from the Lebanese<br />
Coelacanth fossil species Macropomoides orientalis Woodward, 1942<br />
by its slightly different skeletal, skull and fin features. It is<br />
morphologically a distinct species. The new species was named †<br />
Macropomoides palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013.<br />
Naomi F. Goldsmith and Ilana Yanai-Inbar (1997) from the<br />
Blaustein Institute and Pathology Department, Ben-Gurion<br />
University of the Negev wrote in the Journal of Vertebrate<br />
Paleontology: ―Using Latimeria chalumnae as reference for the fish<br />
fossils found at Anthracothere Hill in the Negev (south) of Israel,<br />
we test B. Schaeffer's 19<strong>77</strong> theorem {Differences in the histology<br />
and gross form of the teeth, dermal skull elements, scales and fin<br />
components obviously have systematic significance. If we are<br />
concerned with extinct animals, we can compare directly only<br />
structure in attempting to infer relationships}."<br />
The corollaries we infer are:<br />
1) If there are no differences, it is likely we are dealing with an<br />
identity, or at best a similarity of incertae sedes...<br />
2) Furthermore, if Latimeria appears in the 20th century off the<br />
east African coast after a 70 Ma absence, it had to have been<br />
somewhere. Intervening coelacanthid specimens in Africa are<br />
found in Madagascar's Trias (Moore 1995), Niger's E. Cretaceous<br />
(Wenz 1975) and the Negev Miocene. The North African sites<br />
were bound by the Tethys Ocean; both also sheltered Lates (Gayet<br />
et al.1983; N.F. Goldsmith et a1.1982). But the major transport<br />
mechanism, as geophysicists Molnar, Royer, and Dyment agree,<br />
was by the northward bound India Plate and the opening of the<br />
Red Sea at Aden (Goldsmith and Yanai-Inbar 1997).<br />
Further tests compare Negev fossils with teeth and bones in the<br />
first Latimeria dissection (Millot, Anthony 1958) and teeth of<br />
127
preserved Latimeria at the California Academy of Sciences, San<br />
Francisco, and the Museums of Natural History in Stockholm,<br />
Washington, New York, London and Paris (Goldsmith and Yanai-<br />
Inbar 1997).<br />
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses replicate the results<br />
of Boyde (1972), Meinke (1982), and Smith (1<strong>978</strong>); the bone shows<br />
sensory canals as demonstrated by Wenz (1975). Q.E.D.<br />
(Goldsmith and Yanai-Inbar 1997).<br />
Genus Macropomoides Woodward 1942<br />
The body is relatively deep and reaches about 300 mm SL. The<br />
head bones are without ornament; a preorbital is absent; the<br />
lachrymojugal is narrow beneath the eye and barely larger than<br />
the enclosed sensory canal; postorbital is deep, expanded dorsally<br />
with a narrow ventral limb; the squamosal is very small and both<br />
the spiracular and the preoperculum may be absent. The<br />
premaxilla carries a few stout teeth. The operculum is rounded<br />
poster-odorsally with a very oblique ventral margin. Sensory<br />
canals open by a few large pores on the parietonasal shield; the<br />
angular and splenial each have four large sensory pores. Teeth<br />
upon the parasphenoid are restricted to the anterior third of the<br />
bone. The principal coronoid has a distinct waist and a<br />
longitudinally expanded head. The gular plates are twice as long<br />
as broad. The anocleithrum is forked dorsally with a narrow<br />
dorsal limb and a broad anterodorsal limb. Short ribs are<br />
developed throughout the posterior half of the abdominal region.<br />
The caudal fin has a rounded posterior margin which encloses the<br />
supplementary lobe. Pointed denticles are present on at least the<br />
first three rays of D1 and the leading rays of the principal caudal<br />
lobes. The pelvic bone is a simple rod with a proximal lateral<br />
expansion and the D1 support has a prominent anteroventrally<br />
directed thickened ridge. The scales are ornamented with many<br />
closely spaced denticles which, like the denticles on the fins, bear<br />
128
many fine striations. Those scales beneath and behind the level of<br />
D1 show a prominent central denticle (the only denticle present in<br />
small specimens) (Forey 1997/1998).<br />
Fossil of the Lebanese Coelacanth Macropomoides orientalis<br />
Woodward, 1942 from Lebanon. Photo at the Senckenberg Museum of<br />
Frankfurt, Germany. Photo by Ghedoghedo. 19 August 2011.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macropomoides_orientalis_-<br />
_Lebanon.jpg<br />
129
Conclusion:<br />
After studying the Macropomoides fish fossil specimen<br />
from the Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab (Negev),<br />
Palestine and comparing with the Lebanese Coelacanth<br />
fossil species Macropomoides orientalis, and referring to<br />
many zoological references, and searching the Internet, I<br />
came finally to a conclusion that we are in front of a new<br />
Coelacanth fossil species.<br />
I gave it the scientific name † Macropomoides palaestina,<br />
new fossil species. The species name “palaestina” is for<br />
Palestine, from where the fossil specimen was found.<br />
† Macropomoides palaestina, new fossil species:<br />
Scientific Binomial name: † Macropomoides palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013<br />
Authority: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
Common Names: Palestine Coelacanth, Al-Naqab<br />
Coelacanth, Negev Coelacanth.<br />
Holotype Fossil: MP-1, Blaustein Institute and Pathology<br />
Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.<br />
Origin: Anthracothere Hill in Al-Naqab (Negev), Palestine.<br />
130
Taxon profile<br />
><br />
Taxon <strong>Prof</strong>ile: species Palestine Coelacanth Macropomoides palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2013 †. BioLib. Biological Library.<br />
http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1075889/<br />
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(<strong>2014</strong>). The Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) at the Educational Science<br />
Museum, Kuwait City, State of Kuwait. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 - 6288. Number 112, April <strong>2014</strong>, Jumada<br />
Al Akhera 1435 AH. pp. 1–10. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://quastenflosser.webs.com/coelacanthkuwait2013.htm<br />
Macropomoides orientalis Coelacanth Fish Fossil.<br />
http://www.fossilmall.com/EDCOPE_Enterprises/fish/fishfossils1/fis<br />
hfossils-1b.htm<br />
Meinke, D.K. (1987). Morphology and evolution of the dermal skeleton<br />
in lungfishes. In W.E. Bemis, W.W. Burggren, N.E. Kemp (eds) The<br />
biology and evolution of lungfishes. Alan R. Liss., New York. J. Morph.<br />
suppl. 1.:133-149.<br />
Millot, J. and J. Anthony (1958). Anatomie de Latimeria chalumnae. Tome<br />
I. Squelette et Muscles et formations de soutien. Centre National de la<br />
Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Paris (Tome 1):122pp+ill.<br />
Moore, J.A. (2003). p. 1189-1191. In K.E. Carpenter (ed.) FAO species<br />
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the Western Central Atlantic. Vol. 2: Bony fishes part 1 (Acipenseridae<br />
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Nulens, Rik; Lucy Scott , Marc Herbin (2011). An Updated Inventory of<br />
All Known Specimens of the Coelacanth, Latimeria Spp. Smithiana<br />
Special Publication 3. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity.<br />
52 pages.<br />
http://www.nhbs.com/an_updated_inventory_of_all_known_specime<br />
ns_of_tefno_184079.html<br />
Pitman M.D., Sean D. (April 2012). The Fossil Record.<br />
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Pouyaud, Laurent; Wirjoatmodjo, Soetikno; Rachmatika, Ike;<br />
Tjakrawidjaja, Agus; Hadiaty, Renny; Hadie, Wartono (1999). Une<br />
nouvelle espèce de coelacanthe. Preuves génétiques et morphologiques.<br />
A new species of coelacanth. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des<br />
sciences - Série III - Sciences de la vie / Life Sciences - 1999, 322, 261-267.<br />
www.elsevier.fr/html/news/cras3mars99/pouyaud.html<br />
Schaeffer, B. (19<strong>77</strong>). The dermal skeleton in fishes. In ―Problems<br />
in Vertebrate Evolution,‖ S. M. Andrews, R. S. Miles and A. D. Walker,<br />
eds., Academic Press London.<br />
Smith, C.L. )1<strong>978</strong>(. Coral reef fish communities: a compromise view.<br />
Environ. Biol. Fish. 3(1):109-128.<br />
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identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Central Atlantic<br />
(Fishing Area 31). Vol. 3. [pag. var.]. FAO, Rome.<br />
Smith, J.L.B. (1939). A surviving fish of the order Actinistia. Trans. R.<br />
Soc. S. Afr. 27: 47-50.<br />
Smith, J.L.B. (1940). A living coelacanthid fish from South Africa. Trans.<br />
R. Soc. S. Afr. 28: 1-106.<br />
Smith, M.M. (1986). Latimeriidae. p. 152-153. In M.M. Smith and P.C.<br />
Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.<br />
Smith, H.T., C.B. Schreck and O.E. Maughan (1<strong>978</strong>). Effect of population<br />
density and feeding rate on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). J.<br />
Fish Biol. 12:449-455.<br />
Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The Coelacanth:<br />
More Living than Fossil.<br />
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Vorobjeva, E.I. and Obruchev, D.V. (1967). Subclass Sarcopterygii, pp.<br />
480-498. In: Obruchev, D.V. (ed.). Fundamentals of Palaeontology,<br />
11, Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations.<br />
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Wendruff, Andrew J. and Mark V.H. Wilson (2013). New Early Triassic<br />
coelacanth in the family Laugiidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia) from the<br />
Sulphur Mountain Formation near Wapiti Lake, British Columbia,<br />
Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci., September 2013, v.50:904-910.<br />
http://cjes.geoscienceworld.org/content/50/9/904.full<br />
Wenz, S. (1975). Un nouveau Coelacanthidé du Crétacé inférieur du<br />
Niger, remarques sur la fusion des os dermiques [A new coelacanth<br />
from the Lower Cretaceous of Niger, remarks on fusion of the dermal<br />
bones]. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche<br />
Scientifique, Paris, 1973. Problèmes actuels de Paléontologie (Évolution<br />
des Vertébrés). Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 218:175-<br />
190. http://fossilworks.org/cgibin/bridge.pl?taxon_no=1939<strong>77</strong>&action=basicTaxonInfo<br />
Wiki Project. Paleontology.<br />
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Wikipedia. West Indian Ocean Coelacanth.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indian_Ocean_coelacanth<br />
Woodward, A. S. (1942). Some new and little-known Upper Cretaceous<br />
Fishes from Mount Lebanon: The Annals and Magazine of Natural<br />
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Yahya, Harun. Atlas of Creation – Volume 3 – Fossil Specimens of<br />
Marine Creatures 2 – Coelacanth from Lebanon.<br />
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/chapter/4495<br />
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139
The Ceratosaur Dinosaur Elaphrosaurus<br />
bambergi Janensch, 1920 Tracks from<br />
Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem),<br />
Occupied Palestine<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
One of the Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprints from Beit Zeit, West of Al-<br />
Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12155111194/<br />
Palestine's history is mostly known from the Torah, Bible and the<br />
Holy Qur'an. The Holy land is full of historical places, and is<br />
visited by many tourists and pilgrims that want to see the<br />
remarkable beauty of this country with their own eyes. Palestine<br />
is sometimes called "The land were the time began", and it<br />
contains treasures to be seen from the Mesozoic period, which is<br />
140
not so well known. Thanks to <strong>Prof</strong>. Moshe Avnimelech (Ex-Head<br />
of the Paleontology Department in the Hebrew University of<br />
Jerusalem), who described the dinosaur tracks of the Hebron or<br />
Judean Hills, the historical wealth of Palestine goes further back<br />
in time than anyone ever had expected. In Beit Zeit, just a few<br />
kilometers from the Palestinian Capital City of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem City), ninety to hundred million years old dinosaur<br />
tracks give great insight in the prehistoric life of the Middle East<br />
(<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
The Beit Zeit tracks are of prime scientific value. They record one<br />
of the major links in the biological chain of development on earth.<br />
Map of Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. The<br />
map is showing the Dinosaur Tracks site. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong><br />
<strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>. 09.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12191054606/<br />
141
I visited Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), on 09.07.2013 and<br />
examined the Beit Zeit Dinosaur Tracks accompanied with my<br />
beloved wife Ola and my beloved daughter Nora.<br />
The Discovery:<br />
The discovery of the Beit Zeit (Beit Zayit) dinosaur tracks, just a<br />
few kilometers west of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), was made by Mr.<br />
Mordechai Sofer, a former geology student at the Hebrew<br />
University of Jerusalem. During the summer of 1962, Mr.<br />
Mordechai Sofer informed <strong>Prof</strong>. Moshe Avnimelech that<br />
mysterious imprints were left in the rocks in the garden of Mr.<br />
Schwarzwald, who was as Mr. Sofer, a resident of the Beit Zeit<br />
village. The next day <strong>Prof</strong>. Moshe Avnimelech visited the<br />
construction site. What he found was a continuous row of tracks,<br />
stretching for some 10 meter. It seemed that the tracks went on<br />
onto the hillock to the east and north of the exposed area. Later<br />
when a further area of 400 sq. m. was uncovered numerous<br />
additional tracks similar in form, pattern and direction were<br />
revealed (Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Age of the tracks:<br />
The age of the tracks is fixed by what is known of the geological<br />
structure and history of the Judean Hills, a layer at least 500 meter<br />
thick that constitute a part of a series of strata deposited from the<br />
Early Cretaceous (Barremian Period) to the Late Cretaceous<br />
(Campanian period). The strata were the tracks are found are<br />
usually assigned to the lowest part of the Cenomanian series, but<br />
the possibility that they belong to the Upper Albian may not be<br />
excluded. So, the age may be estimated ninety to hundred million<br />
years (Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
142
A small Dinosaur inside an egg at Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>. 09.07.2013.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12190931005/<br />
Nature of the rocks:<br />
The nature of the rocks on which the tracks were made indicates a<br />
marine origin, composed out of dolomitic-marly limestone in<br />
regular 10-15 cm. thick layers, with the seams of marl in between.<br />
The fossils in part of the layers are chiefly of marine gastropods of<br />
shallow-water character. Imprints of terrestrial plants were found<br />
in some of the layers, indicating the nearness of the shore. In<br />
certain layers, concentrations may be observed of reddish-brown<br />
earthy material, which is obviously derived from the adjacent<br />
land area (Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
143
One of the Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprints from Beit Zeit, West of Al-<br />
Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12191415913/<br />
Form and arrangement:<br />
The form and arrangement of the tracks clearly show that the<br />
tracks were made by a biped. Often only the digits were<br />
imprinted but sometimes even the tarsals were pressed into the<br />
rock surface. The imprints of the tarsals show that these were<br />
elongated, so it is lengthening the foot. The tracks are made by<br />
theropod dinosaurs which were carnivorous, and had four toes of<br />
which the first was short and high (Avnimelech and Bervoets;<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
144
One of the Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprints from Beit Zeit, West of Al-<br />
Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12191856676/<br />
Trackmaker:<br />
In general shape and appearance to trackmaker may have been<br />
similar to the North American genus Struthiomimus. It appears<br />
that the trackmaker belongs to one of the families of the group<br />
Coelurosauria, specially the Coeluridae and Ornithomimidae of<br />
which the first seems to fit the tracks more closely. However,<br />
considering the dinosaur remains discovered in eastern and<br />
northern Africa (Tanzania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt)<br />
the possibility cannot be excluded that Elaphrosaurus bambergi<br />
lived once in the vicinity of Beit Zeit, Palestine. The trackmaker<br />
had an estimated length of the hind-limbs up to the waist, 140 cm;<br />
145
the forelimbs were attached to the shoulders at a height of<br />
approximately 150-160 cm. The height of the animal, when<br />
standing upright, was 230-250 cm, and the length of the animal<br />
was from tip to tail about 360-380 cm, and weighted<br />
approximately 150 kg (Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprints from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12191843574/<br />
Types:<br />
The Beit Zeit site is an area of approximately four hundred meters<br />
on which more than two hundred tracks can be seen. Several<br />
types of tracks can be distinguished, which might belong to three<br />
146
species. The most frequent type is characterized by an angle of 70<br />
to 90 degrees between the outhermost digits. The length of these<br />
digits is 18-20 cm while the length of the middle digit (III) is 24-27<br />
cm (Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
The length and thickness of the tracks vary with the heaviness of<br />
tread and the properties of the soil. A round or rectangular<br />
depression was formed at the place where the digits were joined:<br />
it is bulb-shaped and is evidently the imprint of a tarsal bone or<br />
bones. The outhermost digits of the second type make a broad arc<br />
with their base, giving the footprints the shape of an anchor; and<br />
in this type the length of the central digit is as with the first 40 to<br />
50% greater than that of the outhermost digits (Avnimelech and<br />
Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
The third type differs from the first and second in that the base of<br />
the digits is almost straight. It is however, possible that this is<br />
only accidental, and can be attributed to the mode of the tread.<br />
Several isolated tracks with digits of almost equal length are<br />
totally different. The digits are splayed out at an angle of nearly<br />
120 degrees; the external ones are bent out to form a smooth arc.<br />
These tracks are probably of the fore-limb, which may explain<br />
their rarity. Tracks of different times of passage are also<br />
distinguishable: the earlier are blurred, as they were subsequently<br />
covered by a thin layer of new sediment (Avnimelech and<br />
Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
There are several 10-15 meter long rows of tracks which are made<br />
up of 15 to 20 footprints, and other shorter rows, only 3 to 4 meter<br />
long, consisting of no more than 4 to 6. In general, the direction of<br />
the long rows of tracks which are more prominent than the short<br />
ones - is from south to north or north to south, whereas the<br />
direction of the shorter rows is commonly from northeast to<br />
southwest or vice versa. Only few of the very shortest rows run<br />
approximately east-west or west-east. In the area, it is possible to<br />
make out three long rows which trend north-south, more than a<br />
147
dozen medium rows, and 4-5 short rows which run east-west<br />
(Avnimelech and Bervoets; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Ornithomimosaurs:<br />
Ornithomimosaurs ("Bird mimic lizards") or members of the clade<br />
Ornithomimosauria are theropod dinosaurs, like Gallimimus,<br />
which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches. They<br />
were fast, fleet-footed, omnivorous and herbivorous dinosaurs<br />
from the Upper Cretaceous of Laurasia (Asia, Europe and North<br />
America). The skull, sitting atop a long neck, was relatively small<br />
with large eyes. Some primitive species had teeth, but most had<br />
toothless beaks. The arms were long and slender and bore<br />
powerful claws. The limbs were long and powerful, with a long<br />
foot and short, strong toes terminating in hooflike claws.<br />
Ornithomimosaurs were probably among the fastest of all<br />
dinosaurs. Like many other coelurosaurs, the ornithomimid hide<br />
was probably feathered rather than scaly (Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
The group first appears in the Lower Cretaceous and persisted<br />
until the Upper Cretaceous. They appear to be related to less<br />
derived coelurosaurian theropods such as Compsognathus and<br />
tyrannosaurids. Primitive members of the group include<br />
Pelecanimimus, Shenzhousaurus, Harpymimus, and probably the<br />
huge Deinocheirus, the arms of which reached eight feet in length.<br />
More advanced species, members of the family ornithomimidae,<br />
include Gallimimus, Archaeornithomimus, Anserimimus,<br />
Struthiomimus, and Ornithomimus (Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>,<br />
2006).<br />
Ornithomimosaurs probably got most of their calories from plants<br />
but may have eaten small vertebrates and insects as well. Henry<br />
Fairfield Osborn suggested that the long, sloth-like arms may<br />
have been used to pull down branches for ornithomimosaurs to<br />
148
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem),<br />
Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12207228555/<br />
149
feed on; it may also have been a dangerous weapon. The sheer<br />
abundance of ornithomimids — they are the most common small<br />
dinosaurs in North America — are consistent with the idea that<br />
they were plant eaters, as herbivores usually outnumber<br />
carnivores in an ecosystem. The presence of gastroliths in the<br />
stomach of some ornithomimids fit this hypothesis (Wikipedia;<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Some paleontologists, like Paul Sereno, consider the enigmatic<br />
alvarezsaurids to be close relatives of the ornithomimosaurs, and<br />
places them together in the superfamily Ornithomimoidea<br />
(Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Struthiomimus:<br />
Struthiomimus (―Ostrich-mimic‖) was a long-legged, ostrich-like<br />
dinosaur of the family Ornithomimidae, which lived in Alberta,<br />
Canada during the Late Cretaceous period, about 85 to 80 million<br />
years ago. It was about 1.50 meters (5 feet) tall at the hips and<br />
weighed around 250 kg (500 lbs). Struthiomimus is one of the<br />
more common small dinosaurs in Dinosaur Provincial Park; its<br />
abundance suggests that it was an herbivore or an omnivore<br />
rather than a carnivore. It most likely lived on a diet of lizards,<br />
small mammals, fruits, and seeds, although some scientists<br />
theorize that it may have used its hooked claws to dig up clams<br />
and other shellfish, or possibly eggs (Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>,<br />
2006).<br />
The legs were long, powerful and seemingly well-suited to rapid<br />
running, like an ostrich. The neck was slender and ended in a<br />
small, beaked skull with relatively large eyes. The 'arms' were<br />
long and fairly strong; the fore limbs were more powerful and the<br />
claws were more strongly hooked than in Ornithomimus. It also<br />
had the typical characteristics of most ornithomimids: a long, stiff<br />
tail and a toothless beak. Predators of Struthiomimus may have<br />
150
included Saurornitholestes, <strong>Dr</strong>omaeosaurus, and the<br />
tyrannosaurs Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus. The bestpreserved<br />
skeleton of Struthiomimus is currently on display at the<br />
American Museum of Natural History, in Manhattan, New York.<br />
The best skull is currently on display at the Royal Tyrrell Museum<br />
of Palaeontology, in <strong>Dr</strong>umheller, Alberta, Canada (Wikipedia;<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Struthiomimus is also known from the Horseshoe Canyon<br />
Formation of Alberta and the Hell Creek Formation of Montana,<br />
suggesting that the dinosaur may have lived along the river banks<br />
of its day. These animals have not been thoroughly studied yet<br />
but they may represent new species of Struthiomimus (Wikipedia;<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Elaphrosaurus:<br />
Elaphrosaurus was one of the earliest ornithomimids (ostrich<br />
dinosaurs), Elaphrosaurus was a relative of <strong>Dr</strong>omiceiomimus,<br />
Gallimimus, Ornithomimus, and Struthiomimus. It was probably<br />
one of the earliest members of that family and fossil bones have<br />
been found that date back to the late Jurassic period. Most "ostrich<br />
dinosaurs" are found from the Cretaceous period. A distant<br />
relative is Ornitholestes, a small dinosaur only half the size of<br />
Elaphrosaurus (Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Elaphrosaurus was a carnivore from late Jurassic Tanzania, 145 to<br />
150 million years ago. Scientists aren't sure what its head looked<br />
like, as its skull was never found. Elaphrosaurus was probably a<br />
medium-sized, but lightly built, bipedal, carnivore Ceratosaur<br />
and probably was about 6.2 meters (20 feet) long. It was<br />
discovered by the German paleontologist Werner Janensch, in the<br />
Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, which has also yielded<br />
Brachiosaurus, Allosaurus, and Kentrosaurus, to name a few<br />
(Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
151
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem),<br />
Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12207467393/<br />
152
What is known about Elaphrosaurs comes from a nearly complete<br />
skeleton found in the Tendaguru Beds. What is known about it is<br />
that it was a long slender dinosaur, with a long neck, possibly for<br />
digging into carrion. There have been very few theropods<br />
skeletons found there, just bits and pieces, and this was a rare<br />
find. Because the skeleton had no head, the Elaphrosaurus was<br />
displayed with a skull based on Velociraptor. A related animal, or<br />
perhaps the same species, has been found in the Morrison<br />
Formation (Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
Morphologically, this dinosaur is significant in two ways. First, it<br />
has a relatively long trunk but is very shallow-chested for a<br />
theropod of its size. Second, it has very short hind limbs when<br />
compared to its relatively long trunk. Phylogenetic analysis<br />
indicates that this genus is likely a ceratosaur, and earlier<br />
suggestions that it is a late surviving coelophysoid have been<br />
examined but generally dismissed (Wikipedia).<br />
When it was alive, it would have been about 20 feet long, may be<br />
5 feet tall at the hip, weighing may be 210 kilograms (463 pounds).<br />
It was built as a fast runner, probably running down small prey<br />
on the open plains. Because of its long legs, some think it may<br />
have been the fastest runner of the Jurassic. With long, slender<br />
legs and a stiff tail, Elaphrosaurus would have easily sprinted from<br />
danger. It had keen eyes and a quick brain. Its diet probably<br />
depended on where it lived. Near the sea it might have grubbed<br />
around for shellfish or shoveled sand for tiny creatures. Some<br />
lived far inland and others foraged among woods and forests.<br />
Since it had no teeth, Elaphrosaurus could not have eaten meat<br />
(Wikipedia; <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2006).<br />
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<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> with the Ceratosaur<br />
Dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920 of Beit Zeit, West of<br />
Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by my<br />
beloved wife: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12128563816/<br />
154
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprints from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12208476686/<br />
155
Etymology<br />
The genus name Elaphrosaurus is derived from<br />
the Greek words elaphro (ελαφρός) meaning "light" as in "lightweight",<br />
a reference to its slender frame and "sauros" (σαυρος)<br />
meaning "lizard"; thus, "lightweight lizard". Elaphrosaurus was<br />
described and named by the German paleontologist Werner<br />
Janensch* in 1920 and the type species is Elaphrosaurus bambergi<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Description<br />
Elaphrosaurus was long and slender, with a long neck. What is<br />
known about Elaphrosaurus mostly comes from a single nearly<br />
complete skeleton and no skull has been found. It was distinctive<br />
among theropods for being short-legged for its length. Paul (1988)<br />
noted that this was the longest-trunked and shallowestchested<br />
theropod that he has examined. Elaphrosaurus was about<br />
6.2 meters (20 feet) long, 1.46 meter (5 feet) tall at the hip, and<br />
weighed about 210 kilograms (463 pounds). The tibia (shin bone)<br />
of Elaphrosaurus, measured 608 mm was considerably longer than<br />
its femur (thigh bone) that measured 520 mm, which indicates<br />
that it could probably run very fast. Its long tail ended with a rare<br />
downward bend which may be unrelated to taphonomy<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Classification<br />
Elaphrosaurus was first described as a coelurid. At the time,<br />
Coeluridae was a wastebasket taxon for small theropods.<br />
Then, Elaphrosaurus was placed in the family Ornithomimidae by<br />
Nopcsa (1928) because of its light frame and the fact that<br />
its humerus is straight and slender. Upon closer examination its<br />
limbs approximate those of Coelophysis. Barsbold, Maryanska<br />
and Osmolska (1990) and other researchers classified it as<br />
an ornithomimid. More recent work by Carrano and Sampson<br />
156
(2008) and Carrano et al. (2012) assign this genus to Ceratosauria.<br />
It is now believed that Limusaurus is its closest relative<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
* Werner Janensch was a German paleontologist and museum curator<br />
(the Natural History Museum of Berlin) who led an expedition (with<br />
Edwin Hennig) to the Tendaguru Beds in Deutsch-Ostafrika, what is<br />
now Tanzania, Africa. That expedition found many late Jurassic period<br />
dinosaurs, including some Brachiosaurus. Janensch named<br />
Dicraeosaurus (1914) and Elaphrosaurus (1920).<br />
Nomina dubia (dubious names)<br />
The following material was assigned to Elaphrosaurus over the<br />
years, but further study revealed that these assignments were<br />
dubious:<br />
Elaphrosaurus iguidiensis, was described by Lapparent in 1960, and<br />
the material was collected in Algeria, Libya and Niger in Early<br />
Cretaceous sediments. The material consists of over 40 teeth, a<br />
manual ungual, eight caudal vertebrae, a distal femur fragment,<br />
and a complete tibia measuring 350 mm. These specimens<br />
originated in three different localities and do not appear to belong<br />
to the same species.<br />
Elaphrosaurus gautieri, was first described by Lapparent in<br />
1960, and the material was collected at the Tiouraren Formation in<br />
Niger in Middle-Late Jurassic sediments. This material, a<br />
complete neck vertebra, has since been renamed Spinostropheus<br />
gautieri by Sereno et al. (2004).<br />
157
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> is showing the Beit Zeit<br />
Dinosaur Tracks at Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied<br />
Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by my wife: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12208133763/<br />
158
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem),<br />
Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12208085473/<br />
159
Elaphrosaurus philtippettensis, was erected by Pickering in 1995<br />
based on USNM 5737, which consists of a tibia, a humerus, some<br />
metatarsals, and the distal portion of a fragmentary pubic bones<br />
recovered from the Morrison Formation of Colorado. Further<br />
research by Carpenter et al. (2005) suggested that the fossils are<br />
not ceratosaurian and are likely referable to the coelurid theropod<br />
Tanycolagreus.<br />
Elaphrosaurus agilis, was described Dale Russel in 1972, based on a<br />
pair of fused pubic bones that O. C. Marsh had earlier<br />
named Coelurus agilis, believing that this specimen represented a<br />
much larger version of the type specimen, Coelurus fragilis. John<br />
Ostrom in 1980 confirmed Charles Gilmore's earlier position that<br />
Coelurus agilis was synonymous with Coelurus fragilis. This means<br />
that Elaphrosaurus agilis is actually the same animal as Coelurus<br />
fragilis.<br />
Elaphrosaurus sp. USNM 8415, was discovered in 1883 and first<br />
referred to the ornithopod <strong>Dr</strong>yosaurus. It was later referred<br />
to Elaphrosaurus by Galton in 1982, based on remains recovered at<br />
the Morrison Formation of Colorado. This material, which is<br />
clearly ceratosaurian, does not bare any morphology that<br />
specifically ties it to Elaphrosaurus. Current knowledge limits the<br />
placement of this material to Ceratosauria incertae sedis.<br />
Elaphrosaurus sp. DMNH 36284, was referred to this genus by<br />
Chure in 2001, based on the proximal portion of a fragmentary<br />
right tibia from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison<br />
Formation. Phylogenetic analysis by Carrano and Sampson (2008)<br />
showed that it was not ceratosaurian, but instead resembled the<br />
leg bone of an abelisauroid theropod that has yet to be formally<br />
described (Wikipedia).<br />
160
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> at the Beit Zeit Dinosaur<br />
Site, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013.<br />
Photo by my beloved wife: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12265436034/<br />
161
Distinguishing anatomical features<br />
A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an<br />
organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other<br />
organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also<br />
autapomorphies. An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical<br />
feature that is unique to a given organism (Wikipedia).<br />
According to Rauhut (2000), Elaphrosaurus can be distinguished<br />
based on the following characteristics:<br />
the cervical vertebrae possess thin latero-ventral laminae,<br />
bordering the posterior pleurocoel ventrally<br />
the cervical vertebrae are strongly concave ventrally, with the<br />
ventral margin arching above the mid-height of the anterior<br />
articular facet at its highest point<br />
the brevis fossa of the ilium is extremely widened, so that<br />
the brevis shelf forms an almost horizontal lateral flange<br />
the distal end of the ischium is strongly expanded into a<br />
triangular boot (Wikipedia).<br />
Paleoecology<br />
Provenance and occurrence<br />
The type specimen of Elaphrosaurus bambergi HMN Gr.S. 38-44<br />
was recovered in the Middle Dinosaur Member of the Tendaguru<br />
Formation in Tanzania. The specimen was collected by Werner<br />
Janensch, I. Salim, H. Reck, and Parkinson in 1910 in gray, green,<br />
red, sandy marl that was deposited during the Kimmeridgian<br />
stage of the Jurassic period, approximately 157 to 152 million<br />
years ago. This specimen is housed in the collection of<br />
the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany (Wikipedia).<br />
A related animal, perhaps the same genus, was found in<br />
162
stratigraphic zones 2-4 of the Morrison Formation. Few theropod<br />
skeletons have been found, most discoveries being fragments<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> at the Beit Zeit Dinosaur<br />
Site, West of Al-Quds (Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013.<br />
Photo by my beloved wife: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12265065885/<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> and Habitat<br />
Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of the Tendaguru<br />
Formation was a marginal marine environment with both nonmarine<br />
faunal and floral content. The Middle Dinosaur Member<br />
of the Tendaguru Formation has yielded the sauropods<br />
Giraffatitan, Australodocus, Janenschia, Tornieria and Dicraeosaurus,<br />
theropods similar to Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus, the<br />
163
carcharodontosaurid Veterupristisaurus, the stegosaurid<br />
Kentrosaurus and the iguanodontian Dysalotosaurus. Dinosaurs<br />
shared this paleoenvironment with pterosaurs like Pterodactylus<br />
and Rhamphorhynchus, as well as with early mammals. Paul<br />
(1988) noted that Elaphrosaurus bambergi was too small to prey on<br />
the sauropods and stegosaurs present in its paleoenvironment,<br />
and instead, it likely hunted the small and swift ornithopod<br />
herbivores (Wikipedia).<br />
Ichnology<br />
Dinosaur footprints from the Niger Republic and from Jerusalem<br />
were attributed to Elaphrosaurus. This assignment is considered<br />
inconclusive (Wikipedia).<br />
Ceratosauria<br />
Ceratosaurs are members of a group of theropod dinosaurs<br />
defined as all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestry<br />
with Ceratosaurus than with birds. There is no agreed upon listing<br />
of species or diagnostic characters of Ceratosauria, though they<br />
were less derived anatomically than the more diverse Tetanurae.<br />
According to the latest and most accepted theory, Ceratosauria<br />
includes the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous theropods<br />
Ceratosaurus, Elaphrosaurus, and Abelisaurus, found primarily<br />
(though not exclusively) in the Southern Hemisphere. Originally,<br />
Ceratosauria included the above dinosaurs plus the Late Triassic<br />
to Early Jurassic Coelophysoidea and Dilophosauridae, implying<br />
a much earlier divergence of ceratosaurs from other theropods.<br />
However, most recent studies have shown that coelophysoids and<br />
dilophosaurids do not form a natural group with other<br />
ceratosaurs, and are excluded from this group (Wikipedia).<br />
164
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> and his daughter Nora<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong> and friends (Abdulla and Raneen Ramadan) at the<br />
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Site, West of Jerusalem, Occupied Palestine.<br />
09.07.2013. Photo by my beloved wife: Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12264920215/<br />
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Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1963). Discovery of dinosaur tracks of<br />
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Journal of Earth Sciences 12(2):80-81.<br />
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Beit Zeit Dinosaurs. Israeli Stamps. Issue date 05.12.2000. Id<br />
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1503. Yvert: 1507-1509. Designer: Tuvia Kurz. 3 Stamps. Value<br />
NIS 2.20 x 3. Size 30.8 x 30.8 mm.<br />
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Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920. Holotype skeleton mounted<br />
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%A1t%C4%9Bra_v_Museum_f%C3%BCr_Naturkunde.jpg<br />
