Indoor environment in a digital future - Master thesis - s154397 - s153767 (1)

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phase of an office building is poor IEQ, which affects occupants’ well-being and productivity. Improvementshereof could potentially lead to great economic benefits. In the UK, studies have shownthat a good office environment could increase the productivity with up to 20%, which is equivalentto £135 billion per year. In the US, research showed a national economic yield up to $12-125 billionper year [3].To help favour improved IEQ and occupants’ well-being in renovations, a greater understanding ofthe various building industry stakeholders is necessary [9]. The stakeholders involved in, or affectedby, the IEQ in the operational phase of an office building and before renovation are presented inFigure 1.2.Figure 1.2: Stakeholders in the building industry.In an office perspective, the main stakeholders are the tenant (a company e.g.), the occupants (theemployees of the company), and the administration which is the intermediary between the tenant(s)and the owner of the building. To avoid neglecting IEQ and occupants’ well-being, stakeholders anddecision-makers should have easy access to knowledge and experiences from the building industryregarding IEQ [9].Digitalisation has great potential to create this needed transparency in the building industry. It couldencourage an increased focus on common goals and collaboration within the industry. Using datafrom digital devices, the construction and operation phase of a building can become more efficientand innovative ideas and new solutions could be prioritised [6].Research on the use of IT shows that Denmark is one of the most digitalised countries in Europe.Despite this, the level of digitalisation in the Danish building is below the European average [10]. Onthe 30th of January 2019, the Danish Ministry of Transport and Housing took action towards changingthe low degree of digitalisation in the Danish building industry, by launching a digital strategy with18 initiatives focusing on better use of digital tools, open formats, common standards, better use ofdata, digital competencies for the entire value chain and more sustainable construction throughdigitalisation [6].On an institutional level, DTU Civil Engineering has, as a part of the university’s strategy for 2025,designated exactly the digitalisation of construction as one of three strategic focus areas for theINDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN A DIGITAL FUTURE 5
coming five years. The strategy encourages research on digitalisation of buildings, focus on futuredigital aspects of the built environment, and an increased use of Internet of Things (IoT), sensors, bigdata, data-driven modelling and building diagnostics [11].1.2 Project DescriptionIt is often said that poor IEQ is an invisible danger. Warm temperatures, high CO2-levels, noise, chemicalsin the indoor air etc. cannot be seen with the human eye. However, several of these IEQ parameterscan cause severe dissatisfaction and discomfort amongst occupants. This master thesisproject aims to make these parameters and IEQ issues visible, measurable and understandable tooccupants and building owners. The motivation in this work lies in the possibilities to provide buildingsowners with tools to understand and improve IEQ in their office buildings. With this project, we aspireto get a deeper understanding of IEQ related issues in offices and to challenge status quo of IEQinvestigation by exploring new technologies. The intention hereof is to gain knowledge on indoorenvironment in a digital future.The master thesis is a part of the PhD study ’Benchmarking the indoor environment in office buildings- characterization, synthesis, and practical application’. The purpose of the study is to characteriseIEQ, occupants’ well-being, health, and productivity in office buildings located in both Denmarkand Greenland. Furthermore, it aims to build up a comprehensive database containing occupantand building information, which will be continuously expanded. In addition to this, the database willprovide the core of a new benchmarking tool offering building owners to evaluate the performanceof their building and workplace [12].With this master thesis project we aim to contribute with an investigation and evaluation of state-ofthe-artdigital measurement devices to possibly be used in the PhD study. Furthermore, the intentionis to provide insights on relevant stakeholders and their motivation and concerns towards IEQdatabases and benchmarking tools. Lastly, we aim to present a benchmarking tool which couldpotentially be used in the PhD study.The methods used in this master thesis consist of two parts. One part focuses on the measurementdevices and IEQ analysis. Another part focuses on stakeholders and the development of a benchmarkingtool including an IEQ report. The two parts intertwine and both parts of the project arebased on a literature review and market research followed by analysis.Objectives1. Characterisation and comparison of existing benchmarking tools related to IEQ and availabletechnologies within IEQ measurement devices2. Collection and analysis of IEQ data from office buildings3. Identification of relevant stakeholders and the challenges related to IEQ they face4. Development of a benchmarking tool and a detailed IEQ report5. Evaluation and optimisation of the benchmarking tool and the IEQ report through feedbacksessions with the identified stakeholders6 INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN A DIGITAL FUTURE
Page 3: INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN A DIGITAL FUT
Page 7: AbstractPoor indoor environment qua
Page 11 and 12: Table ofContents
Page 13: 6.1 IEQ Investigation . . . . . . .
Page 17 and 18: List of Tables2.1 CO2 criteria and
Page 19: 5.4 24h TVOC measurements . . . . .
Page 23: Today many countries, including Den
Page 29 and 30: 2.1 Legislative Authorities and Gui
Page 31 and 32: tion among occupants. Followed by t
Page 33 and 34: Exposure Limit TVOC [ppb]1 Excellen
Page 35 and 36: 2.5 Acoustic ComfortAcoustic comfor
Page 37 and 38: 2.7 Summary of Parameters and Sympt
Page 39 and 40: In order to fully comprehend the po
Page 43: CHAPTER 3Market ResearchChapter 3 p
Page 48 and 49: Origin Method IEQ RatingSustainbili
Page 50 and 51: testing and sustainability. Nordic
Page 52 and 53: 3.2 IoT DevicesA market research on
Page 55: CHAPTER 4MethodChapter 4 describes
Page 58 and 59: 4.2 Measurement DevicesWhen choosin
Page 60 and 61: uHooThe uHoo is produced by a Hong
Page 62 and 63: Sense’itThe Sense’it device is
Page 64 and 65: 4.3 OfficesUsing a checklist develo
Page 66 and 67: Floor plan office #2The second and
Page 68 and 69: 4.4 QuestionnairesThe occupant ques
Page 70 and 71: 4.6 Benchmarking ProcessThe benchma
Page 72 and 73: 4.8 Interviews and Value Propositio
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c o = Outdoor CO2 - level[ppm]where
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5.1 Preliminary Device EvaluationDe
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The average CO2 measurements presen
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The average temperature measurement
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Table 5.1 shows that the average no
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was highest for zone 1 in each offi
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majority of the zones in the three
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5.3 Stakeholders and ValueStakehold
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5.4 Benchmarking ToolBased on both
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Figure 5.22: Radar office #1As seen
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Figure 5.23: Potential cost saving
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Feedback from the first session inc
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The more detailed part of the categ
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CHAPTER 6DiscussionChapter 6 presen
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Measurement PeriodThe measurement p
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Economic estimatesRegarding the eco
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7.1 Fulfilment of objectivesThe ful
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Bibliography
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16. Dansk Standard. Bygningers ener
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53. Patel, K. K., Patel, S. M., Sch
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106. Hansen, E. J. & Andersen, B. H
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APPENDIX ADesk Study SensorsDevicet
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112 INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN A DIGITAL
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APPENDIX DInterview guideNavn:Rolle
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Nej, det har vi ikke haft myndighed
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Questions = italicAPPENDIX FIntervi
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APPENDIX GIEQ InvestigationTVOC box
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APPENDIX IEconomic calculationsEqua
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Economic calculations for Expan128
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