loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

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Si, kerZod, mdinare halisis xeobaSi mcxovrebma meliToneobiT saxelgan- Tqmulma, qarTveluri modgmis tomma – xalibebma (xaldebma) pirvelebma SeimuSaves jer rkinis foladad gadakeTebis, xolo Semdeg – uSualod foladis gamodnobis teqnologia, ramac dasabami misca rkinis farTo warmoebas aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTSi. didma berZenma tragikosma, esqi- lem, xalibebis qveyanas `rkinis deda~ uwoda. bibliaSic (`dabadeba~) qar- Tvel tomTa winaparni, Tubalebi, moxseniebulia rogorc `kveriT xuroi mWedeli rvalisa ∗ da rkinisa~. aRsaniSnavia, rom egvipteSi rkina cnobili iyo evropasTan Sedare- biT 2500 wliT adre, magram egviptis rkinis nivTebi asakiT win ar usw- rebs arc mcireaziul, arc kavkasiur nimuSebs. berZnebs foladis warmoeba xalibebisgan uswavliaT da am li- Tons `xalibokos~ (`xalibsi~, xaliburi, xaliburi liToni) uwodes. mec- nieruli gamokvlevebi adasturebs, rom garda foladis damzadebis xe- lovnebisa, berZnebs xalibebisgan spilenZis miRebisa da gamoyenebis wese- bic SeuswavliaT. berZnul enaSi `xalkos~ niSnavs ara marto spilenZs, aramed brinjaosa da TiTbersac. berZnebis cnobiT, xalibebis qveyanaSi mdinareebs rkinis Semcveli qviSa CamohqondaT. xalibebi mas ramodenime- jer recxavdnen da, yvelasgan gansxvavebiT, maRali xarisxis foladis misaRebad rkinas adnobdnen `raRac miwasTan~ (manganumTan) erTad, romelic uxvad moipoveboda maT qveyanaSi da folads gansakuTrebul simt- kices aniWebda. berZnebis azriT, xaliburi rkina bevrad jobda sxva ana- logiur masalebs da garegnulad Znelad gamosarCevi iyo vercxlisagan. mxolod xalibur rkinas ar ekideboda Jangi. xalibebis mezoblebi, mosinikebi, TiTberis warmoebis xelovnebis aRmomCenebad arian aRiarebulni. mosinikebis TiTberi maRali xarisxiT, TeTri SeferilobiTa da kaSkaSa elvarebiT gamoirCeoda. berZnuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, mosinikebi spilenZs erTgvar iqaur `specialur miwas~ umatebdnen. mravali mkvlevaris azriT, es nivTiereba miwiani TuTiis kar- bonati unda yofiliyo, romelsac mosinikebi TiTberis misaRebad awar- moebdnen. zogierT evropul enaSi, magaliTad, germanulSi, TiTberis saxeli- `mesing~ mosinikebis saxelwodebidan unda iyos warmoebuli. xa- ____________ ∗ rvali – spilenZis Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba. 11
libebis, mosinikebisa da tibarenebis teritoria, gansakuTrebiT ki misi mTianeTi, romelic Woroxis auzze da trapizon-giresen-ordus sazRv- rebSi mdebareobs, marTlac metad mdidaria liTonis madnebiT. swored es simdidre izidavda Zvel berZnebs saqarTveloSi. amdenad, sakacobrio mniSvnelobis movlenas – foladis aRmoCenas – dasabami pontos raionSi mieca, sadac metalurgiasTan dakavSirebiT msoflio mniSvnelobis udidesi problemebi wydeboda, xolo qarTveluri modgmis tomebi – xalibebi, mosinikebi da Tubalebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi jer-jerobiT, zogierTi feradi da Savi liTonebis pirvelmwarmoeblad arian miCneuli mTels msoflioSi. brinjaos xanis adreul safexurze CvenSi gavrcelebuli liTonis nivTebi upiratesad Camosxmulia da zogjer sakmaod rTuli wesiTac, rac metalurgiis ganviTarebis maRal safexurze miuTiTebs. brinjaos adreul xanaSi aTvisebulia iseTi Sedgenilobis liTonebis Camosxma, romlis Wedvac SeuZlebeli iyo masSi minarevebis didi raodenobiT Semcvelobis gamo. es iyo wingadadgmuli kidev erTi nabiji: adamianma iswavla sxvada- sxva Sedgenilobis axali masalebis miRebis xerxi da metalurgia Sevida teqnikis