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ontologists.shtml<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1983). Sea Snakes in Kuwait. Bulletin<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1987). On a Collection of De<strong>von</strong><br />
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Museum Saarberg in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gazelle: The<br />
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Republic of Germany. Number 15, Fifth <strong>Year</strong>, Thul Qi‘dah 1407<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). Die Dinosaurier<br />
Ausstellung im Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn,<br />
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
Number 27, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, April 1992. pp. 1-8.<br />
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the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
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Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
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Wildlife Centre in the Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.<br />
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August 2004. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An<br />
Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische<br />
Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa<br />
zwischen 1980 - 2005. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage, August<br />
171
2005: 376 Seiten. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Rilchingen-Hanweiler,<br />
Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
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United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://de.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/Dinosaurier_Club/mess<br />
age/183<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit<br />
aus <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Palästina / A Personality from <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Palestine: <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong> (Abu <strong>Ali</strong>) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth <strong>Year</strong>, August 2006.<br />
pp. 8-18. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
www.geocities.com/jaffacity/<strong>Bassam</strong>_<strong>Khalaf</strong>.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حُٕاواث فهسطٕه (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
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Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
September 2007 CE, Sha‘ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
Beit Zeit Dinosaors. Israeli Stamps. 05.12.2000.<br />
http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/images/variations/israel_2000_fdc.jpg<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
173
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
Beit Zeit Dinosaur. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong><strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>. 09.07.2013.<br />
http://i1.ytimg.com/vi/KEtF3FUegOQ/maxresdefault.jpg<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
174
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). Ornithomimid<br />
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem, Palestine. In:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine<br />
between 1983 – 2009 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische<br />
Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-<br />
2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. pp. 79-88.<br />
Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine.<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Dinosaur Tracks at Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Youtube Video.<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEtF3FUegOQ<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). The Ceratosaur Dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi<br />
Janensch, 1920 Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 117, September<br />
<strong>2014</strong>, Thu Al-Qi‘da 1435 AH. pp. 1-33. Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. http://palestine-dinosaur.webs.com/<br />
Kobayashi, Y. & R. Barsbold (2006). Ornithomimids from the<br />
Nemegt Formation of Mongolia. J. Paleont. Soc. Korea. 22(1): 195-<br />
207.<br />
Lapparent (1960). Les dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire"<br />
du Sahara central. Mem. Soc. Geol. France. 88A 1-57.<br />
175
Beit Zeit Dinosaors. Israeli Stamps. 05.12.2000.<br />
http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/images/variations/israel_2000_fdc_ms.jpg<br />
Leonardi, Guiseppe (1985). The oldest tetrapod record known in<br />
the world, and other news. Ichnology Newsletter. 14:15-16.<br />
Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English<br />
Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University<br />
Press.<br />
Makovicky, P.J.; Y. Kobayashi & P.J. Currie (2004).<br />
Ornithomimosauria. in: The Dinosauria. Second Edition. D.B.<br />
Weishampel, P. Dodson & H. Osmólska (eds.). University of<br />
California Press, Berkeley: 137-150.<br />
New dinosaur tracks discovered. (Yemen).<br />
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7410032.stm<br />
Nicholls, E. and A. P. Russell (1985). Structure and function of the<br />
pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda:<br />
Ornithomimidae). Palaeontology. 28(4): 643-6<strong>77</strong>.<br />
176
A large Dinosaur Footprint at Dubailand in Dubai, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
04.02.<strong>2014</strong>.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12337123304/<br />
Nopcsa, F. (1928). The genera of reptiles: Paleobiologica, 1, pp.<br />
163-188.<br />
Ornithomimid Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem,<br />
Palestine. http://archive.is/O1C5m<br />
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Osborn, H. F. (1917). Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes,<br />
Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of<br />
Natural History. 35: 733-71.<br />
Paul, G.S. (1988). Predatory Dinosaurs of the World.Simon &<br />
Schuster,New York.<br />
Palestinian Ornithomimid Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, Jerusalem.<br />
www.panoramio.com/photo/43628601<br />
Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Genus Elaphrosaurus. Predatory Dinosaurs of<br />
the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 265–266. <strong>ISBN</strong> 0-671-<br />
61946-2.<br />
Pickering (1995). Jurassic Park: Unauthorized Jewish Fractals in<br />
Philopatry. A Fractal Scaling in Dinosaurology Project, 2nd revised<br />
printing. Capitola, California. 478 pp.<br />
Probst, Ernst und Windolf, Raymund (1993). Dinosaurier in<br />
Deutschland. C. Bertelsmann Verlag GmbH, München. 316 Seiten.<br />
Rauhut, O.W.M. (2000). The dinosaur fauna from the Guimarota mine.<br />
pp 75-82. In: Martin and Krebs (eds.). Guimarota - A Jurassic<br />
Ecosystem. Verlag <strong>Dr</strong>. Friedrich Pfeil, München.<br />
Russell, D. A. (1969). A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the<br />
Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta. Canadian Journal of Earth<br />
Sciences.6: 595-612.<br />
Russell, Dale A. (1972). Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of<br />
western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 9: 375–402.<br />
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad (2004). New dinosaurs link southern<br />
landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological Sciences.<br />
71(1546), 1325–1330.<br />
Tsrenov, <strong>Prof</strong>. Eitan (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem). Israel 2000<br />
"Dinosaur, Judean Hills".<br />
http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/description/stamps/israel_2000.html<br />
Wikipedia. Ceratosauria.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosauria<br />
Wikipedia. Elaphrosaurus.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphrosaurus<br />
Wikipedia. Ornithomimidae.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimidae<br />
Wikipedia. Ornithomimosauria.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimosauria<br />
Wikipedia. Struthiomimus.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthiomimus<br />
178
Beit Zeit Dinosaur Footprint. http://allaboutjerusalem.com/galleryimage/dinosaur-footprints-beit-zait-next-jerusalem/204<br />
The Dinosaurs (terrible lizards) constitute two different groups of<br />
extinct reptiles, derived from a common ancestor and together with<br />
other groups like crocodiles, birds and other extinct reptiles, share<br />
unique anatomical features.<br />
The dinosaurs appeared on earth during the Triassic period, 235 million<br />
years ago and continued to exist to the end of the Mesozoic (end of the<br />
Cretaceous) era, when all of them, 65 million years ago, became extinct<br />
together with many other groups of organisms. The common<br />
explanation of this mass extinction is probably due to a massive impact<br />
of an asteroid with the face of the earth, the consequence of which was a<br />
worldwide catastrophe to life (Tsrenov).<br />
During most of their existence on earth (around 170 million years) the<br />
dinosaurs dominated most of the continental habitats, were wide spread<br />
all over the continents and fed on a broad spectrum of diets (from<br />
feeding on leaves to engaging a ferocious predatory behavior). Some of<br />
them became highly socialized, laid eggs in bird-like nests ad protected<br />
their youngsters. Some others achieved huge dimensions of the bodysize<br />
(Tsrenov).<br />
In the moshav settlement of Beit Zayit (Beit Zeit) near Jerusalem,<br />
179
footprints of some dinosaurs were found, which belong to a group of<br />
agile animals, running on their hind limbs, which their forelimbs were<br />
relatively very small, never used for locomotion, but rather helped then<br />
to grasp food or prey. The late <strong>Prof</strong>. Moshe Avnimelech from<br />
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem identified those footprints as<br />
belonging to the genus Struthiomimus (=ostrich-like). Indeed, the<br />
reconstruction of the animal (exhibited in the backyard of<br />
the department of Geology in the Hebrew University) shows a close<br />
artificial similarity with ostriches and their capability for a high-speed<br />
locomotion. Yet, contrary with all other birds, its body was covered<br />
with horny scales, showed no teeth in its jaws, which was covered with<br />
a horny sharp sheath and fed on leaves. The Beit Zeit dinosaur was<br />
relatively small (150 kg, 4 meters long) (Tsrenov).<br />
Related species of the same age were described from North America<br />
and Mongolia. Until now, no dinosaur bones were found in Palestine,<br />
but the footprints of Beit Zeit show that a band of this species ran about<br />
the shoreline of the old Tethys Ocean which, at that time, covered the<br />
coasts of the Middle East (Tsrenov).<br />
Beit Zeit Dinosaurs. Israeli Stamps <strong>Book</strong>let.<br />
http://www.paleophilatelie.eu/images/variations/israel_2000_booklet.jpg<br />
180
181
Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) Nesting in<br />
Palestine<br />
تعشيش السالحف البحريت الضخمت الرأس في<br />
فلسطين<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758),<br />
or Loggerhead, is an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the<br />
world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae.<br />
The average loggerhead measures around 90 cm (35 in) long<br />
when fully grown, although larger specimens of up to 280 cm<br />
(110 in) have been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle<br />
weighs approximately 135 kg (300 lb), with the largest specimens<br />
weighing in at more than 450 kg (1,000 lb). The skin ranges from<br />
yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish-brown.<br />
No external differences in gender are seen until the turtle becomes<br />
an adult, the most obvious difference being the adult males have<br />
thicker tails and shorter plastrons than the females (Wikipedia,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong> 2013).<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific,<br />
and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends<br />
most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females<br />
briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a<br />
low reproductive rate; females lay an average of four<br />
egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for<br />
two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within<br />
182
17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years (Wikipedia, <strong>Khalaf</strong><br />
2013).<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on<br />
bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve<br />
as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads<br />
are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are especially<br />
vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach<br />
adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine<br />
animals, such as sharks (Wikipedia, <strong>Khalaf</strong> 2013).<br />
Hatchling Loggerhead sea turtles near Atlit, south of Haifa, Occupied<br />
Palestine, on their way to the Mediterranean Sea. Photo: Hila Shaked.<br />
August 2010.<br />
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Hatchling_L<br />
oggerhead_Sea_Turtles_near_Atlit_Israel.jpg<br />
Loggerheads are considered an endangered species and are<br />
protected by the International Union for the Conservation of<br />
Nature. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many<br />
loggerhead deaths. Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped<br />
in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented<br />
in efforts to reduce mortality by providing an escape route for the<br />
turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of<br />
183
exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations.<br />
Efforts to restore their numbers will require international<br />
cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical<br />
nesting beaches are scattered across several countries (Wikipedia,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong> 2013).<br />
Among sea turtle species, the loggerhead (Caretta caretta Linnaeus,<br />
1758) is the most commonly found on the shores of Palestine. The<br />
main nesting grounds for the Mediterranean population of this<br />
species are located along the shores of Greece, Cyprus and Turkey<br />
(I.C.S.E.M. Report 1986). Until quite recently, hundreds of nests<br />
were found each year along the Mediterranean coast of Palestine.<br />
In the 1950's, some 200 nests with a density of about 15 nests per<br />
km were recorded on 15 km of typical beach in the northern<br />
region of Palestine (Sella 1982). The picture has changed,<br />
however, during the last few decades. The latest reports by the<br />
Israeli Nature Reserves Authority (Soffer 1988, Kuler 1990), and<br />
the research results of Silberstein and Dmi'el (1991) show that the<br />
abundance and density of nesting by this species has abruptly<br />
decreased. Along some 55 km of coastline, which includes the<br />
surveyed area mentioned in Sella's report, only 10 nests were<br />
found in 1984, 14 in 1985, 16 in 1986, 16 in 1987, and 11 and 13<br />
nests in the years 1988 and 1989, respectively. Personal Reports<br />
also revealed a similar situation on other Mediterranean beaches<br />
in Palestine (Silberstein and Dmi'el 1991).<br />
In the framework of attempts to recover the loggerhead sea turtle<br />
in Palestine, several aspects of its reproduction were investigated,<br />
with an emphasis on the physical conditions prevailing in the<br />
nests. During the 1986-1989 nesting seasons (mid-May through<br />
July), Silberstein and Dmi'el (1991) surveyed repeatedly, in<br />
collaboration with the rangers of the Nature Reserves Authority,<br />
35 km of beach along the northern Mediterranean coast of<br />
Palestine. A total of 34 loggerhead nests were found in this area<br />
(16 nests were found in 1986, 10 in 1987, 4 in 1988, 4 in 1989). The<br />
earliest clutch was laid on 21 May, the latest on 27 July. Most of<br />
184
the nests were located
poorly located nests, as is done for other sea turtle species (e.g.,<br />
Eckert and Eckert 1990). These eggs should be transplanted over<br />
the shortest practicable distance and reburied under favorable<br />
natural conditions (at a beach hatchery site if necessary). As a last<br />
resort, and only if beach reburial is not possible, eggs may be<br />
artificially incubated in the laboratory. This procedure has been<br />
shown to result in high (90%) hatching success (Silberstein 1988).<br />
In either case, hatchlings should be released immediately to the<br />
sea from the original oviposition site. Other measures should<br />
include the protection of nesting and foraging grounds,<br />
technology to reduce incidental catch, and a concerted effort at<br />
public awareness and education (Silberstein and Dmi'el 1991).<br />
References and Internet Websites<br />
Animal Diversity Web. Caretta caretta Loggerhead.<br />
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Caretta_care<br />
tta/<br />
Arkive. Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta).<br />
http://www.arkive.org/loggerhead-turtle/caretta-caretta/<br />
Dunya Al Watan دوٕا انُطه (30.08.2013). Animal World: In Pictures ..<br />
بانصُر .. إصطٕاد Sea. Catching a great turtle on the Coast of Gaza<br />
Arabic). Photo by: Ihab Fasfous. (in اة ػماللت ػهّ شاطئ بحز غشة<br />
http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2013/08/30/43050<br />
0.html<br />
Eckert, K. L. and S. A. Eckert (1990). Embryo mortality and hatch<br />
success in in situ and translocated leatherback sea turtle<br />
(Dermochelys coriacea) eggs. Biol. Cons. 53:37-46.<br />
I.C.S.E.M. (1986). Proc. Working Group on Mediterranean Marine<br />
Turtles, Palma de Majorca, October 1986. Intl. Council for the<br />
Scientific Exploration of the Mediterranean, Monaco.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1980). Tabie‘t Al-Talawon fi Al-<br />
Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin.<br />
Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait<br />
University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic).<br />
سهحف<br />
186
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus<br />
tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus).<br />
Dissertation, Master of Science in Ecology, Departments of<br />
Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September<br />
1986. pps. 59 + iv.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). A Trip to Zoo<br />
Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21,<br />
Ninth <strong>Year</strong>, January 1991. pp. 1-4.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany. Number 30, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In<br />
Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae‘q Al-Nouma‘n (Anemone<br />
coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI<br />
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental<br />
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with<br />
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.<br />
Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2001). The Extinct and Endangered<br />
Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and<br />
Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
187
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). <strong>Jaffa</strong> (Yaffa): The History of<br />
an Old Palestinian Arab City on the Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, March 2005. pp. 7-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Andromeda Sea<br />
Monster of <strong>Jaffa</strong>. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
March 2005. pp. 8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An<br />
Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische<br />
Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa<br />
zwischen 1980 - 2005. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First<br />
Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah<br />
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by<br />
the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, October 2005, Ramadan<br />
1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo<br />
and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West<br />
Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal<br />
1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong>.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Arabica.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_Arabica/<br />
188
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حُٕاواث فهسطٕه (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
September 2007 CE, Sha‘ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 <strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian<br />
Waters: A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) rescued<br />
near the Tantura Beach, Carmel Coast, North Palestine: The First<br />
Record from the Palestinian Mediterranean Coast. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp.<br />
22-23. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstracts in English and<br />
Arabic). http://whale-shark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: Whale Sharks<br />
(Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) near Um Al-Rashrash (Eilat) Beach,<br />
Gulf of Aqaba, South Palestine: First Records from the Palestinian<br />
Red Sea Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 71, November 2007. pp. 23-26. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. (Abstract in English and Arabic). http://whaleshark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). An Ocean Sunfish or Common Mola (Mola mola, Linnaeus<br />
1758) caught off the coast of Gaza: The First Record from<br />
Palestine, East Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 72, December 2007, pp. 1-16.<br />
(Abstracts in English and Arabic).<br />
https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/co<br />
nversations/messages/37<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Cetacea <strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Whales and Dolphins in<br />
Palestinian Waters. Cetacean Species Guide for Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 83, November 2008,<br />
189
Thu Al-Qi‘ada 1429 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://cetacea-palaestina.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
190
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). The <strong>By</strong>catch of a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) in a fishing net on the Gaza Coast, Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH.<br />
pp. 1-25. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtlegaza-1<br />
School children watching as volunteers of the Israeli Sea Turtle Rescue Centre<br />
and releasing a Loggerhead Sea Turtle back into the Mediterranean Sea on<br />
Thursday 21.11.2013 in Ga’ash, Central of Occupied Palestine. Photo: Uriel<br />
Sinai, Getty Images. http://blogs.ft.com/photodiary/files/2013/11/TURTLE.jpg<br />
191
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). Records of Dead Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied<br />
Palestine between 2010-2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 114, June <strong>2014</strong>, Sha‘ban 1435<br />
AH. pp. 1-11. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtlejaffa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus,<br />
1758) Nesting in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 115, July <strong>2014</strong>, Ramadan 1435<br />
AH. pp. 1-9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-turtlepalestine<br />
Kuler, Z. (1990). Summary of the 1989 annual sea turtle nesting<br />
survey. Nature Reserves Authority, Central Region, Israel. 10 pp.<br />
(in Hebrew).<br />
National Geographic. Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta.<br />
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/logger<br />
head-sea-turtle/<br />
NOAA Fisheries. Office of Protected Resources. Loggerhead<br />
Turtle (Caretta caretta).<br />
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.htm<br />
Sea Turtles 911. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://www.seaturtles911.org/turtle/loggerhead.htm<br />
Sella, I. (1982). Sea turtles in the eastern Mediterranean and<br />
northern Red Sea, p. 417-423. In: Biology and Conservation of Sea<br />
Turtles (K. A. Bjorndal, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press,<br />
Washington D.C.<br />
Silberstein, D. (1988). The physical conditions prevailing in nests<br />
of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) and their effect on egg<br />
development. Master of Science thesis, Dept. of Zool., Tel Aviv<br />
University. 71 pp. (in Hebrew with English summary).<br />
192
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> with a<br />
Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) carapace at<br />
the Sea Wonders shop, Souk Al Arsa, Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. 19.12.2013.<br />
انمؤنف مغ صذفت ظٍزٔت نسهحفاة بحزٔت ضخمت انزأص فٓ محم ػجائب انبحار فٓ سُق<br />
انؼزصت ، مىطمت انخزاد ، انشارلت ، دَنت اإلماراث انؼزبٕت انمخحذة . 19.12.2013<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/11792225256/<br />
193
Silberstein, Dalia and Razi Dmi'el (1991). Loggerhead Sea Turtle<br />
Nesting in Israel. Marine Turtle Newsletter 53:17-18, 1991.<br />
http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn53/mtn53p17.shtm<br />
l<br />
Soffer, A. (1988). Sea turtles nesting in Haifa - Caesarea beach.<br />
Nature Reserves Authority, Jerusalem, Israel. 31 pp. (in Hebrew).<br />
Wikipedia. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle<br />
حٌوانات فلسطٌن<br />
بقلم : أ.د. نورمان )نعمان( علً بسام خلف الٌافاوي<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7<br />
%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%<br />
B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
.<br />
194
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The <strong>By</strong>catch of a Loggerhead Sea<br />
Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
in a fishing net on the Gaza Coast,<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine<br />
إصطٌاد السلحفاة البحرٌة ضخمة الرأس فً شباك<br />
الصٌادٌن فً بحر غزة ، غزة ، دولة فلسطٌن<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle which was caught in a fishing net on the<br />
coast of Gaza, Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
On Wednesday 28.08.2013 a fishermen team from Gaza, State of<br />
Palestine, caught a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta<br />
Linnaeus, 1758) as a bycatch in their fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza.<br />
Fisherman Mr. Abd Al Salam Radwan said that the sea turtle<br />
weighed more than 70 kilogram and is more than 100 years old.<br />
196
The fishermen decided to give the sea turtle to Gaza Zoo to look<br />
after it, after they saw the happiness of children when they caught<br />
it (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta), or Loggerhead, is<br />
an oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine<br />
reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average<br />
loggerhead measures around 90 cm (35 in) long when fully<br />
grown, although larger specimens of up to 280 cm (110 in) have<br />
been discovered. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs<br />
approximately 135 kg (300 lb), with the largest specimens<br />
weighing in at more than 450 kg (1,000 lb). The skin ranges from<br />
yellow to brown in color, and the shell is typically reddish-brown.<br />
No external differences in gender are seen until the turtle becomes<br />
an adult, the most obvious difference being the adult males have<br />
thicker tails and shorter plastrons than the females (Wikipedia).<br />
The Fishermen pulling the fishing net on the coast of Gaza, State of<br />
Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
197
The Fishermen pulling the fishing net on the coast of Gaza, State of<br />
Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is found in the Atlantic, Pacific,<br />
and Indian Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. It spends<br />
most of its life in saltwater and estuarine habitats, with females<br />
briefly coming ashore to lay eggs. The loggerhead sea turtle has a<br />
low reproductive rate; females lay an average of four<br />
198
egg clutches and then become quiescent, producing no eggs for<br />
two to three years. The loggerhead reaches sexual maturity within<br />
17–33 years and has a lifespan of 47–67 years (Wikipedia).<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on<br />
bottom-dwelling invertebrates. Its large and powerful jaws serve<br />
as an effective tool for dismantling its prey. Young loggerheads<br />
are exploited by numerous predators; the eggs are especially<br />
vulnerable to terrestrial organisms. Once the turtles reach<br />
adulthood, their formidable size limits predation to large marine<br />
animals, such as sharks (Wikipedia).<br />
Loggerheads are considered an endangered species and are<br />
protected by the International Union for the Conservation of<br />
Nature. Untended fishing gear is responsible for many<br />
loggerhead deaths. Turtles may also suffocate if they are trapped<br />
in fishing trawls. Turtle excluder devices have been implemented<br />
in efforts to reduce mortality by providing an escape route for the<br />
turtles. Loss of suitable nesting beaches and the introduction of<br />
exotic predators have also taken a toll on loggerhead populations.<br />
Efforts to restore their numbers will require international<br />
cooperation, since the turtles roam vast areas of ocean and critical<br />
nesting beaches are scattered across several countries (Wikipedia).<br />
Description<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's largest hard-shelled<br />
turtle. Adults have an average weight range of 80 to 200 kg (180 to<br />
440 lb) and a length range of 70 to 95 cm (28 to 37 in). The<br />
maximum reported weight is 545 kg (1,200 lb) and the maximum<br />
carapace length is 213 cm (84 in). The head and carapace (upper<br />
shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish-brown, while the<br />
plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow. The turtle's neck and<br />
sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
199
The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and<br />
plastron. The carapace is further divided into large plates,<br />
or scutes. Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the<br />
carapace. Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline,<br />
while five pairs of costal scutes border them. The nuchal scute is<br />
located at the base of the head. The carapace connects to the<br />
plastron by three pairs of inframarginal scutes forming the bridge<br />
of the shell. The plastron features paired gular, humeral, pectoral,<br />
abdominal, femoral, and anal scutes. The shell serves as external<br />
armor, although loggerhead sea turtles cannot retract their heads<br />
or flippers into their shells (Wikipedia).<br />
The Fishermen pulling the fishing net on the coast of Gaza, State of<br />
Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
Sexual dimorphism of the loggerhead sea turtle is only apparent<br />
in adults. Adult males have longer tails and claws than females.<br />
The males' plastrons are shorter than the females', presumably to<br />
accommodate the males' larger tails. The carapaces of males are<br />
wider and less domed than the females', and males typically have<br />
200
wider heads than females. The sex of juveniles and subadults<br />
cannot be determined through external anatomy, but can be<br />
observed through dissection, laparoscopy (an operation<br />
performed on the abdomen), histological examination (cell<br />
anatomy), and radioimmunological assays (immune study<br />
dealing with radiolabeling) (Wikipedia).<br />
Lachrymal glands located behind each eye allow the loggerhead<br />
to maintain osmotic balance by eliminating the excess salt<br />
obtained from ingesting ocean water. On land, the excretion of<br />
excess salt gives the false impression that the turtle is crying<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is caught in the fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
Distribution<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle has a cosmopolitan distribution, nesting<br />
over the broadest geographical range of any sea turtle. It inhabits<br />
201
the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean<br />
Sea (Wikipedia).<br />
In the Atlantic Ocean, the greatest concentration of loggerheads is<br />
along the southeastern coast of North America and in the Gulf of<br />
Mexico. Very few loggerheads are found along the European and<br />
African coastlines. Florida is the most popular nesting site, with<br />
more than 67,000 nests built per year. Nesting extends as far north<br />
as Virginia, as far south as Brazil, and as far east as the Cape<br />
Verde Islands. The Cape Verde Islands are the only significant<br />
nesting site on the eastern side of the Atlantic. Loggerheads found<br />
in the Atlantic Ocean feed from Canada to Brazil (Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is caught in the fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
In the Indian Ocean, loggerheads feed along the coastlines of<br />
Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Arabian Sea. Along the<br />
African coastline, loggerheads nest from Mozambique's Bazaruto<br />
Archipelago to South Africa's St. Lucia estuary. The largest Indian<br />
202
Ocean nesting site is Oman, on the Arabian Peninsula, which<br />
hosts around 15,000 nests, giving it the second largest nesting<br />
population of loggerheads in the world. Western Australia is<br />
another notable nesting area, with 1,000–2,000 nests per year<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Pacific loggerheads live in temperate to tropical regions. They<br />
forage in the East China Sea, the southwestern Pacific, and along<br />
the Baja California Peninsula. Eastern Australia and Japan are the<br />
major nesting areas, with the Great Barrier Reef deemed an<br />
important nesting area. Pacific loggerheads occasionally nest<br />
in Vanuatu and Tokelau. Yakushima Island in Japan is the most<br />
important site, with three nesting grounds visited by 40% of all<br />
nearby loggerheads. After nesting, females often find homes in<br />
the East China Sea, while the Kuroshio Current Extension's<br />
Bifurcation region provides important juvenile foraging areas.<br />
Eastern Pacific populations are concentrated off the coast of Baja<br />
California, where upwelling provides rich feeding grounds for<br />
juvenile turtles and subadults. Nesting sites along the eastern<br />
Pacific Basin are rare. mtDNA sequence polymorphism analysis<br />
and tracking studies suggest 95% of the population along the<br />
coast of the Americas hatch on the Japanese Islands in the western<br />
Pacific. The turtles are transported by the prevailing currents<br />
across the full length of the northern Pacific, one of the longest<br />
migration routes of any marine animal. The return journey to the<br />
natal beaches in Japan has been long suspected, although the trip<br />
would cross unproductive clear water with few feeding<br />
opportunities. Evidence of a return journey came from an adult<br />
female loggerhead named Adelita, which in 1996, equipped with<br />
a satellite tracking device, made the 14500-km (9000-mi) trip from<br />
Mexico across the Pacific. Adelita was the first animal of any kind<br />
ever tracked across an ocean basin (Wikipedia).<br />
The Mediterranean Sea is a nursery for juveniles, as well as a<br />
common place for adults in the spring and summer months.<br />
Almost 45% of the Mediterranean juvenile population has<br />
migrated from the Atlantic. Loggerheads feed in the Alboran<br />
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Sea and the Adriatic Sea. Greece is the most popular nesting site<br />
along the Mediterranean, with more than 3,000 nests per<br />
year. Because of this, Greek authorities do not allow planes to take<br />
off or land at night in Zakynthos due to the nesting turtles. In<br />
addition to the Greek coast, the coastlines of Cyprus and Turkey<br />
are also common nesting sites (Wikipedia).<br />
One record of this turtle was made in Ireland washed ashore on<br />
Ballyhealy Beach in Co. Wexford (Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is caught in the fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
Habitat<br />
Loggerhead sea turtles spend most of their lives in the open ocean<br />
and in shallow coastal waters. They rarely come ashore, with the<br />
exception of the females' brief visits to construct nests and deposit<br />
eggs. Hatchling loggerhead turtles live in floating mats<br />
of Sargassum algae. Adults and juveniles live along the continental<br />
shelf, as well as in shallow coastal estuaries. In the northwestern<br />
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Atlantic Ocean, age plays a factor in habitat preference. Juveniles<br />
are more frequently found in shallow estuarine habitats with<br />
limited ocean access compared to non-nesting adults.<br />
Loggerheads occupy waters with surface temperatures ranging<br />
from 13.3-28.0°C (56-82°F) during non-nesting season.<br />
Temperatures from 27-28°C are most suitable for nesting females<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is freed from the fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
Juvenile loggerheads share the Sargassum habitat with a variety of<br />
other organisms. The mats of Sargassum contain as many as 100<br />
different species of animals on which the juveniles feed. Some of<br />
the prey, such as ants, flies, aphids, leafhoppers, and beetles, are<br />
carried by the wind to these areas. Endemic prey of the mats<br />
include barnacles, small crab larvae, fish eggs, and hydrozoan<br />
colonies. Marine mammals and commercial fish, such<br />
as tuna, dolphin fish, and amberjacks, also inhabit the mats<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
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The Loggerhead Sea Turtle is freed from the fishing net on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
Ecology and Behaviour<br />
Loggerhead sea turtles observed in captivity and in the wild are<br />
most active during the day. In captivity, the loggerheads' daily<br />
activities are divided between swimming and resting on the<br />
bottom. While resting, they spread their forelimbs to about midstroke<br />
swimming position. They remain motionless with eyes<br />
open or half-shut and are easily alerted during this state. At night,<br />
captives sleep in the same position with their eyes tightly shut,<br />
and are slow to react. Loggerheads spend up to 85% of their day<br />
submerged, with males being the more active divers than females.<br />
The average duration of dives is 15–30 min, but they can stay<br />
submerged for up to four hours. Juvenile loggerheads and adults<br />
differ in their swimming methods. A Juvenile keeps its forelimbs<br />
pressed to the side of its carapace, and propels itself by kicking<br />
with its hind limbs. As the juvenile matures, its swimming<br />
method is progressively replaced with the adult's alternating-limb<br />
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method. They depend entirely on this method of swimming by<br />
one year old (Wikipedia).<br />
Water temperature affects the sea turtle's metabolic rate.<br />
Lethargy is induced at temperatures between 13 and 15°C (55 and<br />
59°F). The loggerhead takes on a floating, cold-stunned posture<br />
when temperatures drop to around 10°C. However, younger<br />
loggerheads are more resistant to cold and do not become<br />
stunned until temperatures drop below 9°C. The<br />
