iii_tomi.pdf

g a m o c d e b i s e r o v n u l i c e n t r i 

maswavleblis biblioTeka 

q a r T u l i e n a d a 

l i t e r a t u r a 

tomi III 

Zveli qarTuli literatura 

Tbilisi 

2009 

2

q a r T u l i e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s j g u f i 

redaqtorebi: 

revaz siraZe 

griver farulava 

C ssip gamocdebis erovnuli centri, 2009. 

3

S e s a v a l i 

`maswavleblis biblioTekis~ III tomiT iwyeba im statiebisa da eseebis beWdva, 

romlebic qarTuli mwerlobis gamorCeul nimuSebs eZRvneba. kerZod, winamdebare 

tomi moicavs Zvel qarTul literaturas (V-XVIII saukuneebs). 

SemdgenelTa ZiriTadi mizani iyo pedagogTaTvis im mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebis 

miwodeba, romelTa moZiebac sxvadasxva mizezis gamo sakmaod rTulia 

(zogi maTgani dabeWdilia mcire tiraJiT gamocemul wignebsa Tu JurnalebSi, 

zogi ki mxolod centralur biblioTekebSi moipoveba da, amdenad, maTi gamoyeneba 

regionebSi mcxovrebi pedagogebisaTvis garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli 

da a. S.). amdenad, am gamocemaSi Setanili ar aris korneli kekeliZis, 

ivane javaxiSvilisa da sxva did qarTvel mecnierTa is gamokvlevebi, 

romlebic didi tiraJiTaa dabeWdili da met-naklebad xelmisawvdomia dainteresebuli 

mkiTxvelisaTvis. 

masala SerCeulia imis gaTvaliswinebiTac, konkretulad romel mweralTa 

da nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb dawerili gamokvlevebi daexmareba pedagogs saswavlo 

procesis warmarTvaSi; Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeul SemTxveveb- 

Si am tomSi iseT TxzulebaTa analizsac SexvdebiT, romlebic tradiciulad 

saSualo skolaSi ar iswavleba, magram sayuradRebo informacias Seicavs ama 

Tu im mwerlis an literaturuli procesis Sesaxeb. 

sagangebod unda aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom winamdebare gamocema qarTuli 

enisa da literaturis maswavlebelTaTvis specialuri biblioTekis Seqmnis 

pirveli cdaa da, amdenad, igi ver iqneba dazRveuli calkeuli xarvezebisagan 

(magaliTad, SesaZloa, ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb sxva, aranakleb saintereso, 

statiis an eses gamoqveyneba yofiliyo sasurveli da a. S.). yvela SeniSvnasa 

Tu winadadebas gamocdebis erovnuli centris TanamSromlebi siamovnebiT 

miiReben. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom momavalSi centrma gaagrZelos 

am seriis Sevseba calkeuli gamocemebiT, magaliTad, tomiT, romelic mieZRvneba 

literaturis Teorias an literaturul mimdinareobebs, litmcodneobis 

umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili ucxouri gamokvlevebis Targmanebs 

da a. S. 

teqstebis nawili gadmotanilia srulad, nawili ki _ kupiurebiT. 

avtorTa stili yvelgan daculia. 

gamocdebis erovnuli centri pasuxs ar agebs statiebis avtorTa sadavo 

debulebebsa Tu calkeul uzustobebze. 

4

TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba 

(nawyveti) 

5 

revaz TvaraZe 

mkacri da Tanmimdevruli msjelobisas ueWvelad unda davaskvnaT, rom arc qar- 

Tul miToss, arc kerpTayvanismcemlobas, arc qarTvelTa winaprebis sacxovrisidan 

wamoyolil mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemas da arc mezobeli sparseTidan Tavsmoxveul mazdeanobas, 

ese igi qarTuli warmarTuli kulturis msoflmxedvelobrivi safuZvlis 

pretenziis mqone arc erT am moZRvrebas ar Zaledva etvirTa is roli, qristianobam 

rom Seasrula kulturuli aRmavlobis asparezze. 

marTalia, qarTuli miTosis Cvenamde moRweuli namusrevebic ki gvidastureben, 

rom misi saxiT berZnul miTebze aranakleb sagulisxmo movlenasTan unda gvqonoda 

saqme, marTalia, am miTosiseul msoflgagebasa da samyaros models oficialuri 

qristianobis winaSe hqonda erTi didi upiratesoba _ adamianis dasaxva mTeli xiluli 

Tu sulieri sinamdvilis, qvesknel-zesknelis harmoniul mTlianobad moazrebuli 

samyaros moukveTel, ganuSorebel nawilad da, amdenad, samyaroul harmoniaSi 

misTvis adgilis miCena; magram, Sedarebas rom mivmarToT, es iseTive upiratesoba 

iyo, rogoric bunebas Serwymul cxovels aqvs Tundac bunebisgan gamomijnuli da 

misdami dapirispirebuli adamianis winaSe: amgvari mTlianoba, amgvari harmonia unda 

dairRves, raTa SemdgomSi gamovlindes axal, ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze. 

platonis naazrevSic xom Seimusra da ganirRva miTosis mier mTlianobad, harmoniad 

dasaxuli samyaro, raTa am mTlianobisa da harmoniis filosofiurad dasabuTebuli 

gza dasaxuliyo (sxva sakiTxia, vis rogorad miaCnda platonis es cda _ warmatebulad 

Tu warumateblad). 

qristianuli kulturis orbitaSi moqcevam ufro mkafiod gamoavlina qarTveli 

xalxis odindeli tendencia, romlis arsebas evropul kulturasTan daaxloeba Seadgenda. 

rameTu qarTuli kultura Tavisi uRrmesi sawyisebiT swored evropuli tipis, 

xmelTaSua zRvis auzis kulturaTa tipis fenomeni iyo imTaviTve da verasodes 

egueboda geografiuli mdebareobis gamoisobiT moZalebul calmxriv aRmosavlur 

kontaqtebs. am mosazrebis damadasturebelia uZvelesi droidanve arsebuli mWidro 

urTierToba berZnebTan, uxvad mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala, anTropologiuri 

da eTnikuri xasiaTis mravlis umravlesi monacemi, xolo damwerlobis Seqmnis droidan 

_ sakuTriv moxazuloba da buneba qarTuli anbanisa. evropeizmi, romlisken 

Sebrunebis sawyis epoqad mecxramete saukunes asaxeleben xolme, qarTuli kulturisTvis 

faqtiurad uZvelesi droidanve momdinare da saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ganu- 

Sorebeli tendencia iyo da sparseTis mxriv gaafTrebuli winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad 

qristianobis oficialur sarwmunoebad gamocxadebam oden TvalsaCino gaxada es 

tendencia. didad sagulisxmoa am mxriv vaxtang gorgaslis erTi gamonaTqvami. politikuri 

situaciis gamo sparsTa laSqarSi wlobiT nabrZoli mefe STamomavlobas anderZad 

ubarebda: `siyvarulsa berZenTasa nu dauteobT~. 

kidev ufro sagulisxmoa, rom qarTuli eklesia meSvide saukunis damdegs oficialurad 

miemxro diofizitobas, sastikad devnils imave sparsTa mier, oRond qristianobis 

wiaRSi swored dasavluri orientaciis mauwyebels. es ar yofila oden politikuri 

orientaciis gamomxatveli aqti (swrafva bizantiasTan daaxloebisa). uwinares 

yovlisa igi gamoxatavda sulieri kulturis uRrmes impulsebs, romlebic verasgziT 

Seewyoboda monofizitobis gamomSral, sasicocxlo niSatdakargul dogmebs 

da sazarlad sqematur msoflgagebas. 

yovelive zemoTqmulis gauTvaliswineblad SeuZlebelia IV_XIX saukuneTa qar- 

Tuli kulturis da, kerZod, mwerlobis arsebis wvdoma. magram, amasTan erTad, xsenebul 

saukuneTa kulturis, mwerlobis bolomde Secnoba da gaazreba SeuZlebeli 

iqneba agreTve, Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT kidev erT moments: dasavlur, evropul ori-

entaciasTan erTad, qarTul kulturas aRmosavlur kulturebTanac ar gauwyvetia 

kavSiri. da amas geografiuli, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri faqtorebi ki ar ganapirobebda 

mxolod, aramed sulieri ganviTarebis tendenciebic. 

soflisa da zesTasoflis dualizmis Signidanve daZleva is ZiriTadi winapiroba 

iyo, uromlisodac Sua saukuneTa viTarebaSi verasgziT ver moxerxdeboda mwerloba 

daswrafeboda xalxuri Semoqmedebis uSretsa da macocxlebel nakads. rogorc 

miTosi, ise sakuTriv folklori mTliani samyarosa da mTliani adamianis gagebidan 

amodis intuiturad. magram es aris mTlianobis sawyisi safexuri, refleqsiiT jerac 

gauSuqebeli safexuri, romelic Tavdapirvelad ukugdebul unda iqnas, raTa Semdgom 

sul sxva sibrtyeSi ganxorcieldes Serwyma. uamisod folkloruli nakadi Tundac 

momxibvleli gulubryvilobisa da primitivizmis mets bevrs verafers SesZens literaturas. 

soflisa da zesTasoflis mourigebeli dualizmis poziciaze mdgar avtorTaTvis 

absoluturad ucxo unda yofiliyo samyarosa da adamianis is harmoniuli 

aRqma, raic impulsurad axasiaTebs yovelgvar miTosursa Tu folklorul qmnilebas. 

sagulisxmoa, rom momdevno epoqebSi rac ufro uaxlovdeba esa Tu is avtori 

mTliani samyarosada mTliani adamianis ideals, miT ufro Zalumad igrZnoba mis 

SemoqmedebaSi swrafva xalxuri sawyisebisken (giorgi merCule, giorgi mcire, rus- 

Taveli, guramiSvili, vaJa-fSavela). da amiT, xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi swrafviT, 

qristianul msoflmxedvelobas ki ar Sordebian es avtorebi, aramed swored misi 

arsebis Rrmad gagebas gvidastureben. diax, Cvenamde moRweul uZveles literaturul 

qmnilebaTa avtorebi jer ar arian asulni iseT simaRleze, maT jer ar CauRweviaT 

iseTi siRrmeebisaTvis, rodesac azris zeoba TavisTavad moiTxovs da ganapirobebs 

mibrunebas im gonebiswamRebi simartivisken, raic xalxur SemoqmedebaSia warmoCenili. 

magram isini ukve arian, dRevandeli gamoTqma rom moviSvelioT, WeSmariti 

profesionalebi. literaturis kanonebs maTTvis ukve TavisTavadi, TviTmkmari Rirebuleba 

aqvT SeZenili, isini uWirvelad axerxeben adamianis arsebaSi mimdinare uRrmes 

fsiqiur procesTa wvdomasa da gadmocemas, gonebis urTules monapovarTa ga- 

Tavisebas, saTqmelis gamoxatvas imgvari stilisturi, mxatvruli, saerTod, enobrivi 

saSualebebiT, rom maTi ena maTematikuri formulis srulyofilebas uaxlovdeba 

xSirad. yovelive es ukve TvalsaCinoa iakob xucesis qmnilebaSic da momdevno xanis 

ZeglebSic. Tu aviRebT, magaliTad, iseT maradiulsa da, amave dros, Znelad dasaZlev 

Temas mxatvruli literaturisa, rogoric aris soflis mswraflwarmavaloba 

da amaoeba (rasac, rogorc cnobilia, Sua saukuneebSic da axal epoqebSic qristianuli 

da islamuri, agreTve sxva aRmosavluri literaturebis Sedevrebi mieZRvna), 

vnaxavT, rom iakob xucesi aramcTu organulad icnobs am Temas, aramcTu axerxebs 

daxvewili li-teraturuli saSualebebiT mis damuSavebas, aramed im niuansis gaTvaliswinebiTac 

amuSavebs mas, rom, soflis mswraflwarmavali bunebis miuxedavad am 

sakiTxSi dogmaturi qristianobis mier boZebul receptTa miuxedavad, ara suldgmuls 

ar eTmoba sofeli, romelTan ganSorebac im agreTve maradiulsa da Znelad 

gamosaxatav sevdas aRZravs, mSvenebas rom aniWebda yoveli drois literaturas. 

sagulisxmoa, rom xsenebuli literaturuli Temis irgvliv saubars TavisTavad 

mivyavarT im pirvelwyaromde, im safuZvlamde, romelsac daemyara mwerloba araerT 

qveyanaSi. qristianuli saRvTo wignebi gaxlavT es pirvelwyaro, saimdroodac da 

momdevno epoqebSic ganuzomlad didi literaturuli Rirebulebis mqone, rameTu ar 

darCenila kacTa modgmis cxovrebis, kacobriul urTierTobaTa da mimarTebaTa TiTqmis 

arc erTi aspeqti, Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebSi rom ar yofiliyos gaTvaliswinebuli 

da maRalmxatvruli saSualebebiT damuSavebuli. am wignTa gacnoba ukve 

TavisTavad niSnavda umaRlesi donis mwerlobasTan ziarebas, Zveli da axali aR- 

Tqmis wignebSi arsebuli novelebi, igavebi Tu calkeuli prozauli pasaJebi, `fsalmunis~, 

`qeba qebaTas~, èkleziastes~ igavmiuwvdeneli poeturi memkvidreoba ukve moicavda 

im Temebs, ideebs, problemebs, gancdebsa da ganwyobilebebs, romlebiTac suldgmulobda 

yoveli epoqisa da yoveli geografiuli ganedis literatura. (am gans- 

6

jaT r. TvaraZe kvalSi miadevnebs erTob sagulisxmo magaliTebs maRalmxatvruli 

pasaJebisa wminda werilidan, romelTac esesxebian da ebaZebian Zveli da axali qar- 

Tuli mwerlobis ZeglTa avtorebi). 

`Z v e l i a R T q m a ~ 

`da abraam iyo moxucebuli, gardasrul 

dReTa~ (Sesaqme, 24, 1); `...isu moxucebul 

iyo da gardasrul dReTa~ (isu nave 23, 

1); `da mefe daviT iyo moxucebuli, gardasrul 

dReTa misTa~ (mesame mefeTa 1, 

1). 

`...xilva RvTisa ixila Zilsa Sina zemxilvariTa 

TvaliTa TvisiTa~ (ricxvTa, 

24, 4). 

`...igi Tavadi ars RmerTi RmerTTa da 

ufali uflebaTa...~ (meore sjuli, 10, 17) 

`rameTu ganacxada dafaruli igi...~ (meore 

sjuli, 27, 19); ìgi (RmerTi) gamoacxadebs 

RrmaTa da dafarulTa~ (daniel, 

2, 22); (RmerTma) `dafaruli cxad yo~ 

(meore makabelTa, 12, 41). 

`...raJams ecruvneT ufalsa...~ (isu nave, 

24, 27); `...mecruvnes me...~ (meore mefeTa, 

22, 45); àra vecruo sityvaTa Sina...~ (iobi, 

6, 10); `...gecruvnes Sen...~ (ieremia, 12, 

6). 

`...qveyana SeiZra da canica SeZrwundes 

da Rrubelni crodes wyalTa~ (msajul- 

Ta, 5, 4). 

`...nu iqadin Zlieri ZaliTa TvisiTa...~ 

(pirveli mefeTa, 2, 10). 

RmerTma `...mosces Zalai mefeTa...~ (pirveli 

mefeTa, 2, 10). 

`...galobdes da xldodes winwiliTa sixarulisaTa 

da ebniTa~ (pirveli mefeTa, 

18, 6). 

`...yovelni qalaqni magarni...~ (meore neStTa, 

8, 4); `qalaqi magari~ (esaia, 27, 3); 

`...qalaqni Senni magarni~ (miqia, 7, 12). 

`da ucxoTeslTaganica iosafats ZRvensa 

sZRvenobdes...~ (meore neStTa, 17, 11) 

`...hoÁ, naTelo TvalTa CvenTao...~ (tobia, 

10, 4) 

7 

`vefxistyaosani~ 

`me gardasrulvar, sibere mWirs...~ (36). 

`qali mzebr uWvrets yovelTa cnobiTa 

zemxedveliTa~ (45). 

`...ufalo uflebaTao~ (809). 

`gagicxada damaluli gonebaman dafarulman~ 

(1295); `bolos asre gaacxadna 

gonebaman dafarulni~ (1453). 

`ver vecruvebi, ver vuzam mas 

xelmwifesa mziansa~ (797). 

àgrgvinda ca da Rrubelni crodes 

brolisa cvariTa~ (1329). 

`kaco, Zalsa nu iqadi...~ 

`Zali momec da Sewevna...~ (6) 

`...xma winwilisa, ebnisa~ (1122). 

`qalaqi mqonda magari...~ (559). 

`...ZRvensa sZRvnides iefosa~ (142); 

ùfasosa ZRvensa sZRvnobdi~ (156). 

`...naTelo TvalTa CemTao~ (1592).

RmerTi, `romeli hyofs simdablesa ma- 

Ralsa zeda da warwymedulTa aRadgens~ 

(iobi, 5, 11); `...aRamaRle mdabali~ (ezekieli, 

21, 26). 

`viTarca sizmari ganfrenili ara 

ipovos, xolo ganfrinda, viTarca 

moCveneba Ramisa~ (iobi, 20, 8). 

`simgrgvle cisa~ (iobi~, 22, 14, iso ziraq, 

24,4). 

`viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa 

mimarT wyalTasa, egre suris sulsa Cemsa 

Sendami~ (fsalmunni, 41, 1). 

`da vTqu: vinmca mcna me frTeni viTarca 

tredisani, aRmca-vfrindi, avimaRle, ganveSore, 

mi-mca-ved da ganvisvene...~ (fsalmunni, 

54, 7-8). 

`sakvirvel a simarTliTa~ (fsalmunni, 

64, 6), `rCeul a sityvaÁ Seni~ (fsalmunni, 

118, 140). 

`romelsa uyvars swavla, uyvars mecniereba, 

xolo moZule mxilebisa ugunur...~ 

(igavni, 12, 1). 

ùmjobes saxeli keTili, vidre simdidresa 

mravalsa...~ (igavni, 22, 1); ìzrune 

saxelisaTvis, rameTu igi daadgrebis 

Senda ufros aTasTa didTa saunjeTa 

oqrosaTa~ (iso ziraq, 41, 15). 

`dReTa Sina keTilTasa daiviwyebian borotni...~ 

(iso ziraq, 11, 23) 

`sazrdeli da kverTxi da tvirTi _ virsa, 

puri da swavla da saqme _ monasa~ 

(iso ziraq, 33, 25). 

`maSin Zovdes mgeli kravTa Tana...~ (esaia, 

11,6); `maSin mgelni da kravni sZovdnen 

erTbamad...~ (iqve, 65, 25). 

àra RmerTman erTman aRgagnaa Tqven?..~ 

(malaqia, 2,10). 

`nu ara casa da qveyanasa me aRvavseb?~ 

(ieremia, 23, 24). 

8 

(RmerTo) `vin mdabalTa gaamaRleb~ 

(957). 

`gasrulda maTi ambavi, viTa sizmari 

Ramisa~ (1665. Tundac rusTavels ar 

ekuTvnodes es strofi!). 

`simgrgvle cisa~ (569, 1415). 

`SenTvis asre momsurdebis, wyarosaTvis 

viT iremsa~ (1656. es Tanxvedra Cemamdec 

iyo SeniSnuli). 

`momcnes frTeni da aRvfrinde, 

mivhxvde mas Cemsa ndomasa~ (1304. es 

Tanxvedra Cemamdec iyo SeniSnuli). 

àsre daRrejiT amiT a~ (103), `Sesvla 

ar Cemgan JamiT a~ (103), `Suqi Seni 

iefad a~ (135), `misi mkvleli TinaTin 

a~ (171) da sxva mravali. 

`goniersa mwvrTeli uyvars, ugunursa 

gulsa hgmirdes~ (904). 

`sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovlisa 

mosaxveWelsa~ (799). 

`kacsa mixvdes sawadeli, ras eZebdes, 

unda povna, maSin misgan aRara xams 

gaedasrulTa WirTa xsovna~ (211). 

`Semomyare kaeSnisa tvirTi mZime, viTa 

virsa~ (958). 

`...Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes~ (1664). 

`he, RmerTo erTo...~(2). 

`Sen xar savseba yovelTa...~

àra simravleTa Sina mxedarTaTa Zleva 

brZolisa ars, garna zecisa Zalisagan~ 

(pirveli makabelTa, 3, 20). 

`da qmna mefeman solomon samasi Subi 

oqrosa Wedili, samasi oqro erTsa Sina 

Subsa iyvnes. da samasni farni Wedilni 

oqroTa, sami litra oqrosa iyo TviTeulsa 

farsa Sina... da qmna mefeman saydari 

ZvalTagan spilosaTa didi da moaoqroa 

igi oqroTa gamocdiliTa... yovelni 

WurWelni, romelni iyvnes winaSe mefisa 

solomonisa, oqrosani iyvnes... da ara 

iyvnes vecxlisani, vinaTgan arad Seracxil 

iyo vecxli dResa Sina solomonissa~; 

`da Seagroa mefeman oqro da vecxli 

ierusalims Sina, viTarca qva, da 

kedrini Seagroa, viTarca Jola~ (mesame 

mefeTa, 10, 16-22, 10, 27. ixileT agreTve 

gamoslvaTa 25-27-e, 36-e Tavebi, meore 

neStTa, 9-20, ivdiTi, 10, 3-4, 15, 14, ezekieli, 

28, 13, zaqaria, 9, 3). 

9 

ùgangebod veras mizmen, Seca-mebnen 

xmelTa spani~ (1039). 

Zvirfaseulobis, simdidris xSiri da 

uxvi aRwera `vefxistyaosanSi~ (am 

garemoebas yuradRebas imitomac mivapyrob, 

rom, jer erTi, am sferoSi rus- 

Tavels oden aRmosavluri mwerlobis 

tradiciebi ar umemkvidria, da, meorec, 

gamoTqmuli iyo umarTebulo mosazreba 

_ simdidrisadmi esodeni yuradReba 

`vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris dabali 

socialuri wridan warmomavlobas 

mowmobso). 

amdenad, sxva safuZveli romc ar gvevarauda, Tamamad SegveZlo gveTqva, rom Zveli 

da axali aRTqmis wignTa organuli aTviseba sakmao stimuli iqneboda mwerlobis 

Casaxvisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. miT umetes, dadgenilia, rom V saukunisaTvis qarTulad 

ukve Targmnili iyo am wignTa mozrdili nawili. 

mxatvruli amocanebis uaRresad saTuTi damuSaveba saerTod momgebianad gamoar- 

Cevs qarTul hagiografias imdroindeli sqematuri konstruqciebis fonze. amis dasturad 

igive `SuSanikis wameba~ ikmarebda. qristianuli mwerlobis iseT kardinalur 

sakiTxSic ki, rogoric aris soflisa da zesTasoflis mimarTeba, romlis erTmniSvnelovani 

gadaWra savaldebulo dogmad iyo miCneuli Sua saukuneTa mTeli literaturisaTvis 

(rac iwvevda swored Tvlemis momgvrel sqematizmsa da erTferovnebas), 

swored mxatvrul amocanaTa erTguleba karnaxobs iakob xucess ar damalos Tavisi 

gmiris arcTu bolomde orTodoqsuli midgoma am sakiTxisadmi: wmindanobis safexuramde 

amaRlebul moRvawes sikvdilis win, nacvlad locva-kurTxevisa, faqtiurad 

wyevla aRmoxdeba Tavisi gulmxeci meuRlis misamarTiT, raic imis mauwyebelia, rom 

dogmaturi qristianobis mier garduvali ufskruliT gaTiSuli soflisa da zesTasoflis 

dualistur models erTgvari bzaric atyvia ukve. es bzari kidev ufro 

TvalsaCino xdeba cotaTi mogvianebiT, rodesac iqmneba Sua saukuneTa qarTuli 

mwerlobis erT-erTi usaCinoesi nawarmoebi _ `sibrZne balahvarisi~. es Zegli ukve 

moicavs msoflmxedvelobriv problemaTa im rkals, romlis wiaRSic suldgmulobda 

umTavresad Sua saukuneTa qristianuli literatura. am Zeglma cxadyo: qarTul 

mwerlobas savsebiT xelewifeboda agreTve saimdrood mniSvnelovani nebismieri 

literaturuli problemis daZleva. 

amdenad, aRarc is ambavi unda iyos moulodneli, rom qarTuli prozis yvelaze 

adreul nimuSebSi ukve Tavs iCens WeSmariti mwerlobis erT-erTi upirvelesi niSani 

_ avtoris stilisa da mxatvruli azrovnebis maneris mkveTri individualuroba. dakvirvebuli 

mkiTxveli uWirvelad gamoarCevs iakob xucesis lapidarul metyvelebas 

èvstaTi mcxeTelis wamebis~ avtoris auCqareblad gabmuli martivi Txrobisagan, orsave 

amas _ `sibrZne balahvarisis~ Sinaganad damuxtuli, mRelvare, aliteraciebiT 

gawyobili frazebisagan, xolo xsenebul nawarmoebebs _ `habos wamebis~ (VIII sauku-

ne) zviadi maRalfardovnebisagan. ioane sabanisZesTvis ukve nacnobia mxatvruli saxis 

TviTmkmari Rirebuleba da frazis marjved moqneviT aRZruli erTgvari tkbobac. 

stilismier amocanaTa maRal profesiul doneze gadawyvetis TvalsaCino nimuSia 

dialogis xelovnebis ostaturi floba. am mxriv qarTulma prozam imTaviTve Cinebuli 

tradiciebi daimkvidra. gamoxdeba arcTu didi xani da Tema siyvarulisa _ `Su- 

Sanikis wamebaSi~ oden qve-teqstiT warmodgenili, `balahvaris sibrZneSi~ gakvriT 

moxseniebuli, xolo qarTuli mwerlobis pirvel saukuneTa sxva nawarmoebebSi 

saerTod gverdavlili _ Tavs iCens qarTuli prozis erT-erT SedevrSi _ `grigol 

xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ (X saukune). da sagulisxmoa, rom am SemTxvevaSic vlindeba 

erTgvari winaaRmdegoba msoflmxedvelobasa da mxatvrul amocanas Soris. 

msoflmxedvelobrivi kredos Tanaxmad, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ avtors 

TiTqos imis meti araferi marTebda, wyevliT moexsenebina aSot kurapalatis macdunebeli 

diaci. magram amjeradac mxatvarma gaimarjva. aSot kurapalatis Seyvarebulis 

saxiT mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgeba ara `dedakaci siZvisaÁ~, rogorc avtors 

surda TiTqos warmoesaxa, aramed calkerZ xelmwifis siyvaruliT da calkerZ saRmrTo 

SiSiT gulSemusvrili saTno mandilosani, nebauneburad aSkara simpaTias rom 

imsaxurebs mkiTxvelisas. 

soflisa da zesTasoflis dualisturi koncefciis krizisisgan Tavis daxsnis er- 

TaderTi gza SeiZleboda dasaxuliyo mxolod _ am dualizmis Signidanve daZleva, 

mTlianobis ideis damkvidreba, soflisa da zesTasoflis harmoniul erTobad dasaxva. 

amocana ueWvelad unda ganxorcielebuliyo q r i s t i a n o b i s w i a R S i v e , misi 

raobis Seulaxvelad, mis arsebiT debulebaTa xelyofis gareSe. amgvarma msoflmxedvelobrivma 

Zvram Tavad gandegilobis idealSic Seitana koreqtivi: TviTmiznuri 

gandgomis, faqtiurad Sinaganad gamocarielebuli yofis, TviTgvemis amazrzeni kulti 

qmediTi samonastro cxovrebis wesma Secvala. serapion zarzmelis, grigol xan- 

ZTelis, ioane, eqvTime da giorgi aTonelTa biografebi mravalgzis aRniSnaven, raoden 

intensiuri iyo maTi gmirebis fizikuri da sulieri cxovreba _ umkacres disciplinas 

damorCilebuli aqtiuri garja moyvasTa sakeTildReod, didTa saqveyno 

saqmeTa aRsasruleblad. `dasxdes serobad da iwdies RvinoÁ da sulieri da xorcieli 

sixaruli ganzaves~ (`serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~) _ amgvari ram adrindel 

ZeglebSi arsad gvxvdeba, xolo am droidan, daaxloebiT X saukunidan wesad iqceva. 

moyvaruli, moalerse mzeriT mimoixilaven avtorni bunebas da mis wiaRSi moqmed 

adamianebs. aSkaravdeba Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac amqveyniuri yofa igive 

sulieri, igive saRmrTo saqmis aRsrulebaa, Tuki mis arsebas siyvaruli, sikeTe da 

kacTa Soris saTnoeba Seadgens. àmisa Semdgomad ubrZana didsa zenons: _ Zmao, STavideT 

venaxad... rameTu Jami iyo sTvlisaÁ. da STavides ornive zogad venaxsa mas 

Senebulsa missa keTilad nayofiersa. da Jamsa mas Sina movida sanatreli mamaÁ 

makari opizeli xilvad moZRvrisa Tvisisa mamisa grigolisa. da viTarca-igi friad 

ganixares da survielad moikiTxnes urTierTas. da rameTu iyo Jami puris WamisaÁ, 

purad xolo dasxdes... da viTarca Semwuxrda, erTsa Sina saxlsa iyvnes samnive igi 

RmrTisa kacni... da esreT ixarebdes samnive igi... da viTarca ganTena mSvidobisa 

sadgurTa maT, urTierTas mSvidobaÁ dauteves da warvida mamaÁ makari opizad, xolo 

mamaÁ grigol da zenon aRvides Tvisad monastradve~ (`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~). 

aq ukve ilandeba amiran darejanisZisa da misi Zmadnaficebis, an kidev tarielis, 

avTandilis da fridonis Seyris suraTebi. erTad yofnis sixarulis, megobrobis 

RvTaebrivi grZnoba gadasZalavs maniakuri asketobis gulamoWmul individualizms. 

arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom am drois ZeglebSi xSirdeba gamoTqma _ òriTave 

cxovrebiT Semkobili~, raic rogorc amqveyniur, ise zesTasoflur srulyofilebas, 

erT pirovnebaSi ori polusis harmoniul Serwymas gvauwyebs da raic aris ukve pirvelsaxe 

rusTavelis (Tu misi genialuri mimbaZvelis) renesansuli formulisa _ 

òrisav iyos mxlebeli~. 

10

qarTuli mwerlobis saTaveebTan 

11 


mexuTe-meaTe saukuneTa manZilze saqarTveloSi mxolod sasuliero xasiaTis literaturuli 

Zeglebi iqmneboda. arqiteqturul, ferwerul da musikalur qmnilebeb- 

Tan erTad isini warmarTobaze gamarjvebuli axali qristianuli kulturis sferos 

qmnian. ra esTetikur-mxatvruli kanonzomierebani moqmedeben am sferoSi, ragvar 

msoflxedvas emyareba es axali xelovneba da ras aZlevs igi sayuradRebos Semdgom 

saukuneebs, _ es sakiTxebi, bunebrivia, sityvierebis maswavleblis yuradRebis centrSic 

eqceva, rodesac igi Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebs aswavlis. maTze pasuxis 

gaucemlad kargad ver gavigebT hagiografiul da himnografiul Txzulebebs 

(araa sakmarisi im periodis politikuri, ekonomikuri da socialuri buneba vicodeT 

marto). Cven vecdebiT, warmovaCinoT im epoqis mxatvruli literaturis safuZvlisdamdebi 

principebi. 

yvela drois literaturisa da xelovnebis arss qmnis is, Tu rogor warmoudgeniaT 

realurisa da idealuris, adamianurisa da RvTaebrivis urTierTdamokidebuleba. 

klasikuri antikurobis xanaSi idealuris, sulieris samkvidrod miwier-materialuri 

anu xorcieli arseboba miiCneoda. am epoqis xelovnebaSi suliereba srulad 

da harmoniulad erwymis xorcielebas, – lamaz sxeulSi lamazi sulia. raki ase fiqrobdnen, 

samyaro da adamiani harmoniul mTlianobad aRiqmeboda. zogadi, RvTaebrivi, 

idealuri udrida kerZos, adamianurs, realurs, oRond rafinirebuls, ganwmendils 

miwieri naklisagan. plastikuri xelovnebis enaze es ase gamoiTqmeboda: RvTaebriv 

srulqmnilebas moqandake ulamazesi mamakacisa Tu qalis sxeulis nakvTTa daxvewilobasa 

da proporciulobaSi Wvretda da gamoxatavda. aseTia fidiasis mier oqrosa 

da marmariloSi nakveTi saxe zevsisa, polikletis _ dorifori, praqsitelis afrodite 

Tu kunZul milosze napovni qandakeba venerasi. yvela am qmnilebaSi gmiris Sinagani 

anu sulieri raoba ganuyofel erTianobaSia garegnul silamazesTan da am silamaziTve 

amoiwureba. am kanonzomierebis Sesabamisadve, antikur literaturaSi gmiri 

ori TvalsazrisiT ar Sefasdeba; sazogadoebrivi da piraduli adamianis saxeSi 

uSualod emTxveva erTmaneTs, ganusxvavebelia. sayovelTao normasTan, sazogadoebisagan 

ganCinebul idealTan kerZo anu piraduli interesis morigebis, gamTlianebis 

sakiTxi aq ar dgas. aseT interess seriozuli fasi da mniSvneloba ar eniWeba. 

misdakvalad, pirovnuli swrafva antikuri gmiris saxeSi idealur normas ar SeiZleba 

daupirispirdes. homerosis, esqiles Tu sofokles personaJebi (aqilevsi, 

odisevsi, promeTe, oidiposi) Sinaganad mTliani, gaubzaravi gmirebi arian. maTi 

Zliereba gare movlenebTan dapirispirebaSi (bediswera, bunebis stiqioni, brZolis 

veli) vlindeba da ara imaSi, Tu rogor dauqvemdebaron individualuri interesi 

sayovelTao normas. yovelive sapirado Tavidanve emTxveva, ganurCevelia sazogadosagan. 

maTi gamTlianeba-harmonizaciis sakiTxi arc dgas. amgvarad, Zveli berZnuli 

azrovneba kacobriobis lamazsa da normalur bavSvobas gamoxatavda. 

es gulubryvilo harmonia daarRvia qristianobam; samyaro àm qveynad~ da ìm qveynad~, 

sinamdviled da idealad gaTiSa. gacnobierebul iqna, rom winaaRmdegoba arsebobs 

adamianis SigniT, sinamdvilis SigniT. àzri, romelmac Tavdayira daayena antikurobis 

logika, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mona aris adamiani, xolo Sesabamisad, adamiani 

aris mona RvTisa~ (g. gaCevi). materialuri da socialuri mdgomareoba ki ar 

gamoxatavs Cvens faseulobas (`mona adamiania~), aramed morCileba sulier-zneobrivi 

principebisa, RvTaebriobis ganmsaxierebeli CvenSi (àdamiani aris mona RvTisa~). adamiani 

Tavisi sindisis morCilia; mravali batonis nacvlad, _ erTi ufali, romlis 

winaSe yvela Tanasworia. damkvidrda axali gageba adamianisa da RmerTisa rogorc 

usasrulobaTa (mikrokosmosi da makrokosmosi). antikuri xanis berZnisaTvis gaugebaria 

qristes Tavgadasavlis arsi: `jvars acves glaxaki CamofleTili da mere uc-

ad aRmoCnda, rom igi RmerTia~. miwier, xorciel, amqveyniur siglaxakeSi Tavsdeba 

da cocxlobs sulieri, mSvenieri, idealuri, _ ai, ra daamkvidra qristianobam. es ki 

iyo didi aRmoCena antikurobasTan SedarebiT. 

winaaRmdegobis am suliTaa aRbeWdili qristianuli msoflaRqma, socialur-ekonomikuri 

urTierTobani, sazogadoebrivi cxovreba. 

zogadi da kerZo, RvTaebrivi da miwieri cnobierebadaa dapirispirebuli erTmaneTTan 

qristiani mowamis mxatvrul saxeSi da xelovnebac maTi morigebisa da mTlianobis 

sakiTxs Taviseburad wyvets. 

qristianuli xelovneba auqmebs ideis (sulieris) da realobis (xorcielis) antikurobisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebel mTlianobas da sagangebod upirispirebs maT erTmaneTs. 

miiCnies, rom realuris idealurTan uSualod, harmoniulad Serwymisas suli ar 

aris Tavisi WeSmariti cnebis Sesabamisad warmodgenili; rom sulierebas ar ZaluZs 

Tavisuflad gaiSalos, Tavisi Tavis Sesatyvisi forma miiRos manamde, sanam Caketilia 

sxulebriv formaSi (e. i. `lamazi suli~ ufro metia, ufro diadi ram aris, vidre 

sxeulis nakvTianoba gamoavlens amas). qristianuli xelovneba SeuZleblad miiCnevs, 

– sinamdvile, adamiani gaiazros ganuyofel mTlianobad, rogorc igi esmoda 

klasikur antikurobas. 

antikuri eposisa da dramis personaJTa Zala da arsi materialuri sinamdvilis 

faqtebis, movlenebisa da ambebis sferoSi aseve materialur-faqtobrivad gamovlenil 

RonisZiebebSi cxaddeba. gmiris sulieri Sinaarsis Sesaxeb aq mxolod is viciT, 

rac faqtobriv qmedebaSi Cans an igulisxmeba pirdapir, uSualod (gmirul moqmedebaSi 

_ gmiruli suli, da araviTar SemTxvevaSi _ wamic ki gaorebisa, daeWvebisa). 

qristianuli literaturis gmiris saxeSi ki RvTaebrivi da adamianuri mxare uSualod 

ki ar erwymis, aramed upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da mxolod idealSia morigebuli 

brZolisa da winaaRmdegobis gziT. aqedan gamomdinare, gansaxierebis obieqti 

xdeba ara materialuri, uSualo gamovlena sulierisa, sxeulebrivi adamianuri saxe, 

aramed TavisTavadi Sinagani cxovreba pirovnebisa. materialuri sinamdvilidan, saganTa, 

ambavTa, garegnul koliziaTa sferodan qristianul xelovnebas yuradReba 

adamianis sulis SigniT mimdinare procesebze gadaaqvs uSualod. 

antikurobis sapirispirod sulieri, idealuri (romlis gamoxatvac saboloo mizania 

yvela drois xelovnebisa) qristianul esTetikaSi xorcSesxmasa da Sesatyvis 

gamovlinebas Tavis SigniT eZebs da ara realur-miwierSi. magaliTad, Sinagani Zala 

Tu silamaze aq pirisaxis nakvTTa natif proporciebSi (qandakeba) an xmalSemarTuli 

mxedris plastikur JestSi (literatura) ki ar amoikiTxeba, aramed grZnobaTa uRrmes 

mdinarebaSi, ufaqizes emociebSi, saerTod, Sinagan cxovrebaSi. sfero grZnobebisa, 

gulisa, Sinagani cxovrebis intimurobisa qmnis hagiografiuli literaturis 

gmiris ganmsazRvrel Sinaarss. aqedan gamomdinare, am idealis aRmqmelic (mkiTxveli) 

gansxvavebulia antikuri xelovnebis aRmqmelisagan. mowamis saxe hagiografiul nawarmoebSi 

da bizantiur freskebze mxolod grZnobadi, xorcieli WvretisaTvis araa 

gaTvaliswinebuli. maTi avtorebi orientacias iReben aRmqmelis Sinagan cxovrebaze, 

gulze, grZnobisa da intimis Seuferxebel aRmafrenaze, eqstazis iseT aqtivobaze, 

romelic advilad Slis sazRvars mxatvrul movlenasa da mis aRmqmels (mkiTxvels) 

Soris. warmosaxuli aq iseTi bunebisaa, rom mas xiluli samyaro TiTqos eviwroeba; 

mxatvruli saxe biZgs iZleva xilulidan uxilavisaken, grZnobadidan (materialuridan) 

zegrZnobadisaken aRmsavlisaTvis. freskaze es imaSi gamoixateba, rom `formebi 

iZenen kristalur xasiaTs, ferwerul gaazrebas cvlis xazobrivi, plastikuri moculoba 

da xazgasmuli sivrcobrioba adgils uTmobs sibrtyiT gagebas~ (v. lazarevi). 

swored amis gamo, rom adrefeodaluri xanis literaturis ZiriTad Sinaarss 

qmnis adamianis Sinagani cxovreba da daucxromlad moqmedi siRrme sulisa, yvelaze 

Sesabamis formad mas evlineba grZnobaTa intensiuri moZraoba, RaRadisi intimurobisa 

da saerTod, lirikuli eqstazi. lirizmi aq is formaa, is tonia, romelic TviT 

saxviTi xelovnebis (magaliTad, ferwerul) nawarmoebsac ki aRavsebs. 

12

sailustraciod movitanT nawyvets daviT aRmaSeneblis Txzulebidan _ `galobani 

sinanulisani~, _ sadac daxvewili lirikuli RaRadisis formiT adamianis rTuli 

Sinagani cxovreba ikveTeba: `Jami raÁ wulilTa da ÃmelTa aRmofSÂnvaTaÁ warmodges, 

zari mefobisaÁ warÃdes da didebaÁ daSrtes, Suebani uqm iqmnnen, yuavilovnebaÁ daWnes, 

sxuaman miiRos skiptraÁ, sxuasa Seudgen spani, maSin Semiwyale, msajulo Cemo! 

gan-raÁ-eRos wigni dResa Sina sasjelisasa da me qeddadrekili warmogidge gankiTxvad, 

msajuli marTl sjide, msaxurTa risxvaÁ qrodis, marTalni netarebden, codvilTa 

hguemdes cecxli, maSin Semiwyale, iesu Cemo!.. martio, srulo, sam-mzeo, erTciskrovnebao, 

ganminaTle mxedvelobaÁ sulisaÁ, raiTa gixilo naTeli...~ 

rogorc miuTiTeben, àseTi xelovnebis saxeebSi fizikur silamazes ar SeiZleboda 

ar daexia ukana planze da ar gadasuliyo Tavis sapirispiro mdgomareobaSic ki. 

dadga dro sxva silamazis Ziebisa, romelic aRqmuli da gamoxatuli iqneboda sxvagvarad~ 

(n. dimitrieva). am xelovnebisaTvis ucxoa swrafva naturaluri, normaluri 

formebis silamazisaken, cxovrebiseulisaken, antikur samyaros rom axasiaTebs. ìgi 

amjobinebda STagonebuli eqstazis gamoxatvas ulamazo, galeul sxeulSi~. warmodgenac 

ki lamazi garegnobisa, lamazi sxeulisa garkveul disproporciulobasa da 

deformacias ukavSirdeba. freskaze, magaliTad, TvalSi gvxvdeba saxeebi pawawina tu- 

CebiT, gazviadebuli viwro cxviriT da Zalian didi TvalebiT, wagrZelebuli, wvrili, 

moxrili figurebi. 

mSvenierebaze uari ki ar uTqvamT, esTetika ki ar mouspiaT, `dadga dro sxva silamazis 

Ziebisa~. axalma drom silamazis axali gageba moitana. STagonebul eqstazs, 

mSvenierebas, rogorc vTqviT, ulamazosa da galeul sxeulSi aRiqvamen. Sedegad vi- 

RebT imas, rom, magaliTad, martvilis mxatvrul saxeSi hagiografia ZiriTadad orientacias 

gmiris sulis moZraobaze iRebs, mis Sinagan gancdebze gvesaubreba; intimi, 

RaRadisi, sasoeba, locva, godeba, molodini, natvra, xmovaneba sulis ufaqizesi simisa, 

sagnobriv realobad qceuli fiqrebi, _ ai, is asparezi, ZiriTadad, sadac ixarjeba 

mowamis Sinagani energia da riTac mis idealurobas veziarebiT. am asparezis 

geografiuli are erTob SekumSulia, mTavari yuradReba gmiris sulis siRrmeTa gamomzeurebas 

eTmoba. sivrciseul ganaTebas (rogoricaa, magaliTad, àmirandarejanianSi~) 

cvlis siRrmiseuli. personaJis sulieri cxovrebis amgvar siRrmeSi gvaxedebs, 

magaliTad, ucnobi avtori `Sio mRvimelis cxovrebisa~ (XII s.). Sio mowafeebs daem- 

Svidoba da sicocxle mRvimeSi daasrula. gmiris mxatvrul saxeSi gabatonebuli 

xdeba misive TviTSegneba, personaJis `sulis metyveleba~, rogorc TviT avtori ambobs. 

gmiris cnobierebis muSaoba gadmodis wina planze, sityva TviTon gmirs eZleva 

Tavis Tavze. TiTqos Sios sulis oreuli ganze gamdgara da iqedan Sescqeris Tavis 

Tavs; pirvelad Tavis gasagnebul RaRadiss xedavs da pozas mlocvelisas: `waremar- 

Ten, _ mimarTavs igi uzenaess, _ locvaÁ Cemi viTarca sakumeveli Sen winaSe, xolo 

aRpyrobani ÃelTa CemTani, viTarca msxuerpli samwuxroÁ~. Semdeg samyofeli adgilis 

ukeTuroba da xorciel SecodebaTa `sapyrobilisagan~ sulis amoyvanis imedia 

warmoCenili: `davidev me nebsiT mRÂmesa amas quesknelTa bnelsa Sina, vinai, mowyale, 

nu gare-miiqcev pirsa Sensa Cemgan... aramed aRmoiyvane sapyrobilisagan borotTasa 

suli Cemi aRsaarebad saxelisa Senisa...~ ukanasknel RaRadisSi sulis dauokebeli 

ltolva sacnaurdeba sinaTlisaken: `Sen gananaTle sanTeli Cemi, ufalo, da ganabrwyinve 

bneli sulisa CemisaÁ, rameTu bneli ese xiluli Sengan ara dabneldes, naTelo 

TualT Seudgamo; xolo Rame, viTarca dRe, ganaTldes~. aq mwerali imas ki ar 

xatavs, Tu ras warmoadgens gmiri samyaroSi, rogor gamoiyureba igi obieqturad, 

aramed imas, `Tu ras warmoadgens gmirisaTvis samyaro da ras warmoadgens TviTon 

Tavisi TavisaTvis~ (m. baxtini). 

e. i. moqmedeba aseT nawarmoebSi fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa upiratesad, xolo moqmedebis 

are SemosazRvrulia adamianis Sinagani, sulieri samyaroTi. moqmedebis sivrcis 

aseTi SezRudva ufro TvalsaCinoa `wamebaTa~ rigis hagiografiul Txzuleba- 

Si; magaliTad, iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ moTxrobili ambavi eqvs welze 

13

met xans rom grZeldeba, TiTqmis mTlianad sasaxlisa da cixis or senakSi mimdinareobs. 

magram, rac ufro sayuradReboa, mraval SemTxvevaSi dedofali martoa da 

mkiTxveli mowamis sxeulisa da sulis dramatuli dapirispirebis scenebis mowme 

xdeba. aseve, konfliqti gmiris sulis siRrmeSia ZiriTadad gadatanili _ e. i. siuJeti 

fsiqologiuri xasiaTisaa _ ioane sabanisZis àbo tfilelis martvilobaSi~. nawarmoebis 

mesame Tavi, romelic kulminaciuria mTeli TxzulebisaTvis, abos patimrobis 

ambavs mogviTxrobs. Tumca personaJi 6 dRis manZilze bevrs moqmedebs, did 

energias xarjavs, laparakobs (`da ityoda...~, `da Tqua...~; `da Tqua...~, magram aq aravi- 

Tari àmbavi~ (am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT) ar aris. cixis sakanSi Tavis Tavs Setovebuli 

abo SiSiTa da axovanebiT, cremliTa da RimiliT erkineba kars momdgar 

sikvdils, Tavisive Tavis gansamtkiceblad RaRadebs: `jer-ars Cemdaca dResa amas, 

raÁTa ganviZarco SiSi ÃorcTa amaT CemTaÁ, romelni samosel arian sulisa Cemisa... 

winaÁswar vxedevd ufalsa, winaSe Cemsa ars maradis, raÁTa ara SeviZra~. aRzevebuli 

suli mowamisa macxovars ealerseba, masa da maradiul aryofnas Soris Casadgomad 

uxmobs. e. i. mwerals itacebda gansaxiereba ara fizikuri wamebisa, aramed sulieri 

tanjvisa. 

sulis TavisTavadi moZraoba, misi Sinagani cxovreba Tavisi sixaruliTa da tkiviliT 

gaorebisa qristianobam aRmoaCina da mas, rogorc princips, ar icnobs antikuri 

xelovneba Tu Sua saukuneebis sagmiro eposi. sasuliero literaturis gmiri, 

upirveles yovlisa, sulieri qmnilebaa, pirovnebaa sapirispirod antikuri gmirisa, 

romelic, upirveles yovlisa, obieqtur-materialur sarbielze moqmedi arsebaa, romlis 

qmedebaSi farulad cxovrobs sulieri Sinaarsi (Semoqmedis mzera ar gamoyofs 

mas). materialur garemoze zemoqmedebis, obieqtur movlenebSi monawileobis da faqtobrivi 

Rvawlis pirdapir proporciulia antikuri literaturis gmiris sulieri 

Sinaarsi. arc homerosis aqilevsis, arc esqiles promeTesa da arc miTiuri amiranis 

sulieri Zala ar ixarjeba imaze, rom idealur normas Seusabamon TavianTi subieqturi 

neba. aseTi mcdelobidan warmomdgari Sinagani gaorebac (winaaRmdegoba) ucxoa 

maTTvis. 

rogor gamosaxavs, magaliTad, Sua saukuneebis ferwera pirovnebis Sinagan cxovrebas? 

rogorc aRniSnaven, ferwerul kompoziciaSi Tavi, rogorc centri sulieri 

gamomxatvelobisa, umniSvnelovanesia, imorCilebs ra yvela danarCen nawils figurisas. 

sxeuli gadadis meore planze, gadaiqceva TiTqmis uwonad sidided. igi imaleba 

tansaburavis xSiri naoWebis miRma. imave gansakuTrebul rols, rasac antikur qandakebaSi 

TamaSobs torsi, bizantiur Tu qarTul xatze asrulebs Tavi. Tavis kompoziciaSi 

ki aqcentirebulia maRali Subli da xazgasmulad farTo Tvalebi, sadac Tavmoyrilia 

ZiriTadi sulieri Sinaarsi. Tvalebi is sarkmelia, romliTac viyurebiT 

gmiris sulSi. yuradReba eqceva kidurebis, gansakuTrebiT mtevnis, damuSavebas. wagrZelebuli 

xelis TiTebis nerviuli Jestikulacia rTul Sinagan cxovrebaze miuTi- 

Tebs. Zvel qarTul xelovnebaSi ase gamoiyurebian daviT garejis, beTaniis da ubisis 

freskebis wmindanebi, iSxnis, berTis, martvilis Wedur nimuSebze gamosaxuli figurebi 

jvarcmulisa. 

winaaRmdegobis, Sinagani daZabulobis anu dramatizmis ganwyobileba gamoarCevs 

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebas. Sinagani winaaRmdegobis niSniTaa aRbeWdili am xelovnebis 

Sinaarsis damkvalianebeli umaRlesi ideali – qristes saxe, rogorc igi warmodgenilia 

bibliaSi. srulyofili RvTaebrivi buneba macxovarisa sadinars aZlevs 

Tavissave adamianur bunebas. qriste ar aris Tavisufali tkivilisa da sisustisagan. 