istoriaSi. samwuxarod, adreuli brinjaos xana CvenSi yvelaze naklebad aris Seswavlili. sxva ZeglebTan SedarebiT ufro ukeTesadaa gamokvle- uli TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxva sa- WurvelTan erTad aRmoCenilia satevaris piri, spilenZis abjris nawile- bi, oqros cilindruli gadasakravebi da vercxlis msxvili mavTulis xvia. arsebuli cnobebis Tanaxmad, vercxlis warmoebis yvelaze raciona- luri xerxi – vercxlovani tyviisagan vercxlis miRebis teqnologia – pirvelad Caisaxa da ganxorcielda xeTebis imperiaSi, pontos mkvidri me- liToneebis, xalibebis mier. amgvarad, CvenSi ukve adreuli brinjaos xa- nidan SeiniSneba Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSavebis tradiciebi da, rogorc cnobilia, Semdgom safexurebze am teqnologiam ganviTarebis sakmaod ma- Ral dones miaRwia. Tu TrialeTis adreuli jgufis yorRanebSi liTonis nawarmi jer kidev SedarebiT SezRudulia da tipobrivadac zogi ram saerTo aqvs wi- namorbed safexurebTan, afxazeTis dolmenebis ∗ Zira fenebSi liTonis 12
Page 1 and 2: m. oqrosaSvili loTonmcodneobis safu
Page 3 and 4: popularul literaturaze dayrdnobiT g
Page 5 and 6: 1. liToni yvelgan Cvens saukunes zo
Page 7 and 8: safuZvels iZleva vivaraudoT, rom li
Page 9 and 10: vilsa da narTs. spilenZi, rogorc ma
Page 11: jaos warmoebis aTviseba iTvleba. ma
Page 15 and 16: liveris (samxreT amerikis gmiri) da
Page 17 and 18: nobebic, romlebsac ufro rTuli agebu
Page 19 and 20: lebi. avtomobiliT dRes veravis gaak
Page 21 and 22: li yofila misi meqanikuri Tvisebebi
Page 23 and 24: Si moculobis 74% atomebiT aris Sevs
Page 25 and 26: gankuTvnili adgilebis dakavebas da
Page 27 and 28: tali sakuTari Canasaxidan, anu cent
Page 29 and 30: moCnda realur simtkicesTan Sedarebi
Page 31 and 32: kristalebis zrdis pirobebisa da maT
Page 33 and 34: cisa da medegobis Sesaxeb yvela Sem
Page 35 and 36: nobebs. TiToeuli jgufis folads gans
Page 37 and 38: sazRvra 1650 0 C-iT, 1935 wels - 14
Page 39 and 40: vizorebi da mravali sxva mowyobilob
Page 41 and 42: vina, radgan SeeSinda, axal liTons
Page 43 and 44: ulati aris saxelganTqmuli foladi, r
Page 45 and 46: iTvaliswinebs namzadis miRebas tige
Page 47 and 48: medicinis istoriaSi cnobilia erTi s
Page 49 and 50: wliurad msoflioSi awarmoeben milion
Page 51 and 52: yoyoCda. ruxi Tujis winaSe ise daiw
Page 53 and 54: nand TavaZis xelmZRvanelobiT jer ki
Page 55 and 56: dili javSnis simtkicesa da Wurvis j
Page 57 and 58: Tavdapirvelad Zvirfas gamocdilebas
Page 59 and 60: ebas, magram siblantisa da plastiku
Page 61 and 62: ebiT axali mxurvalmtkice masalebis
Page 63 and 64:
mkvlevars, Aalfred vilms gaumarTla.
Page 65 and 66:
wyalbadi friad perspeqtiul saavtomo
Page 67 and 68:
sxva tipis TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba
Page 69 and 70:
Jangbadis narevi aluminTan iZleva 7
Page 71 and 72:
17. Zneldnobadi liTonebi da Senadno
Page 73 and 74:
marcvlis sazRvrebSi da auareseben f
Page 75 and 76:
taqtebi srulad gamodis mwyobridan r
Page 77 and 78:
liTad, atomuri Jangbadis molekulad
Page 79 and 80:
mis mcire danamatebi mniSvnelovnad
Page 81 and 82:
cxliswyals. am raodenobis TiTqmis n
Page 83 and 84:
adgilas. es mxolod dasawyisia. mikr
Page 85 and 86:
evrad ufro metia Toriumis, titanis,
Page 87 and 88:
is momentSi antena kompaqturad aris
Page 89 and 90:
Rali energiis kavSiris Zalebi. nivT
Page 91 and 92:
s a r C e v i Sesavali . . . . . .
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loTonmcodneobis safuZvlebi damwyebTaTvis

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