loggerheads' migration helps to prevent instances of coldstunning.<br />
Higher water temperatures cause an increase in<br />
metabolism and heart rate. A loggerhead's body temperature<br />
increases in warmer waters more quickly than it decreases in<br />
colder water; their critical thermal maximum is currently<br />
unknown (Wikipedia).<br />
A fisherman is carrying the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan,<br />
2013).<br />
207
Female-female aggression, which is especially uncommon in<br />
marine vertebrates, is common among loggerheads. Ritualized<br />
aggression escalates from passive threat displays to combat. This<br />
conflict primarily occurs over access to feeding grounds.<br />
Escalation typically follows four steps. First, initial contact is<br />
stimulated by visual or tactile cues. Second, confrontation occurs,<br />
beginning with passive confrontations characterized by wide<br />
head-tail circling. They begin aggressive confrontation when one<br />
turtle ceases to circle and directly faces the other. Third, sparring<br />
occurs with turtles snapping at each other‘s jaws. The final stage,<br />
separation, is either mutual, with both turtles swimming away in<br />
opposite directions, or involves chasing one out of the immediate<br />
vicinity. Escalation is determined by several factors, including<br />
hormone levels, energy expenditure, expected outcome, and<br />
importance of location. At all stages, an upright tail shows<br />
willingness to escalate, while a curled tail shows willingness to<br />
submit. Because higher aggression is metabolically costly and<br />
potentially debilitating, contact is much more likely to escalate<br />
when the conflict is over access to good foraging grounds. Further<br />
aggression has also been reported in captive loggerheads. The<br />
turtles are seemingly territorial, and will fight with other<br />
loggerheads and sea turtles of different species (Wikipedia).<br />
Feeding<br />
The loggerhead sea turtle is omnivorous, feeding mainly on<br />
bottom-dwelling invertebrates, such as gastropods, bivalves,<br />
and decapods. It has a greater list of known prey than any other<br />
sea turtle. Other food items include sponges, corals, sea<br />
pens, polychaete worms, sea anemones, cephalopods, barnacles,<br />
brachiopods, isopods, insects, bryozoans, sea urchins, sand<br />
dollars, sea cucumbers, starfish, fish (eggs, juveniles, and adults),<br />
hatchling turtles (including members of its own species), algae,<br />
and vascular plants. During migration through the open sea,<br />
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loggerheads eat jellyfish, floating molluscs, floating egg<br />
clusters, squid, and flying fish (Wikipedia).<br />
Loggerheads crush prey with their large and powerful jaws.<br />
Projecting scale points on the anterior margin of the forelimbs<br />
allow manipulation of the food. These points can be used as<br />
"pseudo-claws" to tear large pieces of food in the loggerhead's<br />
mouth. The loggerhead will turn its neck sideways to consume<br />
the torn food on the scale points. Inward-pointing, mucuscovered<br />
papillae found in the fore region of the<br />
loggerhead's esophagus filter out foreign bodies, such as fish<br />
hooks. The next region of the esophagus is not papillated, with<br />
numerous mucosal folds. The digestion rate in loggerheads is<br />
temperature-dependent; it increases as temperature increases<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
A fisherman is carrying the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan,<br />
2013).<br />
209
A fisherman is carrying the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan,<br />
2013).<br />
210
Predators<br />
Loggerheads have numerous predators, especially early in their<br />
lives. Egg and nestling predators include oligochaete<br />
worms, beetles, fly larvae, ants, parasitoid wasp larvae, flesh flies,<br />
crabs, snakes, gulls, corvids, opossums, bears, rats, armadillos,<br />
mustelids, skunks, canids, procyonids, cats, pigs, and humans.<br />
During their migration from their nests to the sea, hatchlings are<br />
preyed on by dipteran larvae, crabs, toads, lizards, snakes,<br />
seabirds such as frigatebirds, and other assorted birds and<br />
mammals. In the ocean, predators of the loggerhead juveniles<br />
include fish, such as parrotfish and moray eels, and portunid<br />
crabs. Adults are more rarely attacked due to their large size, but<br />
may be preyed on by large sharks, seals, and killer whales.<br />
Nesting females are attacked by flesh flies, feral dogs, and<br />
humans. Salt marsh mosquitos can also pester nesting females<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza, State of Palestine.<br />
28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
211
In Australia, the introduction of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) by<br />
English settlers in the 19th century led to significant reductions in<br />
loggerhead sea turtle populations. In one coastal section in eastern<br />
Australia during the 1970s, predation of turtle eggs destroyed up<br />
to 95% of all clutches laid. Aggressive efforts to destroy foxes in<br />
the 1980s and 1990s has reduced this impact; however, it is<br />
estimated that it will be the year 2020 before populations will<br />
experience complete recovery from such dramatic losses<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza, State of Palestine.<br />
28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan, 2013).<br />
Along the southeastern coast of the United States, the raccoon<br />
(Procyon lotor) is the most destructive predator of nesting sites.<br />
Mortality rates of nearly 100% of all clutches laid in a season have<br />
been recorded on some Florida beaches. This is attributed to an<br />
increase in raccoon populations, which have flourished in urban<br />
environments. Aggressive efforts to protect nesting sites by<br />
covering them with wire mesh has significantly reduced the<br />
impact of raccoon predation on loggerhead sea turtle eggs. On<br />
212
Bald Head Island in North Carolina, wire mesh screens are used<br />
on every confirmed nest to prevent excavation by resident red<br />
foxes. A new concern with the steel cage technique is interference<br />
with the normal development of the nestlings' magnetic sense due<br />
to the use of ferrous wire, which may disrupt the turtles' ability to<br />
navigate properly. Efforts are underway to find a nonmagnetic<br />
material that will prevent predators gnawing through the barrier<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Up to 40% of nesting females around the world have wounds<br />
believed to come from shark attacks (Wikipedia).<br />
A fisherman is kissing the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan,<br />
2013).<br />
Diseases and Parasites<br />
Infectious bacteria such as Pseudomonas and Salmonella attack<br />
loggerhead hatchlings and eggs. Fungi such as Penicillium infect<br />
loggerhead sea turtle nests and cloacae (Wikipedia).<br />
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Fibropapillomatosis disease caused by a form of the herpestype<br />
virus threatens loggerheads with internal and external<br />
tumors. These tumors disrupt essential behaviors and, if on the<br />
eyes, cause permanent blindness. Trematodes of the family<br />
Spirorchiidae inhabit tissues throughout the body of the<br />
loggerhead, including vital organs, such as the heart and the<br />
brain. Trematode infection can be highly debilitating. For<br />
example, inflammatory trematode lesions can cause endocarditis<br />
and neurological disease. A nematode, Angiostoma carettae, also<br />
infects loggerheads, causing histologic lesions in the respiratory<br />
tract (Wikipedia).<br />
More than 100 species of animals from 13 phyla, as well as 37<br />
kinds of algae, live on loggerheads' backs. These parasitic<br />
organisms, which increase drag, offer no known benefit to the<br />
turtle, although the dulling effect of organisms on shell color may<br />
improve camouflage (Wikipedia).<br />
Life History<br />
Early Life<br />
Hatchlings range in colour from light brown to almost black,<br />
lacking the adult's distinct yellows and reds. Upon hatching, they<br />
measure about 4.6 cm (1.8 in) and weigh about 20 g (0.7 oz). The<br />
eggs are typically laid on the beach in an area above the high-tide<br />
line. The eggs are laid near the water so the hatchlings can return<br />
to the sea. The loggerhead's sex is dictated by the temperature of<br />
the underground nest. Incubation temperatures generally range<br />
from 26-32°C (79-90°F). Sea turtle eggs kept at a constant<br />
incubating temperature of 32°C become females. Eggs incubating<br />
at 28°C become males. An incubation temperature of 30°C results<br />
in an equal ratio of male to female hatchlings. Hatchlings from<br />
eggs in the middle of the clutch tend to be the largest, grow the<br />
fastest, and be the most active during the first few days of sea life<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
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After incubating for around 80 days, hatchlings dig through the<br />
sand to the surface, usually occurs at night, when darkness<br />
increases the chance of escaping predation and damage from<br />
extreme sand surface temperatures is reduced. Hatchlings enter<br />
the ocean by navigating toward the brighter horizon created by<br />
the reflection of the moon and starlight off the water's surface<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
A fisherman is posing with the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of<br />
Gaza, State of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al<br />
Watan, 2013).<br />
Hatchlings can lose up to 20% of their body mass due to<br />
evaporation of water as they journey from nest to ocean. They<br />
initially use the undertow to push them five to 10 m away from<br />
the shore. Once in the ocean, they swim for about 20 hours,<br />
bringing them far offshore. An iron compound, magnetite, in their<br />
brains allows the turtles to perceive the Earth's magnetic field, for<br />
navigation. Many hatchlings use Sargassum in the open ocean as<br />
protection until they reach 45 cm (18 in). Hatchling loggerheads<br />
215
live in this pelagic environment until they reach juvenile age, and<br />
then they migrate to nearshore waters (Wikipedia).<br />
A girl is sitting on the Loggerhead Sea Turtle on the coast of Gaza, State<br />
of Palestine. 28.08.2013. Photo by Ihab Fasfous (Dunya Al Watan,<br />
2013).<br />
Maturation<br />
When ocean waters cool, loggerheads must migrate to warmer<br />
areas or hibernate to some degree. In the coldest months, they<br />
submerge for up to seven hours at a time, emerging for only<br />
seven minutes to breathe. Although outdone by freshwater<br />
turtles, these are among the longest recorded dives for any airbreathing<br />
marine vertebrate. During their seasonal migration,<br />
juvenile loggerheads have the ability to use both magnetic and<br />
visual cues. When both aids are available, they are used in<br />
216
conjunction; if one aid is not available, the other suffices. The<br />
turtles swim at about 1.6 km/h (0.9 kn; 0.4 m/s) during migration<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Like all marine turtles, the loggerhead prepares for reproduction<br />
in its foraging area. This takes place several years before the<br />
loggerhead migrates to a mating area. Female loggerheads first<br />
reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and<br />
Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first<br />
reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are<br />
unknown. Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of<br />
70–109 cm (28–43 in). Because of the large range, carapace length<br />
is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity. Their estimated<br />
maximum lifespan is 47–67 years in the wild (Wikipedia).<br />
Reproduction<br />
Female loggerheads first reproduce between the ages of 17 and<br />
33, and their mating period may last more than six weeks. They<br />
court their mates, but these behaviours have not been thoroughly<br />
examined. Male forms of courtship behaviour include nuzzling,<br />
biting, and head and flipper movements. Studies suggest females<br />
produce cloacal pheromones to indicate reproductive ability.<br />
Before mating, the male approaches a female and attempts to<br />
mount her, while she resists. Next, the male and female begin to<br />
circle each other. If the male has competitors, the female may let<br />
the males struggle with each other. The winner then mounts the<br />
female; the male's curved claws usually damage the shoulders of<br />
the female's shell during this process. Other courting males bite<br />
the male while he is attempting to copulate, damaging his flippers<br />
and tail, possibly exposing bones. Such damage can cause the<br />
male to dismount and may require weeks to heal. While nesting,<br />
females produce an average of 3.9 egg clutches, and then become<br />
quiescent, producing no eggs for two to three years. Unlike other<br />
sea turtles, courtship and mating usually do not take place near<br />
the nesting beach, but rather along migration routes between<br />
217
feeding and breeding grounds. Recent evidence indicates<br />
ovulation in loggerheads is mating-induced. Through the act of<br />
mating, the female ovulate eggs which are fertilized by the male.<br />
This is unique, as mating-induced ovulation is rare outside of<br />
mammals. In the Northern Hemisphere, loggerheads mate from<br />
late March to early June. The nesting season is short, between<br />
May and August in the Northern Hemisphere and between<br />
October and March in the Southern Hemisphere (Wikipedia).<br />
Loggerheads may display multiple paternity. Multiple paternity<br />
is possible due to sperm storage. The female can store sperm from<br />
multiple males in her oviducts until ovulation. A single clutch<br />
may have as many as five fathers, each contributing sperm to a<br />
portion of the clutch. Multiple paternity and female size are<br />
positively correlated. Two hypotheses explain this correlation.<br />
One posits that males favor large females because of their<br />
perceived higher fecundity (ability to reproduce). The other states,<br />
because larger females are able to swim more quickly to mating<br />
grounds, they have longer mating periods (Wikipedia).<br />
All sea turtles have similar basic nesting behaviours. Females<br />
return to lay eggs at intervals of 12–17 days during the nesting<br />
season, on or near the beach where they hatched. They exit the<br />
water, climb the beach, and scrape away the surface sand to form<br />
a body pit. With their hind limbs, they excavate an egg chamber<br />
in which the eggs are deposited. The females then cover the egg<br />
chamber and body pit with sand, and finally return to the<br />
sea. This process takes one to two hours, and occurs in open sand<br />
areas or on top of sand dunes. The nesting area must be selected<br />
carefully because it affects characteristics such as fitness,<br />
emergence ratio, and vulnerability to nest predators. Loggerheads<br />
have an average clutch size of 112.4 eggs (Wikipedia).<br />
Taxonomy<br />
Carolus Linnaeus gave the loggerhead its first binomial name,<br />
Testudo caretta, in 1758. Thirty-five other names emerged over the<br />
218
following two centuries, with the combination Caretta caretta first<br />
introduced in 1902 by Leonhard Stejneger. The English common<br />
name "loggerhead" refers to the animal's large head. The<br />
loggerhead sea turtle belongs to the family Cheloniidae, which<br />
includes all sea turtles except the leatherback sea turtle. The<br />
subspecific classification of the loggerhead sea turtle is debated,<br />
but most authors consider it a single polymorphic species.<br />
Molecular genetics has confirmed hybridization of the loggerhead<br />
sea turtle with the Kemp's ridley sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle,<br />
and green sea turtles. The extent of natural hybridization is not<br />
yet determined; however, second-generation hybrids have been<br />
reported, suggesting some hybrids are fertile (Wikipedia).<br />
Evolutionary History<br />
Although evidence is lacking, modern sea turtles probably<br />
descended from a single common ancestor during the Cretaceous<br />
period. Like all other sea turtles except the leatherback,<br />
loggerheads are members of the ancient family Cheloniidae, and<br />
appeared about 40 million years ago. Of the six species of living<br />
Cheloniidae, loggerheads are more closely related to the Kemp's<br />
ridley sea turtle, olive ridley sea turtle, and the hawksbill<br />
turtle than they are to the flatback turtle and the green turtle<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch,<br />
Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off<br />
currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The<br />
rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth<br />
entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of<br />
Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape<br />
Horn formed cold water barriers to migrating turtles. The result<br />
was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of<br />
loggerheads. During the most recent ice age, the beaches of<br />
southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As<br />
the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north,<br />
219
colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting<br />
between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a<br />
different genetic population from those in southern Florida<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
The distinct populations of loggerheads have unique<br />
characteristics and genetic differences. For example,<br />
Mediterranean loggerheads are smaller, on average, than Atlantic<br />
Ocean loggerheads. North Atlantic and Mediterranean<br />
loggerhead sea turtles are descendants of colonizing loggerheads<br />
from Tongaland, South Africa. South African loggerhead genes<br />
are still present in these populations today (Wikipedia).<br />
Conservation<br />
Many human activities have negative effects on loggerhead sea<br />
turtle populations. The prolonged time required for loggerheads<br />
to reach sexual maturity and the high mortality rates of eggs and<br />
young turtles from natural phenomena compound the problems<br />
of population reduction as a consequence of human activities<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Threats<br />
Loggerhead sea turtles were once intensively hunted for their<br />
meat and eggs; consumption has decreased, however, due to<br />
worldwide legislation. Despite this, turtle meat and eggs are still<br />
consumed in countries where regulations are not strictly<br />
enforced. In Mexico, turtle eggs are a common meal; locals claim<br />
the egg is anaphrodisiac. Eating turtle eggs or meat can cause<br />
serious illness due to harmful bacteria, such as Pseudomonas<br />
aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens, and high levels of toxic metals<br />
that build up through bioaccumulation (Wikipedia).<br />
The US West Coast is a critical migratory corridor for the Pacific<br />
loggerheads, in which these turtles swim across the Pacific to<br />
California‘s coast from breeding grounds in Japan. Important<br />
220
foraging habitats for juveniles in the central North Pacific have<br />
been revealed through telemetry studies. Along with these<br />
foraging habitats, high levels of bycatch from industrial-scale<br />
fisheries have been found to overlap; with drift gillnets in the past<br />
and longline fisheries presently. Many juvenile loggerheads<br />
aggregate off the coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, where small<br />
coastal fisheries increase these turtles' mortality risk; fishers have<br />
reported catching dozens of loggerheads with bottom-set gear per<br />
day per boat. The most common commercial fishery that<br />
accidentally takes loggerheads are bottom trawls used for shrimp<br />
vessels in the Gulf of California. In 2000, between 2,600 and 6,000<br />
loggerheads were estimated to have been killed by pelagic<br />
longlining in the Pacific (Wikipedia).<br />
Fishing gear is the biggest threat to loggerheads in the open<br />
ocean. They often become entangled in longlines or gillnets.<br />
According to the 2009 status review of loggerheads by the<br />
Fisheries Service, drowning from entanglement in longline and<br />
gillnet fishing gear is the turtles‘ primary threat in the North<br />
Pacific. They also become stuck in traps, pots, trawls,<br />
and dredges. Caught in this unattended equipment, loggerheads<br />
risk serious injury or drowning. Turtle excluder devices for nets<br />
and other traps reduce the number being accidentally caught<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
Nearly 24,000 metric tons of plastic are dumped into the ocean<br />
each year. Turtles ingest a wide array of this floating debris,<br />
including bags, sheets, pellets, balloons and abandoned fishing<br />
line. Loggerheads may mistake the floating plastic for jellyfish, a<br />
common food item. The ingested plastic causes numerous health<br />
concerns, including intestinal blockage, reduced nutrient<br />
absorption and malnutrition, suffocation, ulcerations, or<br />
starvation. Ingested plastics release toxic compounds,<br />
including polychlorinated biphenyls, which may accumulate in<br />
internal tissues. Such toxins may lead to a thinning of eggshells,<br />
tissue damage, or deviation from natural behaviors (Wikipedia).<br />
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Artificial lighting discourages nesting and interferes with the<br />
hatchlings' ability to navigate to the water's edge. Females prefer<br />
nesting on beaches free of artificial lighting. On developed<br />
beaches, nests are often clustered around tall buildings, perhaps<br />
because they block out the man-made light sources. Loggerhead<br />
hatchlings are drawn toward the brighter area over the water<br />
which is the consequence of the reflection of moon and star light.<br />
Confused by the brighter artificial light, they navigate inland,<br />
away from the protective waters, which exposes them to<br />
dehydration and predation as the sun rises. Artificial lighting<br />
causes tens of thousands of hatchling deaths per year (Wikipedia).<br />
Destruction and encroachment of habitat by humans is another<br />
threat to loggerhead sea turtles. Optimum nesting beaches are<br />
open-sand beaches above the high-tide line. However, beach<br />
development deprives them of suitable nesting areas, forcing<br />
them to nest closer to the surf. Urbanization often leads to<br />
the siltation of sandy beaches, decreasing their<br />
viability. Construction of docks and marinas can destroy nearshore<br />
habitats. Boat traffic and dredging degrades habitat and can<br />
also injure or kill turtles when boats collide with turtles at or near<br />
the surface (Wikipedia).<br />
Annual variations in climatic temperatures can affect sex ratios,<br />
since loggerheads have temperature-dependent sex<br />
determination. High sand temperatures may skew gender ratios<br />
in favor of females. Nesting sites exposed to unseasonably warm<br />
temperatures over a three-year period produced 87–99% females.<br />
This raises concerns over the connection between rapid global<br />
temperature changes and the possibility of population extinction.<br />
A more localized effect on gender skewing comes from the<br />
construction of tall buildings, which reduce sun exposure,<br />
lowering the average sand temperature, which results in a shift in<br />
gender ratios to favor the emergence of male turtles (Wikipedia).<br />
222
Conservation Efforts<br />
Since the loggerhead occupies such a broad range, successful<br />
conservation requires efforts from multiple countries (Wikipedia).<br />
Loggerhead sea turtles are classified as endangered by the<br />
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and are listed<br />
under Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in<br />
Endangered Species, making international trade illegal. In the<br />
United States, the Fish and Wildlife Service and National Marine<br />
Fisheries Service classify them as a threatened species under the<br />
Endangered Species Act. Loggerheads are listed as endangered<br />
under both Australia's Environment Protection and Biodiversity<br />
Conservation Act 1999 and Queensland's Nature Conservation<br />
Act 1992. The Convention on Migratory Species works for the<br />
conservation of loggerhead sea turtles on the Atlantic coast of<br />
Africa, as well as in the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia.<br />
Throughout Japan, the Sea Turtle Association of Japan aids in the<br />
conservation of loggerhead sea turtles. Greece's ARCHELON<br />
works for their conservation. The Marine Research Foundation<br />
works for loggerhead conservation in Oman. Annex 2 of the<br />
Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife Protocol of the Cartagena<br />
Convention, which deals with pollution that could harm marine<br />
ecosystems, also protects them. Conservation organizations<br />
worldwide have worked with the shrimp trawling industry to<br />
develop turtle exclusion devices (TEDs) to exclude even the<br />
largest turtles. TEDs are mandatory for all shrimp trawlers<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
In many places during the nesting season, workers and volunteers<br />
search the coastline for nests, and researchers may also go out<br />
during the evening to look for nesting females for tagging studies<br />
and gather barnacles and tissues samples. Volunteers may, if<br />
necessary, relocate the nests for protection from threats, such as<br />
high spring tides and predators, and monitor the nests daily for<br />
disturbances. After the eggs hatch, volunteers uncover and tally<br />
hatched eggs, undeveloped eggs, and dead hatchlings. Any<br />
223
emaining live hatchlings are released or taken to research<br />
facilities. Typically, those that lack the vitality to hatch and climb<br />
to the surface die. Hatchlings use the journey from nest to ocean<br />
to build strength for the coming swim. Helping them to reach the<br />
ocean bypasses this strength-building exercise and lowers their<br />
chances of survival (Wikipedia).<br />
References and Internet Websites<br />
Animal Diversity Web. Caretta caretta Loggerhead.<br />
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Caretta_care<br />
tta/<br />
Arkive. Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta).<br />
http://www.arkive.org/loggerhead-turtle/caretta-caretta/<br />
Dunya Al Watan دنٌا الوطن (30.08.2013). Animal World: In Pictures<br />
بالصور .. إصطٌاد Sea. .. Catching a great turtle on the Coast of Gaza<br />
Arabic). Photo by: Ihab Fasfous. (in سلحفاة عمالقة على شاطئ بحر غزة<br />
http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2013/08/30/43050<br />
0.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1980). Tabie‘t Al-Talawon fi Al-<br />
Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin.<br />
Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait<br />
University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, N.A.B. (1986). The Schooling of Sumatra Barbs (Barbus<br />
tetrazona tetrazona) and Minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus).<br />
Dissertation, Master of Science in Ecology, Departments of<br />
Zoology and Botany, University of Durham, England. September<br />
1986. pps. 59 + iv.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). A Trip to Zoo<br />
Budapest, Hungary. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Number 21,<br />
Ninth <strong>Year</strong>, January 1991. pp. 1-4.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
224
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany. Number 30, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (In<br />
Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae‘q Al-Nouma‘n (Anemone<br />
coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI<br />
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental<br />
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with<br />
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.<br />
Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2001). The Extinct and Endangered<br />
Animals in Palestine. In: Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin Home Page. Extinct and Endangered Animals and<br />
Reintroduction. http://gazelle.8m.net/photo3.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). <strong>Jaffa</strong> (Yaffa): The History of<br />
an Old Palestinian Arab City on the Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, March 2005. pp. 7-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Andromeda Sea<br />
Monster of <strong>Jaffa</strong>. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
March 2005. pp. 8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An<br />
Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
225
etween 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische<br />
Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa<br />
zwischen 1980 - 2005. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First<br />
Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah<br />
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by<br />
the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, October 2005, Ramadan<br />
1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo<br />
and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West<br />
Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal<br />
1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong>.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Arabica.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_Arabica/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حٌوانات فلسطٌن (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
September 2007 CE, Sha‘ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 <strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian<br />
Waters: A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) rescued<br />
226
near the Tantura Beach, Carmel Coast, North Palestine: The First<br />
Record from the Palestinian Mediterranean Coast. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp.<br />
22-23. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstracts in English and<br />
Arabic). http://whale-shark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: Whale Sharks<br />
(Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) near Um Al-Rashrash (Eilat) Beach,<br />
Gulf of Aqaba, South Palestine: First Records from the Palestinian<br />
Red Sea Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 71, November 2007. pp. 23-26. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. (Abstract in English and Arabic). http://whaleshark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). An Ocean Sunfish or Common Mola (Mola mola, Linnaeus<br />
1758) caught off the coast of Gaza: The First Record from<br />
Palestine, East Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 72, December 2007, pp. 1-16.<br />
(Abstracts in English and Arabic).<br />
https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/co<br />
nversations/messages/37<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Cetacea <strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Whales and Dolphins in<br />
Palestinian Waters. Cetacean Species Guide for Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 83, November 2008,<br />
Thu Al-Qi‘ada 1429 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://cetacea-palaestina.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://florafauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
227
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). The <strong>By</strong>catch of a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) in a fishing net on the Gaza Coast, Gaza,<br />
228
State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH.<br />
pp. 1-25. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtle<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). Records of Dead Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied<br />
Palestine between 2010-2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 114, June <strong>2014</strong>, Sha‘ban 1435<br />
AH. pp. 1-11. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtlejaffa<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus,<br />
1758) Nesting in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 115, July <strong>2014</strong>, Ramadan 1435<br />
AH. pp. 1-9. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-turtlepalestine<br />
National Geographic. Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta.<br />
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/logger<br />
head-sea-turtle/<br />
NOAA Fisheries. Office of Protected Resources. Loggerhead<br />
Turtle (Caretta caretta).<br />
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.htm<br />
Sea Turtles 911. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://www.seaturtles911.org/turtle/loggerhead.htm<br />
Wikipedia. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle<br />
229
230
Records of Dead Loggerhead Sea<br />
Turtles (Caretta caretta Linnaeus,<br />
1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach,<br />
Occupied Palestine between 2010-2013<br />
حاالت العثور على سالحف البحر الضخمة الرأس المٌتة على<br />
شواطئ مدٌنة ٌافا ، فلسطٌن بٌن اْلعوام<br />
3112<br />
-<br />
3111<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed up on the<br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied Palestine on Wednesday 19.05.2010.<br />
http://maannews.net/arb/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285623<br />
231
الصورة فً الصفحة السابقة : تفاجأ المستحمون فً بحر ٌافا عصر األربعاء 0191..91.1<br />
حٌنما قذفت األمواج سلحفاة بحر كبٌرة إلى الشاطئ، وبدأ عدد من األطفال ٌبتعدون من المكان<br />
خوفاً منها حٌث اقترب المنقذ البحري من السلحفاة، وبعد أن قال انه ٌوجد فً المكان سلحفاة<br />
بحر كبٌرة؛ ترك العشرات من المستحمون المٌاه وتجمعوا حول السلحفاة للنظر إلٌها.<br />
واتضح أن السلحفاة السوداء كانت مٌتة لكن عدد من المستحمٌن بدأ بالتقاط الصور للسلحفاة،<br />
ولدقائق طوٌلة نسً المستحمون البحر والمٌاه وبقوا متجمهرٌن حولها )وكالة معاً اإلخبارٌة ،<br />
. )91.1..0191<br />
Records of dead Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta caretta Linnaeus,<br />
1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied Palestine was<br />
recorded between 2010 -2013.<br />
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> North Beach, Occupied Palestine on Friday<br />
20.07.2012. http://www.panet.co.il/online/articles/1/2/S-<br />
571852,1,2.html<br />
232
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> North Beach, Occupied Palestine on Friday<br />
20.07.2012. http://www.panet.co.il/online/articles/1/2/S-<br />
571852,1,2.html<br />
233
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> North Beach, Occupied Palestine on Friday<br />
20.07.2012. http://www.panet.co.il/online/articles/1/2/S-<br />
571852,1,2.html<br />
234
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> North Beach, Occupied Palestine on Friday<br />
20.07.2012. http://www.panet.co.il/online/articles/1/2/S-<br />
571852,1,2.html<br />
،<br />
الصور الست السابقة : ذكر شهود عٌان لمراسل موقع بانٌت وصحٌفة بانوراما أن عدداً من<br />
المواطنٌن على شاطئ بحر مدٌنة ٌافا الشمالً عثروا على سلحفاة بحرٌة ضخمة نافقة فً ٌوم<br />
حٌث قام المواطنون باٌالغ طواقم البلدٌة والتً بدورها قامت<br />
الجمعة<br />
بإستدعاء طاقم مختص من قبل معهد العلوم البحري للثدٌات .<br />
وقد قام الطاقم المختص بعلوم الثدٌات البحرٌة بأخذ عٌنة من السلحفاة الضخمة إلجراء<br />
األبحاث علٌها ، وقال أحد المختصٌن أن السلحفاة كبٌرة فً السن ، ومن المرجح أنها<br />
خرجت للشاطئ لوضع البٌض )موقع بانٌت ،<br />
. )01.1..0190<br />
01.1..0190<br />
235
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied Palestine on Thursday 08.08.2013.<br />
http://yomnet.net/Show.php?page=News&id=23766<br />
الصورتان العلوٌتان : قذفت األمواج صباح الٌوم الخمٌس إلى شاطئ بحر ٌافا سلحفاة بحر<br />
. )1..1..0190<br />
كبٌرة. حٌث تجمهر المارة فً المكان )موقع ٌافا الٌوم ،<br />
236
A Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed<br />
up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied Palestine on Thursday 08.08.2013.<br />
http://www.yaffa48.com/?mod=articles&ID=10730<br />
237
الصورتان فً الصفحة السابقة وصل موقع ٌافا صور لسلحفاة بحرٌة كبٌرة قذفت بها<br />
أمواج البحر على شاطئ ناخوم جولدمان بمدٌنة ٌافا وذلك صباح الخمٌس<br />
حٌث احتشد فً المكان عدد من المواطنٌن لمشاهدة السلحفاة.<br />
،1..1..0190<br />
8.<br />
وقد قام بعض المواطنٌن بحمل السلحفاة وإعادتها إلى البحر بعد أن علقت على رمال الشاطئ<br />
لمدة تزٌد عن الساعتٌن )موقع ٌافا<br />
.)91.1..0190 ، 8.<br />
:<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1991). A Trip to Zoo<br />
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Ninth <strong>Year</strong>, January 1991. pp. 1-4.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). <strong>Jaffa</strong> (Yaffa): The History of<br />
an Old Palestinian Arab City on the Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, March 2005. pp. 7-8.<br />
239
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Andromeda Sea<br />
Monster of <strong>Jaffa</strong>. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Number 39, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
March 2005. pp. 8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Aquatica Arabica. An<br />
Aquatic Scientific Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1980 - 2005 / Aquatica Arabica. Eine Aquatische<br />
Wissenschaftliche Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa<br />
zwischen 1980 - 2005. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-014835-3. Erste Auflage / First<br />
Edition, August 2005: 376 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland & Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/aquaticaarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah<br />
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by<br />
the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, October 2005, Ramadan<br />
1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo<br />
and the Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West<br />
Bank, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal<br />
1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit Juni 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group: <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong>.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(Gründer) (seit September 2007). Yahoo! Deutschland Group:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Arabica.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/<strong>Fauna</strong>_Arabica/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حُٕاواث فهسطٕه (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
240
September 2007 CE, Sha‘ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86 <strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian<br />
Waters: A Whale Shark (Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) rescued<br />
near the Tantura Beach, Carmel Coast, North Palestine: The First<br />
Record from the Palestinian Mediterranean Coast. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 71, November 2007. pp.<br />
22-23. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstracts in English and<br />
Arabic). http://whale-shark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). Whale Sharks in Palestinian Waters: Whale Sharks<br />
(Rhincodon typus, Smith 1828) near Um Al-Rashrash (Eilat) Beach,<br />
Gulf of Aqaba, South Palestine: First Records from the Palestinian<br />
Red Sea Coast. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 71, November 2007. pp. 23-26. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. (Abstract in English and Arabic). http://whaleshark.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2007). An Ocean Sunfish or Common Mola (Mola mola, Linnaeus<br />
1758) caught off the coast of Gaza: The First Record from<br />
Palestine, East Mediterranean Sea. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 72, December 2007, pp. 1-16.<br />