Tavis Tavze Zaldatanebis gareSe, udrtvinvelad ar xvdeba igi satanjvels: `RmerTo 

Cemo, RmerTo Cemo, raisaTvis damiteveb me?~ _ ityvis Ze RvTisa jvarcmis epizodSi. 

sxeulisa da sulis dapirispirebis tkivilze, e. i. Sinagan winaaRmdegobaze gamarjvebis 

gziT maRldeba igi RvTaebriobamde. am umaRlesi idealis SemsgavsebiT, Sinagani 

tkivili sxeulisa da sulis dapirispirebisa adamianis mxatvruli saxis umTavresi 

principia sasuliero mwerlobaSi. 

14

am mwerlobaSi adamianis amaRlebuloba gaigeba rogorc qmedeba, moZraoba sulisa, 

rogorc procesi, romlis ganmavlobaSic Tavs iCens Zal-Ronis daZabva, Sinagani 

brZola da arsebiT momentebad gvevlineba tkivili, sikvdili, mwuxare grZnoba araraobisa, 

tanjva sulisa da xorcisa. es aris ideali qmedebisa, brZolisa, xolo qmedeba-brZola 

ZiriTadad pirovnebis Sinagansave cxovrebaSi gaiSleba da ara obieqtur 

sivrceSi (rogorc, vTqvaT, òdiseaSi~ Tu àmirandarejanianSi~). es ideali Cven 

winaSe warmodgeba rogorc sapirispiro antikuri xelovnebis centraluri saxisa _ 

mouwyvleli, mTliani, fizikurad srulyofili gmirisa, romelic wamebis Jamsac ar 

kargavs harmoniul wonasworobas da lamaz Zlierebas. 

sulis is mSveniereba, rac antikur qandakebaSi amoikiTxeba, mTlianad gamoixateba, 

gamJRavndeba sxeulis silamaziT, e. i. forma aq uSualo eqoa Sinaarsisa; idea anu 

Sinaarsi zustad `zis~ Tavis formaSi, mTlianadaa gaSlili Tavis gansxeulebaSi. 

qristianuli mSvenierebis idea ki, rogorc sazRvardaudebeli (absoluturi) da Tavisufali 

suli, veRar èteva~ garegnul-materialur formaSi. sulieroba, romelic 

gmiris mxatvruli saxis Sinaarss Seadgens, aq iseTi Sinaarsisaa, rom mas ar ZaluZs 

mTlianad gamoxatos Tavisi Tavi bunebriv adamianur saxeSi. da roca xelovneba cdilobs 

Tavisufali sulieroba, zecisaken mimswrafi, sxeulebriv-miwier saburvelSi 

gaxvios, awydeba winaaRmdegobas – Sinaarsi ver eteva formaSi. rogorc ityvian, qristianuli 

xelovneba aris `gamosvla xelovnebisa Tavisi Tavidan, gardameteba Tavis 

Tavisa~ (hegeli). magram TviT es procesi, tendencia, xorcieldeba xelovnebis sferoSi 

da TviT xelovnebisave formiT. mxatvrul saxes aq yovelTvis aqvs saTqmeli 

raRac ufro meti, vidre garegnoba, forma miuTiTebs amaze pirdapir, uSualod. Tu 

gonebis Tvals movavlebT Sua saukuneebis qarTul, rusul Tu bizantiur freskebs, 

cxadad SevigrZnobT, rom yvela am gamosaxulebaSi suli miiswrafvis zegrZnobadi 

(aramaterialuri) samyarosaken, `TiTqos cdilobs Camoxsnas gars Semoxveuli neitraluri 

saburveli, romelic aferxebs mis aRmasvlas~. suls eviwroeba sxeuli, sacaa 

TiTqos àmofrindeba~ iqedan, sadRac miwasa da cis Suaa gakidebuli; mxatvruli 

saxe im zRvarTan dgas, romlis iqeTac iwyeba sicariele, livlivi haerSi, mas `vxedavT~ 

da verc `vxedavT~. 

e. i. esTetikuri grZnoba, rac Sua saukuneebis freskis Wvretisas, sagaloblis 

mosmenisas Tu hagiografiuli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas gveufleba, naklebadaa nasazrdoebi 

gancdiT mSvenierebisa: plastikurad daxvewili JestiT, ferweruli gaazrebiT, 

xazebis simetriiTa da kompoziciuri wyobis harmoniulobiT, formis srulqmnilobiT. 

rogorc miuTiTeben, qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebi imdenad esTetikur 

tkbobas ki ar gvaniWeben, ramdenadac gvancvifreben, STagonebiTa da aRmafreniT gvavseben. 

amas ki amaRlebulis esTetikuri gancda hqvia. aki iTqva zemoT, rom mowamis saxe 

hagiografiul nawarmoebSi da freskaze grZnobadi, xorcieli WvretisaTvis araa 

gaTvaliswinebuli. avtorebi orientacias iReben aRmqmelis Sinagan cxovrebaze, intimis 

aRmafrenaze, misi warmosaxvis aqtiur Tanamonawileobaze SemoqmedebiT aqtSi. 

amaRlebulobaze damyarebuli mxatvruli saxe biZgs iZleva xilulidan uxilavisaken, 

miuwvdomelisa da idumalebisaken aRmasvlisaTvis. amaRlebulobis mxatvruli 

saxe Cvenive sulier SesaZleblobaTa, ltolvaTa usazRvroebiT gvipyrobs, `zenaarT 

samyofTan~ (n. baraTaSvili) miaxloebis gancdiT STagvagonebs. zRvari SesaZleblobisa 

amaRlebuli Sinagani WvretisaTvis TiTqmis ar arsebobs. 

amis nimuSad mravalTagan movitanT erTs. `ninos cxovreba~ saqarTvelos gaqristianebis 

ambavs gvauwyebs. mwerlis mzera aq TiTqos mTlad Semoswvdenia dedamiwas, 

romelsac ganaxlebis Jruanteli tanSi amtvrevs da mTeli sxeuli uTrTis: `mTaTa 

da borcuTa da ReleTa armuri sulnelebisaÁ aRvidoda camdÀ, da kldeni Seimusvrodes... 

caÁ quxda da queyanaÁ iZrvoda, mTani hkrTebodes, borcuni imRerdes, zRuaÁ 

dga, wyalni aRmarT diodes...~ 

mecxre (Tu meaTe) saukunis ucnobi opizeli himnografis mxatvruli xilva ki 

tragikul WeSmaritebasTan gvaziarebs: 

15

movediT, Zmano, STavixedneT saflavTa, 

sada ars Suri, saocrebaÁ da ÃdomaÁ, 

sada ars ZÂris xsenebaÁ da zuaobaÁ 

da ÃorcTa gulis-Tqumani, aha ese ra 

miwa, nacar da Tixa qmnil ars yoveli. 

aq, ra Tqma unda, materialuri silamazis namcecic ki aRaraa da nawarmoebis mxatvruloba 

tragikuli WeSmaritebis siRrmeTa moxilvis ZaliTaa ganpirobebuli. sxva 

SemTxvevaSi amaRlebuli da mSvenieri SeiZleba Seerwyas erTmaneTs. 

roca gamosaTqmelis sidiadesa da miuwvdomel amaRlebulobas gamomsaxvelobiTi 

formebi Tvals ver usworebs, mwerali ityvis: `brZnad metyvelebaÁ vecxli ars wmidaÁ, 

xolo dumili – oqroÁ rCeuli~. am sityvebiT iwyeba giorgi merCulis `grigol 

xanZTelis cxovreba~. dumilis aseTsave esTetikur efeqtzea dafuZnebuli `vefxistyaosnis~ 

is scena, roca pirvel paemanze Seyrili nestani da tarieli usityvod gan- 

Sordebian erTmaneTs; gancdis usazRvro-sidiades aq mokrZalebuli dumili ufro 

sacnaur-yofs. xolo nikoloz baraTaSvili Semsgavsebul sulier mdgomareobaSi 

uzenaess mimarTavs: `...CemTa bageT raRa dauST Senda saTqmelad, maSa, dumilic miiTvale 

Sendami locvad~. 

sxeulisa da sulis, miwierisa da zeciuris dapirispireba Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi 

badebs mtanjvel konfliqts, yvela qmnilebas aniWebs daZabulobis gamoxatulebas. 

daZabulobis es ieri cxadad atyvia qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis 

gmirebs – SuSaniks, evstaTi mcxeTels, abo Tbilels, grigol xanZTels; Cveni saxvi- 

Ti xelovnebis nimuSebs _ daviT garejisa da beTaniis freskebs, berTis jvarcmas 

(XI s.), iSxnis jvarze (973 w.) gamosaxul figuras macxovrisas. 

ganwyobileba daZabulobisa, gamoxatuleba Sinagani dramatizmisa sasuliero stilis 

erTi umTavresi wanamZRvarTagania. am xelovnebis stilSi igi Tavs iCens, rogorc 

ideis, Sinaarsis ver dateva saxeSi, formaSi, rogorc `gamosvla xelovnebis 

Tavisi Tavidan, gadameteba Tavisi Tavisa~. 

mTel am ukanasknel msjelobas ki aseT daskvnamde mivyavarT: filosofiuri Sinaarsis 

siRrmiT qristianuli xelovneba aWarbebs rogorc antikurs, ise Semdgomi xanis 

saero xelovnebas; rac Seexeba grZnobad gansxeulebas, formas, igi antikuri epoqisa 

da momdevno periodis saero ZeglebSia (magaliTad, `vefxistyaosanSi~) ufro 

srulyofili. 

qristianuli xelovnebis ideali bevr aspeqtSi ufro aris Cveulebrivi, adamianuri, 

Cveni msgavsi. es garemoeba ki iman gansazRvra, rom yvelaze amaRlebuli da idealuri 

– RmerTi – Sua saukuneebs xorciel, Cvens msgavs arsebobaSi ecxadeba; es ase 

warmoidgineba: RmerTi gansxeulda, iSva, icxovra da, swored imitom, rom xorcieli 

arseba iyo, mokles (antikuri RvTaebani _ zevsi, apoloni, venera... mxolod qvasa da 

metalSi, anu mxatvrul WvretaSi, moevlinneT Zvel berZnebs, da ara xorciTa da sisxliT). 

xelovneba, rogorc miuTiTeben, mxolod axla iZens umaRles uflebas – absoluturis 

anu RvTaebrivis, idealuris gamosaxatavad gamoiyenos saxe Cveulebrivi 

adamianisa, miseuli wesi garegnuli gamovlinebisa. 

Cveulebrivi saxe miwieri adamianisa da garegnuli misi gamovlineba ar aSenebs 

klasikuri antikuri xelovnebis ideals, `lamazi~ niSnebiTa da formebiT cvlis simwires 

bunebrivisas, miwier nakls. Sua saukuneebis xelovneba ki eswrafvis uSualo 

kavSirs cocxal adamianTan. Cvens gulsa da emociur gancdas Sinaganad ar uaxlovdeba 

da nakleb exmianeba, gansacdeli antikuri klasikuri literaturis personaJebisa, 

stoikurad rom gadaitanen tanjvas, harmoniuli da Sinaganad gaubzaravni, monoliTurni 

rom arian. 

vinaidan TviT RmerTi Camodis xorciel, xrwnad arsebobamde, Cveulebrivi adamiani 

naTesaobriv siaxloves xedavs uzenaesTan; xorcieleba da materialuri movlenebi 

fasiandeba. esTetikuri ideali yofiTTan da CveulebrivTan Seiqna wilnayari. idealurs 

SeuTavsda Cveni sisuste da tanjva. cnobili debuleba, rom klasikuri 

16

antikuri xelovneba axdens adamianis gaRmerTebas, garkveulad Sesabrunebelia Sua 

saukuneebis xelovnebis mimarT, romelic RmerTis gaadamianurebis gziT wavida. 

radgan adamianis sulieri samyaros siRrmiseuli silamaze gamocxadda umaRles 

mSvenierebad, mxatvruli saxis konstruqciaSi Tavisufali gza mieca materialuri 

sinamdvilis SemTxveviTobas, yofiTi sinamdvilis aqsesuars, miwier naklulevanebas, 

garegnulad Cveulebrivsa da ulamazosac ki. faqtebis, moqmedebis, ambebis Sinagani 

sarCulisa da motivis Zebna wamoiwia wina planze. Aamitom SesaZlebeli gaxda TiTqmis 

yovelgvari faqti, ambavi da Strixi Semotaniliyo nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovilSi, 

rogorc garegani da formaluri momenti. ufro metic, STagonebuli eqstazis 

gamoxatvas, naTqvami iyo zeviT, es xelovneba amjobinebda ùlamazo, galeul sxeul- 

Si~. aq ukve mxatvruli stilis sakiTxs mivadeqiT. bibliur moTxrobaTa da hagiografiul 

TxzulebaTa Seswavla qmnis sul sxva warmodgenas maRali stilisa da amaRlebulis 

Sesaxeb, vidre antikuri epoqis nawarmoebebi Tu `vefxistyaosani~. homerosisa 

da rusTvelis qmnilebebSic aris warmosaxuli yofa-cxovrebiTi epizodebi, Cveulebrivi, 

miwier-adamianuri detalebi, naklulevanebani (magaliTad, odisevsis fexis 

dabanis scena òdiseaSi~; fatman-avTandilis urTierToba `vefxistyaosanSi~), magram 

yofiTi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebis es sfero mudam rCeba idiliur, mSvidobian garemod 

da amaRlebulis, tragikulis, problematuris konstruirebaSi igi ar monawileobs.Ee. 

i. idealuri yofiTSi ar moiazreba, maSin, roca bibliur moTxrobebsa da hagiografiul 

TxzulebebSi àmaRlebuli, tragikuli da problematuri imTaviTve swored 

yofiTsa da yoveldRiurSi vlindeba~ (e. auerbaxi). amis saukeTeso nimuSia sayovelTaod 

cnobili saxarebiseuli moTxroba jvarcmisa, rogorc gansakuTrebiT tragikuli 

da amaRlebuli. is, rom qriste jvarcmul iqna, rogorc Cveulebrivi damna- 

Save, _ uaryofili, damcirebuli, masxrad agdebuli, _ es moTxroba sruliad spobs 

esTetikuris antikur normebs. ìs qmnis axal maRal stils, romelic aramcTu uaryofs 

grZnobad-realurs, aramed SeiTvisebs kidec ulamazos, uRirss, fizikurad dakninebuls~ 

(e. auerbaxi). e. i. idealuri yofiTSi, CveulebrivSi ganiWvriteba. 

giorgi merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ moTxrobilia, Tu rogor warmoudgaT 

javaxeTis krebaze (arsenis kaTalikosobis kanonierebis sakiTxs rom mieZ- 

Rvna) Sekrebil ber-monazvnebs grigoli. ixiles ìgi momavali karauliTa Soris krebulsa 

mas mamaTasa sakÂrvelad xilviTa, rameTu samoseli igi Seuracxi (ubralo, 

mdabiuri!), romel emosa moxucebulsa mas, esreiT Canda, viTarca samoseli naTlisa 

brwyinvalisa ganucdelisai~ (TvalSeudgami). ubralo, mdabiuri (`Seuracxi~) samoseli 

ixilveba, viTarca TvalSeudgami sinaTlisagan moqsovili. ubraloeba ganmsWvalulia 

TvalSeudgami brwyinvalebiT, Sinagani silamaze èteva~ garegnulad CveulebrivSi. 

xolo iakob curtavelis Txzulebis mTavari gmiri wamebis meSvide wels ase gamoiyureba: 

`moiwia wmidisa da samgzis sanatrelisa SuSanikis zeda wylulebaÁca ÃorcTa 

misTaÁ da daucxromelad SromaTa maT gamo dausivdes ferÃni misni da Txramli 

aRmosdioda adgil-adgild. da wylulebani did-didni iyvnes da matlica dasxmul 

iyo wylulTa maT, romel-igi aRiRo ÃeliTa TÂsiTa da miCuenebda me da hmadlobda 

RmerTsa~. 

idealuris aseTi stilisturi formireba mTlianad ewinaaRmdegeba silamazis rogorc 

antikurs, ise rusTvelur gagebas. aq swored ulamazo sxeulSia lamazi suli. 

msoflaRqma, romelmac RmerTi miwaze Camoiyvana da Cveulebrivi adamianuri arsebobiT 

Semosa, esTetikuri idealis formirebaSic yofiTsa da Cveulebrivs emyareba. 

amis Semdeg bunebrivad ismeba kiTxva: ra funqciiTa da proporciiT Sedis sasuliero 

mwerlobis idealSi miwier-xorcieli momenti, adamianis materialuri arseboba? 

Sua saukuneebis ideologiisaTvis amqveyniuri sinamdvile TavisTavad sruliad 

ar warmoadgens borotebas. materialuri samyaro keTili RmerTis qmnilebaa, ara satanisa 

da mas Semoqmedis sikeTisa da sibrZnis niSnebi gaaCnia. imave gziTaa Seqmnili 

Cveni xorcieli bunebac, Seqmnilia igi `silamazisa da Tanazomierebis kanonebis~ mi- 

17

xedviT. Yyofiereba miCneulia sikeTed da xazgasmulia, rom Semoqmeds Seqmnilni uyvars, 

viTarca mamas Svilni. dadebiTi damokidebulba xorcieli sinamdvilisadmi Sua 

saukuneebis ideologiis safuZvelSive devs. religiur sistemaTa grZel istoriul 

rigSi qristianobaa is religia, romelmac RmerTi Cveulebrivi adamianisagan Sobilad 

aRiqva, Cvenive msgavsi xorcieli arsebobiT Semosa, miwier sinamdvileSi acxovra 

da jvarcmulis eklis gvirgvini adamianTan xeliT daadga Tavze. `Tavisi TavganwirviT 

adamianebisaTvis, xorcSesxmiT, RmerTma usasrulo faseuloba mianiWa Tvi- 

Toeul adamins, gaaTanabra igi TavisTan~ (n. dimitrieva). 

amisdakvalad, Sua saukuneebis xelovnebaSi sxeulis silamaze, materialuri sinamdvile 

daCrdilulia ara TavisTavad, aramed sulier samyarosTan SedarebiT da SepirispirebiT. 

`samyaro sulisa gamarjvebas zeimobs garegan samyaroze... da amis kvalobaze 

xorcieleba ufasurdeba~ (hegeli). sulieri interesebisa da xorciel swrafvaTa 

Sejaxebis gzaze Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis gmiri maRldeba ukanasknelze. 

Tu materialur-xorcieli yofna araraobaa, ueWvelia da TavisTavad cxadi, misi 

aseTobis mtkicebas naklebi fasi aqvs. araraobaze maRalia yvelaferi, rac mis miRma 

devs. esTetikurad zemoqmedi is amaRlebuloba SeiZleba iyos, roca mniSvneloba da 

fasi aqvs imas, razedac maRldebian (magaliTad, sicocxles, mitanils samSoblos 

samsxverploze). 

adamianis grZnobad-materialuri mxare sulier-RvTaebrivTan SedarebiT da SepirispirebiT 

aris dabali Sua saukuneebis ideologiisaTvis. Sedareba-Sepirispireba 

da kontrasti am epoqis xelovnebis principuli stilisturi niSania. sailustraciod 

SeiZleba warmovidginoT ori sibrtye sivrceSi, erTi dabla da meore maRla. qveda 

sibrtye amqveyniur-materialur arsebobas ganasaxierebs, zeda – sulier-RvTaebrivs. 

qristianuli xelovnebis nawarmoebi ar arsebobs rogorc esTetikuri sagani, Tu ar 

aris am ori sibrtyis Sepirispireba-kontrastis TvalsaCino gancda, mTlianoba, roca 

isini erTmaneTs moiTxoven da uaryofen. rac ufro cxadia orive sibrtyis realobis 

Segneba, miT ufro Zlieria mxatvruli gancda. sulier-idealuris simaRle miwier-materialuris 

SedarebiTi sidabliT aRiqmeba da piriqiT. personaJma cocxal gancdebad 

gamovlenili tkiviliT unda gaiaros aRniSnuli manZili or sibrtyes Soris, ra- 

Ta nawarmoebma mizans miaRwios. gmirisagan am gzis, am winaaRmdegobis daZlevis suraTi 

aqcevs nawarmoebs mxatvrul movlenad. Tu ar aris qveda sibrtyis cxadi, TvalsaCino 

gancda, maSin aRar aris manZilis SegrZneba, aRar aris winaaRmdegoba. e. i. 

aRar aris esTetikuri sagani. 

Sepirispireba-kontrastis (antiTezis) stilisturi Strixi iqedan momdinareobs, 

rom arseboba moazrebulia winaaRmdegobad da brZolad da ara uSfoTvel harmoniad 

(amis Taobaze zeviT ukve iTqva). Semoqmedma `jaWvi saukuneTa, _ ityvis erTi imdroindeli 

filosofosi, _ viTarca ulamazesi poema, Seamko erTgvar antiTezaTagan~ (avgustine). 

qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis ZeglTa stilistur sistemaSi kontrastis 

principi TvalSi gvecema yvelgan da yvelaferSi; sxeuli da suli, sikvdili da sicocxle, 

saiqio da saaqao, keTili da boroti, sinaTle da sibnele, _ ase antiTezisurad 

wamodgeba mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi mTeli sinamdvile. iakob xanZTelis Txzulebis 

gmiri – SuSaniki cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli eubneba mnaxvelT: `Wirisa amisa wil 

Cemisa qristeman mommadlos me sixaruli, satanjvelTa amaT wil – gansuenebaÁ, guemaTa 

amaT CemTa da TrevaTa da SeuracxebaTa – mivemTxÂo me didebasa da pativsa ca- 

Ta Sina dausrulebelsa~. 

kontrastis formiTaa gamarTuli SuSanikis mimarTva varsqenisadmi (àra Tu me 

aRmemarTa xati igi...~), sadac pitiaxSis sarwmunoebriv-saxelmwifoebriv Ralats misi 

mamis – arSuSas – mamuliSviluri Rvawli upirispirdeba. 

àbos wamebis~ kompoziciaSic ki SeiniSneba kontrastis principi. nawarmoebis pirveli 

Tavis didi nawili sagangebod muqi saRebavebiTaa Sesrulebuli, imas warmosaxavs, 

rom qarTvelni arabTa uRelqveS `ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni 

18

qarTagan ZlierTa~. saerTo SiSisa da erovnul-sarwmunoebrivi suliskveTebis mouZlurebis 

am muq fonze naTlis svetad aRimarTeba STagonebuli saxe im kacisa, romelic 

àra Tu pirveliTganve Cuengani iyo, aramed umecari, sarwmunoebisagan Cuenisa 

ucxoÁ, ucxoÁTa SjuliTa movida da qristesa RmerTsa Cuensa, Seemecna~. Aavtori mimarTavs 

mowames: `Sen ugunurTa maT SemwirvelTa SenTa (Senma mkvlelebmao) maxÂli- 

Ta da cecxliTa umetÀs alisa gangabrwyinves... Sen naTesavTa SenTa ucxo da gangdebul 

gyves, xolo qristeman ismaitelTa Soris (mahmadianTa Soris), viTarca vardi 

ekalTagan, gamogarCia...~ 

antiTezisis efeqtzea gamiznuli saba iSxnelis is mimarTva bagrat kurapalatisadmi 

(`cxovreba grigol xanZTelisa~), sadac beri xelmwifis meufebas, droiTa da 

sivrciT Semofargluls, upirispirebs RvTaebis Zlevamosilebas, dausazRvrels, maradiuls. 

giorgi mcire, avtori `giorgi aTonelis cxovrebisa~, Tavis gmirs ase warmogvi- 

Cens: `kaci zecisaÁ da angelozi queyanisaÁ~; `yrmaÁ, moxucebulobiTa Semkuli, da Wabuki, 

siberiTa ganSuenebuli~; àman netarman kacman sakÂrvelman da kacTa bunebisa 

uzeSTaes SeukadrebelTa Semkadrebelman~; `mravliTa RoniTa da vedrebiTa ver uZlo 

SepyrobaÁ SeupyrobelisaÁ mis da iZlia mZle uZlevelisagan...~ da mravali sxva. 

rac mTavaria, kontrastul ganwyobilebaTa da swrafvaTa Sejaxebis asparezia hagiografiul 

gmirTa arseboba. maT oqro-vercxls, pativs, saxels, Tanamdebobas aRuTqvamen 

– isini tanjvasa da sikvdils amjobineben (`wamebaTa~ Janri); maT simdidre, fufuneba, 

dideba da Zalaufleba eliT isini siRaribes, simdables, uxmauro cxovrebas, 

mokrZaleba-morCilebas irCeven (`cxovrebani~). dramatuli simZafriT sacnaurdeba winaaRmdegoba 

sxeulisa da sulisa, miwierisa da zeciurisa. 

qristianoba ar uaryofs am qveyanas, materialur sinamdviles, magram miiCnevs, rom 

miwieri cxovrebis bevri mxare Tavis TavSi Seicavs SesaZleblobas iqces Cvens mtrad. 

gonebis mkacr kontrols daumorCilebeli miwieri buneba azianebs sulier cxovrebas. 

umaRles Zlevamosilebad saxareba imas ki ar miiCnevs, saerTod aRikveTo da 

moaSTo xorcieli swrafvani, moakvdino sxeuli, e. i. gaeqce mters, aramed SeebrZolo 

mas, dasZlio winaaRmdegoba, gonierebis mkacr kontrols dauqvemdebaro xorcieli 

survili, Sen ibatono imaze, rac Senze cdilobs gabatonebas. arc erTi xorcieli 

moTxovnileba TavisTavad ar iTvleba borotebad, zomierebis farglebSi maTi 

dakmayofileba bunebrivadaa miCneuli. isini mtrad iqcevian, roca gabatondebian 

adamianze, moralur sazRvrebs dagvaviwyeben (Tanamdeboba – tiranad gvaqcevs, Wamasmis 

survili _ qurdad). miiCnevdnen, rom adamianebi Cvensave SigniT davatarebT 

erTob saSiS mters (mdabal xorciel survilebs). da Tu brZola momxdur mterTan, 

garegan winaaRmdegobasTan, mainc mTavrdeba, `brZola Cvens sulSi grZeldeba TviT 

sikvdilamde~ (tertuliane). winaaRmdegoba da brZola saukeTeso `mesa~ da mdabal 

`mes~ Soris, am brZolaSi mopovebuli gamarjveba iTvleba did gamarjvebad. Sinagani 

winaaRmdegobiTa da brZoliT ixsneba gza zeciuri amaRlebisa. 

Aadamianis kerZo, piraduli swrafvani Sua saukuneebis literaturuli gmiris modelSi 

aucileblad Semodis. igi winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndeba idealurTan, sayovel- 

TaosTan. Sinagani gaorebisa da tkivilis gziT gmiri maRldeba piradulze, romelsac 

fasi da mniSvneloba aqvs. rac ufro realuria am faseulobis Segneba, miT ufro 

mZafria winaaRmdegobis tkivili. kerZo, miwier-piraduli sawyisi harmoniulad ki 

ar erwymis da msWvalavs zogads, idealurs, aramed emsaxureba mas, rogorc sayrdeni, 

kvarcxlbeki, romelzedac aRimarTeba monumenturi saxe idealisa. kerZo Tu xorcieli 

Tavisi araarsebiTobiTa da SedarebiTi faseulobiT amkvidrebs arsebiTobasa da 

amaRlebulobas zogadisas, sulierisas. 

amaRlebuloba Sinagani tkivilisa da gaorebis daZlevasa da moxsnas gulisxmobs 

idealSi. sulieri sinaze, netareba da sixaruli sasuliero literaturis gmirTa saxeebSi 

rom gamokrTis, aris sixaruli tanjvasa da tkivilze gamarjvebisa, gaorebis 

daZleviT gawonasworebuli sulisa. igi gamoixateba cremliani RimiliT. `cremli 

19

mianiSnebs kaeSans, Rimili – naTelsxivosnobas~ (hegeli). amrigad, cremlebSi gamomkrTali 

Rimili Sinagan gaorebaze gamarjvebiT, tkivilis daZleviT mogvrili sixarulis 

Rimilia. 

ase cremlebSi krTis Rimili, roca SuSanik dedofali tkiviliTa da sasoebiT 

RaRadebs: `(varsqenma) uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da 

yuavili Cemi daaWno, Sueniereba sikeTisa Cemisa daabnela da dideba Cemi daamdabla. 

da RmerTman sajos mis Soris da Cems Soris. xolo me aw amas vhmadlob RmerTsa, 

rameTu tanjviTa misiTa me lxineba vpoo, da guemaTa da TrevaTa misTaTÂs me gansuenebasa 

mivemTxvio, da ugulisxmoebisa da uwyaloebisa misisaTvis me wyalobasa 

moveli ieso qristÀs mier uflisa Cemisa~. 

cremlSi Rimilis, tanjvaSi sixarulis gancdiTaa aRbeWdili am nawarmoebis is 

epizodebi, roca nagvem-natanji qali TviT anugeSebs misTvis cremlis mRvrelT, 

magaliTad, iakob xucess: `nu stir CemTÂs, rameTu dasabam sixarulisa iqmna Cemda 

RamÀ ese~. da me varqu wmidasa SuSaniks: `mibrZane da mogbano sisxli ege pirsa Sensa 

da nacari...~ xolo wmindaman SuSanik mrqua me: `xuces, magas nu ityÂ, rameTu sisxli 

es ganmwmedel ars codvaTa CemTaÁ~. uerTierTsapirispiro ganwyobilebani aseve dramatulad 

exlarTeba erTmaneTs im scenaSic, dedofalma rom sakuTari sxeulidan 

aiRo matlebi `ÃeliTa TÂsiTa~, iakobs ùCuenebda da hmadlobda RmerTsa~. analogiurad 

aRiqmeba àbo tfilelis wamebis~ is monakveTi, roca ukanaa motovebuli sapyrobileSi 

Tavis TavTan brZolis cxra dRe da axla martvili sikvdiliT dasasjelad 

mihyavT. `romelni hxedvides mas qristeaneni da mecnierni misni, cremloodes 

misTÂs. xolo wmindaman habo hrqua maT: `nu stirT Cem zeda, aramed gixaroden, 

rameTu me uflisa Cemisa mival, locviT warmgzavneT!..~ xolo jalaTTa winaSe abom 

ùkun isxna Ãelni TÂsni juaris saxed zeda zurgsa TÂssa da mxiaruliTa piriTa da 

kadnieriTa suliTa RaRad-yo qristÀs mimarT da moudrika qedi TÂsi maxÂlsa~. xolo 

kostanti qarTveli (ucnobi avtoris `cxovrebaÁ da wamebaÁ kostantisi qarTvelisaÁ~) 

saocari STagonebiT gasxivosnebuli ugalobs uzenaess sikvdilis pirispir da Tan 

`nakadulni cremlTani gardamodiodes TualTagan misTa~. iqve mdgomni jalaTni 

`scemdes pirsa missa da mravliTa tanjviTa stanjvides mas, aramed enaÁ misi ver daabrkoles 

galobad~. cema-gvema da `nakadulni cremlTani~ STagonebul eqstazsa da 

galobaSia gadamdnari, sublimirebuli. 

adamianis piraduli da miwieri swrafvani, romelTa anareklia RimilSi gadamdnari 

es cremlebi, ar SeiZleba Zalian mkveTri da Zlieri iyos, Torem igi daCrdilavs 

netarebas sulieri siyvarulisas, msaxuris mniSvnelobas dakargavs da Tavis- 

Tavad azrs SeiZens. erTob aRzevebuli miwieri TviTonve Seqmnis dabrkolebas Tavisi 

Tavis gauqmebisaTvis idealis bolo safexurze. idealuri ki aq, rogorc iTqva, miwieris 

moxsniT, daqvemdebareba-morCilebiT mkvidrdeba da ara misi gziT da masSi 

(rogorc es axali drois literaturas axasiaTebs). miwier-piraduli kvarcxlbekia 

idealurisaTvis. 

ai, is umTavresi esTetikuri principebi, romelTac fundamentis mniSvneloba aqvT 

Sua saukuneebis xelovnebis erTi umniSvnelovanesi ubnisaTvis. am sferoSi Seiqmna 

iseTi faseulobani, romelTa gauTvaliswinebloba auxsnels datovebda bevr rames 

mxatvruli saxis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. am xelovnebam `gakvala gza devnili da 

Seuracxyofili adamianebis cxovrebis dramatuli stiqiis gamosaxatavad, man dagvanaxa 

mSveniereba sulis wvisa uZlursa da ulamazo sxeulSi; man gaafarTova diapazoni 

grZnobebisa, romlebic àdamianurobis~ cnebaSi Sedian~ (n. dimitrieva). 

Sua saukuneebma Seqmna sakuTari suraTi, mwyobri da Tanazomieri, xolo adamiani 

iyo am samyaros `harmoniuli nawili~ da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, `yvela sagnis sazoms~ 

warmoadgenda. Tumca Sua saukuneebis humanizmi sxvaobs imave movlenisagan 

sxva epoqebSi, magram ès ar uSlis mas xels iyos da darCes humanizmad – samyaroSi 

adamianis damkvidrebis formad~. 

20

qarTuli hagiografia 

msoflgageba, literaturuli buneba, ZiriTadi tendenciebi 

21 


hagiografia qristianuli Sua saukuneebis saeklesio-liturgikuli, mxatvrulesTetikuri, 

didaqtikur-aRmzrdelobiTi da saistorio orientaciis literaturaa. 

pirveli mimarTuleba – hagiografiul Txzulebas RvTismsaxurebisagan ganuyofel 

qmnilebad xdida da eklesiis kedlebSi miuCenda adgils (wmindanis xsenebis dRes 

ikiTxeboda). meore, mesame da meoTxe orientaciis mixedviT ki, hagiografia uSualod 

Sua saukuneebis mkiTxvels miemarTeboda, mis esTetikur da eTikur moTxovnilebebs 

akmayofilebda, istoriul cnobismoyvareobasac epasuxeboda. TviT liturgikuleortalogiuri 

msaxurebis aqtSic, zneobrivi aRzrdis sferoSic, iseve rogorc 

istoriuli cnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis saqmeSic hagiografiuli nawarmoebis 

efeqtsa da Zalas swored mxatvruli orientacia ganapirobebda: azri, sagani Tu 

movlena ara abstraqtulad, ara mSralad, aramed sinamdviliseuli uSualobiT, 

mSvenierisa da amaRlebulis formiT mkvidrdeboda mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelis Sinagan 

cxovrebaSi. aman moupova uamravi mkiTxveli hagiografias. 

magram qristianul msoflSegrZnebas da kulturas mowyvetil mkiTxvels uZneldeba 

hagiografia aRiqvas, viTarca mxatvruli literatura. uZneldeba orientaciaTa 

mravalmxrivobis gamoc, imis gamoc, rom esTetikuris erTob Tavisebur gagebas gvTavazobs 

igi. qristianobam sakmaod `mkacrad~ Sexeda winare epoqaTa kulturul monapovarT, 

zurgi Seaqcia antikuri xelovnebis ZiriTad tendenciebs. renesansis Jams da 

Semdgom Camoyalibebul esTetikur faseulobaTa gverdiTac sakmaod ucnaurad gamoiyureba 

qristianuli xelovnebis nimuSebi. im azrmac ki iCina Tavi, rom bibliuri 

ideologiiT dakvalianebul samyaroSi lamazisa da amaRlebulis gageba da gemovneba 

TiTqos daikarga. sinamdvileSi saqme sul sxvagvaradaa. wminda werilis furclebzeve 

samyaros Seqmnis aqti warmoCndeba ara mxolod viTarca nayofi absoluturi 

Zalmosilebisa, aramed viTarca uzenaesi esTetikuri aqti. sibrZnisa da 

sikeTis ZaliT ufalma sofels WeSmariti xelovnebis nawarmoebis saxe misca, harmoniiTa 

da mTlianobiT aRbeWda (igav., 8. 22-31). am silamaziTa da harmoniiT aRtacebis 

grZnobas gamoxatavs solomon mefe: `man, dasabamman mSvenierebisaman, Seqmna 

isini~ (sibrZ., 13.3). amis kvalobaze, mefe ufals `xelovans~ uwodebs. meoregan imave 

wignSi vkiTxulobT: `yoveli sofeli brwyinvaliTa naTobs naTliTa~ (17.19). silamazes, 

ambobda netari avgustine, mivyavarT Tavisi saTavisaken, uzenaesi WeSmaritebisaken; 

silamaze gansazRvravs yofierebis xarisxs, safexurs. wminda aTanase 

aleqsandrieli ki brZanebda: `Seqmnili samyaro TiTqos werilobiT gvacnobierebinebs 

da RaRadebs Tavis ufalsa da Semoqmedze~. wm. grigol noseli 

gvmoZRvravs: `SuenierebaÁ erTi rame ars, romliTa mogueTxrobis RmerTi~. igive 

avtori asec ityvis: `samyaro _ esaa yovlisSemZle Zalis mier ucxod SeTxzuli 

sagalobeli~. ase rom, RmerTi, `srulqmnili siyvaruli, ara mxolod sruli didebulebiT 

cxaddeba, aramed srulqmnil silamazedac. amitomac dasabamis uwinaresi 

sofiis Canafiqri wminda werilSi gansaxierdeba, viTarca mxatvruli Canafiqri~ (e. 

trubeckoi). qristianuli msoflSegrZnebiT, samyaro `kosmosadaa~ saxeldebuli, rac 

mwyobrs, harmoniuls da lamazsac niSnavs. gamorCeuli STagonebiT da siRrmiT 

kosmosisa da misi igavmiuwvdomeli Semoqmedis mSvenierebaze gvmoZRvravs wm. dionise 

areopageli. RvTaebrivi Sesaqmis gvirgvinze – adamianze ki wm. basili selevkieli 

gveubneba: àdamiani aris mxatvruli nawarmoebi, brZnulad da siyvaruliTY 

gamokveTili Semoqmedisagan~. am Tvalsazrisis Semsgavsebul gansjas eklesiis sxva 

mamaTa nawerebSic vpoulobT, magaliTad, wm. grigol noselis wignSi `kacisa SesaqmisaTvis~.

axali drois Teologiuri azrovneba eTanxmeba Zvels. adamianis Semoqmedebis nayofTa 

Soris, mRvdel pavle florenskisTvis, xelovneba yvelaze maRla dgas, igi 

`Teurgiaa~, kulturis safuZvelia, `kibea~, romliTac RmerTi Camodis miwaze, xolo 

kaci cad adis. àrsebobs rubliovis sameba, ese igi, aris RmerTi~, _ ityvis pavle 

florenski. xolo mama sergei bulgakovis mixedviT, xelovneba aris ùzenaes realoaTa 

wvdoma mdabali samyaros simboloebSi~; an: `xelovneba aris momavali saukunis 

(igulismeba zeciuri yofa. – g. f.) sibrZne, misi Semecneba, misi filosofia~ (s. bulgakovi). 

xolo kacobriobis uwarCinebulesi xelovanni, Tavis mxriv, gviqadageben: 

poezia aris `saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni~ (rusTaveli); poezia da religiuri 

azrovneba igiveobrivia (petrarka); ùfliseul vnebaTa saidumlo yvelaze mSvenieria, 

rac ki ram arsebobs qveyanaze~ (floberi); `poeziis arsTan dakavSirebiT, me vfiqrob, 

rom sulier wyobaTa sxvadasxvaobis mixedviT, mas an araviTari fasi ara aqvs, anda 

misi mniSvneloba ganuzomelia, rac mas TviTon RmerTs amsgavsebs~ (pol valeri). 

ase rom, ara mxolod araferi uSlis xels religiurisa da esTetikuris dakav- 

Sirebas erTmaneTTan, aramed isini idumalebriv erwymian erTmaneTs. `Semoqmedeba, 

romlis saTave siyvaruliTa da RvTaebrivi erosiTaa warmarTuli, mJRavndeba da, 

SeiZleba, yvelaze ufro TvalsaCinovdeba silamazisa da gonierebis sferoSi~ (arqimandriti 

kipriane [kerni]). yovelive amis kvalobaze, wmida werils Wvreten ara 

mxolod, viTarca gamocxadebis sibrZnes, aramed, viTarca sauflos TvalSeudgami 

mSvenierebisa; gamocxadebis saTaves – sampirovan da erTarseba ufals – miiCneven 

absolutur mSvenierebad, pirvelwyarod yovelgvari silamazisa. ama Tu im eris sasuliero 

sityvierebis JanrTa (dargTa) Soris hagiografiasa da himnografias gamoar- 

Ceven im niSniT, rom aseT teqstSi sinamdvilesTan mimarTebisa da modelirebis esTetikuri 

principia warmmarTveli. pirvels sasuliero prozad Tvlian, xolo meores – 

poeziad. Cveni msjelobis saganic es iqneba – hagiografia, gamorCeviT ki, qarTuli 

hagiografia, viTarca sasuliero mxatvruli proza. 

ukve iTqva, rom hagiografiuli nawarmoebis organizaciaSi oTxgvari TvalTaxedva 

monawileobs: liturgikul-eortalogiuri, mxatvrul-esTetikuri, aRmzrdelobiTi da 

istoriul-SemecnebiTi. ganmsazRvreli (dominanti) meore TvalTaxedva iyo, raki 

(rogorc iTqva) swored misi Zalmosileba amkvidrebda teqsts RvTismsaxurebaSi 

(erTi mxriv) da ukafavda gzas mkiTxvelisaken (meores mxriv). literaturuli teqstis 

orientaciis, funqciaTa aseTi mravalmxrivoba sinkretizmad iwodeba da igi Cveulebrivi 

da damaxasiaTebelia mTeli Sua saukuneebis kulturisaTvis (TviT renesansis 

epoqamde mainc). romel kulturul garemoSi, risTvis da visTvis iqmneboda 

hagiografiuli nawarmoebi? meore da mesame SekiTxva, Cveulebriv, iSviaTad Tu 

daismeba axali drois literaturis nimuSis ganxilvisas. swored imis gamo, rom 

hagiografia sinkretuli xasiaTis literaturuli Zeglia da misi warmmarTveli 

mxatvruli orientacia gadajaWvulia utilitarul-praqtikul funqciebTan, nawarmoebis 

kargad gasagebad, misi TviT esTetikuri bunebis specifikis Casawvdomad aucilebelia 

teqstis araesTetikur tendenciaTa gaTvaliswineba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, 

ris molodiniT, risTvis iRebda xelSi maSindeli mkiTxveli hagiografiul nawarmoebs. 

rusuli hagiografiuli mwerlobis mkvlevari ambobs: `sulieri Tanayofna 

Cvens Soris im adamianisa, romelic karga xania wavida im qveynad, Tanayofna, romelsac 

CvenTvis (igulisxmeba Tanamedrove adamiani. – g. f.) aqvs Tbili mogonebis metaforuli 

mniSvneloba, Zveli rusi biografisaTvis iqceoda STabeWdilebad cocxali 

sinamdvilisa~. wmindanis wmindanobis `cocxali sinamdvilis STabeWdileba~ da atmosfero 

unda Seeqmna hagiografiul nawarmoebs mkiTxvelisaTvis, personaJTan sulieri 

Tanayofna, ganecdevinebina da mibaZvis survili aReZra. anonimi avtori qarTuli 

hagiografiuli Txzulebisa `cxorebaÁ da wamebaÁ wmidisa mowamisa konstantisi qar- 

TvelisaÁ~ (IX s.) ambobs: qristesTvis TavSewirulTa Rvawli aRiwereba `sadideblad 

wmidaTa mowameTa da aRsabaZveblad, romelTa Suri-igi saRmrToÁ aqundes~. xolo giorgi 

mcire `giorgi mTawmidelis cxovrebis~ (XI s.) dasawyisSive ganmartavs: aseTi 

22

nawarmoebi iqmneba, `raTa Cuen moxsenebiTa SromaTa da RuawlTa maTTaÁTa dRiTi-dRe 

frTovan viqmnebodiT, da baZvad saTnoebaTa warvematebodiT~. 

hagiografiuli nawarmoebis rigiT mkTxvels (zogjer – literaturis mkvlevarsac) 

hgonia, rom hagiografiuli Txzuleba propagandistuli daniSnulebiT iqmneboda. 

mcdaria amgvari xedva. qristianuli ideebis saqadageblad, gansamtkiceblad sagangebod 

sxva Janrebi (homiletika, egzegetika, dogmatika, polemika, patristikuli 

literatura) arsebobda. TviT RvTismsaxurebis procesic moiazreboda, viTarca sa- 

Sualeba adamianis qristianad Camoyalibebisa. episkoposi Teofane dayudebuli gvaswavlis: 

èklesiis garegnuli wyoba da yvela misi wesi – saRvTismsaxuro, ganmawmindavebelni 

da saxelmZRvaneloni (disciplinarulni) – ar aris mTavari, aramed emsaxurebian 

mxolod qristianis Sinagani zneobriv-religiuri wyobis gamoxatvas, aRzrdasa 

da mozRudvas~. hagiografiac am samsaxurSi idga. movixmoT erTi epizodi qarTuli 

hagiografiuli Txzulebidan `cxovreba iovane zedaznelisa~ (X s.), sadac 

moTxrobilia saqarTveloSi, qristianobaze axalmoqceul (àxalnerg~) qveyanaSi, rwmenis 

gansamtkiceblad mosul àsurel mamaTa~ moRvaweobis ambavi. wm. iovane mimar- 

Tavs mowafeebs: àxal nerg arian kacni ese amis soflisani. jer-ars Tquenda, raÁTa 

warxÂdeT kacad-kacadi da ganamtkicebdeT ZmaTa, romelTa aRuarebies qriste, ufali 

Cueni, ara sityÂTa moZRurebiTa TqueniTa, aramed raÁTa Tavnica Tquenni saxed miscneT~. 

sruliad garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom qristiani moRvawis upirvelesi movaleoba 

damoZRvra, mSrali propaganda ki araa, aramed aRzrda, WeSmaritebis qmediTi Canergva 

sakuTari cxovrebis magaliTiT. diakoni andrei kuraevi ambobs: `marTlmadidebloba 

– es ar aris Tavmoyra dogmatur formulirebaTa kanonebisa, wesebisa, ar aris 

biblioTeka avtoritetuli teqstebisa... es, upirveles yovlisa, aris sulieri cxovrebis 

garkveuli wyoba, sulieri taqti da TviT `gemovnebac~ ki (àdamiani xatis 

win~). am sulieri wyobis damkvidrebas, `gemovnebis~ aRzrdas, msoflgancdis gaTavisebas 

isaxavda miznad hagiografia, himnografia da freska, erTianad qristianuli 

xelovneba. `hagiografiis amocana, rogorc Cans, isaa, rom daamkvidros gansazRvruli 

emociur-zneobrivi atmosfero, gansakuTrebuli `marTlmadidebluri~ msoflSegr- 

Zneba... esaa literatura, romelmac ubralod ki ar mouyara Tavi azrovnebis erTgvari 

wesis konstituciur maxasiaTebelT, aramed gamoxata isini yvelaze ufro gasa- 

Sualoebul, yvelasaTvis misawvdom, masobriv doneze. hagiografia Cven gvesaubreba 

ara mxolod azrovnebis wesze, aramed im adamianis SegrZnebaTa weszec, visTvisacaa 

gankuTvnili~. 

moixaza wre im sulieri wyobisa, kulturuli orientaciisa, azrovnebis da Segr- 

ZnebaTa wesisa, èmociur-zneobrivi atmosferosi~, romelTa damkvidreba-aRzrdas eswrafvis 

hagiografia. yovelive es ar niSnavs imgvar utilitarizms, praqtikuli sargeblianobis 

momentis iseT intensiurobas nawarmoebSi, rac daCrdilavda teqstis esTetikur 

Rirebulebas. swored mSvenierebis (an amaRlebulis) formiT, saxeobrivi principiT, 

pirovnebis emociur cxovrebaze orientaciiT realizdeboda hagiografiul nawarmoebSi 

sinamdvilis mier, msoflSegrZnebis mier nakarnaxevi motivebi sargeblianobisa. 