(Abstracts in English and Arabic).<br />
https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/<strong>Fauna</strong>_<strong>Palaestina</strong>/co<br />
nversations/messages/37<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Cetacea <strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Whales and Dolphins in<br />
Palestinian Waters. Cetacean Species Guide for Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 83, November 2008,<br />
Thu Al-Qi‘ada 1429 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://cetacea-palaestina.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
241
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
242
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). The <strong>By</strong>catch of a Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) in a fishing net on the Gaza Coast, Gaza,<br />
State of Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 108, December 2013, Safar 1435 AH.<br />
pp. 1-25. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtlegaza-1<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). Records of Dead Loggerhead Sea Turtles (Caretta<br />
caretta Linnaeus, 1758) washed up on the <strong>Jaffa</strong> Beach, Occupied<br />
Palestine between 2010-2013. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 114, June <strong>2014</strong>, Sha‘ban 1435<br />
AH. pp. 1-11. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://marine-life-palestine.webs.com/loggerhead-sea-turtlejaffa<br />
Kuler, Z. (1990). Summary of the 1989 annual sea turtle nesting<br />
survey. Nature Reserves Authority, Central Region, Israel. 10 pp.<br />
(in Hebrew).<br />
National Geographic. Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta.<br />
http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/reptiles/logger<br />
head-sea-turtle/<br />
NOAA Fisheries. Office of Protected Resources. Loggerhead<br />
Turtle (Caretta caretta).<br />
http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/turtles/loggerhead.htm<br />
Sea Turtles 911. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://www.seaturtles911.org/turtle/loggerhead.htm<br />
Sella, I. (1982). Sea turtles in the eastern Mediterranean and<br />
northern Red Sea, p. 417-423. In: Biology and Conservation of Sea<br />
Turtles (K. A. Bjorndal, ed.). Smithsonian Institution Press,<br />
Washington D.C.<br />
Silberstein, D. (1988). The physical conditions prevailing in nests<br />
243
of the loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) and their effect on egg<br />
development. Master of Science thesis, Dept. of Zool., Tel Aviv<br />
University. 71 pp. (in Hebrew with English summary).<br />
Silberstein, Dalia and Razi Dmi'el (1991). Loggerhead Sea Turtle Nesting<br />
in Israel. Marine Turtle Newsletter 53:17-18, 1991.<br />
http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn53/mtn53p17.shtml<br />
Soffer, A. 1988. Sea turtles nesting in Haifa - Caesarea beach. Nature<br />
Reserves Authority, Jerusalem, Israel. 31 pp. (in Hebrew).<br />
Wikipedia. Loggerhead Sea Turtle.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle<br />
األمواج تقذف سلحفاة بحر بطول متر على شاطئ بحر ٌافا )0191..91.1(<br />
http://maannews.net/arb/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=285623.<br />
من حسٌن العبرة<br />
العثور على سلحفاة بحرٌة ضخمة على شاطىء ٌافا<br />
مراسل موقع بانٌت وصحٌفة بانوراما<br />
.http://www.panet.co.il/online/articles/1/2/S-571852,1,2.html<br />
. )01.1..0190(<br />
العثور على سلحفاة بحرٌة ضخمة على شاطىء ٌافا )0190..01.1(<br />
.http://yoomyoom.com/News-72<br />
العثور على سلحفاة بحرٌة كبٌرة مٌتة على شاطئ بحر ٌافا )0190..1..1(<br />
.http://yomnet.net/Show.php?page=News&id=23766<br />
بالصور: األمواج تقذف سلحفاة بحرٌة ضخمة على شاطئ ناخوم جولدمان )0190..91.1(.<br />
.http://www.yaffa48.com/?mod=articles&ID=10730<br />
أهم الزواحف فً فلسطٌن<br />
.http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2381<br />
http://www.al- غزٌون ٌأكلون سلحفاة مهددة باإلنقراض ).18.18.011( .<br />
arabeya.net/articles/?artid=87636<br />
.<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7<br />
%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%<br />
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244<br />
حٌوانات فلسطٌن<br />
بقلم : أ.د. نورمان )نعمان( علً بسام خلف الٌافاوي
245
Killing Incidents of Wild Animals in<br />
the State of Palestine in 2013<br />
حوادث قتل حٌوانات برٌة فً دولة فلسطٌن فً<br />
العام 3112<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
There are so many incidents of the killing of wild animals in the<br />
State of Palestine. Often we hear or see in the news about the<br />
brutal killing or road-kill of wild animals. Some of the wild<br />
animals in Palestine are already on the verge of extinction. If the<br />
population of animals kept on decreasing, some species will<br />
become extinct. One of the problems we are already facing is<br />
poaching, and we have to fight against it to save our fauna. We<br />
hear and see always brutal and insensitive animal torture<br />
incidents happening in Palestine by the villagers and even citypeople.<br />
Wildlife populations depend on their environment or habitat to<br />
receive the basic needs for survival. An ecosystem or habitat<br />
provides populations of wildlife with food, water, shelter and<br />
space. If all four of these basic needs are not available in a suitable<br />
arrangement, populations of wildlife cannot exist (University of<br />
Illinois Extension).<br />
All populations of living things are interrelated. When one<br />
population of animals or plants increases or decreases, other<br />
populations of living things is also affected.<br />
The amount of suitable habitat for a species of wildlife will<br />
determine the number of animals that can survive in the area.<br />
246
Human activity has the greatest impact on the amount and<br />
quality of wildlife habitat in Palestine. Wildlife habitat can be<br />
destroyed or its quality diminished as a result of urban sprawl,<br />
agricultural practices, pollution, sedimentation, or habitat<br />
fragmentation (University of Illinois Extension).<br />
Many endemic organisms have very specific requirements for<br />
their survival that can only be found within a certain ecosystem,<br />
resulting in their extinction.<br />
This can result in the reduction of genetic diversity and perhaps<br />
the production of infertile youths, as these organisms would have<br />
a higher possibility of mating with related organisms within their<br />
population, or different species (Wikipedia).<br />
The Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of true hyena<br />
native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus,<br />
Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN<br />
as near threatened, as the global population is estimated to be<br />
under 10,000 mature individuals which continues to experience<br />
deliberate and incidental persecution along with a decrease in its<br />
prey base such that it may come close to meeting a continuing<br />
decline of 10% over the next three generations (Wikipedia).<br />
The Syrian Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) is known from<br />
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine, where it has disappeared<br />
from the coastal plain and is becoming rare in the Hula (Huleh)<br />
Valley, Upper Galilee, Mount Carmel and the Hebron (Judean)<br />
Hills, south to the Naqab Desert and Wadi Araba (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2013).<br />
The Arabian Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena sultana) is known<br />
from southern Arabia. In Palestine, it occurs near the southern<br />
end of the Dead Sea (Neot Hakikar). A specimen in the collection<br />
of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem constitutes the first<br />
geographical record for Palestine. It may be that the Arabian race<br />
intergrades with the Syrian subspecies in the northern part of its<br />
range (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2013).<br />
247
Men from the Palestinian Village of Jourish have killed a Striped Hyena<br />
(Hyaena hyaena) and cut its head! The men said that this hyena was<br />
living in the area between the Villages of Duma, Qusra and Jourish,<br />
South of Nablus and it killed some sheep in the Village of Duma.<br />
07.02.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305<br />
248
Men from the Palestinian Village of Jourish have killed a Striped Hyena<br />
(Hyaena hyaena) and cut its head! The men said that this hyena was<br />
living in the area between the Villages of Duma, Qusra and Jourish,<br />
South of Nablus and it killed some sheep in the Village of Duma.<br />
07.02.2013. https://www.paldf.net/forum/showthread.php?t=1081305<br />
The Striped Hyena is the smallest of the true hyenas and retains<br />
many primitive viverrid characteristics lost in larger species,<br />
having a smaller and less specialised skull. Though primarily a<br />
scavenger, large specimens have been known to kill their own<br />
prey, and attacks on humans have occurred on rare instances. The<br />
striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and<br />
females assisting one another in raising their cubs. A nocturnal<br />
249
animal, the striped hyena typically only emerges in complete<br />
darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise. Though<br />
it has a habit of feigning death when attacked, it has also been<br />
known to stand its ground against larger predators such<br />
as leopards in disputes over food (Wikipedia).<br />
The striped hyena features prominently in Middle Eastern and<br />
Asian folklore. In some areas, its body parts are considered<br />
magical, and are used ascharms or talismans. It is mentioned in<br />
the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though<br />
the species is absent in some English translations (Wikipedia).<br />
Stop the Killing of Hyenas. Al Quds Newspaper. 11.02.2013.<br />
www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=207110729434704&set=t.1449797<br />
798&type=3&theater<br />
The striped hyena's historical range encompasses Africa north of<br />
and including the Sahel zone, eastern Africa south into Tanzania,<br />
the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East up to the<br />
Mediterranean shores, Turkey, Iraq, the Caucasus (Azerbaijan,<br />
Armenia, Georgia), Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,<br />
Afghanistan (excluding the higher areas of Hindukush) and<br />
250
the Indian Subcontinent. Today the species' distribution is patchy<br />
in most ranges, thus indicating that it occurs in many isolated<br />
populations, particularly in most of west Africa, most of the<br />
Sahara, parts of the Middle East, the Caucasus and central Asia. It<br />
does however have a continuous distribution over large areas<br />
of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Tanzania. Its modern distribution in<br />
Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan is unknown with some sizable<br />
large number in India in open areas of Deccan Peninsula<br />
(Wikipedia).<br />
A Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) have been killed and tortured at a<br />
Wadi to the East of Nablus, State of Palestine. Photo by: Mohanad<br />
Saaideh. 12.06.2013.<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=530787916<strong>978</strong>684&set=a.1<br />
13906072000206.12034.100001424415376&type=1&theater<br />
251
Men from the Village of Dura, near Al Khalil (Hebron) have killed a<br />
Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) on 26.05.2013.<br />
http://www.alquds.com/news/article/view/id/440656<br />
The striped hyena competes with the gray wolf (Canis lupus) in<br />
the Middle East and central Asia. In the latter area, a great portion<br />
of the hyena's diet stems from wolf-killed carcasses. The striped<br />
hyena is dominant over the wolf on a one to one basis, though<br />
252
wolves in packs can displace single hyenas from carcasses. Both<br />
species have been known to share dens on occasion. Red foxes<br />
(Vulpes vulpes) may compete with striped hyenas on large<br />
carcasses. Red foxes may give way to hyenas on unopened<br />
carcasses, as the latter's stronger jaws can easily tear open flesh<br />
which is too tough for foxes. Foxes may harass hyenas, using their<br />
smaller size and greater speed to avoid the hyena's attacks.<br />
Sometimes, foxes seem to deliberately torment hyenas even when<br />
there is no food at stake. Some foxes may mistime their attacks,<br />
and are killed (Wikipedia).<br />
The species frequently scavenges from the kills of felids such<br />
as tigers, leopards, cheetahs and caracals. A caracal can drive a<br />
subadult hyena from a carcass. The hyena usually wins in one-toone<br />
disputes over carcasses with leopards, cheetahs and tiger<br />
cubs, but is dominated by adult tigers (Wikipedia).<br />
A Syrian Stone or Beech Marten (Martes foina syriaca) have been<br />
chased and killed inside the Library of Birzeit University, Birzeit, State<br />
of Palestine. 19.08.2013.<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=561852787184001&set=a.4<br />
31191303583484.87926.128336947202256&type=1&theater<br />
253
Road-killed Palestine Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes palaestina) on Al Jidar<br />
Street, Al Bayarat Area, West of Qaffin, Tulkarm Governorate. Info by:<br />
Ahmad Al Qassem. 05.08 2013.<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=648692595140964&set=a.6<br />
46198855390338.1073741863.199819240028304&type=3&theater<br />
Palestine Common Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes palaestina, Thomas 1920)<br />
[Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 9, 5: 122. Type from Ramleh, near <strong>Jaffa</strong>,<br />
Palestine. Synonym of Vulpes vulpes aegyptiacus]:<br />
The Palestine Red Fox is distinguished by its gray colour, particularly<br />
along its sides, with a nearly complete suppression of rufous, except the<br />
face. The forelegs are grayish-rufous or fulvous. The underparts are<br />
whitish or black. The upper tail is buffy, washed with black.<br />
Measurements: Head and body 455-625 mm.; ear 83-105 mm.; hind foot<br />
121-148 mm.; tail 305-412 mm.<br />
The Palestinian subspecies Vulpes vulpes palaestina is known from<br />
Lebanon and Palestine, where it is common along the coastal plain and<br />
as far south as Bi’er Al-Sabe’e (Beersheba) (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2013).<br />
254
Two road-killed Persian Common Badgers (Meles meles canescens) near<br />
the Triangle of Qaffin, Tulkarm Governorate, State of Palestine. Info by:<br />
Ahmad Al Qassem. 30.08.2013.<br />
www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=660595873950636&set=t.1449797<br />
798&type=3&theater<br />
The Common Badger (Meles meles) is the only species of its genus,<br />
and it is widespread throughout Europe and Asia, Tibet, northern<br />
Burma and southern China. The Persian race Meles meles canescens<br />
occurs in Iran, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, where it is<br />
uncommon but has been recorded in Upper Galilee, Marj Bin<br />
Amer (Jezreel Valley), upper Jordan Valley and the coastal plain<br />
(<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 2013).<br />
Badgers are heavily built mustelids. Males are significantly larger<br />
than females. Adult females weigh 5-10 kilogram and adult males<br />
weigh 7-14 kg. The head and body length is 55-85 cm, the tail<br />
255
length is 10-20 cm, and the skull measures 115-140 mm in total<br />
length. The feet are short, with heavy muscles and long claws<br />
adapted for burrowing. The tail is short and stubby. The fur is<br />
coarse and rough with little underfur. The colour is distinctive<br />
with two longitudinal black stripes beginning at the muzzle and<br />
broadening posteriorly. A median white stripe provides a<br />
contrasting pattern on the head. The back is variable in colour<br />
(from brown to buff gray), but the sides and feet are usually black<br />
(Qumsiyeh, 1996).<br />
A trapped Persian Common Badger (Meles meles canescens) which died<br />
from its wounds to the East of Qaffin 1 near Fraseen Area, Tulkarm<br />
Governorate, State of Palestine. Info by: Ahmad Al Qassem, Palestine<br />
Wildlife Society. 20.08.2013.<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=6554327<strong>978</strong>002<strong>77</strong>&set=a.6<br />
46198855390338.1073741863.199819240028304&type=3&theater<br />
256
A killed Diademed Sand Snake or Awl-headed Snake (Lytorhynchus<br />
diadema) أفؼّ مزلطت مؼٕىٕت انظٍز . Facebook Page: Wildlife of Palestine<br />
.12.09.2013 . انحٕاة انبزٔت فٓ فهسطٕه<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=608850985831845&set=a.6<br />
08850875831856.1073741902.511617522221859&type=1&theater<br />
257
A Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) killed to the East of Aqraba Town,<br />
Nablus Governorate, State of Palestine. 25.08.2013.<br />
https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=599558326761111&set=a.5<br />
11635502220061.129580.511617522221859&type=1&theater<br />
258
Don’t Kill Our Wild Life.<br />
http://www.freevintageposters.com/2012/12/dont-kill-our-wild-lifevintage.html<br />
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<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007,<br />
300 pp. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland<br />
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Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008, Rajab / Sha‘ban<br />
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Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
2005-2008. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-459-9. First Edition: September 2008.<br />
396 Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Sharjah, United<br />
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1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
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Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
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Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
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<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
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Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Al Quds (Jerusalem), Palestine.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
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<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
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350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
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5<br />
الحٌاة البرٌة تطالب بوقف قتل الضباع .<br />
بان صُر : حمكه شبان مه لزٔت جُرٔش مه انمضاء ػهّ ضبغ شكم خطزاً ػهّ انمىطمت<br />
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جمؼٕت انحٕاة انبزٔت حسخىكز لخم ضبغ فٓ دَرا<br />
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تأثٌر اإلحتالل اإلسرائٌلً على الحٌاة البرٌة<br />
http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2386<br />
270
271
Mus musculus gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007 :<br />
A New House Mouse Subspecies from<br />
the Gaza Strip, Palestine<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<br />
Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
Abstract: A new subspecies of house mouse of the genus Mus<br />
(Rodentia: Murinae) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine is described.<br />
This subspecies is distinguished from the other subspecies of<br />
Mus by its light and dark brown colouration with white big<br />
patches on the fur. The new subspecies was named Mus<br />
musculus gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007.<br />
On 29.05.2007 I received an e-mail (with attached photos) from<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou from the Biology<br />
Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine.<br />
The 2 photos showed a live ―small rodent‖ from the Gaza Strip,<br />
Palestine. <strong>Dr</strong>. Abd Rabou asked me ―for classification‖. He wrote<br />
that these photos which were taken by him show a ―small rodent<br />
having white spots on its back‖.<br />
Later on 06.06.2007 <strong>Dr</strong>. Abd Rabou wrote that this ―patched<br />
species was caught in Beit Lahia, North Gaza in an agricultural<br />
field in 2005.‖<br />
My first impression when I saw the photos, was that of a spiny<br />
mouse (Acomys spp.), because it seemed like it was having the stiff<br />
guard hairs on its coat; but this assumption proved to be wrong. I<br />
also thought that it could be a hybrid or a mutant rodent.<br />
272
The most distinctive feature of this rodent is the light and dark<br />
brown colouration with white big patches on the fur.<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. Abd Rabou sent the photos also to <strong>Prof</strong>. Yoram Yom-Tov from<br />
the Zoology Department, Tel Aviv University for Identification.<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. Yom-Tov wrote that this rodent ―is a mutant (partial albino)<br />
of house mouse (Mus musculus).‖<br />
Conclusion:<br />
After examining the photos, and referring to many<br />
zoological references, and Middle Eastern zoologists and<br />
wildlife experts, and searching the Internet, I came finally<br />
to a conclusion that we are in front of a new subspecies of<br />
house mouse from the Gaza Strip, Palestine.<br />
I gave it the scientific name Mus musculus gazaensis, new<br />
subspecies. The subspecies name “gazaensis” is Latin for<br />
“Gaza”.<br />
The New Palestinian House Mouse Subspecies Mus musculus gazaensis<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007 from Beit Lahia, North Gaza Strip. Foto: <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah<br />
Nazmi Abd Rabou, 2005.<br />
273
Mus musculus gazaensis, new subspecies:<br />
Scientific trinomial name: Mus musculus gazaensis<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007.<br />
Common Name: Gaza House Mouse, Palestine House<br />
Mouse.<br />
Location: Agricultural Field, Beit Lahia, North Gaza<br />
Strip, Palestine.<br />
Date of capture: 2005.<br />
Distinctive Features: The most distinctive feature is the light and<br />
dark brown colouration with white big patches on the fur. No<br />
measurements are available.<br />
The New Palestinian House Mouse Subspecies Mus musculus<br />
gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007 from Beit Lahia, North Gaza Strip. Foto: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou, 2005.<br />
274
Acknowledgments: Special thanks are due to the Palestinian<br />
Zoologist <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou from the Biology<br />
Department, Islamic University of Gaza, who sent the rodent<br />
photos for identification, and gave me the opportunity to discover<br />
a new Palestinian house mouse subspecies; and my thanks are<br />
also due to the Kuwaiti wildlife expert Eng. Abd Al-Rahman Abd<br />
Allah Al-Sirhan Al-A‘try, the webmaster of the website Wildlife of<br />
Kuwait, and to <strong>Prof</strong>. Yoram Yom-Tov from the Zoology<br />
Department, Tel Aviv University, for their valuable comments on<br />
the photos.<br />
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290
291
The Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas<br />
Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
The Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas Linnaeus, 1758) at Kuwait Zoo, Al<br />
Omariyah, Kuwait, State of Kuwait. This is one of the smallest Gazelle<br />
species with a weight of 15-20 kg, and lives in the arid areas of the Arabian<br />
Peninsula and Africa. In Palestine, 1500 Dorcas Gazelles live in the Naqab<br />
Desert and Wadi Araba. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
انغشال انؼفزْ أَ غشال دَركاص فٓ حذٔمت حُٕاواث .21.09.2013 <strong>Jaffa</strong>. <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
انكُٔج . َٔؼخبز ٌذا انغشال مه أصغز أوُاع انغشالن انؼزبٕت حٕذ ٔصم َسوً ما بٕه 02-61<br />
كٕهُجزاماً ، َٔؼٕش فٓ انمىاطك انصحزأَت انجافت فٓ شبً انجشٔزة انؼزبٕت َأفزٔمٕا ، كما ٔؼٕش<br />
فٓ صحزاء انىمب ََادْ ػزبت فٓ فهسطٕه َحصم أػذادي ٌىان إنّ 6122 غشال .حصُٔز : أ. د.<br />
وُرمان )وؼمان( ػهٓ بساو ػهٓ طاٌز خهف انٕافاَْ انممذسٓ انفهسطٕىٓ األنماوٓ . 06.29.0262<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10080759145/<br />
292
References and Internet Websites:<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). Mammalia<br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twentyfourth<br />
<strong>Year</strong>, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://flora-fauna-palestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
between 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
293
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://dr-normanali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). The Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas Linnaeus, 1758).<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178 – 6288).<br />
Number 110, February <strong>2014</strong>. pp. 1-3. Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. http://animals-of-kuwait.webs.com/dorcasgazelle<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (<strong>2014</strong>). <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between<br />
1983 – <strong>2014</strong> / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien<br />
in Palästina zwischen 1983 – <strong>2014</strong>. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-<strong>77</strong>-7. Erste<br />
Auflage / First Edition : July <strong>2014</strong>, Ramadan 1435 H. Publisher:<br />
Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of<br />
Palestine. http://fauna-palaestina-part-<br />
1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm<br />
294
295
Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008 :<br />
A New Golden Jackal Subspecies<br />
from the Gaza Strip, Palestine<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
Abstract: A new subspecies of Golden Jackal of the genus<br />
Canis (Carnivora: Canidae) from the Gaza Strip, Palestine is<br />
described. This subspecies is distinguished from the other three<br />
subspecies of Canis aureus living around Palestine, by its<br />
distinctive colouration on the fur and the moderate size. It is<br />
morphologically and geographically distinct from the other<br />
subspecies. The new subspecies was named Canis aureus<br />
palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008.<br />
On 10.07.2008, I received an e-mail (with attached photos) from<br />
Assistant <strong>Prof</strong>essor <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou from the<br />
Biology Department, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza Strip,<br />
Palestine.<br />
The first photo showed three Golden Jackals in an enclosure at<br />
Rafah Zoo, Al-Brazil Suburb, Rafah City, Gaza Strip, Palestine.<br />
The second photo showed two Golden Jackals in an enclosure at<br />
Al-Wasat Zoo, Al-Bureij Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine.<br />
Description and Distinctive Features:<br />
From the given photos, I began comparing with the other Golden<br />
Jackal subspecies. There are three Jackal subspecies living in the<br />
area around Palestine: The Syrian Golden Jackal (Canis aureus<br />
syriacus Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833), The Egyptian Golden<br />
296
Jackal (Canis aureus lupaster Hemprich and Ehrenberg, 1833) and<br />
the Arabian Golden Jackal (Canis aureus hadramauticus Noack,<br />
1896).<br />
The New Palestinian Golden Jackal Subspecies Canis aureus palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008, at Rafah Zoo, Al-Brazil Suburb, Rafah City, Gaza Strip,<br />
Palestine. Foto: <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou, 2008.<br />
The Palestinian Golden Jackal subspecies is morphologically and<br />
geographically distinct from these three subspecies. The<br />
Palestinian Jackal is a small race of the Golden or Asiatic Jackal. It<br />
is smaller than a wolf, with relatively shorter legs and tail. It is<br />
larger than a fox and can be distinguished by its relatively<br />
smaller, rufous ears and shorter, black-tipped tail. It is similar to a<br />
small dog in appearance. The fur is rather short and coarse. The<br />
dorsal colour is usually variable black, yellowish-gray or brownyellowish<br />
tinged with rufous, grayer on the back, which is<br />
297
grizzled with varying amounts of black. A dark band runs along<br />
the back from the nose to the tip of the tail. This mane becomes<br />
wider on the back, extending into the lateral surfaces. There are<br />
two dark bands across the lower throat and upper breast. There is<br />
also a reddish phase. The under parts are almost white or<br />
yellowish-brown. The winter coat is longer and grayer. The tail is<br />
relatively short, usually with a black tip. The size of the<br />
Palestinian Jackal is moderate if compared with the larger<br />
Egyptian Jackal (Canis aureus lupaster) and the smaller Arabian<br />
Jackal (Canis aureus hadramauticus).<br />
Head and body 600-900 mm., female smaller than male; ear 70-89<br />
mm.; hind foot 140-162 mm.; tail 200-300 mm; skull length 148-180<br />
mm; weight 5-12 kg.<br />
Habitat:<br />
The Palestine Golden Jackal lives in hills, plains, around orange<br />
groves, in forests and on the outskirts of towns and villages.<br />
Distribution:<br />
Canis aureus palaestina is common throughout the northern half of<br />
Palestine and Israel to just south of Gaza Strip and Beer Al-Saba‘<br />
(Beersheba).<br />
Conclusion:<br />
After comparing the different jackal subspecies, and examining<br />
the two photos, and referring to many zoological references, and<br />
searching the Internet, I came finally to a conclusion that we are<br />
in front of a new subspecies of the Golden Jackal from the Gaza<br />
Strip, Palestine.<br />
I gave it the scientific name Canis aureus palaestina, new<br />
subspecies. The subspecies name “palaestina” is Latin for<br />
“Palestine”.<br />
298
Canis aureus palaestina, new subspecies:<br />
Scientific trinomial name: Canis aureus palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008.<br />
Common Name: Palestine Golden Jackal.<br />
Location: Rafah and Al-Bureij Refugee Camp, Gaza<br />
Strip, Palestine.<br />
Date of capture: 2008.<br />
The New Palestinian Golden Jackal Subspecies Canis aureus palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008, at Al-Wasat Zoo, Al-Bureij Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip,<br />
Palestine. Foto: <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou, 2008.<br />
299
Acknowledgment: A Special thanks is due to the Palestinian<br />
Zoologist Assistant <strong>Prof</strong>essor <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi Abd Rabou<br />
from the Biology Department, Islamic University of Gaza, who<br />
sent the Golden Jackal photos, and gave me the opportunity to<br />
discover a new Palestinian Golden Jackal Subspecies.<br />
References and Internet Websites:<br />
A Guide to Mammals in Israel", by Benny Shalmon. Keter Publ.,<br />
1993.<br />
http://russianavantgard.com/master_pages/Master%2002-<br />
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Assessment of Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve, Gaza Strip – Palestine,<br />
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Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science and<br />
Technology, School of Life Sciences, Al-Neelain University –<br />
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Abd Rabou, Assistant <strong>Prof</strong>essor <strong>Dr</strong>. Abdel Fattah Nazmi (2008).<br />
The Golden Jackal one of the Palestinian Environment Animals is<br />
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min Haywanat Al-Biea Al-Falistiniyah wa yustad haliyaa fi Qitaa‘<br />
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Abd Rabou, Abdel Fattah N.; Maged M. Yassin, Mohammed R. Al<br />
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and Engineering), Gaza, Palestine. Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 87-109, 2007,<br />
ISSN 1726-6807.<br />
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pp87-109.pdf<br />
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wa Al-Haywaniah fi Biladena Filisteen wa Atharuha fi tasmiyati<br />
Amkinatiha (The Plant and Animal Kingdoms in our Land<br />
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(2008). Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008: A New Golden Jackal<br />
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ations/topics/94<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008. BioLib. http://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id540278/<br />
Taxon profile<br />
2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396<br />
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Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
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318
The Wolf (Canis lupus) in Palestine<br />
الذئب<br />
( كانٌس لوبوس لٌنٌوس ،<br />
) فً فلسطٌن<br />
1551<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
As evidenced by quotations in the Holy Qur'an, the wolf (Canis<br />
lupus Linnaeus, 1758) coexisted with man in the area of Palestine<br />
for thousands of years and was well known as a predator, as we<br />
know it from the story of Prophet Yusuf (Joseph). The<br />
Reverend Tristram (1884) stated that the wolf is found in every<br />
part of Palestine. Wolves still live in over half of Palestine, but<br />
have disappeared during the last 40 years from the more densely<br />
settled areas. It appears, however, that in some areas their<br />
population has increased recently due to easily available food<br />
from garbage dumps (Mendelssohn 1982).<br />
The "Israeli" Wild Animals Protection Law of 1954 completely<br />
protected almost all wild animals in Occupied Palestine except,<br />
among others, the Palestine Golden Jackal (Canis aureus palaestina<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008), which was later given complete protection.<br />
The human population of ―Israel‖ in 1979 was 3,830,000 in an area<br />
of 20,720 square kilometer, or 185 people per square kilometer.<br />
The northern and central part of the country has a much higher<br />
human density than Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert (the southern arid<br />
part) and the Rift Valley (Jordan Valley, Dead Sea depression and<br />
Wadi Araba), where most of the contemporary wolf population<br />
lives. Already in the 1930s, wolves had disappeared from the<br />
densely settled areas - the coastal plain between Haifa and <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
and the mountains between Nablus and Hebron (Al Khalil).<br />
Palestinian wolves are animals of open areas. They have never<br />
319
inhabited the dense Mediterranean scrub forest that covers about<br />
400 square kilometer in Galilee (Jaleel) and on Mount Carmel.<br />
According to Shahi (19<strong>77</strong>, 1983), the Indian Canis lupus pallipes<br />
Sykes 1831, apparently also do not live in dense forest cover.<br />
Because of Palestine's small size, its nature reserves are also small<br />
and, thus, are of little use to such wide-ranging animals as<br />
wolves. The largest nature reserve in the north, that of Mount<br />
Meron (Jabal Al Jarmaq), has an area of about 90 square<br />
kilometer, which is largely covered by scrub forest and therefore<br />
not suitable for wolves.<br />
Several subspecies of wolves occur in the Middle East. The<br />
smallest of all the wolf subspecies, the Arabian Canis lupus arabs<br />
Pocock, 1934, is found in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula, in<br />
Southern Sinai, in Southern Palestine and probably also in<br />
Southern Jordan. To the north of the distribution of this<br />
subspecies, the Indian Canis lupus pallipes occurs, the distribution<br />
of which extends from Palestine through Syria, Southern Iraq,<br />
Southern Iran, Kuwait to Southern Pakistan and India. In<br />
Palestine two discrete populations of this subspecies have been<br />
found, that differ in size and colour and live in different climatic<br />
regions.<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Heinrich Mendelssohn (1983) wrote in his article "Status<br />
of the wolf in the Middle East" : "The taxonomic situation of the<br />
wolves of Syria and Turkey is not yet well known. Wolves that<br />
are larger and darker than typical Canis lupus pallipes, but are<br />
different from Canis lupus lupus or Canis lupus campestris, have<br />
been found in the Golan. Similar wolves have recently been<br />
observed in Eastern Lebanon, close to the Syrian border, and it is<br />
possible that the wolves of Turkey and Northern Syria belong to<br />
this form‖.<br />
The existence of wolves in Lebanon is surprising. Lebanon, with a<br />
dense human population and an enormous, unrestricted hunting<br />
pressure, has very little wildlife left. The jackal (Canis aureus) was<br />
320
so far supposed to be the largest wild mammal surviving in<br />
Lebanon. In August 1982, however, several wolves were observed<br />
by reliable observers, feeding on garbage dumps in the area of<br />
Lake Karoun, close to the Syrian border. A few days later ten<br />
wolves were seen feeding on a cow carcass in the same area. The<br />
wolves of Northern Iran are similar to Canis lupus campestris<br />
(Mendelssohn 1983).<br />
Wolves still occur, as far as is known, in all the countries of the<br />
Middle East, but are generally rare, and their distribution is not<br />
continuous. They have been eliminated from areas with dense<br />
human population. Apparently, Occupied Palestine is the only<br />
country in this region where wolves are legally protected. Some<br />
countries, such as Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates,<br />
have in recent years introduced some restrictions on hunting. It<br />
seems that in Jordan and in Oman these regulations are quite well<br />
obeyed, but predators are apparently not included in this<br />
protection (Mendelssohn, 1983). Such protection of predators<br />
would not be acceptable to the public as predators are, except in<br />
Palestine, considered generally as pests and killed on sight. Only<br />
smaller species, such as jackals and foxes, are not endangered. All<br />
the larger species that still exist, such as hyenas (Hyaena hyaena),<br />
leopards (Panthera pardus) and wolves, must be considered as<br />
endangered (Mendelssohn 1983).<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Mendelssohn (1983) continues: "In most countries of the<br />
Middle East, wolves feed mostly on livestock carcasses or have to<br />
prey on domestic animals, as wild ungulates have been<br />
exterminated or are, besides wild pigs (Sus scrofa), so rare that<br />
they cannot present a food base for wolves. Even in Turkey,<br />
where seven species of ruminants were regionally not rare 30<br />
years ago, they are now so rare in most areas, or have been<br />
completely exterminated, that wolves cannot rely on them. Wild<br />
pigs occur in the northern and more humid areas of this region<br />
and are regionally common, but it is not known if wolves prey on<br />
this species." In Palestine wild pigs are common, but there are no<br />
321
observations indicating that wolves prey on them.<br />
Scavenging on garbage dumps presents another source of food<br />
and the smaller subspecies of wolves, especially the small Canis<br />
lupus arabs, feed also on rodents and other small animals.<br />
Mendelssohn (1983) writes: "Wolves are endangered by shooting,<br />
as in most countries of this region "everybody carries a gun and<br />
shoots at everything" (Kumerloeve, personal communication) and<br />
wolves are shot on sight. If they prey on livestock, retaliation<br />
poisoning or trapping ensues. Many poisons are available and<br />
widely used: Fluoracetamide (1081), Sodiumfluoracetate (1080),<br />
Strychnine, as well as pesticides, such as Endrin, Parathion, etc.<br />
Rabies is endemic in most countries of the region, and the<br />
veterinary authorities carry out poisoning campaigns, using<br />
mostly strychnine and 1080, in order to eradicate predators and<br />
feral dogs.‖<br />
Thus the life of the wolf in most areas of the Middle East is<br />
precarious because of the unpredictable and unsure supply of<br />
food, persecution and antirabies campaigns. Their survival is due<br />
to the fact that in most areas of this region the density of human<br />
population is still low, and nomadic livestock raising is<br />
widespread, with quite a high rate of mortality in the herds, thus<br />
supplying carcasses. The human population, however, increases<br />
rapidly, and veterinary care of the nomadic herds improves,<br />
causing a decrease in the availability of carcasses (Mendelssohn<br />
1983).<br />
The eventual survival of wolves in the Middle East will depend<br />
on the slowly developing nature conservation ethic, in which<br />
predators ought to be included. As the general attitude is,<br />
however, still strongly anti-predator, extensive conservation<br />
education is extremely urgent. Legal protection alone is<br />
meaningless: In Turkey the leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) and<br />
the tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) have been protected since 1966,<br />
but still every detected specimen is shot and both subspecies are<br />
322
about to be exterminated or have already disappeared<br />
(Kumerloeve 1975, Mendelssohn 1983)."<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. David L. Harrison (1981) wrote in his book "Mammals of the<br />
Arabian Gulf" about the Wolf : "Although the Arabian wolf (Canis<br />
lupus arabs) is considerably smaller than its northern Eurasian<br />
relatives, it is nevertheless strikingly larger than the Jackal, with a<br />
total length of about 1140 mm. The general build is like an<br />
Alsatian dog, with rather long legs, a short, bushy tail and large<br />
ears. The coat is rather short and coarse, variably greyish or<br />
yellowish brown on the flanks, with a blackish crest along the<br />
spine. The tip of the tail is also black, while the cheeks and<br />
underside are usually white. Wolves from the more northerly<br />
parts of the peninsula (Canis lupus pallipes) are larger and have<br />
thicker, more luxuriant coats.‖ The desert wolves of Arabia<br />
usually hunt singly or in pairs, and many tales are told by the<br />
Bedouin of their cunning in snatching sheep from the flocks.<br />
Considering the long-standing enmity of the species with man it<br />
is surprising that young wolves can be readily tamed. The species<br />
seems to be dependent on water and is therefore not found in the<br />
hearts of the deserts. It has occurred, albeit in scanty numbers,<br />
throughout the Gulf region from Dibbah, Buraimi and Jebel Hafit<br />
in the south to Hofuf, Jabrin and the vicinity of Kuwait in the<br />
north (Harrison 1981).<br />
Measurements: Total length 1140 mm.; Tail 320 mm.; Hind foot<br />
184-197 mm.; Ear 80-92 mm.; Greatest length of skull 184.5-220<br />
mm. (Harrison 1981).<br />
Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) do not state which wolf<br />
subspecies occurs in Palestine but, because they include northern<br />
Arabia in the distribution area of Canis lupus pallipes Sykes 1831, it<br />
may be concluded that this subspecies also occurs in Palestine<br />
(Mendelssohn 1982). Wolves in Palestine display a wide range of<br />
size and colour differences. Tristram (1884) considered them to be<br />
larger and stronger than European specimens.<br />
323
Palestinian wolves are larger and darker in areas of higher<br />
rainfall, and smaller and lighter-coloured in arid areas.<br />
Size difference of specimens of the same sex is apparent. For<br />
example the condylobasal length (CBL) of the skull for a male<br />
near Haifa was 218.4 mm., and for a male from the Naqab, the<br />
CBL was 185.3 mm. The distance between collection localities was<br />
250 kilometer (Mendelssohn 1982).<br />
Precipitation in Palestine is highest in the north and west, and<br />
decreases toward the south and east. The lower Jordan Valley, the<br />
Dead Sea depression, The Naqab Desert and the Wadi Araba are<br />
deserts with less than 150 mm. annual rainfall.<br />
The largest wolves are all from areas with more than 400 mm.<br />
annual rainfall and a Mediterranean climate and vegetation,<br />
whereas the smaller wolves inhabit the more arid areas with less<br />
than 400 mm. rain (Mendelssohn 1982).<br />
For Mediterranean Canis lupus pallipes wolves, the average CBL<br />
for males was 214.5 mm., and for females 203.8 mm. For the<br />
Desert Canis lupus pallipes wolves, the average CBL for males was<br />
205.1 mm., and for females 193.8 mm. While the Palestinian<br />
southern subspecies Canis lupus arabs Pocock 1934, has an average<br />
CBL for males 192.9 mm., and for females 181.1 mm.<br />
(Mendelssohn I982).<br />
In the desert areas (less than 400 mm. rain), two sizes of wolves<br />
occur. Most desert wolves are quite uniform in size, but in the<br />
most southern area with less than 50 mm. rain, and in southern<br />
Sinai, much smaller wolves occur. They not only have smaller<br />
skulls, but also smaller bodies. The males had CBLs of less than<br />
200 mm., and the females had CBLs of less than 190 mm.<br />
Although the larger wolves in Palestine can be divided into two<br />
size groups separated by the isohyet of 400 mm., they can all be<br />
considered Canis lupus Pallipes. There is also a considerable<br />
difference in the size of the os penis between the local Canis lupus<br />
pallipes and Canis lupus arabs. Whereas the lengths of the os penis<br />
324
of three Canis lupus pallipes were 79.7, 81.1 and 81.5 mm., the<br />
measurements for two Canis lupus arabs were only 68.0 and 69.3<br />
mm.<br />
Wolf size apparently is more influenced by rainfall than by<br />
temperature. There is no size difference between wolves from the<br />
hot rift valley (mean greater than 23°C) and those from the much<br />
cooler Naqab Highlands (mean less than 19°C); rainfall is similar<br />
in both areas (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Nothing is known about the relations between Canis lupus pallipes<br />
and Canis lupus arabs, that occur together in the southern Wadi<br />
Araba in areas with less than 50 mm. rain. Possibly this area was<br />
formerly inhabited only by Canis lupus arabs, which are probably<br />
better adapted to extreme desert conditions. Increasing human<br />
development of the area improved the conditions for wolves by<br />
325
providing an easily available source of food at garbage dumps,<br />
and by stimulating increase of wildlife near areas of irrigated<br />
agriculture. These improved conditions may have enabled the<br />
penetration of Canis lupus pa1lipes into this area, perhaps<br />
competing with Canis lupus arabs and supplanting it. If this<br />
assumption is correct, Canis lupus arabs should disappear from<br />
this area in the future. They are now much rarer than Canis lupus<br />
pallipes. It is not known if the two subspecies interbreed. Neither<br />
is information available to indicate whether the two populations<br />
share the same habitat, or whether they are spatially or<br />
temporally separated (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
A similar case is occurring with two hedgehog species in the<br />
coastal plain of Palestine, where the European Hedgehog<br />
Erinaceus europaeus, following agricultural development, is<br />
supplanting the Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus<br />
(Mendelssohn I982).<br />
There still remains the fact that the wolves of the Mediterranean<br />
area of Palestine (greater than 400 mm. rain) are distinctly larger<br />
than those of the more arid areas (50-400 mm. rain). The question<br />
of whether these two discrete populations should be given<br />
separate subspecific status has to remain open until more material<br />
from other areas in the Near East can be examined. For the time<br />
being, the terms "Mediterranean pallipes" and "Desert pallipes"<br />
will be used (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
A very large male from the Syrian Golan, with a CBL of 226.7<br />
mm., and a weight of 32.3 kilogram and a dense, dark winter fur,<br />
is certainly quite different from any Canis lupus pallipes and looks<br />
more like a European wolf.<br />
It is remarkable that the wolves that lived in the Huleh Valley fall<br />
well within the range of the Mediterranean pallipes. The Huleh<br />
Valley is only a few kilometer distance from the Golan, but about<br />
1,000 meter lower. The amount of rain is about the same in both<br />
areas, but the Huleh Valley is much warmer (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
326
Weights of Mediterranean pallipes wolves: the mean of males 23.6<br />
kilogram; and the mean of Desert pallipes wolves: males 20.1 kg,<br />
females 17.0 kg; while the mean weight of Canis lupus arabs: males<br />
18.0 kg, a female 12.3 kilogram.<br />
It may seem strange that in such a small country as Palestine, only<br />
410 kilometer from north to south, there are three distinct<br />
populations of such wide-ranging animals as wolves. There are,<br />
however, considerable climatic differences. Perhaps the different<br />
populations are well adapted to local climatic conditions. A<br />
similar situation is found with the leopard. They formerly<br />
occurred in Galilee, and perhaps in other areas in the north,<br />
Panthera pardus tulliana (now extinct in Palestine), one of the<br />
largest of the leopard subspecies. However, in the Jerusalem or<br />
Judean Desert and in the Naqab, Panthera pardus nimr occurs, one<br />
of the smallest subspecies. Perhaps for these two subspecies, the<br />
400 mm. isohyet was also the dividing line. The greatly varying<br />
environmental conditions over relatively small distances in<br />
Palestine may stimulate the development of differing populations<br />
adapted to special local conditions. There is in Palestine four<br />
populations of mole-rat Spalax ehrenbergi that differ in size,<br />
chromosomes and behavior (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
The fur of Canis lupus pallipes and Canis lupus arabs is very short<br />
and thin in summer. The dorsal hair is somewhat longer, even in<br />
summer. Perhaps the longer dorsal hair provides some protection<br />
from solar radiation in summer if the animals have to be active<br />
during hot summer days. The winter coat is longer, but not as<br />
long and dense as that of more northern subspecies.<br />
The hair of the summer coat of Canis lupus pallipes and Canis lupus<br />
arabs is about 30 mm. long on the back and about 10 mm. on the<br />
sides, but there is much variation. Winter back hairs, particularly<br />
from the Mediterranean area, are 45-65 mm. long, those of the<br />
saddle 70-100 mm., and those of the sides 20-30 mm. long.<br />
Whereas the summer coat has no wool, or only a little between<br />
327
the longer dorsal hairs, the winter coat has a dense wool layer<br />
(Mendelssohn I982).<br />
A characteristic feature of many wolves in Palestine is that the<br />
pads of the third and fourth toes are connected from behind. This<br />
connection is conspicuous mainly on the forefeet, but if the pads<br />
of the forefeet are connected, those of the hind feet are generally<br />
connected too. Under favorable conditions, this connection also<br />
shows in the tracks and verifies that the track is from a wolf<br />
(Mendelssohn I982).<br />
<strong>By</strong> 1935 there were no wolves in the densely settled areas of the<br />
coastal plain and the areas between Hebron (Al Khalil) and<br />
Nablus. Between 1950 and 1970, they disappeared from most of<br />
northern Palestine and from the areas west of Jerusalem (Al<br />
Quds), and in 1980 they were rare in the areas north of Beer Al<br />
Sabea (Beer Sheva). They still occur in about half of Palestine in<br />
about 70% of the area they inhabited before 1950 (Mendelssohn<br />
I982). The total number of wolves in Palestine may be 110-150.<br />
According to many occasional observations, Palestinian wolves<br />
are opportunistic feeders, preying on smaller wildlife, rarely on<br />
wild ungulates, occasionally killing domestic animals, but often<br />
scavenging on livestock carcasses and at garbage dumps. Garbage<br />
dumps are good places to see wolves, especially in the desert, as<br />
are the feeding stations run by the "Israeli" Nature Reserves<br />
Authority (funded by the World Wildlife Fund) (Mendelssohn<br />
I982).<br />
Analysis of 15 wolf stomach contents revealed remnants of the<br />
following animals: Jirds (Meriones sp. sp.), Hares (Lepus capensis)<br />
and Chukar Partridges (Alectoris chukar). Hares seem to be a<br />
common prey, bat many apparently are road-killed hares picked<br />
up by wolves. Several wolves that had been killed on roads had<br />
undigested pieces of hare in their stomachs.<br />
Gazelles (Gazella sp.) are occasionally taken, but there is only one<br />
observation of wolves hunting gazelle. In the northern Wadi<br />
328
Araba (Arava), three wolves were seen one morning chasing a<br />
male dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas subsp.) which they caught after<br />
a chase of about 1 kilometer. As gazelles are diurnal with poor<br />
vision at night, they are easily caught at night by wolves.<br />
In the Jerusalem (Judean) Desert and in the Naqab (Negev),<br />
wolves inhabit areas in which ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) occur, but<br />
no cases of predation on ibex are known. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are<br />
very common in northern Palestine and in the Golan, but no cases<br />
of preying on pigs have been observed so far (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Wolf predation on livestock occurs mainly with the larger<br />
Mediterranean wolves, but is not common. They prey on sheep<br />
and beef cattle calves. Zebu calves are very rarely killed by<br />
wolves.<br />
Wolves of the Mediterranean area also feed on small animals, as<br />
shown by stomach contents and scats. A female that had been<br />
conditioned to people because she pair-bonded with a domestic<br />
dog, was observed catching and eating a hare, and she was often<br />
seen catching and eating voles (Microtus guentheri) weighing 25-40<br />
g.<br />
The desert pallipes do not prey on large livestock. Predation on<br />
sheep in this area is rare, but the Bedouin consider wolves as<br />
predators of their black goats which are smaller than sheep, and<br />
in the southern Naqab and Sinai, weigh only 12-25 kilogram.<br />
Hairs of the black Bedouin goats have been found in wolf scats<br />
collected in this area, but it is unknown whether they were from<br />
kills or carrion (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
The desert pallipes tend to approach settlements and people more<br />
than do the Mediterranean wolves. In a desert kibbutz (communal<br />
agricultural Israeli settlement), wolves entered the cowsheds at<br />
night and moved among cattle and calves without molesting even<br />
the youngest calves. However, they entered a hen-house and<br />
killed chickens. In another desert kibbutz, the wolves visited the<br />
area of the hen-houses at night and caught escaped chickens, but<br />
329
entered a hen-house and killed 10 hens when a door was left<br />
open. Their main food at both places, however, was chicken<br />
carcasses and offal that they scavenged from the garbage dump.<br />
These wolves react eagerly to the cheeping of chicks and were<br />
attracted from about one kilometer by these cheeps, both live and<br />
tape-recorded. Altogether, Palestinian wolves do not suffer from<br />
lack of food, as almost all specimens that could be examined were<br />
in prime physical condition (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Wolves and hyenas (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) meet quite often at<br />
garbage dumps, carcasses and feeding stations. Wolves generally<br />
make way for the hyenas which are larger, adults weighing 25-40<br />
kilogram. In one observation, however, a group of wolves drove a<br />
hyena from a carcass.<br />
Wolves feeding on carcasses during daylight may meet vultures.<br />
One pair of wolves was feeding on a carcass at a feeding station in<br />
the morning. Eight griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) from a<br />
nearby colony arrived, but did not approach the carcass until the<br />
wolves had departed. In another case, a lone wolf fed one<br />
morning on a carcass at another feeding station. Seventeen griffon<br />
vultures arrived and tried time and again, to approach the<br />
carcass, but were chased away each time by the wolf. They too<br />
had to wait until the wolf had departed (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
In deserts, where wolves are relatively common, jackals (Canis<br />
aureus syriacus) occur only in a few localities. It is believed that<br />
jackals are more dependent on water since they are found,<br />
particularly in the desert, only near human settlements where<br />
water is available. It may, however, also be the easy availability of<br />
food that attracts jackals to settlements. Desert wolves, on the<br />
other hand, have been observed up to 50 kilometer from the<br />
nearest water. Possibly they drink only infrequently and husband<br />
their body water efficiently. In the few Mediterranean areas<br />
where both species occur, wolves are rare and probably cannot<br />
influence jackal populations. Cases of direct interactions between<br />
330
wolves and jackals have not been observed, but wolves probably<br />
dominate (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Feral dogs have replaced wolves in Palestine where wolves have<br />
disappeared. These feral dogs are crossbreeds between pariah<br />
dogs, which are no longer pure in Palestine, and imported<br />
European breeds, mainly alsatians. They subsist mainly by<br />
scavenging on garbage dumps and killing lambs, sheep and goats.<br />
These predations are often ascribed to wolves. They may kill 10,<br />
15 or more animals in one night, mostly by biting them in the<br />
throat. Once, three dogs killed 70 kids and goats in one night.<br />
Often, feral dogs do not feed on their victims. It is believed that<br />
where wolves are decreasing, they may hybridize with domestic<br />
dogs (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
The Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). (after Roberts, 19<strong>77</strong>).<br />
331
Like other information on the life history of wolves in Palestine,<br />
knowledge of wolf pack size and composition is based on casual<br />
observations. Harrison (1968) stated that the wolves of the arid<br />
regions of the Arabian Peninsula hunt singly or, at most, in pairs.<br />
Tristram (1866) stated that in Palestine he never saw two wolves<br />
together. In fact, almost all depredations on livestock during the<br />
last 45 years have been carried out by single wolves, or a pair<br />
(Mendelssohn 1982).<br />
Any group size, from single specimens to groups of 12, has been<br />
seen by reliable observers, with larger groups being seen only<br />
rarely. In late summer, autumn and winter when the grown cubs<br />
accompany their parents, family groups of up to a pair of adults<br />
and five cubs are quite often seen (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Palestinian wolves breed in winter and whelp in spring.<br />
According to the dentition of young cubs collected in the Wadi<br />
Araba in summer, the cubs are born there from early to mid-<br />
April. A female Canis lupus pallipes originating from that area and<br />
kept at the Wildlife Research Centre of Tel Aviv University<br />
(WRCTAU), came into estrus during the second half of January,<br />
and whelped between the end of March and the beginning of<br />
April. Because she had been kept isolated for several years at the<br />
Tel Aviv Zoo, she began to breed only in 19<strong>77</strong> at six years of age.<br />
She bore four cubs (all males) in 19<strong>77</strong>, six cubs (4 males, 2 females)<br />
in 1<strong>978</strong>, and a single male cub in 1979 (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
There is only one observation on the time of reproduction in<br />
northern Palestine. A female in the last stages of gravidity was<br />
shot on 29 April 1952 at the hill range of Ramot Yissakhar. It may<br />
be, therefore, that reproduction in the Mediterranean area takes<br />
place somewhat later than in the desert (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
Wolves in Palestine can live more than 8 years. It is reported that<br />
sex ratios in wolf populations are unequal. It is possible that the<br />
preponderance of males in Palestinian wolves is a real one, but it<br />
could also be that the females are more cautious than the males in<br />
332
elation to such mortality factors as road accidents, poisons and<br />
traps. The seemingly higher mortality rate of males in Palestine<br />
could either reflect a preponderance of males in litters, or greater<br />
caution on the part of females (Mendelssohn I982).<br />
The wolves in Palestine are protected by the ―Israeli‖ Wild<br />
Animals Protection Law of 1954; but they are poisoned illegally if<br />
they prey on live-stock. Wolves are only occasionally shot in<br />
Palestine. Al-Hamdu Lillahi Rabi Al-Alameen.<br />
References and Internet Websites:<br />
Ellerman, J. R. and Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1951). Checklist of<br />
Palaearctic and Indian Mammals 1758 to 1946. Trustees of the Brit.<br />
Mus. Pub. London. pp. 810.<br />
Harrison, David L. (1968). The Mammals of Arabia. Volume 2.<br />
Ernest Benn Limited, London.<br />
Harrison, David L. (1973). Some comparative features of the skulls<br />
of wolves (Canis lupus Linn.) and pariah dogs (Canis familiaris<br />
Linn.) from the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring lands. Bonner<br />
Zoologische Beiträge, Herausgeber: Zoologisches<br />
Forschungsintitut und Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn (24): 185<br />
– 191.<br />
Harrison, David L. (1981). Mammals of the Arabian Gulf. George<br />
Allen & Unwin, London. pps. 92.<br />
Harrison, D. L. and P. J. J. Bates (1991). The mammals of Arabia.<br />
2nd ed. Harrison Zoological Museum Publication.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong>-<strong>Ali</strong> B. (1984). The Long-eared Hedgehog<br />
(Hemiechinus auritus) in the Arabian Peninsula. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178-6288. Second <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
No.5, May 1984. pp.1-18. (In Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> B. (1987). The Sinai Leopard (Panthera pardus<br />
jarvisi) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
ISSN 0178-6288. Federal Republic of Germany. Fifth <strong>Year</strong>.<br />
333
Number 12. February 1987. pp.1-9.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1990). The Wolf (Canis<br />
lupus) in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
ISSN 0178-6288. Eighth <strong>Year</strong>, Number 20, December 1990, Jumada<br />
Al Thani 1411 AH. pp. 1-11. Rilchingen-Hanweiler and Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany. http://animalsof-palestine.webs.com/the-wolf-in-palestine<br />
The <strong>Book</strong> Cover of the book “<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Three” by <strong>Prof</strong>.<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> (2013) showing a wolf at<br />
Qalqiliya Zoo, Qalqiliya, State of Palestine. Photo taken in 2011 by Mr.<br />
Imad Atrash, the Executive Director of the Palestine Wildlife Society.<br />
Cover Design by Mrs. Ola Mostafa <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
334
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis lupus arabs Pocock,<br />
1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number<br />
107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 1-29. Dubai and<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-faunapalestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm<br />
Kumerloeve, H. (1975). Die Säugetiere (Mammalia) der Türkei.<br />
Die Säugetiere (Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanon.<br />
Veröffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssammlung München.<br />
18:69-225.<br />
Mendelssohn, H. (1982). Wolves in Israel. In: Harrington, F. H. &<br />
Paquet P. C. (Eds.), Wolves of the world. Noyes Publications.<br />
New Jersey.<br />
Mendelssohn, H. (1983). Status of the wolf in the Middle East.<br />
Acta Zool.Fennica 174: 279-280.<br />
OCR Online. Convert scanned documents to text.<br />
http://www.ocronline.com/<br />
Roberts, T. J. (19<strong>77</strong>). The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn<br />
Limited, London. pps. 361.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. P. Z.<br />
S. London 1866: 84-93.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1866). The Land of Israel; a Journal of Travels in<br />
Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical<br />
character. Soc. For promoting Christian Knowledge Pub. London.<br />
pps. 649.<br />
Tristram, The Reverend Henry Baker (1884). The survey of<br />
western Palestine. The fauna and flora of Palestine. The<br />
Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, London, 1884.<br />
Vesey Fitzgerald, D. F. (1952) Wild Life in Arabia. Oryx 1: No.5.<br />
335
336
The Two Wolf Subspecies (Canis<br />
lupus arabs Pocock, 1934) and (Canis<br />
lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in<br />
Palestine<br />
)<br />
1551<br />
الذئب<br />
( كانٌس لوبوس لٌنٌوس ،<br />
فً فلسطٌن<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
337<br />
تسن اهلل الرحهو الرحين .<br />
)11( أَرِسِمًُْ هَعَىَب<br />
كَبلَُاْ يَب أَتَبىَب هَب لَكَ الَ خَؤْهَىَّب عَمَى يَُسُفَ َئِىَّب لًَُ لَىَبصِحَُوَ<br />
غَدّا يَرِخَعِ َيَمْعَةِ َئِىَّب لًَُ لَحَبفِظَُوَ )11( كَبلَ ئِىِّي لَيَحِزُىُىِي أَو<br />
خَذٌَْتَُاْ تًِِ َأَخَبفُ أَو يَؤْكُمًَُ الذِّئْةُ َأَىخُنِ عَىًُْ غَبفِمَُوَ )11( كَبلَُاْ لَئِوِ أَكَمًَُ الذِّئْةُ<br />
َىَحِوُ عُصِتَجٌ ئِىَّب ئِذًا لَّخَبسِرَُوَ )11( فَمَهَّب ذٌََتَُاْ تًِِ َأَجِهَعَُاْ أَو يَجِعَمَُيُ فِي غَيَبتَجِ<br />
الْجُةِّ َأََِحَيِىَآ ئِلَيًِِ لَخُىَتِّئَىٍَُّن تِؤَهِرٌِِنِ ٌَذَا ٌَُنِ الَ يَشْعُرَُوَ )11( َجَبإَُاْ أَتَبٌُنِ عِشَبء<br />
يَتِكَُوَ )11( كَبلَُاْ يَب أَتَبىَب ئِىَّب ذٌََتِىَب ىَسِخَتِقُ َخَرَكْىَب يَُسُفَ عِىدَ هَخَبعِىَب فَؤَكَمًَُ الذِّئْةُ<br />
َهَب أَىحَ تِهُإْهِوٍ لِّىَب َلََِ كُىَّب صَبدِكِيوَ )11( َجَآإَُا عَمَى كَهِيصًِِ تِدَنٍ كَذِةٍ كَبلَ تَلْ<br />
سَََّلَحْ لَكُنِ أَىفُسُكُنِ أَهِرّا فَصَتِرْ جَهِيلٌ َالمًُّ الْهُسِخَعَبوُ عَمَى هَب خَصِفَُوَ )11( . صدق<br />
اهلل العظين . سَرث يَسف ، اآليبح 11-11 .<br />
As evidenced by quotations in the Holy Qur'an, the wolf (Canis<br />
lupus Linnaeus, 1758) coexisted with man in the area of Palestine<br />
for thousands of years and was well known as a predator, as we<br />
know it from the story of Prophet Yusuf (Joseph). The<br />
Reverend Henry Baker Tristram (1884) stated in his reference<br />
book ―The survey of western Palestine. The fauna and flora of<br />
Palestine‖ that the wolf is found in every part of Palestine. Wolves
still live in over half of Palestine, but have disappeared during the<br />
last 70 years from the more densely settled areas. It appears,<br />
however, that in some areas their population has increased<br />
recently due to easily available food from garbage dumps<br />
(Mendelssohn 1982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990). The "Israeli" Wild<br />
Animals Protection Law of 1954 completely protected almost all<br />
wild animals in Occupied Palestine except, among others, the<br />
Palestine Golden Jackal (Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008),<br />
which was later given complete protection. The Palestinian <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
(including the wolf) is also protected under the Palestinian<br />
Environment Law no. 7 of 1999.<br />
A sleeping Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife<br />
Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. 16.08.2008. Photo<br />
by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
338
The human population of Occupied Palestine in 2013 is estimated<br />
at 11,439,000 in an area of 27,009 square kilometer, or 424 people<br />
per square kilometer. The northern and central part of the country<br />
has a much higher human density than Al-Naqab (Negev) Desert<br />
(the southern arid part) and the Rift Valley (Jordan Valley, Dead<br />
Sea depression and Wadi Araba), where most of the<br />
contemporary wolf population lives. Already in the 1930s, wolves<br />
had disappeared from the densely settled areas - the coastal plain<br />
between Haifa and <strong>Jaffa</strong> and the mountains between Nablus and<br />
Hebron (Al Khalil) (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 1990).<br />
Palestinian wolves are animals of open areas. They have never<br />
inhabited the dense Mediterranean scrub forest that covers about<br />
400 square kilometer in Galilee (Jaleel) and on Mount Carmel.<br />
According to Shahi (19<strong>77</strong>, 1983), the Indian Canis lupus pallipes<br />
Sykes 1831, apparently also do not live in dense forest cover.<br />
Because of Palestine's small size, its nature reserves are also small<br />
and, thus, are of little use to such wide-ranging animals as<br />
wolves. The largest nature reserve in the north, that of Mount<br />
Meron (Jabal Al Jarmaq), has an area of about 90 square<br />
kilometer, which is largely covered by scrub forest and therefore<br />
not suitable for wolves (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Several subspecies of wolves occur in the Middle East. The<br />
smallest of all the wolf subspecies, the Arabian Canis lupus arabs<br />
Pocock, 1934, is found in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula, in<br />
Southern Sinai, in Southern Palestine and probably also in<br />
Southern Jordan. To the north of the distribution of this<br />
subspecies, the Indian Canis lupus pallipes occurs, the distribution<br />
of which extends from Palestine through Syria, Southern Iraq,<br />
Southern Iran, Kuwait to Southern Pakistan and India. In<br />
Palestine two discrete populations of this subspecies have been<br />
found, that differ in size and colour and live in different climatic<br />
regions (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, 1990).<br />
339
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Heinrich Mendelssohn (1983) wrote in his article "Status<br />
of the wolf in the Middle East" : "The taxonomic situation of the<br />
wolves of Syria and Turkey is not yet well known. Wolves that<br />
are larger and darker than typical Canis lupus pallipes, but are<br />
different from Canis lupus lupus or Canis lupus campestris, have<br />
been found in the Golan. Similar wolves have recently been<br />
observed in Eastern Lebanon, close to the Syrian border, and it is<br />
possible that the wolves of Turkey and Northern Syria belong to<br />
this form‖.<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 01.02.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
The existence of wolves in Lebanon is surprising. Lebanon, with a<br />
dense human population and an enormous, unrestricted hunting<br />
pressure, has very little wildlife left. The jackal (Canis aureus) was<br />
so far supposed to be the largest wild mammal surviving in<br />
Lebanon. In August 1982, however, several wolves were observed<br />
by reliable observers, feeding on garbage dumps in the area of<br />
Lake Karoun, close to the Syrian border. A few days later ten<br />
wolves were seen feeding on a cow carcass in the same area. The<br />
wolves of Northern Iran are similar to Canis lupus campestris<br />
(Mendelssohn 1983, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
340
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 28.01.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
Wolves still occur, as far as is known, in all the countries of the<br />
Middle East, but are generally rare, and their distribution is not<br />
continuous. They have been eliminated from areas with dense<br />
human population. Apparently, Occupied Palestine is the only<br />
country in this region where wolves are legally protected. Some<br />
countries, such as Jordan, Oman and the United Arab Emirates,<br />
have in recent years introduced some restrictions on hunting. It<br />
seems that in Jordan and in Oman these regulations are quite well<br />
obeyed, but predators are apparently not included in this<br />
protection (Mendelssohn, 1983). Nowadays, Wildlife Protection<br />
laws is found in all Arabian countries to protect the Flora and<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> (including predators). But such protection of predators<br />
would not be acceptable to the public as predators are, except in<br />
Palestine, considered generally as pests and killed on sight. Only<br />
341
smaller species, such as jackals and foxes, are not endangered. All<br />
the larger species that still exist, such as hyenas (Hyaena hyaena),<br />
leopards (Panthera pardus) and wolves, must be considered as<br />
endangered (Mendelssohn 1983, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 15.06.2012. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
<strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Mendelssohn (1983) wrote: "In most countries of the<br />
Middle East, wolves feed mostly on livestock carcasses or have to<br />
prey on domestic animals, as wild ungulates have been<br />
exterminated or are, besides wild pigs (Sus scrofa), so rare that<br />
they cannot present a food base for wolves. Even in Turkey,<br />
where seven species of ruminants were regionally not rare 30<br />
years ago, they are now so rare in most areas, or have been<br />
completely exterminated, that wolves cannot rely on them. Wild<br />
pigs occur in the northern and more humid areas of this region<br />
and are regionally common, but it is not known if wolves prey on<br />
this species." In Palestine wild pigs are common, but there are no<br />
observations indicating that wolves prey on them (<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
342
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, 1990).<br />
Scavenging on garbage dumps presents another source of food<br />
and the smaller subspecies of wolves, especially the small Canis<br />
lupus arabs, feed also on rodents and other small animals (<strong>Khalaf</strong><strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>, 1990).<br />
Mendelssohn (1983) writes: "Wolves are endangered by shooting,<br />
as in most countries of this region "everybody carries a gun and<br />
shoots at everything" (Kumerloeve, personal communication) and<br />
wolves are shot on sight. If they prey on livestock, retaliation<br />
poisoning or trapping ensues. Many poisons are available and<br />
widely used: Fluoracetamide (1081), Sodiumfluoracetate (1080),<br />
Strychnine, as well as pesticides, such as Endrin, Parathion, etc.<br />
Rabies is endemic in most countries of the region, and the<br />
veterinary authorities carry out poisoning campaigns, using<br />
mostly strychnine and 1080, in order to eradicate predators and<br />
feral dogs.‖<br />
Thus the life of the wolf in most areas of the Middle East is<br />
precarious because of the unpredictable and unsure supply of<br />
food, persecution and antirabies campaigns. Their survival is due<br />
to the fact that in most areas of this region the density of human<br />
population is still low, and nomadic livestock raising is<br />
widespread, with quite a high rate of mortality in the herds, thus<br />
supplying carcasses. The human population, however, increases<br />
rapidly, and veterinary care of the nomadic herds improves,<br />
causing a decrease in the availability of carcasses (Mendelssohn<br />
1983, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The eventual survival of wolves in the Middle East will depend<br />
on the slowly developing nature conservation ethic, in which<br />
predators ought to be included. As the general attitude is,<br />
however, still strongly anti-predator, extensive conservation<br />
education is extremely urgent. Legal protection alone is<br />
meaningless: In Turkey the leopard (Panthera pardus tulliana) and<br />
the tiger (Panthera tigris virgata) have been protected since 1966,<br />
343
ut still every detected specimen is shot and both subspecies are<br />
about to be exterminated or have already disappeared<br />
(Kumerloeve 1975, Mendelssohn 1983, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990)."<br />
The Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) Information Sign at Qalqiliya Zoo,<br />
Qalqiliya, State of Palestine. 05.07.2012. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong><br />
<strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. David L. Harrison (1981) wrote in his book "Mammals of the<br />
Arabian Gulf" about the Wolf : "Although the Arabian wolf (Canis<br />
lupus arabs) is considerably smaller than its northern Eurasian<br />
relatives, it is nevertheless strikingly larger than the Jackal, with a<br />
total length of about 1140 mm. The general build is like an<br />
Alsatian dog, with rather long legs, a short, bushy tail and large<br />
ears. The coat is rather short and coarse, variably greyish or<br />
yellowish brown on the flanks, with a blackish crest along the<br />
spine. The tip of the tail is also black, while the cheeks and<br />
underside are usually white. Wolves from the more northerly<br />
parts of the peninsula (Canis lupus pallipes) are larger and have<br />
thicker, more luxuriant coats.‖<br />
344
The desert wolves of Arabia usually hunt singly or in pairs, and<br />
many tales are told by the Bedouin of their cunning in snatching<br />
sheep from the flocks. Considering the long-standing enmity of<br />
the species with man it is surprising that young wolves can be<br />
readily tamed. The species seems to be dependent on water and is<br />
therefore not found in the hearts of the deserts. It has occurred,<br />
albeit in scanty numbers, throughout the Gulf region from<br />
Dibbah, Buraimi and Jebel Hafit in the south to Hofuf, Jabrin and<br />
the vicinity of Kuwait in the north (Harrison 1981, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) Information Sign at Dubai Zoo.<br />
Dubai, UAE. 05.04.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
Measurements: Total length 1140 mm.; Tail 320 mm.; Hind foot<br />
184-197 mm.; Ear 80-92 mm.; Greatest length of skull 184.5-220<br />
mm. (Harrison 1981, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
345
Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) do not state which wolf<br />
subspecies occurs in Palestine but, because they include northern<br />
Arabia in the distribution area of Canis lupus pallipes Sykes 1831, it<br />
may be concluded that this subspecies also occurs in Palestine<br />
(Mendelssohn 1982). Wolves in Palestine display a wide range of<br />
size and colour differences. Tristram (1884) considered them to be<br />
larger and stronger than European specimens.<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 01.02.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
Palestinian wolves are larger and darker in areas of higher<br />
rainfall, and smaller and lighter-coloured in arid areas.<br />
Size difference of specimens of the same sex is apparent. For<br />
example the condylobasal length (CBL) of the skull for a male<br />
near Haifa was 218.4 mm., and for a male from the Naqab, the<br />
CBL was 185.3 mm. The distance between collection localities was<br />
250 kilometer (Mendelssohn 1982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
346
Precipitation in Palestine is highest in the north and west, and<br />
decreases toward the south and east. The lower Jordan Valley, the<br />
Dead Sea depression, The Naqab Desert and the Wadi Araba are<br />
deserts with less than 150 mm. annual rainfall.<br />
The largest wolves are all from areas with more than 400 mm.<br />
annual rainfall and a Mediterranean climate and vegetation,<br />
whereas the smaller wolves inhabit the more arid areas with less<br />
than 400 mm. rain (Mendelssohn 1982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