TviT axali drois Semoqmedebis unatifesi qmnilebebic, romlebic `wminda 

xelovnebis~ nimuSebad iTvlebian, sadac mxatvruli fantazia da misiT konstruirebuli 

samyaro, erTob rom gveSoreba miwierebidan, sruliad mainc ar arian gaZrcvilni 

utilitaruli orientaciisagan da warmatebiT emsaxurebian sazogadoebrivi 

cxovrebis sulier formirebas, zneobriv aRzrdas, SemecnebiT faseulobaTa mopovebas. 

amitomacaa, rom literaturaTmcodneobiT gamokvlevebSi xSirad aseT sakiTxebs 

ufro meti yuradReba eqceva, vidre nawarmoebis wminda mxatvrul-esTetikur 

problematikas. amis Taobaze hegeli Cioda Tavis droze: mxatvrul nawarmoebs ar unda 

vafasebdeT mxolod im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi aris sasargeblo saSualeba xelovnebis 

sferos miRma arsebuli didi da sapatio miznisa. mxatvruli nawarmoebi ar 

unda ganvixiloT, rogorc `mxolod sasargeblo iaraRi~ (hegeli, mSvenieris cneba 

xelovnebaSi). ukve iTqva, rom `vefxistyaosania~ qarTul literaturaSi pirveli 

23

nawarmoebi, mxolod esTetikuri TvalTaxedviT romaa konstruirebuli, sadac mxatvruli 

warmosaxva mxolod mSvenierebis modelirebiTaa dakavebuli da misi nayofi 

sruliad TviTkmaria. misi avtori ki brZanebs: 

Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi, 

saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni, msmenelTaTvis didi margi, 

kvla aqaca eamebis, vinca ismens kaci vargi... 

poeti gangvimartavs: poezia RvTaebriv sibrZnesTan gvaziarebs, absoluturi mSvenierebidan 

wamosuli sinaTlisaTvis aRebs sarkmels Cveni sulisa da iqiTkenve gvixmobs, 

gvamaRlebs. magram, meore mxriv, Cveni miwieri cxovrebis gaukeTesebasac Seeweva 

(àqaca eamebis~), raki, zeciur mSvenierebasTan ziarebulobis kvalobaze, sikeTisaken 

migvaqcevs, moyvasis Tanadgomisaken gvibiZgebs, sazogadoebriv harmonias exmareba. 

amgvarad, poezias sazogadoebisaTvis didi sargeblobis motana ZaluZs da ekisreba 

(`msmenelTaTvis didi margia~). oRond mravalmxrivi daniSnuleba (sinkretizmi), 

ra Tqma unda, sargeblianobis, praqtikuli orientaciis moments ufro intensiurs 

xdis hagiografiul teqstSi. isic gaviTvaliswinoT, rom hagiografia religiuri 

literaturaa, misi msoflmxedvelobrivi fundamenti wminda werilia, romelic kacTa 

(Tundac geniosTa) gonebriv-inteleqtualuri Zalisxmevidan ki ar momdinareobs, 

aramed gamocxadebis sibrZnea, absoluturi WeSmaritebis saufloa. mis furclebze 

mkacrad, magram faqizadaa gansazRvruli da normirebuli adamianuri arsebobis 

yvela kunWuli da yvela momenti. qristianoba warmavali arsebobis yvela niuanss da 

yvela wuTs uaRresad sapasuxismgeblod miiCnevs waruvali arsebobis perspeqtivis 

winaSe. gasagebia, TviT xelovnebasac am perspeqtivis samsaxurs rom ganuwesebs 

qristianoba, am mizanT-miznis sasargeblod ubiZgebs. sWirdeba ki biZgi?! TviT saero 

xelovnebis uwarCinebulesi warmomadgenelnic xom ganuCinebdnen am mizanT-miznis 

samsaxurs TavianT Tavs. rusTvelic xom brZanebda, poezia `saRmrToao, saRmrTod 

gasagonio~. 

* * * 

ra aris hagiografiuli Txzulebis Tema? hagiografiuli literatura monoTematikuria. 

es erTaderTi Tema siyvarulia, siyvaruli da siwminde, romelic hagiografiul 

TxzulebaTa furclebze sxvadasxva saTnoebaTa motivebad ganStovdeba. esenia: 

sulis brZola xorcTan, locva, marxva, morCileba, simdable, upovroba, cremli 

da sinanuli, qalwuloba, urisxveloba da miteveba, mRviZareba da a. S. motivTa simravle 

ufro `cxorebaSi~ iCens Tavs, vidre `wamebaSi~. 

saqme exeba saRvTo mijnurobis, anu sazeo siyvarulis Temas. es aris trfoba adamianisa 

uzenaesisadmi, xorcielisa imisadmi, vinc TvaliT uxilavia, yuriT – mousmeneli, 

xeliT – Seuxebeli, zesivrculi da zedrouli, e. i. transcendenturi. `RmerTi 

siyuaruli ars~ (1 ioane, 4. 8, 16), _ ase gvaswavlis wmida werili, da gasagebia, 

rom siyvarulisaken siyvaruliTve ikafavs gzas wmindani. es gza ki ganRmrTobis, Teozisis 

gzaa. am gzaze Semdgars yvelaze saimedo samsaxurs Tavi-saTnoeba – siyvaruli 

uwevs. yvela sxva saTnoeba (anu asketuri siqvele) mas emsaxureba da amkvidrebs. 

siyvarulis fenomeniT gamoikveTeba, gamarTldeba da aixsneba yvela siqvelis 

siRrmiseuli mamoZravebeli motivi. siyvarulis fenomeniT gamovlindeba wmindanis 

(iseve rogorc, saerTod, adamianis) sulis uRrmesi da uZlieresi gancdis Tanxmieroba 

RvTaebis idumalebasTan; gamoixateba is, ramac unda moicvas da SesZras ara 

imdenad moazrovne nawili am sulisa (azrovneba iseve ver amoswuravs adamianis 

sulieri cxovrebis mTel sisavses, gvaswavlian eklesiis mamebi, rogorc azrovnebis 

srulqmnileba jer kidev ar niSnavs sulieri cxovrebis sasurvel srulqmnilebas), 

aramed mgrZnobeli, kerZod, _ guli. am `SeZvrisas~ fizikuri SegrZnebebi swored rom 

dadumebulni arian; mTelis simZime sulis saZirkvels awevs, e. i. warmoudgeneli intensiobiT 

muSaobs `guli~, qmediTobis unaris, inteleqtisa da nebelobis Ziri, yvela 

mSvinvieri da sulismieri moZraobis wyaro (v. loski). 

24

aki hagiografiuli gmiri ganRmrTobis gzaze dgas, es imas niSnavs, rom man unda 

dawyvitos bunebrivi dasazRvrulobis artaxebi, moerios miwierebas. wm. ioane sineli 

gvmoZRvravs: `sada bunebis ZlevaÁ iqmna, mun ueWuelad bunebisa igi uzesTaesi daemkvidra~. 

asketis, wmindanis Sesaxebaa es naTqvami, visac hagiografia xatavs. `bunebis 

uzesTaesi~, ra Tqma unda, RmerTia. RmerTTan miaxleba, wmindanobis safexurze asvla, 

_ gvaswavlis Tavad wmindani, _ `Zlevis~ faqts moaswavebs, xolo `Zlevis~ faqti, Tavis 

mxriv, imas moaswavebs, rom moxda brZola. diax, hagiografiul `martvilobaTa~ 

da `cxovrebaTa~ mTavari gmirebi brZolis velze arian, mxedrebi arian, `wmida mxedrebi~, 

rogorc maT TviT hagiografebi moixsenieben xolme. `SemTxveviTi araa, rom 

wmindani iwodeba `mxedrad qristesi~, igi `moRvawea~, mTavari masSi aris misi gmirobani. 

wmindani, rogorc mxedari, gmirobaTa aRmsrulebelia da es aris mTavari~ (d. 

lixaCovi). vis Tu ras ebrZvian isini? – Sinagan mters, siamovnebaTaken mltolvel 

xorciel da sulier vnebebs. ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ mTavari gmiri sagangebod 

SeuZaxebs Tavis Tavs, raTa SeimarTos da gadaixados `Sinagani brZolaÁ~. igive 

avtori `saTnoebaTa kibisa~ Tavis xorciel bunebaze ambobs: `masve vhbrZavca da miyvarsca~. 

bizantieli mwerlis nikita stiTatis (XI s.) hagiografiuli Txzulebis – 

`cxovreba da swavlani wmidisa mamisa Cvenisa svimeon axali RvTismetyvelisa~ – 

mkvlevari l. freinbergi miuTiTebs: `svimeoni naCvenebia misi sulieri mosagreobis 

Jams, udidesi Sinagani brZolebis periodebSi~. 

wmindani, hagiografiuli nawarmoebis personaJi, qristianuli sazogadoebis gmirobis 

ideals asaxierebs. gmirobad ki qristianuli msoflSegrZneba racxs imas, rom 

adamianma, xorciel da sulier sawyisTa (horizontalur da vertikalur xazTa) gadakveTis 

centrSi mdgomma arsebam, sZlios qvedamzidvel instinqtebs (horizontals) 

da gza gaikafos uzenaesisaken, gavides vertikalze. mokvdavTagan erTaderTs, dabadebuls 

xatad RvTisa, dambadebelma Zalac da niWic misca am xatis sarealizaciod, gasabrwyineblad 

da ukvdavebasTan ziarebisaTvis. es aris daniSnuleba da mizanTmizani 

kacisa. am mizanTan miaxleba ki Zalian Znelia, `Sinagan brZolas~, asketur Semar- 

Tebas gulisxmobs. xorcielebasTan dapirispireba imitom ki ar xdeba saWiro, rom 

grZnobad-materialuri sinamdvilea TavisTavad borotebaa da eSmauri. qristianoba 

materialuri samyaros sinamdviles saxieri RmerTis qmnilebad racxs, romelsac 

Semoqmedis saxierebis (sikeTis) niSnebi aqvs aRbeWdili, da ara satanis nayofad. 

yvelaze cxadad da STambeWdavad amaze is metyvelebs, rom Ze RvTisa xorciT Seimosa 

da miwaze movida. pavle mociquli qristes Sesaxeb ambobs: `mas Sina damkÂdrebul 

ars yovelive savsebaÁ RmrTeebisaÁ Ãorcielad~ (kolas., 2. 9). mTeli sisavse 

RvTaebrivi bunebisa, gvaswavlis mociquli, sruliad `damkÂdrebul ars~ ieso 

qristeSi. nikea-konstantinopolis simbolos mixedviT ki, qristes mosvla miwaze aris 

ara ubralod xorcis miReba, aramed sruli kacis Semosva anu `gankaceba~. fsalmunTa 

avtori uzenaesi sibrZnis beWeds amoikiTxavs materialuri samyaros yvela 

qmnilebaSi da aRtacebiT mimarTavs Semoqmeds: `yoveli sibrZniT hqmen, aRivso queyana 

dabadebuliTa SeniTa~ (103, 24). 

xorciel moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofileba, ise rom, igi ar gveqces TviTmiznad, 

vnebad, ar daabeCavos da ar gaabinZuros suli, ar Cagviketos gza ukvdavebisaken, ar 

gveTvleba codvad. sawuTroseul siamovnebaTa zomieri siyvaruli mogveTxoveba yvelas; 

lagamis amodeba gvmarTebs vnebaTaTvis, Torem mxedris ampluidan maCanCalobamde 

CamovqveiTdebiT (maSin cxeni, cxoveluri survilebi, marTaven, miuZRvian kacs 

da ara piruku). saamisod brZola moeTxoveba yvela marTlmorwmune qristians, xolo 

wmindanobis kvarcxlbekze is adis, vinc samagaliTod ganiwmindeba vnebaTa mim- 

Zlavrebisagan, TviTon imZlavrebs maTze, asketuri SemarTebiT daCagravs sacdurT, 

misi daCagvris mowadineT. am msoflgancdis wm. grigol palamaseul interpretacias 

ase gadmoscems arqimandriti kvipriane (kerni): àsketuri brZola warimarTeba ara bunebis 

winaaRmdeg, aramed winaaRmdeg arabunebrivisa, imisa, rac bunebis sapirispiroa. 

Cahklaven ara xorciel moTxovnilebebs, aramed maTiT araswor sargeblobas. Seqmni- 

25

lis moxmareba ki ar ikrZaleba, aramed – avad moxmareba. amgvari urTierTmimarTebis 

azriT SeiZleba SevupirispiroT `samyaro~ RmerTs, sxeuli – suls, miwieri – zeciurs 

da ase Semdeg~. àmgvari urTierTmimarTebis azriT~ upirispirdeba `samyaros~ da 

mxedruli SemarTebiT ibrZvis `zeciuris~ gamarjvebisaTvis hagiografiuli nawarmoebis 

personaJi. antikuri klasikuri literaturis gmirisagan gansxvavebiT mas, 

klimenti aleqsandrielis sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, yvelaze didi mteri Tu mowinaaRmdege 

sakuTar TavSi eguleba. Tu brZola Tvalxilulad da garedan mosul 

mowinaaRmdegesTan iwyeba da mTavrdeba droSi, brZola Cvensave SigniT mTvlemare Tu 

gaRviZebul eSmasTan grZeldeba bolo amosunTqvamde. antikuri klasikuri literaturis 

gmiris Zalisxmeva obieqtur sinamdvileSi aseve obieqturi formiT TavCenil 

winaaRmdegobasTan Tvalxiluli Serkinebis formiT vlindeba, Cveulebriv, igi saxelmwifoebriv 

Tu samxedro asparezze ibrZvis an bunebis stiqiasTan WidilSi gamoavlens 

Tavisi sulis Zalas, saTavgadasavlo xlarTebs eWideba Tu bedisweris ganCinebas 

upirispirdeba. sofoklemo, _ gviTvaliswinebs specialuri kvleva, _ èsqilesa 

da mis TanamedroveTa msgavsad, ra Tqma unda, icoda, rom namdvili gmiruli sulis 

mTavari Tvisebaa Tavisufleba winaaRmdegobaTagan~. mis gmirebs zogjer eSiniaT, 

iwyevlebian kidec da mudaras aRavlenen, sisustesac amJRavneben, `...magram arasodes 

ar ebrZvian sakuTar Tavs~ (a. da m. kruaze). amis sapirispirod, qristianuli xelovnebis 

yuradRebis centrSi, _ ganmartavs hegeli, _ moeqca `tkivili, sikvdili, mwuxare 

grZnoba araraobisa, tanjva sulisa da xorcisa~; arsebiT momentad iqca `...mxolod 

Sinagani brZola adamianisa da misi Serigeba RmerTTan~ (hegeli, romantikulis 

Sesaxeb, saerTod). qristianulma xelovnebam gamoaaSkarava `sulisa da sxeulis konfliqti, 

romelic ucxo iyo Zveli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis... igi amjobinebda STagonebuli 

eqstazis gamoxatvas ulamazo, galeul sxeulSi~ (n. dmitrieva). `Tu klasikuri 

antikuri warmodgena adamianze iyo statuarul-Caketili da masiur-mTliani, 

qristianoba arnaxuli intensiurobiT uRrmavdeba mtanjvel gaorebas pirovnebis SigniT~ 

(s. avernicevi). 

rogorc vxedavT, wmindanis mxedruli SemarTebis Sinaarsis warmosaCenad moxmobil 

gansjaT yvelas Tan axlavs xseneba tkivilisa, tanjvisa, cremlisa da sikvdilisa. 

gasagebia, ratom. Sinagani brZola `bunebis Zlevis~ (wm. ioane sineli) gamo xdeba, 

xolo bunebrivi arsebisagan `bunebis Zleva~ bunebrivadve ukavSirdeba tkivils, 

tanjvasa Tu sikvdils. maT gareSe ar miikvaleba gza mokvdaobidan ukvdavebamde, miwidan 

zecisaken. ukve iobis wignSi da solomonis igavebSia moswavebuli is azri, 

rom tanjvas aqvs pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba (igav., 3. 11-12); igi iseve 

gvwmends Cven biwisagan, rogorc metals widisagan – cecxli (ier., 9. 9). misi saSualebiT 

RmerTi uwamlebs adamianis sulis farul wylulebs, amaxvilebs adamianis Sinagan 

gulisxmierebas, Sinagan `smenas~ (s. avernicevi). tanjva unda gavigoT, rogorc 

gamocda, keTili ganzraxviT rom mouvlens ufali adamians, misive rwmenis da keTilsindisierebis 

ganmtkicebisaTvis (iak., 1. 2-4; 1 petre, 1. 6-7). jvarze sikvdiliT qristem 

wyevisagan gamoixsna kacobrioba. marto mokvdavi bunebis SeleviT, e. i. sxeulze 

sulis gamarjvebiT, vnebebis daZleviT miikvlevs adamiani gzas ukvdavebisaken. `sikvdili 

auqmebs araraobas da amiT xels uwyobs sulis ganTavisuflebas sasrulobisa 

da gaorebisagan~. amgvari sikvdili uaryofaa, magram rTuli, rogorc hegeli ityoda, 

ùaryofis uaryofa~. sikeTisa da WeSmaritebisaTvis wvneuli tanjva da sikvdili 

uaryofaa warmavali sicocxlisa. magram amgvari uaryofaa erTaderTi garanti imisa, 

rom Tavs davixsniT sulis sikvdilisagan, absoluturi mniSvnelobis uaryofisagan. 

amitomaa macxovari `sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa damTrgunveli~. qristes gzaze dadgoma, 

amis kvalobaze, tanjva-sikvdilis gzaze siaruls niSnavs. amas gvaswavlis mociquli, 

roca dagviwers: `romelTa-ese naTel-viReT qriste iesos mier, sikvdilisa misa mimarT 

naTel-viReT... Tananerg veqmneniT msgavsebasa mas sikvdilisa misasa~ (rom., 6, 3- 

5). naTlisReba, sulieri Sobis garda, imasac niSnavs, gangvimartavs mociquli, rom 

RmerTi da kaci Seerwymian warmavali mniSvnelobis tanjva-sikvdiliT, raTa gaerTi- 

26

andnen absoluturi mniSvnelobis sicocxliT (sagangebod amaze – g. farulava, tanjvis 

qristologiuri gageba da erovnuli mwerloba). 

yovelive amis Taobaze, tanjva-sikvdilTan wilnayaroba sakraluri, ganmawmindavebeli 

mniSvnelobis fenomenia qristianul RvTismetyvelebasa da literaturaSi. raki 

hagiografiuli Txzulebis mTavari gmiri swored wmindania, yvelaze zogadi ganwyobileba 

da siRrmiseuli msoflgancda, amgvari nawarmoebidan rom momdinareobs, aris 

ganwyobileba da msoflSegrZeneba tanjvis mSvenierebisa da amaRlebulobisa. sasuliero 

literaturis gmirisaTvis niSneul am sixarulsa Tu bednierebas, tanjvaze 

rom aRmocendeba, hegeli ase gamoTqvams: `Rimili cremlebSi~. fsalmunTa furclebze 

ukve moswavebulia tragikulad Seferili am mSvenierebis idea: `romelni sTesvides 

cremliT, maT sixaruliT moimkon~ (125, 5). movixmoT oriode magaliTi. ioane 

mTawmindelis Sesaxeb misi `cxovrebis~ aRmweri wm. giorgi mTawmindeli (XI s.) 

mogviTxrobs, rom ioane `nikrisis sensa STavarda da mravalTa welTa cxedarsa zeda 

davrdomili mdebare iyo da friadTa tkivilTa moiTmenda. da maradis hmadlobda 

RmerTsa da esreT mxiarul iyo sensa mas zeda sastiksa, viTarca safasesa zeda did- 

Zalsa da viTarca pativsa da niWsa sameufosa~. `konstanti qarTvelis martvilobis~ 

mTavar gmirs misi gamahmadianebis mowadine arabebi gvemen: `scemdes pirsa missa da 

mravliTa tanjviTa stanjvides mas, aramed enaÁ misi ver daabrkoles galobad~. cemagvemiTac 

`ver daabrkoles~ martvilis sulis zeaRsvla, galobis sitkboebaSi gacxadebuli. 

ugalobs da madlobas uxdis uzenaess mowame, raki mianiWa `Zali winaaRmdgom 

ukeTurisa~. msgavs situaciaSi `mxiaruliTa piriTa da kadnieriTa suliTa~ 

abo Tbileli gulmxurvale madlobas SesZRvnis ufals (àbo Tbilelis martviloba~, 

VIII s.). SuSanik-dedofali (iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wameba~, V s.) 

Wrilobebze `wamlis da salbunis dadebis~ nebas ar aZlevs moZRvars. xolo roca 

wlebis manZilze cixeSi gamoketil martvils wylulebze matlebi daexveva, xucess 

SesZravs amis naxva da atirdeba. wamebuli erTgvari sayveduriTac ki anugeSebs mo- 

ZRvars, rom mas empiriulad Semzaravi faqtis perspeqtiuli sikeTe daviwyebia. imave 

Txzulebis sxva epizodSi ki tanjva da tkivili pirdapir saxeldebulia `mSvenierebad~. 

martvilis sapatimro senakSi rom Sevedi, gviyveba iakobi, `vixile tarigi igi 

qristesi Suenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan, da me, viTar ver damiTmo 

gulman, vtirode friad~. nacem-nagvemi, `sakrvelTagan~ SejaWvuli qali warmogvidgeba 

`Suenierad, viTarca sZali~, xolo jaWvi da borkili saqorwilo samkaulebad 

aRiqmeba. ai, rogor gamoiyureba, dainaxeba mahmadianTagan mravaltanjuli 

gobroni (`gobronis martviloba~, X s.): `mohyvanda igi winaSe amirisa mis da brwyinvida 

piri misi da Subli misi elvared, da romelnime qristianeTaganni maxlobel 

iyvnes, ixiles igi TualiTa sarwmunoebisaÁTa, viTarca gÂrgÂni zegardmo... da uSuenoda 

igi sisxlisa mis gamoweriTa Sublsa missa~. rogorc vxedavT, nacem-nagvemi 

gobronis piri da Subli `brwyinavs elvared~, sisxliT moTxvrili Subli ùSuenis~. 

sisxliT moTxvriloba, gvemuloba, saxiCroba ganicdeba `viTarca gÂrgÂni zegardmo~. 

sayuradReboa avtoris SeniSvna: aseTad mowame dainaxeba ara yvelasagan da ara 

yovelgvari msoflSegrZnebiT, aramed `TualiTa sarwmunoebisaÁTa~. saxiCroba, sisxli 

da matli àmSvenebT~, brwyinvalebis gamosxivebad aCniaT bizantiuri hagiografiis 

gmirebsac, magaliTad, svimeon mesvetes. 

qristes cxovrebis gza WeSmariti cxovrebis xati da paradigmaa wmindanisaTvis. am 

xatidan ki is azri aSuqebs, rom sikeTis xvedri miwaze tanjvaa. `saTnoebis tanjvawameba 

aris tanjva simarTlisaTvis. tanjva didi zneobrivi gmirobaa, sikeTis gvirgvini 

da didebaa; sikeTe mowameobrivi gmirobaa, sikeTe aris jvari~ (p. svetlovi). sikeTisa 

da mSvenierebis cnebebi ki jer wmida werilSi, mere ki eklesiis wmida mamaTa 

nawerebSi (magaliTad, basili kesarielisa, grigol noselisa, grigol palamasi) 

gaigivebulia erTmaneTTan. yovelive ki aseT Sejamebas gvkarnaxobs: WeSmarit sixarulsa 

da bednierebas, sikeTesa da mSvenierebas adamiani mxolod tanjva-sikvdiliT 

eziareba (galaktioni: `sikvdilis gza arra aris, vardisfer gzis garda~). ase rom, 

27

wmindanis ltolva wmindanobisaken, mSvenierebisaken ltolvaa. hagiografiuli gmiri 

uzenaesi mSvenierebiTaa STagonebuli da Tavadac mSvenierebas ebaZeba, misiT imoseba 

(es azri qvemoT ufro gaiSleba). mSvenierebiT SemosvisaTvis moRvawe adamianis xatva 

ki hagiografiul nawarmoebSi im esTetikuri formebiT isxams xorcs, rac qristianulma 

xelovnebam moitana. xolo qristianulma xelovnebam gakvala gza devnili da 

Seuracxyofili adamianebis cxovrebis dramatuli stiqiis gamosaxatavad; man dagvanaxa 

mSveniereba sulis wvisa uZlursa da ulamazo sxeulSi; man gaafarTova diapazoni 

grZnobebisa, romlebic àdamianurobis~ cnebaSi Sedian~ (n. dmitrieva). 

* * * 

hagiografiuli literatura or Janrul saxesxvaobas qmnis: `wameba~ anu `martviloba~ 

da `cxoreba-moqalaqeoba~. saerTo maT Soris is umTavresia, rac wmindanobis 

qristianul ideals moaswavebs da razec ukve sakmaod visaubreT: tkivilis, cremlis, 

tanjvis gziT miemarTebian isini ganRmrTobisaken. gansxvavebas is qmnis, rom tanjvatkivilis 

ZiriTadi Sinaarsi sxvaa `wamebaSi~ da sxvagvaria – `cxovrebaSi~. tanjvis 

princips `cxovrebaTa~ tipis TxzulebaSi sxva Sinaarsic emateba, erwymis. 

Sinagani brZola, rac saerTo maxasiaTebelia wmindanobis fenomenisa, mowameobrivi 

cxovrebis gzaze sxeulisa da sulis mZafri dapirispirebis saxes iRebs. gasagebi 

mizezebis gamo gmirs sicocxlis safasurad ujdeba rwmenis erTguleba. `wamebis~ 

Janris TxzulebaSi igia ZiriTadi problema. sxeulisa da sulis dapirispireba is antagonizmia, 

romelic Rrmad gaanalizdeba pavle mociqulisagan: `ÃorcTa guli uTquams 

sulisaTÂs da sulsa ÃorcTaTÂs, da eseni mÃdom arian urTierTas~ (galat., 

5.17). maTi mudmivi brZola erTmaneTTan adamianis Sinagan gaorebas iwvevs: `gonebiTa 

CemiTa vhmoneb sjulsa RmrTisasa, xolo ÃorciTa sjulsa codvisasa~ (rom., 7.25). gaoreba 

ki Cveulebrivi mokvdavis yofas ase warmosaxavs: `romelsa-igi viqm, ara vici; 

rameTu ara romeli igi mnebavs, mas viqm, aramed romeli igi mZuls, mas vhyof. aw ukue 

arRara me viqm mas, aramed romeli igi damkvidrebul ars CemTana codvaÁ~ (rom., 7. 

15-16). antikuri sazogadoebis uzenaesi arc Camodis xorciel, mokvdav, Cveulebriv 

(sisuste-tkivilTan wilnayar) bunebriv arsebobaSi, ulamazo sxeulSi da masTan gamarjvebiT 

damTavrebuli brZolis gziT arc amaRldeba absolutur sulierebamde. RmerTi 

mogvevlina xorcielad, iRvwis da maRldeba, viTarca adamiani. am moRvaweobisas 

igi amJRavnebs tkivils sxeulisa da sulisa. amis magaliTad moixmoben epizodebs 

jvarcmisa da didi xuTSabaTisa. jvarcmis wina dResve geTsimaniis baRSi Tavis mowafeebTan 

ganmartoebulma macxovarma ìwyo mwuxarebad da urvad~, da mowafeebs mi-marTa: 

`Sewuxebul ars suli Cemi vidre sikvdildmde... da warvida mcired da davarda 

pirsa zeda TÂssa, ilocvida da ityoda: mamao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, TanawarmÃedin 

Cemgan (amacile) sasumeli ese~ (maTe, 26. 37-39). cxadad gamJRavnebul tkivilsa 

da adamianur sisustes maSinve upirispirdeba da Seupovrobisaken ubiZgebs codvis 

tyveobaSi myofi kacobriobis gamosaxsnelad ganzraxuli neba misi, romelmac 

msxverplad sakuTari Tavi unda Seswiros, raTa ganwmidos da aRadginos kacTa dacemuli 

buneba. amitomac iTqmeba ase sulisSemZvrelad misi sityvebi: `...ara viTar me 

mnebavs, aramed viTarca Sen~. kidev ufro didi tkivili gamoismis macxovris bageTagan 

jvarcmis Jams: `RmerTo Cemo, RmerTo Cemo! raÁsaTÂs damiteveb me?~ (maTe, 27. 46). 

amgvari msoflSegrZnebis safuZvelze qristianuli literaturis ZeglebSi `sanqcirebulia~ 

gamoxatva Sinagani brZolisa, tkivilisa, sisustisa (gavixsenoT amis Taobaze 

zemoT ukve moxmobili msjelobani hegelisa, s. averincevisa, n. dmitrievasi). es 

Sinagani brZola, dapirispireba sxeulisa da sulisa qmnis `martvilobis~ mTavari 

gmiris Rvawlis arss. `cxovrebis~ personaJsac mouxdeba xorciel zraxvebTan Widili, 

magram ara ise mZafri, sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze rom iCens Tavs martvilis 

arsebaSi. ai, rogor godebs amis Sesaxeb ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ mTavari gmiri: 

`mrcxuenis misgan (xorcielebisgano. – g. f.), viTarca Tana mkÂdrsa. minebs, raÁTa 

davadno igi da aravin ars Semwe Cemda keTilisaTÂs. misgan miÃman cremlni, misgan 

28

marxva, mRÂZareba, misgan vedrebis Sewirva da mravalni Sromani keTilni; romelni 

TÂnier ÃorcTasa ver SesaZlebel arian... viTar ganvere zeda-moslvasa missa, raÁTa 

ara davmZimde borkiliTa, romeli Camoizidavs queyanad... brZoliTa amaT ÃorcTaÁTa 

mivxedvideT mas. gulisÃma-giyofies SekrebaÁ Seni da Sinagani brZolaÁ~. 

rogorc vxedavT, wm. ioanes es RaRadisi gavs wm. grigol palamas im azrebs, romlebic 

zemoT movixmeT (Tumca droiT ki uswrebs sakmaod): xorcieleba, viTarca qmnileba 

RvTisa, TavisTavad sikeTea da zogierTi saTnoeba (magaliTad, cremlisa, marxvisa, 

mRviZarebisa) mis gareSe (`Tvinier ÃorcTasa~) verc aRsruldeba. imavdroulad 

xorciel cxovrebaSi Tvlems safrTxe, rom `davmZimdeT borkiliTa, romeli Camoizidavs 

queyanad~. `brZoliTa amaT ÃorcTaÁTa~ unda gadavurCeT safrTxes. wmindanobis 

gzaze Semdgarma gulisxmierebiT unda moikribos Zalebi, raTa warmatebiT 

gadaixados es `Sinagani brZola~, `daadnos~ sxeulis aRzeveba. 

xorcieli arsebobis daTmobiT aRZruli mZafri tkivili SuSanik-dedoflis mowameobrivi 

gziT mTel sigrZeze mJRavndeba. qmris gamazdeanebis ambis SetyobisTanave 

SuSanikma datova miwieri meuRlis saxli da zeciuri meufis samyofels – eklesias 

miaSura. igi am uZnelesi, magram ukompromiso gadawyvetilebis erTguli darCa bolomde. 

erTguleba sicocxlis siyvarulis WidilTanaa Serwymuli martvilobis pirveli 

dRidan: `da viTarca mwuxrisa Jami aRasrules, saxlaki erTi mcire pova maxlobelad 

eklesiasa da Sevida mun Sina simwariTa savsÀ da mieyrdna yuresa erTsa da 

mwariTa cremliTa tiroda~. `mware cremlebiTaa~ gajerebuli martvilis eqvswliani 

brZola miwis yivilTan, xolo sicocxlis mimwuxrze namdvil godebad gadaiqceva. 

xolo abo Tbilels (iovane sabanisZis àbo Tbilelis martviloba~, VIII s.) rom er- 

Tob uWirs xorciel satkivarTa daTmena, eSinia sikvdilisa, amaze martvili cremliani 

RaRadebs uflis winaSe, SesTxovs Sewevnas, raTa `ganiZarcvos SiSi ÃorcTaÁ~, 

martvilis suls rom `samoseliviT~ Semoxvevia. arabebs abo Tbilisis amirasTan mihyavT 

ukanasknel dakiTxvaze. sikvdilis siaxloves martvili ise SeuZravs, rom cocxali 

kaci sakuTar cxedars Wvrets. wminda gobrons mahmadianebi Seipyroben da sikvdiliT 

emuqrebian, Tu qristianobas ar daTmobs. sikvdilis SiSs ver iokebs gobroni 

da Tbilisis amiras emudareba, qristianobas nu damagdebineb da erTgulad gemsaxurebio. 

qarTul hagiografiaSi ar aris msgavsi magaliTi, personaJi rom ase Zrwodes 

sikvdilis SiSiT da Tavis sisustes verc jalaTTa, SeuracxmyofelTa winaSe ver faravdes. 

SuSanikic, aboc, gobronic ibrZvian da sZleven Sinagan mters, xorciel sacdurs. 

Sinagani mtris Zlevisa da gamarjvebis kvalobaze, cisartyelasaviT akiafdeba 

wamebulTa cremlebSi sixaruli, `Rimili cremlebSi~ (g. farulava, erovnuli martirologiis 

gmiri; r. baramiZe, narkvevebi mxatvruli prozis istoriidan). 

Tu xorcieli, materialur-grZnobadi sinamdvile araraobaa, ueWveli da TavisTavad 

cxadi, misi aseTobis mtkicebas raRa fasi aqvs, saerTod, da, gansakuTrebiT, xelovnebaSi, 

sadac sulieri samyaros amaRlebuloba unda iyos ZiriTadi principi. 

araraobaze maRalia yvelaferi, rac mis miRma devs. esTetikurad zemoqmedi is amaRlebuloba 

SeiZleba iyos, roca pozitiuri fasi aqvs imas, razedac maRldebian. `martvilobis~ 

gmiri aRmoCndeba iseT situaciaSi, roca RvTisadmi madliereba da erTguleba 

sicocxlis daTmobis gareSe, xorcielebis msxverplad mitanis gareSe SeuZlebelia. 

mowame sZlevs Sinagan gaorebas, imarjvebs tanjvaze. am Sinagan brZolaSi miRweuli 

warmatebis Sesatyvisia is Zalmosileba, romliTac wmindani ebrZvis xorciel 

mtrebs, jalaTebs, SeuracxmyofelT. msxverplad misvliT igi adasturebs siyvaruls 

da erTgulebas imisa, vinc kacTa modgmis siyvarulisa da erTgulebisaTvis jvars 

ecva. sityva `martvili~ warmodgeba berZnuli Ziridan _ µαρTυs, _ rac damtkicebas, 

damowmebas, dadasturebas niSnavs. SuSaniki (Tu abo, evstaTi, gobroni) mxedruli 

SemarTebiT `wamebs~, amtkicebs, damdasturebelia, mowamea. 

sxeulisa da sulis dapirispireba zogjer `cxovrebis~ gmiris saxeSic iCens Tavs. 

aq igi, Cveulebriv, meorexarisxovania, magram zogjer mwvave xasiaTic SeiZleba 

miiRos. qarTul hagiografiaSi aseTebia `cxovrebani~ aTcamet asurel mamaTa. wm. da- 

29

viT garejelis mowafe lukiane cxadad igvemeba da wuxs `kninodeni~ sakvebis gamo, 

xolo mere sinanuls miecema `daudgromelTa ÃorcTaTÂs~. avtori ki SesTxovs wm. 

daviTs: ìoxe CuenTÂs RmrTisa mimarT satkivarTa amaT da que-damzidvelTa ÃorcTa 

zesTa-qmnad~. wm. Sio mRvimelic igvemeba da SeiWirvebs, raTa `monad da msaxurad sulisa 

morCilebad dadginebaÁ ÃorcTaÁ SeuZlos~. wm. iovane zedaznelic SemarTebiT 

ibrZvis sxeulis damorCilebisaTvis da `sasoebiT evedrebin ufalsa, raTa mZled 

ÃorcTa mZlavrebisa gamoaCinos~. xorcisa da sulis erTmaneTTan brZolis zogadadamianuri 

qristologiuri drama Tavs iCens sxvadasxva eris hagiografiul literaturaSi. 

samagaliTod SeiZleba davasaxeloT: IV s. bizantiuri hagiografiis saukeTeso 

Zegli, aTanasi aleqsandrielis `cxorebaÁ wmidisa antonisa~, kirile skvi- 

Topolelis (VI s.) `saba ganwmedilis cxoreba~, qarTuli versia sulTmargebeli romanisa 

`sibrZne balahvarisi~. am ukanasknelis mTavar gmirs iodasafs `SeaSTobdes 

gulissityvani~ qalisaken ltolvisa. siwmindisaken moswrafe iodasafs erTob uWirs 

sxeulis daokeba. akademikosma k. kekeliZem sagangebo narkvevic uZRvna am Temas – 

`samijnuro cTunebis problemisaTvis qarTul literaturaSi~. aq gaanalizebulia 

qarTul enaze adreve Targmnili hagiografiuli Txzulebani, romelTa personaJebs 

mZafri Sinagani brZola gardaxdebaT xorcieli vnebis Casaqrobad. 

* * * 

axla yuradReba mivapyroT sulieri gmirobis im ideals, romelsac `cxorebaTa~ 

personaJebi ganasaxiereben. droni icvlebodnen, magram gmirobis qristianuli gagebis 

principuli Sinaarsi igive rCeboda – tanjva. tanjvis sakraluri Rirebuleba da Saravandedi 

arc maSin gaxunebula, roca qristianoba ar idevneboda. àra ars Jami devnisaÁ 

cxadad~, _ werda amis Sesaxeb wm. ioane oqropiri. es imas ar niSnavs, miuTi- 

Tebda wm. mama, rom brZola WeSmaritebis gamarjvebisa da damkvidrebisaTvis damTavrda. 

`rameTu ixila eSmakman, rameTu iZlia martvilTagan cxadiTa brZoliTa, gardaaqcia 

brZolaÁ wyobisaÁ farulad... aha esera, Jami ars farulad wyobisaÁ, movediT da 

vhbrZodiT~. igulisxmeba brZola Cvensave SigniT mTvlemare vnebebTan, yoveldRiuri, 

yovelwuTieri brZola, romlis warumarTvelad vSordebiT ufals, vklavT adamians 

sakuTar TavSi. am `faruli~, qristianobisagan faseulad Seracxili erTaderTi `br- 

Zolis~ wina xazze mxedruli SemarTebiT dgebian ber-monazvnebi, asketebi. sruliad 

gansakuTrebuli sulieri wyobis adamianTa am laSqris saWurvelic TvaliT uxilavia 

– saTnoebani. qarTul `cxovrebaTa~ avtorebis TvalTaxedviTac, saTnoebaTa didi 

Senobis Tavkiduri lodia simdable-morCilebis siqvele: `pirveli kibe saTnoebaTa 

ars simdable, romeli aRiyvanebs RmrTisa SematkbobelTa misTa~ (`cxoreba Sio mRvimelisa~); 

`krebulsa Sina myofni amiT samiTa saqmiTa cxovndebian: simdabliTa da 

morCilebiTa da Tvisisa nebisa datevebiTa~ (`cxoreba ioanesi da eqvTimesi~); xolo 

`grigol xanZTelis cxorebis~ avtoris azriT, Tavmdabloba-krZaluleba monazvnobis 

sinonimia: `monazonebaÁ hrqÂan krZalvasa~. 

is garemoeba, rom mxolod brZola xorcTan ar kmara RvTis xatad Sobilis Rmer- 

TTan misaaxleblad, rom vnebebTan yoveldRiuri dapirispirebis uciloblobis Segnebis 

gareSe ver gaformdeba qristianuli sazogadoeba, ukarnaxebda wmida mamebs, sagangebod 

ganemartaT morwmuneTaTvis maRali Rirebuleba monazvnur-asketuri idealisa 

martvilobis Saravandedis gverdiT. amis nimuSia zeviT ukve moxmobili msjeloba 

wm. ioane oqropirisa. wm. mama ase agrZelebs ganmartebas: àra Tu cudad ras 

qadagebdes winaswarmetyuelni da ityodes, viTarmed: SenTÂs movswydebiT Cuen maradRe. 

ara TuU umecrad ras RaRadebda mociquli, viTarmed: maradRe movkudebi. uke- 

Tumca ara iyo brZolaÁ maradRe, aramca moixsena saxeli sikudilisaÁ. da Tumca ara 

iyo wyoba (Sebma, brZola. – g. f.) samaradiso, aramca saWurvelisa (igulisxmeba saTnoebani. 