For Mediterranean Canis lupus pallipes wolves, the average CBL<br />
for males was 214.5 mm., and for females 203.8 mm. For the<br />
Desert Canis lupus pallipes wolves, the average CBL for males was<br />
205.1 mm., and for females 193.8 mm. While the Palestinian<br />
southern subspecies Canis lupus arabs Pocock 1934, has an average<br />
CBL for males 192.9 mm., and for females 181.1 mm.<br />
(Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
In the desert areas (less than 400 mm. rain), two sizes of wolves<br />
occur. Most desert wolves are quite uniform in size, but in the<br />
most southern area with less than 50 mm. rain, and in southern<br />
Sinai, much smaller wolves occur. They not only have smaller<br />
skulls, but also smaller bodies. The males had CBLs of less than<br />
200 mm., and the females had CBLs of less than 190 mm.<br />
Although the larger wolves in Palestine can be divided into two<br />
size groups separated by the isohyet of 400 mm., they can all be<br />
considered Canis lupus Pallipes. There is also a considerable<br />
difference in the size of the os penis between the local Canis lupus<br />
pallipes and Canis lupus arabs. Whereas the lengths of the os penis<br />
of three Canis lupus pallipes were 79.7, 81.1 and 81.5 mm., the<br />
measurements for two Canis lupus arabs were only 68.0 and 69.3<br />
mm.<br />
Wolf size apparently is more influenced by rainfall than by<br />
temperature. There is no size difference between wolves from the<br />
hot rift valley (mean greater than 23°C) and those from the much<br />
cooler Naqab Highlands (mean less than 19°C); rainfall is similar<br />
in both areas (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
347
Nothing is known about the relations between Canis lupus pallipes<br />
and Canis lupus arabs, that occur together in the southern Wadi<br />
Araba in areas with less than 50 mm. rain. Possibly this area was<br />
formerly inhabited only by Canis lupus arabs, which are probably<br />
better adapted to extreme desert conditions. Increasing human<br />
development of the area improved the conditions for wolves by<br />
providing an easily available source of food at garbage dumps,<br />
and by stimulating increase of wildlife near areas of irrigated<br />
agriculture. These improved conditions may have enabled the<br />
penetration of Canis lupus pa1lipes into this area, perhaps<br />
competing with Canis lupus arabs and supplanting it. If this<br />
assumption is correct, Canis lupus arabs should disappear from<br />
this area in the future. They are now much rarer than Canis lupus<br />
pallipes. It is not known if the two subspecies interbreed. Neither<br />
is information available to indicate whether the two populations<br />
share the same habitat, or whether they are spatially or<br />
temporally separated (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 28.01.2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
348
A similar case is occurring with two hedgehog species in the<br />
coastal plain of Palestine, where the European Hedgehog<br />
Erinaceus europaeus, following agricultural development, is<br />
supplanting the Long-eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus<br />
(Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
There still remains the fact that the wolves of the Mediterranean<br />
area of Palestine (greater than 400 mm. rain) are distinctly larger<br />
than those of the more arid areas (50-400 mm. rain). The question<br />
of whether these two discrete populations should be given<br />
separate subspecific status has to remain open until more material<br />
from other areas in the Near East can be examined. For the time<br />
being, the terms "Mediterranean pallipes" and "Desert pallipes"<br />
will be used (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. 15.06.2012. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
349
A very large male from the Syrian Golan, with a CBL of 226.7<br />
mm., and a weight of 32.3 kilogram and a dense, dark winter fur,<br />
is certainly quite different from any Canis lupus pallipes and looks<br />
more like a European wolf.<br />
It is remarkable that the wolves that lived in the Huleh Valley fall<br />
well within the range of the Mediterranean pallipes. The Huleh<br />
Valley is only a few kilometer distance from the Golan, but about<br />
1,000 meter lower. The amount of rain is about the same in both<br />
areas, but the Huleh Valley is much warmer (Mendelssohn I982,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Palestinian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs). 11.01.2012. Photo by Alexkant.<br />
http://www.zoochat.com/1551/israeli-wolf-canis-lupus-arabs-258932/<br />
Weights of Mediterranean pallipes wolves: the mean of males 23.6<br />
kilogram; and the mean of Desert pallipes wolves: males 20.1 kg,<br />
females 17.0 kg; while the mean weight of Canis lupus arabs: males<br />
18.0 kg, a female 12.3 kilogram.<br />
It may seem strange that in such a small country as Palestine, only<br />
410 kilometer from north to south, there are three distinct<br />
350
populations of such wide-ranging animals as wolves. There are,<br />
however, considerable climatic differences. Perhaps the different<br />
populations are well adapted to local climatic conditions. A<br />
similar situation is found with the leopard. They formerly<br />
occurred in Galilee, and perhaps in other areas in the north,<br />
Panthera pardus tulliana (now extinct in Palestine), one of the<br />
largest of the leopard subspecies. However, in the Jerusalem or<br />
Judean Desert and in the Naqab, Panthera pardus nimr occurs, one<br />
of the smallest subspecies. Perhaps for these two subspecies, the<br />
400 mm. isohyet was also the dividing line. The greatly varying<br />
environmental conditions over relatively small distances in<br />
Palestine may stimulate the development of differing populations<br />
adapted to special local conditions. There is in Palestine four<br />
populations of mole-rat Spalax ehrenbergi that differ in size,<br />
chromosomes and behavior (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
1990).<br />
The fur of Canis lupus pallipes and Canis lupus arabs is very short<br />
and thin in summer. The dorsal hair is somewhat longer, even in<br />
summer. Perhaps the longer dorsal hair provides some protection<br />
from solar radiation in summer if the animals have to be active<br />
during hot summer days. The winter coat is longer, but not as<br />
long and dense as that of more northern subspecies.<br />
The hair of the summer coat of Canis lupus pallipes and Canis lupus<br />
arabs is about 30 mm. long on the back and about 10 mm. on the<br />
sides, but there is much variation. Winter back hairs, particularly<br />
from the Mediterranean area, are 45-65 mm. long, those of the<br />
saddle 70-100 mm., and those of the sides 20-30 mm. long.<br />
Whereas the summer coat has no wool, or only a little between<br />
the longer dorsal hairs, the winter coat has a dense wool layer<br />
(Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
A characteristic feature of many wolves in Palestine is that the<br />
pads of the third and fourth toes are connected from behind. This<br />
connection is conspicuous mainly on the forefeet, but if the pads<br />
of the forefeet are connected, those of the hind feet are generally<br />
351
connected too. Under favorable conditions, this connection also<br />
shows in the tracks and verifies that the track is from a wolf<br />
(Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
<strong>By</strong> 1935 there were no wolves in the densely settled areas of the<br />
coastal plain and the areas between Hebron (Al Khalil) and<br />
Nablus. Between 1950 and 1970, they disappeared from most of<br />
northern Palestine and from the areas west of Jerusalem (Al<br />
Quds), and in 1980 they were rare in the areas north of Beer Al<br />
Sabea (Beer Sheva). They still occur in about half of Palestine in<br />
about 70% of the area they inhabited before 1950. The total<br />
number of wolves in Palestine may be 110-150 (Mendelssohn I982,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The Indian or Iranian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) lives in Northern<br />
Palestine. http://www.cosmosmith.com/iranian_wolves.asp<br />
According to many occasional observations, Palestinian wolves<br />
are opportunistic feeders, preying on smaller wildlife, rarely on<br />
wild ungulates, occasionally killing domestic animals, but often<br />
352
scavenging on livestock carcasses and at garbage dumps. Garbage<br />
dumps are good places to see wolves, especially in the desert, as<br />
are the feeding stations run by the "Israeli" Nature Reserves<br />
Authority (funded by the World Wildlife Fund) (Mendelssohn<br />
I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Desert wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) running, Naqab (Negev) Desert,<br />
Palestine. Photo by Frans Lanting.<br />
http://franslanting.photoshelter.com/image/I0000LG3NEjGBKno<br />
Analysis of 15 wolf stomach contents revealed remnants of the<br />
following animals: Jirds (Meriones sp. sp.), Hares (Lepus capensis)<br />
and Chukar Partridges (Alectoris chukar). Hares seem to be a<br />
common prey, bat many apparently are road-killed hares picked<br />
up by wolves. Several wolves that had been killed on roads had<br />
undigested pieces of hare in their stomachs.<br />
Gazelles (Gazella sp.) are occasionally taken, but there is only one<br />
observation of wolves hunting gazelle. In the northern Wadi<br />
Araba (Arava), three wolves were seen one morning chasing a<br />
male dorcas gazelle (Gazella dorcas subsp.) which they caught after<br />
353
a chase of about 1 kilometer. As gazelles are diurnal with poor<br />
vision at night, they are easily caught at night by wolves.<br />
In the Jerusalem (Judean) Desert and in the Naqab (Negev),<br />
wolves inhabit areas in which ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) occur, but<br />
no cases of predation on ibex are known. Wild pigs (Sus scrofa) are<br />
very common in northern Palestine and in the Golan, but no cases<br />
of preying on pigs have been observed so far (Mendelssohn I982,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
An Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) in Southern Palestine (the<br />
Southern Araba Desert). It has been scavenging alone that night. Photo<br />
by Plegadis.18 November 2005.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_desert_wolf_by_Snoosmumrik.jpg<br />
354
Wolf predation on livestock occurs mainly with the larger<br />
Mediterranean wolves, but is not common. They prey on sheep<br />
and beef cattle calves. Zebu calves are very rarely killed by<br />
wolves.<br />
Wolves of the Mediterranean area also feed on small animals, as<br />
shown by stomach contents and scats. A female that had been<br />
conditioned to people because she pair-bonded with a domestic<br />
dog, was observed catching and eating a hare, and she was often<br />
seen catching and eating voles (Microtus guentheri) weighing 25-40<br />
g.<br />
Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs). http://imgur.com/gallery/xCBU0<br />
The desert pallipes do not prey on large livestock. Predation on<br />
sheep in this area is rare, but the Bedouin consider wolves as<br />
predators of their black goats which are smaller than sheep, and<br />
in the southern Naqab and Sinai, weigh only 12-25 kilogram.<br />
Hairs of the black Bedouin goats have been found in wolf scats<br />
355
collected in this area, but it is unknown whether they were from<br />
kills or carrion (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The desert pallipes tend to approach settlements and people more<br />
than do the Mediterranean wolves. In a desert kibbutz (communal<br />
agricultural Israeli settlement), wolves entered the cowsheds at<br />
night and moved among cattle and calves without molesting even<br />
the youngest calves. However, they entered a hen-house and<br />
killed chickens. In another desert kibbutz, the wolves visited the<br />
area of the hen-houses at night and caught escaped chickens, but<br />
entered a hen-house and killed 10 hens when a door was left<br />
open. Their main food at both places, however, was chicken<br />
carcasses and offal that they scavenged from the garbage dump.<br />
These wolves react eagerly to the cheeping of chicks and were<br />
attracted from about one kilometer by these cheeps, both live and<br />
tape-recorded. Altogether, Palestinian wolves do not suffer from<br />
lack of food, as almost all specimens that could be examined were<br />
in prime physical condition (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
1990).<br />
Wolves and hyenas (Hyaena hyaena syriaca) meet quite often at<br />
garbage dumps, carcasses and feeding stations. Wolves generally<br />
make way for the hyenas which are larger, adults weighing 25-40<br />
kilogram. In one observation, however, a group of wolves drove a<br />
hyena from a carcass.<br />
Wolves feeding on carcasses during daylight may meet vultures.<br />
One pair of wolves was feeding on a carcass at a feeding station in<br />
the morning. Eight griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) from a<br />
nearby colony arrived, but did not approach the carcass until the<br />
wolves had departed. In another case, a lone wolf fed one<br />
morning on a carcass at another feeding station. Seventeen griffon<br />
vultures arrived and tried time and again, to approach the<br />
carcass, but were chased away each time by the wolf. They too<br />
had to wait until the wolf had departed (Mendelssohn I982,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
356
A Desert Wolf at Beer Al Sabea (Beer Sheva), Palestine. Photo<br />
by bartove. This is one of the smallest Wolves in the world (18 kg)<br />
living in southern Palestine. They are not very shy, because they are well<br />
protected for more than 20 years now. In northern Palestine lives the<br />
European subspecies (30 kg), which is much more difficult to<br />
photograph, because they are in a conflict with the cattle farmers, who<br />
shoot them from time to time.<br />
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Middle_East/Israel/Southern/Beer_She<br />
va/photo95801.htm<br />
In deserts, where wolves are relatively common, jackals (Canis<br />
aureus syriacus) occur only in a few localities. It is believed that<br />
jackals are more dependent on water since they are found,<br />
particularly in the desert, only near human settlements where<br />
water is available. It may, however, also be the easy availability of<br />
food that attracts jackals to settlements. Desert wolves, on the<br />
other hand, have been observed up to 50 kilometer from the<br />
nearest water. Possibly they drink only infrequently and husband<br />
their body water efficiently. In the few Mediterranean areas<br />
where both species occur, wolves are rare and probably cannot<br />
influence jackal populations. Cases of direct interactions between<br />
357
wolves and jackals have not been observed, but wolves probably<br />
dominate (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Feral dogs have replaced wolves in Palestine where wolves have<br />
disappeared. These feral dogs are crossbreeds between pariah<br />
dogs, which are no longer pure in Palestine, and imported<br />
European breeds, mainly alsatians. They subsist mainly by<br />
scavenging on garbage dumps and killing lambs, sheep and goats.<br />
These predations are often ascribed to wolves. They may kill 10,<br />
15 or more animals in one night, mostly by biting them in the<br />
throat. Once, three dogs killed 70 kids and goats in one night.<br />
Often, feral dogs do not feed on their victims. It is believed that<br />
where wolves are decreasing, they may hybridize with domestic<br />
dogs (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Like other information on the life history of wolves in Palestine,<br />
knowledge of wolf pack size and composition is based on casual<br />
observations. Harrison (1968) stated that the wolves of the arid<br />
regions of the Arabian Peninsula hunt singly or, at most, in pairs.<br />
Tristram (1866) stated that in Palestine he never saw two wolves<br />
together. In fact, almost all depredations on livestock during the<br />
last 75 years have been carried out by single wolves, or a pair<br />
(Mendelssohn 1982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Any group size, from single specimens to groups of 12, has been<br />
seen by reliable observers, with larger groups being seen only<br />
rarely. In late summer, autumn and winter when the grown cubs<br />
accompany their parents, family groups of up to a pair of adults<br />
and five cubs are quite often seen (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Palestinian wolves breed in winter and whelp in spring.<br />
According to the dentition of young cubs collected in the Wadi<br />
Araba in summer, the cubs are born there from early to mid-<br />
April. A female Canis lupus pallipes originating from that area and<br />
kept at the Wildlife Research Centre of Tel Aviv University<br />
(WRCTAU), came into estrus during the second half of January,<br />
358
and whelped between the end of March and the beginning of<br />
April. Because she had been kept isolated for several years at the<br />
Tel Aviv Zoo, she began to breed only in 19<strong>77</strong> at six years of age.<br />
She bore four cubs (all males) in 19<strong>77</strong>, six cubs (4 males, 2 females)<br />
in 1<strong>978</strong>, and a single male cub in 1979 (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong><strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Eqyptian Wolf (Canis lupus lupaster).<br />
http://copticliterature.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/eqyptian-wolf-canislupus-lupaster1.jpg<br />
There is only one observation on the time of reproduction in<br />
northern Palestine. A female in the last stages of gravidity was<br />
shot on 29 April 1952 at the hill range of Ramot Yissakhar. It may<br />
be, therefore, that reproduction in the Mediterranean area takes<br />
place somewhat later than in the desert (Mendelssohn I982,<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
Wolves in Palestine can live more than 8 years. It is reported that<br />
sex ratios in wolf populations are unequal. It is possible that the<br />
preponderance of males in Palestinian wolves is a real one, but it<br />
359
could also be that the females are more cautious than the males in<br />
relation to such mortality factors as road accidents, poisons and<br />
traps. The seemingly higher mortality rate of males in Palestine<br />
could either reflect a preponderance of males in litters, or greater<br />
caution on the part of females (Mendelssohn I982, <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong><br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong> 1990).<br />
The wolves in Palestine are protected by the ―Israeli‖ Wild<br />
Animals Protection Law of 1954, and the Palestinian Environment<br />
Law no. 7 of 1999, but they are poisoned illegally if they prey on<br />
live-stock. Wolves are only occasionally shot in Palestine.<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. September 2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10094783014/<br />
360
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Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Homepage.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004 /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten. Zweite erweiterte<br />
Auflage, August 2004: 460 Seiten. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Leopards of Palestine.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. United Arab<br />
Emirates. Number 41. Twenty Third <strong>Year</strong>. May 2005. pp. 1-9.<br />
367
http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). Der Arabische Leopard<br />
(Panthera pardus nimr). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 42. Twenty Third <strong>Year</strong>. June 2005. pp. 1-8. Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://leopard-pantherapardus.webs.com/arabischerleopard.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Mammals in Dubai Zoo,<br />
Dubai City, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 45, September 2005. pp. 1-14. Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah<br />
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by<br />
the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 46, October 2005. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo and the<br />
Natural History Museum in the City of Qalqilia, West Bank,<br />
Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 47, November 2005. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (Member of PALESTA)<br />
(2005). Palestinian Scientists and Technologists Abroad<br />
(PALESTA). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number<br />
47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal 1426. pp. 11-12.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Arabian Carnivores in<br />
the Arabia's Wildlife Centre, Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab<br />
Emirates. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 48.<br />
December 2005. pp. 1-9. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in<br />
Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005, 2006). Chapter 3: Geography, Flora and<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong>. Pages 32-39. in: Palestine: A Guide. <strong>By</strong> Mariam Shahin,<br />
Photography by George Azar. Co-Author: <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>.<br />
Northampton, Massachusetts: Interlink Publishing Group, 2005,<br />
2006. xi + 471 pages. Appendices to page 500.<br />
368
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). Mammalia<br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong>: The Mammals of Palestine / Die Säugetiere Palästinas.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 55, Twentyfourth<br />
<strong>Year</strong>, July 2006, Jumada Al-Thania 1427. pp. 1-46. Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates. http://archive.is/xmclD<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2006). Mammalia Arabica. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1980-2006 / Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1980-2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland & Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/mammaliaarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). The<br />
Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica) in Palestine. In:<br />
Mammalia Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and<br />
Europe between 1980-2006. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland und Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. pp. 147-149. http://archive.today/EihT4<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). Eine Persönlichkeit<br />
aus <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Palästina / A Personality from <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Palestine: <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong> (Abu <strong>Ali</strong>) (1938-2006). Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 56, Twenty-fourth <strong>Year</strong>, August 2006.<br />
pp. 8-19. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://bassam-ali-taherkhalaf.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). The<br />
Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and<br />
the East Mediterranean Region. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 57, Twenty-fourth <strong>Year</strong>, September<br />
2006. pp. 1-7. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://archive.today/GnBVs<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). The<br />
Asiatic or Persian Lion (Panthera leo persica, Meyer 1826) in<br />
Palestine and the Arabian and Islamic Region. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 58, October 2006,<br />
369
Ramadan 1427 H. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://www.oocities.org/jaffacity/Asiatic_Lion.html.tmp<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006).<br />
Ein Besuch im Neunkircher Zoo, Neunkirchen, Saarland,<br />
Deutschland / A Visit to Neunkirchen Zoo, Neunkirchen,<br />
Saarland, Germany. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 59, November 2006. pp.1-25. Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. (in Arabisch / Arabic).<br />
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Ein%20Besuch%20im%20Neunkir<br />
cher%20Zoo-%20Neunkirchen-%20Saarland-%20Deutschland<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Behavioural Observations on the Arabian Leopard (Panthera<br />
pardus nimr, Hemprich & Ehrenberg 1833) in the Arabia's Wildlife<br />
Centre, Desert Park, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 61, January 2007, Thu Al-<br />
Hijja 1427 AH. pp. 1-14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in<br />
Arabic; References in English and German).<br />
http://khalaf.homepage24.de/Behavioural%20Observations%20o<br />
n%20the%20Arabian%20Leopard%20in%20the%20Arabias%20Wildlife%20Centre-%20Sharjah-%20UAE<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
The First Sight Record of the Arabian Sand Cat (Felis margarita<br />
harrisoni, Hemmer, Grubb and Groves 1976) from the Gaza Strip,<br />
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 65,<br />
May 2007, Rabi'e Al-Akher 1428 AH. pp. 1-19. Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. (Article in English; Abstract in English and Arabic,<br />
Kurzfassung in Deutsch; References in English, German and<br />
Arabic). http://archive.today/zzECN<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin حٌوانات فلسطٌن (The Animals of Palestine).<br />
Wikipedia, Al-Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%<br />
AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
370
Mus musculus gazaensis <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2007: A New House Mouse<br />
Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 66, June 2007, Jamada Al-Ulla 1428<br />
AH. pp. 14-24. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in<br />
English).<br />
https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/spiny_mice/conversatio<br />
ns/messages/533<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Felidae Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and<br />
Europe between 1980-2007 / Felidae Arabica. Eine Zoologische<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1980-2007. <strong>ISBN</strong><br />
<strong>978</strong>-3-00-019568-6. Erste Auflage (First Edition), Juli 2007, 300 pp.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Deutschland &<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic, German and English).<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/felidaearabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). The Zanzibar Leopard (Panthera pardus adersi, Pocock<br />
1932). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74,<br />
February 2008. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/zanzibarleopard.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Nimer Zanjibar نمر زنجبار (Zanzibar Leopard). Wikipedia,<br />
Al-Mawsu'a Al- Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 74, February 2008. Page<br />
14. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Article in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%<br />
B2%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). The Sri Lanka leopard (Panthera pardus kotiya,<br />
Deraniyagala 1956). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number 76, April 2008. pp. 1-17. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/srilankaleopard.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Nimer Sri Lanka (Sri Lanka leopard). Wikipedia, Al-<br />
Mawsu'a Al-Hurra (The Free Encyclopedia). Gazelle: The<br />
371
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 76, April 2008. Page 18.<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B1_%D8%<br />
B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A<br />
7<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). The Persian or Iranian Leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor,<br />
Pocock 1927). Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin.<br />
Number <strong>77</strong>, May 2008. pp. 1-15. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://leopard-panthera-pardus.webs.com/persianleopard.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Canis aureus palaestina <strong>Khalaf</strong>, 2008: A New Golden Jackal<br />
Subspecies from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 80, August 2008, Rajab / Sha‘ban<br />
1429 AH. pp. 1-13. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (Abstract in<br />
English).<br />
https://de.groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/Raubkatzen/convers<br />
ations/topics/94<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2008). Carnivora Arabica. A Zoological Journey in Palestine,<br />
Arabia and Europe between 2005-2008. / Carnivora Arabica. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
2005-2008. First Edition, September 2008, Ramadan 1429 AH. 396<br />
pps. Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German).<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab 1430 AH. pp. 1-<br />
31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-faunapalestine.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
372
etween 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Der Mosbacher Löwe (Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau<br />
1906) / The Early Middle Pleistocene European Cave Lion<br />
(Panthera leo fossilis, Reichenau 1906). Gazelle - The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 101. January 2013.<br />
Pp. 1-26. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://lionpanthera-leo.webs.com/mosbacher-loewe<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Der Europäische Leopard (Panthera pardus<br />
sickenbergi, Schütt 1969) / The European Leopard (Panthera pardus<br />
373
sickenbergi, Schütt 1969). Gazelle - The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin (ISSN 0178-6288). Number 102. February 2013. Pp. 1-17.<br />
Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://leopardpanthera-pardus.webs.com/europeanleopard.htm<br />
&<br />
http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/europ__ische_leopard_panthera_p<br />
ardu<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Jerusalem, State of Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
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1934) and (Canis lupus pallipes Sykes, 1831) in Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number<br />
107, November 2013, Muharram 1435 AH. pp. 1-29. Dubai and<br />
Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://flora-faunapalestine.webs.com/palestinewolf1.htm<br />
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Wolf 8(1): 8-11.<br />
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Mendelssohn, H. (1983). Status of the wolf in the Middle East.<br />
Acta Zool.Fennica 174: 279-280.<br />
Nowak, R. M. (1979). North American Quaternary Canis.<br />
Monograph 6. Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas,<br />
Lawrence, Kansas, USA.<br />
OCR Online. Convert scanned documents to text.<br />
http://www.ocronline.com/<br />
Oppenheimer, E. & R. Oppenheimer (1975). Certain behavioral<br />
features in the pariah dog (Canis familiaris) in west Bengal.<br />
Applied Animal Ethology 2: 81 - 92.<br />
Roberts, T. J. (19<strong>77</strong>). The Mammals of Pakistan. Ernest Benn<br />
Limited, London. pps. 361.<br />
Shahi, S.P. (19<strong>77</strong>). Backs to the Wall, The Saga of Wildlife in<br />
Bihar. East West Printers, Patna.<br />
Shahi, S. P. (1983). Status of the gray wolf in India. Acta Zoologica<br />
Fennica 174: 283-286.<br />
Steinhart, P. (1995). The company of wolves. Vintage <strong>Book</strong>s, New<br />
375
York.<br />
Stockhaus, Klaus <strong>von</strong> (1965). Metrische Untersuchungen an<br />
Schädeln <strong>von</strong> Wölfen und Hunden, Zeitschrift für Zoologishe<br />
Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 3: 157 B 258.<br />
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-<br />
0469.1965.tb00429.x/abstract<br />
Sullivan, J. O. (1<strong>978</strong>). Variability in the wolf, a group hunter. In<br />
Wolf and man: evolution in parallel. 31 – 40. eds. R. L. Hall. and<br />
H. S. Sharp. Academic Press, NY.<br />
Teilhard de Chardin, P. and J. Piveteau (1930). Les mammifères<br />
fossiles de Nihowan (Chine). Annales de Paleontologie, T. XIX,<br />
Paris. (Cited in Pei 1934).<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. P. Z.<br />
S. London 1866: 84-93.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1866). The Land of Israel; a Journal of Travels in<br />
Palestine, undertaken with special reference to its physical<br />
character. Soc. For promoting Christian Knowledge Pub. London.<br />
pps. 649.<br />
Tristram, The Reverend Henry Baker (1884). The survey of<br />
western Palestine. The fauna and flora of Palestine. The<br />
Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, London, 1884.<br />
Ülkelerde Yaban Hayat. Karabag fauna ve florasi.<br />
http://yabantutkusu.com/category/ulkelerde-yaba-nhayat/<br />
Vesey Fitzgerald, D. F. (1952) Wild Life in Arabia. Oryx 1: No.5.<br />
Wayne, R. K. (1986). Cranial morphology of domestic and wild<br />
canids: the influence of development on morphological change.<br />
Journal of Morphology 187: 301 - 319.<br />
Wayne, R. K., N. Lehman, M. W. Allard and R. Honeycutt (1991).<br />
Mitochondrial DNA variability of the gray wolf: genetic<br />
consequences of population decline and habitat fragmentation.<br />
Conservation Biology 6(4): 559 – 569.<br />
Wayne. R. K. and S. J. O'Brien. (1987). Allozyme divergence<br />
within the Canidae. Systematic Zoology 36: 339-355.<br />
Wayne, R. K., B. Van Valkenburgh and S. J. O'Brien (1991).<br />
Molecular distance and divergence time in carnivores and<br />
376
primates. Molecular & Biological Evolution 8(3): 297-319.<br />
Wikipedia. Arabian Wolf.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_wolf<br />
Wikipedia. Subspecies of Canis lupus.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies_of_Canis_lupus<br />
Wild Arabia. Arabian Wolf.<br />
http://www.wildarabia.com/13-arabian-wolf<br />
Wilson , D. E. & D. M. Reeder (1993). Mammal species of the<br />
world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Smithsonian Inst.<br />
Press, Washington, DC.<br />
Zdansky, O. (1925). Quartäre Carnivoren aus Nord-China.<br />
Palaeontologia Sinica Series C, Vol. II, Fascicle 2, pp. 1 – 38. (Cited<br />
in Pei 1934).<br />
The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabs) at the Arabia’s Wildlife Centre in<br />
Sharjah, UAE. September 2013. Photo by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong><br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>.<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/10094802515/<br />
3<strong>77</strong>
378
1<br />
حيوانات فلسطين
2
حيوانات فلسطين<br />
الجزء الرابع<br />
زِضاؼبد ػِهًُخ حُىاَُخ فٍ ضُثىع فهؽطٍُ<br />
و<br />
ثٍُ األػىاو<br />
<strong>2014</strong><br />
–<br />
1893<br />
أ. ز. َىضيبٌ (<br />
َُؼًبٌ ) ػهٍ ثؽبو ػهٍ طبهط ذهف انُبفبوٌ<br />
انمُسغ انشطَف ، زونخ فهؽطٍُ<br />
ضيضبٌ ه َىنُى )رًىظ(<br />
<strong>2014</strong><br />
-<br />
1435<br />
و<br />
3
اُوُلً اُْو٣ق ، كُٝخ كَِط٤ٖ<br />
00970-2-2340035<br />
info@aljundi.biz<br />
www.aljundi.biz<br />
َىزياٌ (<br />
انًؤنف : أ. د. َُعًاٌ ) عهً بساو عهً طاهس خهف انٍافاوي<br />
انكخاب : حٍىاَاث فهسطٍٍ انجصء انسابع<br />
و<br />
دِزاساث عِهًٍت حٍَىاٍَت فً زُبىع فهسطٍٍ بٍٍ األعىاو<br />
<strong>2014</strong> -1893<br />
-<br />
انطبعت األونى . زيضاٌ -<br />
ٌىنٍى )حًىش(<br />
و <strong>2014</strong><br />
1435 ه<br />
انسقى اندونً انًعٍازي نهكخاب – 7 <strong>77</strong> – <strong>383</strong> – <strong>9950</strong> – <strong>978</strong> <strong>ISBN</strong><br />
يىقع انكخاب عهى شبكت اإلَخسَج:<br />
http://fauna-palaestina-part-1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm<br />
عُىاٌ انبسٌد اإلنكخسوًَ نهًؤنف :<br />
هاحف انًؤنف فً فهسطٍٍ :<br />
<strong>Jaffa</strong>city@yahoo.de<br />
00970-52-4170202<br />
حصًٍى غالف انكخاب : عُال يُصطفى خهف .<br />
يدٌُت دُبً ، دونت اإليازاث انعسبٍت<br />
انًخحدة .<br />
:<br />
صىزة انغالف اإلَجٍهٍصي / األنًاًَ انفهد فً حدٌقت اإليازاث نهحٍىاَاث ،<br />
أبىظبً ، دونت اإليازاث انعسبٍت انًخحدة . حصىٌس عُال يُصطفى خهف .<br />
:<br />
. 16.05.<strong>2014</strong><br />
.<br />
حى طباعت وحجهٍد انكخاب فً شهسة انًدائٍ انقُدض<br />
ٌىنٍى )حًىش(<br />
انشسٌف ، دونت فهسطٍٍ<br />
. <strong>2014</strong><br />
جًٍع انحقىق يحفىظت . ال ٌُسًح بئعادة إصداز هرا انكخاب ، أو أي جُصء يُه ،<br />
بأي شكم يٍ األشكال ، بدوٌ إذٌ خطً يٍ انُاشس .<br />
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any<br />
form or by any means without prior permission of the publisher.<br />
4
إهداء خاص إلى قائد الثورة الفلسطينية<br />
صّرث خجيؼٌٕ يغ شٖبدث اهرئٖس اهفوشطٌٖٕ اهلبئد اهريز اهشِٖد ٖبشر ػرفبح<br />
)أتّ ػيبر( أثٌبء زٖبرخَ اهرشيٖج األّهٓ إهٓ أهيبٌٖب ، ّٖظِر فٕ اهصّرث ٌبئة<br />
اهيشخشبر األهيبٌٕ ّّزٖر االكخصبد ّٖرجً يّهيبً )ٖيًٖ اهصّرث( ّّزٖر<br />
اهخؼبًّ االكخصبدٔ األهيبٌٕ ُبٌز ّٖرجً ّٖشٌفشنٕ )خوف أتّ ػيبر( ّنذهم<br />
رئٖس اهيٌُخدْ اهفوشطٌٖٕ فٕ أهيبٌٖب اهدنخّر ػبرف<br />
حجبج )إهٓ ٖشبرٔ(، ّذهم فٕ خجيغ احخفبهٕ ٌظيخَُ<br />
اهجيؼٖج األهيبٌٖج اهؼرتٖج ػوٓ شرف شٖبدث اهرئٖس<br />
اهزائر )أتّ ػيبر(، ّذهم فٕ فٌدق تٖخرزترج كرة<br />
اهؼبصيج األهيبٌٖج تًّ تخبرٖخ<br />
5<br />
8<br />
دٖشيتر 1993ى.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/733717421<br />
ُّذا خّكٖغ اهلبئد اهريز اهشِٖد أتّ ػيبر ػوٓ أحد نختٕ أثٌبء زٖبرخَ إهٓ<br />
أهيبٌٖب.<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/7441048414
6
–<br />
إهداء<br />
–<br />
أٛل١ ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إ٠ُ هُٝػ ٝاُل١ اُؾَج٤ت ٝ هلٝر٢ ثَبّ ػ٢ِ ٛبٛو فِق ٤ٛت هللا صواٙ ،<br />
ٝاُن١ أٗزوَ إ٠ُ عٞاهِ هثِٚ اُوؽ٤ْ ثؼ٤لاً ػٖ ِٝٛ٘ٚ ا٤ََُِت كَِط٤ٖ ٝػٖ ٓل٣٘زِٚ اُؾج٤جخ<br />
ػ٠ِ هِجِٚ ََٝٓوٜ هأٍِٚ ػوًٝ اُجؾو ٣بكب هجَ صٔب٤ٗخ أػٞاّ ٖٝٗق اُؼبّ ، ٝٛٞ اُن١<br />
٣ؼٞك إ٤ُٚ اُلَٚ األٍٝ ك٢ ٤َٓوح رؼ٢ٔ٤ِ أَُله٤ٍخ ٝاُغَبٓؼ٤خ ٝاُؾ٤َبر٤خ . ًٔب أٛل١<br />
ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إ٠ُ أ٢ٓ اُؾَج٤جخ ه٣٘برٚ ، أٛبٍ هللا رؼب٠ُ ك٢ ػُٔوٛب ، ك٢ٜ ًبٗذ ُٓوث٤ز٢<br />
ُٝٓؼِٔز٢ األ٠ُٝ ، ًٔب ػِٔز٢٘ ػ٠ِ أ٤ٔٛخ اٌُِزبة ٝؽَُٖ اُوِواءح ، ٝؽججز٢٘ ك٢ هِواءح<br />
اٌُُزت ٝإهز٘بء اُؤِٖ ًُٝزت األٛلبٍ ٝاٌُُزت اُضوبك٤خ ٝفبٕخ رِي أُُزؼِوخ ثبُؾ٤ٞاٗبد ،<br />
ّٝغؼز٢٘ ػ٠ِ ر٣ٌٖٞ ٌَٓزجز٢ األ٠ُٝ . ًٔب أٛل١ ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إ٠ُ ىٝعز٢ اُؾج٤جخ ٝهك٤وخ<br />
كَهث٢ َُٝٓزْبهر٢ األ٠ُٝ ػُال ، ٝاُز٢ ٕبؽجز٢٘ ك٢ ِْٓٞاه١ اُؼ٢ِِٔ ٝاُؾ٤بر٢ فالٍ<br />
٤ٍِٖ٘ ىٝاع٘ب ، ًٔب ًبٗذ ُٓؼِٔز٢ ك٢ ٓغبٍ اُؾبٍٞة ، ُٖٝٓٞهح كٞرٞعواك٤خ ُٓؾزوكخ<br />
ػ٠ِ األهٗ ٝك٢ أَُبء ٝرؾذ أُبء ، ًٝنُي ُٖٓٔٔخ ألؿِلخ ًُزج٢ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ أُُقزِلخ<br />
ٍٝبػل١ األ٣ٖٔ ك٢ ِٛجبػخ ٕلؾبد ًُزج٢ . ًٔب أٛل١ ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إ٠ُ إث٘ز٢ اُؾج٤جخ ٗٞهح،<br />
ٝاُز٢ رو٣ل إٔ رُٖجؼ إٓب ػبُٔخ ؽ٤َٞإ أٝ ك٘بٗخ أٝ ُٜٓ٘لٍخ ك٣ٌٞه ػ٘لٓب رٌجو ، ٝرٜزْ<br />
ثبُؾ٤ٞاٗبد أُٞعٞكح ك٢ ٓ٘يُ٘ب ٝثقبٕخ اُوطٜ " ر٢ٍٞ " ٝ " ث٤ٌٞ " ٝ "ثوؼخ " ٤ٛٝو<br />
اٌُ٘به١ " ر٣ٞز٢ " ٤ٛٝو اُججبء " ثج٤وٝ<br />
رالى٢٘ٓ كائٔبً أص٘بء ًِزبثبر٢ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ ٝرُؼط٢٘٤ أُُالؽظبد اُز٢ ال ر٘وطغ ، ٝرزؾَٔ<br />
إْٗب٢ُ ػٜ٘ب .<br />
–<br />
" ٌٍٝٔز٘ب اٌُ٘بٍخ " ًًٞ٘ " ، ٢ٛٝ اُز٢<br />
-<br />
ًٔب أٛل١ ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إ٠ُ ًَ اُجبؽض٤ٖ ٝاُلاه٤ٍٖ ٝأُُٜز٤ٖٔ ثؾ٤ٞاٗبد كَِط٤ٖ ٝاُز٢ رْ<br />
رٌو٣ْ اٌُض٤و ٜٓ٘ب ثنًوِٛب ك٢ ٍُٞه ٝآ٣بد اُووإٓ اٌُو٣ْ ، ٝإ٠ُ ٣َُبْٛ ٖٓ ًَ ك٢ ؽِٔب٣خ<br />
ٛنٙ أُقِٞهبد ٖٓ اإلٗوِواٗ ػ٠ِ أهٙ٘ب أُُجبهًخ ، ٝإ٠ُ ٣ُؾبكع ٖٓ ًَ ػ٠ِ اُج٤ئبد<br />
اُطج٤ؼ٤خ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ٝاُؼوث٤خ ٖٓ اُزل٤ٓو ٝاُزقو٣ت ٝاُزِٞس ، ؽز٠ رظَ ٛنٙ اُج٤ئبد ثٔب<br />
ػ٤ِٜب ٖٓ صوٝاد ٛج٤ؼ٤خ ٖٓ ؽ٤ٞاٗبد ٝٗجبربد ٌُٝٓٞٗبد ؿ٤و ؽ٤خ مفواً ُألع٤بٍ اُوبكٓخ،<br />
ألٜٗب أٓبٗخ ك٢ أػ٘به٘ب ع٤ٔؼبً ، ٝال ٣غت اُزلو٣ٜ ك٤ٜب ثأ١ ؽبٍ ٖٓ األؽٞاٍ ؛ كج٤ئبر٘ب<br />
اُطج٤ؼ٤خ رؼزجو عُيءاً ٖٓ اُزواس اُؾ٢ ُإلَٗب٤ٗخ عَٔؼبء ، ٣ٝغت ػلّ اُزأص٤و ٍَِجبً ك٢<br />
اُزٞاىٕ اُج٤ئ٢ اَُِٜ أُٞعٞك ك٢ األها٢ٙ أُُولٍخ ٝثالكٗب اُؼوث٤خ اُغ٤ِٔخ األفوٟ ،<br />
ٝال ٗي٣ل ٖٓ هُهؼخ اُقَِ ٝاُلٓبه ٝاُزِٞس اُج٤ئ٢ اُؾبَٕ ك٢ ٓ٘طوز٘ب اُؼوث٤خ عٔؼبء ،<br />
ٝاُن١ ٣يكاك ُألٍق ٣ٞٓبً ثؼل ٣ّٞ . ٕٝلم هللا اُؼظ٤ْ ؽ٤ٖ هبٍ ك٢ ًزبثِٚ اٌُو٣ْ ك٢<br />
ٍٞهح اُوّٝ " ظَٜوَ اُلََبكُ ك٢ اُجَو ٝاُجَؾو ثَٔب ًََجَذ أ٣لِٟ اُ٘بً ٤ُُن٣وُْٜ ثَؼَ٘ اُنِٟ<br />
ػَِِٔٞا ُؼَُِْٜ ٣َوعؼُٕٞ " )ا٣٥خ<br />
. )41<br />
7
8
)<br />
مُحتويات الكتاب (<br />
القسم العربي<br />
11<br />
16<br />
38<br />
33<br />
يُلديج اهنخبة<br />
...................................................................<br />
حّٖاً اهغُرٖر )اهغُرٖرٔ( اهفبرشٕ فٕ فوشطًٖ ّشتَ اهجزٖرث اهؼرتٖج<br />
دٌٖبصّراح اهلُدس اهشرٖف ، فوشطًٖ اهيُحخوج<br />
..<br />
........................<br />
جبئزث د. ٌّريبً )ٌُؼيبً( ػوٕ خوف هوخٌّع اهحّٖٔ فٕ فوشطًٖ<br />
2012<br />
2013 /<br />
اهفوشطٌٖٕ<br />
: يشبتلخٕ اهيلبهج ّاهخصّٖر اهفّخّغرافٕ هؼصففّر اهشفيس<br />
............................................................<br />
9
10
المُقدمة<br />
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم<br />
كَبهُّا َٖب أَتَبٌَب يَب هَمَ هَب خَأْيٌَََّب ػَوَٓ ُّٖشُفَ َّإٌََِّب هََُ هٌََبصِحًَُّ . أَرِشِوَُْ يَؼٌََب غَدّا َٖرِخَغِ<br />
ََّٖوْؼَةِ َّإٌََِّب هََُ هَحَبفِظًَُّ . كَبلَ إٌَِِّٕ هََٖحِزٌٌُُِٕ أًَِ خَذَُْتُّا تَِِ َّأَخَبفُ أًَِ َٖأْنُوََُ اهذَِّئْةُ َّأٌَْخُىِ<br />
ػٌََُْ غَبفِوًَُّ . كَبهُّا هَئًِِ أَنَوََُ اهذَِّئْةُ ٌََّحًُِ ػُصِتَجٌ إٌََِّب إِذًا هَخَبشِرًَُّ . فَوَيََّب ذََُتُّا تَِِ<br />
َّأَجِيَؼُّا أًَِ َٖجِؼَوٍُُّ فِٕ غََٖبتَحِ اهْجُةَِّ َّأَِّحٌََِٖب إِهََِِٖ هَخٌَُتَِّئٌَََُِّىِ تِأَيِرُِِىِ َُذَا َُّىِ هَب َٖشْؼُرًَُّ<br />
. َّجَبءُّا أَتَبُىِ ػِشَبءّ َٖتِنًَُّ . كَبهُّا َٖب أَتَبٌَب إٌََِّب ذََُتٌَِب ٌَشِخَتِقُ َّخَرَنٌَْب ُّٖشُفَ ػٌِْدَ يَخَبػٌَِب<br />
فَأَنَوََُ اهذَِّئْةُ َّيَب أٌَْحَ تِيُؤْيًٍِ هٌََب َّهَِّ نٌََُّب صَبدِكًَِٖ . َّجَبءُّا ػَوَٓ كَيِٖصَِِ تِدَىٍ نَذِةٍ كَبلَ<br />
تَلْ شَََّّهَحْ هَنُىِ أٌَْفُشُنُىِ أَيِرّا فَصَتِرْ جَيِٖلٌ َّاهوَََُّ اهْيُشِخَؼَبًُ ػَوَٓ يَب خَصِفًَُّ . )شّرث<br />
ّٖشف . اٖٗبح<br />
. )19 – 11<br />
.<br />
حيواوات –<br />
فلشطيه<br />
الجزء الرابع<br />
.<br />
<strong>2014</strong><br />
–<br />
1893<br />
دِراشات عِلنية حَيواوية في<br />
فلشطيه<br />
بيه األعوام<br />
إٕ اُؾٔل هلل ٗؾٔلُٙ َٝٗزؼ٤ُ٘ٚ َٝٗزلوُٙ ، ٝٗؼٞم ثبهلل ٖٓ ّوٝهِ أٗلَ٘ب ٤ٍئبدِ ٖٝٓ<br />
أػٔبُ٘ب ، ٖٓ ٣ُٜلٙ هللا كال َُٓٚ ُُٚ ، ٖٝٓ ٣َُِٚ كال ٛبك١ ُٚ ، ٝأّٜل إٔ ال إُٚ إال<br />
هللا ٝؽلُٙ ال ّو٣ي ُٚ ٝإٔ ُٓؾٔلاً ػجلُٙ ٝهٍُُٞٚ . ٝاُؾٔل هلل هةِ اُؼب٤ُٖٔ اُن١<br />
ث٘ؼٔزِٚ رزْ اُٖبُؾبد ، ٠ِٕٝ هللا ٍِْٝ ػ٠ِ فبرْ األٗج٤بءِ ٝأُُو٤ٍِٖ ٤ٍلٗب ُٓؾٔل<br />
ٝػ٠ِ آُِٚ ٕٝؾجِٚ ٖٝٓ أرجغ ُٛلاٙ إ٠ُ ٣ّٞ اُل٣ٖ .<br />
أٓب ثؼل ....<br />
إٕ ربه٣ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٣ٌٖٔ رزجؼٚ ٖٓ اُؼٖو اُلغو١ )اُؾل٣ش<br />
اَُبثن أٝ األ٤ٍٞ٣ٖ( ، ػ٘لٓب رواعغ اُجؾو ػٖ ٓ٘بٛن ّبٍؼخ ًبٕ ٣ط٤ٜب ُٔال٤٣ٖ<br />
ٖٓ ا٤َُٖ٘ . ٝهل ًبٗذ كَِط٤ٖ ٓب رياٍ عُيءاً ٖٓ ّجٚ اُوبهح اُؼوث٤خ اُ٘ٞث٤خ ،<br />
ٝاُز٢ أٓزلد ع٘ٞثبً ّٝوهبً ، ٝاُز٢ ٜٓ٘ب عبءد أ٠ُٝ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُجو٣خ . ٝػ٘لٓب<br />
ؽلس ك٢ اُؼٖو اُؾل٣ش اُوو٣ت )اُج٤ٍٞ٤ِٖ( إهرجبٛبً أه٤ٙبً ٓغ ع٘ٞة ّوم<br />
11
أٝهٝثب ، كول رجؼٚ رلكن ُِؾ٤ٞاٗبد ٖٓ ّجٚ عي٣وح اُجِوبٕ . ٝك٢ اُؼٖو اُؾل٣ش<br />
األهوة اَُُل٢ِ )اُج٤ٍٞ٤ِٖ اَُُل٢ِ( ، ًبٗذ ٛ٘بى ثؼ٘ األٗٞاع ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُز٢<br />
ًبٗذ رؼ٤ِ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ألع٤بٍ ػل٣لح ٓضَ اُق٘ي٣و ، ٝاُجو٤ٗن )كوً اُٜ٘و( ،<br />
ٝاٌُوًلٕ ، ٝاُٚجغ أُُ٘وٜ ، ًٝنُي عبءد الؽوبً ؽ٤ٞاٗبد أفوٟ ٖٓ اُٜ٘ل ، ٖٝٓ<br />
ث٤ٜ٘ب اُنئبة ٝاُيالٕ ٝاُق٤ٍٞ اُجو٣خ .<br />
صْ ؽلصذ ر٤واد ٓ٘بف٤خ فالٍ اُؼٖو اُؾل٣ش األهوة األٍٜٝ ٝاألػ٠ِ ؽز٠<br />
اُؼٖو اُؾغو١ اُؾل٣ش )ا٤ُٞ٤ُ٘ض٤ي( أ١ ٓ٘ن ٍجؼخ آالف ٍ٘خ ، ٝاُز٢ أؽٚود<br />
ر٤واد عل٣لح ك٢ رو٤ًجخ اُؾ٤بح اُؾ٤ٞا٤ٗخ أُؾ٤ِخ ؛ ٛنا ٓغ اُؼِْ إٔ اُؾ٤بح<br />
اُؾ٤ٞا٤ٗخ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٣ؾلس ُْ ُٜب أ٣خ ر٤واد ػ٤ٔوخ ٓ٘ن مُي اُؾ٤ٖ ، ٓغ إٔ<br />
اٌُض٤و ٖٓ األٗٞاع رٔذ إثبكرٜب ٖٓ فالٍ ا٤ُٖل ٝرل٤ٓو اُبثبد .<br />
ٝرٞهك اُزٞهاح ٝاإلٗغ٤َ ٝاُووإٓ اٌُو٣ْ مًِو اٌُض٤و ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُز٢ ًبٗذ رؼ٤ِ<br />
ثلَِط٤ٖ ك٢ هل٣ْ اُيٓبٕ ، ٝاُز٢ ُْ رؼل ٓٞعٞكح ك٢ اُلزوح اُؾب٤ُخ ٜٝٓ٘ب : األٍل ،<br />
اُججو ، اُلُة ، األ٣َ ، اُظج٢ ا٤ُؾٔٞه ٖٓ ثالك اُواكل٣ٖ ، اُظج٢ )اُجوو اُٞؽ٢ْ( ،<br />
اُضٞه اُجو١ ، ٝؽز٠ اُ٘ؼبٓخ ٝاُزَٔبػ . ًٔب رٞهك اُزٞهاح ٝاإلٗغ٤َ ٝاُووإٓ اٌُو٣ْ<br />
اٌُض٤و ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد األ٤ِٛخ ٓضَ : اُؾِٖبٕ ، اُ ِؾٔبه ، أُبػي ، اُقِواف ، اٌُِت،<br />
اُلعبط ، اُ٘ؾَ ، ٝأُب٤ّخ ، ًٝنُي كٝكح اُوي )كٝكح اُؾو٣و( . ٝثبَُ٘جخ ُِؾ٤ٞاٗبد<br />
اُجؾو٣خ ، كول رْ مًِو األٍٔبى ٝاُؾ٤زبٕ ، ٝهٞهؼخ أُُو٣ي اُز٢ ًبٕ ٣زْ عٔؼٜب<br />
إلٍزقواط إُِٞ األهعٞا٢ٗ ا٢ٌُِٔ ٜٓ٘ب . ٝثبَُ٘جخ ُِؾْواد ، كول رْ مًِو اُؤَ<br />
ٝاُجؼٞٗ ، ًٔب رْ اُزلو٣ن ث٤ٖ األٗٔبٛ اُؼل٣لح ٝأُواؽَ أُقزِلخ ُ٘ٔٞ اُغواك .<br />
ًٔب رْ مًِو اٌُض٤و ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد ك٢ اُووإٓ اٌُو٣ْ ٝاَُُ٘خ اُ٘ج٣ٞخ اُْو٣لخ ، ٝاُز٢<br />
ًبٗذ ُٜب ػالهخ ثأهٗ كَِط٤ٖ أُُجبهًخ ، ال ٤ٍٔب أٗٚ ًبٕ ٣ؼ٤ِ ػ٠ِ أهٜٙب<br />
اٌُض٤و ٖٓ األٗج٤بء ٝاُوٍَُ . كٖٔ هٖٔ اُووإٓ اٌُو٣ْ ٝاَُُ٘خ اُ٘ج٣ٞخ اُْو٣لخ :<br />
هٖخ ٤ٍلٗب إثوا٤ْٛ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ )أثٞ األٗج٤بء( ٝإث٘ٚ إٍٔبػ٤َ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ )أثٞ<br />
اُؼوة( ٝاٌُجِ ، ٝهٖخ ٤ٍلٗب ٤ٍُِٔبٕ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ )اُن١ ػُِْ ٓ٘طن اُط٤و( ٓغ<br />
اُُٜلُٛل ، ٝأ٣ٚبً هٖزٚ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ ٓغ اَُ٘ٔ ك٢ ٝاكِ اَُ٘ٔ ، ًٝنُي هٖخ ٓٞرِِٚ<br />
ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ ٝكاثخ األهٗ )األهٙخ( اُز٢ أًِذ َِٓ٘أرُٚ )ػَٖبُٙ( ، ٝهٖخ ٤ٍلٗب<br />
٣ٍٞق ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ ٓغ اُنئت ، ٝهٖخ ٤ٍلٗب كا٤ٗبٍ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ ٝاألٍٞك ، ٝهٖخ<br />
٤ٍلٗب ٣ٌٞٗ ػ٤ِٚ اَُالّ )ما إُ٘ٞ أٝ ٕبؽت اُؾٞد( ٓغ اُؾٞد ك٢ ثؾو ٣بكب<br />
ٝهٖخ ث٢٘ إٍوائ٤َ ٤ٕٝلْٛ ُِؾ٤زبٕ )األٍٔبى( ٣ّٞ اَُجذ ، ًٝنُي<br />
هٖخ ث٢٘ إٍوائ٤َ ٝاُن٣ٖ عؼَ هللا رؼب٠ُ ْٜٓ٘ اُووكح ٝاُق٘بى٣و ، ٝأ٣ٚبً هٖخ<br />
12<br />
ثلَِط٤ٖ ،
٤ٍلٗب ُٓؾٔل ٠ِٕ هللا ػ٤ِٚ ٍِْٝ ٝكاثخ اُجُوام ك٢ هؽِخ اإلٍواء ٝأُؼواط ٖٓ<br />
أَُغل اُؾواّ ك٢ ٌٓخ أٌُُوٓخ إ٠ُ أَُغل األه٠ٖ أُُجبهى ك٢ اُولً اُْو٣ق<br />
٣ٝؼ٤ِ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ؽب٤ُبً ٓب ث٤ٖ<br />
ٗٞػبً ٖٓ اُط٤ٞه ، ٝٓب ث٤ٖ<br />
.<br />
80-70<br />
120-100<br />
ٖٓ األٍٔبى ، ٝؽٞا٢ُ 5000 ٗٞػبً ٖٓ اُؾْواد .<br />
ٗٞػبً ٖٓ اُضل٤٣بد ، ٝٓب ث٤ٖ<br />
ٗٞػبً ٖٓ اُيٝاؽق ، ٝؽٞا٢ُ<br />
520-500<br />
400<br />
13<br />
ٝثبَُ٘جخ ، ٢ُ كٔ٘ن<br />
ٗٞػبً<br />
إُزؾبه٢ ث٤ٌِخ اُؼِّٞ ثغبٓؼخ ا٣ٌُٞذ ُِزقٖٔ ك٢ ٓغبٍ ػِِْ<br />
اُؾ٤ٞإ ، كول هٔذ ثْ٘و ٓوبالر٢ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ األؽ٤بئ٤خ ك٢ ْٗوح ٝٓغِخ اُغٔؼ٤خ<br />
اُج٤ُٞٞع٤خ ثغبٓؼخ ا٣ٌُٞذ ، ٝاُز٢ ًبٗذ أٝالٛب ٓوبالً ثؼ٘ٞإ " طجُؼخ انزهىٌ فٍ<br />
، ك٢ ّٜو ٣٘ب٣و )ًبٕٗٞ اُضب٢ٗ( . ٝهل هٔذ ثْ٘و أٍٝ ٓوبٍ ٢ُ<br />
ػٖ ؽ٤ٞاٗبد كَِط٤ٖ ثؼ٘ٞإ " حُىاٌ انغطَط فٍ فهؽطٍُ وشجه انجعَطح<br />
ٝاُز٢ ًبٕ<br />
انؼطثُخ" ك٢ ّٜو كجوا٣و )ّجبٛ( ، ك٢ ْٗوح<br />
٣ٖلهٛب اُزغٔغ ا٢ُ٘ٛٞ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ثغبٓؼخ ا٣ٌُٞذ . ٝك٢ ّٜو ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى(<br />
هٔذ ثئٕلاه اُؼلك األٍٝ ٖٓ ْٗوح " انغعال : انُشطح انفهؽطُُُخ نؼهى<br />
، ُزٌٕٞ أٍٝ<br />
، ماد اُزوه٤ْ اُل٢ُٝ ُِْ٘واد<br />
ٓطجٞػخ ػ٤ِِٔخ كَِط٤٘٤خ ُٓزقٖٖخ ك٢ اُؼبُْ . ٝهل رٞاُذ أُوبالد ك٤ٜب ػجو<br />
اَُ٘ٞاد ، ٝرْ ُٕلٝه ػلكاً ٓزٞا٤ُبً ٖٓ ْٗوح "اُياٍ" ؽز٠ ٣ٞٓ٘ب ٛنا ؛<br />
ٝفالٍ أًضو ٖٓ صالص٤ٖ ٍ٘خ ٓٚذ ، هٔذ ثبٌُض٤و ٖٓ األثؾبس ٝاُلهاٍبد ًٝزبثخ<br />
أُوبالد أُُزؼِوخ ثؾ٤ٞاٗبد كَِط٤ٖ ، ٝهٔذ ثْ٘وٛب ك٢ ْٗوح "اُياٍ" ًٝنُي<br />
اٌُزت ٝأُغالد اُؼ٤ِِٔخ أُُزقٖٖخ .<br />
" انربنصخ "<br />
1980<br />
ISSN 0178 - 6288<br />
1983<br />
124<br />
انحُىاَبد "<br />
1983<br />
األحُبء "<br />
ٝفِالٍ هؽِخ ػ٤ِٔخ أٍزوهذ أًضو ٖٓ صِش هوٕ ٖٓ اُيٓبٕ ، هٔذ فِالُٜب ثبٌُض٤و<br />
ٖٓ األثؾبس ٝاُلهاٍبد اُؼ٤ِِٔخ ك٢ ٓغبالد ػِّٞ األؽ٤بء ٝاُغ٤ُٞٞع٤ب ٝاُجؾبه<br />
ٝاُج٤ئخ ، ك٢ اُؼل٣ل ٖٓ اُجُِلإ ا٣ٞ٤ٍ٥خ ٝاألٝهٝث٤خ ٝاألكو٣و٤خ ، ٝرْ فِالُٜب ْٗو<br />
اُؼل٣ل ٖٓ أثؾبص٢ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ ك٢ أُغالد اُؼ٤ِِٔخ ٝاٌُزت أُُزقٖٖخ ، ٝك٢ ْٗوح<br />
"اُياٍ" األؽ٤بئ٤خ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ، ًٔب رْ ْٗو اُؼل٣ل ٖٓ أُٞا٤ٙغ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ ٓ٘ن اُؼبّ<br />
ٝٓٞاهغ ػل٣لح ػ٠ِ<br />
ػ٠ِ ٓٞهغ اإلٗزوٗذ<br />
ك٢ ّجٌخ اإلٗزوٗذ ، ًٔب رْ ُٕلٝه ًِزبث٢ اُؼ٢ِِٔ األٍٝ<br />
ثؼ٘ٞإ انُشطح انفهؽطُُُخ نؼهى األحُبء " ك٢ ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى(<br />
ًِٝزبث٢ اُضب٢ٗ " ضِحهخ ػِهًُخ فٍ انؼهىو انًبئُخ انؼطثُخ " ك٢ أؿَطٌ )آة(<br />
ك٢ ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى(<br />
، ًِٝزبث٢ اُضبُش<br />
ك٢ ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى( ، ًِٝزبث٢ اُقبٌٓ<br />
اُواثغ<br />
، 2004<br />
، 2006 ًِٝزبث٢<br />
www.gazelle.8m.net<br />
2007<br />
2001<br />
www.webs.com<br />
" انغعال –<br />
" انثسَُبد انؼطثُخ "<br />
2005<br />
" انؽُىضَبد انؼطثُخ "
" حُىاَبد<br />
2008<br />
، 2009 ًِٝزبث٢ اَُبثغ "<br />
2010<br />
" انهىاحى انؼطثُخ "<br />
-<br />
–<br />
" حُىاَبد –<br />
، ًِٝزبث٢ اَُبكً<br />
ك٢ ٍجزٔجو )أ٣ٍِٞ( حُىاَبد<br />
انجعء األول " ك٢ ٍجزٔجو )أ٣ٍِٞ(<br />
فهؽطٍُ ، ًِٝزبث٢ اُضبٖٓ<br />
انجعء األول " ك٢ ٗٞكٔجو )رْو٣ٖ اُضب٢ٗ( اإليبضاد انجعء انثبٍَ " ٖٓ كاه اُغ٘ل١ ُِْ٘و ٝاُزٞى٣غ ك٢ اُولً<br />
فهؽطٍُ ، ًٝنُي ُٕلٝه ًِزبث٢ اُؼ٢ِِٔ اُزبٍغ<br />
اُْو٣ق ك٢ ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى( فهؽطٍُ انجعء انثبنث " ٖٓ كاه اُغ٘ل١ ُِْ٘و ٝاُزٞى٣غ ك٢ اُولً<br />
اُْو٣ق ك٢ ٤ُٞ٣ٞ )رٔٞى( ، ٝأف٤واً هوهد إٔ أْٗو انجعء انطاثغ<br />
ًِزبة " حُىاَبد فهؽطٍُ " ٝاُن١ ٣زٖٚٔ أثؾبس ٝٓوبالد ُٓقزبهح ػٖ ؽ٤ٞاٗبد<br />
. ٝثٌَ كقو ٝإػزياى ٣زْ<br />
كَِط٤ٖ ٝاُز٢ ُْٗود ٓب ث٤ٖ األػٞاّ<br />
ٕلٝه ٛنا اٌُزبة ٓوح أفوٟ ك٢ ىٛوح أُلائٖ اُولً اُْو٣ق ػبٕٔخ كَِط٤ٖ<br />
أُُؾزِخ ، ٝاُؼبٕٔخ اُلائٔخ ُِضوبكخ اُؼوث٤خ .<br />
ٖٓ<br />
<strong>2014</strong><br />
-<br />
1983<br />
2012<br />
2013<br />
" حُىاَبد –<br />
آَٓ إٔ ٣ٌٕٞ ًِزبث٢ ٛنا إؽلٟ اُِج٘بد ك٢ َٕوػ أٌُزجخ اُؼ٤ِِٔخ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ<br />
ٝاُؼَوث٤خ ، ٝأٍأٍ هللا ػي ٝعَ إٔ ٣غؼِٚ فبُٖبً ُٞعِٜٚ اٌُو٣ْ ، ٝإٔ ٣٘لؼ٢٘ ثِٚ ك٢<br />
ؽ٤َبر٢ ٝثؼل َٓٔبر٢ ، ٝإٔ ٣٘لغ ثٚ أُُٜز٤ٖٔ ك٢ َٓغبالد ػُِّٞ اُؾ٤َٞإ ٝاُج٤ئخ<br />
اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ٝاُؼوث٤خ ، ٝإٔ ٣زوجُِٚ ٣َٝغؼُِٚ ٢٘ٓ ك٢ ٤ِٓيإ ؽََ٘بر٢ ٣ّٞ اُو٤بٓخ ، إُٗٚ<br />
ا٤َُٔغُ أُُغ٤ت .<br />
ػٖ أث٢ ُٛو٣وح ه٢ٙ هللا ػ٘ٚ هبٍ : هبٍ هٍٍَُٞ هللاِ ٠َِٕ هللاُ ػ٤ِِٚ ٍَِْٝ : " َٖٓ<br />
ٍَِي ٛو٣وبً ٣ِزٌُِٔ ك٤ِٚ ػِِٔبً ، ٍَََٜ هللاُ ُُٚ ثِٚ ٛو٣وبً إ٠ُ اُغ٘خ " )هٝاُٙ<br />
اُؾل٣ش<br />
اُزوٓن١ ،<br />
"<br />
. )2646<br />
ثَْ هللا اُوؽٖٔ اُوؽ٤ْ : إٍَِِّ رَىَكَّهْذُ ػَهًَ َّللاَّ ِ ضَثٍِّ وَضَثِّكُىْ يَب يٍِْ زَاثَّخٍ إَِّلَّ هُىَ<br />
آذِصٌ ثَُِبصَُِزِهَب إٌَِّ ضَثٍِّ ػَهًَ صِطَاطٍ يُؽْزَمُِىٍ )ٍٞهح ٛٞك<br />
، ا٣٥خ )56 .<br />
. "<br />
8<br />
ٝاُؾٔلُ هللِ هة اُؼب٤ُٖٔ . ٝاَُالُّ ػ٤ٌِْ ٝهؽٔخ هللا ٝثوًبرٚ .<br />
أ. ك. ٗٞهٓبٕ ( ُٗؼٔبٕ ) ػ٢ِ ثَبّ ػ٠ِ ٛبٛو فِق ا٤ُبكب١ٝ .<br />
اُولً اُْو٣ق ، كُٝخ كَِط٤ٖ<br />
٤ٓالك٣خ )اُنًوٟ اُضب٤ٗخ<br />
هٓٚبٕ<br />
ٝاُق٤َٖٔ ٤ُٔالك١( .<br />
ٞ٤ُٞ٣ )رٔٞى( <strong>2014</strong><br />
5<br />
1435 ِٛغو٣خ ،<br />
14
15
حُىاٌ انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ(<br />
وشجه انجعَطح انؼطثُخ<br />
انفبضؼٍ<br />
فٍ فهؽطٍُ<br />
The Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens<br />
Blanford, 1875) in Palestine and the<br />
Arabian Peninsula<br />
بقلم : أ. د. وورناه )وعناه( علي بشام علي طاهر خلف اليافاوي<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<br />
Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ( انفبضؼٍ فٍ ثُذ ؼبحىض ، زونخ فهؽطٍُ فٍ انؼبو . 2012 رصىَط : انًُسَط<br />
انزُفُصٌ نجًؼُخ انحُبح انجطَخ فٍ فهؽطٍُ األؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ .<br />
A Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens) at Beit Sahour, Palestine<br />
in 2012. Photograph by Mr. Imad Atrash, Executive Director of the<br />
Palestine Wildlife Society.<br />
16
صفبد جُػ انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ(<br />
Genus Meles<br />
إ٠ُ ؽ٤ٞاٗبد إثٖ ػُوً<br />
ر٘ز٢ٔ أػٚبء عٌ٘ اُُو٣و<br />
. ٝعٌ٘ اُُو٣و ٓؼوٝكخ ثوٞح اُج٤ُ٘بٕ ٝرٌٕٞ أعَبْٜٓ صق٤٘خ ، أٓب<br />
األٛواف ٝاُن٣َ كزٌٕٞ ه٤ٖوح . ٝرٌٕٞ األهلاّ ؽبكوح ٝأف٤ٖٔخ ا٤َُو )ر٢ْٔ<br />
ػ٠ِ ثبٖٛ اُولّ ٝهل ٌٓ ػوجٜب األهٗ( ؛ ٝال رٞعل ث٤ٖ األٕبثغ ؿْبء ؛ ٝرٌٕٞ<br />
إٔبثغ اُولّ األٓب٤ٓخ ُٓيٝكح ثٔقبُت ٣ِٞٛخ . ٣ٌٕٝٞ اإلٛبة فْ٘بً ٣ٝزٔزغ ثؾو٣خ<br />
َٗج٤خ ثبُؾوًخ )ٓلٌٞى( ؛ ٣ٌٕٝٞ اُقطْ ُٓلثجبً ، ٝاألمٗبٕ ه٤ٖوربٕ ٌُٜٝ٘ٔب رُوٟ<br />
ثَُٜٞخ ؛ ٣ٝٞعل ثبُٞعٚ فطبٕ ٤ُٞٛبٕ ماد ُٕٞ أٍٞك ٣طٞهب اُؼ٤٘٤ٖ ، ٣ٝزٍٞطٜٔب<br />
فٜ أث٤٘ ؛ ٛنا ٣ٝٞعل ٤ًٌ ؿُل١ رؾذ م٢ِ٣ ، ًٔب ٣ٞعل ىٝط ٖٓ اُلك<br />
اُْوع٤خ. ٝرٌٕٞ اُغٔغٔخ ٤ٙوخ ُٝٓورلؼخ ٓغ ٝعٞك ؽ٤ل ٢ٍٜٔ ًج٤و ، ٝٓ٘طوخ<br />
اُقطْ رٌٕٞ ُٓٔزلح ، ٝرٌٕٞ اُلوبػخ اُطجال٤ٗخ )عيء ٖٓ اُغُٔغٔخ( ُٓورلؼخ ػ٠ِ<br />
ٍٛٞ ؽٞاكٜب اُلاف٤ِخ ، ٢ٛٝ ُٓ٘جَطخ ٖٓ اُقبهط ٓغ ٝعٞك ه٘بح ػظ٤ٔخ ٝاٙؾخ .<br />
ٝإٕ اُيٝائل )اُ٘زؤاد( اُغلاه٣خ أُؤفو٣خ ٗب٤ٓخ ثٌَْ ع٤ل ، ٢ٛٝ ٓلُٖٞخ ػٖ<br />
اُلوبػخ ، ًٔب رٌٕٞ اُيٝائل اُقْبئ٤خ ه٣ٞخ )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛ فِق ؛<br />
فِق<br />
1983<br />
1968<br />
Mustelids<br />
. ) 2009<br />
ٝثبَُ٘جخ ُطج٤ؼخ األٍ٘بٕ كئٗ٘ب ٗالؽع إٔ اَُِٖ اُوجَ ٛبؽٖ اُؼ١ُِٞ األٍٝ اُٖ٤و<br />
٣ٌٕٞ ػبكح ؿ٤و ٓٞعٞك ك٢ عٔبعْ اُجبُ٤ٖ . ٝاَُِٖ اُوبٛغ اُوجَ ٛبؽٖ<br />
اُؼ١ُِٞ ٣ٌٕٞ ٕ٤واً ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ اُغيء اُقبهع٢ اُؾبك ثٚ ٗزٞء ربط<br />
أٓب٢ٓ ٝاؽل ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ اُلٔ اُلاف٢ِ ًج٤و ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ ما ٌَّ ُٓضِض٢ روو٣جبً ٓغ ٝعٞك<br />
إص٤ٖ٘ أٝ صالصخ ٗزؤاد ر٤غبٕ ٕ٤وح ر٘ٔٞ ٖٓ ؽٞاكٜب . ٣ٌٕٝٞ اُطبؽٖ األٍٝ<br />
اُؼ١ُِٞ ثبُٔوبهٗخ ًج٤و علاً ، ؽ٤ش إٔ ؽغُٔٚ ٣ٌٕٞ ٖٓ إص٘بٕ إ٠ُ صالصخ أٙؼبف<br />
ٓ٘طوخ اُزبط ك٢ اَُِٖ اُوبٛغ ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ ٌِّٚ ّج٤ٚ ثبُُٔؼ٤ٖ ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ هطوٛب األًجو<br />
ك٢ ٓؾٞه ٕق األٍ٘بٕ ، ٝرٞعل أهثؼخ ٗزؤاد ر٤غبٕ ثلائ٤خ ؛ ٝإٕ أُقوٝٛ األٍٝ<br />
)اُطوف األٓب٢ٓ ُِٚوً اُطبؽٖ اُؼ١ُِٞ( ٣ٌٕٞ هٔخ ُٓ٘ؾ٤٘خ ُٓزٍٞطخ ُٓٔزلح ،<br />
ٝػبكح ٓغ ٗزؤاد ر٤غبٕ صب٣ٞٗخ ؛ ٝإٕ اُطٞم اُلاف٢ِ ٣ٌٕٞ ٓوكٞػبً إ٠ُ ؽبكخ<br />
ُٓؾيىح )َُٓ٘٘خ( ، ٣ٌٕٝٞ اَُِٖ اُوبٛغ اُطبؽٖ اَُل٢ِ ًج٤و علاً ، ٝإٕ عيئٜب<br />
األٓب٢ٓ ٣ؾ١ٞ صالصخ ٗزٞءاد ر٤غبٕ ًج٤وح ُٝٓزَب٣ٝخ روو٣جبً ، ٝإٕ اُؼوت اُقِل٢<br />
٣ٌٕٞ أًجو ثٌَْ ٝاٙؼ ٖٓ أُُضِش األٓب٢ٓ ، ٝؽٞاكٜب رٌٕٞ َُٓزلهخ اُطوف .<br />
ٝاُطبؽٖ اَُُل٢ِ اُضب٢ٗ ٣ٌٕٞ ٕ٤واً ُٝٓلٝهاً )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛ فِق ؛<br />
فِق<br />
1983<br />
1968<br />
carnassial<br />
. )2009<br />
17
انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ( انفبضؼٍ فٍ ثُذ ؼبحىض ، زونخ فهؽطٍُ فٍ انؼبو<br />
. 2012 رصىَط : انًُسَط<br />
انزُفُصٌ نجًؼُخ انحُبح انجطَخ فٍ فهؽطٍُ األؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ .<br />
A Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens) at Beit Sahour, Palestine<br />
in 2012. Photograph by Mr. Imad Atrash, Executive Director of the<br />
Palestine Wildlife Society.<br />
أُُؼبكُخ ا٤َُِ٘خ : اُوٞاٛغ<br />
، 3/3 األ٤ٗبة 1/1<br />
، هجَ ٛٞاؽٖ<br />
، 4/4 ٛٞاؽٖ = 2/1<br />
. ٍٖ 38<br />
ٌٕٞ٣ٝ<br />
اُطوف اُجؼ٤ل ُؼظٔخ اُو٤ٚت ُٓٔزلاً ُٝٓ٘جَطبً ه٤ِالً ٓغ ٝعٞك ؽبكخ ُٓلٝهح ،<br />
٢ٛٝ أؽ٤بٗبً رٌٕٞ ٓضوٞثخ ثبُطوف اُجؼ٤ل ػ٘ل أٍبً اُزٔلك )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛<br />
فِق<br />
1968<br />
1983 ؛ فِق )2009 .<br />
، ٝهل أِٛوٚ ػ٤ِٚ ػبُْ<br />
اإلؼى انؼهًٍ نهُىع : انغُطَط انغُطَط<br />
اُز٤ٖ٘ق ا٣َُٞل١ ًبهٍ ٤٘٤ًُٞ ك٢ اُؼبّ 1758<br />
اإلٍْ اُؼب٢ٓ ثبُِخ األُٔب٤ٗخ<br />
اُن١ ٣ؼ٤ِ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٝثبه٢ ّجٚ اُغي٣وح اُؼوث٤خ ٛٞ ا٣ُُٞ٘غ اُلبه٢ٍ أٝ<br />
اُوٞهبى١ ٝإٍٔٚ اُؼ٢ِٔ ( اُُو٣و اُُو٣و اُوِٓبك١<br />
، ٝهل أِٛوٚ ػ٤ِٚ ػبُْ اُؾ٤ٞإ ثالٗلٞهك ك٢ اُؼبّ ، ْٝٗوٛب ك٢ أُغِخ<br />
اُؾ٤ُٞخ ُِزبه٣ اُطج٤ؼ٢ ، أٓب اُؼ٤٘خ اُز٢ كؾٖٜب كول ًبٗذ ٖٓ ػجبكح<br />
Meles meles<br />
.<br />
(Dachs) ، ٝثبُِخ اإلٗغ٤ِي٣خ )Badger( ، ٝا٣ُُٞ٘غ<br />
)Meles meles canescens<br />
1875<br />
، Abadeh<br />
18
٢ٛٝ روغ ث٤ٖ ٓل٣٘ز٢ ٤ّواى ٝإٔلٜبٕ اإل٣وا٤ٗز٤ٖ ػ٠ِ إهرلبع ؽٞا٢ُ ٍجؼخ آالف<br />
هلّ )فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
،<br />
. )2012<br />
2009<br />
1983<br />
ٝأه٣ل ٛ٘ب إٔ أٍغَ ٓالؽظخ ث٤َطخ ػ٠ِ أٌُِخ canescens ك٢ٜ ثبإلٙبكخ إ٠ُ<br />
أٜٗب رؼ٢٘ اُٞثو م١ إُِٞ اُوٓبك١ ، ك٢ٜ رؼ٢٘ أ٣ًٚب اُٞثو م١ إُِٞ األث٤٘ .<br />
ٖٓ ٢ٌُ٘ٝ فالٍ كهاٍز٢ ُٜنا اُؾ٤ٞإ كئ٢٘ٗ ٝعلد أٗٚ ٖٓ األَٗت إٍزؼٔبٍ إُِٞ<br />
اُوٓبك١ ثلالً ٖٓ إُِٞ األث٤٘ إلهرجبٛ إُِٞ األٍٝ ثؾ٤ٞاٗ٘ب أًضو . ٣ٌٖٝٔ ر٤٤ٔي<br />
ٍُالُخ أٝ ٣ُٞٗغ )اُُو٣و اُُو٣و اُوِٓبك١<br />
اَُالُخ اُ٘ٔٞمع٤خ )اُُو٣و اُُو٣و )Meles meles ثإٔ ٓؼلٍ ؽغٜٔب إٔو،<br />
٣ٌٕٝٞ أًجو ٍٛٞ ُِغُٔغٔخ ٛٞ ٓب ث٤ٖ ٤ِِٓٔزوًا. ٛنا ٝهل َٕ ٝىٕ<br />
أٗض٠ ثبُخ ٖٓ ٛنٙ اَُُالُخ اُلبه٤ٍخ إ٠ُ رَؼخ آالف ٝٓبئز٤ٖ عواّ )فِق ؛<br />
فِق ؛ فِق 2012(<br />
)Meles meles canescens ػٖ<br />
1983<br />
136<br />
-118<br />
.<br />
2009<br />
انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ( انفبضؼٍ فٍ ثُذ ؼبحىض ، زونخ فهؽطٍُ فٍ انؼبو<br />
. 2012 رصىَط : انًُسَط<br />
انزُفُصٌ نجًؼُخ انحُبح انجطَخ فٍ فهؽطٍُ األؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ .<br />
A Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens) at Beit Sahour, Palestine<br />
in 2012. Photograph by Mr. Imad Atrash, Executive Director of the<br />
Palestine Wildlife Society.<br />
19
اإلَزشبض فٍ فهؽطٍُ وثبلٍ شجه انجعَطح انؼطثُخ:<br />
٣وزٖو ٝعٞك ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و )اُُو٣و١( ك٢ أُ٘بٛن اُقٖجخ ثبألعياء أُْب٤ُخ<br />
ٝأُْب٤ُخ اُوث٤خ ٖٓ ّجٚ اُغي٣وح اُؼوث٤خ . كٜٞ ٣ؼ٤ِ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ك٢ ًَ<br />
أُ٘بٛن اٍُٞط٠ ، ًٔب ٣ؼ٤ِ أ٣ًٚب ك٢ ُٓورلؼبد ٝاك١ األهكٕ )ثٞكٜٗب٣ٔو<br />
1958( ، ٝهل ُٞؽع ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ػ٘ل ثؾ٤وح ٛجو٣خ . ًٔب ٝرٞعل ػ٤٘بد ُٜنا<br />
اُؾ٤ٞإ ك٢ ٓغٔٞػخ أُزؾق اُجو٣طب٢ٗ ٖٝٓلهٛب ٖٓ اُولً اُْو٣ق ٝعجَ<br />
اٌُوَٓ . ًٔب ٝعل اُؼبُْ رو٣َزواّ )1866( ػ٤٘خ ٤ٓزخ ػ٠ِ عجَ اُطٞه أٝ عوى٣ْ<br />
؛ فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
هوة ٗبثٌِ<br />
. )2012<br />
2009<br />
1983<br />
20<br />
)ٛبه٣َٕٞ 1968<br />
ٝرنًو ًٝبُخ األٗجبء ٝأُؼِٞٓبد اُلَِط٤٘٤خ )ٝكب( أٗٚ رْ رَغ٤َ رٞاعل اُُو٣و ك٢<br />
عجبٍ ٗبثٌِ ٝأُ٘بٛن اُغج٤ِخ ٝاُولً اُْو٣ق ٝعجبٍ اٌُوَٓ ، ٝأُ٘بٛن<br />
اُؾوع٤خ ٝأُ٘بٛن اَُبؽ٤ِخ ٝأػب٢ُ ٝاك١ األهكٕ ًٔب أؽت إٔ أ٤ّو إ٠ُ<br />
رٞاعلْٛ ك٢ ث٤ذ ٍبؽٞه ؽَت اُُٖٞه أُُوكوخ ٖٓ ر٣ٖٞو أُل٣و اُز٘ل٤ن١<br />
ُغٔؼ٤خ اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ األٍزبم ػٔبك األٛوُ<br />
ٖٓ اُؼبّ .2012<br />
.<br />
أٓب ك٢ اُؼوام كٜ٘بى ػ٤٘خ ُٜنا اُؾ٤ٞإ ك٢ أُزؾق اُؼِواه٢ ُِزبه٣ اُطج٤ؼ٢<br />
ٖٝٓلهٛب ٖٓ ثلاك ، ٝهل رْ اُؾٍٖٞ ػ٤ِٜب ك٢ اُؼبّ . ًٔب رْ رَغ٤َ<br />
ػ٤٘خ ٖٓ فب٢ُ ػ٢ِ ثي . أٓب ك٢ ٍٞه٣ب كئٗٚ ال رٞعل ٍغالد كه٤وخ ُؼ٤٘بد ٖٓ ٛنا<br />
اُؾ٤ٞإ ػ٠ِ اُوؿْ ٖٓ ٝعٞك عٔغٔخ ُؾ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ٖٓ ٍٞه٣ب ك٢ أُزؾق<br />
اُجو٣طب٢ٗ ؛ ٝك٢ ُج٘بٕ رٞعل ػ٤٘بد ك٢ اُغبٓؼخ األٓو٤ٌ٣خ ثج٤وٝد ٣ٝوعغ<br />
ٖٓلهٛب ٖٓ هوٛجخ ، ٝهوة ثوعَ ، ٝهوة َّٔزبه ، ٝعج٤َ ، ٝث٢٘ ّؼ٤ذ<br />
هوة ثؼِجي )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛ فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
أٓب ك٢ األهكٕ كول رْ رَغ٤َ ؽبُخ كٌٛ ٝهزَ ُُِو٣و١ ك٢ األٍٝ ٖٓ ّٜو ٤ُٞ٣ٞ<br />
ثٔ٘طوخ اُؼٖبهح ك٢ ُٞاء ث٢٘ ػج٤ل ع٘ٞة ٓل٣٘خ إهثل .<br />
. )2012<br />
1948<br />
2009<br />
1983<br />
1968<br />
)رٔٞى( ٖٓ اُؼبّ 2011<br />
انزىظَغ انؼبو:<br />
إٕ ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ٣زٞىع ثٌَْ ٝاٍغ فالٍ ٓ٘طوخ اُوطت اُول٣ْ ، ٖٓ اُغيه<br />
اُجو٣طب٤ٗخ ٝإٍجب٤ٗب ٝكوَٗب ٝثِغ٤ٌب ُٝٛٞ٘لا ٝاُلاٗٔوى ٝاُ٘و٣ٝظ ٝا٣َُٞل ، ٝفالٍ<br />
أُٔب٤ٗب ٣ٍَٞٝوا ٝإ٣طب٤ُب ٝٛ٘به٣ب ٝثُٞ٘لا ٝعي٣وح ًو٣ذ ، ًٔب أٗٚ ٣٘زْو ثٌَْ<br />
ٝاٍغ ك٢ ٓؼظْ أها٢ٙ اإلرؾبك اَُٞك٤٤ز٢ ٣ٝٔزل ّوهًب إ٠ُ روًَزبٕ ا٤٘٤ُٖخ ،<br />
ٝا٤ُٖٖ ٓب ػلا إه٤ِْ ٣ٞٗبٕ ، ٝٓ٘٤ُٞب ًٝٞه٣ب ّٝٔبٍ ثٞهٓب . ٝك٢ اُْوم<br />
األٍٜٝ ٣ؼ٤ِ اُُو٣و ك٢ رو٤ًب ٝإ٣وإ ّٝجٚ اُغي٣وح اُؼوث٤خ ًٔب ٛٞ ُٓٞٙؼ<br />
؛ فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
ثبألػ٠ِ<br />
. )2012<br />
2009<br />
1983<br />
)ٛبه٣َٕٞ 1968
انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ( انفبضؼٍ فٍ ثُذ ؼبحىض ، زونخ فهؽطٍُ فٍ انؼبو<br />
. 2012 رصىَط : انًُسَط<br />
انزُفُصٌ نجًؼُخ انحُبح انجطَخ فٍ فهؽطٍُ األؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ .<br />
A Persian Badger (Meles meles canescens) at Beit Sahour, Palestine<br />
in 2012. Photograph by Mr. Imad Atrash, Executive Director of the<br />
Palestine Wildlife Society.<br />
يُالحظبد:<br />
ػ٠ِ اُوؿْ ٖٓ رٞاكو أُؼِٞٓبد ؽٍٞ ؽ٤ٞاٗبد اُُو٣و اُْوم أٍٝط٤خ ك٢ اُٞهذ<br />
اُؾبٙو، كئٗٚ ٣جلٝ ّي ه٤َِ ػ٠ِ إٔ "اُُو٣و اُُو٣و اُوِٓبك١"<br />
ٛٞ ٖٓ ٍُالُخ هبثِخ ُِز٤٤ٔي ثٌَْ ٝاٙؼ ، ثُٔؼلٍ ؽغٔٚ األٕو<br />
٤َٓٝ اُطبؽٖ اُؼ١ُِٞ ثإٔ ٣ٌٕٞ ُٓٔزلًّا ٝأًضو ٤ٙوًب .<br />
إٕ ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ؽ٤ٞإ صل٢٣ ٣ؼ٤ِ ٝٛٞ ، ٢ِ٤ُ ك٢ عؾٞه رؾذ األهٗ ؛ ٣ٌُٖٝٔ<br />
إٔ رٌٕٞ ٛنٙ اُغُؾٞه ُٓوًجخ )ُٓؼولح( علًّا ك٢ أَُُزؼٔواد اُول٣ٔخ اُزأ٤ٌٍ .<br />
٣ٌٕٝٞ ٓٞهغ كزؾبد ٛنٙ اُغؾٞه ػبكح ػ٘ل أُُ٘ؾلهاد اُْل٣لح اإلٗؾلاه ٝث٤ٖ<br />
عنٝه األّغبه . ٝال ٣ُؼزجو اُُو٣و ؽ٤ٞاًٗب ػُلٝا٤ًّٗب ػ٠ِ اإلٛالم ، ٌُٝ٘ٚ ٣ُلاكغ ػٖ<br />
ٗلَٚ ثلؼب٤ُخ ًج٤وح ثؼٚزٚ أُؤم٣خ ٝٓقبُجٚ اُط٣ِٞخ ػ٘ل اُُٜغّٞ ، ٝك٢ اُٞاهغ كئٕ<br />
أ١ ٓؼزلٍ ُٓؾزَٔ ٣ُنًو ثبُطج٤ؼخ ا٤ُِٗٞخ اُزؾن٣و٣خ اُالكزخ ُِ٘ظو ُٞعٚ اُُو٣و .<br />
ٝثبَُ٘جخ إ٠ُ أُؼِٞٓبد أُُزٞكوح كئٕ ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ك٢ أه٤٘٤ٓب رِل ك٢ ّٜو ٓبهً<br />
)آماه( ٓب ث٤ٖ ٕ٤و٣ٖ إ٠ُ أهثؼخ ٕبه ، ٝإٕ ؽغْ اُجطٖ ٗلَٚ )ػلك اُٖبه(<br />
Meles meles<br />
1968( . ٣ُٝؼزجو ٛنا اُؾ٤ٞإ ٖٓ<br />
canescens<br />
رْ رَغ٤ِٚ ك٢ ُج٘بٕ )٣ٌُٞ ٣ٌُٞ ٝ ٝػطبهللا<br />
)اُوبهد: ٣زنٟ ػ٠ِ أُٞاك اُؾ٤ٞا٤ٗخ ٝاُ٘جبر٤خ<br />
اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُوبهرخ<br />
omnivorous<br />
21
ٓؼًب( ، ٝرزٖٚٔ ٝعجزُٚ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُلوبه٣خ اُٖ٤وح ٝاُل٣لإ ٝاُؾْواد<br />
ٝاُوف٣ٞبد ، ًٝنُي اُضٔو ٝاُضٔو اُُِج٢ ٝاُلهٗبد ٝثٖالد<br />
اُ٘جبربد ٝاُْؼ٤و . ٝػ٠ِ اُوؿْ ٖٓ إٔ ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ٣َجت<br />
ثؼ٘ اُٚوه ُُِٔ٘زغبد اُؾوع٤خ ٝاُجَبر٤ٖ ٣ُٜٝبعْ أؽ٤بًٗب اُلعبط ، إال أٗٚ ؽ٤ٞإ<br />
آًَ ُؾْ ؿ٤و ٓؤمٍ َٗج٤بً ، ٝٛٞ ٣ُٖطبك ٖٓ أعَ عِلٙ ّٝؾٔٚ )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛<br />
فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
1968<br />
tubers<br />
berries<br />
. )2012<br />
barley<br />
2009<br />
2<br />
bulbs<br />
1983<br />
رؼمُت ػهً يمبل ػهًٍ: حُىاٌ انغُطَط<br />
ك٢ اُؼلك ههْ )كجوا٣و 1983( ٖٓ ْٗوح "اُقبُٖخ" اُلَِط٤٘٤خ / عبٓؼخ<br />
ا٣ٌُٞذ ، ً٘ذ هل ًزجذ ٓوبالً ػ٤ًِّٔب رؾذ ػ٘ٞإ: ؽ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ّٝجٚ<br />
اُغي٣وح اُؼوث٤خ . ٝأؽت ٛ٘ب إٔ أ٤ٙق إ٤ُٜب ثؼ٘ أُؼِٞٓبد اإلٙبك٤خ ، ٝاُز٢<br />
٣ُؼزجو هَٔبً ٜٓ٘ب ؽل٣ضبً . كول مًود ثبَُ٘جخ إ٠ُ إٗزْبهٛب إٔ ٝعٞكٛب ك٢ ٍٞه٣ب<br />
٣لزوو إ٠ُ ٍِغالد كه٤وخ ، ٝهل ؽِٖذ ػ٠ِ ٓؼِٞٓبد ػ٤ِِٔخ ؽل٣ضخ رُل٤ل ثأٗٚ ثزبه٣<br />
ٝعلد ثؼضخ اُْوم األٍٜٝ ٖٓ ٓؼٜل ػِِْ اُؾ٤ٞإ ٖٓ عبٓؼخ<br />
ٓب٣٘ي األُٔب٤ٗخ اُوث٤خ ػ٤٘خ ٓلٍٛٞخ ُؾ٤ٞإ "اُُو٣و اُُو٣و" meles( )Meles<br />
ػ٠ِ ثؼل ؽٞا٢ُ ػْو٣ٖ ٤ًِٞ ٓزواً إ٠ُ اُغ٘ٞة ٖٓ ٓل٣٘خ ٛوًٛٞ )ٌٓبٕ اُ٘غٔخ<br />
ك٢ فبهٛخ اإلٗزْبه ثبألٍلَ( .<br />
1<strong>978</strong><br />
1<strong>978</strong>/7/31<br />
ذطَطخ إَزشبض انغُطَط فٍ انًُطمخ انؼطثُخ وأجعاء يٍ رطكُب وإَطٌ )كىن و كُُعنجبخ<br />
ذهف ؛ ذهف<br />
1892<br />
22<br />
. )2008<br />
1893<br />
؛
ٝرُٞٙؼ فبهٛخ اإلٗزْبه إٔ ػ٤٘خ أفوٟ ُؾ٤ٞإ اُُو٣و ٖٓ ٍٞه٣ب رْ رَغ٤ِٜب<br />
ك٢ ُٞاء اإلٌٍ٘لهٕٝ أُُؾزَ . ٝثبَُ٘جخ إ٠ُ كَِط٤ٖ كئٕ اُقو٣طخ اُغواك٤خ<br />
رٞٙؼ إٗزْبه اُُو٣و ك٢ ٓ٘طوخ اُٚلخ اُوث٤خ ُٜ٘و األهكٕ ٝاُغ٤َِ األػ٠ِ .<br />
ٝثبإلٙبكخ إ٠ُ كَِط٤ٖ ٍٝٞه٣ب كئٕ اُقبهٛخ رُٞٙؼ إٗزْبهٙ ك٢ ُج٘بٕ ٝاُؼِوام ،<br />
؛ فِق<br />
؛ فِق ًٝنُي ألعياء ٖٓ رو٤ًب ٝإ٣وإ )ًٞى ٤ً٘يُجبؿ ٝ ؛ فِق<br />
1983<br />
1982<br />
.)2012<br />
2009<br />
ًٔب أٝك إٔ أمًو ثؼ٘ اُو٤بٍبد ألٗض٠ ؿُو٣و كَِط٤٘٤خ رْ إٕط٤بكٛب ثزبه٣<br />
، ٢ٛٝ ٓٞعٞكح ك٢ ٓغٔٞػخ ػبُْ اُضل٤٣بد اُجو٣طب٢ٗ ك. ك٣ل٤ل<br />
ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛ كجبَُ٘جخ إ٠ُ اُطٍٞ ا٢ٌُِ ُِغَْ كول ثِؾ ٤ِِٓٔزوًا ، ٝاُن٣َ ٓبئخ<br />
٤ِِٓٔزو ، ٍٝٛٞ اُولّ اُقِل٤خ ٓبئخ ٝفَٕٔٞ ٤ِِٓٔزوًا ، ٍٝٛٞ األمٕ<br />
أٓب ثبَُ٘جخ ُو٤بٍبد اُغُٔغٔخ كول ًبٗذ ًبُزب٢ُ ًِٜٝب ثب٤ُِِٔٔزو : اُطٍٞ األًجو<br />
، ػوٗ اُؼظْ اُٞع٢٘<br />
ُِغُٔغٔخ<br />
ػوٗ هؾق اُلٓبؽ ، ا٤ُٚن اُج٤ٖ ٓؾغو١ ، ٕق أٍ٘بٕ اُلي اُؼ١ُِٞ<br />
، ٕق أٍ٘بٕ اُلي اَُُل٢ِ ، اُلي اَُُل٢ِ )ٛبه٣َٕٞ ؛<br />
فِق ؛ فِق ؛ فِق<br />
٤ِِٓٔزوًا 55 .<br />
،<br />
70.3<br />
1968<br />
750<br />
27<br />
84.6<br />
، ٍٞٛ أٍبً اُِؤخ 121.6<br />
49.1<br />
46.5<br />
. )2012 2009<br />
1955/9/21<br />
126<br />
39.9<br />
1983<br />
ذجط زهػ ولزم حُىاٌ انغُطَط )انغُطَطٌ( فٍ األضزٌ ك٢ األٍٝ ٖٓ ّٜو ٤ُٞ٣ٞ<br />
ثٔ٘طوخ اُؼٖبهح ك٢ ُٞاء ث٢٘ ػج٤ل ع٘ٞة ٓل٣٘خ إهثل :<br />
ثٔوًجزٚ ٖٓ كٌٛ ٝهزَ ؽ٤ٞإ<br />
رٌٖٔ أؽل أُٞا٤ٖ٘ٛ كغو اُغٔؼخ<br />
ؿو٣ت اٌَُْ ٣أُلٚ ُْ اُ٘بً ٖٓ هجَ ، ٝمُي ثبُووة ٖٓ إٌٍبٕ أٌُوٓخ ا٤ٌُِٔخ<br />
ثٔ٘طوخ "اُؼٖبهح" ك٢ ُٞاء ث٢٘ ػج٤ل ، ع٘ٞة ٓل٣٘خ إهثل األهك٤ٗخ ، ؽ٤ش ٓب ىاٍ<br />
اٌَُبٕ ك٢ رِي أُ٘طوخ ٝٓ٘ن أٍجٞع ٣زؼوٕٙٞ ُٜٔبعٔخ أػلاك ٖٓ رِي<br />
"اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد" ُٔ٘بىُْٜ ٤ُالً ، ٓٔب ؽوْٜٓ اُّ٘ٞ ٝأههْٜ ، ٣ٝؼ٤ْٕٞ ٓ٘ن مُي اُٞهذ<br />
ؽبُخ ٖٓ اُوػت ٝاُقٞف ػ٠ِ أٗلَْٜ ٝأٍوْٛ )ٓٞهغ "اُؾو٤وخ اُل٤ُٝخ" األهك٢ٗ<br />
01.07.2011<br />
)رٔٞى( ٖٓ اُؼبّ 2011<br />
. )2011<br />
ٝرٌٖٔ ٓٞهغ "اُؾو٤وخ اُل٤ُٝخ" األهك٢ٗ ٖٓ إٍُٞٞ إ٠ُ ٌٓبٕ رٞاعل "اُؾ٤ٞإ"<br />
أُوزٍٞ ْٝٓبٛلرٚ ٝر٣ٖٞوٙ ، ؽ٤ش أعٔغ أُٞإٛ٘ٞ ٝأٛب٢ُ أُ٘طوخ ًِجبهاً<br />
ِٕٝبهاً ػ٠ِ إٔ ٛنا اُ٘ٞع ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد ٣َجن ُْ ُْٜ إٔ أُلٞا ٓضِٚ ، ٝأٗٚ ٖٓ<br />
األٗٞاع اُو٣جخ اُز٢ ٣ُْبٛلٝٛب ُْ ػ٠ِ اإلٛالم ٖٓ هجَ ك٢ ٛنٙ أُ٘طوخ أٝ<br />
أُ٘بٛن األفوٟ .<br />
23
ٝؽَت ًب٤ٓوا ٓٞهغ "اُؾو٤وخ اُل٤ُٝخ" األهك٢ٗ ْٝٓبٛلرٜب ُِؾ٤ٞإ أُوزٍٞ ، كئٗٚ<br />
ػ٠ِ ٓب ٣جلٝ ٖٓ ِٕبه رِي اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد ، ؽغٔٚ ٣وبهة ؽغْ "اُضؼِت" ُٝٞٗٚ<br />
هٓبك١ ُٓوهٜ ثبألث٤٘ ، مٝٝ ّؼو ٗبػْ ًٝض٤ق ٝهأً ٣ْجٚ "ا٤ُ٘ٔ" ُٝٚ أ٤ٗبة<br />
ؽبكح ، ٝم٣َ ه٤ٖو ٝأهعَ ه٤ٖوح ماد ٓقبُت ؽبكح. ًٝبٕ ٓٞهغ "اُؾو٤وخ<br />
اُل٤ُٝخ" هجَ أ٣بّ هل ْٗود هٖخ ٓؼبٗبح اٌَُُبٕ عواء رؼوٗ ٓ٘بىُْٜ ُٜٔبعٔخ<br />
أػلاك ٖٓ ٛنٙ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد ٤ُالً ، ؽ٤ش أٗطجوذ إٔٝبف ْٓبٛلارْٜ ػ٠ِ اُؾ٤ٞإ<br />
أُوزٍٞ ، إٙبكخً إ٠ُ رِي األٕٞاد أُُيػغخ ٝأُُوػجخ ٝأُُورلؼخ اُز٢ رٖلهٛب<br />
أص٘بء رغٞاُٜب ثٔ٘طوزْٜ ٝك٢ ٓ٘طوخ اُؾواط أُغبٝهح ُْٜ .<br />
ٝرْ إثالؽ اُغٜبد األ٤٘ٓخ ٝاُو٤ٍٔخ ماد اُؼالهخ ػٖ ٓوزَ ٛنا اُؾ٤ٞإ اُو٣ت<br />
ر٤ٜٔلاً إلثلاء هأ٣ٜب ٝاُٞهٞف ػ٠ِ ؽو٤وزٚ ٝٓؼوكخ ك٤ِٖزٚ ٝٗٞػ٤زٚ )ٓٞهغ "اُؾو٤وخ<br />
اُل٤ُٝخ" األهك٢ٗ 01.07.2011(.<br />
حُىاٌ انغُطَط انصٌ رى زهؽه ولزهه فٍ يُطمخ انؼصبضح فٍ نىاء ثٍُ ػجُس جُىة يسَُخ إضثس<br />
األضزَُخ ثزبضَد<br />
. 01.0..2011<br />
24
حُىاٌ انغُطَط انصٌ رى زهؽه ولزهه<br />
األضزَُخ ثزبضَد<br />
فٍ يُطمخ انؼصبضح فٍ نىاء ثٍُ ػجُس جُىة يسَُخ إضثس<br />
. 01.0..2011<br />
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29
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Endangered Animals and Reintroduction.<br />
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http://gazelle.8m.net/catalog.html<br />
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Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
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014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
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Biological bulletin. Number 45, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, September<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2005). The Rafah Zoo in the Rafah<br />
Refugee Camp, Gaza Strip, Palestine : A Story of Destruction by<br />
the Israeli Occupation Army. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Number 46, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, October 2005, Ramadan<br />
1426. pp. 1-11. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2005). The Qalqilia Zoo<br />
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Bulletin. Number 47, Twenty-third <strong>Year</strong>, November 2005, Shawal<br />
1426. pp. 1-10. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. (in Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (Member of PALESTA)<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). Mammalia<br />
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017294-7. Erste Auflage, Juli 2006, 484 pp. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>,<br />
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Common Weasel (Mustela nivalis, Linnaeus 1766) in Palestine and<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006). The<br />
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http://web.archive.org/web/20080820200053/http://www.geoc<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
<strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-459-9. (In Arabic, English and German).<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/carnivoraarabica.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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Number 82, October 2008, Shawal 1429 AH. pp. 1-25. Sharjah,<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
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1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
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Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine.<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (<strong>2014</strong>). <strong>Fauna</strong><br />
<strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Four. Zoological Studies in Palestine between<br />
34
1983 – <strong>2014</strong> / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Vier. Zoologische Studien in<br />
Palästina zwischen 1983 – <strong>2014</strong>. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-<strong>77</strong>-7. Erste<br />
Auflage / First Edition : July <strong>2014</strong>, Ramadan 1435 H. Publisher:<br />
Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of<br />
Palestine.<br />
http://fauna-palaestina-part-<br />
1.webs.com/faunapalaestina4.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2015). Haywan Al-Ghurair (Al-Ghurairy) Al-Farisi fi<br />
Filastin wa Shibeh Al-Jazeera Al-Arabia / The Persian Badger<br />
(Meles meles canescens Blanford, 1875) in Palestine and the Arabian<br />
Peninsula. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin (ISSN 0178<br />
– 6288). Number 123, March 2015. pp. 1-17. Dubai and Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates (in Arabic). http://animals-ofpalestine.webs.com/persian-badger<br />
Kingdon, J. (1990). Arabian mammals: a natural history.<br />
Academic Press, London.<br />
Kock, D. ; Kinzelbach, R. (1982). Der Dachs, Meles (Linnaeus, 1758)<br />
in NW-Syrien. Zeitschrift Für Säugetierkunde. Volume 47 (5),<br />
Verlag Paul Parey Hamburg und Berlin (Deutschland, Germany)<br />
1982.<br />
Kruukm, Hans and Kack, LiL De (1981). Food and Habitat of<br />
Badgers on Monte Baldo, Northern Italy. Zeitschrift für<br />
Säugetierkunde. Volume 46 (5). Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg und<br />
Berlin (Deutschland, Germany). 1981.<br />
Lewis, R.E. and Sana Issa Atallah (1966). A note on the occurrence<br />
of Mellivora capensis ssp. in Northern Saudi Arabia (Mellivorinae:<br />
Mustelidae). Zeit. F. Säugetierkd., 31 (1966) 115: 390.<br />
Lewis, R.E.; Lewis, J.H.; and Sana Issa Atallah (1968). A review of<br />
Lebanese mammals. Carnivora, Pinnipedia, Hyracoidea and<br />
Artiodactyla. J. of Zool. (London) 154: 517-531.<br />
Masseti, Marco (1995). Quaternary Biogeography of the Mustelidae<br />
Family on the Mediterranean Islands. Proc. II It. Symp. on<br />
Carnivores. Hystrix, (n.s.) 7 (1-2) (1995): 17-34.<br />
Mendelssohn, H., Yom-Tov, Y. (1999). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong>:<br />
35
Mammalia of Israel. The Israel Academy of Sciences and<br />
Humanities, Jerusalem, Keterpress Enterprises, 439 pp.<br />
Neal, Ernest G. (19<strong>77</strong>). Badgers. Blandford Press: Poole Dorset.<br />
England 19<strong>77</strong>.<br />
Orni, Efraim and Elisha Efrat (1966). Geography of Israel. Second<br />
Revised Edition. Israel Program for Scientific Translations,<br />
Jerusalem. 363 pp.<br />
Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1992). Review of “Mammals of Arabia” by<br />
D.L. Harrison and P.J. Bates. J. Mammal., 73: 228-229.<br />
Qumsiyeh, Mazin B. (1996). Mammals of the Holy Land. Texas<br />
Tech University Press. Pps. 389.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1866). Report on the Mammals of Palestine. Proc.<br />
Zool. Soc. London.1866: 84-93.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1867). The Natural History of the Bible. Society<br />
for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge Publ. London. 515 pp.<br />
Tristram, H. B. (1884). The <strong>Fauna</strong> and Flora of Palestine. The<br />
Survey of Western Palestine. Palestine Exploration Fund, London.<br />
455 pp.<br />
Wikipedia. European Badger.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_badger<br />
Wikipedia. Haywanat Filastin. كَِط٤ٖ .ؽ٤ٞاٗبد by: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong><br />
<strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
فٖشتّم : حٖبث فوشطًٖ اهترٖج .<br />
https://www.facebook.com/PalestineWild/posts/600535690027808?stre<br />
am_ref=10<br />
اهحٖبث اهحّٖاٌٖج فٕ فوشطًٖ . ّنبهج األٌتبء ّاهيؼوّيبح اهفوشطٌٖٖج )ّفب( .<br />
http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2378<br />
يّكغ "اهحلٖلج اهدّهٖج" األردٌٕ . يّاطً ٖخينً يً كخل حّٖاً غرٖة اهشنل دُشبً تيرنتخَ<br />
فجر "اهجيؼج".. خلرٖر يُصّر . زٖد اهيراشدث . 70.00..07.<br />
http://www.factjo.com/pages/fullnews.aspx?id=28422<br />
36
37
ديناصورات القدس الشريف ، فلسطين المُحتلة<br />
بقلم : أ. د. نورمان )نعمان( علي بسام علي طاهر خلف اليافاوي<br />
Dinosaurs of Al-Quds )Jerusalem(,<br />
Occupied Palestine<br />
<strong>By</strong>: <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<br />
Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong><br />
إحسي طجؼبد ألساو انسَُبصىضاد فٍ لطَخ ثُذ ظَذ ، غطة انمسغ انشطَف ،<br />
فهؽطٍُ انًُحزهخ . رصىَط : أ. ز. َىضيبٌ ػهٍ ثؽبو ذهف انُبفبوٌ .<br />
08.0..2013<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12155111194/<br />
اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ٢ٛ ٓغٔٞػخ ٓز٘ٞػخ ٖٓ اُؾ٤ٞاٗبد اُلوبه٣خ أُُ٘ووٙخ ٝاُز٢<br />
ظٜود ك٢ اُؼٖو اُضالص٢ )اُزو٣ب٢ٍ<br />
ػ٠ِ ٍطؼ ا٤ُبثَخ ٛٞاٍ ٤ِٕٓٞ ٍ٘خ ٖٓ ثلا٣خ اُؼٖو اُغٞها٢ٍ<br />
هجَ<br />
هجَ ٤ِٕٓٞ ٍ٘خ ٝؽز٠ ٜٗب٣خ اُؼٖو اُطجب٤ّو١<br />
٤ِٕٓٞ ٍ٘خ . ٝر٘وَْ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد إ٠ُ آًالد ٗجبربد ٝ آًالد ُؾّٞ ؛ ٜٝٓ٘ب ٖٓ<br />
ًبٕ ٢ْٔ٣ ػ٠ِ هل٤ٖٓ أٝ أهثؼخ ، أٝ ٢ْٔ٣ ثئٍزقلاّ اُطو٣وز٤ٖ . ٢ٛٝ ر٘ز٢ٔ إ٠ُ<br />
) Triassic هجَ ٕٞ٤ِٓ 231 ٍ٘خ ، ٤ٛٝٔ٘ذ<br />
Jurassic<br />
66 Cretaceous<br />
38<br />
135<br />
201
1000<br />
500 عٌ٘ ٝ<br />
ٛبئلخ اُيٝاؽق ًٝبٗذ رزٌبصو ثبُج٤٘ . ٣ٝٞعل أًضو ٖٓ<br />
ٗٞع ُٓقزِق ٖٓ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ٝاُز٢ أٗزْود ك٢ ع٤ٔغ هبهاد اُؼبُْ . ٝك٢ اُؼبُْ<br />
اُؼوث٢ ُٝعلد أؽبك٤وٛب ٝآصبهٛب ك٢ ثِلإ ػلح : كَِط٤ٖ ، ٍٞه٣ب ، ػُٔبٕ ، ا٤ُٖٔ<br />
، اَُؼٞك٣خ ، ٖٓو ، رٌٞٗ ، اُغيائو ، أُوة.<br />
كل٢ كَِط٤ٖ رْ إًزْبف ٛجؼبد أهلاّ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد ك٢ ٤ٕق اُؼبّ ثوو٣خ 1962<br />
ث٤ذ ى٣ذ ٝاُز٢ رجؼل ٤ًِٞٓزواد ؿوة ٓل٣٘خ اُولً اُْو٣ق ، ػبٕٔخ اُلُٝخ<br />
اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ، ٝرْ اُزؼوف ػ٤ِٜب ٝكهاٍزٜب ٖٓ هجَ أ. ك. ٤ّٞٓٚ أك٤ِ٤ٔ٤٘ <strong>Prof</strong>.<br />
)هئ٤ٌ هَْ ػِْ األؽبك٤و ك٢ اُغبٓؼخ اُؼجو٣خ ك٢<br />
اُولً<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. Moshe Avnimelech<br />
Paleontology Department in the Hebrew University of<br />
)Jerusalem ٝرْ رول٣و ػٔوٛب 90 ٖٓ إ٠ُ ٕٞ٤ِٓ 100 ٍ٘خ .<br />
39<br />
7<br />
ُول هٔذ ّق٤ٖبً ثلهاٍخ ٓٞهغ ٛجؼبد أهلاّ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ك٢ هو٣خ ث٤ذ ى٣ذ<br />
اُلَِط٤٘٤خ أُُؾزِخ ألٍٝ ٓوح ك٢ هث٤غ اُؼبّ ًٝبٗذ آفو كهاٍخ ٢ُ ك٢<br />
٤ٕق اُؼبّ . ٝهل هٔذ ثْ٘و اُؼل٣ل ٖٓ األثؾبس أُزؼِوخ ثل٣٘بٕٞهاد<br />
اُولً اُْو٣ق ك٢ ػلح ٓغالد ٝٓٞاهغ ػ٤ِٔخ .<br />
1994<br />
2013<br />
،<br />
ٝهل ًبٗذ ٛج٤ؼخ اُلهاٍخ اُز٢ أعو٣زٜب ػ٠ِ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد اُولً اُْو٣ق رزِقٔ<br />
ثلهاٍخ األٌّبٍ أُقزِلخ ُطجؼبد األهلاّ ، ٝأفن ه٤بٍبرٜب ، ٝأٛٞاُٜب ، ٝاُزجبػل<br />
ث٤ٜ٘ب ، ٝإرغبٛبرٜب ، ٝأُوبهٗخ ث٤ٜ٘ب ٝث٤ٖ ٛجؼبد أهلاّ أفوٟ ٓزْبثٜخ ك٢ كٍٝ<br />
أفوٟ ٓضَ ٖٓو ٝرٌٞٗ ٝاُغيائو ٝأُوة . ٖٝٓ صْ إٍز٘زبط ٗٞػ٤خ اُل٣٘بٕٞه<br />
ٝؽغُٔٚ ، ٝػُٔوُٙ ، ٝٛو٣وخ ا٢ُْٔ ، ٝٗٞػ٤خ اُناء أُُؾزَٔ ، ٝاُؼالهبد<br />
اإلعزٔبػ٤خ ث٤ٖ األكواك .<br />
إٕ أُ٘طوخ اُٖقو٣خ اُز٢ رٔذ كهاٍزٜب ك٢ هو٣خ ث٤ذ ى٣ذ رٔزل ػ٠ِ َٓبؽخ<br />
ٓزو ُٓوثغ ٝثٜب أًضو ٖٓ ٛجؼخ هلّ . ٝر٘ز٢ٔ أُ٘طوخ ع٤ُٞٞع٤بً إ٠ُ<br />
ٕقٞه عجبٍ اُق٤َِ ٝاُز٢ ٣وعغ ربه٣قٜب ٖٓ ثلا٣خ اُؼٖو اُطجب٤ّو١ )كزوح<br />
) إ٠ُ ٜٗب٣خ اُؼٖو اُطجب٤ّو١ )كزوح ًبٓج٤٘بٕ<br />
ثبه٤ٔ٣بٕ<br />
إ٠ُ<br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ 100 ٍ٘خ .<br />
200<br />
400<br />
Barremian Period<br />
)Campanian Period أ١ ٓ٘ن 90<br />
ٝر٘ز٢ٔ اُٖقٞه أٌُُزْلخ ك٢ هو٣خ ث٤ذ ى٣ذ إ٠ُ اُؾغو اُغ٤و١ اُط٢٘٤<br />
ماد األٍٕٞ اُجؾو٣خ ،<br />
اُل٤ُٓٞٝز٢<br />
ٍ٘ز٤ٔزو . ٝرْ إًزْبف ثؼ٘ أؽبك٤و اُوف٣ٞبد اُجط٤٘خ<br />
إ٠ُ ٝثَٔي اُْبٛئ٤خ ك٢ ٓ٘طوخ اُلهاٍخ ، ٝػ٠ِ ٛجؼبد ُ٘جبربد ثو٣خ<br />
األهلاّ<br />
ٝاُز٢ رلٍ ػ٠ِ ًٕٞ رِي أُ٘طوخ ّبٛئ٤خ ك٢ اَُبثن .<br />
Dolomitic-Marly Limestone<br />
15 10<br />
Gastropods
طجؼبد ألساو زَُبصىض فٍ لطَخ ثُذ ظَذ ، غطة انمسغ انشطَف ، فهؽطٍُ انًُحزهخ . رصىَط:<br />
أ. ز. َىضيبٌ ػهٍ ثؽبو ذهف انُبفبوٌ .<br />
. 08.0..2013<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12207228555/<br />
40
ٝرلٍ ٛجؼبد األهلاّ أُؾلٞظخ ػ٠ِ إٔ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد اُولً اُْو٣ق ًبٗذ ر٢ْٔ<br />
ػ٠ِ هبئٔز٤ٖ ، ًٝبٗذ اُطجؼبد رظٜو ثٌَْ ٝاٙؼ إٔبثغ اُولّ ٝأؽ٤بٗبً اٌُبؽَ ،<br />
ًٝبٕ ػلكٛب أهثؼخ إٔبثغ ، ًٝبٕ األٕجغ األٍٝ ه٤ٖواً ٝٓورلؼبً . ٝرظٜو ٛج٤ؼخ<br />
ٛجؼبد األهلاّ إفزالكبً ٣َُزلٍ ٓ٘ٚ أٜٗب رؼٞك ُضالصخ أٗٞاع ٓقزِلخ ٖٓ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد .<br />
ٝثٔوبهٗخ ٛجؼبد األهلاّ ثطجؼبد أهلاّ ْٓبثٜخ ك٢ ّوم ّٝٔبٍ اُوبهح األكو٣و٤خ<br />
)ر٘يا٤ٗب ، ٖٓو ، رٌٞٗ ، اُغيائو ، أُوة( رْ اإلٍزلالٍ ػ٠ِ إٔ أؽل أٗٞاع<br />
ٛنٙ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ٣٘ز٢ٔ إ٠ُ ٓغٔٞػخ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد اُْج٤ٜخ ثبُ٘ؼبٓخ<br />
ٝر٘ز٢ٔ إ٠ُ ٗٞع "إالكوٕٝٞهٝٓ ثبٓج٤وع٢<br />
"Elaphrosaurus bambergi . ٝهل رْ رول٣و إهرلبع اُوِعَ إ٠ُ اُقٖو ة<br />
ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ، ٝاإلهرلبع ػ٘ل إهرجبٛ األٛواف األٓب٤ٓخ ثبألًزبف ة<br />
ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ، ٝإهرلبع اُل٣٘بٕٞه ػ٘ل اُٞهٞف ٖٓ إ٠ُ<br />
ٍٝٛٞ اُل٣٘بٕٞه ا٢ٌُِ ٖٓ أُولٓخ إ٠ُ اُن٣َ ٖٓ ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ، ٝرْ<br />
رول٣و ٝىٗٚ ثؾٞا٢ُ 150<br />
– 150<br />
250 230 ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ،<br />
380 – 360<br />
41<br />
٤ًِٞعوآبً .<br />
Struthiomimus<br />
140<br />
160<br />
ٝثبَُ٘جخ ُو٤بٍبد ٛجؼبد األهلاّ اُقِل٤خ ُٝعل إٔ اُيا٣ٝخ ث٤ٖ األٕجؼ٤ٖ اُقبهع٤٤ٖ<br />
٣زواٝػ ث٤ٖ كهعخ . ًٝبٕ ٍٛٞ األٕجؼ٤ٖ اُقبهع٤٤ٖ ٣زواٝػ ث٤ٖ<br />
20 ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ، أٓب ٍٛٞ األٕجغ األٍٜٝ ك٤زواٝػ ث٤ٖ<br />
ًبٕ ٍٛٞ َٓبهاد ٛجؼبد األهلاّ رزواٝػ ث٤ٖ ٓزواً ٝرٞعل ثٜب ٓب ث٤ٖ<br />
20 ٛجؼخ هلّ . ًٝبٗذ ثؼ٘ أَُبهاد ه٤ٖوح ٝرزواٝػ ث٤ٖ أٓزبه<br />
ٝرٞعل ثٜب ٓب ث٤ٖ 6 ٛجؼبد أهلاّ . ًٝبٕ إرغبٙ أَُبهاد األٍٛٞ ٖٓ اُغ٘ٞة<br />
إ٠ُ أُْبٍ أٝ ٖٓ أُْبٍ إ٠ُ اُغ٘ٞة . أٓب أَُبهاد األهٖو كٌبٗذ رزغٚ ٖٓ<br />
أُْبٍ اُْوه٢ إ٠ُ اُغ٘ٞة اُوث٢ ٝثبُؼٌٌ . ٝه٤َِ ٖٓ أَُبهاد ًبٕ إرغبٜٛب<br />
ٖٓ اُْوم إ٠ُ اُوة ٝثبُؼٌٌ .<br />
18<br />
– 24 27 ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً . ٝهل<br />
15 – 10<br />
4 – 3<br />
90 – 70<br />
– 4<br />
–<br />
– 15<br />
٣َُٝزلٍ ٖٓ ٛنٙ اُطجؼبد اُول٤ٓخ اُقِل٤خ ُل٣٘بٕٞهاد اُولً اُْو٣ق أٜٗب ًبٗذ<br />
ٍو٣ؼخ اُؾوًخ ؛ ًٝبٗذ أعَبّ ٛنٙ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد اُْج٤ٜخ ثبُ٘ؼبٓخ رط٤ٜب<br />
ؽواّق هو٤ٗخ ، ًٝبٗذ كًٌٜٞب ُٓطبح ثالف هو٢ٗ ؽبك ٝرقِٞ ٖٓ األٍ٘بٕ ،<br />
ٝرزنٟ ؿبُجبً ػ٠ِ أٝهام اُ٘جبربد ، ًٝبٗذ رؼ٤ِ ثبُووة ٖٓ ّٞاٛئ ثؾو اُز٤ضٌ<br />
Tethys اُول٣ْ ؿوة اُولً اُْو٣ق .<br />
ٝهل أٗووٙذ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد اُولً اُْو٣ق ٝاُز٢ ر٘ز٢ٔ إ٠ُ ٓغٔٞػخ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد<br />
ك٢ ٜٗب٣خ اُؼٖو اُطجب٤ّو١ هجَ<br />
ٍوارٕٞٞه<br />
ػ٘لٓب أٗووٙذ صالصخ أهثبع اٌُبئ٘بد اُؾ٤خ اُؾ٤ٞا٤ٗخ ٝاُ٘جبر٤خ ٖٓ ػ٠ِ ٍطؼ اٌُوح<br />
األه٤ٙخ ، ٝمُي ثَجت إٕطلاّ ٤ٗيى ٙقْ ثبٌُوح األه٤ٙخ هجَ<br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ ٍ٘خ ،<br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ 66 ٍ٘خ.<br />
66<br />
Ceratosaur
ٝثبَُ٘جخ ُلَِط٤ٖ كئٗٚ رْ إًزْبف ٛنٙ اُطجؼبد ألهلاّ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ٣زْ ُْٝ<br />
اُؼضٞه ػ٠ِ أ٣خ أؽبك٤و ٤ٌِ٤ٛخ .<br />
انًؤنف أيبو يُجؽى نهسَُبصىض ؼطارىصىض " إَّلفطوصىضوص ثبيجُطجٍ " وانصٌ كبٌ<br />
َجىة يُطمخ انمسغ انشطَف لجم حىانٍ يبئخ يهُىٌ ؼُخ . رصىَط ظوجزٍ انحجُجخ ػُال ذهف<br />
08.0..2013 .<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12128563816/<br />
42
أٓب ثبَُ٘جخ ُٔ٘طوخ ّجٚ اُغي٣وح اُؼوث٤خ كول رْ اُؼضٞه ػ٠ِ أؽبك٤و ك٣٘بٕٞهاد ك٢<br />
ػ٠ِ أؽبك٤و<br />
ػُٔبٕ ؛ ؽ٤ش ػُضو ك٢ ٝال٣خ ٗيٟٝ ك٢ ّٜو ٤ٗٞ٣ٞ ٖٓ اُؼبّ ٣وعغ ػُٔوٛب<br />
ُل٣٘بٕٞهاد ص٤واثٞك<br />
ًٝنُي ك٢ ا٤ُٖٔ كول رْ إًزْبف ٛجؼبد أهلاّ ك٣٘بٕٞهاد<br />
إ٠ُ<br />
٣ٝوعغ ػُٔوٛب إ٠ُ<br />
ّٔبٍ اُؼبٕٔخ ٕ٘ؼبء ك٢ اُؼبّ ك٣٘بٕٞه ٕٞهٝثٞك ٣َٞٛ اُوهجخ<br />
ٝرؼٞك إ٠ُ . أٓب ك٢ أٌُِٔخ اُؼوث٤خ<br />
آًَ ُِ٘جبربد ٝ ك٣٘بٕٞه أٝه٤ٗضٞثٞك<br />
ػٖ إًزْبف أؽبك٤و ك٣٘بٕٞهاد ك٢<br />
اَُؼٞك٣خ كول رْ اإلػالٕ ك٢ ٣٘ب٣و ّٔبٍ ؿوة أٌُِٔخ هوة اُجؾو األؽٔو ٣ٝوعغ ػٔوٛب إ٠ُ<br />
ٝر٘ز٢ٔ اُل٣٘بٕٞهاد أٌُُزْلخ إ٠ُ ٕٞهٝثٞك ر٤زبٕٗٞٞه<br />
آًَ ُِؾّٞ .<br />
1997<br />