– g. f.) STacumaÁ ubrZana pavleman netarman... aha esera, aRtydebis dRes gulis-wyromaÁ 

farulad da davSritoT TiToeulad Cuengan cecxli igi dafaruli – 

30

gulis-wyebaÁ gulisaÁ da mieriTgan veziarneT Cuen mowameTa, romelTa daSrites ali 

cecxlisaÁ moTminebiTa TÂsiTa~ (xazgasma Cvenia. – g. f.). 

wm. mama gvaswavlis: WeSmariti siwminde `maradRe sikvdils~ (da ara mxolod er- 

Tgzis), asketur rkenas niSnavs sacdurTan, vnebebTan. es omi `farulad~ mimdinareobs. 

iseve rogorc martvilis sulis Widili xorcTan, magram am ukanasknels 

TvaliT saxilveli wina planic aqvs, _ jalaTebTan dapirispireba, romlis efeqturoba 

mTlianad imiTaa moswavebuli, rogor gadawyda mTavari problema – sulis 

brZola xorcTan. vnebebTan yoveldRiuri `faruli~ Widili tanjva-sikvdilis Sinaarsisaa 

da, amis kvalobaze eziareba berul-asketuri wesi cxovrebisa mowameobrivs 

(Sesabamisad `cxorebis~ gmiri – `martvilobis~ gmirs). am axal anTropologiur 

Tvalsazriss saqarTveloc gamoxmaurebia. revaz siraZem damajereblad daadgina, rom 

wm. ioane oqropiris moxmobil gansjas exmaureba giorgi merCule, roca Tavisi Txzulebis 

dasawyisSi ambobs: grigol xanZTelis irgvliv Semokrebili mowafeebi `Tanaziar 

iqmnebodes pirvelTa maT marTalTa da monawile wmidaTa mowameTa, mxndebodes 

raÁ Ruawlsa mas monazonebisasa msgavsad wmidaTa mowameTa da ufrois maTsa, rameTu 

martÂlni erTsa xolo Sina Jamsa iwamnes, xolo ese yovelsa Jamsa iwamebodes saxelisaTÂs 

qristÀsisa, viTarca daviT ityvis: `SenTÂs movswydebi Cuen maradRe~. da 

pavle ityvis `maradRe qristÀsTÂs movkudebi~. ukeTumca ara iyo daucxromeli brZolaÁ 

wmidaTaÁ, aramca moixsenes brZola igi sikudilad maradRe~. `...vnebaTa dafarulTa 

da cxadTa, mxdomisa RoneTa Zlierad ewyvebodes Rirsni ese mamani, moTmineni 

mravalsaxeTa WirTa da mwuxarebaTa qristÀsTvis~. 

merCules am msjelobidan r. siraZe logikurad askvnis: ìgi (merCule. – g. f.) 

araTu uTanasworebs maT (berebs. – g. f.) martvilebs, aramed maTze aRmatebuladac ki 

saxavs. cxovrebis did manZilze ganuwyveteli RvawliT wminda mamani aRematebian mowameebs, 

`romlebic erTsa xolo Sina Jamsa iwamnes, xolo ese yovelsa Jamsa iwamebodeso~. 

`...wmida mamebs yoveldRiuri brZola uxdebaT ukeTurebasTan, eSmakTan, 

cxovrebasTan, adamianur gulisTqmasTan, rasac igi yoveldRiur wamebas uwodebs... gamodis, 

rom martviloba ama Tu im formiT mainc aucilebeli yofila adamianuri 

srulyofis – wmindanobis misaRwevad~ (Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis 

sakiTxebi). 

wm. ioane oqropiris Tvalsazrisis Semsgavsebul gansjas vipoviT wm. isaak asuris 

(VII-VIII ss.) nawerebSi: àra mxolod isini arian mowameni, romelTa qristes rwmenisaTvis 

sikvdili ergoT, aramed isinic, romlebic qristes mcnebaTa aRsrulebisaTvis 

ixocebian~. msgavs azradve unda CaiTvalos `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ 

(X s.) avtoris es miTiTebac: `wmidaTa da RmerT-SemosilTa mamaTa locvaÁ 

Tques saWurvelad, marxvaÁ zRuded da wmidani cremlni sabanelad, xolo morCilebaÁ 

wamebad, romeli-ese RuawliT SemosilTa mowameTa Tana dauTxevelad sisxlTa 

gÂrgÂnosan hyofs kacsa~ (mivaqcioT yuradReba: aqac is azria gatarebuli, rom saTnoebaTagan 

morCilebis siqvele asxivebs yvelaze ufro wameba-tanjvis, wmindanobis 

Saravandeds). wm. ioane oqropiri sxva naSromSic (qarTulad X-XI ss. rom uTargmniaT) 

ganmartavs, rom monazoni `Seswiravs msxuerplsa ubiwosa winaSe RmrTisa, vi- 

Tarca wmidani mowameni. aw ukue moakvdine Tavi Seni, Zmao, da juars-acu igi SromiTa 

da miiRo Senca gÂrgÂni wmidaTa mowameTaÁ, rameTu romelsa-igi mZlavrni maxÂliTa 

moswyveddes da iwamnes, xolo Sen nebsiT Tavi Seni moswyÂde iwroebiTa~. rogorc 

vxedavT, oriode winadadebis sigrZeze monazvnuri Rvawli samgzisa gazomil-awonili 

mowameobrivi tanjvis `Targze~. magram erTob sayuradRebo isaa, rom aqve wm. ioane 

afiqsirebs asketuri cxovrebis specifikur Strixs martvilobasTan SedarebiT: asketni 

`nebsiT moswyveden iwroebiTa~ TavianT Tavs, maSin roca, igulisxmeba, martvilT 

wilad xvdaT, èrgoT~ tanjva. es èrgoT~ uweria isaak asurs zemoT moxmobil 

msjelobaSi da iq igulisxmeba, rom monazoni Tavisufali nebiT dgeba SeWirvebis 

gzaze. ase rom, mxolod `maradRe~ tanjuloba ki ar qmnis monastruli cxovrebis 

Saravandeds, aramed `nebsiT~ SeWirvebulobac. 

31

arc mxolod TanamedroveTa zogadi damoZRvriT iyo dainteresebuli wm. ioane oqropiri, 

roca ase sagangebod da ganmeorebiT werda wmindanobis ori gzis Sesaxeb. 

mxatvruli sityvis es didostati, ra Tqma unda, qristianuli mwerlobis, upirveles 

yovlisa, wmindanTa Rvawlis aRmwerTa, dakvalianebasac umiznebda. akvalianebda kidec 

rogorc bizantiaSi, ise saqarTveloSi. tanjvis nebayoflobiTi wvnevis, rgunebis 

is principic, rac asketis SeWirvebas specifikurad gamoarCevs martvilis wamebisagan, 

giorgi merCulem, albaT, imave ioane oqropirisagan aiRo. merCule ityvis, rom 

misi Txzulebis mTavari gmiri aris `nebsiT glaxaki suliTa miT simdablisaÁTa sasufevlisa 

damkÂdrebisaTvis, mglovare guliTa~. `nebsiT~ dauTrgunavs, dauglaxebia 

wm. grigols xorcieli da sulieri vnebebi, nebayoflobiT, saTnoebaTa Semkvreli 

saTnoebis – simdable-morCilebis saWurveliT gaukvalavs gza wmindanobisa. ber-monazvnuli 

cxovrebis wesis am Strixs, viTarca specifikurs (martvilTa Rvawlisagan 

ganmasxvavebels), sagangebod ganumartavs merCulis Txzulebis erTi personaJi, saba 

iSxneli, mefe bagrats: `sarwmunoni da WeSmaritni monazonni queyanasa zeda aravissa 

Ãelmwifebasa queSe arian, vinaÁTgan mohrides saSuebelTa sawuTroÁsaTa nebsiT da 

aRirCies RmrTisaTÂs mwuxarebaÁ adgilTa glovisaTa~. 

kidev erT dokuments movixmobT wmindanobis ori gzis (Sesabamisad, hagiografiuli 

martvilisa da hagiografiuli `cxorebaTa~ gmiris) gamaerTianebeli principisa 

da ganmasxvavebeli Strixebis Sesaxeb. igi ekuTvnis saRvTismetyvelo azrovnebis 

erT ucxoel, erTob niWier, erudirebul warmomadgenels – martviri monazons 

(sabawmindels) da ase hqvia – `sinanulisaTÂs da simdablisa~ (adreve rom uTargmniaT 

qarTulad). Txzulebis am monakveTs cxadad aCnia msgavseba ioane oqropiris naazrevTan: 

`SevaiwroT, Zmano, TavTa CuenTa zeda cxorebaÁ Cueni da SevayenneT senakTa 

CuenTa, da iyavn sazrdelad Cuenda mcired puri da wyali, saÃmarad oden ÃorcTa 

CuenTa, mravliTa SromiTa, mRÂZarebiTa da zedgomiTa Rame yovel, mxurvaled locviTa 

da muxlTa drekiTa da queyanasa zeda woliTa usageblod, tiriliTa da cremliTa 

da SemusvriliTa guliTa, fsalmunebiTa da galobiTa da locviTa saidumlod 

dRe da Rame, mravliTa gansacdeliTa da friadiTa SromiTa da aRuracxeliTa Wiri- 

Ta dauTmoT siborotesa eSmakTasa, romelni cxadad da idumal ara dascxrebian 

brZolad Cuenda da hnebavs warwymedaÁ Cueni... aw ukue viRuawoT da vaCvenoT wamebaÁ 

Cueni qristesa. daRaTu sxuaTa mier ara vitanjebodiT, TaviT TÂsiT SevaiwroT Tav- 

Ta zeda misTÂs da SromiTa movakudinneT xorcni Cuenni siyvarulisa misisaTÂs, da- 

RacaTu ara mivecneT maxÂlsa, romelman-igi mswrafl ganarinis gansacdelisagan~. 

es aris mcire programa wmindanobisa, CamoTvlilia mTeli wyeba saTnoebaTa, romlebiTac 

aRWurva SeaZlebinebs bers ebrZolos masTan mebrZol `siborotesa eSmakTasa~ 

(vnebebs). am brZola-tkiviliT erTiandeba asketi martvilTan (`SromiTa moakvdinebs 

xorcTa~). dafiqsirebulia orive Strixi gansxvavebisa: pirveli – `maxÂli mswrafl 

ganarinebs gansacdelisagan~ martvils; beri `dRe da Rame~ iRvwis, àRuracxelTa 

WirTa~ gzas miuyveba~, e. i. `maradRe moswydeba~ uflisaTvis; meore: martvilni 

`sxuaTa mier itanjebian~, xolo berni `TaviT TÂsiT~, e. i. `nebsiT~ `Seaviwroeben~ 

(SeuWirveben) TavianT Tavs. rogorc vxedavT, gmirobis, wmindanobis yvelaze Zveli 

saxeobis – martvilobis Saravandeds, Cveulebrivi qristianisagan Yyvelaze advilad 

aRsaqmel-gasagebs, utoleben da usworeben monazvnur Rvwis SeWirvebas, faseulobas 

(upiratesobasac uZebnian). am TvalsazrisiT, isic sayuradReboa, Tu ra zedwodeba 

SeurCevia TavisTvis (Tu SeurCies) am Txzulebis avtors – martviri monazoni. 

asketuri Sinaarsi tanjvisa, roca SeWirveba – tkivili nebayoflobiTi formisaa, 

TavisTavadi (TviTkmari) Rirebuleba aqvs, arc martvilTaTvis da `martvilobisTvis~ 

aris sruliad ucxo. ber-monazonTa cxovrebis wesia nebayoflobiTi, tanjvaze Tavidanve 

da sagangebod orientirebuli da organizebuli, igi monasterSi am idealiT 

STagonebuli midis da gamoicdeba. rac Seexeba mowames, mas Semdeg, rac mis ukompromiso 

sarwmunoebriv paToss da sulier zneobriv amaRlebulobas garemoebani samkvdro-sasicocxlod 

daupirispirdebian da Seuracxhyofen, martvilni samsxverplod 

32

gadasdeben Tavs da nebayoflobiT tanjvasac mimarTaven zogjer. SuSaniki, abo, abibos 

nekreseli Tu gobroni or mizans mieltvian aseT SemTxvevaSi: pirveli – Tavs 

gamocdian, nebelobas wvrTnian da ikaJeben; meore – jalaTebs, SeuracxmyofelT ebrZvian 

da awbileben moTminebis saWurveliT, xolo TanamoZmeT SeWirvebis winaSe gautexelobis 

SegnebiT da adamianuri RirsebiT aRavseben. 

magram `cxorebaTa~ gmiris mxatvruli modelis Sinaarsi da struqtura amiT ar 

amoiwureba, igi garTulebul-gamdidrebulia erTi principuli komponentis mimatebiT. 

adamiani, `cxovrebaTa~ mixedviT, idealurobas marto Sinagani konfliqtis daZleviT, 

tanjvaze amaRlebiT ar aRwevs, aramed misi sulieri Zalmosileba obieqtur, sazogadoebriv-kulturul 

asparezzec ixarjeba. amis dasturad grigol xanZTelisa da didi 

aTonelebis moRvaweobis diapazonis gaTvaliswinebac ikmarebda. maTi garja far- 

To Sinaarsis kulturul-saganmanaTleblo miznebsac isaxavda da politikur-saxelmwifoebriv 

interesebsac emsaxureboda. eqvTime da giorgi aTonelebi ki wmindanebad 

samwerlobo Rvawlis kvalobaze Seiracxnen. àra uwyiTa, rameTu sargeblobisaTvis 

amis queyanisa warmogvavlina ufalman~, _Seaxsenebs ioane zedazneli Tavis mowafeebs 

(`cxoreba ioane zedaznelisa~). arc `wamebaTa~ gmiris Rvawli ar aris mowyvetili 

sazogadoebriv interesebs. karga xania SeniSnulia da gaziarebulia is azri, rom 

jer mazdeanur da mere `mahmadianur politikur-ideologiur eqspansiasTan samkvdrosasicocxlo 

brZolaSi SeWidebuli erovnuli energia qristianuli aRsarebis ideiT 

iyo Semosili. am moZraobam qarTul hagiografiasa da himnografiaSi qarTveli martvilis 

figuris saxiT wamoayena erovnuli gmiris problema. martvilis mowameobrivi 

Rvawli erovnuli TviTSegnebis impulss warmoadgenda, religiuri da erovnuli 

damoukideblobis simbolos~ (g. imedaSvili, Zveli qarTuli enisa da stilis 

mijnebze). ase iyo, qristianoba zRuded, qviTkirad gveqca, raTa ar gavTqvefiliyaviT 

jer mazdeanur, mere mahmadianur okeaneSi. qristes moZRvreba awovebda saukuneTa sigrZeze 

Cvens sxeulsa da suls iseT madlian ZuZus, romelic yvelaze ufro ajansa- 

Rebda da kravda ers. amitom gaafTrebiT cdilobda yvela rjulis dampyrobeli am 

zRudis dangrevas, gadaqcevas. brZola erovnuli TviTmyofadobisaTvis amitom `qristianuli 

aRsarebis ideiT iyo Semosili~. bunebrivad, raki qristianobasTan mimarTeba 

erovnulTan damoukidebulebis tolfasi iyo, rwmenisaTvis Tavdadeba uSualod, 

TavisTavad moaswavebda eris samsaxurs, sazogadoebriv Rvwas. martvils ar sWirdeba 

samoqmedo sivrcis gafarToeba, raTa misi mxedruli SemarTeba qveyanas gamosdgomoda. 

satusaRo dilegidan gausvleladac Seeweoda misi brZola da tanjva sazogadoebas, 

èrovnuli TviTSegnebis impulss warmoadgenda~. 

axla, roca SeZlebisdagvarad moixaza, erTi mxriv, `wamebaTa~ gmiris, xolo, meore 

mxriv, `cxorebaTa~ personaJis moRvaweobis Sinaarsi da forma, SeiZleba SevajamoT. 

sasuliero mxatvruli prozis am or nairsaxeobas aerTianebs da erT, hagiografiul 

Janrad kravs saerTo Tema, idea da gza (Tu saSualeba) Temisa da ideis xorcSesxmisa. 

hagiografiuli mwerlobis Temaa saRmrTo (sazeo) siyvaruli, idea – gan- 

RmrToba (Teozisi), wmindanad amaRleba. am Temisa da ideis xorcSesxmis saSualeba 

orivegan tanjvaa, tkivili, cremli, sikvdili; tanjva Sinagani, upirveles yovlisa. 

xolo gansxvaveba `wamebasa~ da `cxovrebas~ Soris samgvaria. pirveli: tkivili, 

SeWirveba, romelic martvilT wilad xvdebaT, aris urTierTsapirispiro sawyisTa – 

sxeulis (xorcis) da sulis – brZola, ontologiuri xasiaTis dapirispireba. martvili 

sZlevs am winaaRmdegobas. upirvelesi mniSvnelobis am òmSi~ gamarjvebiT ganmtkicebuli 

nebeloba warmatebiT erkineba xilul mtrebs: misi gadarjulebis mowadineT, 

SeuracxmyofelT, jalaTebs. 

spiritualisturad Seferili am brZolisagan gansxvavebiT, `cxorebis~ gmiris saxeSi 

Sinagani tanjvis mTel paToss qmnis saTnoebaTa dapirispireba vnebebTan, eTikur-istoriuli 

xasiaTis brZola. aqedan iRebs saTaves meore sxvaoba. politikur-saxelmwifoebriv 

da msoflmxedvelobriv-eTikur garemoebaTa Sejaxeba-gadajaWvis kvalobaze 

martvilT wilad xvdebaT, xvedrad ergunebaT tanjva da sikvdili, xolo 

33

`cxovrebaTa~ gmiri Tavidanve nebayoflobiT dgeba SeWirveba-cremlis gzaze (tanjvis 

ganmawmindavebeli, sakraluri gageba), Tavisufali nebiT ixvedrebs, itvirTebs tanjvas. 

mesame sxvaoba: `cxorebaTa~ gmiri wmindanis ampluas marto tanjvaze gamarjvebiT 

ar mieaxleba. Sinagan brZolis sarbielze mxedrulad warmatebuli asketis 

Zalmosileba sazogadoebriv-kulturul asparezzec ixarjeba. amis kvalobaze, `cxorebaTa~ 

gmiris samoqmedo asparezi ufro masStaburia rogorc sivrciTi, ise droiTi 

TvalsazrisiT, mravalplanovania aRsrulebul saqmeTa mixedviT. 

idealTan miaxlebis gzebis gansxvavebulobas mohyveba sxvaoba nawarmoebTa mxatvrul 

organizaciaSi. `wamebaTa~ arqiteqtonikaSi ideuri Sinaarsis simZime ZiriTadad 

fsiqologiur siuJets awevs. `cxorebaTa~ tipis nawarmoebSi es tvirTi gadanawilebulia 

(faqtobrivi siuJetis rolic mniSvnelovania). `wameba~ kompoziciurad ufro 

Sekrulia, xolo `cxovrebis~ kompozicia ufro myifea. 

* * * 

hagiografiuli gmiri gardaqmnis gzaze mavali da gardaqmnili adamiania. wmindanobis 

gza Semoqmedebis gzaa, wmindani – Semoqmedia. `qristianuli anTropologia 

varaudobs, rom gamoxsnili adamiani (`wmindani~) – es gardaqmnili adamiania~ (diakoni 

a. kuraevi). jer kidev basili kesarielis TxzulebebSi sWvivis is azri, rom xati 

RvTisa aris amocana, garduvaloba imisa, rom adamianma xorci Seasxas sakuTar 

TavSi CaTesil SemoqmedebiT sawyiss, RvTisaTvis niSneuli siyvarulis grZnobiT miemarTebodes 

yvelas. grigol noseli, nemesios emeseli, basili selevkieli, Teodorite 

kvireli, gansakuTrebiT, grigol palama weren adamianis mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTi 

saqmianobis Sesaxeb. 

SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis specifikuri, erTob sagulisxmo nayofieri sarbielia 

bermonazvnoba. igi, wm. grigol palamas TvalsazrisiT, aris `Tavis garSemo sikeTisa 

da siyvarulis atmosferos Seqmna da gavrceleba... unda gvaxsovdes uzarmazari Zala 

asketizmisa, romlis ZaliTac irgvliv grovdeba da ganefineba sulieri energia, Tavmdabloba 

da siyvaruli~. asketuri Rvawli xom bunebaze adamianis gamarjvebis triumfia. 

Cven zemoT ukve movixmeT ioane sinelis swavleba: `sada bunebis ZlevaÁ iqmna, 

mun ueWuelad bunebisa igi uzesTaesi daemkvidra~. xazgasmuli sityvebi xom imas niSnavs, 

rom aseT adamianSi RmerTi Semosula, `damkvidrebula~, mokvdavSi ukvdavis xati 

gacxadebula. Semoqmedeba aseT SemTxvevaSi ukve mwvervalTanaa miaxloebuli, xolo 

miaxloebulia bunebriv aucileblobaTa dajabvniT, vnebebze gamarjvebiT, saTnoebaTa 

gaRviZebiT. vl. loski ambobs: `berZnuli sityvis µεTϖτα (sinanuli. – g. f.) zusti mniSvnelobaa 

àzrebis Secvla~, `gonebis Secvla~. esaa `meore aRorZineba, romelsac 

ufali gviZRvnis Cven naTlisRebis Semdgom, SesaZlebloba, rom mivbrundeT masTan, 

gasvla Tavisi Tavidan (bunebrivis artaxebidan. – g. f.), Zala, romliTac icvleba Cveni 

buneba~. asketuri brZola vnebebTan, saTnoebaTa saWurveliT rom aRsruldeba, Semoqmedebaa, 

viTarca axali, xelTuqmneli sinamdvilis damkvidreba arafrisgan (aramaterialurisagan, 

siyvaruliT qmnadoba) da arafrisaTvis (miwier-praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT). 

arsebobis sawyisTa da sicocxlis sazrisis gaRrmavebul Ziebas, roca igi 

vnebaTagan ganwmendasTanaa SeerTebuli, aucileblad mohyveba RvTaebrivi energiiT 

aRWurva, `Zueli kacis~ kvdoma da axlis dabadeba (rogorc mociquli gvaswavlis) asketis 

pirovnebaSi~. àdamianma Tavis TavSi CaRrmavebisas TandaTan unda uaryos saku- 

Tari yalbi aqtiuroba da am uaryofisas moipovos sxvagvari, ufro maRali aqtiuroba 

RvTisa~ (ratcingeris dasaxelebuli naSromi). es aris aqtiuroba, romelic codviT 

dacemamde xelewifeboda kacs da romelsac codvaTa mokvdinebiT kvlav ibrunebs 

asketi. ibrunebs `SuSanikis wamebis~ mTavari gmiri, raki ar ixsnis borkilebs, 

romelTagan misi ganTavisuflebis nebarTva ukve moipova jojikma; ibrunebs wm. abibos 

nekreseli, raki uars eubneba TanamoZmeT sparselTa xelidan gamoxsnaze (àbibos 

nekreselis martviloba~, X s.); imave simaRlemde aubijebia, gardauqmnia kacuri buneba 

wm. abo tfilels, roca jalaTebma `sces mas maxÂliTa samgzis, rameTu hgoneb- 

34

des, viTarmed SiSiTa sikvdilisaÁTa ganaSoron igi qristesa. xolo wmidaÁ igi martvili 

dumiliT mxned miiTualvida maxÂlsa, vidremdis Sehvedra suli TÂsi ufalsa~. 

mxolod adamianuri bunebis ZalisxmeviT aseTi `saqmeebi~ ver aRsruldeba. aq adamianuri 

buneba saxecvlilia, kacSi RmerTia Semosuli. aseT wuTebSi kiafobs `Rimili 

cremlebSi~. cremlebi xorcielebis tanjvis eqoa, SeWirvebisa, miwieris zeciurad 

transformacias rom gamouwvevia; xolo Rimili im sixaruls gagvicxadebs, martvilma 

rom zecas miabjina kibe. aseTi situaciebi imgvari Semoqmedebis mibaZvaa, ragvarsac 

jvarcmis situaciaSi Wvreten. `suli gvaswavlis Cven, rom jvarze sikvdilis 

saidumloSi davinaxoT gadasvla pirveli Sesaqmidan meoreze, egoizmidan – siyvarulze~ 

(J. korboni). `pirveli Sesaqme~ uzenaesi Semoqmedisagan samyaros Seqmnaa. 

rogorc vxedavT, uzenaesi Semoqmedebis am pirvel aqts gverdiT uyeneben, aseTive faseulobisa 

da `xarisxis~ Semoqmedebad miiCneven jvarcmis aqts, roca egoizmiT Sebo- 

Wili, dasazRvruli miwieri bunebis artaxebi dawyvita siyvarulma da, amis kvalobaze, 

xrwnad bunebas uxrwnelad ucvala saxe. egoizmiT, praqticizmiT Sekrul-SeboWil 

miwier bunebas ase miuaxloveben RvTaebrivs grigol xanZTeli, ioane, eqvTime 

da Tornike aTonelebi, giorgi aToneli da `cxovrebaTa~ sxva personaJebi. grigoli 

orgzis gaawbilebs mefe-didebulTa Txovnas, ekurTxos episkoposad. wm. ioane mTawmindelma 

mxedarTmTavrobis pativi da `raodenica raÁ ars amis soflisaÁ sruliad 

moiZula~, `kurTxevaÁ monazonebisaÁ miiRo da morCilebasa misca Tavi TÂsi~. ulumbos 

monasterSi ki guSindelma mxedarTmTavarma `JamTa aramciredTa jorTa msaxurebisa 

Ruawli axovnad Tavs-dva~. wm. eqvTime mTawmidelma bizantiis imperatoris Txovna 

etvirTa kviprosis mTavarepiskoposoba _ar Seiwynara. wm. giorgi mTawmindeli 

mTawmindaze rom mivida, `misca Tavi TÂsi msaxurebasa da morCilebasa ZmaTasa~, misca 

iseTis guliTadobiT, rom wlebis manZilze `litoni da uswavlelic~ ki egonaT. 

`siwmide~ da `simdablis~ saTnoeba SeaZlebinebs epifanes, grigol xanZTelis mowafes, 

`nebisaebr TÂsisa~ ganagos siamayis vneba, saxe ucvalos miwier bunebas, iyos 

Tavis ufali (ix. aqve statia _ `TviTdamdablebis gziT _ amaRlebisaken~). wminda mamebi 

gvaswavlian: Semoqmeds swored Semoqmedebis niWiT emsgavseba adamiani. kiTxvaze, 

_ risi SeqmnisTvisaa adamiani xmobili am qveynad? – wm. grigol palama upasuxebda: _ 

`Seqmnas, upirveles yovlisa, Tavisi sakuTari cxovreba~. Tavisuflebis saWurveliT 

aRWurvili epifane xanZTeli simdable-morCilebis saTnoebis navTsayudelSi qmnis, 

aSenebs Tavis `sakuTar cxovrebas~, axal, saukeTeso `mes~ (mxatvari, Tavisi Tavisa, 

rogorc amas qvemoT vaCvenebT). merCule garkveviT gveubneba, rom aseTi feriscvaleba 

bunebrivisa zebunebrivisaken epifanem SeiZlo suliwmidis madliT. xolo suliwmida, 

rogorc cnobilia, qristianuli msoflgancdisaTvis swored Semoqmedebis saTavea. 

Tu sarwmunoa, rom hagiografiuli gmiri, wmindani, miwier bunebas gardaqmnis 

RvTaebrivis Semsgavsebulad, aqedan logikurad gamomdinareobs, rom wmindanobasTan 

miaxleba silamazesTan, uzenaes mSvenierebasTan miaxlebaa. `monazvnis mkacri wesi 

cxovrebisa aucileblad unda dagvirgvindes gamouTqmeli maradiuli tkbobiT. amaSia 

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani esTetikuri aspeqti qristianuli asketikisa, romelic ar scnobs 

asketizmis TavisTavad faseulobas, asketizms asketizmisaTvis~ (В. Бычков, 2000 

лет христианской культуры. Т. 2). ukve IV saukuneSi wm. grigol noseli miuTiTebda: iyo 

xati RvTisa, `niSnavs SesaZleblobas, iyo mSvenieri~. xolo wm. makari megvipteli ambobda: 

qristianoba aris `movlineba axali da mSvenieri adamianisa~ (homilia XIV), miznad 

isaxavs, aRudginos kacs `pirveladi silamaze~ (homilia V). amitom Seaqcies maT 

zurgi saero cxovrebas da daewafnen ùtkbiles sakvebs~, eniT gamouTqmel zeciur 

silamazes, romelic maT TviT RmerTma uboZa (homilia VII). 

bunebrivia, roca wmida mamebi adamianis silamazeze saubroben, maTi yuradReba ZiriTadad 

sulis mSvenierebazea mipyrobili. netari avgustine adamianis mSvenierebas 

maRalzneobriv azrebsa da qcevebSi xedavda. saTnoebani, ambobda igi, suls amSveniereben, 

xolo codvebi amaxinjeben mas. e. i. esTetikuri da eTikuri erwymian erTmaneTs. 

aseTi TvalTaxedva niSneulia qristianuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. asketni 

35

zurgs aqceven, uSurvelad gascemen qonebas, raTa SeiZinon qriste. magaliTebi mravalia 

da advilad aRsaqmnelni, amitom sityvas aRar vagrZelebT. erTs ki vityviT: `litonad 

cxovrebis~ idiliur silamazes Tavisi xibli axali epoqebis saero literaturul 

ZeglebSic gadahyva (mcired mainc). aseTi xibli gakrTeba xolme akakis TxzulebebSi 

(`gamzrdeli~: baTu aris rTul cxovrebis uarmyofi, mcirediTac kmayofili~). 

upovrobis eTikur da esTetikur faseulobas sagangebo naSromebs uZRvnidnen 

bizantieli mamebi – nilos ankvireli da ioane sineli. 

sulieri tkbobis, netarebisa da mSvenierebis Zlieri muxti axlavs martvilTa da 

berTa locvis epizodebs. wm. nilos sineli ganmartavs, rom locva morwmunes àmzadebs 

RmerTTan saubrisaTvis~ da TandaTanobiT àmegobrebs masTan~. meoregan igive 

asketi ambobs: `locva aris gonebis saubari RmerTTan~. amis gamo locvaSi uTuod 

mJRavndeba sixaruli da wmindanis mTeli arsebidan iRvreba sinaTle, imis gancdiT 

gamowveuli, rom `Sen, ufali, Cem Tana xar~ (fsalm. 22.4); rom morwmune uWvrets uzenaess, 

mkvidrobs `saxlsa uflisasa~ (fsalm. 22.6). `Tumca locva SeiZleba Seicavdes 

saTxovars raRac specialuris Taobaze, _ ambobs hegeli, _ magram mainc es specialuri 

ar aris is, rac TavisTavad unda gamoixatos; misi arsi imaSi darwmunebulobaSi 

mdgomareobs, rom Cven, saerTod, gagvigoneben... TviT mowiweba iqceva kmayofilebad, 

TviT Txovna – netarebad~. locvis aqtiT aRZrul am tkbobaze VII-VIII ss-Si 

msjelobda wm. isaak asuri da mas `locviseul netarebas~ uwodebda. mowiweba-Tavmodrekilobisa 

da netarebis aseT wuTebSi hagiografiuli personaJebi RvTaebrivi sxiviT 

arian damSvenebulni. makari megviptelis mixedviT, RvTaebrivi naTeli, `daCndeba 

ra gulSi, gaacxadebs Sinagans, uRrmes da idumal naTels~ (homilia sulisa, VIII). mistikuri 

naTeli aCiraRdnebs wm. grigol xanZTels, locvis eqstazSi Sesuls. merCule 

hyveba: erTxel `Jamsa ciskrisasa~, xanZTis monastris dekanozi wm. grigolis senakTan 

mivida da `STaxedna kedlisa napralisa da ixila wmidaÁ igi Ãel-ganpyrobiT, 

da guamiT misiT gamovidodes naTlisa isarni juaris saxed da didebiTa Semkul iyo 

igi da esreT brwyinvida, viTarca mze~. analogiuri Sinaarsis epizodebi aris ìoane 

da eqvTime mTawmidelebis cxovrebaSi~, ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi~. wm. Sio mRvimelis 

locvis ZaliT `quabsa mas Sina naTeli miuTxrobeli~ dgeba. yofiTi sinamdvilis 

sarbielze moZraobisagan sagangebod ganridebuli, erTi wertilisaken koncentrirebuli 

suli berisa daxvewili eqstaziT kvalavs gzas zecisaken: `waremar- 

Ten, _ ityodis, _ locvaÁ Cemi, viTarca sakumeveli, Sen winaSe, xolo aRpyrobani ÃelTa 

CemTani, viTarca msxuerpli samwuxroÁ...~ dadgromil iyo lakuasa (Wa) mas Sina 

yovliTurT wyudiadsa, rameTu sasoebda naTelsa mas dausrulebelsa da saukunesa 

mimTxuevad... suliTa metyvelebdis: Sen gananaTle sanTeli Cemi, ufalo, da ganabrwyinve 

bneli sulisa Cemisa, RmerTo, rameTu bneli ese xiluli Sengan ara dabneldes, 

naTelo TualT-Seudgamo; xolo Rame, viTarca dRe, ganaTldes~. aq mxolod 

mcire nawili movixmeT vrceli pasaJisa, romelic aris locvis Janris uTvalsa- 

Cinoesi nimuSi mTeli qarTuli mwerlobis masStabiT, mistikurisa da poeturis rafinirebuli 

nazavi. aq yvelaferi miwidan zecisakenaa aziduli, ara mxolod suli, aramed 

sxeulic mlocvelisa: àRixilavda zena mTaTa mimarT TualTa gonebisaTa da moeloda 

Sewevnasa – cuarTa sakurnebelTa sulisaTa, romelTa mier ganapoxnes igini 

RmrTisa zedamoxilvisa wÂmaTa mier morwyulTa~. uflis `zedamoxilvis wvima~ salbunad 

epkureba mlocvelis `sulis yanas~. amis kvalobaze, mkiTxveli èswreba~ mistiur 

aqts, Tu rogor ganabnevs beri wyvdiads mRvimisa da saukuno sixaruli Semohyavs 

sawuTroseul satkivarTa saufloSi (`cxorebaÁ Siosi da evagresi~, XII s.). 

esTetikuriTa da mistikuriT aseve gaCaxCaxebuli `scenebis~ mxilvelni vxdebiT, 

roca SuSanikisa da evstaTi mcxeTelis, abo tfilelisa da kostanti qarTvelis, serapion 

zarzmelis, ioane zedaznelis, grigol xanZTelis, giorgi mTawmidelis locva-RaRadiss 

vismenT (gansakuTrebiT imaT, sawuTrodan gasvlis Jams rom aRavlenen. 

ukve visaubreT imis Sesaxeb, rom `sakrvelTagan~ SejaWvuli SuSaniki religiur msoflSegrZnebas 

warmoudgeba `Suenierad, viTarca sZali~ zeciuri mijnurisa; nacem-nag- 

36

vemi gobronis piri da Subli `brwyinavs elvared~, sisxliT moTxvrili Subli ùSuenis~). 

cremli da godeba erT-erTi qristianuli siqvelea, wmindanobis mkvebavi wyaroa 

da wmindanis mSvenierebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli. cremli da mwuxareba sinanuls 

da sindisis qenjnas niSnavs, imis Rrma SegnebiT aRZruls, rom Sescode. es 

aris moTqma ufalTan dacilebis gamo da amitom gvaswavlian maxarebelni, rom netar 

arian mtiralni (luka 6.31) da `mglovareni guliTa~ (maTe, 5.4). aseT mwuxarebas 

sasowarkveTa ki ara, aramed rwmeniTi STagoneba moaqvs, uflisaken, sixarulisken 

migvmarTavs (isev movixmoT fsalmuni: `romelni Tesvides cremliT, maT sixaruliT 

moimkon~). am RvTaebrivi madlisagan siSore ùgrZnoblobaa gaqvavebuli gulisa~, 

`niSani sulieri sikvdilisa~ (vl. loski). asketizmis esTetikis didi qomagi wm. 

svimeon axali RvTismetyveli (X-XI ss.) ganmartavda: `saswauli auxsneli! dian cremlebi 

nivTierTaganve TvalTagan da ganbanen aranivTier suls codviseul sibilweTagan~. 

sinanulisgan modenili cremlis kaTarzisul madlze miuTiTebs `serapion 

zarzmelis cxorebis~ avtoric (zemoT ukve moxmobili fraza: `RmerTSemosilTa mamaTa 

locvaÁ Tques saWurvelad, marxvaÁ zRuded da wmidani cremlni sabanelad~). 

kaTarzisisa da amaRlebulobis esTetikuri efeqtiT aRbeWdili epizodebi hagiografiisa 

gaanalizebulia Cvens mecnierebaSi, amitom aRar SevudgebiT msjelobas 

imis Taobaze, rom amaRlebulisa da mSvenieris STambeWdavi ieriT imosebian qarTuli 

hagiografiis gmirebi siyvarulis, simdable-morCilebis, marxvis, mRviZarebis saTnoebebis 

ukumpromiso erTgulebis kvalobaze (g. farulava, askezi-mxedroba). mxolod 

erT scenas movixmobT `daviT garejelis cxorebis~ metafrasuli versiidan, sadac 

erTmaneTs erwymis mSveniereba simdablisa da cremlisa. ierusalimis mosaxilavad 

mowafeebTan erTad gamgzavrebuli wm. daviTi wminda qalaqis karibWesTan, `madlobis 

qedze~ SeCerdeba, madlobas uxdis ufals, ukan gasabruneblad emzadeba da cremlmoreuli 

RaRadebs: `xolo me arRara vikadro waRmarT slvad da daTrgunvad fer- 

ÃiTa amiT CemiTa codviliTa iatakisa, romelsa zeda vles ubiwoTa da RmerT-kacebrivTa 

ferÃTa Semoqmedisa CemisaTa, vinaÁTgan kma ars Cemda madli ese, rameTu Rirs 

viqmen mxolod xilvasa wmidaTa maT adgilTasa TualiTa CemiTa uRirsiTa~. amaTi 

metyueli daaltobda iataksa cremlTa mier mxurvaleTa, myovar Jam mdebare pirsa 

zeda TÂssa~. daviTi gamobrunda samSoblosaken. daviTis tirili (beri am epizodSi 

kidev orgzis Cans Tvalcremliani) da ukan gamobruneba sxvadasxvagvar gancdaTa da 

saTnoebaTa mSvenierebis nazavia. Wvreta qalaqisa, romelsac RvTis gankacebuli Zis 

sunTqva jerac ar gasclia, jer kidev ar waSlilan mis `RmreT-kacebrivTa ferÃTa~ 

nakvalevni, TviT macxovriseuli mSvenierebis anareklad eRvenTeba mis suls; grZnobamoreuls 

bednierebisa da siyvarulis cremlebi sdis da ukan ixevs krZalviT. magram 

sixarulTan erTad am cremlebSi Tavisi uRirsobis Tavankara Segnebac uTuod 

ikiTxeba. `siwrfoeba-simartivis~ da gulis siCvilis RvTaebrivi sinaTle da poezia 

isadgurebs am epizodSi. TvaliT uxilavi es sinaTle namdvilad modis gmiridan 

morwmune mkiTxvelisaken. Tavisi gmiris sulieri cxovrebis am mxareze mwerali TviT 

migvapyrobinebs yuradRebas, roca epizodis bolos gvetyvis: èha siwrfoebasa da simartivesa 

saRmrTosa amis mamakacisasa~ (qristianuli esTetikis sferoSi cnobili 

iyo kategoria simartivisa, ubraloebisa _ (η αΠλοTηs). 

materialuri sinamdvilis jer qmnadoba uflisagan, xolo mere xorcielad mosvla 

macxovrisa imas niSnavs, rom grZnobad-xorcieli realoba areklavs, wilnayaria 

Semoqmedis WeSmaritebasTan, sikeTesa da mSvenierebasTan. codviT dacemam daamcro 

es Rirsebani. qriste modis, raTa aRudginos kacs `pirveli silamaze~ (wm. makari 

megviptelis erTxel ukve moxmobili fraza). wmindanebi, macxovris saTnoebiT `mowylulni~, 

am qveynad saTnoebis damkvidrebisaTvis iRvwian, miwis zecasTan misaaxloeblad 

arian Tavgadadebulni. amitom, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad mSvenierdebian. qristianuli 

esTetikis es xazi Tavs iCens netari avgustines, kabadokieli mamebis, wm. dionise 

areopagelis, nilos ankvrelis, wm. isaak asuris, wm. ioane sinelis nawerebSi. 

37

X-XI ss-Si asketizmis esTetikis gamovlenis formebze erTob sagulisxmod msjelobda 

wm. svimeon axali RvTismetyveli (naTlis esTetika man aqcia bizantiuri kulturis 

mTavar sakiTxad). `me vxdebi wilnayari sinaTlisa da didebisa: Cemi saxe, ise 

rogorc Cemi mijnurisa, brwyinavs da Cemi sxeulis yvela nawili xdeba Suqmfinari~. 

xolo amis Semdgom wm. grigol palamas (XIV s.) naazrevSi miaRwevs asketizmis esTetika 

erTob maRal safexurs. am fonze iqmneboda bizantiuri hagiografiis Zeglebi. 

maT furclebzec igive msoflSegrZneba gacxaddeba. ufro TvalsaCinod amaze metyveleben 

`cxovrebani~ wm. filaretisa, wm. nikolozisa, wm. aleqsisa, leonti kritelis 

`cxoreba svimeon salosisa~, ioane mosxis `limonari~, nikita stiTatis `cxoreba svimeon 

axali RvTismetyvelisa~ da sxvani. 

qristianul-aRmosavluri kulturis (romelsac odiTganve ekuTvnoda saqarTvelo) 

es didad sagulisxmo monapovarni fundamentaluradaa gamokvleuli da Sejamebuli 

gamoCenili rusi mecnieris viqtor biCkovis ortomian monumentur naSromSi `qristianuli 

kulturis 2000 weli~, sadac bizantiuri literaturisa da xelovnebisadmi 

miZRvnil calkeul narkvevTa Soris (t. 1) erTi aseTi Tavicaa – àsketika, viTarca 

`mxatvrobaTa mxatvroba~. v. biCkovi miiCnevs, rom marTlmadideblur-qristianuli 

esTetikuri azrovnebis gawyvetili azri XX s-Si aRadgina didma rusma RvTismetyvelma 

mRvdelma pavle florenskim. qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis esTetikuri 

orientaciis gamosakveTad Cven aq Zalian mokled gadmovcemT pavle florenskis 

esTetikuri naazrevis erT aspeqts, wmindanis, asketis mSvenierebis arss rom 

exeba. p. florenskis asketika warmoudgeba, viTarca marTlmadidebluri esTetika. SemTxveviTi 

rodi iyo, miuTiTebs RvTismetyveli, asketikas `wmida mamebi uwodebdnen 

ara mecnierebas da arc zneobriv muSaobas, aramed xelovnebas – mxatvrobas... `xelovnebaTa 

xelovnebas~ da `mxatvrobaTa mxatvrobas~. am xelovnebis mTavari mizani da 

nayofi iyo `mWvretelobiTi Semecneba~, romelic Teoriuli codnisagan (sibrZnismoyvareoba) 

gansxvavebiT iwodeboda ase _ `...silamazismoyvareoba. asketika, ganmartavs 

p. florenski, `qmnis~ `mSvenier~ adamians, esaa specifikuri niSani wmindanebisa. 

`silamazismoyvareobis~ mecniereba adamians xorciel feriscvalebas, 

pirvelqmnili silamazisaken mibrunebas amqveyniuri cxovrebis Jamsve SeaZlebinebs. 

asketis pirisaxe realurad iqceva `sxivmosil saxed, misi ieri da gamoxedva ixveweba, 

qreba yovelive usaxuri da gamoukveTeli, da aseTi adamiani ìqceva Tavisi Tavis mxatvrul 

portretad, idealur portretad, romelic aseTad cocxali masalisagan gamoZerwa 

xelovnebaTa Soris umaRlesma xelovnebam, `mxatvrobaTa mxatvrobam~. bermonazvnuri 

moRvaweoba aris aseTi xelovneba~. aseTi saxe gvatyvevebs SuqmfinarobiT da 

silamaziT, Sinagani silamaziT, Sinagani sinaTle Tvalxiluladac ki aRiqmeba. silamazis 

ase realurad gamoZerwvasa da damkvidrebaSi xedavda p. florenski umTavres 

daniSnulebas asketikisa. (`sveti da dafuZneba WeSmaritebisa~). 

rusuli religiur-filosofiuri azrovnebis sxva warmomadgenlebTanac aris analogiuri 

Tvalsazrisi. mama sergi bulgakovi ganmartavs: adamianis codviT dacemis 

kvalobaze yvelaferi daSorda pirvelqmnilobis Jamis srulyofilebas. amitom adamianis 

SemoqmedebiTi Rvwis mizanT-mizania, daimkvidros, aRidginos es sofiuroba, pirvelqmnili 

silamaze. am saqmes akeTeben asketebi, isini `sulier-mxatvruli Rvwis~ 

procesSi, saamisod Sromoben Tavis Tavze. es aris pirdapiri, magram mciredTaTvis 

misawvdomi gza. meores, SemovliT gzas, xelovanni mihyvebian, ufro mravalni. oriveni 

ki naxevrad yofierebidan sruli yofierebisken, arsisken eSurebian. 

asketTa samoRvaweo wignebis, `filokaliebis~ mimoxilvisas boris viSeslavcevi 

ambobs: `Tu CavwvdebiT am `silamazismoyvareobis~ mTavar Temas, igi Cvens winaSe gacxaddeba, 

viTarca mTavari Tema asketikisa, romelic aris xelovneba sublimaciisa. 

sublimireba, anu feriscvaleba sulisa, SeiZleba mxolod WeSmariti `silamazismoyvareobis~ 

gzaze~. asketikuri msoflSegrZnebis Tanamedrove mkvlevaric miiCnevs, rom 

marTlmadidebluri askezi aris `sulieri mxatvroba~ (s. xoruJi). 