Sauropods ٕٞهٝثٞك ٝ Therapods<br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ 100 ٍ٘خ .<br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ 150 ٍ٘خ<br />
2003<br />
Long-necked Sauropods<br />
11<br />
Ornithopod<br />
<strong>2014</strong><br />
ٕٞ٤ِٓ 72 ٍ٘خ ،<br />
Titanosaur<br />
Abelisaurid Theropod ص٤واثٞك أث٤ِ٤ٖٞه٣ل ٝ Sauropod<br />
References and Internet Websites:<br />
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1962). Dinosaur tracks in the lower<br />
Cenomanian of Jerusalem. Nature, London. 196 (4851): 264.<br />
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1962). Decouverte d'empreintes de pas de<br />
Dinosaures dans le Cenomanien inferieur des environs de<br />
Jerusalem. C. R. Soc. Geol. France 1962: 233-235.<br />
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1963). Discovery of dinosaur tracks of<br />
Lower Cenomanian age in Bet Zait, west of Jerusalem. Israel<br />
Journal of Earth Sciences 12(2):80-81.<br />
Avnimelech, Moshe A. (1966). Dinosaur Tracks in the Judean<br />
Hills. Proceedings of the Israel Academy of Sciences and<br />
Humanities, Section of Sciences. Vol.1, pp.1-19.<br />
Avnimelech, Nirit and Bervoets, Fred. The King's Stone<br />
(Avnimelech) Tracks.<br />
www.dinodata.net/DNM/Avnimelech.htm<br />
Carrano, M. T. and S. D. Sampson (2008). The phylogeny of<br />
Ceratosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Systematic<br />
Palaeontology 6(2):183-236.<br />
Carrano M. T. & R. B. J. Benson, and S. D. Sampson (2012(. The<br />
phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of<br />
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Chure (2001). The second record of the African theropod<br />
43
Elaphrosaurus (Dinosauria, Ceratosauria) from the Western<br />
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Diego Pol & Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012). A Middle Jurassic<br />
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Elaphrosaurus bambergi. http://www.palaeocritti.com/bygroup/dinosauria/ceratosauria/elaphrosaurus<br />
First dinosaur bones in Saudi Arabia discovered.<br />
http://edition.cnn.com/<strong>2014</strong>/01/26/world/meast/whendinosaurs-roamed-saudi-arabia/<br />
Galton (1982). Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the<br />
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Megalosaurier aus den Tendaguru Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas.<br />
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Janensch, Werner (1925). Die Coelurosauria und Theropoden der<br />
Tendaguru-Schichten Deutsch-Ostafrikas. Palaeontographica, no.<br />
1, Suppl. 7, p. 1-99.<br />
Janensch, Werner. The Top Paleontologists and Dinosaur Hunters<br />
of All Time.<br />
www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/dinosaurs/glossary/Pale<br />
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<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1980). Tabie‟t Al-Talawon fi Al-<br />
Haywanat (The Colouration of Animals). Al-Biology Bulletin.<br />
Number 1. January 1980, Safar 1401. Biological Society, Kuwait<br />
University, State of Kuwait. pp. 4-5. (in Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1983). Sea Snakes in Kuwait. Bulletin<br />
of the Biological Studies Club, Kuwait University, State of Kuwait.<br />
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44
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1987). On a Collection of De<strong>von</strong><br />
Period Animal Fossils from the Saarland, in the Geologische<br />
Museum Saarberg in Saarbrücken, Germany. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Federal<br />
Republic of Germany. Number 15, Fifth <strong>Year</strong>, Thul Qi‟dah 1407<br />
AH, July 1987 AD. pp. 9-10.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). Die Dinosaurier<br />
Ausstellung im Museum Alexander Koenig in Bonn,<br />
Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological<br />
Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of Germany.<br />
Number 27, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, April 1992. pp. 1-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1992). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Gazelle. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Federal Republic of<br />
Germany. Number 30, Tenth <strong>Year</strong>, October 1992. pp. 1-7. (in<br />
Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (1994). An Introduction to<br />
the Animal Life in Palestine. Shqae‟q Al-Nouma‟n (Anemone<br />
coronaria). A Quarterly Magazine Issued by the Program EAI<br />
(Education for Awareness and for Involvement). Environmental<br />
Education / Children for Nature Protection. In Cooperation with<br />
Dept. of General and Higher Education. P.L.O., Palestine.<br />
Number 4. Huzairan (June) 1994. pp. 16-21. (in Arabic).<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2001). Palestinian<br />
Ornithomimid Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, Jerusalem. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Environmental<br />
Affairs 2 and Dinosaurs. www.gazelle.8m.net/custom3.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2001). Palestinian Legged<br />
Snake Fossil from Ein Yabrud, north of Jerusalem. Gazelle: The<br />
Palestinian Biological Bulletin Home Page. Fossils and Zoos.<br />
http://gazelle.8m.net/shopping_page.html<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (Gründer) (seit Juli 2001).<br />
Dinosaurier Club Yahoo Group.<br />
http://de.groups.yahoo.com/group/Dinosaurierclub/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). Gazelle: Das<br />
45
Palästinensische Biologische Bulletin. Eine Wissenschaftliche<br />
Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen 1983 – 2004. /<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. A Scientific Journey in<br />
Palestine, Arabia and Europe between 1983 – 2004. <strong>ISBN</strong> 3-00-<br />
014121-9. Erste Auflage / First Edition, Juli 2004: 452 Seiten /<br />
Pages. Zweite erweiterte Auflage (Second Extended Edition),<br />
August 2004: 460 Seiten / Pages. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>, Bonn-Bad<br />
Godesberg, Germany. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> (2004). The Reptiles in the Arabia‟s<br />
Wildlife Centre in the Sharjah Desert Park, United Arab Emirates.<br />
Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 34, 22 nd <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
August 2004. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. pp. 1-8.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2006).<br />
Ornithomimid Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem,<br />
Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 56,<br />
Twenty-fourth <strong>Year</strong>, August 2006, Rajab 1427 H. pp. 1-7. Sharjah,<br />
United Arab Emirates.<br />
http://de.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/Dinosaurier_Club/mess<br />
age/183<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2007).<br />
Haywanat Filistin ؽ٤ٞاٗبد كَِط٤ٖ (<strong>Fauna</strong> of Palestine). Wikipedia,<br />
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Palestinian Biological Bulletin. Number 69, Twenty-fifth <strong>Year</strong>,<br />
September 2007 CE, Sha‟ban 1428 AH. pp. 1-4. (in Arabic).<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8<br />
%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D<br />
8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher<br />
(2009). Flora and <strong>Fauna</strong> in Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 91, July 2009, Rajab<br />
1430 AH. pp. 1-31. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. http://florafauna-palestine.webs.com<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2009). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part One. A Zoological Journey in Palestine, Arabia and Europe<br />
46
etween 1983 – 2006 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Teil Eins. Eine<br />
Zoologische Reise in Palästina, Arabien und Europa zwischen<br />
انًؤنف َشُط إنً طجؼبد ألساو زَُبصىض انمسغ انشطَف فٍ لطَخ ثُذ ظَذ ، غطة انمسغ<br />
انشطَف ، فهؽطٍُ انًُحزهخ . رصىَط ظوجزٍ انحجُجخ ػُال ذهف .<br />
. 08.0..2013<br />
http://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/12208133763/<br />
47
1983 – 2006. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-03-865-8. Erste Auflage/First Edition,<br />
September 2009: 412 Seiten/Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
<strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates &<br />
Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik Deutschland. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> Taher (2010).<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus - Part One. Zoological Studies in the United Arab<br />
Emirates between 2004 - 2009. / <strong>Fauna</strong> Emiratus – Teil Eins.<br />
Zoologische Studien in die Vereinigten Arabischen Emirate<br />
zwischen 2004 - 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-15-462-4. Erste Auflage/First<br />
Edition, November 2010: 350 Seiten / Pages. Self Publisher: <strong>Dr</strong>.<br />
<strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates & Rilchingen-Hanweiler, Bundesrepublik<br />
Deutschland. http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunaemiratuspart1.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 1983 – 2009 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-2. 1. Auflage / First<br />
Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. 208 Seiten / Pages (Arabic<br />
Part 120 Pages and the English Part 88 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al<br />
Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine. http://drnorman-ali-khalaf-books.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart2.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2012). Ornithomimid<br />
Dinosaur Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Jerusalem, Palestine. In:<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> – Part Two. Zoological Studies in Palestine<br />
between 1983 – 2009 / <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil Zwei. Zoologische<br />
Studien in Palästina zwischen 1983 – 2009. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-9948-16-667-<br />
2. 1. Auflage / First Edition : July 2012, Shaaban 1433 H. pp. 79-88.<br />
Publisher: Dar Al Jundi Publishing House, Jerusalem, Palestine.<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-<strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> (2013). <strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong><br />
– Part Three. Zoological Studies in Palestine between 2005 – 2012 /<br />
<strong>Fauna</strong> <strong>Palaestina</strong> - Teil <strong>Dr</strong>ei. Zoologische Studien in Palästina<br />
zwischen 2005 – 2012. <strong>ISBN</strong> <strong>978</strong>-<strong>9950</strong>-<strong>383</strong>-35-7. Erste Auflage /<br />
First Edition : July 2013, Shaaban 1434 H. 364 pages (English Part<br />
48
350 Pages and the Arabic Part 14 Pages). Publisher: Dar Al Jundi<br />
Publishing House, Al-Quds (Jerusalem), State of Palestine.<br />
http://dr-norman-ali-khalafbooks.webs.com/faunapalaestinapart3.htm<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2013). Dinosaur Tracks at Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. 09.07.2013. Youtube Video.<br />
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEtF3FUegOQ<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). The Ceratosaur Dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi<br />
Janensch, 1920 Tracks from Beit Zeit, West of Al-Quds<br />
(Jerusalem), Occupied Palestine. Gazelle: The Palestinian<br />
Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number 117, September<br />
<strong>2014</strong>, Thu Al-Qi‟da 1435 AH. pp. 1-33. Dubai and Sharjah, United<br />
Arab Emirates. http://palestine-dinosaur.webs.com/ &<br />
http://issuu.com/drnormanalibassamkhalaf/docs/dinosaurs_at_beit_zeit_al_quds_je<br />
ru & http://www.joomag.com/magazine/gazelle-the-<br />
palestinian-biological-bulletin-issn-0178-6288-number-117-<br />
september-<strong>2014</strong>-pp-1-33/0426645001392611970?page=1<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (<strong>2014</strong>). The Long-necked Whip-tailed Sauropod Dinosaur<br />
(Amphicoelias brontodiplodocus Galiano and Albersdörfer, 2010)<br />
Skeleton at Dubai Mall, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number<br />
120, December <strong>2014</strong>. pp. 1-29. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates. http://palestine-dinosaur.webs.com/sauropoddubai-mall<br />
<strong>Khalaf</strong>-Sakerfalke <strong>von</strong> <strong>Jaffa</strong>, <strong>Prof</strong>. <strong>Dr</strong>. Sc. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Bassam</strong> <strong>Ali</strong><br />
Taher (2015). Dinasurat Al-Quds Al-Shareef, Filasteen Al-Muhtala<br />
/ Dinosaurs of Al-Quds )Jerusalem(, Occupied Palestine. Gazelle:<br />
The Palestinian Biological Bulletin. ISSN 0178 – 6288. Number<br />
122, February 2015. pp. 1-11. Dubai and Sharjah, United Arab<br />
Emirates (in Arabic). http://palestinedinosaur.webs.com/dinosaur-al-quds-palestine<br />
49
Orlando Sentinel. Geologists Find Remains Of Dinosaurs In<br />
Oman. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1997-06-<br />
10/news/9706090552_1_oman-Dinosaur-fossils-sultan-qaboosuniversity<br />
Paul, Gregory S. (1988). Genus Elaphrosaurus. Predatory Dinosaurs<br />
of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster. Pp. 265–266. <strong>ISBN</strong> 0-<br />
671-61946-2.<br />
Probst, Ernst und Windolf, Raymund (1993). Dinosaurier in<br />
Deutschland. C. Bertelsmann Verlag GmbH, Muenchen. 316<br />
Seiten.<br />
Rauhut, O.W.M. (2000). The dinosaur fauna from the Guimarota<br />
mine. Pp 75-82. In: Martin and Krebs (eds.). Guimarota – A<br />
Jurassic Ecosystem. Verlag <strong>Dr</strong>. Friedrich Pfeil, München.<br />
Russell, Dale A. (1972). Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late<br />
Cretaceous of western Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth<br />
Sciences 9: 375–402.<br />
Science Daily. First Dinosaur Tracks Discovered On Arabian<br />
Peninsula.<br />
www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/05/080520203013.htm<br />
Sereno, Wilson and Conrad (2004). New dinosaurs link southern<br />
landmasses in the Mid-Cretaceous. Proceedings: Biological<br />
Sciences. 71(1546), 1325–1330.<br />
Tsrenov, <strong>Prof</strong>. Eitan (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem). Israel<br />
2000 „Dinosaur, Judean Hills“.<br />
www.paleophilatelie.eu/description/stamps/israel_2000.html<br />
Wikipedia. Ceratosauria.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratosauria<br />
Wikipedia. Elaphrosaurus.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaphrosaurus<br />
Wikipedia. Ornithomimidae.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimidae<br />
Wikipedia. Ornithomimosauria.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithomimosauria<br />
Wikipedia. Struthiomimus.<br />
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struthiomimus<br />
50
انًؤنف أيبو انهُكم انؼظًٍ نسَُبصىض صىضوثىز شو انؼُك انطىَم وانصَم انؽىطٍ<br />
أيفُؽُهُبغ ثطوَزىزَجهىزوكىغ " فٍ زُثٍ يىل ، زُثٍ ، زونخ اإليبضاد انؼطثُخ انًُزحسح .<br />
رصىَط ظوجزٍ انحجُجخ ػُال ذهف<br />
. 20.03.<strong>2014</strong> .<br />
https://www.flickr.com/photos/50022881@N00/14096637045/<br />
51<br />
"
52
جبئعح ز. َىضيبٌ )َؼًبٌ( ػهٍ ذهف نهزُىع<br />
انحُىٌ فٍ فهؽطٍُ<br />
يؽبثمزٍ انًمبنخ وانزصىَط انفىرىغطافٍ<br />
نؼصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
:<br />
2013<br />
/<br />
2012<br />
<strong>Dr</strong>. <strong>Norman</strong> <strong>Ali</strong> <strong>Khalaf</strong> Award for<br />
Biodiversity in Palestine 2012 / 2013 :<br />
Essay and Photography Contest of the<br />
Palestine Sunbird (Cinnyris osea<br />
Bonaparte, 1856)<br />
53
2012<br />
17<br />
رْ ك٢ ٣ّٞ ٖٓ ّٜو أؿَطٌ )آة( ٖٓ اُؼبّ إٛالم عبئيح ك. ٗٞهٓبٕ<br />
)ٗؼٔبٕ( ػ٢ِ فِق ُِز٘ٞع اُؾ١ٞ٤ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ثبُزؼبٕٝ ٓغ ٝىاهح اُزوث٤خ ٝاُزؼ٤ِْ<br />
اُؼب٢ُ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ٝٓووٛب هاّ هللا ، ٝعٔؼ٤خ اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٝٓووٛب ث٤ذ<br />
ٍبؽٞه . ٝرٜلف اُغبئيح إ٠ُ رْغ٤غ ٝرؼي٣ي أُلب٤ْٛ اُج٤ئ٤خ ٝهكغ َٓزٟٞ اُٞػ٢<br />
اُج٤ئ٢ ك٢ أُُغزٔغ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ٝفبٕخ ُلٟ اُطِجخ ثٜلف ؽٔب٣خ اُطج٤ؼخ ٝاُز٘ٞع<br />
اُؾ١ٞ٤ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ .<br />
ٝهل ًبٕ ٓٞٙٞع اُغبئيح ك٢ اَُ٘خ األ٠ُٝ إلٗطالهٜب ٛٞ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ<br />
اُلَِط٢٘٤ )ر٤ُٔو كَِط٤ٖ(<br />
ٝمُي ك٢ َُٓبثوز٢ أُوبُخ ٝاُز٣ٖٞو اُلٞرٞؿواك٢ .<br />
Palestine Sunbird (Cinnyris osea<br />
Bonaparte, 1856)<br />
ٝثبَُ٘جخ إلفز٤به ٓٞٙٞع ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ؛ كل٢ اُلزوح األف٤وح هبٓذ<br />
ثؼ٘ اُغٜبد اُل٤ُٝخ ٝاإلٍوائ٤ِ٤خ ثٔؾبُٝخ ر٤٤و إٍْ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤<br />
)اُز٤ُٔو اُلَِط٢٘٤( إ٠ُ إٍْ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ أُْب٢ُ مٝ اُقَُٖ اُجوروب٤ُخ<br />
Northernٝمُي Orange-tufted Sunbird ُٔؾبُٝخ ٌٛٔ إٍُٔٚ أُُزؼبهف<br />
ػ٤ِٚ ػ٤ِِٔبً ٝػب٤ُٔبً .<br />
انًُهصك انًُصبحت نًؽبثمخ أحهً صىضح نؼُصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
َىضيبٌ )َؼًبٌ( ػهٍ ذهف نهزُىع انحُىٌ فٍ فهؽطٍُ<br />
فٍ<br />
جبئعح انسكزىض<br />
. 2013/2012<br />
54
إٕ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ )ر٤ُٔو كَِط٤ٖ( ٣ُؼزجو ٖٓ اُط٤ٞه ا٤ُُٔٔيح ٝاُْبئؼخ<br />
ك٢ ٓؼظْ أُ٘بٛن اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ، ٣ٝجِؾ ُٛٞٚ ا٢ٌُِ ٖٓ<br />
عواّ ٝٝىٕ اإلٗبس إ٠ُ<br />
عواّ ؛ ٣ٝز٤ٔي ثٔ٘وبه أٍٞك إُِٞ ٣َٞٛٝ إ٠ُ ؽلٍ ٓب ٓغ إُزٞاء ٗؾٞ األٍلَ ؛<br />
ًٔب ٣ز٤ٔي ثأُٞإ ه٣ِْٚ اُيههبء أٝ اُقٚواء اُالٓؼخ اُغ٤ِٔخ ك٢ اُنًٞه ، ٕٝٞد<br />
عِغِخ أٝ فْقْخ ػبٍٍ ٍٝو٣غ ٕٝٞد إٗناه هبًٍ .<br />
– 8 12 ٍْ ، ٣ٝجِؾ ثبع<br />
ع٘بؽ٤ٚ – 14 ٖٓ 16 ٍْ ، َٖ٣ٝ ٝىٕ اُنًٞه إ٠ُ 7.6<br />
6.8<br />
22.08.2012<br />
ٖٓ هِجَ عٔؼ٤خ<br />
ٝهل رْ رو٤ّؼ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ثزبه٣<br />
اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٝٓووٛب ث٤ذ ٍبؽٞه ٤ُٖجؼ ػٖلٞهاً ٤٘ٛٝبً كَِط٤٘٤بً<br />
ٝمُي ُٜلف أُُؾبكظخ ػ٤ِٚ ٝػ٠ِ إٍٔٚ ا٢ُ٘ٛٞ . ُٝنُي هبٓذ عبئيح ك. ٗٞهٓبٕ<br />
)ٗؼٔبٕ( ػ٢ِ فِق ُِز٘ٞع اُؾ١ٞ٤ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ثلػْ ٛنٙ اُقطٞح ا٤ُ٘ٛٞخ اُج٤ئ٤خ<br />
ٝإٛالم َٓبثوخ أُوبُخ ٝاُز٣ٖٞو اُلٞرٞؿواك٢ ُؼٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ث٤ٖ<br />
ٛالة ٝٛبُجبد أُوؽِخ اُضب٣ٞٗخ )اُٖلٞف اُزبٍغ ٝاُؼبّو ٝاُؾبك١ ػْو( ك٢<br />
ًَ ٓلاهً ُٓؾبكظبد اُٖٞٛ ثبُزؼبٕٝ ٓغ ٝىاهح اُزوث٤خ ٝاُزؼ٤ِْ اُؼب٢ُ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ<br />
ٝعٔؼ٤خ اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ُِؼبّ اُلها٢ٍ<br />
. 2013/2012<br />
ٝثؼل ْٓبهًخ أُئبد ٖٓ ِٛجخ أُلاهً ك٢ ًَ أُُؾبكظبد اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ، رْ كوى<br />
أُْبهًبد ٝرو٤٤ٜٔب ٖٓ هِجَ ٛبهْ ؽٌُبّ هل٣و ؛ ٝرْ إفز٤به كبئي٣ٖ ك٢ َٓبثوخ<br />
أُوبُخ ، ًٝنُي إفز٤به كبئي٣ٖ ك٢ َٓبثوخ اُز٣ٖٞو اُلٞرٞؿواك٢ .<br />
6<br />
55<br />
6<br />
أٍٔبء اُطِجخ اُلبئي٣ٖ ك٢ َٓبثوخ أُوبُخ:<br />
ّبكٕ ًٔبٍ )ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد ه٣بٗ األه٠ٖ ، ٓل٣و٣خ اُولً( ، ثزٍٞ هثؾ٢ ٓؾٔل<br />
ؽٔبكح )ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد ك٣و هل٣ٌ اُضب٣ٞٗخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ هاّ هللا( ، ػُال إثٖ ػ٢ِ )ٓلهٍخ<br />
اُجطو٣و٤ًخ األهصٞم٤ًَخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ٙٞاؽ٢ اُولً( ، ثواء ٓؾٔل ػطبٛوح<br />
)ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد اُؾبط إثوا٤ْٛ اُق٤َِ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ع٤ٖ٘( ، ٓالى ؽَٖ أؽٔل ثْبهاد<br />
)ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد ٕٛٔٞ اُضب٣ٞٗخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ٛٞثبً( ، إٔبُخ ٓؾٔل ػ٢ِ اُ٘غبه<br />
)ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد ثز٤و اُضب٣ٞٗخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ث٤ذ ُؾْ( .<br />
أٍٔبء اُطِجخ اُلبئي٣ٖ ك٢ َٓبثوخ اُز٣ٖٞو اُلٞرٞؿواك٢ :<br />
ّوٝم اُ٘زْخ )ٓلهٍخ اُلزبح اُالعئخ أ ، ٓل٣و٣خ اُولً( ، ػجل اُوؽٖٔ ٓز٢ُٞ<br />
)أُلهٍخ اإلٍال٤ٓخ اُضب٣ٞٗخ ُِج٤ٖ٘ ، ٓل٣و٣خ هاّ هللا( ، ؽَ٘خ ٗج٤َ ػجل اُؼي٣ي<br />
)ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد هجالٕ اُضب٣ٞٗخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ع٘ٞة ٗبثٌِ( ، ٓؼب٣ٝخ هٙب ػ٠َ٤ أّز٤خ<br />
)ٓلهٍخ مًٞه رَ اُضب٣ٞٗخ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ٗبثٌِ( ، ٤ٌٓ ؽٌٔذ أؽٔل عبك هللا )ٓلهٍخ
ث٘بد ى٣زب عٔبػ٤ٖ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ٍِل٤ذ( ، ٜٗبٍ عالٍ ٛالٍ عبًٓٞ )ٓلهٍخ ث٘بد<br />
ى٣زب عٔبػ٤ٖ ، ٓل٣و٣خ ٍِل٤ذ( .<br />
ٛنا ٝهل رْ إهبٓخ ؽلَ رٌو٣ْ ٝرٞى٣غ اُغٞائي أُب٤ُخ ُِطِجخ اُلبئي٣ٖ ك٢ ٓوو<br />
ٝىاهح اُزوث٤خ ٝاُزؼ٤ِْ اُؼب٢ُ اُلَِط٤٘٤خ ك٢ هاّ هللا ك٢ ٣ّٞ اُق٤ٌٔ<br />
ٝهل ؽٚو اُؾلَ ا٤َُلح إُٜبّ ػجل اُوبكه أُؾ٤َٖ ٓل٣و ػبّ<br />
األْٗطخ اُطالث٤خ ك٢ ٝىاهح اُزوث٤خ ٝاُزؼ٤ِْ اُؼب٢ُ ، ٝاألٍزبم ػٔبك األٛوُ<br />
أُل٣و اُز٘ل٤ن١ ُغٔؼ٤خ اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ، ٝػبُْ األؽ٤بء اُلَِط٢٘٤<br />
األٍزبم اُلًزٞه ٗٞهٓبٕ )ٗؼٔبٕ( ػ٢ِ فِق هاػ٢ اُغبئيح ، ٝاُؼل٣ل ٖٓ ُٓٞظل٢<br />
ٝىاهح اُزوث٤خ ٝعٔؼ٤خ اُؾ٤بح اُجو٣خ ٝاُطِجخ اُلبئي٣ٖ ٝػبئالرْٜ ٝؽٚٞه ًو٣ْ .<br />
04.07.2013<br />
طابع بريد دولة فلشطيه نع عصفور الشنس الفلشطيوي للفواه الفلشطيوي خالد جرار .<br />
56
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
ثمهى : شبزٌ كًبل )يسضؼخ ثُبد ضَبض األلصً ، يسَطَخ انمسغ(<br />
كَِط٤ٖ ثِل ًِٚ ربه٣ ، ك٢ ًَ ّجو ٓ٘ٚ أصو ُؾٚبهاد ٍبثوخ أثذ إال ٝإٔ رزوى<br />
ثٖٔبرٜب ؽز٠ رْٜل ُٜب ٛنٙ اُجٖٔبد أٓبّ اُؼبُْ ثأٍوٙ ػ٠ِ ٓب روًزٚ ٖٓ ؽٚبهح ، ٝٓب<br />
فِلزٚ ٖٓ ربه٣ ، كول أثذ إٔ ٣ٌٕٞ ٓوٝهٛب ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ػبثواً .<br />
إٜٗب ُٞؽخ كو٣لح هٍٔزٜب ه٣ْخ األْٓ ٝاُْؼٞة ػ٠ِ ٓو اُيٓبٕ ، ُٞؽخ أرْؾذ ثبُول٤ٍخ<br />
ٝعٔؼذ ٖٓ ًَ األُٞإ ٝاألىٓبٕ ٝاألٌّبٍ ، ٓٔب عؼَ ٜٓ٘ب ُٞؽخ ٤ٌُ ُٜب ٓض٤َ ؛ إ٠ُ<br />
إٔ أر٠ ّجؼ أٍٞك ٤َُوم أُٞإ اُجٜغخ ٜٓ٘ب ، كول ًبٕ ٣ؾَٔ ألُٞإ اُؾ٤بح ٓٔؾبح<br />
ٍؾو٣خ، كإٔجؾذ ثبٛزخ ، ُٜٞٗب ثِٕٞ اُلّ اُوب٢ٗ ، ُٕٝٞ ا٣ُٞالد ٝاُؾَواد . ٝث٤ٖ ًَ<br />
إٔٞاد ا٥ٛبد ٣َٔغ ٕٞد ّغ٢ ، ٕٞد أؽٌ ثوِجٚ اُٖ٤و ، ٓب ؽَ ثزِي اُِٞؽخ<br />
اُيا٤ٛخ ٖٓ فواة ، كأػزبك إٔ ٣ْلٝ ثٖٞد ِٓؤٙ اُْغٖ ، ٓؼجواً ثطو٣وزٚ اُقبٕخ ػٖ<br />
اُؾيٕ اُن١ إٔبثٚ .<br />
ػٖلٞه أؽزلع ثيٛبئٚ ػ٠ِ ٓلٟ هوٕٝ ، أػزبك إٔ ٣ْ٘و اُلوػ ثٖٞرٚ اُؼنة ، ٝأُٞاٗٚ<br />
اُغ٤ِٔخ ، ػٖلٞه ّٜل ٓ٘ن األىٍ ػ٠ِ ًَ ٓب إٔبة أهٙٚ أُولٍخ ٖٓ ٌٗجبد ٝأكواػ ،<br />
ٖٓ إؽزالٍ ٝإٍزوالٍ ، ٖٓ إ٤ٜٗبه ٝإىكٛبه، كأفن ػ٠ِ ٗلَٚ ػٜلاً ثإٔ ٣غؼَ ٕٞرٚ<br />
اُْغ٢ ٖٓلهاً َُِؼبكح ، كزٌبصو ٝريا٣لد أػلاكٙ ، ٗواٙ ك٢ ّٔبٍ اُجالك إ٠ُ ع٘ٞثٜب ،<br />
ٝك٢ ّوم اُجالك إ٠ُ ؿوثٜب ، كلا هٓياً ٤٘ٛٝبً كَِط٤٘٤بً ، ٝهل ًَت ثؾغٔٚ اُٖ٤و ؽجبً<br />
ًج٤واً ٖٓ اُلَِط٤٤٘٤ٖ اُن٣ٖ ثبكُٞٙ ؽجبً ثؾُت ، ؽز٠ أِٛوٞا ػ٤ِٚ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ<br />
اُلَِط٢٘٤ .<br />
ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ، ٝاُلَِط٢٘٤ إٍْ ٣لٍ ػ٠ِ َٗت ، َٗجٚ إ٠ُ اُْؼت<br />
اُلَِط٢٘٤ ٝأهٙٚ أُُولٍخ ، ٌُٖٝ اُْجؼ األٍٞك ٣وجَ ُٖ ثنُي ، ُْ ٣وجَ إٔ رزوى ك٢<br />
اُِٞؽخ ٢ّء ٖٓ اُيٛبء ، ًٝٔب ىػْ ثإٔ ٛنٙ أهٙٚ ، ٝثأٗٚ أفز٤و ُِؼ٤ِ ك٤ٜب ، ٝكصو<br />
ٝكٓو ٓؼبُٜٔب ، َٝٗت ثؼٜٚب إ٤ُٚ ، كِٖ ٣وجَ ثإٔ ٣ٌٕٞ ك٢ ٛنٙ االهٗ ػٖلٞه ٣َ٘ت<br />
إ٠ُ ؿ٤وٙ ، هك٘ ٝٓبٗغ ر٤َٔزٚ ثٜنا اإلٍْ ، ًٝإٔ مُي اُغَل اُؾو٤و ُٚ ؽن ك٢ مُي ،<br />
٤ُوك٘؟ ٣ٌٕٞ ٖٓ ، كؾز٠ اُؼ٤ِ ػ٠ِ ٛنٙ االهٗ ٤ٌُ ٖٓ ؽوٚ .<br />
اُؼٖلٞه اُجوروب٢ُ ، إٍْ أفزبهٙ اُْجؼ االٍٞك ُطبئو ٣وك ُْ ٍٟٞ إٔ ٣َُ٘ت إ٠ُ أهٙٚ ،<br />
إٍْ ثال ٕٓٚٔٞ ، ٣ٝقِٞ ٖٓ أُؼب٢ٗ اَُب٤ٓخ اُز٢ ؽِٜٔب )ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤( ،<br />
كؾز٠ اُط٤ٞه اُؾُوح ، ك٢ أَُبء اُٞاٍؼخ ُْ رَِْ ٖٓ ظِٔٚ ، كٞ هللا إٕ ثطْٚ هل رغبٝى<br />
اُؾلٝك ، كأ١ ك٣ٖ هثب٢ٗ ٣ُ٘بك١ ثنُي ، ٝأ١ هبٕٗٞ ثْو١ ٣وو ثٚ .<br />
57
أصن ثإٔ اُيٓبٕ ٜٓٔب ٛبٍ كئٕ اُؾو٤وخ ٍز٘زٖو ػ٠ِ اُْٞٛ ، ك٘ؾٖ اُؾو٤وخ ، أٓب األّجبػ<br />
كال ٝعٞك ُٜب ، ػ٘لئن ٍزؾِن اُؼٖبك٤و ػب٤ُبً ثؾُو٣خ ، ٝثأع٘ؾخ رلكؼٜب اَُؼبكح ُِزؾ٤ِن<br />
ؽز٠ رزٞاهٟ ك٢ اُ٤ّٞ ، ٍزْؼو ثأٖٓ ٝإٛٔئ٘بٕ ، كزج٢٘ ُٜب أػْبّبً ، ٝر٘غت ٕبهاً ،<br />
إٗٚ ػٖلٞه ٣ُؾت اُزٌبصو ٤ُزجب٠ٛ ثٌضوح أػلاكٙ ، ٝري٣ل هٞرٚ ، رٔبٓبً ًبُْؼت اُلَِط٢٘٤،<br />
٣٘غت ٤ُزجب٠ٛ ثََ٘ ٣ٜجٕٞ أهٝاؽْٜ كلاء ألهْٜٙ . ٤ٍْٝلٝ ٛنا اُؼٖلٞه ثأػنة<br />
األُؾبٕ ٝاُزوا٤ْٗ ، ٤ٍٝ٘ل٘ ػ٘ٚ اُْغٖ ، ػ٘لٓب ٣زؾوه اُٖٞٛ ، ٝرؼِٞ ها٣خ اُؾن<br />
ٝروعؼ ًلز٘ب هؿٔبً ػْٜ٘ .<br />
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنجخ شطوق انُزشخ )يسضؼخ انفزبح انالجئخ أ ، يسَطَخ<br />
انمسغ )<br />
ضيع انحطَخ<br />
ثمهى : ثزىل ضثحٍ يحًس حًبزح )يسضؼخ ثُبد زَط لسَػ انثبَىَخ ،<br />
يسَطَخ ضاو َّللا(<br />
هبٍ اُوٍٍٞ ٠ِٕ هللا ػ٤ِٚ ٍِْٝ : " أَٛ اُْبّ ٍٞٛ هللا ك٢ األهٗ ، ٣٘زوْ ثْٜ ٖٓٔ<br />
٣ْبء " . ٕلم هٍٍٞ هللا.<br />
58
–<br />
ُول رٌلَ هللا ثبُْبّ ٝأِٜٛب ، ك٢ٜ ف٤وح هللا ٖٓ أهٙٚ ٣غزج٢ إ٤ُٚ ف٤ورٚ ٖٓ ػجبكٙ ؛ ػجبكٙ<br />
اُٖبُؾ٤ٖ اُٖبثو٣ٖ أُُواثط٤ٖ أُُٖو٣ٖ ػ٠ِ ؽوْٜ ك٢ اُؾ٤بح اٌُو٣ٔخ ٝاُلُٝخ اُؾُوح<br />
أَُزوِخ .<br />
ًٝٔب أهٍَ هللا ٤ٛٞهاً ُؾٔب٣خ اٌُؼجخ أُُْوكخ ٖٓٔ أهاكٝا ٍِت هل٤ٍزٜب ، أهٍَ ُ٘ب أ٣ٚب<br />
٤ٛٞهاً أثبث٤َ ، ُزؤًل ػ٠ِ إٔ كَِط٤ٖ ٢ٛ اُلُٝخ األؽن ًبٗذ ٝال ىاُذ .<br />
٣ُؾبُٕٝٞ ٢ّء ًَ ٌٛٔ ٣ُضجذ إٔ ُلَِط٤ٖ األؽو٤خ ك٢ اُٞعٞك ٝاُجوبء ؛ ىٝهٝا اُزبه٣<br />
ٝاُؾوبئن ، َٛٔٞا ا٥صبه ٝأُؼبُْ ، كَٗٞا أَُبعل ٝاٌُ٘بئٌ ، ًبٗٞا ٝال ىاُٞا ّؼجبً ال<br />
ٝال ربه٣ ، ث٘ٞا كُٝزْٜ أُيػٞٓخ ػ٠ِ أٗوبٗ ربه٣ق٘ب اُؼو٣ن ، أهبٓٞا ٤ًبْٜٗ<br />
اُبٕت ُٓزغب٤ِٖٛ اُؾُت اُن١ ٣َو١ ك٢ كٓبء اُْؼت ألهْٜٙ ٝؽُو٣زْٜ ، أهرلؼٞا<br />
ٝأًزَجٞا أُغل ٝاُوٞح ٖٓ كِٓبء اُْٜلاء ٝأٗبد اُغوؽ٠ ٝكُٓٞع األهآَ ٝاُض٠ٌِ ،<br />
ٝأؽالّ اُالعئ٤ٖ ثبُؼٞكح ، أفنٝا اُؾو٣خ ٝاُجواءح ٝاُطلُٞخ ًٔب األهٗ ٝاُزبه٣<br />
ٝاألٓغبك ، ٝال ىاُٞا ؽز٠ اُِؾظخ ٣ؾبُٕٝٞ إعزضبس عُنٝه اُْؼت اُلَِط٢٘٤ أُزإِٔخ<br />
ك٢ األهٗ ٝأَُُزلؾِخ ك٤ٜب .<br />
إَٔ ُٚ ،<br />
ؽز٠ اُط٤ٞه ٝاُيٛٞه ٝاألّغبه ُْ رَِْ ٖٓ ر٣ٜٞلْٛ ٝػُ٘لْٜ ٝعجوٝرْٜ ، أؿزوٝا<br />
ثٞهٞف اُؼبُْ ٓؼْٜ ٤ٌُ ؽُجبً ثْٜ ٌُٖٝ ٓٞاى٣ٖ اُوٟٞ فنُز٘ب<br />
كَِط٢٘٤ ، ٛٞكٝا اُْٞاهع ٝأُُلٕ ٝأُُولٍبد ، ًزجٞا ثُِزْٜ أٍٔبءاً عل٣لح ٌَُ ٓب ٣ضجذ<br />
إٔ أهٗ كَِط٤ٖ ػوث٤خ ، ًبٗذ ٝال رياٍ ، ؽز٠ اُط٤ٞه ٣ُؾبُٕٝٞ ر٣ٜٞلٛب ، ػٖلٞه<br />
أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ اُن١ ٣ُؼزجو هٓياً ُ٘ب ٣َِْ ُْ ٖٓ رطلِْٜ ، ؽز٠ ٛنا اُؼٖلٞه اُن١ ُْ<br />
٣زغبٝى ُٛٞٚ أؽل ػْو ٍ٘ز٤ٔزواً ، ٝال ٣زغبٝى ٝىٗٚ صٔب٤ٗخ ؿوآبد ، ٝال ٣زنٟ إال<br />
ػ٠ِ هؽ٤ن األىٛبه ٝثؼ٘ اُؾْواد ، مُي اُؼٖلٞه اُن١ أكِٛ اُغ٤ٔغ ثأُٞاٗٚ<br />
اُغ٤ِٔخ اُوائؼخ ًأُٞإ اُط٤ق ، اُنًو ٓ٘ٚ ُٚ أُٞإ ػلح ًبألىهم ٝاألفٚو ٝاُجُوروب٢ُ ،<br />
ّبٓ ثغٔبُٚ ًوعبٍ كَِط٤ٖ ، أٓب األٗض٠ ك٤ٌَٞٛب ه٣ِ هٓبك١ ٤ٔ٣َ إ٠ُ اُج٢ُ٘ ،<br />
ُٓؾزْٔخ ًئؽزْبّ َٗبء كَِط٤ٖ ، رج٢٘ ػُْٜب ٝرؾٖٚ ث٤ٜٚب ٝؽلٛب ، ًيٝعبد األٍوٟ<br />
ٝاُْٜلاء ٝأُُغبٛل٣ٖ ، اُِٞار٢ ٣أفنٕ ٌٓبٕ األة ٝاألؿ ٣٘ؤ ٖٓ ًَٝ اُؼبئِخ ٖٓ<br />
ٝعٞكٙ ، ٖٛ ًبُوعبٍ ثَ أهٟٞ ٕجواً ٝػي٣ٔخ .<br />
- ، ثلأٝا ثَِت ًَ ٓب ٞٛ<br />
مُي اُط٤و ٣ُٜلكُٙ فطو األٍو ، ًأ١ ٢ّء كَِط٢٘٤ ٣ٖوٕٝ ، ػ٠ِ إثوبءٙ هٖٛ هَٞرْٜ<br />
ؽز٠ ك٘بئٚ ، ٣ُؾبُٕٝٞ هزَ أ١ ٢ّء ُٚ ِٕخ ٖٓ هو٣ت أٝ ثؼ٤ل ثلَِط٤ٖ األث٤خ ، ػ٠ِ<br />
اُوؿْ ٖٓ ِٕو ؽغْ اُؼٖلٞه ، اُن١ ال ٤ٚ٣ن ػ٤ِْٜ ٌٓبٕ ، ٝال ٣ْبهًْٜ ؿناء ، ٝال<br />
٣ؤم١ أُظٜو اُؼبّ ُلُٝزْٜ أُيػٞٓخ اُيائِخ ثئمٕ هللا ، ٣ُو٣لٕٝ إ٣ناءٙ ثْز٠ اُطوم ،<br />
كوٜ ألٗٚ هٓي ُْؼت ػظ٤ْ ، ؽوكٞا إٍٔٚ اُن١ ٣ضجذ إٔ كَِط٤ٖ ٓٞٛ٘ٚ األَٓ ، ٝإٕ<br />
ػبُ ك٢ ثالك ًض٤وح أفوٟ ًْٔبٍ األهكٕ ٍٝٞه٣ب ُٝج٘بٕ ٝأكو٣و٤ب ٝثؼ٘ أُ٘بٛن<br />
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األفوٟ ، ٍُٔٞٙ اُؼٖلٞه اُجُوروب٢ُ ٤ُلٝا ، ًَبئو اُؼٖبك٤و األفوٟ ؛ عوكٝٙ ٖٓ<br />
ر٤ٔيٙ اُن١ ٣ضجذ أٗٚ كَِط٢٘٤ ثبُلهعخ األ٠ُٝ ، كٌَ ٓب ٛٞ كَِط٢٘٤ ُٓز٤ٔي.<br />
ػُوف ػٖ ّؼج٢ ُٕٔٞكٙ ٝعجوٝرٚ ، ثبُوؿْ ٖٓ ًَ ٓب كؼِٞٙ ٢ً ٗؾ٢٘ ٛبٓبر٘ب اُْبٓقخ،<br />
كال ٣ياٍ ٓ٘ب ٣ُوبّٝ ٖٓ ثجَبُخ ؛ مُي ثبُٚجٜ ٓب ٠َُٔ٣ ثبُؾوة اُجبهكح ، ك٘ؾٖ ٝإٕ<br />
أفزِلذ ٛوم ٓوبٝٓز٘ب ، ٛلك٘ب ٝاؽل . كٔب ًبٕ ُ٘ب ٣غت إٔ ٣جو٠ ُ٘ب ، ٤ٍٝجو٠ ًنُي إ٠ُ<br />
األثل ؛ ًٝٔب هبٍ ػ٤ِٚ أكَٚ اُٖالح ٝأرْ اُز٤َِْ ، ٗؾٖ ٍٞٛ هللا ك٢ األهٗ ٣٘زوْ ث٘ب<br />
٣ْبء ٖٓٔ ٖٓ ػجبكِٙ ٤ًق ٣ْبء ، ٝثٖٔٞكٗب أٓبْٜٓ ٍ٘و٣ْٜ ُٝٗو١ اُؼبُْ أعٔغ إٗ٘ب<br />
إٔؾبة اُؾن ك٢ ٛنٙ األهٗ ، ثبُوِْ ٝا٤َُق ٝهللا ٓؼ٘ب .<br />
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنت ػجس انطحًٍ يزىنٍ )انًسضؼخ اإلؼاليُخ انثبَىَخ<br />
نهجٍُُ ، يسَطَخ ضاو َّللا(.<br />
ّٝؼج٢ ال ٣ياٍ ًٔب ػٜلٙ أػلاءٙ ، ال ٣قبف ك٢ اُؾن ُٞٓٚ الئْ ، ثبُوؿْ ٖٓ إكزوبهٙ ُٔب<br />
٣وٟٞ ثٚ اُجْو ػ٠ِ اُجْو ، إال إٔ ُ٘ب أٍب٤ُج٘ب اُقبٕخ ، كٔ٘ب ٣و٤ْ ٖٓ ٜٓوعبٗبً ُزن٤ًو<br />
ا٥فو٣ٖ ثبُوٓي اُن١ ٣ُؾبٍٝ االؽزالٍ ٍِجٚ ، ٝا٥فو٣ٖ ٣ُؾبُٕٝٞ عنة أُُو٣ل٣ٖ ٖٓ<br />
أُؤ٣ل٣ٖ ُو٤ٚخ ػبكُخ ك٢ ىٓبٕ ال ػلٍ ك٤ٚ ، ًض٤وٕٝ ٖٓ أث٘بء ّؼج٢ ٣ٕٞلٕٞ ٓٞاٛجْٜ<br />
ٝإثلاػبرْٜ ُقلٓخ هٚب٣بٗب اٌُض٤وح ، اُز٢ ٖٓ ٜٙٔ٘ب ػٖلٞهٗب ا٢ُ٘ٛٞ ، ٝأمًو ػ٠ِ<br />
60
ٍج٤َ أُضبٍ ال اُؾٖو اُل٘بٕ "فبُل عواه" مُي اُن١ ٕ٘غ فِزٔبً فبٕبً ُلُٝخ كَِط٤ٖ<br />
رزٍٞطُٚ ٕٞهح ُؼٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ " ػٖلٞه اُؾو٣خ " ، ٣قزْ ثٚ عٞاى ٍلو<br />
٣ْبء ٖٓ ٖٓ أُُزٚب٤ٖ٘ٓ األعبٗت ٖٝٓ أث٘بء اُْؼت ، ُؼَ اُؼبُْ ٣ؤٖٓ ثو٤ٚخ اُْؼت<br />
اُن١ ٣ؼ٤ِ رؾذ ٝٛأح اإلؽزالٍ ٝهَٞرٚ .<br />
مُي االؽزالٍ اُن١ ٣زغبَٛ ػِٔ٘ب ٝصوبكز٘ب ، ٣زغبَٛ إٔ ّؼج٘ب أُُؾزَ ٣ُلوٛ ُٖ ثأ١ ٢ّء<br />
ُٚ ِٕخ ثلَِط٤ٖ ، رواْٛ ٣٘ظوٕٝ ُِلَِط٤٤٘٤ٖ ثئؽزوبه ، ال ألْٜٗ األ٠ٍٔ ٌٓبٗخ ث٤ٖ<br />
اُْؼٞة ، ثَ ُؼِِْٜٔ ثأٗ٘ب إٔؾبة اُؾن ، اُؾن اُٚبئغ اُن١ ال ثل إٔ ٣ؼٞك ٣ٝ٘زٖو .<br />
ٗؾٖ ّؼت ّٜل اُغ٤ٔغ إٔ ٖٓ أٍٔبٗب ّؼت اُغجبه٣ٖ ٓب فبة ٝال أفطأ ، ألٕ ّؼت<br />
اُغجبه٣ٖ ال ٣٘ؾ٢٘ إال هلل ، ٝال ٣ُلوٛ ك٢ ٢ّء ٣ُضجذ ػلاُخ ه٤ٚزٚ ُٝٞ ثئٍٔٚ كوٜ ، ٝال<br />
٠َ٘٣ هٓياً ٖٓ هُٓٞى ا٤ُ٘ٛٞخ ٝإٕ ًبٕ ٤ٛواً ، هبئ٤ِٖ ٓؼبً : ٤ٛب ٣ب ػٖلٞهٗب ، ًٖ فلبهبً<br />
ك٢ ٍٔبء ثالك١ ، ُٓزوٗٔبً ثأٛبى٣ظ ٛج٤ؼزٜب اُقالثخ ، هؿٔبً ػٖ أٗٞف األػبك١ .<br />
ػصفىضح انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
ثمهى : ػُال إثٍ ػهٍ )يسضؼخ انجططَطكُخ األضثىشكؽُخ ، يسَطَخ<br />
ضىاحٍ انمسغ(<br />
ك٢ ٛنا إٌُٞ اُٞاٍغ ، ًبٕ ٣ؾَٔ ٓالٓؼ اُيائو أُُٜبعو ، ًبٕ ك٢ ػْٚ ٢ّء ٖٓ<br />
اُل٢ء، ٝ أُٞاٗٚ رجؼش األَٓ ك٢ اُلؤاك ، ٕٝٞرٚ اُْوه٢ ماى اُن١ ٣َُٔغ ُْ ُٚ ٓض٤َ ،<br />
ًٝبٗذ ػ٤٘بٙ اُٖ٤وربٕ اُِزبٕ ر٘ٔبٕ ػٖ هه٢ ٝ ًجو٣بء ، ر٘ظو إ٢ُ ثٌَ رؼغت<br />
ٝإٍزواة ؛ ًُ٘ذ هل ُٔؾزٚ ٖٓ ثؼ٤ل ، ؽ٤ٖ هف ثغ٘بؽ٤ٚ ٝؽِن ك٢ ٛنا إٌُٞ اُجل٣غ ،<br />
ك٢ ٛنٙ اُِؾظبد ً٘ذ أؽبٍٝ إٔ أؽلو ٛنٙ أُْبٛل ك٢ ماًور٢ ، ثؼل إٔ ٍٔؼذ ٕوافبً<br />
ٖٓ ثؼ٤ل ، إٗٚ ػٖلٞه "ٌّٔ كَِط٤ٖ" .<br />
ػ٘لٓب ً٘ذ ٛلِخ ٕ٤وح ، ً٘ذ أهٟ إٔ اُؼٖلٞه ٛٞ ٓغوك ك٤ُٓخ ٕ٤وح رؾَٔ ثؼ٘<br />
اُو٣ِ اُ٘بػْ ٝٓ٘وبهاً ع٤ٔالً ، ٢ٌُ٘ أًزْلذ ثؼل ٛنا أٗٚ ٣ؼ٢٘ أًضو ٖٓ مُي ثٌض٤و ، كٜٞ<br />
٣ؼ٢٘ اُٖٞٛ ٝأُْ٘أ ، اَُالّ ٝأُؾجخ ، ٝأَُزوجَ ٝاُل اُٞاػل ٝهُثٔب أًضو ، كول ٌَّ<br />
ٛنا اُؼٖلٞه ٕواػبً ٛبكئبً ُٓقزِلبً ػٖ ماى اُِٖواع اُزو٤ِل١ اُن١ ػبُّٚ اُلَِط٤٘٤ٕٞ ،<br />
كٜٞ ػٖلٞه ٤ٔ٣ي ٛنٙ أُ٘بٛن ، ٣ُؼزجو ٖٓ إٔو اُؼٖبك٤و أُٞعٞكح ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ<br />
ٝاُْوم األٍٜٝ ، ُٚٞٛ 12-10 ٖٓ َٖ٣ ٍْ ٝ ٝىٗٚ 8<br />
ؿْ روو٣جبً ؛ اُنًو ُٞٗٚ أٍٞك<br />
ٓٔيٝط ثأُٞإ ثواهخ ٓضَ اُجُوروب٢ُ ، أٓب األٗض٠ ك٢ٜ ماد ُٕٞ هٓبك١ ٓبئَ ُِج٢ُ٘ ، ٓ٘وبه<br />
٣َٞٛ ٝٓؼوٞف ، ٝ ُٚ َُبٕ ٣َٞٛ ، رج٢٘ األٗض٠ اُؼُِ ، ٝػُْٚ ٣ْجٚ األعبٕخ ُِٓن ُٝٚ<br />
كزؾخ عبٗج٤خ ، ٣ٝوّٞ اُيٝعبٕ ثئٛؼبّ اُلواؿ ثبُؾْواد اُز٢ ٣ٖطبكاٜٗب .<br />
61
ٝهل ً٘ذ ك٢ كْٛخ ػ٘لٓب ٍٔؼذ اْٜٗ ؽبُٝٞا ر٤٤و إٍٔٚ !؟<br />
ُْ أًٖ اظٖ ٣ٞٓبً إٔ األٍٔبء رؾَٔ ًَ ٛنا اُوله ٖٓ األ٤ٔٛخ كِوثٔب ّو اُج٤ِخ ٓب ٣ٚؾي.<br />
ك٢ ٛنٙ اُؾ٤بح أ٤ّبء ًض٤وح رَزلػ٢ إٔ رلٌو ؛ إٔ رلٌو ك٢ ؽ٤بري ٝ ٗلَي َُٝٓزوجِي ٝ<br />
٤ٖٓوى ، ٝإٔ رلٌو ك٢ ػُوٝثزي ٝػُوٝثخ ٛنٙ األ٤ّبء اُز٢ ثووثي ، هُثٔب ٢ٛ ٓغوك<br />
أ٤ّبء ٕ٤وح ال رؾَٔ ًَ األ٤ٔٛخ ك٢ ٗظوى ، ٌُٖ ٝٓغ مُي ال رَزط٤غ إٔ رزغبَٛ إٔ<br />
ماى ػوث٢ ٝرِي ػوث٤خ ، ٝٛنا ٛٞ ا٢ُْء اُٞؽ٤ل اُن١ ٣ُؾبٍٝ اُؼبُْ كؼِٚ !؟ إٔ ٣زغبَٛ<br />
ٌ٤ُ أًضو .<br />
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنجخ حؽُخ َجُم ػجس انؼعَع )يسضؼخ ثُبد لجالٌ<br />
انثبَىَخ ، يسَطَخ جُىة َبثهػ( .<br />
62
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
ثمهى : ثطاء يحًس ػطبططح )يسضؼخ ثُبد انحبج إثطاهُى انرهُم ،<br />
يسَطَخ جٍُُ(<br />
أٗذ اُؾُو اُن١ ٣َزط٤غ إٓزْبم اُٚٞء ، ٝاُط٤وإ إ٠ُ ػٞاُْ َٓؾٞهح ، ُٓؾِوبً كٞم ػٌب<br />
ٝ ؽ٤لب ، كٞم ٕلل كٞم ع٤ٖ٘ ، رقزوم هٞا٤ٖٗ اُطج٤ؼخ ، ٝرزٖلٟ عواك٤خ أٌُبٕ .<br />
فالٍ ربه٣ق٘ب اُط٣َٞ ، ػِٔ٘ب ًض٤واً ًٝزج٘ب أًضو ، ٌُ٘٘ب ُْ ِٗزلذ ُزِي اُوُٓٞى اُز٢<br />
أٍزؾوذ إٔ رٌٕٞ ػ٘ب٣ٖٝ ثبهىح ُزواص٘ب ، ٝرز٣ٞغبً ُؼطبئ٘ب ، ٜٓ٘ب ّوبئن اُ٘ؼٔبٕ ٝاُيػزو<br />
ٝاُز٤ُٔو اُلَِط٢٘٤ ، اُن١ رَب٠ٓ ًض٤واً ٤ُٖجؼ ّؼبهاً ، ٤ُُٖجؼ ٕٞهح رؾَٔ األُٞإ ،<br />
ٝرؼز٢ِ ٖٓ٘خ اُزز٣ٞظ .<br />
٣٘ز٢ٔ اُطبئو ُل٤ِٖخ اُط٤ٞه أُُوكح ، ٝرْو٣ؾ٤بً ٛٞ ٓضَ ثو٤خ اُط٤ٞه اُز٢ ؽجبٛب هللا<br />
ُٓوٞٓبد رَبػل ػ٠ِ اُط٤وإ ، أُٜٝب اُؼظبّ أُُغٞكخ ٝاُقل٤لخ ، صْ اُوئزبٕ اُِزبٕ رٔزِئبٕ<br />
ثبُٜٞاء كزَبػلإ اُطبئو ػ٠ِ اُط٤وإ ، صْ اُو٣ِ ٝكٝهٙ اُجبهى ك٢ ؽَٔ اُطبئو ،<br />
ٝاُن٣َ اُن١ ٣َبػلٙ ك٢ اُزٞاىٕ ، ٌَّٝ اُغَْ أ٣ٚبً )أُي٢ُ( ؛ ٣جِؾ ُٛٞٚ ث٤ٖ<br />
ؿْ ، أٓب األٗض٠ ؿْ . ٖٓ اُطج٤ؼ٢ ك٢ ػبُْ اُط٤ٞه إٔ<br />
٣ٔزبى اُنًو ثغٔبٍ اٌَُْ ٝ هٝػخ األُٞإ ػٖ األٗض٠ ، ٝمُي ٤ُُو١ اإلٗبس ، كِٞٗٚ<br />
أٍٞك ٓغ ُٔؼبٕ ٍبٛغ ك٢ أّؼخ أٌُْ ، أٓب اإلٗبس كناد ُٕٞ هٓبك١ أٝ ث٢ُ٘ .<br />
12-8<br />
6,8<br />
63<br />
ٍْ ٝ ٝىٕ اُنًو 7,6 ٚ٘ٓ<br />
ع٤ٔغ اُط٤ٞه أُُوكح ماد إٔٞاد ػنثخ ، ُٜب ٓلُٞالرٜب ك٢ هبٍٜٓٞب ، ك٢ٜ ٤َُذ كائٔبً<br />
ك٤َُ ػ٠ِ اُلوػ ٝ اُطوة ًٔب ٣ُظٖ ، ٝرزواٝػ ٓب ث٤ٖ اإلٗناه ، ٝ أُُْبعوح ، ٝاُزؾن٣و،<br />
ٝاُزٞكك ُإلٗبس ؛ ٝػٖلٞه أٌُْ مٝ ٕٞد ػبٍٍ ٍو٣غ ٣ْجٚ اُغِغِخ أٝ اُقْقْخ .<br />
ٛؼبّ ٛنا اُطبئو ٣ْجٚ ٛؼبّ أَٛ اُغ٘خ ، كٜٞ أعَٔ ٓب عبكد ثٚ ىُٛٞه ثالك١ )اُوؽ٤ن(،<br />
ؽ٤ش ٣ِزوْ ٗلٟ اُيٛوح ٤ُ٘ؼْ ثٔب ُن ٝٛبة ، ٝك٢ كَٖ اُوث٤غ ؽ٤ش رؾزْل األّغبه ك٢<br />
ػُوً ث٤ٜظ ، ثلد ك٤ٚ ٓلػٞح ُٜنا اٌُوٗلبٍ ، ٝث٤٘ٔب اُٞهٝك ٝ اُو٣بؽ٤ٖ رجش أٍواهٛب ،<br />
رٌزَٔ ػ٘بٕو ٛنٙ اُِٞؽخ ثبُز٤ُٔو اُن١ ٣زوػوع ك٢ ٛنٙ اُج٤ئخ ؛ ُول هٍُْ ثو٣ْخ اُقبُن<br />
ؽ٤ش اُزول٣و اُله٤ن ٤ٌُِٔبد ٝاُؾُغّٞ ٝاُ٘ٔبمط اُوه٤وخ ُألك٤بء ٝاألُٞإ .<br />
ٝٓضَ ٍبئو اُط٤ٞه ٣زٌبصو ٛبئوٗب ك٢ كَٖ اُوث٤غ ، كَٖ اُغٔبٍ ٝاُؾُت ٝاُقُٚوح ،<br />
ثؾ٤ش ٣َ٘ظ ػُْٚ ٓٔب ٣زٞاكو ُل٣ٚ ٖٓ ف٤ٞٛ أٝ أػْبة ػ٠ِ ٌَّ ٓؾلظخ َٗبئ٤خ ؛ رٚغ<br />
إٗبصٚ ٓب ث٤ٖ اُج٤ٚخ ٝاُضالصخ ث٤ٚبد ماد ٌِٓٔ ٗبػْ ، ٝٓظٜو الٓغ ، ُٜٞٗب هٓبك١ أٝ<br />
أث٤٘ ، روهل ػ٤ِٜب األٗض٠ ٖٓ صالصخ ػْو ٣ٞٓبً إ٠ُ أهثؼخ ػْو ٣ٞٓبً ، ؽ٤ش رلوٌ اُلواؿ<br />
ماد ىؿت ٗبػْ ، ٝ روّٞ األّ ثزله٣ت ِٕبهٛب ػ٠ِ اُط٤وإ ٝر٘ظ٤ق اُؼِ ٝاإلؽزٔبء<br />
ٖٓ األػلاء اُطج٤ؼ٤٤ٖ ، ٓضَ اُضؼبث٤ٖ ٝأُُلزوٍبد األفوٟ ًبُجّٞ ٝٛبئو أثٞ ىه٣ن .
رؼزجو اُط٤ٞه ماد أٓٞٓخ ًبِٓخ ، رْزَٔ رله٣ت اُِٖبه ػ٠ِ رو٤٘بد ُٓز٘ٞػخ ًبُط٤وإ<br />
ٝاُز٘ظ٤ق ٝاُجؾش ػٖ اُناء ، إ٠ُ رو٤٘بد أفوٟ ُٓزؼلكح أًضو رؼو٤لاً ًبَُجبؽخ ٝاُطٌ،<br />
ٝاُز٤ُٔو ٝاؽلاً ٜٓ٘ب ؽ٤ش ٣زؼبٕٝ ًَ ٖٓ اُنًو ٝاألٗض٠ ػ٠ِ هػب٣خ اُِٖبه ٝرله٣جٜب .<br />
أٓب ؽ٤برٚ كو٤ٖوح علاً ٓضَ ثو٤خ األ٤ّبء اُغ٤ِٔخ ، ك٢ٜ رٔزل ث٤ٖ اُضالس إ٠ُ اُزَغ<br />
ٍ٘ٞاد، ٌُ٘ٚ هؿْ هٖو ٛنٙ اُؾ٤بح ، كئٗٚ ٣ُْجؼٜب إ٠ُ كهعخ اُضٔبُخ ، رو٣لاً ٝؿ٘بءاً ٝؽُجبً<br />
ٝكٚٞالً ، كٜٞ ٣ؾت اُزؼوف إ٠ُ ًَ ٓب ٣ؾ٤ٜ ثٚ ؽز٠ ُٞ أؽزٟٞ مُي ٓقبٛو عٔخ .<br />
ٓضَ ٢ّء ع٤َٔ أؽزٚ٘زي ك٢ ؽ٢ِٔ أ٣ٜب اُطبئو ، ٓضَ إفز٤به ، ٓضَ هواه ، هل٣ٔبً ً٘ذ<br />
أؽت اُط٤ٞه ، ٝا٥ٕ أُؽجٜب أًضو ، ٝأًوٙ األهلبٓ أًضو ، أًوٙ اَُالٍَ ٝاُو٤ٞك أًضو .<br />
كأىهع ٖٓ ٢٘ٛٝ ؽ٤لب إ٠ُ ثئو اَُجغ . أثؼش رؾ٤بر٢ ُٖٔ ْٛ فِق علاه اُلَٖ ؽ٤ش<br />
رَٖ ٝال إَٔ .<br />
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنت يؼبوَخ ضضب ػُؽً أشزُخ )يسضؼخ شكىض رم<br />
انثبَىَخ ، يسَطَخ َبثهػ(<br />
64
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ : ػصفىض َزأنك<br />
ثمهى : يالن حؽٍ أحًس ثشبضاد )يسضؼخ ثُبد طًىٌ انثبَىَخ ،<br />
يسَطَخ طىثبغ(<br />
أهق ػ٠ِ روا٤ٗٔٚ ه٣ٝلاً ، أىكٜب ٌُْ ثزو٣لح ٕجبػ ، ثز٤ٜ٘لح أَٓ أفطٜب ثوِْ ٣طبُت<br />
ثبُؾُو٣خ هؿْ أٗٚ ٣ُؼب٤ٜٗب .<br />
إٍٔي كَِط٤ٖ ، أًبك أهَْ أٗٚ ٣ْجٜي ، ٝؽ٤لاً ًٔب ؽُو٣زي ، ٕ٤واً<br />
ًٔب ؽغٔي ، ٖٓ ثؼ٤ل ٣ُوٟ أٍٞك ٤ًُِِي ، ٌُٖٝ إما أهزوة ه٤ِالً ، ٗغلٙ أىههبً ًٔب ٍٔبى ،<br />
الٓؼبً ً٘غٞٓي ، ٕٞرٚ أّجٚ ثٖٞري ، ٗغلٙ ك٢ ًَ ٌٓبٕ ٣طبُت ثٔب ٣و٣ل .<br />
65<br />
ٛٞ اُٞؽ٤ل ٖٓ ؽَٔ<br />
٣ؾَٔ ػ٠ِ ٤ٔ٣ٖ إٍٔٚ َّٔبً ، ٝػ٠ِ ٣َبهٙ ٝٛ٘بً ، ٝث٤ٖ ماى ٝماى أروهجٚ ٖٓ ٗبكنر٢ ،<br />
ػ٠َ إٔ ٣أر٢ ؽبٓالً أٓب٢ٗ ٝاُو٤ٖٗ . أٗظو ُٚ ٓزؼوعخ ٖٓ كُٚٞٚ اُوبرَ ، ٣جؾش ػٖ ًَ<br />
عل٣ل ٝؿو٣ت ، ٣ُوكوف ٖٓ ىٛوح ألفوٟ ، ٤ًٚل٘ب ػي٣ياً ال ٣ط٤َ أٌُٞس . أعَ إٗٚ<br />
ػٖلٞهٗب ، ػٖلٞه ٍبؽو ثب٣خ اُغٔبٍ ، ٣ُؾِن ك٢ ٍٔبء كَِط٤ٖ ثٔ٘بٛن ػل٣لح ،<br />
ثَجت ًضوح اُيهاػبد ٝاألّغبه أُُيٛوح ، إٗٚ ػٖلٞه فبٓ ثٞٛ٘٘ب .<br />
ػغجبً ُٚ !! ال رٞهق هٖٞهٛب ، ال روػجٚ ع٘ٞك ، ٣ُؾِن ثبٍطبً ع٘بؽ٤ٚ ٓبٌُبً كَِط٤ٖ ،<br />
إٍٔبً ٍٝٔبءاً ٝهٓياً . ِٓي ك٢ هٖٞهٛب ، ِٓي هؿْ أٗٚ إٔو اُؼٖبك٤و ؽغٔبً ، كطٍٞ<br />
عَٔٚ 12-8 ٖٓ ٍْ ، ٝٝىٗٚ ؽٞا٢ُ 7 ؿْ كوٜ ! .<br />
ٓ٘وبه ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ٣َٞٛ ٝٓؼوٞف ُٝٓالئْ إلٓزٖبٓ هؽ٤ن األىٛبه ،<br />
ك٤جؼش ثبُيٛٞه ىٛوح ىٛوح .<br />
٣زوى اُؾُو٣خ ألٗضبٙ ُج٘ب٣خ اُؼُِ ، ٝاُؼ٘ب٣خ ثبُج٤٘ ، ٌُ٘ٚ ٣ْبهًٜب ثئٛؼبّ اُلواؿ<br />
اُؾْواس اُز٢ ٣ٖطبكٜٝٗب .<br />
٣ؼوَ َٛ أٗٚ ال روؿت إٍوائ٤َ ثئٓزالًٚ ، كول ؽبُٝذ عبٛلح ٝٙؼٚ ٛبئواً ٤٘ٛٝبً ُٜب ،<br />
ٌُٖٝ ػجضبً ٓب كؼِذ ، كئٍٔٚ اُؼ٢ِٔ ػٖلٞه أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ، ك٤ٌق رٌِٔٚ إٍوائ٤َ ؟<br />
، كأفند رؾبٍٝ ر٤٤و إٍٔٚ ، ٌُٖٝ كٕٝ علٟٝ ! . كالهذ ٕقجبً عٔب٤ٛو٣بً كَِط٤٘٤بً .<br />
ك٤ٌق ُ٘ب إٔ ٗزوى ٖٓ روى اُؼبُْ ٝؽَ ٤ٙلبً ػ٤ِ٘ب ، ؽَٔ ٝٛ٘بً ٝأًضو ، ػجو ػٖ ؽو٣زٚ<br />
ثطو٣وزٚ ، كأفنرٚ كَِط٤ٖ ٛبئواً ٤٘ٛٝبً ُٜب .<br />
كٖٔ ث٤ٖ اُيٛٞه ، ٝػ٠ِ ػوُ اُ٤ّٞ ، ؽت هللا ثطبئو ٓضِٚ ، ؿ٘ذ ُٚ األٜٗبه ،<br />
ٝأٝههذ ُٚ األّغبه ، ٌٝٛٔ ُٚ أُطو ، ك٘ذ ٓؼٚ اُؾوٍٞ اُقٚواء أؿ٤٘خ اُٖٞٛ<br />
اُغ٤َٔ ، كؾٔلاً هلل ....... ٝؽٔلاً هلل .
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنجخ َهبل جالل طالل جبيىغ )يسضؼخ ثُبد ظَزب<br />
جًبػٍُ ، يسَطَخ ؼهفُذ(<br />
طبئط انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
ثمهى : أصبنخ يحًس ػهٍ انُجبض )يسضؼخ ثُبد ثزُط انثبَىَخ ، يسَطَخ<br />
ثُذ نحى(<br />
ػ٘ل اُغًِٞ ػ٠ِ إؽلٟ ٕقٞه عجبٍ كَِط٤ٖ ، ٗ٘ظو ثزأَٓ إ٠ُ ٛج٤ؼخ ٛنٙ اُجالك اُز٢<br />
ث٤ٖ ٤ٛبد رواثٜب ٗغل ٓي٣ظ ٖٓ ا٤ٍُٞٔو٠ ٝاُْؼو ٝاُيعَ ، ٝٗ٘ظو إ٠ُ فبهط ٛنٙ<br />
اُزوثخ ، ُِ٘و٠ ك٢ ٛو٣و٘ب ٌّٔ ٛنا اُٖٞٛ اُز٢ رظٜو ٣ّٞ ًَ ثق٤ٜٞٛب اُنٛج٤خ<br />
ٝأُق٤ِٔخ اُ٘بػٔخ ، ُزوٍٞ ُ٘ب إٔ ٛ٘بى كغو هو٣ت ثئمٕ هللا .<br />
ثالكٗب كَِط٤ٖ ك٢ ًَ عجَ ٝٝاك ك٤ٜب ، ِٗو٠ اٌُض٤و ٖٓ اُق٤واد ٝاٌُبئ٘بد اُوائؼخ ، ٖٓ<br />
فِن هللا ٍجؾبٗٚ ٝرؼب٠ُ "عَ عالُٚ " ؛ ٖٝٓ ٛنٙ اٌُبئ٘بد اُوائؼخ " ػٖلٞه أٌُْ<br />
اُلَِط٢٘٤ " اُن١ ال رؼجو أٌُِبد ٝاُؾوٝف ػٖ ٓلٟ عٔبُٚ ٝهه٤ٚ ، كؼ٘ل اُ٘ظو إ٤ُٚ<br />
ٗوٟ ك٢ ه٣ْٚ اُط٣َٞ ٍٞاك كاًٖ ًب٤َُِ ، ٣ٝظٜو ث٤ٖ ص٤٘بد ٛنا اُو٣ِ ٓي٣ظ ٖٓ إُِٞ<br />
األىهم اُالٓغ اُن١ ٣نًوٗب ثِٕٞ أَُبء اُٜبكئخ ، ٝأفٚو ًأُٞإ أٝهام ّغو ثُوروبٍ<br />
٣بكب ؛ ك٤ب ُغٔبٍ ٛنا اُطبئو ، ٕٝٞد ٛنا اُطبئو ُٓقزِق ك٢ ًَ ؽبُخ ، كؼ٘لٓب ٣ْؼو<br />
ثبُقٞف ٣ٖله ٕٞربً ٠َٔ٣ عِغِخ ، ٝػ٘لٓب ٣ٌٕٞ ك٢ فطو كئٗٚ ٣ٖله ٕٞربً ًبإلٗناه،<br />
كَجؾبٕ هللا ك٢ ٛنا إٌُٞ ، ًبئ٘بد رْجٚ ٛجبع اإلَٗبٕ ًض٤واً .<br />
أ٣٘ٔب ٗنٛت ك٢ كَِط٤ٖ ٗوٟ ٛنا اُطبئو ا٤ُُٔٔي ، ك٢ اُغجبٍ ٝاألؿٞاه ٝأُ٘بٛن<br />
اَُبؽ٤ِخ ٝاُبثبد اُغبكخ ، ٌُٖٝ رٜلكٙ ثؼ٘ اُؾوٝة اُطج٤ؼ٤خ ٝاُجْو٣خ أُزؼلكح<br />
ًبُزٖؾو ٝاُغلبف ٝهِخ اإلىٛبه .<br />
66
ًَ ًبئٖ ٓٞعٞك ػ٠ِ ٛنٙ األهٗ ُٚ ٗظبّ ؿنائ٢ ُٓؼ٤ٖ ، كطبئو أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ُٚ<br />
ٗظبّ ؿنائ٢ ٣َُبػلٙ ػ٠ِ اُؼ٤ِ ؛ ٝٗظبّ ؿنائٚ ٣زٌٕٞ ٖٓ ٍَِِخ ٕ٤وح ٝث٤َطخ ، رجلأ<br />
ثبُؾْواد ٝر٘ز٢ٜ ثوؽ٤ن األىٛبه أُُِٞٗخ ؛ كطبئو أٌُْ ثٔ٘وبهٙ َُٝبٗٚ اُط٣ٞالٕ ،<br />
٣َزط٤غ إٍزقالٓ اُوؽ٤ن أُٞعٞك ك٢ األىٛبه أُُِٞٗخ ٝاُطج٤ؼ٤خ اُواه٤خ .<br />
٣ٌَٖ ٛبئو أٌُْ ك٢ ث٤ذ ٣ٖ٘ؼٚ ث٘لَٚ ، كٜٞ ٣ٖ٘غ ػْٚ ثٌَْ ٓز٘بٍن ٖٓ ٝههبد<br />
اُْغو ٝاُؼْت اُٖ٤و ، ٣ٝغٔؼٜب ٓغ ثؼٜٚب ثق٤ٞٛ اُؼٌ٘جٞد اُل٤ٚخ ، ك٤ب ُٜنٙ اُلهخ<br />
اُز٢ ٣ٔزٌِٜب ٛبئو ٕ٤و ًطبئو أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ٤ُ٘زظ ، ٓؾلظخ ٕ٤وح ُٞٙغ<br />
ِٕبهٙ ، ٣ٝو٤ْٜ ٖٓ ًَ أمٟ ٝفٞف .<br />
ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ . رصىَط انطبنجخ يُػ حكًذ أحًس جبز َّللا )يسضؼخ ثُبد ظَزب<br />
جًبػٍُ ، يسَطَخ ؼهفُذ(<br />
67
ًَ ًبئٖ ك٢ ٛنٙ اُؾ٤بح ُٚ أػلاء ًضو ، كطبئو أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ُٚ اُؼل٣ل ٖٓ األػلاء ،<br />
ٓضَ اُضؼبث٤ٖ ٤ٛٝٞه أفوٟ ؛ ُنا كطبئو أٌُْ ػ٘ل اُ٘ظو إ٤ُٚ ٝهواءح ًَ أُؼِٞٓبد<br />
ػ٘ٚ ، ٗوٟ ثبٕ ًَ رٖوف ُل٣ٚ ٣ْجٚ اإلَٗبٕ ، كبإلَٗبٕ ٣ٌٕٞ كه٤وبً ك٢ ُٕ٘غ أُأٟٝ<br />
اُن١ ٣أ١ٝ إ٤ُٚ ٝػبئِزٚ ، ُٝل٣ٚ أػلاء .<br />
ٛبئو أٌُْ ًبُطلَ اُن١ ٣ٌٕٞ ك٢ أٍٝ ػٔوٙ ، ٣ؾت اإلٍزٌْبف ٝأُُبٓوح ثٌَ<br />
أٗٞاػٜب ، كٕٝ إٔ ٣ٌٕٞ ُٚ أك٠ٗ كٌوح ػٖ أ١ ػوجخ هل رغزبػ ٛو٣وٚ .<br />
ػ٘ل اُزٔؼٖ ك٢ ٛبئو أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ ٣٘زظ ، ُل٣٘ب مُي أُي٣ظ اُوائغ ، إٌُُٔٞ ٖٓ<br />
أُٞاٗٚ اُٜبكئخ ، اُز٢ رٌَْ ٗٞع أفو ٖٓ األُٞإ ، ك٢ٜ ٤َُذ هًٞ هيػ ، ك٢ٜ هًٞ ٖٓ<br />
أُٞإ ٛبئو أٌُْ اُلَِط٢٘٤ اُقالثخ ، اُز٢ ال ٗواٛب إال ك٢ ٛنا اُطبئو اُٖ٤و .<br />
شؼبض ذزى زونخ فهؽطٍُ يغ ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ نهفُبٌ انفهؽطٍُُ ذبنس جطاض .<br />
68
69
صىض انحضىض انكطَى يغ انفبئعٍَ ثجبئعح ز. َىضيبٌ ػهٍ ذهف نهزُىع انحُىٌ فٍ فهؽطٍُ<br />
فٍ يمط وظاضح انزطثُخ وانزؼهُى انؼبنٍ انفهؽطُُُخ فٍ ضاو َّللا َىو انرًُػ 2013..04.0<br />
.<br />
70
انجبنؽىٌ : انؽُسح إنهبو ػجس انمبزض انًحُؽٍ يسَط ػبو األَشطخ انطالثُخ فٍ وظاضح انزطثُخ<br />
وانزؼهُى انؼبنٍ انفهؽطُُُخ ، واألؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ انًسَط انزُفُصٌ نجًؼُخ انحُبح انجطَخ فٍ<br />
فهؽطٍُ ، وػبنى األحُبء انفهؽطٍُُ األؼزبش انسكزىض َىضيبٌ )َؼًبٌ( ػهٍ ذهف ضاػٍ انجبئعح<br />
وانصٌ أنمً كهًخ أيبو انحضىض انكطَى فٍ يمط وظاضح انزطثُخ وانزؼهُى انؼبنٍ فٍ ضاو َّللا .<br />
71
:<br />
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ّٖنٖتٖدٖب . خيٖر فوشطًٖ .<br />
http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%<br />
D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86<br />
.<br />
فٖشتّم . حيوج دػى ػصفّر اهشيس اهفوشطٌٖٕ هٖصتح ػصفّراً ّطٌٖبً هفوشطًٖ هؼبى 2012<br />
https://www.facebook.com/groups/399747466754757/<br />
صىضح نهؽُسح إنهبو انًحُؽٍ واألؼزبش ػًبز األططؾ وانسكزىض َىضيبٌ ػهٍ ذهف يغ إحسي<br />
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طبثغ ثطَس طبئط انزًُُط انفهؽطٍُُ<br />
،<br />
ان ُؽهطخ انفهؽطُُُخ ثزبضَد<br />
. 13.12.1888<br />
نىحخ ػصفىض انشًػ انفهؽطٍُُ نهفُبٌ انفهؽطٍُُ إؼًبػُم شًىط<br />
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