38

saeklesio musika, galoba avgustines esaxeboda yvela xelovnebaze aRmatebuli 

Zalis fenomenad, raTa adamiani miuaxlovos uzenaess. imavdroulad TviT galobis 

Sinaarsi, farglebi did RvTismetyvels uaRresad farTod warmoedgina da ara mxolod 

bgerebis ritmul-melodiur modulaciebad. adamianis Sinagani ganwmenda, RvTisa 

da moyvasis wrfeli, uangaro siyvaruliT warmarTuli wesi da forma cxovrebisa avgustines 

macxovrisadmi mimarTul Sesxmad, himnad, àxal galobad~ miaCnda. igi gvaswavlis: 

àxali galoba siyvarulia~. mere aRrmavebs, azustebs naTqvams: `mismine, ra 

aris galoba: ufali ambobs: `mcnebasa axalsa mogcem Tquen, raÁTa iyuarebodiT ur- 

TierTas~ (ioane 13.34). macxovris am sityvebs imisTvis SegaxsnebT, ganmartavs didi 

ganmanaTlebeli, raTa vicodeT: àdamians SeuZlia iyos savse siyvaruliT da dumdes. 

siyvaruli TviTonaa xma mimarTuli RvTaebisaken, TviT siyvarulia axali galoba~ 

(`ganmarteba 95-e fsalmunisa~). netari avgustines am TvalTaxedvas, ambobs l. 

grigolaSvili, gverdiT unda amovuyenoT didi kabadokieli mamis, grigol noselis 

ganmarteba himnisa: `himni aris RvTismosavi adamianis amaRlebuli, madlmosili Rvwa, 

romelic warimarTeba amaRlebulze, zeciurze, RvTaebrivze fiqriT. am Rvwisas adamiani 

RmerTs ganadidebs ara sityviT, aramed umwikvlo cxovrebiT~. 

orive msjelobiT isev mivadgebiT CvenTvis amgzobis saZiebel TvalTaxedvas: siyvaruliT 

ganwonili arseboba himnia uflisa, àxali galobaa~. Rvwa, warmarTuli zeciurze, 

amaRlebulze fiqriT sakuTari Tavis axlad formirebas niSnavs, rasac himnografi 

qaRaldze (Tu pergamentze) sityvieri formiT qmnis, wmindani dumiliT, magram 

ùmwikvlo cxovrebiT~ moavlinebs, Sobs. amgvari gageba rom msoflmxedvelobrivad 

iyo gacnobierebuli Zvel saqarTveloSi, kargad Cans l. grigolaSvilis 

mier moxmobili teqstebidan qarTuli sagaloblebisa. wm. stefanesadmi miZRvnil himnSi 

vkiTxulobT: `dRes ganwyobani Semoikribna didebulman sagalobelman wmidaman 

stefane~. xolo basili kesarielisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelSi naTqvamia: `nestusa 

dahbere sagalobelo, xmiTa miT saRmrToÁTa da kideTa soflisaTa iquxna sityuaman 

Senman, wmidao!~ (l. grigolaSvili, wmindanis Tema qarTul sasuliero poeziaSi). rogorc 

vxedavT, orivegan wmindani ara mxolod lirikul gmirad moiazreba poeturi 

teqstisa, aramed TviTonaa mxatvruli nawarmoebi empiriulsave sinamdvileSi, empiriuli 

yofis (naxevrad yofis) transformacia rom mouxdenia arsobriv yofad, e. i. 

esTetikuri aqtis subieqticaa. 

* * * 

cota ram kidev unda iTqvas qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis esTetikur 

tendenciebze. imis mixedviT, rac ukve gaviTvaliswineT, albaT cxadia, rom 

hagiografia aris xelovneba xelovnebis Sesaxeb, mxatvroba `mxatvroba mxatvrobis~ 

Sesaxeb, rogorc ityoda p. florenski. es imas niSnavs, rom aseT nawarmoebTan Tavs 

iyris ori avtori: TviT teqstis avtori da personaJi-avtori, sakuTari mxatvruli 

saxis Semoqmedi empiriulsave sinamdvileSi. e. i. hagiografiuli gmiris mxatvruli 

saxe aris saxe saxisa. es erTob Taviseburi garemoeba erTob specifikur iers aZlevs 

hagiografiuli Janris zogierT sakiTxs: avtori da gmiri, empiriulisa da esTetikuris 

urTierTmimarTeba, mxatvruli saxis Sinaarsi da forma, stili. 

gavixsenoT: hagiografiuli nawarmoebis Temaa saRvTo mijnuroba, idea – ganRmrToba, 

gza am miznisaken – tanjva, gmiri wmindania, miwieris zeciurad gardamqmneli, 

ufals miaxlebuli. hagiografia xelovnebis gziTa da saSualebebiT principulad 

dauZleveli amocanis winaSe dgas: mxatvruli saxiT gaacxados `bunebis Zlevis~ (wm. 

ioane sineli) da zebunebrivTan miaxlebis aqti. mxatvruli saxis (xelovnebis) principi 

ki, rogorc viciT, aris ideis (azris) swored gansxeuleba, bunebrivis samoseliT, 

grZnobad-gancdadi formiT gamoTqma, gamomzeureba. xelovneba gamosaxavs 

imas, ris gamosaxvac mas ZaluZs – swrafvas sulier sawyisTan xorcielis gamTlianebisaken, 

process sulis Tavis TavTan dabrunebisa da Serigebisa. aqamde ase Tu ise 

miuwvdeba xeli xelovans. aqts swrafvisa, process miaxloebisa, sanam jer kidev ar 

damdgara sulierebis apoTeozis Jami, sanam bunebis samoseli jer kidev mTlianad ar 

39

SemosZarcvia suls, didi Zalisxmevis safasurad dagvaswrebs xelovani. es antinomizmi 

Sinaarsisa da formisa, gamoTqmisa da gamosaxvisa zRvars aRwevs qristianul 

xelovnebaSi, hagiografiul nawarmoebSi. 

klasikuri antikuri xelovnebis mxatvrul saxeSi xorciel-miwieri arseboba da 

interesebi uSualodaa gadajaWvuli ideasTan, gmiris mxatvruli saxis formis silamaze 

miwier-amqveyniur sarbielze gamovlenili Rvawlis, sulieri mSvenierebis harmoniuli 

anareklia. Sinaarsi zustad `zis~ Tavis formaSi. mSvenierebis qristianuli 

idea, wmindanis saxeSi rom unda gacxaddes, rogorc absoluturi da Tavisufali 

suli (an masTan miaxleba), veRar èteva~ garegnul-materialur, grZnobadad 

gaSualebul formaSi. Tavis srul Sesatyvisobas, Serigebas idealTan igi Tavissave 

SigniT, sulisave uRrmes SreebSi eZebs. `siRrme Sinaarsisa xdeba Zalian mZlavri... 

RvTaebrivi sawyisi unda amosxltes adamianuri subieqturobidan~ (hegeli, mSvenierebis 

idea xelovnebaSi). hagiografiuli, himnografiuli Tu ikonografiuli gansaxierebis 

aqtSi forma `Tvals ver usworebs~, mTlianad ver `zidulobs~ Sinaarsis 

simZimesa da siRrmes. yvela amgvar gamosaxulebaSi `suli miiswrafvis zegrZnobadi 

samyarosaken, TiTqos cdilobs Camoixsnas Tavisi Tavidan gars Semoxveuli materialuri 

saburveli, romelic aferxebs mis aRmafrenas~ (v. lazarevi bizantiuri 

ferweris istoria). ase rom, qristianuli xelovneba aris `gamosvla xelovnebisa 

Tavisi Tavidan, gardameteba Tavisi Tavisa, Tumca, amasTanave, es procesi xorcieldeba 

mis sakuTar sferoSi da xelovnebisave formiT~ (hegeli, ferweris Taviseburebani). 

adreqristianuli xelovneba àr eswrafvoda, raTa Tavisi nawarmoebebisaTvis 

mieniWebina raimegvari Sesatyvisoba maTsave specifikur, anu religiur SinaarsTan. 

forma mxolod samoselia mis SigniT moqceuli SinaarsisaTvis, sruliad ar 

cdilobs ra, gamoxatos, xorci Seasxas mas Tavis TavSi~ (v. veidle, xelovneba viTarca 

ena religiisa). rom qristianuli ideali miemarTeba iseT abstraqtul Sinaarss, 

romlis adeqvaturi gacxadeba xelovnebis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba, gacnobierebulia 

eklesiis mamaTa nawerebSic. `SuenierebaÁ saRmrToÁ, _ ambobda wm. grigol noseli, 

_ ara gamoxatul ars SuenierebiTa ferTaÁTa, aramed uzeSTaesiTa wesiTa, romeli 

miuTxrobel ars gulisxmis-yofad~. 

SuSanikisa da abo tfilelis, Sio mRvimelisa da ioane zedaznelis, didi mTawmidelebis 

hagiografiul saxeebSi, iseve rogorc maT freskul gamosaxulebebze, suls 

eviwroeba sxeuli, sacaa TiTqos àmofrindeba iqidan~, sadRac miwasa da cas Suaa gakidebuli, 

mxatvruli saxe im zRvarTan dgas, romlis iqeTac iwyeba xmovaneba usagnobisa, 

livlivi haerSi, mas `vxedavT~ da verc `vxedavT~. aRqmis es gansakuTrebuli 

mdgomareoba, xelovnebisa da metafizikis zRvarze arseboba gansaxierebulisa, ganmsazRvrelia 

hagiografiuli mxatvruli stilisa. realuris idealurTan, miwis zecasTan 

gamTlianebisaken tkiviliani swrafva da usasruloba am swrafvisa aris Zalumad 

mfeTqavi nervi hagiografiuli stilisa. kontrastis, antinomizmis ieriT ikve- 

Teba ZiriTadad mxatvruli saxis forma. amitomaa, rom hagiografiis literaturul 

stils zogjer esqpresiul-emociur stils uwodeben (d. lixaCovi). 

elementaruli WeSmaritebaa: mxatvruli saxe aris gamoTqma da gamosaxva, idea, azri 

grZnobad-gancdadi formiT gacxaddeba. es aris obieqtivireba, gaSualeba azrisa 

da yovelTvis erTs rames moaswavebs: uSualobas, bunebrivobas, `gulubryvilobas~ (m. 

baxtini) formisa. raTa mweralma xorcSesxmulad, faseulobrivad gansrulebulad 

warudginos mkiTxvels gmiri, ucilobelia, rom avtori myarad idges sivrcobrivad, 

droiT da azrobrivad personaJs miRma, gareT, transgredientul poziciaze, m. baxtinis 

sityviT rom vTqvaT. am mxriv, formis mxriv, Tavis mTlianobaSi gmiri yovelTvis 

gulubryviloa da uSualo, rogorc ar unda iyos Tavis TavSi CaRrmavebuli Tu gaorebuli. 

Sinagani adamianis esTetikuri xorcSesxma niSnavs mis xedvas mTlianobaSi, 

roca mwerali mTlianad ganagebs personaJs, roca igi bolomde `gazomil-awonilia~. 

hagiografs, saerTod, ar ukavia mtkice pozicia gansasaxierebeli subieqtis 

miRma, gmiri misTvis Sinaganad avtoritetulia yvelaze sakraluri da yvelaze inti- 

40

muri faseulobis TvalsazrisiT. hagiografiuli warmosaxva namdvilad eZebs idealur 

gmirSi azrobliv xilvebs, mistikuri sinamdvilisaken mimaval sxivs. mwerlis 

rwmena da imedi ar SeiZleba dumdes hagiografiuli gmiris Sinagani cxovrebis mimarT, 

ar SeiZleba ar Seiqmnas wilnayari masTan. 

gavixsenoT, rom hagiografia biografiuli Janris ganStoebaa, xolo aseT nawarmoebSi 

gmiri da avtori faseulobrivad Zalian axlos arian erTmaneTTan. biografiis 

avtori gmiris xatvisas `xelmZRvanelobs imave faseulobebiT, romliTac warmar- 

Tavs Tavis cxovrebas gmiri; avtori principulad ar aris Tavis gmirze mdidari... 

avtori mxolod agrZelebs imas, rac ukve Cadebulia TviT cxovrebaSi gmirisa. mxolod 

is, rasac xedavda da undoda TavisTvis da Tavis TavSi, sakuTar cxovrebaSi 

gmirs, mxolod mas xedavs masSi da surs ixilos masSi da misTvis avtorma~ (m. baxtinis 

dasaxelebuli naSromi). biografiuli JanrisaTvis misTvis niSneuli es tendencia 

zenits swored hagiografiaSi aRwevs. wmindanobis sakraluri Saravandedi, `zecisa 

kacoba da queyanisa angelozoba~ (grigol xanZTelisa) `Tvals sWris~ avtors; 

gmiris subieqturi msoflSegrZnebis brwyinvaleba Tavis SigniT ìTrevs~ avtors, 

rTuldeba personaJis esTetikuri daZleva, formiT SemosazRvra, `moxelTeba~. es 

`diqtati~ Sinaarsisa gansakuTrebiT locva-aRsarebis scenebSi igrZnoba, avtori da 

gmiri aq erwymian erTmaneTs, rogorc es xdeba wm. evstaTi mcxeTelis locvaSi Tavis 

mokveTis win (èvstaTi mcxeTelis wameba~, VI s.), wm. abo tfilelis eqvsdRiani patimrobis 

epizodSi, konstanti kaxis sikvdiliT dasjis ambavSi, wm. grigol xanZTelis 

RaRadisSi monastris aSenebis dasawyisis suraTSi, dialogebSi, wm. Sio mRvimelis 

erTxel ukve moxseniebul locvaSi da sxva mraval pasaJSi. avtori gmiris avtoritetuli 

azris SigniT eqceva; ki ar moicavs, ki ar ganagebs gmiris sulis moZraobas, 

Taviseburad ewneba mas, TiTqos Signidan usmens personaJis sulis xmovanebas. am 

epizodebSi (da sxva mraval situaciaSi) mwerlis `me~ faseulobrivad ar gadis, miRma 

ar dgeba im yofierebidan, romelic esTetikurad unda gaformdes. gmiris sulierebas 

aq araferi eWirveba. igi ar aris, m. baxtinis msgavsad rom vTqvaT, martoxela 

bavSviviT susti da faqizi, pasiuri da wmindad miamiti, rom damkvidreba-gansruleba 

esaWiroebodes. piriqiT, saocrad Zalmosili suli aq yovelive amqveyniurisgan ganiltvis. 

gmiris cxovrebis mamoZravebeli azri avtorsa da mkiTxvels ipyrobs, vi- 

Tarca azri, absoluturi momavlisaken swrafvis mxriv da ara Tavisi individualuri 

mocemulobiT awmyos yofierebaSi. Cven ufro gvesmis gmiris, vidre vxedavT mas. 

erTob Zneldeba, `zena mTaTaA mimarT TualiTa gonebisaÁTa~ Seswrafebul suls rom 

esTetikuri sicxade mianiWo, moicva (Semowero). 

wmindanobis fenomenis mSvenierebis avtoriteti kidev erT princips gansazRvravs 

hagiografiuli mwerlobis samyaroSi. macxovris msgavsad wmindanic miwierSive amkvidrebs 

zeciur silamazes da, amis kvalobaze, gmirobis mxatvruli fantaziiT 

Txzva zedmetad miiCneva. hagiografiuli nawarmoebis gmiri istoriul-konkretulia 

da fabuluri qargac (moTxrobilis ambiTi xerxemali) aseTivea. ase fiqrobdnen: `realobaSi, 

ase Tu ise, yovelTvis SegviZlia davinaxoT transcendentaluri erTis emanaciis 

kvali. amis erT-erTi cxadyofaa wmindanobis faqti. adamianis fantazia sinamdvilis 

Soreuli aCrdilia, mwerloba rom sinamdvilis aCrdilis aCrdilad ar iqces, 

uSualod uzenaesi ZaliT cxebul sinamdviles unda daemyaroso~ (r. siraZe, Zveli 

qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi). gmiris pirovnebisa da 

moRvaweobis ambis xerxemlis (fabula) miRma hagiografis mxatvruli gamonagoni warmatebiT 

qsovs Txzulebis siuJetur qsovils. 

qarTuli hagiografia bunebrivad areklavs sinamdvilis mxatvruli gansaxierebis 

im princips Tu meTods, rac, saerTod, niSneulia Sua saukuneebis literaturisaTvis. 

esTetikuri msoflgancdisa da sinamdvilis mxatvruli modelirebis Suasaukuneobrivi 

xerxebi da principebi ki mniSvnelovnad sxvaoben Semoqmedebis im meTodebisagan, 

axalma drom rom moitana. upirveles yovlisa, imis gamo, rom Sua saukuneebis msoflSegrZneba 

TvalsaCinod Teocentristulia, imJamindeli xelovani mxatvruli saxis 

41

`saSen masalad~ iSviaTad iyenebs konkretuls, bunebrivs, individualurs, ganumeorebels, 

warmavals, saxasiaTo detalsa Tu sapirado Strixs. xdeba sinamdvilis abstrahireba, 

idealizacia, literaturuli sqema, Sabloni warmarTavs SemoqmedebiT 

aqts. mwerali imiT ki araa dainteresebuli, rom Seqmnas raRac axali, originaluri, 

ganmacvifrebeli, ramdenadac imiT, rom mkiTxvels savaldebulosa da normatiulis 

mSveniereba STaagonos. literaturuli kanonis, trafaretis diqtati, tradiciulobis 

es tendencia Suasaukuneobrivi msoflgancdis da gemovnebis CamorCenilobas, uZraobas 

ki ar niSnavs, aramed gansazRvruli mxatvruli sistemis da meTodis principia, 

Zalian sagulisxmoa da dasafiqrebeli. amgvar mxatvrul TvalTaxedvas i. lotmanma 

ìgiveobis esTetika~ uwoda. igiveobis esTetika, ambobs i. lotmani, eyrdnoba 

`gansaxierebul cxovrebiseul movlenaTa srul gaigivebas auditoriisaTvis ukve 

cnobil da `wesebis~ sistemaSi Sesul modelebTan, StampebTan~. 

amgvari meTodiT qmnida qarTveli hagiografic. arc mas izidavs mxatvrul saSualebaTa 

ganaxlebis survili, avtoris individualuri `mes~ warmoCenisaken swrafva, 

ase damaxasiaTebeli rom aris axali drois mwerlisaTvis. `swored siaxles da warmtacs 

`cxovrebaTa~ Sua saukuneebis mkiTxveli, rogorc Cans, arc eZebda maTSi. arc 

`cxovrebaTa~ Semdgenlebi ar eswrafvodnen imas, rom mkiTxveli Sinaarsis an formis 

moulodnelobiT miezidaT... `cxovreba~ misgan gansaxierebul sinamdvileSi eZebs ara 

ama Tu im mimarTebiT sainteresos, aramed savaldebulosa da wmindas, romlis gandidebaa 

saWiro da romelic SeuzRudav ganmeorebas moiTxovs~ (b. bermani, `cxovrebis~ 

mkiTxveli). ase, rom hagiografia warmogviCens ara mxolod avtoris azrovnebis wess, 

aramed imJamindeli sazogadoebis msoflSegrZnebisa da esTetikuri gemovnebis raobas. 

xolo, is Tu ra ganapirobebda esTetikuri TvalTaxedvis amgvar stereotips, abstrahirebas, 

kargadaa cxadyofili Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi. àbstrahirebas iwvevda 

imis mcdeloba, rom yovel `warmavalSi~ da `xrwnadSi~, bunebis movlenebSi, adamianur 

cxovrebaSi, istoriul ambebSi daenaxaT simbolo da niSani maradiulisa, zedroulisa, 

`sulierisa~, RvTaebrivisa... àrasagnobrivi~ sagnobrivSi, qristianuli WeSmaritebani 

– cxovrebis yvela movlenaSi~ (d. lixaCovi, Zveli rusuli literaturis 

poetika). literaturis tradiciuloba gzas uRobavda axlebursa da originalurs, 

materialuris zeims sulierze, gzas uxsnida Semoqmedis Wvretas SeqmnilSi, im azris 

gaRviZebas, rom RmerTi, viTarca sruli mSveniereba, gulgrili ar aris silamazisaken 

adamianis swrafvisadmi, Segveweva erTmaneTisagan gavarCioT WeSmariti da cru silamaze. 

abstraqciisa da Sablonis midevneba iwvevs siuJeturi pasaJebis msgavseba-ganmeorebas, 

personaJTa siaxlove-ganmeorebas, enobriv-stilistur Stamps, magram, iqve 

miuTiTebs i. lotmani, meore mxriv, SemoqmedebiTi improvizaciis did gasaqans da 

Tavisuflebas. hagiografiuli Zeglebis avtorebi mimarTaven mza religiuri formulebis, 

tradiciuli mxatvruli saxeebis, popularuli enobriv-stilisturi xerxebis, 

kliSeebis daxvewil variaciebs, komponirebas. STambeWdavi mxatvruli efeqti 

xSirad miiRweva rafinirebuli konstruqciuli principis momarjvebiT: empiriul 

faqts, konkretul ambavs, moqmedebas faqizad Seaqsoven, gadaawnaven wminda istoriis 

faqtTan, bibliuri pasaJis sakralur SinaarsTan; vTqvaT ase, rogorc amas akeTebs 

iakob xucesi im suraTSi, romelic erTxel ukve movixmeT. iakobi satusaRo senakSi 

moinaxulebs martvils: `vixile tarigi igi qristÀsi Suenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli 

sakrvelTa maTgan~. tanjvis gziT ganwmendili SuSanikis RvTis sZlad ase amaRleba 

`gamocxadebis~ teqstidan momdinareobs. apokalifsis cecxliT ganaxlebuli 

ierusalimi ixilveba ase: `da qalaqi igi wmidaÁ ierusalÀmi axali vixile, gardamomavali 

zeciT RmrTisagan, ganmzadebuli, viTarca sZali Semkuli qmrisa mimarT 

TÂsisa~ (21.2). hagiografiul teqstSi bunebis qmnilebasac miepyroba yuradReba, magaliTad, 

vazis axal amonayars Tu ayvavebul finiks, magram TavisTavadi, am mcenaris 

bunebrivi raobiT ki ar iqneba es yuradReba gansazRvruli, aramed imiT, rom igi 

raRac sulier Sinaarss mianiSnebs, emsaxureba. giorgi mcire, avtori giorgi aTonelis 

cxovrebisa, gviTxrobs: Svidi wlis giorgi taZrisis monasterSi miiyvanes. `da 

42

viTarca morCi keTili aRmocenebasave TÂssa-Tana yofadsa mas warmatebasa auwyebs 

queyanis-moqmedTa, viTarca ityÂs daviT: `marTal viTarca finiki ayuavdes da 

viTarca naZÂ libanisaÁ ganmravldes danerguli saxlsa RmrTisasa, ezoTa saxlisa 

RmrTisa CuenisaTa yuaodis~, da esreT viTarca axalnergi Suenieri izardeboda monastersa 

mas Sina~. 

asociaciis natifi ZafiT moqsovili es suraTi gveubneba: Cvili giorgi rom `vi- 

Tarca axalnergi Suenieri izardeboda monastersa Sina~, momdinareobs zeciT, gaazriandeba 

iqidanve, metyvelebs imaze, rac xatovnad gamouTqvams daviT winaswarmetyvels 

(fsalmunni, 91. 13). rogorc iakob xucesis zemoT moxmobil pasaJSi, ise aqac wertili 

Tu kuTxe, saidanac xorcieldeba xedva da xatva, ar emTxveva im adgils sivrceSi, 

sadac dgas avtori. gansaxierebis amgvari ikonografiuli principis Sesaxeb 

diakoni andrei kuraevi ityvis: `Semecnebis aTvlis wertili adamians miRmaa, da moZraoba 

warimarTeba WeSmaritebidan adamianisaken~. Cveulebrivi, realisturi gansaxiereba 

xdeba avtoris wertilidan, avtoris xedva da faseulobiTi kredo awesrigebs 

suraTs, Cawvdomis miseul SesaZleblobaTa Sesatyvis mniSvnelobas aniWebs yvela 

fers. wm. grigol xanZTeli da misi mowafeebi xanZTis udabnoSi martod myof bers 

xuedioss estumrebian. `xolo man (xvediosma) ganixara xilvaÁ netarTaÁ maT da hrqua 

maT: `Tquen xarT siwmidisa nayofi, mcenareni sulnelni, vardni Suenierni, finikni 

keTilni da zeTisxilni nayofsavseni, zeTiTa miT siwmidisaÁTa poxilni, romelTa 

xilviTa dRes ganipoxa siberÀ Cemi da amaRlda sixaruli Cemi, viTarca rqaÁ martorqisaÁ. 

amieriTgan ixarebdin udabnoÁ ese Tquen, qristes nebis myofelTa, amas Soris 

danergviTa~. erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom es aris kargi koloristis 

funjiT naxati suraTi bunebisa, magram mxolod erTi SexedviT. jer is unda 

aRiniSnos, rom am pasaJSi moqceuli TiTqmis yvela poeturi ornamenti wmida werilidanaa 

gamokrebili met-naklebad stilizebuli maneriT da Zveli da axali aRTqmis 

ama Tu im epizods an personaJs gvaxseneben. isini asociaciis logikiT arian kompoziciurad 

Sekrulni (komponireba, konstruqciuli momenti qristianuli poetikis 

mZlavri iaraRia). meore mxriv, `mcenareTa sulneleba~, `vardTa mSveniereba~, `finikTa 

keTiloba~ da `zeTisxilTa nayofsavseoba~ erTianad simboluri Sinaarsisaa, wm. grigolisa 

da misi mowafeebis – `qristes nebis myofelTa~ – RvTaebriv mSvenierebaze 

RaRadeben. xolo aseTni arian axlad mosulni imitom, rom qristes `neba~ unda danergon 

am nebisagan ùqm~ udabnoSi. qristes mSvenierebidan warmodgeba, efineba maT 

`mSveniereba vardisa~ Tu `nayofsavseoba zeTisxilTa...~ udabno xarobs (àmieridan 

ixarebdin udabnoÁ ese~), rom mis wiaRSi stumarTa gziT mkvidrdeba madli uflisa, 

TviTon qriste mkvidrdeba ùqmsa amas udabnosa~. uzenaesi mSvenierebisa da siwmindis 

sxivebiT gaCaxCaxebul am fonze proeqcirdeba sixarulic martodmyofi xuediosisa 

(àmaRlda sixaruli Cemi, viTarca rqaÁ martorqisaÁ~). gavixsenoT: is, rom wm. grigoli 

movidoda xanZTas da monastrebs gaaSenebda, xilvaSi euwya uflisagan xuedioss. 

eubneba kidec maspinZeli axladmosul grigols: àraTu ÃorcTa da sisxlTa mogawies 

uqmsa amas udabnosa (raime miwier interess ar mouyvanixaro aq), queyaniT SeniT, 

mamao patiosano, aramed Zali Zisa RmrTisa mxoloÁsa da sibrZnÀ sulisa wmidisaÁ da 

madli RmrTisa mamisaÁ gaqus winamZRurad Senda~. ase rom, am `winamZRvars~ (sameba 

erTarsebis Zalas, sibrZnesa da madls), absolutur `siwminded~, `Suenierebad~ da 

`sulnelebad~ rom efineba xanZTis udabnos, Wvrets xuediosi Tavis RaRadisSi. amitomaa 

es RaRadisi ase aRfrTovanebuli da wyarosTvaliviT ankara. axlad mosulni 

mxolod `nayofni~ arian am sikeTeTa (`Tquen xarT siwmidisa nayofni~). am `nayofierebis~ 

pirvelwyarodan xorcieldeba Wvreta (da ara xedva), pirvel mizezis wertilidan 

xdeba àTvla~ mosulTa faseulobisa da ara TviT xuediosis (Tu avtoris) 

wertilidan. martod myofi beris inteleqtualur-fsiqologiuri Zalisxmeva ki ar 

akvalianebs da ar gansazRvravs stumarTa mniSvnelobas; askeziT ganwmendili goneba 

Sedis saRvTo siwmindis saufloSi da iqidan, da im sauflosaTvis niSneuli stiliT, 

eniT (wmida werilSi romaa Senaxuli) formdeba xilvis sityvieri saburveli (ase 

43

om, stereotipi nakli ki ar aris amgvari xelovnebisa, principia, SemoqmedebiTi me- 

TodiT gansazRvruli). wertili, saidanac iZerweba suraTi, aris samyaro `wminda~ 

Wvretisa, yofierebis pirvelwyaro, sadac ar aris Riobi idealsa da yofnas Soris, 

es aris `zeca~. xolo TvalSeudgami SaravandediT mbrwyinavi zeca ar anebebs xatmwers 

Tu hagiografs Tavisi adamianuri ZalisxmeviT esTetikurad aformebdes gansasaxierebels. 

igi absoluturi yofierebis kvalobaze, `Targze~ Wvrets aqeTkenve 

mltolvel yofnas adamianisa, mTelis sazomiT zomavs nawils, zogadiT xsnis 

konkretuls. gavimeorebT: `Semecnebis aTvlis wertili adamianis miRmaa da moZraoba 

warimarTeba WeSmaritebidan adamianisaken~. gansaxierebis aseT meTods `Sebrunebuli 

perspeqtivis~ (an _ ùkuperspeqtivis~) princips uwodeben (o. vulfi, b. rauSenbauxi, a. 

kuraevi), viTarca erTob gansxvavebuls pirdapiri perspeqtivisagan, roca xedva da 

xatva xorcieldeba im wertilidan, sadac imyofeba TviT xelovani da erTianad misi 

esTetikuri ZalisxmeviT warimarTeba. qristianuli msoflSegrZneba xelovans 

(viTarca miwiers) ar miiCnevs mxatvruli nawarmoebis Seqmnis upirveles wyarod, 

TviTmkmari Rirebulebis centrad Semoqmedebis procesSi. `Sua saukuneebis mxatvari 

sagans uyurebs `sub specic aeternitatis~, uars ambobs ra gadmosces misi sakuTari subieqturi 

aRqma. Tanamedrove realistTa pozicia, sapirispirod amisa, yovelTvis subieqturia, 

vinaidan xatvis klasikuri wesebi moiTxoven erTmniSvnelovan miTiTebas 

adgilsamyofelze mxatvrisa, romlis TvalebiTacaa danaxuli gansaxierebuli 

samyaro. suraTi – es aris samyaro, danaxuli swored am kacisagan da swored am 

werilidan. amasTanave, ra Tqma unda, gveZleva samyaros mxolod is nawili, romelic 

am fiqsirebuli wertilidan dainaxeba~ (diakon andrei kuraevis dasaxelebuli 

naSromi). erTi wertilidan ki, bunebrivia, ixilveba sagnisa da movlenis erTi mxare, 

calkeuli Strixi, detali. pirdapiri perspeqtiviT konstruirebuli suraTi SezRudulia 

subieqturi realizmiT. jer kidev vladimer soloviovi ambobda: `yovelgvari 

wvrilmani, aRebuli calke, TavisTavad ararealuria, vinaidan realuria yvelaferi 

erTad, amasTanave mxatvari-realisti realobas uyurebs mainc Tavisi Tavidan, 

Taviseburad gaegeba igi da, amisdakvalad, es ukve aRar aris obieqturi realoba~. 

qristologiuri moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, sagani Tu movlena marto imdenad arsebobs, 

ramdenadac wilnayaria macxovarTan, myofobis, cxovrebis saTavesTan; da swored amdenadvea 

lamazi, ramdenadac saTavis silamazesTanaa wilnayari. obieqturi silamazis 

am brwyinvas miwierSi, miwieris metyvelebas zeciurze ganasaxierebs rogorc 

xatmweri, ise hagiografi. gansaxierebis amgvar princips amitomac zogjer ìdealistur 

realizms~ uwodeben, zogjer ki – `simbolistur realizms~. hagiografiisTvisac, 

ise rogorc xatmwerisaTvis, upirvelesi sazrunavia im `ZarRvisa~ da `sadenis~ 

Cveneba, romliTac sisxli da sinaTle moedineba zecidan miwaze. Sebrunebuli perspeqtiva 

am ZarRvsa da sadens aCens, uvlis da uZvirfasebs adamians, locvisa da TavmodrekilobisaTvis 

ganawyobs, egocentristul impulsebs uyuCebs. 

yovelive es imas ar niSnavs, rom Sebrunebuli perspeqtiviT dakvalianebuli abstrahireba, 

stereotipi Tu Sabloni qarTul hagiografiaSi yovlis momcvelia, er- 

TaderTi xerxia sinamdvilesTan mimarTebaSi. gabatonebuli simbolisturi Tu idealisturi 

Wvretis gverdiT zogjer Tavs iCens iseTi mxatvroba, roca mxatvari Tavisi 

sakuTari Tavidan, viTarca centridan, Zerwavs sagansa da movlenas, konkretulidan, 

detalidan gvaxedebs zogadisaken; sagani xdeba faseuli imis kvalobaze, rom Cems 

samyaroSi moeqca, aqauri wvdomiTa da sazomiT gaizom-aiwona (egocentrizmi). Suasaukuneobrivi 

esTetikisaTvis araprincipul aseT maneras realistur elementebs Tu 

tendenciebs uwodeben (d. lixaCovi). 

magram hagiografiuli nawarmoebis esTetikuri samyaro ise uCrdilo ar aris, rogorc 

xatisa. aq boroteba Tu codva droebiT, magram mainc SeamRvrevs xatad RvTisad 

movlenili adamianis arsebobas, da Cven veswrebiT harmoniis, realurSi idealuris 

aRdgenis process. 

44

iakob xucesi da misi Txzuleba 

(nawyvetebi) 

45 

zurab sarjvelaZe 

korneli danelia 

elguja giunaSvili 

1. I periodis (V-X ss.) qarTuli mwerlobis xasiaTi. `SuSanikis wameba~ qarTuli 

originaluri mwerlobis uZvelesi Zeglia, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia. ufro adrindeli 

qarTuli nawarmoebi jerjerobiT ar aris cnobili, rac, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs 

imas, rom V saukunis II naxevramde qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerloba arsebobda. 

piriqiT, `SuSanikis wameba~ aris sabuTi imis samtkiceblad, rom qarTul 

mwerlobas garkveuli wanamZRvrebi aucileblad moepoveboda. JamTa siavem, gareSe 

mtrebis ganuwyvetelma Semosevebma, Sinaurma aSlilobam gamoiwvies is, rom adrindeli 

Zeglebi ar Cans. 

kargadaa cnobili, rom IV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, 337 wlis maxloblad (i. javaxiSvili), 

aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi oficialur sarwmunoebad qristianoba gamocxadda. 

es udidesi mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo aqti iyo, rogorc politikuri, ise socialuri, 

ekonomiuri da kulturuli TvalsazrisiT. n. janaSia samarTlianad miuTi- 

Tebs: `qristianuli sarwmunoebis miReba xels uwyobda qarTlsa da romis imperias 

Soris kavSiris ganmtkicebas, radgan es niSnavda iranul orientaciaze uaris Tqmas, 

brZolas iranuli politikuri da kulturuli gavlenis winaaRmdeg~ (saqarTvelos 

istoriis narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973, gv. 70-71). aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda am aqts 

qveynis erTianobis ganmtkicebisaTvis: `qristianobis saxelmwifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadebiT 

mefe, da misi saxiT saxelmwifo, miznad isaxavda qveynis konsolidacias. 

erTian kults unda SeemWidroebina qveynis sxvadasxva nawili, ganemtkicebina centraluri 

xelisuflebis Zalaufleba~ (iqve). sruliad gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa 

qristianobam qarTuli samwerlobo enisa da qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi (k. 

kekeliZe, qarTuli kulturis ori dRe-saswauli, `mnaTobi~, 1929, # 5, gv. 160). 

qarTuli saliteraturo enis daxvewisa da misi ganviTarebisaTvis udidesi mniSvneloba 

eniWeboda bibliis (Zveli da axali aRTqmis wignebis) Targmanebs, Sesrulebuls 

IV-V saukuneebSi, agreTve originalursa da sxva naTargmn Zeglebs. 

V saukunidan XI saukunemde qarTul mwerlobaSi ZiriTadi sasuliero Tematika 

iyo (mas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili eWira saero literaturis Seqmnis Semdegac, XIX 

saukunemde). rogorc cnobilia, Zveli qarTuli mwerloba oTx periodad iyofa: I _ 

dRidan mwerlobis Casaxvisa X s-is 80-ian wlebamde (adrindeli feodalizmis xanis 

qarTuli literatura), II _ meaTe s-is 80-iani wlebidan XIII s-is naxevramde (ganviTarebuli, 

an patronymuri feodalizmis xanis qarTuli literatura), III _ mecamete saukunis 

II naxevridan XV s-is CaTvliT (feodaluri monarqiis dacemis xanis qarTuli 

literatura), IV _ meTeqvsmete s-is dasawyisidan XVIII saukunis bolomde (mogviano, 

an batonymuri feodalizmis xanis qarTuli mwerloba, mas aRorZinebis xanis mwerlobasac 

uwodeben) (k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb., 1980, gv. 

42-67). 

Zveli qarTuli literaturis I periodSi wamyvani Janri hagiografia iyo (hagiografia 

berZnuli sityvaa. hagios _ `wminda~, grafia àRwera~). hagiografia aris sasuliero 

mwerlobis dargi, romelSic asaxulia wmindanebis cxovreba, an maTi wameba. 

amis Sesabamisad gamoiyofa ori qveJanri: `cxovrebani~, anu iseTi nawarmoebebi, romlebic 

mogviTxroben qristianuli moZRvrebis erTgul pirTa cxovrebisa da Rvawlis 

Sesaxeb (aseTia, magaliTad, `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~) da `wamebani~, anu iseTi 

nawarmoebebi, romlebSic aRwerilia qristianobisaTvis Tavdadebul pirTa mowameobrivi 

sikvdili (aseTTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba `SuSanikis wameba~). 

qarTuli hagiografiuli mwerloba IV saukuneSi unda Casaxuliyo. k. kekeliZis

azriT, `qarTuli hagiografiis dasawyisi Cven unda veZioT, Tu ufro adre ara, yovel 

SemTxvevaSi qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis SemoRebis xanaSi. es imitom, rom 

saRmrTo werilis wignebTan erTad, wmindanTa cxovreba-moqalaqobis kiTxvac Tavidanve 

RvTismsaxurebis erT-erT aucilebel elementad iqna miCneuli. maSasadame, mexuTe 

saukuneSi CvenSi ukve unda yofiliyo Targmnili wmindanTa cxovrebani. mar- 

Tlac, SuSanikis martvilobaSi pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom, rodesac is waiyvanes pitiaxS 

varsqenTan, man `Tanawaritana evangelÀ TÂsi da wmidani igi wignni mowameTani~ 

(iqve, gv. 501). hagiografiuli nawarmoebebi gansakuTrebul interess iwveven, radganac 

maT daucavT uZvirfasesi cnobebi Cveni qveynis istoriisaTvis, amasTan, isini qar- 

Tuli mwerlobis upirvelesi Zeglebia. 

k. kekeliZe wers: `qarTuli originaluri hagiografia metad sayuradRebo dargia 

Cveni Zveli mwerlobisa, romelsac wminda hagiografiul interess garda Tan axlavs 

uaRresi SemecnebiTi istoriuli mniSvneloba da mxatvruli Txrobis zemoqmedeba~ 

(iqve, gv. 508). maRal Sefasebas aZlevs qarTul hagiografiul Txzulebebs ivane javaxiSvili: 

`mTeli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba, romelmac-ki Cvenamde moaRwia, warmoiSva 

martvilobaTa da wmidaTa cxovrebaTagan: arc kvinklosebs (epikur TqmulebaTa 

cikls), arc matianeebs am mxriv mniSvneloba ara hqoniaT. samoqalaqo da samxedro 

istoriac... saqarTveloSi zemoaRniSnuli mwerlobis niadagze aRmocenda~ (iv. 

javaxiSvili, istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da axla, I; iv. javaxiSvili 

Txzulebani, VIII, Tb., 1977, gv. 47). 

wmidaTa cxovreba, maTi Rvawli sazogadoebisaTvis nimuSad, misabaZ etalonad iTvleboda. 

swored amitom swerda samoel qarTlis kaTalikosi iovane sabanis Zes: 

`mnebavs, raÁTa daiweros sanatrelisa amisca (abos) martÂlobaÁ, viTarca pirvelTa 

maT qristÀs mowameTaÁ, da daidvas igica wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa Sina mosaÃsenebelad 

yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgomad Cuensa~. 

ioane sabanisZem mSvenivrad gamoiyena arabi Wabukis _ abos _ qristianobisaTvis 

Tavdadeba zogi meryevi qarTvelis Wkuis saswavleblad da gamosafxizleblad: 

`sxuani, romelni-ese varT morwmuneni, msgavsebasa queSe damonebul da naklulevanebiTa 

da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniT, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da 

qenjnilni, ZÂr-ZÂrad zRveulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni 

qarTagan ZlierTa, aramed qristÀs siyuaruliTa da SiSiTa, Cueulebisaebr mamulisa 

slvisa; WirTa moTminebiTa, ara ganeSorebian mxolodSobilsa Zesa RmrTisasa. eseviTarsa 

Jamsa Sina gamoCnda axovnad wmidaÁ ese mowamÀ, ara Tu pirveliTganve Cuengani 

iyo, aramed umecari sarwmunoebisagan Cuenisa; ucxoÁ ucxoÁTa SjuliTa movida 

da qristesa, RmerTsa Cuensa, Seemecna, romlisaT-Âsca dRes kualad axalman aman 

dResaswaulman da krebaman wmidisa da axlisa mowamisaman gÂrgÂnosan-yo eklesiaÁ~. 

ra Tqma unda, sruliad gasagebia, rom SuSanikis, evstaTi mcxeTelis, abos, abibos 

nekreselis da sxvaTa wameba, sirieli mamebis, grigol xanZTelis, ninos, efTvime da 

giorgi mTawmidelebis da sxvaTa daucxromeli moRvaweoba qristianuli sarwmunoebis 

ganmtkicebisaTvis (rac, sabolood saqarTvelos gaZlierebas moaswavebda) 

xalxis farTo fenebis mxardaWeras, maT aRtacebas iwvevda. 

SuSanikis, qvemo qarTlis dedoflis, mowameobrivi Rvawli da Tavdadeba aris aRwerili 

iakob xucesis TxzulebaSi `wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSanikisi, dedoflisaÁ~ (SemoklebiT 

`SuSanikis wameba~). ganvixiloT es nawarmoebi. 

2. istoriuli pirobebi. kargadaa cnobili, rom amierkavkasia Zveli da axali wel- 

TaRricxvis mijnaze da axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi ori udidesi saxelmwifos 

_ romis imperiisa da iranis _ mudmivi qiSpis sagani iyo. isini cdilobdnen 

amierkavkasiis samefoebis, gansakuTrebiT somxeTisa da saqarTvelos, gavlenis 

sferoSi moqcevasa da gamoyenebas TavianTi didmpyrobeluri miznebisaTvis. swored 

amitom iyo, rom somxeTi da saqarTvelo xelidan xelSi gadadioda imis mixedviT, 

Tu romeli agresori sjabnida metoqes _ romi irans, Tu irani roms. rTuli situacia 

Seiqmna V saukuneSi. n. janaSia wers: `V s. 40-iani wlebidan iwyeba axali eta- 

46

pi iranisa da amierkavkasiis qveynebis (qarTlis, somxeTisa da albaneTis) urTierTobis 

istoriaSi. am droidan iranma daiwyo axali, metad aqtiuri da agresiuli politikis 

gatareba aRniSnuli qveynebis mimarT. amjerad iranelTa mizani iyo, savsebiT 

moespoT is Sinagani damoukidebloba, romelic SerCenoda maT qveSevrdom amierkavkasiis 

qveynebs da gadaeqciaT isini iranis rigiT provinciebad. 

am miznis misaRwevad iranelebma gadawyvites am qveynebis izolacia arairanuli 

samyarosagan, maTi kulturis mospoba da mosaxleobis sruli asimilacia (mimsgavseba, 

aq: gamazdeaneba). iranelebs kargad hqondaT mofiqrebuli saimedo gegma, 

romelsac didi TanmimdevrobiTa da SeupovrobiT axorcielebdnen. am gegmis ganxorcieleba 

maT ramdenime etapad daiwyes. Tavdapirvelad SemoiRes metad mZime samxedro 

begara, romelsac mohyva axali sagadasaxado sistema. Semdeg iranelebi apirebdnen 

amierkavkasiis qveynebSi yovelgvari Sinagani politikuri damoukideblobis likvidacias 

da qristianuli religiis mazdeanuriT Secvlas~ (saqarTvelos istoriis 

narkvevebi, II, Tb., 1973, gv. 84). isic cnobilia, rom am dros amierkavkasiis qveynebSi 

didi brZolebi mimdinareobda: _ `mefe cdilobda centraluri xelisuflebis 

ganmtkicebas, feodalTa Zalauflebis SezRudvas da, amgvarad, qveynis ganmtkicebas, 

rac gaaadvilebda brZolas gareSe mtris winaaRmdeg, xolo feodalebi TavianTi 

Zalauflebis gafarToebas, maqsimaluri avtonomiis mopovebas eswrafodnen, rac, 

sabolood, qveynis Zlierebis Sesustebas iwvevda. amiT kargad sargeblobdnen iranelebic 

da feodalebs hpirdebodnen maTTvis sasurveli privilegiebis damtkicebas. ra 

Tqma unda, swori ar iqneba, Tu vifiqrebT, rom iranelTa mxareze gadavida mTeli 

feodalTa klasi. cxadia, iranelebs ar SeeZloT privilegiebi mieniWebinaT yvelasaTvis. 

feodalTa nawili Tavisi interesebiT mainc dakavSirebuli iyo adgilobriv 

xelisuflebasTan, nawils ki esmoda, rom iranelebTan kavSiri damRupveli iqneboda 

qveynisaTvis da, saboloo angariSSi, TviT am kavSiris momxreebisaTvisac. magram iranelebi 

mainc axerxebdnen areulobis Setanas qveynis damcvelTa rigebSi~ (iqve, gv. 85). 

gansakuTrebuli viTareba Seiqmna qarTlSi. qarTlis samefos erTi nawili _ qvemo 

qarTli _ Cvens welTaRricxvamde meore saukuneSi somxeTma miitaca. igi Cveni 

welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneSi tigran didma, somexTa mefem, calke olqad gamoyo 

da mis gamgeblad pitiaxSi daniSna. am regions evaleboda somxeTis CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis 

dacva. IV saukunis 40-ian wlebSi qvemo qarTli somxeTs gadaudga da Tavis 

istoriul nawils, qarTls, SeuerTda. amieridan igi politikurad qarTlis SemadgenlobaSi 

Sedis, oRond mis mmarTvelad pitiaxSi darCa. igi qarTlis samefoSi mefis 

Semdeg udidesi feodali iyo. gansakuTrebiT aRzevdnen qarTlis pitiaxSebi V 

saukunis 20-iani wlebidan, roca samoRvaweo asparezze gamovidnen arSuSa, `kaci 

pativcemuli da RmrTismoyvare~ da SemdgomSi _ misi vaJi, varsqeni, pativmoyvare da 

gadagvarebuli. iranis mefeebi sargeblobdnen pitiaxSTa gamTiSveli, moRalaturi 

politikiT da maTi mosyidviT qarTlis samefos dasustebas cdilobdnen, es ki xels 

uwyobda Sahebis politikis warmatebiT ganxorcielebas. 

iranis Sahma iezdigerd II-m (438-457 ww.) amierkavkasiis qveynebis xelisufalni ai- 

Zula, aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT Sua aziis quSanTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. es miznad 

isaxavda amierkavkasiis qveynebis samxedro Zlierebis dasustebasac. brZola 449 

wels iranis gamarjvebiT dasrulda, magram amierkavkasiis qveynebidan, maT Soris qarTlidan, 

wayvanili jari iranma ukan ar daabruna, rac, cxadia, iranis politikis _ 

amierkavkasiis qveynebis samxedro Zlierebis Sesustebis _ aSkara gamovlinebas warmoadgenda. 

am samxedro warmatebis Semdeg iranma gadawyvita, ganexorcielebina Seteva 

mtruli ideologiis _ qristianobis _ winaaRmdeg, romelic am droisaTvis gavrcelebuli 

iyo amierkavkasiaSi, da `romelsac am periodSi sruliad gansakuTrebuli 

politikuri mniSvneloba eniWeboda amierkavkasiis qveynebisaTvis, radgan aq 

igi ukavSirdeboda bizantiasTan urTierTobis sakiTxs. bizantia iranis mudmivi moqiSpe 

iyo da amitom amierkavkasiis xalxebis brZola iranelebis winaaRmdeg misi aSkara 

Tu faruli mxardaWeriT sargeblobda. religiis erTianoba, cxadia, erT-erTi 

47

Zlieri damakavSirebeli rgoli iyo bizantiasTan. amave dros, igi aadvilebda bizantiasTan 

kulturuli urTierTobis SenarCunebasac, rasac, agreTve, didi mniSvneloba 

hqonda amierkavkasiis xalxebisaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 37). 

449 wels iezdigerd II-m qarTlis, somxeTisa da albaneTis meTaurebi samefo karze 

ixmo. maT winaswarve gadawyvites, rom sarwmunoebis gamocvlaze uari eTqvaT. qar- 

Tlidan aq iyo arSuSa pitiaxSi, varsqen pitiaxSis mama, somxeTidan ki _ vardan mamikoniani, 

SuSanikis mama, hmaik mamikoniani, vardanis Zma da sxvebi. Sahma amierkavkasiis 

didebulebi mZime pirobebSi Caayena: Tu isini sarwmunoebas ar Seicvlidnen, Sahi amowyvetiTa 

da maTi qveynis aoxrebiT emuqreboda. maSin amierkavkasiel didebulebs gadauwyvetiaT, 

eRiarebinaT mazdeanoba, magram samSobloSi dabrunebisTanave TavianT 

sarwmunoebas dabrunebodnen. cbieri Sahi, rogorc Cans, mixvda maT ganzraxvas da zogi 

maTgani, maT Soris arSuSa pitiaxSi, qtezifonSi, iranis samefo karze, dautovebia. 

450 wels somxeTsa da albaneTSi ajanyebam ifeTqa. somxeTSi saxalxo moZraobas 

iranelTa winaaRmdeg vardan mamikoniani Caudga saTaveSi. igi gmirulad daiRupa 451 

wlis 26 maiss avarairis brZolaSi. iranelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi daeca misi Zmac, 

hmaik mamikoniani, arSuSas qvisli, varsqenis biZa. cnobilia, rom hmaikis coli, Zviki, 

da sami vaJiSvili _ vahani, vasaki da artaSesi _ iranelTa tyveobaSi moxvdnen. 455 

wels arSuSa pitiaxSs didZali saboZvris gaRebiT mousyidia iranis didebulebi da 

hmaikis ojaxi TavisTan, qarTlSi, wamouyvania. isini arSuSasTan TiTqmis aT wels imyofebodnen 

da saTanado aRzrda-ganaTlebac miuRiaT. rogorc Cans, arSuSa vardan 

mamikonianis ojaxsac daxmarebia. `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ amis damamtkicebel cnobas 

vpoulobT. SuSaniki jojiks eubneba: `vici, daÁ var da erTgan ganzrdilni~. èrTgan 

ganzrdilni~ niSnavs erTad aRzrdilebs. jojiki (da arSuSas Svilebi, maT Soris 

varsqenic) da SuSaniki erTad SeiZleboda aRzrdiliyvnen arSuSas ojaxSi. 

iranelebma moaxerxes somxeTsa da albaneTSi mefobis gauqmeba. aman, Tavis mxriv, 

gaarTula qarTlis mdgomareoba. vaxtang gorgasali V saukunis II naxevarSi aqtiurad 

cdilobda qveynis saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobis ganmtkicebas. 

459 wels iranSi gamefda perozi. TviT iransac uWirda, mas ganuwyveteli omebi 

hqonda mezobel qveynebTan, magram yovelmxriv cdilobda amierkavkasiis qveynebis Sesustebas, 

aqezebda Tavis momxre didebulebs. erT-erTi amgvari feodali iyo swored 

varsqen pitiaxSi, `ZÀ arSuSaÁsi~, romelmac isargebla sparseTis mxardaWeriT da vaxtang 

gorgasals daupirispirda. 

3. nawarmoebis avtori. rogorc `SuSanikis wamebis~ teqstidan Cans, nawarmoebis avtoria 

iakobi, sapitiaxSos karis mRvdeli (ZvelqarTulad _ xucesi). igi momswre da 

mxilvelia im ambebisa, romlebic ase cocxlad da damajereblad aRwera. metic SeiZleba 

iTqvas, igi nawarmoebis erT-erTi saintereso personaJia. iakobi SuSanikTan 

daaxloebuli piria. igi nawarmoebs ase iwyebs: `da aw damtkicebulad giTxra Tquen 

aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatrelisa SuSanikisi~. marTlac, iakobis monaTxrobi uaRresad 

realisturia. igi mSvenivrad icnobs pitiaxSis ojaxur yofas; icis, rom SuSaniki 

mtkivneulad ganicdida varsqenis aSkarad gamoxatul gulgrilobas sarwmunoebis 

mimarT. 

iakobi, rogorc personaJi, nawarmoebis dasawyisSive gvevlineba. rodesac dedofalma 

Seityo varsqenis mier sarwmunoebis Secvlis Tavzardamcemi ambavi, Svilebi- 

TurT miaSura eklesias, isini RmerTs Seavedra da maxlobel saxlaks Seafara Tavi. 

iakobi am dros afoc episkoposTan erTad wasuli iyo curtavidan. maT varsqenis 

Ralatisa da SuSanikis saxlidan wasvlis Sesaxeb Seatyobina diakonma. bunebrivia, 

rom afocma da iakobma es ambavi mwvaved ganicades. nawarmoebSi vkiTxulobT: `xolo 

episkoposi igi saxlisa mis pitiaxSisaÁ, romelsa saxeli erqua afoc, ara mun iyo, 

aramed kacisa visame wmidisa vanad misrul iyo kiTxvad raÁsme sityÂsa. da meca, xucesi 

dedoflisa SuSanikisi, Tanavhyvandi episkopossa mas. da myis moiwia Cuenda diakoni 

SinaÁT da gÂTxra Cuen ese yoveli _ moslvaÁ pitiaxSisaÁ da saqmeni dedoflisani. 

xolo Cuen aRvivseniT mwuxarebiTa da didiTa tiriliTa vtirodeT ganm- 

48

warebulni codvaTa CuenTa warmoCinebisaTÂs~ (III T.). is garemoeba, rom iakobi maSinve 

wamovida SuSanikis sanugeSeblad da mis gasamxneveblad, iakobis dedofalTan 

siaxlovis damadasturebelia: `xolo me vijmen adre da miviwie dabasa mas, romelsaca 

iyo netari SuSanik. da viTarca vixile igi ganmwarebuli, meca vtirode mis Tanave. 

da varqu netarsa SuSaniks: `Ruawlsa didsa Seslvad xar, dedofalo, ekrZale 

sarwmunoebasa qristessa, nuukue mterman, viTarca srsÂlman, saZovari poos Sen Tana~. 

xolo wmidaman SuSanik mrqua me: `xuces, da meca didsa Ruawlsa ganmzadebul var~. 

da me varqu mas: ègrÀT ars, mÃne iyav, moTmine da sulgrZel~ (III T.). 

rogorc Cans, iakob xucess surda, kidev erTxel darwmunebuliyo SuSanikis simtkiceSi. 

amitom man gaafrTxila fufunebaSi aRzrdili dedofali, Tu ver SeZlebda, 

aetana mosalodneli tanjva-wameba, nu Caigdebda Tavs gansacdelSi. rodesac iakobi 

darwmunda, rom SuSanikis gadawyvetileba saboloo iyo, dedofals sTxova, misTvis 

gaendo yvelaferi, radganac gadawyvita, daewera nawarmoebi misi Rvawlis Sesaxeb. 

iakobi SuSanikis sanaxavad maSinac midis, roca varsqen pitiaxSma sastikad nacemi 

dedofali senakSi Caketa, mcveli dauyena da brZana: àravin Sevides xilvad misa, _ 

arca mamakaci, arca dedakaci~ (VI T.). iakobi meore diliT mivida mcvelTan da dedofalTan 

Sesvlis nebarTva iTxova. mcvelic araa winaaRmdegi, magram pitiaxSis risxvisa 

eSinia: `nuukue cnas da momklas me?~ (VII T.). iakobma moaxerxa, gaeRviZebina Se- 

Sinebul mcvelSi sindisis qenjna: ùbadruko, ara misi ganzrdili xara? da, Tuca 

mogklas Sen misTÂs, raÁ ars?~ (iqve). iakobis am sityvebma gaWra. igi ganagrZobs: `ma- 

Sin Semiteva me farulad da viTar Seved Sina, vixile xati misi dabZaruli da gansivebuli, 

da aRuteve ÃmaÁ da vtirode~ (iqve). iakobma daapira SuSanikis nacemi, dasivebuli 

saxe moebana da malamo daedo wylulebze, magram dedofalma ar daaneba. maSin 

iakobma Zalian sTxova dedofals, cotaodeni mainc eWama. dedofalma upasuxa: `xuces, 

ver Zal-mic gemoÁs-xilvad, rameTu ybani da zogni kbilni STamusvril arian~ 

(iqve). iakobma puri RvinoSi daalbo da SuSanikma `mcired gemoÁ ixila~. 

roca varsqenma SuSaniki meored awama, cixeSi Casva, `...daadginna mcvelni mas zeda 

da amcno maT, raÁTa siymiliTa moklan igi. da esreT etyoda maT: `getyÂ Tquen, ukueTu 

vinme Sevides misa, mamakaci, gina dedakaci, ixileniT Tavni Tquenni da colni da 

Svilni da saxlni Tquenni! ubralomca var, raÁ giyo Tquen!~ (IX T.). am sastiki muqaris 

miuxedavad iakobi moqrTamavs mcvels da dedofals naxavs: `xolo me mravliTa 

vedrebiTa varqu mcvelsa mas da uqade WurWeri erTi samisoÁ da Zniad Tavs-idva 

SetevebaÁ Cemi da mrqua me: `raJams daRamdes, moved Sen xolo martoÁ~. da viTar 

Semiyvana mcvelman man da vixile tarigi igi qristesi Suenierad, viTarca sZali, Semkuli 

sakrvelTa maTgan, da me viTar ver damiTmo gulman, vtirode friad~ (X T.). 

rogorc nawarmoebidan Cans, amis Semdegac xSirad naxulobda patimar dedofals 

sulieri moZRvari. magaliTad, iakobma anugeSa Svilebis mier sarwmunoebis Secvlis 

ambis gagebiT Tavzardacemuli dedofali: `da me mived da vixile wmidaÁ SuSanik 

damSrSali da dabuSebuli tiriliTa~ (XII) T.). 

iakobi ase aRwers avadmyof SuSanikTan cixeSi erT-erT Sexvedras: `da viTarca 

meSÂde weli dadgeboda, moiwia wmidisa da samgzis sanatrelisa SuSanikis zeda 

wylulebaÁca ÃorcTa misTaÁ. da daucxromelad SromaTa maT gamo dausivdes ferÃni 

misni da Txramli aRmosdioda adgilad-adgilad. da wylulebani did-didni iyvnes 

da matlica dasxmul iyo wylulTa maT, romel-igi aRiRo ÃeliTa TÂsiTa da miCuenebda 

me da hmadlobda RmerTsa~ (XV T.). SuSanikma TviTon gaamxneva uzomod Sewuxebuli 

iakobi. 

sikvdilis win SuSanikma Tavisi erTguli xucesi afoc episkoposs Seavedra: `moiwia 

dRe igi wodebisa misisaÁ da mouwoda episkopossa misisa saxlisasa afocs da madlsa 

miscemda misa mimarT mowlebisa misisaTÂs. viTarca mamasa da mamamZuZesa, Semvedra 

me, kaci codvili da glaxaki ese~ (XVIII T.). 

iakobma miiRo monawileoba (unda vifiqroT, aqtiuri da guliTadi) SuSanik dedoflis 

dakrZalvaSi: `maSinRa adre-adre moiRo sanatrelman man episkoposman iova- 

49

ne Sesagragnelad mCuari wmidaÁ wmidaTa maT da patiosanTa nawilTa misTa da egreT 

sxuaTa maT aRviReT guamiÓigi friad damaSurali da daWmuli matlTagan, da ganvbaneT 

igi matlisa misgan miwovanisa da Txramlisagan, da SevhmoseT, mCuriTa miT, da 

maSinRa episkoposTa maT orTave, iovane da afoc, viTarca ÃarTa mÃneTa dauRlvil- 

Ta zesknelisa mis fasisaTa, yovliT krebuliTurT fsalmuniTa sulieriTa da kerovniTa 

aRnTebuliTa da sakumeveliTa sulneliTa aRvixueniT patiosanni Zualni da 

gamovixueniT wmidasa mas eklesiasa. da davhkrZaleniT wmidani igi da didebulni da 

pativcemulni nawilni wmidisa SuSanikisni ganmzadebulsa mas adgilsa. da mas Ramesa 

angelozTa saxed Rame igi ganvaTieT da daviTis qnariTa miT yovladZliersa Rmer- 

Tsa da Zesa missa, ufalsa Cuensa, iesu qristesa, vadidebdiT~ (XIX T.). 

iakob xucess pativs scemda da angariSs uwevda varsqen pitiaxSic. iakobi iyo im 

sasuliero pirTa Soris, romlebic varsqenma sparseTidan dabrunebis meore dResve 

miiwvia: `da xvalisa dRÀ, viTar aRdga pitiaxSi, gÂwoda Cuen, xucesTa, da mivediT. 

da sixaruliT SegÂmTxÂna~ (IV T.). varsqenma sasuliero pirebs, maT Soris iakobsac, 

sTxova, STaegonebinaT dedoflisaTvis, dabruneboda ojaxs. SuSanikma uari SeuTvala 

pitiaxSs. 

sainteresoa, rom varsqenma, rogorc Cans, kargad icis iakobisa da SuSanikis 

axlo urTierTobis Sesaxeb. rodesac varsqenis mier Seuracxyofil da senakSi Caketil 

dedofalTan iakobi imyofeba, pitiaxSis msaxuri midis da pirdapir kiTxulobs: 

ìakob manda arsa?~ (VII T.). igi iakobs gadascems, varsqeni gibarebso. iakobs varsqeni 

ar usayvedurebs, rom daarRvia misi brZaneba (`numca vin Sevals xilvad misa~) da daavalebs, 

dedofals gamoarTvas samkaulebi da mas Caabaros. iakobma Seasrula varsqenis 

davaleba. SuSanikis survilic es iyo. 

nawarmoebidan aSkarad Cans, rom iakobi aris uaRresad faqizi, naTeli pirovneba. 

igi qvemo qarTlis pitiaxSis mier Cadenil sarwmunoebriv Ralats erovnuli ubedurebis 

momaswaveblad miiCnevs da amitomac savsebiT samarTlianad gmobs mis saqciels. 

SuSanikis wameba iakobma marjved gamoiyena qristianuli sarwmunoebis interesebisaTvis 

_ sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadeba maSin samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirvis tolfardi 

iyo. iakobma gamoafxizla Tavisi Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, uCvena maT qveynis 

interesebisaTvis samsaxuris brwyinvale magaliTi. swored amiT vlindeba iakobis patriotizmi. 

iakobi uaRresad ganaTlebuli pirovnebaa. misi nawarmoebidan Cans Zveli da axali 

aRTqmis wignebis SesaniSnavi codna. unda vifiqroT, rom iakobi kargad iyo gaTviTcnobierebuli 

agreTve originalur, Tu naTargmn hagiografiaSic. 

fiqroben, rom VI saukunis dasawyisSi iakobi curtavis episkoposi gamxdara (es 

debuleba damtkicebulad ver miiCneva.). imasac varaudoben, rom mas sxva Txzulebebic 

hqonia dawerili. kerZod, aRniSnaven, rom iakobs Seudgenia saistorio Txzulebac. 

(k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb, 1980, gv. 115; b. kilanava, 

`SuSanikis wamebis~ atribuciisaTvis: `pirveli sxivi~, IX, 1973, gv. 431. S. oniani, 

iakob xucesis `wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSanikisi~, Tb. 1978, gv. 83). amas unda mowmobdes fraza: 

`viTarca-igi vTquT~ (I T.). 

4. nawarmoebis daweris TariRi. Txzulebis Seqmnis dro dgindeba TviT nawarmoebSi 

daculi cnobebis mixedviT. masSi aRwerilia SuSanikis wameba da gardacvaleba. 

nawarmoebis dasawyisSi naTqvamia: ìyo, mervesa welsa sparsTa mefisasa, karad 

samefod waremarTa varqen pitiaxSi~. sparseTSi perozi gamefda 459 wels; maSasadame, 

varsqeni perozis karze gamgzavrebula 467 wels (459+8), igi dabrunebula 469 wlis 

dasawyisSi. 469 wlis 8 ianvars mas pirvelad uwamebia SuSaniki. amave wlis 14 aprils 

varsqenma xelaxla gvema SuSaniki da cixeSi Caagdo, sadac man eqvsi weli gaatara da 

meSvide wels gardaicvala. nawarmoebis mixedviT, SuSaniki gardaicvala 17 oqtombers. 

e. i. misi gardacvalebis TariRia 475 wlis 17 oqtomberi. dedofali paraskevs 

gardacvlila. eklesiam SuSanikis moxseniebis dRed xuTSabaTi daadgina. (k. kekeliZe, 

Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, Tb, gv. 118) 

50

nawarmoebi dawerilia SuSanikis gardacvalebis Semdeg. magram masSi araferia na- 

Tqvami varsqenis sikvdilis Sesaxeb. qveynis moRalate varsqen pitiaxSi vaxtang gorgasalma 

482 wels moakvlevina. nawarmoebi uTuod varsqenis sikvdilamde aris dawerili. 

Torem mwerali aRniSnavda ùSjulo~ varsqenis dasjis Sesaxeb. amdenad, nawarmoebi 

dawerilia SuSanikis gardacvalebis Semdeg da varsqenis sikvdilamde, 476 

_ 482 wlebs Sua. am bolo dros ufro azusteben Txzulebis daweris dros. bunebrivia, 

iakobi nawarmoebis weras Seudgeboda SuSanikis gardacvalebis axlo xanebSi 

(rogorc nawarmoebidan vigebT, man Txzulebis dasawerad mzadeba adreve daiwyo). 

savaraudoa, rom igi Txzulebas male daasrulebda, albaT 476 wels. S. oniani da n. 

janaSia am TariRs deben Txzulebis Seqmnis zemo qronologiur zRvrad. (S. oniani, 

iakob xucesis `wamebaÁ wmidisa SuSanikisi~, gv. 36; n. janaSia, `SuSanikis wameba~, I, 

Tb., 1980, gv. 285 _286). 

51

iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wameba~ 

52 

manana gigineiSvili 

TxuTmeti saukune gvaSorebs `SuSanikis wamebis~ daweris xanas. mexuTe saukuneSi 

qarTlis pitiaxSis karze datrialebuli tragediis amsaxveli nawarmoebi, rogorc 

yvela WeSmariti literaturuli qmnileba, sxvadasxva epoqis adamianebisTvis SeiZleba 

iyos maxlobeli. Ralati principebisa da erTguleba Sinagani mrwamsisa uberebeli 

Temaa, igi yvela drois adamianis winaSe SeiZleba wamoiWras. situacia mZafrdeba, 

rodesac ojaxis zRudeebSia momwyvdeuli samyarosa da adamianis mimarT sapirispiro 

damokidebuleba. es didebuli nawarmoebi sxvadasxva epoqis adamianma SeiZleba waikiTxos 

axleburad, Tavisi epoqis literaturuli gemovnebisa da SemoqmedebiTi principebis 

Sesabamisad. TavisTavad yoveli aseTi wakiTxva kvlevis saintereso sagnad 

SeiZleba iqces. magram adreuli Sua saukuneebis literaturuli Zeglis Sesaswavlad, 

misi Janruli specifikis, kompoziciuri da stiluri niSnebis, misi saxeobrivi 

sistemis gamosavlenad uTuod gvmarTebs gaTvaliswineba adreul Sua saukuneTa literaturis 

specifikisa, epoqis msoflmxedvelobisa, zneobriv-eTikuri principebisa, 

Sua saukuneTa esTetikuri fenomenisa. miT umetes, rom `SuSanikis wamebis~ Seqmnis xanaSi 

gauTiSvelia religiur-eTikuri da esTetikuri kategoriebi, Taviseburia am epoqis 

xelovanis damokidebuleba SemoqmedebiTi procesisadmi, gansxvavebulia samyarosa 

da adamianis miseuli xedva, kompoziciis grZnoba, gmiris ideali, gamomsaxvelobiTi 

saSualebani. 

`martvilobaÁ SuSanikisi~ hagiografiuli nawarmoebia. masSi asaxulia Rvawli mowamisa, 

romelic wmindanad aris Seracxili da romlis xsenebis dRes sakiTxavadac 

aris gaTvaliswinebuli `wameba~. wmindanis Sesaxeb epoqas Tavisi Tvalsazrisi aqvs. 

qristianuli TvalTaxedviT yoveli adamiani codvilia, radgan adamis codva kacobriobis 

mTel modgmas Seexo. samoTxidan gamodevnaSi areklilia RvTaebrivi samyaros 

mkvidri adamianis mier xorcieli bunebis SeZena da sulier RirebulebaTa daCrdilvis 

xarjze damoukidebeli cnobierebis mopoveba. Zveli aRTqma kacobriobas aRuTqvamda 

mesias, mxsnels, romelic codvamdeli adamis saxes daubrunebda adamians. 

RvTis Semoqmedi sityvis gansxeulebam, mis mier adamianuri bunebis SeerTebam adamianis 

ganRmrTobis gza dasaxa. dacemuli adamis amaRleba qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi 

sakiTxia. aseve mTavari Temaa igi Cveni sasuliero prozisa da poeziisa. qristianulma 

Sua saukuneebma adamianis ori tipi icis: codvili da wmindani. codvisa da 

monaniebis principma wmindanad aqcia avazaki da meZavi. qristianulma Sua saukuneebma 

icis pirovnebaSi momxdari Zvra, magram ar icis pirovnebis TandaTanobiTi ganviTareba, 

dadebiTi sawyisisadmi TandaTanobiTi daqvemdebareba uaryofiTi Tvisebebisa. 

wmindani metwilad bavSvobidanve gamoirCeva an masSi xdeba saswaulebrivi gardatexa, 

igi rCeulia, adamianis pirvelsaxesTan aris miaxloebuli, znesruli pirovnebaa. mas 

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ara aqvs. renesansis epoqamde Sua saukuneebis azrovnebas aseve 

sworxazovnad exateba uaryofiTi gmiri, misTvis Seuferebelia raime dadebiTi Tviseba. 

gmiris xasiaTis sirTule, uaryofiT TvisebaTa gverdiT dadebiTis arseboba am 

droisaTvis uCveuloa. adreul Sua saukuneTa mwerloba xatavs zogadad adamians _ 

wmindans an codvils, dadebiT gmirs an uaryofiTs, _ magram ar xatavs xasiaTs, individs. 

aseTi viTarebaa ara mxolod literaturaSi. aseTia cnobierebis saerTo procesi; 

amitom aris, rom Sua saukuneTa mxatvrobaSi gvaqvs xati da ara portreti. adreul 

Sua saukuneebSi sruliad moulodnelia avtoris obieqturi TvalTaxedva, moulodnelia 

gmiris xasiaTis Cveneba, gmiris damoukidebloba avtorisagan. personaJi 

ixateba avtoris Semfasebluri poziciidan. 

varsqenis Sesaxeb iakob xucesis naTqvami rom gavixsenoT, uaryofiTi gmiri aris 

`mteri RmrTisaÁ~, ùRmrToÁ~, ùrCuloÁ~, ùbadoÁ~, ùbadruki~, `yovlad ganwiruli~, 

mglis, mxecisa da cofis sadari. avtoris mier amgvarad Sefasebul personaJs mexuTe

saukunis nawarmoebSi ar SeiZleba dadebiTi Tvisebebi hqondes. amas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, 

sanadirod mimaval adre amdgar varsqens SuSanikis Sembraleblad da uZilo 

Ramis mTevelad ver miviCnevT da ver gaviziarebT amis Taobaze samecniero literaturaSi 

gamoTqmul mosazrebas. 

SuSanikis gvemis scena udidesi eqspresiiTaa aRwerili, risxvisa da mZvinvarebis 

gamomxatveli leqsika ritms aris daqvemdebarebuli da araadamianuri tanjvis STabeWdilebas 

qmnis. ritmul nakads erTvis: `viTarca mÃeci mZÂnvarÀ yioda da izaxda, 

viTarca cofi~. ritmuli nakadi ritmul molodins qmnis. ganTiadisas varsqenis gamo- 

Cena mkiTxvels miayuradebs, moveliT raRacas axals, mZafrs, usastikess. amis nacvlad 

`da TÂT nadirobad warvida~ ritmul molodins acruebs, efeqts aZlierebs. `nadirobad 

wasvla~ ufro mets ambobs, vidre tanjvis scenebi. miT umetes Wirs varsqenis 

sibralulis danaxva, rom xsenebul adgils mosdevs teqstSi: ìwyo ginebad da 

gmobad RmrTisa sastikad~, `wmidaÁ SuSanik TreviT moiTria TiÃaTa Sigan~, ùbrZana 

SekrvaÁ misi da cemaÁ~, SuSaniks misi brZanebiT `sces kuerTxi samas oden~, èSmaki 

Txrida gulsa missa~, igi `borotebda da ityoda~, `da daadginna mcvelni mas zeda 

da amcno maT, raÁTa siymiliTa moklan igi~, `nuraraÁ gglian, ute mokudes!~ _ uTxra 

mcvels. yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg varsqenis eWvi, _ `nuukue mTavarTagansa visme 

ecolos~, _ misi despoturi bunebis gamovlena ufroa, vidre SuSanikis siyvarulisa. 

`nandÂlve vTqu ege!~ _ jibriT naTqvam am frazasTan mkvlevarTagan kiTxvis niSnis 

dasmisa da varsqenis gaocebad miCnevis saSualebas ar iZleva arc varsqenis borotebis 

gamomxatveli siuJeturi detalebi, arc mwerlis Semfasebluri gamomsaxvelobi- 

Ti saSualebani da, rac mTavaria, arc adreul Sua saukuneTa literaturaSi adamianis 

asaxvis specifika. 

aseTive viTarebaa SuSanikTan dakavSirebiTac. mkvlevarT miaCniaT, rom SuSanikis 

pirovnebis arasaxarbielo Tvisebebma gamoJona sityvaZunwi iakobis TxrobaSi. isic 

iTqva, rom jojikis udanaSaulo colisaTvis Wiqis Selewva Seuferebelia wmindanisaTvis. 

teqstisTvis Tvalis gadevneba sxva viTarebas warmoaCens. varsqenma SuSaniks 

jojikisa da misi colis piriT SeuTvala: ùkueTu ara, TreviT mogiTrio~. isini 

`mravalsa dasajerebelsa sityuasa etyodes~ SuSaniks. `megona me, viTarmed igi Cemda 

movaqcio da RmerTi WeSmariti aRiaros, da aw me m a i Z u l e b T amis yofad? nu 

iyofin ese Cemda! da Sen, jojik, arRara Cemi mazli xar, da arcaRa me Seni Zmis co-li, 

arca coli Seni daÁ Cemi ars, romelni mis kerZo da misTa saqmeTa Tanaziar 

xarT~, _ miugebs maT SuSaniki. mas miaCnia, rom a i Z u l e b e n da varsqenis saqme- 

Ta Tanaziarad miiCnevs mogzavnilT. Semdeg teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `da viTarca friad 

a u r v e b d e s mas...~, `da viTarca metad a i Z u l e s da Z l i T w a r i y v 

a n e s taZrad...~. amas mosdevs: `xolo colman jojikisman miarTua RÂnoi WiqiTa da 

a i Z u l e b d a mas, raÁTamca igi xolo Sesua~. iakob xucess qarTuli ar uWirs, 

enis stiqiaSi laRad grZnobs Tavs. mcire monakveTis manZilze ramdenjerme ganmeorebul 

ìZulebaze~, rogorc Cans, igi yuradRebas ganzrax amaxvilebs. SuSaniki dahyva 

maT nebas da sasaxleSi dabrunda. `mamaTa da dedaTa~ puris Wamis wesis darRvevam 

SuSanikisTvis kidev ufro naTeli gaxada, rom varsqeni Zal-Rones ar zogavda mis 

dasabruneblad. da man uari Tqva erTad puris Wamaze, `ganyara Ãeli da Wiqai igi 

pirsa Sealewa da RÂnoÁ igi daiTxia~. 

isic gavixsenoT, rom `wamebis~ dasasruls jojiki `pirvelTa maT uwesoTa 

saqmeTa aRuarebda da evedreboda wmidasa SuSaniks~. ara da, jojikma `viTarca kravi 

mgelsa, gamouRo~ xelTagan varsqens SuSaniki, varsqenma `guema igica~, jojiki Cord 

mimavals wamoewia da sTxova `sakrvelTa maTgan gantevebaÁ misi~, `friad awyina~ kidec 

varsqens. `pirvelni igi uwesoni saqmeni~ uTuod unda gulisxmobdes SuSanikis 

dayabulebas sasaxleSi gadasvlaze. angariSgasawevia isic, rom Sua saukuneTa mwerlobaSi 

sivrce eTikur kategoriad aRiqmeba. erTmaneTs upirispirdeba zeciuri da miwieri 

garemo. wmindani caTa sasufevelisaken miiswrafis, miwa xorciel bunebasTan 

53

aris dakavSirebuli, wmindani uwminduri garemodan gasvlas cdilobs. amitom igi 

eZiebs `wmida miwas~, sivrcul garemoSi misi gadaadgileba aris wminda adgilTa `moxilva~, 

`mimoslva~, an uwminduri adgilidan gandgoma, udabnoSi, monasterSi, senakSi 

dayudeba, locvaTagan ganwmendil sakuTar sivrcul garemoSi SemozRudva. sagulisxmoa, 

rom SuSanikis sivrculi garemoa eklesia, `saxlaki erTi mcire~, `senaki mcire~. 

gansxvavebulia varsqenis sivrculi garemo. sivrcis Suasaukuneebrivi aRqma rom ni- 

Sandoblivia iakob xucesisaTvis, es vlindeba `ganborebuli dedakacis~ gankurnebis 

epizodSic. SuSanikma mas urCia: `mived ierusalÀmd da ganswmidne ganborebisa magisgan 

Senisa~. nawarmoebSi aqcentirebuli `Seni adgili dagitevebies~ da `moved adgilsa 

TÂssa~ meuRlis kanonier moTxovnasTan erTad garkveuli qveteqstis Semcvelia. 

kategoriulia varsqenisa da misi Suamavlebisadmi mimarTuli yoveli fraza SuSanikisa 

(`mokiTxvaÁ Seni Senadve moiqecin~, `nu iyofin Cemda, Tumca veziare saqmeTa da 

codvaTa varsqenisTa~, ùmjobÀs ars Cemda sikudili, vidre Cemi da misi SekrebaÁ da 

warwymedaÁ sulisa CemisaÁ~, `da viTarca Sen Semoqmedi Seni uvar-hyav, egreca me Sen 

Seuracxgyav. da Tu mravali tanjvaÁ moawio Cem zeda, me ara veziaro saqmeTa SenTa~). 

SuSaniki pavle mociqulis epistoliTac adasturebs Tavisi poziciis siswores da 

dasZens: àra damonebul ars ZmaÁ gina daÁ, aramed ganeyenen~. am kategoriul pasuxs 

mohyva kategoriuli Jesti. 

xasiaTis Zerwvis dRevandeli literaturuli principebidan Tu SevxedavT Wiqis 

Selewvis scenas, SuSaniks TavSeukaveblobad CamovarTmevT da asec moxda, magram 

sxvagvaria personaJis saxis gaazreba adreul Sua saukuneebSi. Sua saukuneTa xelovani 

xatavs zogadad adamians, dadebiT an uaryofiT gmirs. aRwerdnen adamianis gancdaTa 

calkeul gamovlinebebs, magram calkeuli qceva ar iyo gagebuli xasiaTis 

Tvisebad. dRevandeli poziciebidan ki uTuod Zneli iqneba pirovnebis gamovlinebad 

ar miviCnioT personaJis yoveli qceva. sinamdvilis uSualo gavleniT iWreboda msgavsi 

scenebi nawarmoebSi. mwerals ar hqonda gamiznuli Tavisi gmiris rTuli, winaaRmdegobrivi 

xasiaTis Cveneba. hagiografi `mravlisagan mcireds~ aRwerda. Wiqis Selewvis 

scena moxvda `mravlisagan mciredSi~, radgan igi wmindanis ukompromisobis 

dasturi iyo da amas garda hqonda nawarmoebSi sxva azrobrivi datvirTvac: jojikis 

colisagan Rvinis SeTavazeba garkveul konteqsts uqmnis nacemi SuSanikisaTvis iakobis 

mier RvinoSi Cambali puris SeTavazebas. Wiqis Selewva gamokveTs momdevno Rvinis 

sxva semantikas. gavixsenoT, rom iakobi `friad aiZulebdes~ nacvlad ambobs: 

`mcired vaiZule miRebad Wamadi~. episkoposTa moZRvnili am `Wamadidan~ iakobma 

RvinoSi Cambali puri miawoda SuSaniks. es detali ramdenime semantikuri funqciis 

matarebelia. RvinoSi Cambalma purma xucess saSualeba misca eCvenebina, rom SuSaniks 

`ybani da zogni kbilni STamusrvil~ hqonda. amasTanave es detali qristes sisxlisa 

da xorcis ziarebaze daiyvaneba (ix. pirveli korinTelTa, X, 16) da migvaniSnebs 

mowamis sulieri ganviTarebis gzaze. Semdeg iakob xucesi gvauwyebs, rom cixeSi 

SuSanikma àrca saWmeli raÁ miiRis, garna dResa xolo kÂriakesa eziaris Ãorcsa da 

sisxlsa qristÀs RmrTisa Cuenisasa~. Rvinis es ori SeTavazeba exmianeba axali aR- 

Tqmis muxlebs: `ver Ãel-gewifebis sasumeli uflisaÁ sumad da sasumeli eSmakTaÁ; 

ver Ãel-gewifebis tablasa uflisasa ziarebaÁ da tablasa eSmakTasa~ (pirveli korinTelTa, 

X, 21). 

TviTSemecnebis adrindeli wesi qristianobam individualuri `TeozisiT~ Secvala. 

RvTaebrivi logosis gansxeulebam, vnebam da aRdgomam gza dasaxa adamianis ganRmrTobisaken, 

misi cnobierebis amaRlebisaken. qristes vnebaTa mibaZva, mowameobrivi 

gza aris TviTSemecnebis qristianuli gza, individualuri `mes~ qristes kvalze svlisa 

da masTan SeerTebis gza; martvilis wmindanad qceva iyo qristianuli TviTSemecnebis, 

sulieri srulyofis, `Teozisis~ manifestacia. es unda iqnes gaTvaliswinebuli 

rogorc SuSanikis, aseve sxva martvilTa mxatvruli saxis gaxsnisas. martviloba 

qristes vnebaTa gaziarebas da damowmebas moaswavebda. sagulisxmoa, rom 

berZnuli mavrtu~, iseve rogorc qarTuli `mowame~, Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda mowmes, 

54

da Semdeg mieniWa wamebulis, martvilis mniSvneloba (dRevandeli `mowme~ re-duqciis 

Sedegad miRebulia `mowamisagan~). martvilni sakuTari tanjviT emowmebod-nen 

macxovris vnebebs, adasturebdnen RvTaebrivTan erTad mis adamianur bunebas da 

agreTve imas, rom adamianis misia warmaval RirebulebaTa miRma sulieri Rirebulebebisaken 

swrafva da sakuTar `me~-Si mTvlemare RvTaebrivi arsis gaRviZebaa. SuSanikis 

sulieri cxovrebis etapebi Seesatyviseba qristianuli xeldasxmis etapebs da am 

etapTa Sesabamisia siuJetis ganviTarebac. 

adreuli Sua saukuneebis mwerloba asaxavda konkretul istoriul faqtebs. hagiografebi 

istoriul pirs aRwerdnen, gvarwmunebdnen, rom `Tanadaxudomils~ an `sarwmuno 

kacTagan gagonils~ da `WeSmaritad Txrobils~ gvauwyebdnen. magram SemoqmedebiTi 

meTodi dokumenturobasTan erTad idealizacias iTxovda. deduqciuri meTodi 

warmarTavda SemoqmedebiT process. adamianis Sesaxeb Suasaukuneebrivi koncefcia 

gansazRvravda SemoqmedebiT meTods, warmmarTveli zogadi xati iyo da normatiul 

ideals uaxloebdnen gmiris saxes. amitomaa, rom Sua saukuneTa istorizmi idealizacias 

moiTxovs. uaryofiTi gmiris daxatvisas ki sapirispiro tendencia iCenda Tavs. 

`yovelive momiTxar~, _ mimarTavs SuSaniks iakob xucesi, magram, rogorc Cvenma 

istorikosebma cxadhyves, Tavad igi yovelives rodi mogviTxrobs, faqizad arCevs detalebs, 

zog istoriul faqtze dums, zogs asxvaferebs. iakob xucesis mier daxatuli 

varsqeni mexuTe saukunis pitiaxSze sastikic iyos egeb. iakob xucesi mowamis saxes 

xatavda da mas unda dapirispireboda mtarvali. 

`SuSanikis wameba~ erTiani mxatvruli sistemaa. misi poetika Taviseburia. avtori 

TviTmxilvelia aRwerili ambisa, magram bizantieli TviTmxilveli hagiografebisagan 

gansxvavebiT, igi personaJicaa, mas garkveuli roli ekisreba nawarmoebis kompoziciur 

struqturaSi, masTan damokidebulebaSi vlindebian gmirebi, misi saSualebiT 

ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs siuJeturi monakveTebi. iakob xucesi renesansis epoqis SemoqmedTa 

msgavsad `Cawerilia~ nawarmoebis kompoziciaSi, magram, maTgan gansxvavebiT, 

iakobisTvis ucxoa movlenaTa obieqturi Sefaseba, garegani perspeqtiva. Sinagani perspeqtiva 

warmarTavs nawarmoebis msoflmxedvelobriv, kompoziciur-stilur Sreebs. 

Sinagani perspeqtiva, mowamis poziciidan danaxva movlenisa, damaxasiaTebelia rogorc 

bizantiuri, ise qarTuli hagiografiisaTvis, saerTod Sua saukuneTa xelovnebisaTvis. 

iakob xucesis xedva adreul Sua saukuneTa xelovnebisTvisaa niSandoblivi. 

`SuSanikis wamebis~ erTplaniani, paraleluri siuJeturi xazebis gareSe warmar- 

Tuli kompozicia hagiografiis ganviTarebis adreuli etapisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. 

epoqis idealebs pozitiurisa da negatiuris dapirispirebis saSualebiT amkvidrebs 

iakobi. magram es ar aris mxolod ori personaJis dapirispireba. nawarmoebSi 

erTmaneTs upirispirdeba qristianoba da mazdeanoba, rwmena da urwmunoeba, maradiuli 

yofa da `sawuTo~ cxovreba, amaRlebuli sulieri miswrafebani da miwieri buneba, 

sulieri siZliere da fizikuri uxeSi Zala, `suliTa cxovel~ da `suliTa momkudar~ 

yofna, `didebaÁ RmrTisaÁ~ da `didebaÁ kacTaÁ~. kompoziciis wamyvani principia 

kontrastuloba. es ZiriTadi kompoziciuri principi nawarmoebSi vlindeba sxvadasxva 

doneze: gmirTa sapirispiro qcevebSi, nawarmoebis personaJebTan maT sapirispiro 

damokidebulebaSi, xazgasmiT sapirispiro tropebSi (`samgzis sanatreli~ da `samgzis 

sawyalobeli~, `mowame RmrTisaÁ~ da `mteri RmrTisaÁ~, `kravi~ da `mgeli~). kompoziciis 

am wamyvan princips safuZvels uqmnis qristianul msoflgagebaSi sikeTisa 

da borotebis, zecisa da miwis, maradiulobisa da dasabamieri drois dapirispireba. 

marTalia, qristianuli TvalTaxedviT sikeTisa da borotebis dapirispireba ontologiur 

plans ar exeba da borotebas substancia ar gaaCnia, magram ierarqiuli wyobis 

garkveuli safexuridan boroteba daSvebulia, rogorc pirovnebis TavisuflebisaTvis 

safuZvlis Semqmneli Zala. sikeTesa da borotebas Soris arCevani da borotebis 

daTrgunva pirovnebis ganviTarebis warmmarTvelia qristianobaSi. 

55

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ hagiografiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia drois aRqma. sasuliero 

mwerloba maradiulobas upirispirebs wuTisoflis dasabamier da warmaval dros. 

eTikuri kriteriumi iseve axlavs Sua saukuneebSi drois gagebas, rogorc sivrcisas. 

mowamis Sinagani samyaro, misi sulieri rxevebi ganisazRvreba maradiuli kriteriumiT 

(`sawuTo~ cxovrebis nacvlad moipovebs maradiul netarebas, amqveyniuri warmavali 

didebis nacvlad moipovebs saukuno didebas). mas upirispirdeba amqveyniur 

RirebulebaTaTvis varsqenis zrunva. varsqenis sivrculi garemo da masTan dakavSirebuli 

kriteriumi droisa nawarmoebis dasawyisSive sparsuli orientiriT aris gansazRvruli. 

SuSanikTan dakavSirebuli dro qristianul kalendarul dResaswauleb- 

Tan mimarTebaSi fiqsirdeba (`da viTar moiwines didni igi marxvani~, `da viTar moiwia 

aRvsebisa orSabaTi~, `saÃsenebelsa wmidaTa maT da sanatrelTa mowameTa kozman 

da damianÀsTa~). 

kontrastuloba ritmis saSualebiTac gamoikveTeba. saTuTi da gulisxmieria axali 

aRTqmis perifrazebiT xucesTan SuSanikis saubari; sasaubro toniT aris warmo- 

Tqmuli da kategoriulia varsqenis sapasuxo misi frazebi. ritmi sazeimo Senelebas 

qmnis da sulier wonasworobas gadmoscems gulSematkivrebTan mosaubre mowamisas. 

varsqenis metyveleba mbrZanebluria, misi fraza ver warmoiTqmeba xmadabla, misi 

metyveleba xmauriania, braziani, sasaubro intonaciiT gamarTuli. varsqenis frazas 

ar axlavs religiuri simbolika, qveteqsti, sityvis miRma saTqmeli. 

kontrastuloba msWvalavs da imorCilebs nawarmoebis ideur-kompoziciur da 

mxatvrul-stilistur struqturas. nawarmoebis Sinagani stiluri erTianoba vlindeba 

yovel detalSi. gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebiT ostaturad nawildeba Suq-Crdilebi; 

mdore, epikuri Txrobidan iakob xucess gadavyavarT boboqar gancdaTa sferoSi, 

gvixatavs nerviul moZraobas; mSvid naratiul pasaJebs mosdevs daZabuli dialogebi, 

monacvleobs SefasebaTa xasiaTi, sityvaTa Seferiloba, ritmuli monakveTebi. 

maradiul da warmaval RirebulebaTa dapirispirebis principi gasdevs mTel nawarmoebs 

da erTian sistemad kravs mas. 

ritmis maxvili grZnoba damaxasiaTebelia iakob xucesisaTvis. ritmul monakveTTa 

monacvleoba dinamikas matebs `wamebas~. 

gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ cixis garemos aRwera meteorologiur 

cnobas ufro hgavs, vidre peizaJs, am aRweriT ki mkiTxvelis warmodgenaSi Seqmnilia 

xati bunebisa. marTlac da, sami fraza, sami saxeldebiTi winadadeba gamoiyofa: 

`Jamsa zafxulisasa cecxlebr Semwueli igi mÃurvalebaÁ mzisaÁ, qarni xorSakni 

da wyalni mavnebelni~. e. w. `bunebis aRweris~ danarCen nawils araferi aqvs saer- 

To peizaJTan. masSi asaxulia im adgilis mkvidrTa janmrTelobis mdgomareoba. magram 

aRwerilia udidesi eqspresiiT. ritmi imorCilebs frazas: `savseni seniTa, wyli- 

Ta gansivebulni da ganyviTlebulni~; gan- TavsarTis ganmeoreba gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas 

matebs, TavriTmasaviT gasdevs ritmul frazas; Semdeg ki amas erTvis: `dawertilni, 

da damWnarni, da damRierebulni~. axla da-m itvirTa ritmis gamokveTa. wina 

ritmuli monakveTisagan gansxvavebiT am monakveTs meti komponenti qmnis, ritmuli 

nakadi Zlierdeba; `Caradovanni, pir-msivanni da dRe-mokled cxorebulni~, _ erTvis 

gaZlierebul ritmul nakads da simyares matebs. Semdeg ki ritmi dundeba, mdovrdeba: 

`da moxucebuli aravin ars maT queyanaTa~. am ukanasknelma frazam ritmi, romelic 

ise daiZaba, rom kidev axal ritmul nakads iTxovda, SeakrTo da gvamcno sazareli 

Sedegi yovelive aRwerilisa; dagvitova qveynad movlenili jojoxeTis gancda, 

mogvaniWa jojoxeTis `dRe-mokled cxorebul~ mkvidrTa xilva. vgrZnobT, rom 

amqveyniuri jojoxeTic daerTo maradiuli sasufevlis mosapoveblad wamebuli qalis 

gancdebs. kontrastis saocari grZnoba kvlav mJRavndeba `wamebis~ stilur niSnebSi. 

es ar aris gansazRvrebaTa Cveulebrivi daxvaveba; mimReobaTa, nazmnar saxelTa 

wyeba moqmedebis energiiTaa damuxtuli da am moqmedebis Sedegsac Seicavs. ritmi eufleba 

mkiTxvelsa Tu msmenels, sityvaTa JReradoba zemoqmedebis unars iZens, maTi 

mniSvneloba ukan ixevs, konkretuli sityvebi axal elfers, axal gamomsaxvelobiT 

56

Zalas iZenen da iqmneba STabeWdileba eniT aRuwereli, jer arnaxuli, uaRresad mtanjveli 

garemosi. iakob xucesi amas aRwevs iseTi virtuozuli ostatobiT, rom dResac 

ki rusTavelisa da galaktionis poeziaSi sityvisa da ritmis miRma nagrZnobiT 

ganebivrebulT bunebis suraTad, bunebis Semzarav xatad warmogvidgeba es monakveTi. 

qristianulma religiam idealuris konkretuli arseboba dauSva, logosis xorcielqmniT 

RmerTis moazreba gaxda SesaZlebeli adamianSi. hagiografia adamianis 

pirvelsaxes miaxloebuli idealuri pirovnebis daxatvas isaxavs miznad, magram hagiografiuli 

nawarmoebis gmiri amave dros istoriuli pirovnebaa. xdeba idealuris 

konkretulSi gamovlena, idealisTvis miyeneba cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebisa. am procesis 

Sesatyvisi iyo hagiografiuli Sabloni, romelic warmarTavda ara mxolod 

kompozicias, aramed nawarmoebis saxeobriv sistemasac. 

specialistebi miiCneven, rom hagiografiulma Sablonma dasrulebuli saxe miiRo 

VI saukuneSi, kirile skviTopolelis SemoqmedebaSi. magram es iTqmis cxovrebis Sesaxeb, 

wameba adrindeli Janria da bizantiuri martirologiis umniSvnelovanesi nimuSebi 

Seqmnilia IV-V saukuneebSi. `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ mravali siuJeturi detalia 

hagiografiuli sqemis Tanmxvedri. es detalebia ara mxolod qristianuli ojaxidan 

warmomavloba, siyrmiTve RvTismoSiSeba, gadambirebelni da `Tavis mozRudva~, gamamxnevebelni, 

tanjvis scenebi, saswaulebi, aRsasrulis winaswargrZnoba da maxlobelTa 

damoZRvra, saflavis dabareba, aramed iseTi detalebic, romlebic mxolod 

misTvis specifikurad aris miCneuli. gulSematkivarTa amboxi miacilebs evstaTisa 

da abosac da es motivi exmianeba saxarebis scenas; varsqenisagan SuSanikis TanamlmobelTa 

devna leqsikuri niuansebiTac ki mogvagonebs axal aRTqmaSi savlesagan 

qristianTa devnas; mowamis mier gulSematkivarTa damSvidebac aseve gavrcelebuli 

motivia. aTanasi aleqsandrielis mier aRweril antoni didis `cxorebaSi~ naTqvamia, 

rom eSmaksac `daukÂrda~ da gaocebuli darCa mis mier miyenebul gvemas rom gauZlo 

wmindanma. SuSanikis Seuracxi sagebeli mogvagonebs Teodorite kvirelis mier zenonis 

qveSagebis aRweras; `grwyili da tili mougonebeli adgilsa mas~ gvxvdeba aTanasi 

aleqsandrielis hagiografiul TxzulebaSi; matlis motivi bibliuri saxismetyvelebis 

kuTvnilebaa (`Ze kacisa matl~, iobi, XXIV, 20), sxeulis ganxrwnad bunebaze 

mimaniSnebeli, da igi gvxvdeba svimeon mesvetisa da antoni didis cxovrebebSi. `xolo 

samoslad misa iyo Sinagan ZaZaÁ da gareSe tyavi~, _ naTqvamia antoni didis cxovrebaSi 

(gavixsenoT SuSanikis `Sinagan ZaZaÁ,... xolo gareSe kacTa Tualsa antioqiis 

palekarti~); trofimes wamebaSi naTqvamia, rom mas Tanamoazre cixeSi naxulobda, sisxls 

banda da Wrilobebs uxvevda; wmida giorgis gulSematkivarni `movides RamiT 

mis wmidisa da safasesa miscemdes sapyrobiles mTavarsa mas, raÁTamca Seutevna iginica 

Sina~. isini iakob xucesis msgavsad qrTamis gaRebiT axerxebdnen mowamis naxvas. 

xsenebuli siuJeturi detalebi TavisTavad imdenad cxovrebiseulia, rom advilad 

sagulvebelia, realurad Tan xleboda am moRvaweTa cxovrebas. magram hagiografebi, 

rogorc vTqviT, `mravlisagan mcireds~ aRwerdnen da sagulisxmoa, rom am Tematur 

detalebs gverds ar uvlidnen. 

martoobis gamo SuSanikis Civili, rogorc ukve samarTlianad aRiniSna, exmianeba 

golgoTaze jvridan naTqvams. aqve gavixsenoT pavle mociqulic: `pirvelsa mas sityvis-gebasa 

Cemsa aravin Tana-damidga me, aramed yovelTa damiteves me~ (meore timoTe, 

IV, 16). hagiografiuli mwerlobisTvis ar aris ucxo mowamis orWofoba mosalodneli 

gansacdelis winaSe. hagiografebi martvilTa mowamebrivi mzadyofnisa da sixarulis 

gverdiT ar eridebian maTi adamianuri SiSis, adamianuri bunebis daxatvas. ver 

vityodiT, rom es gamowveuli iyo Janruli trafaretis gadalaxviT. qristianobam 

RmerTi da kaci moiazra erT arsebaSi. adamianuri bunebisadmi gansakuTrebul interess 

safuZvels uqmnida diofizituri doqtrina. iakob xucesis nawarmoebSi SuSanikis 

cremlebi an gulistkivili _ `Cemda martoÁsa arian Wirni (e. i. gasaWiri) ese~ _ 

gankerZoebiT ar dgas. hagiografebi gviCvenebdnen, Tu ra simZime gadaitanes maTi nawarmoebebis 

gmirebma, Tu ra Znelia, ra mwvave sulier tkivilebTan aris dakavSire- 

57

uli sulis gamarjveba xorcze. mowameTa orWofoba da martoobis SiSi kidev ufro 

gamokveTs maTi Rvawlis sidiades da mowamebrivi xvedris simZimes. amis dasturia 

jvarcmisas macxovris naTqvami, ioane maxareblis mier gadmocemuli: àw suli Cemi 

SeZrwunebul ars da raÁ-me vTqua? mamao, miÃsen Jamisa amisgan. aramed amisTvis moved 

Jamsa amas~ (ioane, XII, 27). 

mexuTe saukunis literaturuli nawarmoebi hagiografiul sqemas rom mihyveba, es 

misi nakli ar aris. am epoqis esTetikuri principebis Tanaxmad, Janris CarCoebidan 

gamosvla ki ar aris hagiografis ostatobis mauwyebeli, aramed _ am Janris SesaZleblobebis 

gaSla, Janris farglebSi udidesi ideur-gamomsaxvelobiTi Zalis miniWeba 

nawarmoebisaTvis. hagiografia ganviTarda qristianuli kulturis mqone erebis mwerlobaSi. 

qristianuli saqarTvelo am process ar gamohklebia. es Janri epoqis msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikurma 

mrwamsma ganapiroba. hagiografias Tavisi specifikuri 

esTetikuri kriteriumi hqonda. Sablonuroba ar gamoricxavda mis mxatvrul Rirebulebas. 

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ adreul Sua saukuneTa msoflmxedvelobriv-esTetikuri 

principebis Sesatyvisia ara mxolod kompoziciuri Sabloni, aramed gamomsaxvelobiTi 

saSualebanic. am epoqaSi xdeba movlenaTa zogadi kriteriumebiT Sefaseba. ar 

Cans ara mxolod adamianis individualuri Tvisebebi, aramed movlenis, sagnis 

konkretuli da specifikuri niSanic. gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTagan gansakuTrebuli 

mniSvneloba eniWeba metafora-simboloebs, radgan maTSi vlindeba zogadi 

TvalTaxedva. es gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebani meordeba avtoridan avtorTan, wamebidan 

wamebaSi. es ganmeoreba ar aRiqmeba dRevandeli literaturuli gemovnebis 

Sesabamisad. moulodnel gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa Zieba Seuferebeli iyo 

sasuliero mwerlobisTvis. am metafora-simboloTa wyaro bibliis saxeobrivi sistema 

iyo. bibliur stilur niSanTa ukugdebis ki ara, aTvisebis problema idga xelovanis 

winaSe. amitomaa, rom es gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi bibliaSic gvxvdeba, `Su- 

Sanikis wamebamde~ Seqmnil bizantiuri hagiografiis nimuSebSic da momdevno xanis 

qarTul hagiografiaSic. 

originaluri mxatvruli saxeebi da wmindanisaTvis Seuferebeli Civilia mkvlevarTa 

mier danaxuli SuSanikis frazaSi: `man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna da sanTeli 

Cemi daSrita da yuavili Cemi daaWno...~ aq Tavmoyrili metaforebi ara Tu originaluri 

ar aris, bibliis poeturi arsenalidan momdinare stereotipad qceuli 

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebia. am epoqis ZeglSi sruliad moulodnelia `metad originaluri 

mxatvruli saxeebi~. gamomsaxvelobiT saxeTa simdidres am epoqaSi saxis 

mravalplanianoba, tevadoba da ara originaloba qmnis. angariSgasawevia SuSanikis 

naTqvamis konteqsti, romelic naTelyofs, rom `nayofis mosTulviTa~ da `yuavilis 

daWnobiT~ SuSaniki RvTis wyalobas moelis: `xolo me aw amas vhmadlob RmerTsa, rameTu 

tanjviTa misiTa me lxinebaÁ vpovo da guemaTa da TrevaTa misTaTÂs me gansuenebasa 

mivemTxÂo, da ugulisxmoebisa da uwyaloebisa misasTÂs me wyalobasa moveli 

iesu qristÀs mier uflisa Cemisa~. amas ki mohyveba: èse yoveli cxorebaÁ, viTarca 

yuavili velTaÁ, warmaval ars da daudgromel, da vin sTesa _ moimko da vin ganabnia 

glaxakTaTÂs _ Seikriba, da romelman wariwymidos Tavi TÂsi, man poos igi, 

romelman adida igi~. 

SuSanikis es sityvebi bibliis muxlTa gardaTqmas warmoadgens. `yuavili~ bibliuri 

metafora-simboloa. misi xanmokle yvaviloba da furcelTa dacvena mimaniSnebelia 

amqveyniuri didebis amaoebisa, wuTisoflis warmavalobisa. magaliTad, `kacisani 

viTarca Tiva arian dReni misni da viTarca yuavili velisaÁ, egreT yuavian. hberos 

mas qarman, arRara iyos, arcaRa Candes adgili misi. xolo wyalobaÁ uflisaÁ 

ukuniTi ukunisamde moSiSTa misTa zeda, da simarTle misi _ SviliTi Svilamde~ 

(fsalm. 102, 15-17); `yoveli Ãorci Tiva da yoveli dideba kacisa, viTarca yuavili Tivisa. 

ganÃma Tiva da yuavili damoscÂva. xolo sityuaÁ RmrTisaÁ hgies ukunisamde, 

xolo ese ars igi sityuaÁ, romeli gexara Tquen~ (pirveli petre, I, 24-25; ix. agreTve 

iakobi, I, 9-11). es metafora-simbolo gamoyenebulia bizantiuri hagiografiis nimu- 

58

SebSi da dadasturebulia maT qarTul TargmanebSic: `yoveli didebaÁ kacTaÁ, viTarca 

yuavili velisaÁ ars~ (`wamebaÁ wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisi~, xeln. aTon. 57, 

gv. 259 r), an kidev: `rameTu yoveli didebaÁ kacisa sawuTo da warmaval ars sofelsa 

amas da viTarca yuavili TivisaÁ ganqardebis~ (xeln. A-518, gv. 466 r). 

SuSaniki masTan mosul monanie jojiks esaubreba varsqenis mier Cadenil Secodebebze, 

varsqenma `daaWno~ yvavili, wartaca mas is, rac warmavalia. varsqeni warmavalisaTvis 

iRvwoda da wartacebac warmavalisa SeZlo. SuSanikis sulieri arsisTvis 

zianis miyeneba varsqens ar xelewifeba, mas SeuZlia xelyos mxolod is, rac 

SuSanikis arsebaSi wuTieri da warmavalia. magram amiT igi sakuTar sulier arss 

ayenebs zians. vnebaTa sanacvlod SuSaniki maradiul didebas moipovebs, varsqens ki 

ufali miagebs samarTals. varsqenma daabnela `SuenierebaÁ sikeTisa~ misisa da `yuavili 

daaWno~ misi. amis sanacvlod SuSaniki `wesierebiTa saRmrToÁTa yuaoda: marxviTa, 

maradis mRviZarebiTa, zedgomiTa, Tayuanis-cemiTa uwyinod da kiTxviTa wign- 

TaÁTa mouwyineblad~. `Suenierebadabnelebulma~ SuSanikma `ganabrwyina da ganaSuena 

yoveli igi cixe sulieriTa miT qnariTa~. 

konkretuli da simboluri azri saganTa da movlenaTa `wamebaSi~ erTmaneTs aris 

gadaxlarTuli da am simbolikaSi garkvevis gareSe SeuZlebelia nawarmoebis sworad 

wakiTxva, sagulisxmoa, rom `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ simbolur-alegoriuli funqcia 

akisria iseT konkretul detalsac ki, rogoricaa SuSanikis samkaulebi. am siuJeturma 

detalmac miipyro mkvlevarTa yuradReba da igi sxvadasxvagvarad iqna gaazrebuli. 

angariSgasawevia, rom varsqenis samkaulTagan ganZarculi da nagvemi SuSaniki iakobma 

kvlav ixila `Suenierad... Semkuli~: `da vixile tarigi igi qristÀsi Suenierad 

viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan~. `kravi~ am konteqstSi `tarigad~ iqca da 

msxverplis niuansi SeiZina. iakob xucesma amqveyniuri pativis momaswavebel samkaul- 

Ta nacvlad borkilebiT `Semkuli~ da qristes sasZlod gamzadebuli SuSanikis sulieri 

amaRleba dagvixata. qriste, rogorc zeciuri sasiZo, da mowamebrivi aRsasruli, 

rogorc RvTaebrivi qorwinebis aqti, farTod gavrcelebuli motivia qristianul 

mwerlobaSi. sulieri srulyofis qristianobamdeli gza adamianis RvTaebriv 

arss moiazrebda xolme RvTaebrivi sasiZos saxiT. TviTSemecnebis gzaze Semdgari 

pirovneba `sZlad~ iyo simbolurad gaazrebuli. adamianis sulis es swrafva sakuTari 

RvTaebrivi arsisaken satrfialo dialogis saxes iRebs `qebaTa qebaSi~. RvTaebrivi 

qorwineba dasturdeba Zveli aRTqmis sxva wignebSic. axalma aRTqmam logosis 

impulss daukavSira adamianis TviTSemecneba. es ki safuZveli gaxda RvTaebriv sasi- 

Zod uSualod qristes warmodgenisa (maTe, IX, 15; XXV, 10). ioane RvTismetyvelis esqatologiur 

xilvaSi kvlav ismis RvTaebrivi qorwinebis Tema: `da qalaqi igi wmidaÁ 

ierusalemi axali vixile, gardmomavali zeciT RmrTisagan, ganmzadebuli, viTarca 

sZali Semkuli qmrisa mimarT TÂsisa~ (gamocxadeba, XXI, 2). samkaulis alegoriul-simbolur 

mniSvnelobaze migviTiTebs esaias winaswarmetyvelebac (43, 13): `cxovel var 

me, ityÂs ufali, viTarmed yovelni-igi gareSeimosnes da moiblardnes igini, viTarca 

samkauli sZlisa~. 

samkaulebs `SuSanikis wamebis~ saxismetyvelebaSi mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba. 

garda imisa, rom igi naTelyofs mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis formebis mWidro 

kavSirs bibliur samyarosTan, agrZelebs gmirTa saxeebis Camoqnas. varsqenis mier amqveyniuri 

pativisaTvis mcdelobas upirispirdeba amqveyniuri pativisagan ganmdgari 

da sulieri Rirebulebebisaken midrekili mowamis sulis mimoxra. samkaulebiT kav- 

Siri myardeba wamebis kompoziciur monakveTebs Soris. jojiki SuSaniks mimarTavs: 

`sZalo da mxevalo qristÀso~. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom avtoris mier qristes 

sasZlod dasaxuli SuSaniki varsqens Tavis `sawuTro meuRles~ uwodebs: àravin 

ipova kacTagani, romelsamca aqunda wyalobaÁ da tkivili CemTÂs, romelmanca Seajera 

uRmrTosa mas sawuTrosa meuRlesa~. isic angariSgasawevia, rom TxzulebaSi Su- 

Saniki varsqenis `bunebiT colad~ ixsenieba. TiTqos amiTac gamokveTs iakob xucesi 

im garemoebas, rom varsqenisTvis ucxoa sulieri miswrafebani da amdenad _ sulieri 

59

qorwinebac. amave dros, `samkauli~ azrobrivad exmianeba qristianul zneTswavlulebaSi 

gavrcelebul simbolos _ `sakrvels~, rogorc sulis Semborkav codvaTa metaforas. 

ioane oqropirs naTqvami aqvs: `codvani Cemni umravles qÂSisa zRÂsa arian 

da me Sekrul var maTgan, viTarca sakrveliTa rkinisaÁTa~. amqveyniuri pativis momaswavebel 

samkaulTagan ganZarculi da `codvaTa sakrvelTagan~ ganTavisuflebuli 

SuSaniki daborkilia da `viTarca sZali, Semkuli sakrvelTa maTgan~. ase dagvixata 

iakob xucesma mowamis sulieri amaRleba. 

`SuSanikis wamebaSi~ aseve mravalplaniania konkretuli sxva siuJeturi detalebi 

da simbolikiT aris datvirTuli saxeobrivi sistema. 

samkaulis motivi cxadyofs, rom nawarmoebis martiv, erTplanian kompoziciaSi, 

siuJetis iseT struqturaSi, sadac movlenebi erTmaneTs drouli TanamimdevrobiT 

mihyveba da paraleluri siuJeturi xazebi ar viTardeba, mravalplaniania calkeuli 

detalebi da gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi, naTqvamis miRma uTqmelia sawvdomi. calkeul 

siuJetur motivTa kavSiri nawarmoebSi esTetikuri principiT xorcieldeba. 

samkaulebis motivi ar gvexateba qristianuli simbolikis meqanikur gadmonergvad 

nawarmoebSi. igi metyvelebs epoqis mwerlobis, qristianuli saxismetyvelebis Rrma 

wvdomaze. iakob xucesi Txzavs, Zerwavs, SemoqmedebiTad exmianeba simbolur-saxeobriv 

beber bibliur azrovnebas, faqizad grZnobs masSi axali aRTqmiT Setanil niuansur 

cvlilebebs, konkretulisa da simboluris SerwymiT Zlier esTetikur efeqts 

aRwevs, dRevandeli racionalisturi epoqis adamiansac ki agrZnobinebs realur da 

irealur fenomenTa mijnaze mdgari Semoqmedis xatovani azrovnebis didebulebas. 

Cven winaSe wamoimarTeba didi xelovani, didi sibrZniTa da talantiT cxebuli. uneburad 

Cndeba kiTxva: rogori Zlieri da mdidari literaturuli tradiciebi unda 

uZRodes amgvar Semoqmedebas, saukunenaxevris winaT qristes rjulze moqceul ers 

sityvaSi gamovlenili esTetikuri azrovnebis ra kultura unda hqonoda, rom mexuTe 

saukuneSi SemoqmedebiTi azris aseTi formebi Seeqmna! 

iakob xucesis mwerluri stili nawarmoebis aRmqmelTa kvalificiur donezec 

metyvelebs. `SuSanikis wamebis~ mkiTxvelisa Tu msmenelisaTvis SinaarsiT unda yofiliyo 

datvirTuli es xatebi, didi unda yofiliyo maTi zemoqmedebis Zala. `SuSanikis 

wameba~ ueWveli dasturia imisa, rom bevrad adrea sagulvebeli dasabami im literaturul 

tradiciaTa, romelTa gareSe iakob xucesis talanti ver gamoanaTebda. 

erTi mwerali, rogori didebuli Semoqmedic unda iyos igi, am tradiciis gamgrZelebeli 

SeiZleba iyos da ara damwyebi. 

kompoziciis sqematurobam da siuJetur motivTa gansazRvrulobam, rogorc Cans, 

gamoiwvia daeWveba hagiografiuli mwerlobis mxatvruli Rirebulebis mimarT. cnobil 

literatorTa da mkvlevarTa Soris warmoiSva azri ara mxolod `SuSanikis wamebis~, 

aramed saerTod Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sxva ZeglTa saero xasiaTis Sesaxebac. 

yofiTi detalebi, faqizi fsiqologiuri Canaxatebi ara Tu Seuferebeli ar 

aris hagiografiisaTvis, _ mis klasikur nimuSebSic mravlad gvxvdeba. cxovrebiseuli 

scenebi asaxulia ara mxolod qarTul hagiografiaSi. IV-V saukuneTa bizantiuri 

hagiografiuli Zeglebi metad sayuradReboa am mxriv. eqvTime aTonelis mier 

Targmnil `basili didis cxovrebaSi~ bizantiis sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli yofis 

farToO suraTia gaSlili. grigol nazianzelis, daxvewili sasuliero mwer-lisa 

da didi RvTismetyvelis, es nawarmoebi aZnelebs hagiografiuli mwerlobis Sesa- 

ZleblobebSi eWvis Setanas. 

paladi helenopolelis `lavsaikonSi~ yofiTi Temebia dakavSirebuli wmindanTa 

cxovrebasTan: asaxulia warCinebuli egviptelisa da qmriani qalis satrfialo Tavgadasavali, 

berebisa da eriskacTa sixarbe, patronisagan mxevlis gabaxeba; wminda 

bonifaciusis `wamebaSi~ siuJetur RerZs qmnis aglaidasa da bonifaciusis siyvaruli. 

wminda Tevdores wamebaSi ki naturalizmisaTvis Sesaferi dawvrilmanebiTaa 

gadmocemuli, Tu rogor zrdida mama daoblebul Cvil Tevdores, ifqlisa da qrTilis 

naxarSs, TafliT Sezavebuls, rogor awvdida WurWlidan, `romeli-igi saxed Zu- 

60

Zuisa Seemzada, raÁTa wovnasa missa, viTarca ZuZui sZesa, egreTve igi miscemdes mas 

zomiersa da wesiersa sazrdelsa~ (sin. 62, gv. 65). 

saero Tematikis arseboba Janris bunebas ar gansazRvravs. saero mwerloba ganvi- 

Tarda samyaros modelis, adamianis Sesaxeb koncefciis, droisa da sivrcis kategoriaTa 

axleburi gaazrebis, xasiaTis Zerwvis, gansxvavebuli esTetikuri da msoflmxedvelobrivi 

principebis safuZvelze. antoni kaTalikosis mier `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ 

Setanili cvlilebebis kvlevam warmoSva Tvalsazrisi, rom am cvlilebaTa gareSe 

`SuSanikis wameba~ hagiografiul Janrs ar ganekuTvneboda. 

qarTulma hagiografiam V-dan XVIII saukunemde ganviTarebis rTuli gza ganvlo. 

antoni kaTalikosis, XVIII saukunis moRvawis mier `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ Setanili cvlilebebis 

kvleva mniSvnelovania antonis mravalferovani moRvaweobis, misi Tval- 

Taxedvis, `SuSanikis wamebasTan~ dakavSirebuli zogi istoriuli realiis gasaTvaliswineblad, 

magram ara _ misi Janruli specifikis gasarkvevad. reglamentirebis miuxedavad, 

hagiografiis principebi saukuneTa manZilze icvleboda. X saukuneSi, metafrastikis 

aRorZinebis xanaSi, sul sxva TvalsazrisiT xdeboda am ZeglTa gadasinjva. 

XVIII saukuneSi, mZlavri saero mwerlobis arsebobis xanaSi, gansxvavebuli 

iyo hagiografiuli mwerlobisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnilebani, vidre adrefeodalur 

xanaSi, saero mwerlobis Casaxvamde, rodesac hagiografias unda etvirTa beletristikis 

mTeli simZime. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom, erTi mxriv, Janri ufro myari 

iyo adreul Sua saukuneebSi, vidre antonis epoqaSi; meore mxriv, sagulisxmoa isic, 

rom antonis nayofier da mravalferovan moRvaweobas erTgvarad axasiaTebda konservatizmi. 

misi sami stilis Teoria Janrul zRudeTa moSlis saerTo tendenciis sapirispirod 

Cans. `SuSanikis wamebis~ Sesaxeb antoni pirvelis Tvalsazrisis gaziarebisas 

iseTive sifrTxile gvmarTebs, rogorc vekidebiT mis sxva Sexedulebebs da 

àmaod damSvralad~ ar miviCnevT rusTavels. 

qarTuli hagiografiis nimuSebis `wmida aleqsis cxovrebasTan~ Sedarebis Sedegad 

gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi hagiografiulad miCneul qarTul ZeglTa saero xasiaTis 

Sesaxeb. `wmida aleqsis cxovreba~ Sua saukuneebSi metad popularuli nawarmoebi 

iyo aR-mosavlur Tu dasavlur qristianul samyaroSi, magram igi Cveni mwerlobis 

Janruli specifikis gasaTvaliswineblad ar gamogvadgeba, radgan igi nebayoflobiTi 

mar-tvilobis, TviTgvemis amsaxveli Txzulebaa. marTalia, `SuSanikis wamebaSi~ Tavs 

iCens nebayoflobiTi martvilobis, TviTgvemis Tema (sasTumlad alizi, Seuracxi qve- 

Sagebi, `maradis marxuloba~, `mRviZareba~, `zedgoma~, ZaZa da sxv.), magram nebayoflobiTi 

martviloba CvenSi ar danergila. 

qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg bizantiaSi Sewyda qristianTa 

wameba da martvilobis Janrs `cxoreba-moqalaqoba~ Seenacvla. magram macxovris 

vnebaTa damowmebis survili TviTgvemisaken ubiZgebda mosavT. CvenSi sxva viTareba 

iyo. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi CvenSi wamebas ar uCanda bolo. `cxoreba-moqalaqobis~ 

Janrs ganuwyvetliv enacvleboda wamebis Janri, radgan mwerloba exmianeboda 

realur yofas. rjulgadasvlis momTxovni ki CvenSi xan marzpani iyo, xan amira, xan 

ki Tavad Sah-abasi. saukuneTa manZilze, vidre erovnuli da sarwmunoebrivi idealebi 

erTmaneTs iyo gadajaWvuli, arc erT dampyrobels qarTveli erisaTvis erovnul 

RirsebaTa daTmoba ar mouTxovia, mudam sarwmunoebrivi gadagvareba iyo aqcentirebuli. 

qarTvelT TviTmartvilobis gareSec ar eSritebodaT SesaZlebloba sakuTari 

wamebiT qristes vnebaTa gaziarebisa da misi adamianuri bunebis damowmebisa. 

bizantiur mwerlobasTan mWidro da sasaxelo kontaqtis miuxedavad, qarTul hagiografias 

ganviTarebis Tavisi gza da Tavisi specifikuri saxe hqonda. hagiografia 

sasuliero mwerlobis erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli Janri iyo, igi exmaureboda 

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis majiscemas. amitom qarTuli hagiografiis ZiriTadi Tavisebureba 

misi Rrmad erovnuli suliskveTebaa. ToTxmeti saukunis manZilze, mirian 

mefis droidan XVIII saukunis dasasrulamde, qarTvel xalxs farad da maxvilad 

hqonda qristianoba. erovnuli idealebi mWidrod daukavSirda sarwmunoebrivs. CvenSi 

61

qristianobas ar darTvia mwvalebluri minarevebi, arc asketizmis ukiduresi eqscesebi 

gamovlenila qarTul yofaSi. martvilobas Cvens sinamdvileSi, mazdeanur da mahmadianur 

aRmosavleTSi qristianuli marTlmadideblobis burjad mdgar qveyanaSi, 

udidesi rezonansi hqonda. martvilobaTa gmirebi _ sparseli evstaTi Tu arabi abo 

_ erovnul gmirebad iqcnen ganurCevlad maTi erovnebisa. 

iakob xucesi ioane sabanisZis msgavsad ar gvesaubreba Tavisi erovnuli mizandasaxulebis 

Sesaxeb, magram `wamebaSi~ aSkarad Cans misi erovnuli pozicia. man SuSanikis 

martvilobis faqts Camoacala is detalebi, rac xels SeuSlida erovnul idealTa 

mtvirTvelad SuSanikis aRiarebas. iakob xucesma dagvafiqra mowamebrivi faqtis 

mniSvnelobaze, mis udides rezonansze; SuSanikis gulSematkivarTa Soris dagvixata 

àznaurni did-didni da zepurni dedani, aznaurni da uaznoni soflisa qarTlisani~, 

àmboxi mravali dedebisa da mamebisaÁ moxucebulTa da yrmaTaÁ~, `simravlÀ 

uricxÂ~. gviCvena, rom erTianad SeZrulia yvela ganurCevlad socialuri mdgomareobisa, 

sqesisa, asakisa. varsqenis politikur zraxvebze sityvaZunw iakobs yuradReba 

rwmenis uaryofaze aqvs gadatanili. iakobi moRalates ar uwodebs mas, magram garkveul 

konteqstSi meti Zala aqvs èrTguls~. sparseTidan dabrunebulma varsqenma 

`zraxvayo, raÁTa auwyos da wina miegebnen mas aznaurni da misni Zeni da msaxurni 

misni, raÁTa maT gamo, viTarca erTguli, soflad Sevides~. 

qarTuli hagiografiis mowameni Tu erovnuli gmirebi iyvnen, monasterSi moRvawe 

berebi, `cxoreba-moqalaqeobaTa~ personaJebi, saqveyno saqmisaTvis Tavdadebulad iRvwodnen. 

qarTuli hagiografiis Sesaxeb msjelobisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT is didi 

misia, romelic ekisra CvenSi bermonazvnobis instituts. qarTuli monasteri swavlaganaTlebisa 

da kulturis kera iyo Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi Tu mis farglebs 

gareT. monasterSi moRvawe berebi kulturul Rirebulebebs qmnidnen, ganamtkicebdnen 

erovnul TviTSegnebas, amkvidrebdnen saxelmwifoebriv statuss. qarTveli 

berebi idulgenciebiT ar damdidrebulan, sxvaTa codvebiT ar uvaWriaT. am wodebam 

itvirTa erovnul enaze RvTismsaxurebiTY`friadi qarTlis~ ideis damkvidreba. 

monasterSi moRvawe berebi Txzavdnen, qristianuli kulturis monapovrebs 

Targmnidnen, filosofiuri traqtatebis komentirebiT iyvnen garTulni, qveynis 

kulturul cxovrebas warmarTavdnen. grigol xanZTelma Tu samonastro cxovrebis 

aRorZineba iTava, giorgi mTawmindelma oTxmoci oboli biWi waiyvana bizantiaSi da 

oTxmoci msaxuri aRuzarda qarTul kulturas. hagiografiuli reglamentis upirvelesi 

moTxovna iyo `WeSmariti da uqceveli~ aRwera. Cvens hagiografiul ZeglebSi 

sazogadoebrivi yofis farTo suraTia warmodgenili. es bunebrivia. aseTi iyo am nawarmoebis 

gmirTa samoRvaweo asparezi. qarTuli hagiografiis gmirebi unda SevudaroT 

ara TviTmartvilT, aramed Cvensave wamebulT da Cvensave moRvawe berebs: ilarion 

qarTvels, petre ibers, Tornike erisTavs, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebs, 

efrem mcires, arsen iyalToels. 

sasuliero mwerloba udides Zalas warmoadgenda erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis 

saqmeSi. erovnuli TviTSegnebis gaZliereba gamoixateba ara mxolod ioane 

sabanisZis, giorgi merCules, ioane zosimes SemoqmedebaSi, aramed qarTuli eklesiis 

organizaciaSi, eortalogiur praqtikaSi; `qarTuli gangeba~, `qarTuli daviTi~, 

erovnuli ganmanaTleblis kulti, RvTismSoblis wilxvdomiloba, esqatologiuri 

problemebis qarTul enasTan dakavSireba _ es iyo saerTo procesi, romelic mzaddeboda 

adridanve. iakob xucesma 1500 wlis winaT gviTxra, rom Ralati rwmenisa, 

principebisa, iyo Ralati ojaxisa, qveynisa, erisa. qarTuli mwerlobis moRweulTagan 

uZveles ZeglSi Cveni kulturis mamoZravebeli tendenciaa wamoWrili, erovnuli 

TviTSegnebis maRali donea warmoCenili. 

62

erovnuli hagiografiis gmiri 

(`wamebani~) 

63 


klasikuri antikurobis xana ideas materiisagan mowyvetiT an materias ideisagan 

gancalkevebiT ar aRiqvamda. mTeli sinamdvile, rogorc kosmosi, ise adamiani, gaigeboda, 

viTarca realuri da idealuri erTdroulad. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT 

ityvian xolme, _ antikurobam idealuris kategoria ar icodao. aq swored is igulisxmeba, 

rom garemomcveli sinamdvile harmoniad aRiqmeba, lamaz sxeulSi lamazi 

sulia. ara yovel miwierSi, aramed rafinirebulSi, daxvewilSi, materialur naklTagan 

ganwmendilSi da am daxvewilobis pirdapirproporciulad asxivebs mSveniereba. 

materialurSi idealuris am uSualo ganWvretiT Zveli berZnuli azrovneba kacobriobis 

lamazsa da normalur bavSvobas gamoxatavda. `klasikuri periodis berZnuli 

silamazisa da xelovnebis arseboba SesaZlebeli iyo, ramdenadac idealuri da materialuri 

moiazreboda aq Serwymul da ganuyofel igiveobad~. 1 1 igiveobis safuZvlad 

ki realuri, materialuri iyo miCneuli. swored amis gamo xelovnebis umSvenieres 

qmnilebad iTvleba kosmosi da adamiani, romelic kosmiur stiqiaTa gansazRvrul 

formirebadaa miCneuli. adamianis cocxali sxeuli miiCneva xelovnebis ZiriTad obieqtad, 

arqiteqturisa da literaturis saxeobriv sistemasac igi gansazRvravs. hegeli 

amis Taobaze ityvis: `berZnuli silamaze sulieri individualobis Sinagan Sinaarss 

warmogvidgens sruliad Serwymulad mis sxeulebriv saxesTan, qcevebTan da ambebTan, 

Sinagani cxovreba sruliad ixateba garegnulSi da netarad myofobs mas- 

Si...…klasikuri xelovnebis RvTaebriv sawyiss ar upirispirdeba borotebis, codvis, 

cdomilebis samyaro~. 2 

am ukanasknel frazaSi is azri devs, rom pirovnebis SigniT ar Cndeba araviTari 

gaoreba; adamianis mxatvruli saxis safuZvelia substanciuri sawyisi, romelsac ar 

SeiZleba daupirispirdes subieqturi cxovrebis SigniT TavCenili zneobrivi Secdoma, 

mankieri ltolva da codva. axali drois `dasavleTevropuli filosofia er- 

TmaneTs upirispirebs Sinagansa da garegans. silamazis homerosiseuli warmodgena 

sruliad gamoricxavs aseT antiTezas: is, rasac garegnuli saxiT vxedavT Cven silamazis 

amqveyniur samyaroSi, igi misive Sinaganobaa; da garegani saxiT Cven sxvas 

arafers vxedavT, Tu ar misive Sinagans, idumal cxovrebas~ 3 . 

raki adamianis esTetikuri aRqma plastikurobasa da monoliTurobas emyareba, 

klasikuri antikuri eposisa da dramis gmirTa arsi da faseuloba obieqturi sinamdvilis 

faqtebis, movlenebis da ambebis garemocvaSi aseve garegnul-faqtobrivad mimarTul 

RonisZiebebSi mJRavndeba. am personaJTa sulier samyaroze mkiTxveli mxolod 

im Sinagani impulsebis mixedviT sjis, rac faqtobrivad ganxorcielebul, grZnobadad 

aRsaqmel moqmedebaSi Cans an igulisxmeba pirdapir, uSualod. rogorc qandakebis 

plastikuri formaa is ena, romelzedac gamoqandakebulis Sinaganoba cxaddeba, 

aseTive eqoa antikuri gmiris grZnobadad aRsaqmeli moZraoba Tu Jesti misi 

sulierebisa. subieqtis subieqturoba Tavis TavTan mimarTebaSi, Sinagani gaorebis 

drama daxSulia amgvari mzerisaTvis. klasikuri literaturis am aspeqtis Taobaze 

warmarTul msjelobas movusminoT: `Tumca gviandeli gvarovnuli wyobilebis epoqa- 

Si ukve iwyeba pirovnebis gamoyofa pirvelyofili koleqtivisagan, mis gankerZoebas 

mainc ar miuRwevia im donisaTvis, roca adamianis Sinagani samyaro TavisTavadi interesis 

sagani gaxdeboda esTetikuri cnobierebisaTvis.~ 4 

1 А. Ф. Лосев. История античной эстетики (ранняя классика). М.. 1963, с. 550. 

2 Гегель. Эстетика, т. II, М., 1969, с. 345-344. 

3 losevis dasaxelebuli naSromi gv. 235. 

4 История всемирной литературы, т. I, М., 1983, с. 322.

mogvianebiT gaCndeba bzari samyarosa Tu adamianis harmoniul mTlianobad aRqma- 

Si. pirvelad evripides SemoqmedebaSi mieqceva seriozuli yuradReba adamianis Sinagan 

samyaros, viTarca mis tanjvaTa wyaros. mTlian, gaubzarav qmnilebaze metad evripides 

sapirispiro swrafvaTagan gawamebuli pirovneba miizidavs. 5 filosofiuri 

azrovneba ki platonis TxzulebebiT kvalavs gzas samyaros mTlianobis sinamdviled 

da idealad gadaazrebisaken. es krizisi, antikuri kulturis wiaRSive TavCenili, 

axali welTaRricxvis gariJraJze dasruldeba qristianuli filosofiis CamoyalibebiT. 

qristianobam iluziad Seracxa realurisa da mSvenieris klasikuri harmonia 

da samyaro àm qveynad~ da ìm qveynad~, sinamdviled da idealad daanawevra. 

man RmerTi makrokosmosad, xolo adamiani mikrokosmosad aRiqva da isini uSualod 

daukavSira erTmaneTs, pirvelis samyofelad meoris Sinagani cxovreba miiCnia. zneobrivi 

principebis msaxureba mSvenierebad, RvTaebriobad daisaxa da, amis Sesabamisad, 

materialuri srulqmnileba idealurobis garantiad aRar miiCneoda. romauli ganmsjeli 

gonebisaTvis SeusabamobaTa grovad Canda saxarebiseuli istoria: `jvars acves 

glaxaki CamofleTili da mere ucbad aRmoCnda, rom igi RmerTia... azri, romelmac 

Tavdayira daayena antikurobis logika, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom mona adamiania, 

xolo, Sesabamisad, adamiani aris mona RvTisa~. 6 

ase gacxadda, rom lamaz sxeulSi SeiZleba ar iyos lamazi suli, rom materialurma 

ususurobam, xorcielma siglaxakem SeiZleba itvirTos sulieri srulqmnileba, 

Sinagani mSveniereba. idealuris arsSi es CaRrmaveba, misi sazRvrebis amgvari 

ganvrcoba uTuod qristianobis monapovaria. man amomwuravad gaacnobiera, 

rom, roca Sinagani cxovreba grZnobad-materialuri gamovlinebis pirdapirproporciulad 

aRiqmeba, suli ver iqneba Tavisi WeSmariti cnebis Sesatyvisad warmodgenili. 

am WeSmaritebis damkvidrebisaTvis daarRvies harmoniulobis principi da gza misces 

dapirispirebulTa mTlianobis logikas: adamianuri da RvTaebrivi Tavis TavSi 

da uSualod ki ar erwymis, aramed upirispirdeba erTmaneTs da idealSia morigebuli 

brZolisa da winaaRmdegobis gziT. 

Sinagani winaaRmdegobis, dramatizmis suliskveTeba qristianuli RvTaebis arsSivea. 

aq absoluti Tavisi RvTaebriobis sruliad sapirispiro gamovlinebamde aRwevs – 

xorciT imoseba, miwaze Camodis, kacad iqceva. antinomia ukidures zRvars aRwevs: 

`RmerTi codvil sxeulSi qmnis Tavis saxes sakuTari Zis gankacebis gziT~ 7 (xazi 

Cvenia_g.f). substanciurad ganusazRvreli RmerTi, droisa da sivrcis gansazRvrulobaSi 

Camosuli, xdeba wilnayari am gansazRvrulobidan momdinare movlenebisa: 

dabadeba, SegrZnebaTa cxovreba, cnobierebis moZraoba, RmerTobasa da kacobasTan 

dakavSirebuli tkivili gaorebisa. am tkivilze gamarjvebiT, gaorebaze amaRlebiT 

aRwevs qriste wiaRs mSoblisa, umaRles Serigebas. tkivili Tu tanjva gardamavali 

safexuria bunebriv-miwieri arsebobis RvTaebriobamde amaRlebisaTvis. qristianuli 

RvTaebis arss am urTierTsapirispiro sawyisTa morigebisa da gamTlianebis cda qmnis. 

amisdakvalad, qristianul xelovnebas Zalian cxadad aqvs aRbeWdili, rogorc 

centraluri nervi stilisa, swrafva urTierTdapirispirebul sawyisTa gamTlianebisaken 

da usasruloba am swrafvisa, rogorc principi 8 . 

antikuri samyaros RmerTebisagan gansxvavebiT qristianobis gankacebuli absolutisaTvis, 

rogorc vTqviT, ucxo ar aris sisuste da tkivili gaorebisa. jvarcmis 

epizodSi amJRavnebs amas qriste. `mamao Cemo, ukeTu SesaZlebel ars, TanawarmÃedin 

Cemgan (amacile) sasumeli ese. xolo ara viTar me mnebavs, aramed viTarca Sen~ (maTe. 

5 

iqve, gv. 369. 

6 

Теория литературы, кн. I, М.1962 стр. 214 an, rogorc karl iaspersi ityvis `gankaceba RmerTisa, _ 

iudevelTaTvis raRac skandaluri, berZnebisaTvis raRac ugunureba, _ Seicavs umaRles 

azrs”. ix. Karl Jaspers. Die grosse Philosophen. Erster Band. München-Zürich. 1981. s.345. 

7 

Edmund Schlink. Die biblische Lehre vom Ebengilde Gottes. Im: ,,Der Mensch als Bild Gottes”. Darmastadt, 1969, s. 

102. 

8 

g. farulava, mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi. 1982, gv. 37-38. 

64

26. 39).Aan: àw suli Cemi SeZrwunebul ars da raÁ-me vTqua? mamao, miÃsen me Jamisa 

amisagan. aramed amisTÂis moved Jamsa amas~ (ioane 12.27). cxadad gamJRavnebul tkivilsa 

da sisustes orsave SemTxvevaSi upirispirdeba da Seupovrobisaken ubiZgebs 

movaleobis grZnoba. martoobis SiSiTa da Tanadgomis mZafri ZiebiTaa aRbeWdili 

golgoTis tragediis Jamsve warmoTqmuli es sityvebi Zisa mamisadmi: `RmerTo Cemo, 

RmerTo Cemo, raÁsaTÂis damiteveb me?~ (maTe 27. 46). 

swored amis Taobaze ambobs patristikis erTi burjTagani ipolite romaeli: ìgi 

loculobs, raTa ascdes tanjvis fiala, romlis misaRebadac movida qveynad; wamebisas 

oflad iRvreba da angelozisagan ganmtkicdeba igi, vinc ganamtkicebda misdami 

rwmeniT mosilT da aswavlida maT, sZulebodaT sikvdili; iudasagan gaicema igi, vinc 

icoda, ra aris iuda; Seuracxyofil iqneba kaiafas mier igi, vinc misgan imsaxureboda, 

viTarca RmerTi; herodes zizRian damokidebulebas daiTmens igi, visac mTeli 

dedamiwis msajuloba ZaluZs; pilatesagan igvemeba igi, vinc aRiqva uZlurebani 

Cveni; meomarTagan sasacilod aRebul iqneba igi, visac hmorCilebs mravali aTasi 

da mravali miriadi angelozi da mTavarangelozi; xeze mialursmaven iudevelni imas, 

vinc daamyara ca, viTarca TaRi; mamas mouxmobs da suls abarebs igi, vinc ganuyofelia 

mamisagan~. 9 

sxeulisa da sulis dapirispireba is antiTezisia, romelic Rrmad gaanalizdeba 

pavle mociqulis Teologiur moZRvrebaSi: `ÃorcTa guli uTquams sulisaTÂs da susa 

ÃorcTaTÂs da eseni mÃdom arian urTierTas~ (galat. 5. 17). maTi mudmivi brZola 

erTmaneTTan adamianis Sinagan gaorebas iwvevs: `gonebiTa CemiTa vhmoneb sjulsa 

RmrTisasa, xolo ÃorciTa – sjulsa codvisasa~ (rom. 7. 25). gaoreba ki Cveulebrivi 

mokvdavis yofas ase warmogvisaxavs: romelsa-igi viqm, ara vici; rameTu ara romeli 

igi mnebavs, mas viqm, aramed romeli igi mZuls, mas vhyof. aw ukue arRara me viqm mas, 

aramed romeli igi damkvidrebul ars Cem Tana codvaÁ~ (rom. 7. 15. 16). sxeulisa da 

sulis es dapirispireba dramatuli simZafriT aRavsebs qristianis arsebobas. àm or 

Zalas Soris antagonizmi qristianis gulSi aRmoufxvrelia.. orive es Zala, morigeobiT 

rom cocxloben adamianSi, gansazRvraven ormag saxes morwmunis cxovrebisa~. 10 

raki miwier-adamianur sisustes Tu Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas idealTan Tanaarsebobis 

ufleba mieca, kulturul-sulierma cxovrebam gamorCeuli anTropomorfistuli 

ieri miiRo. qristianuli literaturisa da xelovnebis yuradRebis centrSi ki 

moeqca `...tanjva sulisa da xorcisa~; ara es qveyana da mcdeloba masSi damkvidrebisaTvis, 

aramed, `...mxolod Sinagani brZola adamianisa da misi Serigeba RmerTTan~. 11 

adamiani ukve aRar moiazreba, viTarca marad Tavisi Tavis toli bunebrivi mTlianoba 

(klasikuri antikuroba), aramed gagebulia im rTul arsebad, romelic miwieri 

da RvTaebrivi sawyisebis gadakveTis centrSi dgas. miwier-eSmauri impulsebi Zalmomreobs 

da xleCs adamianis nebelobas. àdamiani ver axsnis Tavis Sinagan cxovrebas 

madlis cnebisa da demonuri `Sepyrobilobis~ gareSe. Tu klasikuri antikuri warmodgena 

adamianze iyo statuarul-Caketili da masiur-mTliani, qristianoba arnaxuli 

intensiurobiT arkvevs mtanjvel gaorebas pirovnebis SigniT~ 12 qristianulma 

xelovnebam `moitana sulisa da sxeulis konfliqti, romelic ucxo iyo Zveli mxatvruli 

azrovnebisaTvis~. 13 

sulisa da sxeulis konfliqti mTavar adgils daikavebs adamianis mxatvruli interpretaciisas 

qristianuli literaturis im JanrSi, romelsac hagiografia hqvia da 

romelic Sua saukuneebis `namdvil beletristikadaa~ specialistTagan aRiarebuli. 

raki miiCnies, rom sisuste da tkivilis gancda uTavsdeba RvTis gankacebuli Zis substancias, 

adamianis mxatvrul saxeSi kidev ufro metad unda warmoCeniliyo es mo- 

9 Contra Haerisen Noeti Cuiusdam. I. P. Migne. Patrologiae cursus completus. Series gracca. Tom X. 827 BC. 

10 Словарь библейского богословия (Под редакцией Ксавье Леон-Дюфура). Брюссель, 1974б с. 807. 

11 Гегель. эстетика, т. II,1969 с. 236, 239. 

12 С. Аверницев. Поэтика ранневизантийской литературы. М., 1977, с. 81. 

13 Основы эстетики. М., 1960, с. 264. 

65

mentebi. idealisaken mimaval gzaze hagiografiuli gmiri sxeulisa da sulis, 

miwierisa da RvTaebrivis dapirispirebaze maRldeba, siuJetis ganviTarebaSi wina 

planze Sinagani konfliqti moiwevs. hagiografiuli Txzulebis idealuri personaJis 

mizani RmerTTan miaxlebaa. `wmindanebma, mowameebma nawilobriv garegnulad, nawilobriv 

mxolod Sinaganad unda gaiaron igive mwuxare gza, romelic Tavis tanjvaTa 

istoriiT ganvlo qristem~ 14 (evalebaT, `raTa emsgavsnen TÂissa meufesa~, rogorc ityvis 

qarTveli hagiografi basili zarzmeli). 

warmoCenil esTetikur da Teologiur winamZRvarTa momarjvebiT axla SevxedoT 

qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis idealur gmirs, mis Sinagan struqturasa da 

moqmedebis sarbiels. pirvelad, bunebrivia, qarTuli hagiografiis uZveles nimuSze, 

iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wamebaze~ visaubrebT. nawarmoebi mogviTxrobs V s. meore 

naxevris ambavs. irani qristianobis aRmofxvriT da cecxlTayvanismcemlobis danergviT 

cdilobs qarTvelTa asimilacias. qvemo qarTlis gamgebeli, pitiaxSi varsqeni, 

mazdeanobas iRebs, cdilobs imave gzaze daayenos coli da Svilebi, iranelTa 

samsaxurSi aRzevdes. coli SuSaniki aRdgeba qmris winaaRmdeg, Seupovrad icavs sarwmunoebriv 

da saqveyno interesebs da mowamebrivi sikvdiliT aResruleba. 

qeduxrel RvTismosaobas, sulierebis aRmafrenas SuSanikis mxatvrul saxeSi 

gverdSi udgeba sapirispiro impulsi – cxovelmyofeloba miwierisa, Zaxili xorcielebisa. 

sxvadasxva mxares moswrafe es ori impulsi mZafrad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs 

mowamis saxis struqturaSi da Txzulebis mxatvrul paToss ZiriTadad am dapirispirebis 

dramatizmi qmnis. 

varsqenis gamazdeanebis ambis Setyobisas rom qali `davarda queyanasa zeda~ da 

imis mixedviT, rogorc igi godebda meuRlis sulieri dacemis gamo, ukve gveqmneba 

pirveli warmodgena RvTismosaobaze dedoflisa, romelic ase SeZra momxdarma. xolo 

is garemoeba, rom SuSanikma male daudo zRvari sasowarkveTas da miiRo kategoriuli 

da yvelaze Zneli gadawyvetileba (qmris sareceli miatova, eklesias miaSura), 

Tavis Sinagan ZalebSi darwmunebul da ukompromiso arsebas warmogviCens. 

dedofali mTeli dRe eklesiaSi darCa. aq mas saSualeba hqonda gaezom-aewona 

momxdaric da mosalodnelic. iakob xucesi dawers: `da viTarca mwuxrisa Jami aRasrules, 

saxlaki erTi mcire pova maxlobelad eklesiasa da Sevida mun Sina simwari- 

Ta savsÀ da mieyrdna yuresa erTsa da mwariTa cremliTa tiroda~. 15 raze metyvelebs 

plastikuri sicxadiT aRbeWdili es Jesti saxlakis yuresTan ganmartoebuli dedoflisa? 

cxadia, qals kars momdgari ubedureba atirebs. ufro adre da sajarod man 

qmris ùbadrukoba~ da `sawyalobloba~ gamoitira, axla ki, sakuTari Tavis winaSe 

martod darCenili, miwieri cxovrebis ukve dawyebul iavarqmnas glovobs. 

saxlakSi ganmartoebul SuSaniks iakob xucesi moinaxulebs. es epizodi maRali 

ostatobiT gamarTuli dialogis saxiT warmogvidgeba. intonaciur texilebsa da sasaubro 

metyvelebis niuansebSi mJRavndeba aq qalis uSiSroba momaval ubedurebaTa 

winaSe, didi sulieri Zala. 16 . Tumca imave suraTSi bedTan mdurvisa da martosulobis 

mauwyebeli zaric Camorekavs mowamis xmaSi: `Cemda martoÁsa arian Wirni ese~, _ 

SesCivis martvili sulier moZRvars. iakobic grZnobs, rom Tanalmobas iTxovs martvilis 

suli da umalve Seagebebs: `Wiri Seni Wiri Cueni ars da sixaruli Seni sixaruli 

Cueni ars. Cueni ara xolo Tu dedofali oden iyav, aramed Cuen yovelTa viTarca 

SvilTa guxedevd~. qalis gabzarulma xmam SeakrTo xucesi, _ vaiTu, ver zidos 

sustma arsebam ase mZime tvirTi. `mtkiced sdgaa?~ _ ekiTxeba igi SuSaniks da gansacdels 

uTvaliswinebs. miwier satkivarTa Semmusvreli suli martvilisa ukompromiso 

14 Гегель. Эстетика. т. II, с. 236, 239. 

15 Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi. wigni I (V-X ss.). 1963. `wamebaTa” 

yvela teqsti moxmobilia am gamocemis mixedviT. 

16 g. farulava, mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi, gv. 194-195. 

66

gadawyvetilebis toniT upasuxebs moZRvars: ùmjobჱs ars Cemda ÃelTa misTagan 

sik- 

udili, vidre Cemi da misi SekrebaÁ da warwymedaÁ sulisa CemisaÁ~. 

cxadad Tu farulad, moralurad Tu materialurad SuSanik dedofals yvela TanaugrZnobs, 

magram qals mainc uWirs gauZlos mZime gansacdels da es sisuste yvelasadmi 

mdurva-yvedrebad gadmoiRvara: ùfalo RmerTo, arca mRdelTagani vin ipova 

mowyalÀ, arca erisa kaci vin gamoCnda Soris ersa amas, aramed yovelTa me sikudild 

mimiTuales mtersa RmrTisasa varsqens~. msgavsi sayveduri, rom mis tkivils 

ar iziareben da ar ifaraven mtarvali qmrisagan, wamebis eqvsi wlis Semdgomac aRmoxda 

qals. cixeSi mis sanaxavad mosul jojiks martvili eubneba: àravin ipova kac- 

Tagani, romelsamca aqunda wyaloba da tkivili CemTÂs, romelmanca Seajera uRmrTosa 

mas sawuTrosa meuRlesa~. 

amas ambobs martvili, radgan ar yofnis is Semweoba, rasac aRmouCenen, `mas realurad 

mSveleli unda~ 17 mkvlevari revaz siraZe sagangebo yuradRebas aqcevs dedoflisagan 

mravalgzis gamovlenil gancdas `martosulobisa da miusafrobisa~, romelic 

faqtiur viTarebas naklebad Seesabameba. am epizodebSi mkvlevari martvilis 

gaorebas xedavs da aRniSnavs, rom iakobi `scildeba mis `frontalur~, ase vTqvaT, 

freskul, sibrtyiseul Cvenebas da mas mravalwaxnagovnad warmogvisaxavs~. 18 miwieri 

keTildReobis warTmeva da sxeulis SeWirveba drtvinviTa da tkiviliT avsebs RvTisken 

moswrafe suls SuSanikisa da qali arc TanamgrZnobelTa winaSe ar faravs am 

wylulebs. xolo mtanjvelis pirispir, roca kategoriulad dgeba sakiTxi, _ es qveyana 

Tu is qveyana, _ mowame mTeli ZalisxmeviT maRldeba miwierze da Seupovrad eltvis 

RvTaebrivs, idealurs. 

varsqen pitiaxSma meuRle sasaxleSi moayvanina `da ubrZana SekrvaÁ misi da cemaÁ; 

borotebda da ityoda: àha egera ara gergo Sen eklesiaÁ Seni da arca zurgni ege 

Senni qristianeni da ufali igi maTi~. viTarca sces kuerTxiTa samas oden, arara aRmoÃda 

pirsa missa vaebaÁ, arca kunesaÁ~. pasaJi sakmaod metyvelia: varsqeni elodeba, 

axla ki unda moixaros qali. kvnesac ki ar dascda wamebuls, araadamianuri Zala Caidga, 

SeimarTa: ùbadoo, _elvasaviT gahkveTes am Camuqebul fons qalis xma, _ Sen-Ra 

Tavi TÂsi ara Seiwyale da gansdeg RmrTisagan, Sen memca Semiwyalea?~ es mebrZolis 

Jestia, maxvilad qceuli sityvaa, raTa suli daukodos imas, vinc martvilis sxeulisa 

da sulis mowylvas cdilobs. aq Sekruli da cemiT gaTanguli mxedari Rv- 

Tisa cdilobs, raTa Tavisi meomruli sulis raRac niSani daados mowinaaRmdeges. 

Tumca am replikaSi miwierebis Cumi drtvinvac ilandeba, _sulis siRrmeSi `Sewyalebis~ 

molodinic bJutavda Turme. 

RvTaebriv da miwier sawyisTa dapirispireba SuSanikis saxeSi iakob xucesis Txzulebis 

TiTqmis yvela pasaJSi igrZnoba, maTi mourigeblobiT gatanjuli qalis saxe 

Semogvcqeris nawarmoebidan. mas xan RvTaebrivi amaRlebis Suqi adgas, xan ki xorciel-adamianuri 

tkivili da naRveli aCnia. Sinagani Tavisuflebis aristokratiuli 

JestiT iRebs mowame matls sakuTari sxeulidan, demonstraciulad aCvenebs iakobs 

da Tan amxnevebs: `xuces, nu mZime giCn ese, rameTu muni igi matli udidÀs ars da ara 

mokudebis~. meore SemTxvevaSi ki RvTis saqmisaTvis naomari `wmida mxedari~ uars ambobs 

saxidan sisxli mobanon; am sisxlis Wvreta gautexelobis impulsad unda emsaxuros 

rwmenaSeryeulT, morwmuneT ganamtkicebs, xolo urwmunoT SeaZrwunebs. 

antikuri kulturisTvisaa tipiuri Sinagani Tavisuflebis da `sulis sidiadis~ ase 

amaRlebuli demonstracia. tacitis ànalebSi~ aseTi epizodi gvxvdeba: Trazeas saZinebel 

palataSi gahyavs helvidiusi da demetriusi; iq igi orive xels gaiwvdis, rom 

venebi gadauWran, da roca maTgan iCqefebs sisxli, iatakis mosxurebas iwyebs, kvestors 

uxmobs da eubneba: `Cven samsxverplo sisxls davaTxevT mxsneli iupiterisaT- 

17 r. baramiZe, narkvevebi mxatvruli prozis istoriidan, 1966. gv. 20. 

18 r. siraZe. iakob curtavelis saxismetyveleba. `werilebi”. 1980, gv.52. 

67

vis, ucqire da daixsome, Wabuko~ 19 . oRond siRrmiseul planSi solidurad sxvaobs 

SuSanikisagan demonstrirebuli Tavisufleba da amaRlebuloba Trazeasa da sokratesagan 

(platonis `sokrates apologia~) warmoCenili Tavisuflebisagan. qristianuli 

xelovnebis gmiri amas aRwevs mas Semdeg, rac `gatexavs Tavis miwier guls, amaRldeba 

arsebobis bunebrivsa da sasrulo pirobebze~ 20 . xolo antikur gmirs aseTi 

Zalisxmeva ar sWirdeba, igi Tavidanve ideisa da realobis dasrulebuli mTlianobaa. 

raki iq principia ìndividis ganuyofeli mTlianoba Tavis SigniT da garegnul 

gamovlinebaSi, amitom uaryofiToba Sinagani gaorebisa da xelis aRebisa ver iqneba 

rogorc arsebiTi momenti~. 21 

matlis Cvenebis zemoxsenebul scenas aseTi sagulisxmo StrixiT amTavrebs mwerali: 

`me miuge da varqu: `ZaZisa samoseli mcired-Ra Segeracxaa saguemelad, da aw 

matlTa magaTTvis mxiarul xar?~ da man mrqua me qenebiT: `nu vis Tana ityÂ ZaZisa 

samoselisaTÂs cxorebasa Cemsa, rameTu adre yofad ars datevebaÁ ubadrukTa amaT 

ÃorcTa CemTaÁ~. rameTu Sinagan ZaZa emosa da aravin icoda Cemsa gareSe, xolo garegan 

kacTa Tualsa antioqiisa palekarti emosa~. ratom faravs martvili ZaZis samosels 

Zvirfasi antioquri palekartiT? sisxlTan SedarebiT ufro mokrZalebuli 

msxverplia ZaZiT Semosiloba da Tavmdablobis saTnoebis karnaxiT martvils ar 

surs asketuri SemarTebis gamofena (`raJams hyofde qvelis-saqmesa, nu scnobn marcxenaÁ 

Seni, rasa iqmodis marjunaÁ Seni~, maTe, 6.3). 

SuSaniki antioquri Zvirfasi qsoviliT Sekerili kabiT evlineba `kacTa Tualsa~. 

es triumfaluri samoseli asketis ZaZas faravs, ZaZa _ dawylulebul, matlebdaxveul 

sxeuls, damaxinjebuli sxeuli _ axovan suls, zecisa da miwis siyvaruliT 

anTebuls, amaRlebuls Tavisi ubedurebiT, ubedurs Tavisi fizikuri umweobiT. aq 

gmiris mxatvruli saxe TiTqos kontrapunqtis principiTaa agebuli: didebul samos- 

Si gamowyobili dedofali sapitiaxSosi da ZaZiT mosili, Seuracxyofili martvili 

mTlianobaSia, warsuli da awmyo, ocneba da sinamdvile erTadaa. rTuli, dramatulia 

es mTlianoba. 

xolo roca wamebis meeqvse wels cixeSi SuSaniks mazli jojiki moinaxulebs, qalis 

sxeulisa da sulis yvela iaras TiTqos erTbaSad piri gaexsnao, ise moedineba 

martvilis bageTagan muqara da wyeva, moTqma da sasoeba: `ganvisajneT me da varsqen 

pitiaxSi mun, sada-igi ara ars TualRebaÁ winaSe msajulisa mis msajulTaÁsa da meufisa 

mis meufeTaÁsa. sada ara ars rCevaÁ mamakacisa da dedakacisaÁ, sada me da man 

swori sityuaÁ vTquaT winaSe uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristÀsa; miagos mas ufalman, vi- 

Tar man uJamod nayofni Cemni moisTulna da sanTeli Cemi daSrita da yuavili Cemi 

daaWno, SuenierebaÁ sikeTisa CemisaÁ daabnela da dideba Cemi daamdabla~. 

qristianuli aRmsareblobisaTvis miwieri sinamdvile sruliad ar warmoadgens 

borotebas. RmerTia Semqmneli yovelivesi da mis mier Seqmnili samyaro masve miemar- 

Teba, Camohgavs. materialuri sinamdvilis faseuloba imiTac dasturdeba, rom absoluturi 

suli misiT imoseba (qristes xorcSesxmis aqti). amitomac qristianuli es- 

Tetika da xelovneba grZnobadi sinamdvilis SiSvel uaryofas ar axdens Tavis saukeTeso 

qmnilebebSi. adamianuri arsebobis miwier-materialuri aspeqti sulier-RvTaebrivTan 

SedarebiT da SepirispirebiT aris mdabali qristianuli xelovnebisaTvis. 

principi Sepirispireba-kontrastisa (antinomiurobisa) am xelovnebis stilisturi ni- 

Sania. 22 

SuSanikis (saerTod, hagiografiuli gmiris) mxatvruli saxis SinaarsSi miwier-piraduli 

sawyisi Semotanilia da mas mizandasaxuli pozitiuri mniSvneloba da fasi 

aqvs. igi winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCndeba idealurTan, sazogadosTan. Sinagani tkivilisa 

19 

Корнелий Тацит. Сочинения в двух томах, т. I, Л., 1969, с. 326. 

20 

Гегель. Эстетика, т. III, М.,1971, с. 209. 

21 

Гегель. Эстетика, т. I I, с. 244. 

22 

amis Taobaze ix. g. farulava. mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi. gv. 20- 

28, 53-56. 

68

da gaorebis safasurad martvili maRldeba materialurze, piradulze. `samyaro sulisa 

gamarjvebas zeimobs garegan samyaroze da moaswavebs am gamarjvebas TviT am 

garegani samyaros farglebSi da imave samyaroze, da, amis kvalobaze, grZnobadi movlena 

ufasurdeba~. 23 sulis am amaRlebas Tavisi Tavisaken hegeli mravalgzis warmoaCens 

Sua saukuneTa xelovnebis analizisas: `...es amaRlebuloba Seadgens ZiriTad 

princips romantikuli xelovnebisa~ (hegeli Sua saukuneebis xelovnebas `romantikuls~ 

uwodebs, xolo mis upirveles nimuSad warmoudgeba `religiuri sfero romantikuli 

xelovnebisa~. 24 ix. misi èsTetika~, t II). 

SuSanikis amaRlebulobis gancdasac msxverplad mitanilis faseulobis Segneba 

asazrdoebs. rac ufro realuria am faseulobis Segneba, miT ufro mZafria winaaRmdegobis 

tkivili; rac ufro mZafria gaorebis tkivili, miT ufro zemoqmedia amaRlebulobis 

gancda, romelic Sinagani tkivilisa da gaorebis daZlevas eltvis ideal- 

Si. amgvarad, pirvelsave qarTul hagiografiul Txzulebas sruliad cxadi fsiqologiuri 

konfliqtis atmosferoSi SevyavarT. 

yovelive zemoTqmuli met-naklebi sisruliT esadageba qarTuli martirologiis 

yvela Zegls, magaliTad, iovane sabanisZis `habo tfilelis martvilobas~, VIII s. 

nawarmoebs, romelic mogviTxrobs, Tu rogor awames arabebma qristianobisa da 

saqarTvelos erTgulebisaTvis TavianTi Tanamemamule. 

oRond imisaTvis, raTa sityva ar gagvigrZeldes, Cven am Txzulebidan, iseve rogorc 

sxva hagiografiuli nawarmoebebidan, upiratesad CamovTvliT an zogadad mivu- 

TiTebT martvilis im moqmedebebs, romlebic gmiris mxatvruli modelis erT aspeqts 

_ zogads, idealurs _ warmoaCens. amgvar moqmedebaTa principuli azri imis msgavsia, 

rac `SuSanikis wamebasTan~ dakavSirebiT warmovaCineT, Tanac samecniero literaturaSi 

ufro cnobili da gaanalizebuli. yuradRebas sagangebod iseT epizodebze SevaCerebT, 

roca gmiris saxeSi kerZo, miwieri sawyisi sacnaurdeba da RvTaebrivs upirispirdeba. 

abos sulieri amaRlebuloba imaSic vlindeba, rom man tomobrivi da sarwmunoebrivi 

borkilebi daamsxvria, `dauteva mamaÁ da dedaÁ da Zmani da dani da naTesavni 

da monagebni da agarakebi~ da sarwmunoebrivi WeSmaritebis maZiebeli saqarTveloSi 

movida. xolo naTlisRebis Semdgom abo iwyebs cxovrebas xorciel saWiroebaTadmi 

gamorCeuli TavSekavebiT: `dumiliTa da marxviTa moauZlurebda igi ÃorcTa maT si- 

Wabukisa TÂsisaTa... egreT ganvlo sam TTue~. 

xolo roca abo nerse erisTavTan erTad dasavleT saqarTvelodan aRmosavleTSi 

midis, afxazeTis mTavari uTvaliswinebs, rom iq, viTarca arabTagan pyrobil mxare- 

Si, mahmadianTagan safrTxe emuqreba. abo miugebs, rom eg yvelaferi gaTvaliswinebuli 

aqvs da mzadaa tanjvisaTvis, sikvdilisaTvisac ki. 

meored Sepyrobis win abos afrTxileben keTilismyofelni, Tu ra safrTxe emuqreba. 

`me ara xolo tanjvad ganmzadebul var qristesTÂs, aramed sikudidca~, _ ambobs 

arabi Wabuki. saocar Seupovrobas avlens abo, roca mas pirvelad esaubreba 

Tbilisis amira. sikvdilis muqarasac da oqro-vercxlis aRTqmasac igi erTnairi Sinagani 

TavisuflebiTa da zizRiT ukuagdebs. aseve gawbilebulni aRmoCndebian abos- 

Tan sapatimro senakSi Sesulni `crumoZRuarni igi da Semasmenelni~, romelTac `ver 

SeZres marTali igi~. 

aq zogadad moxseniebul yvela epizodSi warmoisaxeba da STambeWdav gancdad xmianobs 

martvilis suliereba, qeduxrelobiTa da Rrma RvTismosaobiT aRbeWdili. gansakuTrebuli 

ZaliT ki rwmenis simtkice da nebis Tavisuflebis Seuvaloba im scena- 

Si ikveTeba, roca Tbilisis amira meore, ukanasknel dakiTxvaze ixmobs abos. am epizodis 

mxatvruli struqtura da azri warmoCenilia samecniero literaturaSi 25 da 

23 Гегель. Эстетика, т. I, М., 1968, с. 86. 

24 Гегель. Эстетика, т. II, с. 232. p. 

25 g. farulava. mxatvruli saxis bunebisaTvis Zvel qarTul prozaSi. gv. 199-201. 

69

Cven sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. vityviT mxolod imas, rom am dialogur situaciaSi 

moqceul abos yvela replikas dramatuli Sinagani daZabulobis beWedi azis. martvili 

daZabuli cdilobs ganWvritos mopirdapiris mosalodneli sityva, azri, raTa 

ideaSi sZlios am Tvalsazriss, moxsnas, gaaufasuros igi, TviTon Tqvas ukanaskneli 

sityva. m. baxtinis msgavsad Tu vityviT, àm ukanasknelma sityvam unda gamoxatos gmiris 

sruli damoukidebloba sxvisi Sexedulebisa da sityvisagan, sruli gulgriloba 

sxvisi azrisa da Sefasebisadmi. yvelaze ufro gmirs imis eSinia, ar ifiqron, rom 

igi inaniebs sxvis winaSe, rom igi Sendobas sTxovs sxvas, rom urigdeba mis gansjas 

da Sefasebas, rom is, riTac igi Tavis Tavs amkvidrebs, saWiroebs dadasturebas da 

aRiarebas sxvisagan~. 26 nebis gautexelobis es dramatuli ieri ori garemoebiTaa gansazRvruli: 

pirveli _ martvili Seuracxyves, oqro-vercxli da dideba SeaZlies yvelaze 

amaRlebuli siyvarulis sanacvlod; meore, _ sruli Tavisufleba, gaubzaravi 

TviTfloba uWirs kacs, romelic TvalebSi Sescqeris sikvdils. 

xolo abos rom uWirs xorcieli arsebobis daTmoba, rom mas eSinia sikvdilisa, 

amaze martvili gancxadebulad RaRadebs uflis winaSe: `jer-ars Cemdaca dResa amas, 

raÁTa ganviZarco SiSi ÃorcTa amaT CemTaÁ, romel samosel arian sulisa Cemisa da 

STavxde, viTarca siRrmesa zRvisasa, Soris qalaqsa amas da naTel-viRo sisxliTa CemiT~. 

imisaTvis, raTa `ganiZarcvos SiSi xorcTa~, martvilis suls rom `samoseliviT~ 

Semoxvevia, abo cixis sakanSi patimrobis cxra dRis manZilze sagangebod 

wvrTnis da afxizlebs Tavis nebelobas, raTa ar gatydes yvelaze didi gamocdis 

Jams, roca ukanasknel dakiTxvaze da sikvdiliT dasasjelad waiyvanen. saamisodaa 

gamiznuli is monologebi, roca didi ZalisxmeviT amuSavebuli warmosaxva mowamisa 

sakuTari cnobierebis winaSe aRtyinebiT acocxlebs wminda istoriis im faqtebs, 

romlebic sulis axovanebis, SemarTebis Caumqral sxivad da STagonebad unda emsaxuros 

kacTa modgmas (naTlisRebis, jvarcmis ambebi, ioane naTlismcemlis moRvaweoba). 

cnobierebaSi cxovlad rekonstruirebul am epizodebs martvili ase agrZelebs 

Cveulebriv: `jer ars Cemdaca...~; àw meca Tana mac, raÁTa...~ ase STagonebiT rekonstruirebuli 

warsuli aq awmyos Semsgavsebulad aRiqmeba. amas emateba is, rom ìyofoda 

netari habo sapyrobilesa Sina marxviT da locviTa da fsalmunebiTa Rame da 

dRe ganusueneblad~. aseTi ZalisxmeviT da rwmeniT xmobil macxovars abo pirispir 

Wvrets, rac mis sisustes Zalad gadaaqcevs: `da ityoda mdgomareÁ igi SeuZrvelad, 

viTarmed: winaÁswar vxedevd ufalsa, winaSe Cemsa ars maradis, rameTu marjul Cemsa 

ars, raÁTa ara SeviZra~. 

sikvdilis sazareli aCrdilis siaxloviT SeZruli miwier-adamianuri buneba martvilisa 

imas cdilobs, rom cxra dRis yoveli wuTi macxovarTan intimuri Sinagani 

Tana-yofniT Seavsos, raTa ar SeSindes `Soris aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa~. ai, miiRo 

man `wmidaÁ igi saidumloÁ, Ãorci da sisxli qristesi~ da Tqva: `gmadlob Sen, ufalo 

Cemo da RmerTo, iesu qriste, romelman momec me sagzlad Cemda cxorebis momani- 

Webeli Ãorci Seni da sixarulad da ganmamtkiceblad Cemda patiosani sisxli Seni! 

aw uwyi, rameTu ara damitevo me, aramed Cem Tana dadgromil xar da me Sen Tana... aw 

,,daRaTu vidodi me Soris aCrdilTa sikudilsaTa, ara SemeSinos me borotisagan, rameTu 

Sen, ufali Cem Tana xar~. 

miwier da RvTaebriv sawyisTa dramatuli dapirispireba kidev erTxel daCndeba 

abo tfilelis pirovnebaSi. es is epizodia, roca abo ukanasknel dakiTxvaze mihyavT: 

`da gamoiyvanes igi egreTve borkiliTa ferÃTa da ÃelTaÁTa; da mihyvanda igi Soris 

qalaqsa, da romelni hxedvides mas qristeaneni da mecnierni misni, cremloodes mis- 

TÂs, xolo wmidaman habo hrqua: `nu stirT Cem zeda, aramed gixaroden, rameTu me uflisa 

Cemisa mival; locviT warmgzavneT da mSvidobaman uflisaman dagicvenin Tquen!~ 

xolo igi mividoda, viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkudarsa, egre hxedvida TÂissa mas 

26 М. Бахтин. Проблемы поэтики Достоевского. М., 1963, с. 308. 

70

guamsa, da suliTa TÂsiTa mogzaur qmnuli TviT ityoda fsalmunsa amas as da meaTvrametsa~. 

cxra dRis manZilze sikvdilis aCrdilTan narkeni abo, xel-fexze borkilebSesxmuli, 

Tavganwirvis gadawyvetilebiT, mtkice nabijiT Tbilisis quCebs miuyveba 

sasikvdilo eSafotisaken. Sinagani Tavisuflebisa da SeuZrvelis ieriT anuge- 

Sebs kidec misTvis cremlis mRvrelT. aseTad moCans abo TanamzraxvelTa da mowinaaRmdegeTa 

TvalSi. xolo roca mwerali siRrmiseul ganaTebas mimarTavs, gvaCvenebs, 

rom Cven winaSe Cveulebrivi mokvdavia, romlis Sinagan gancdas sazareli zmaneba 

dauflebia: cocxali kaci Tavis gaciebul gvams Sescqeris da sakuTari cxedris Tanamgzavrad 

`qmnuli~ fsalmuniT miacilebs mas. es ukve Tavisi ubedurebiT SeZruli 

miwieri arsebis sulismieri tragikuli xilvaa. 

roca Cven es epizodi mxatvruli fantaziis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gavaanalizeT, 

28 profesori akaki gawerelia ase gamoexmaura Cvens dakvirvebas: `Cven ar viciT 

arc erTi (vimeorebT _ arc erTi) pasaJi TviT sternTan, Tomas manTan an joisTan, 

romelic motanili epizodis msgavsi fsiqologiuri siRrmiT gadmoscemdes personaJis 

cnobierebis iracionalur viTarebas. es mxatvruli abstraqciis ukiduresi 

zRvaria, esTetikurad gamaognebeli. ramdenime analogiur pasaJs marto tolstoisTan 

Tu vipoviT (mag. àna kareninaSi~, roca ana RamiT loginSi mwoli Tavissave 

mbrwyinav Tvalebs Sescqeris)~. 29 

aseTi intensiobiTa da dramatizmiT miwieri da RvTaebrivi sawyisebi sxva martirologiur 

TxzulebebSi ar upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. es imitom, rom mxatvrul-esTetikuri 

TvalsazrisiT `wamebaTa~ sxva nimuSebi, saerTod, ufro mokrZalebulad gamoiyurebian, 

vidre iakob xucesisa da iovane sabanisZis naxelavi. magram miwierebis Zaxili 

evstaTi mcxeTelis, kostanti qarTvelisa Tu gobronis Sinagani cxovrebidanac 

modis mkiTxvelamde. ai, ragvari tkiviliTa da sasoebiT SesTxovs `gobronis martvilobis~ 

(X s.) mTavari gmiri Tbilisis amiras rogorc qristianobis, ise sicocxlis 

SenarCunebas: `gevedrebi, Ãelmwifeo, nu maiZuleb me datevebad qristeanobisa, romli- 

Ta aRmzardes me mSobelTa CemTa, da aRbeWdul var suliTa wmidiTa. da raÁ mizezi 

ars ese mizezi sikvdilisa CemisaÁ? mraval arian Sen queSe qristeaneni da meca ara 

davaklo monebaÁ Ãelmwifebasa Sensa yovliTa saxiTa, romliTa genebos Sen~. am mudaris 

warmomTqmelis gasatexad mis Tvalwin xocaven qristianebs (`romelisame guami 

Segordis queSe ferÃTa misTa~), TviT gobronsac `sces maxÂliTa orgzis oden, da 

wyles mcired~, magram mainc `ver SeaZrwunes guli misi~. arabebma sikvdilis SiSiTac 

`ver SeaZrwunes~ gobronis guli, ver moaSores qristes siyvaruls. xolo martvilma, 

viTarca `ÃorcTa Sina myofma~, rom ùsaSinelesi da uficxჱsi~ tkivili ganicada miwierebis 

daTmobis gamo, amis Taobaze sruliad cxadad gvetyvis hagiografi: `xolo 

ÃorcTa Sina myofisa kacisaTÂs amisa usaSineles da uficxÀs araraÁ sagonebel ars, 

Tu kaci SiSueli sikudilad ganCinebuli Ãel-pyrobiT mohyvandes winaSe erTa uricxvTa, 

upirulTa, aRWurvilTa ÃrmliTa ÃdiliTa da horoliTa momarTebuliTa, isri- 

Ta dapyrobiliTa, daniTa momzadebuliTa da kacsa Rone hqondes ganrinebisa da 

qristÀs siyvarulisaTÂs daiTminos, viTarca netarman gobron daiTmina~. 

`martvilobaTa~ gmiris Sroma da Rvawli ZiriTadad imas eZRvneba, rom sulier sawyiss 

daumorCildes xorcieli, rom adamiani sxeulebriv faseulobebze amaRldes. 

`cxovrebaTa~ Janris TxzulebebSi konfliqtis Sinaarsi da personaJis moqmedebis 

sarbieli SesamCnevad icvleba. magram qarTul hagiografiul nawarmoebTa Soris, am 

TvalsazrisiT, gancalkevebiT dgas aTcamet asurel mamaTa `cxovrebani~. Sio mRvimelisa 

da daviT garejelis `cxovrebaTa~ wignebSi siuJetis ganviTarebaSi iseve mniSvnelovania 

sxeulisa da sulis brZola, rogorc `wamebaTa~ Janris nimuSebSi. 

28 g . farulava, mxatvruli fantazia da Sinagani xilva qarTul hagiografiaSi. `macne~, 1969, 

# 3. 

29 ak. gawerelia, dakvirvebani da STabeWdilebani. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~. 1969, # 41. 

71

Sinagani konfliqtis Sinaarsis aspeqtiT am asurel mamaTa mxatvruli saxeebi martirologiur 

Targze ufroa moWrili, vidre `cxovrebaTa~ (es albaT iman ganapiroba, 

rom asurel mamaTa Rvawli gamorCeuli asketuri ieriTaa aRbeWdili). 

SuSanik dedoflis, abo tfilelisa Tu gobronis, Sio mRvimelisa da lukianes Zalisxmeva, 

upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar miwier swrafvaTa idealisadmi daqvemdebarebaze 

ixarjeba, umTavresi konfliqti maTs Sinagan arsebobaSi gaiSleba. am gmirTa 

dapirispireba varsqenTan Tu amirasTan xsenebuli Sinagani konfliqtis kvalobaze 

da Sesabamisad warimarTeba. `martvilobis~ idealuri personaJi Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTagan 

gvemuli adamiania, romelic èZleva brZolas da tanjvas, magram amaRldeba 

Tavis wamebaze~. es is pirovnebaa, vinc `realur drakonebs da lernes hidras ki ar 

amarcxebs, aramed _ sakuTari mkerdqveS myof drakonebsa da gvelebs~. antikuri mi- 

Tologiis gmiris, magaliTad, herakles, moqmedeba masTan SedarebiTY`...aris mxolod 

garegnuli Sroma~. 30 an ase SeiZleba vTqvaT: ìmis nacvlad, rom adamianma uSualod 

gaiaros samyaros gzebi, siuJeturi dinamikis nacvlad, adamianis sulSi gadaitaneba 

dinamika~. 31 

amgvarad, saqme sruliad cxadad exeba adamianis axlebur gagebas, gmirobis axal 

ideals. xdeba antikuri kulturuli tradiciebis gadafaseba. qristianuli era Tavis 

anTropologias da esTetikas ayalibebs. igi…faqtiurad adamianis axal, Tanadroul 

filosofiur interpretacias amzadebs, im azrs udebs saTaves, rom `swored arawinaaRmdegobrioba 

ar axasiaTebs adamians. is, rasac konkretul adamianSi vxvdebiT, eur- 

Ceba erTaderT martiv formulSi misi moqcevis yovelgvar cdas. winaaRmdegobrioba 

sakuTriv adamianuri arsebobis elementia~. 32 

30 Гегель. Эстетика, т. III, 191, с. 209, 208. 

31 Теория литературы. Кн. I, с. 236. 

32 ernest kasireri. ra aris adamiani? 1983. gv. 39. 

72

`wminda ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa 

73 

revaz siraZe 

winaswarve mokled gadmogcemT ZiriTad saTqmels: 

qarTuli literaturis istoria unda daviwyoT `wminda ninos cxovrebiT~ (da ara 

`SuSanikis wamebiT~). anda, nebismieri sxva nawarmoebiT, oRond `wminda ninos cxovrebidan~ 

unda gamoiyos uZvelesi Sreebi da Sesabamisad – gviandeli CanarTebic. dRemde 

Catarebul kvleva-ZiebaTa safuZvelze ramdenadme mainc SeiZleba movaxdinoT rekonstruqcia 

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ uZvelesi saxisa da misi swavleba amgvari saxiT 

unda dainergos saSualo skolaSic da umaRles saswavleblebSic. 

sakiTxis amgvari dayeneba an, Tundac, saamiso calkeul winamZRvrebze miTiTeba 

axali araa. `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ uZvelesi Sreebis arsebobas varaudobdnen 

TviT is mecnierebic ki, romlebic mTlianobaSi mas gviandel, me-9-10 ss-is nawarmoebad 

Tvlidnen. 

jer kidev d. baqraZe `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ Seqmnas me-4-5 saukuneebSi varaudobda, 

xolo e. TayaiSvili mas me-7 saukunes miawerda, rasac dResac uWeren mxars (v. 

wulaia). aseve nawarmoebis adreulobas amtkicebdnen p. ingoroyva, m. TarxniSvili da 

i. lolaSvili (am SemTxvevaSi mTavaria, rom me-9-10 saukuneebiT daTariReba udavod 

aRar iTvleboda). m. van-esbroki uZveles qarTul mravalTavTa analizis safuZvelze 

askvnis, rom wm. ninos kultis arseboba mravalTavebSi me-6 saukunidan Canso (es ki 

gzas uxsnis kidev ufro adreuli arsebobis SesaZleblobasac). es Tvalsazrisi gaiziara 

e. metrevelma. amave gziT kidev ufro adreulad daTariRebas gvTavazobs T. 

mgalobliSvili. aseTive Tvalsazriss gamoTqvams m. lorTqifaniZe. g. meliqiSvili 

`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁSi~ ZiriTadad uZveles sarwmuno wyaroebs xedavs. qarTlis moqcevis 

Sesaxeb arsebuli wyaroebis mravali axali interpretacia warmogvidgina z. 

aleqsiZem. zemoaRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT araerTi sayuradRebo sakiTxi gaSuqebula 

b. gigineiSvilis, q. cxadaZis, r. baramiZis, a. bogveraZis, a. abdalaZis, v. goilaZis, l. 

patariZis, n. afciauris, l. aleqsiZis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebSi. magram sagangebod da 

mravlismomcvelad aRniSnuli kuTxiT igi gaSuqebulia m. CxartiSvilis monografiaSi 

– qarTuli hagiografiis wyaroTmcodneobiTi Seswavlis problemebi /`cxovrebaÁ 

wmindisa ninosi~/, Tb., 1987 w., romlis calkeuli nawilebi adreve qveyndeboda. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~, Tu misi calkeuli nawilebis, me-9-10 ss-ze adreuli saxiT 

daTariReba dRes sruliad realurad unda CaiTvalos, xolo wm. ninos kultis 

warmoSobis me-9 saukunisaTvis miwera mecnierul anaqronizmad unda miviCnioT. 

SesavalSi yvela argumentis ganxilva an gadmocema Cvens mizans ar Seadgens (es 

mocemuli gvaqvs qvemoT). aq mxolod zogad moments SevexebiT. 

dRemde qarTul mwerlobas viwyebT `SuSanikis wamebiT~. misi daweris dro kargadaa 

daTariRebuli: 476-481 ww. /l.n. janaSia/. `SuSanikis wameba~ TviTon Seicavs cnobebs, 

romelTa mixedviT, sruliad cxadia, rom masze adrec unda arsebuliyo sxva 

Zeglebi qarTuli qristianuli mwerlobisa. mravalgzis yuradRebuli fraza – SuSaniki 

iyoo `moSiSi RmrTisaÁ, viTarca-igi vTqviT, siyrmiTgan TvisiT,~ _ gulisxmobs 

raRac sxva nawarmoebs da ara amave nawarmoebis TiTqosda dakargul Sesavals. Tu 

ra saxis unda yofiliyo es nawarmoebi, romelSic saubari iqneboda bavSvobidanve 

SuSanikis RvTismoSiSobaze, amis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva varaudi arsebobs. Cveni azriT, 

aq unda igulisxmebodes saflavispira sakiTxavi anu enkomia-epitafia, romelic unda 

warmoeTqva SuSanikis dakrZalvisas iakobs, viTarca mis sulier moZRvars, romelsac 

marTebda sikvdilisSemdgom wesTa aRsruleba sasaxlis episkopos afocTan erTad. 

bunebrivia, rom amgvar enkomiaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuliyo SuSanikis bavSvobisdroindel 

ambebze, romelTa momswre TviTon iakobi iyo. es sakiTxavi daiwereboda 

SuSanikis kanonizaciamde /anu wmindanad Seracxvamde-/, xolo `wameba~ kanonizaciis 

Semdeg Seiqmneboda.

sakiTxavTa Janrs am dros ukve garkveuli tradiciebi hqonda. rom araferi vTqvaT 

bizantiur mwerlobaze, am mxriv, TviT `SuSanikis wamebis~ cnobebic sayuradReboa. im 

dros ukve arsebula qarTuli `samartvileni~ anu mowameTa mosaxsenebeli adgilebi, 

romlebic varsqenis mamasac augia. samartvileni ki sadResaswaulo sakiTxavebs saWiroebdnen. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli sarwmunos xdis, rom `SuSanikis wamebamde~ qarTul mwerlobaSi 

unda arsebuliyo qarTuladve Seqmnili sakiTxavebi. 

qristianoba roca damyarda, roca Camoyalibda eklesia, metadre Semdeg, roca 

Seiqmna erovnuli RvTismsaxureba, umTavresi erovnul-sadResaswaulo sakiTxavebi, 

upirveles yovlisa, qarTlis moqcevasa da wm. ninos unda dakavSireboda. bizantiuri 

da sxvaTa /somxuri, bulgaruli/ eortalogiuri anu sadResaswaulo kalendrebidan 

vxedavT, rom qveyanaTa moqceva idResaswauleboda masTan dakavSirebuli umTavresi 

saswaulebis aRniSvniT. bizantiaSi aseTad iTvleboda, magaliTad, `gamoCinebaÁ juarisaÁ~, 

romelic bizantiis dedofal elenes golgoTis mTaze yofnasTan iyo dakav- 

Sirebuli /am sakiTxavis uZvelesi qarTuli Targmani Semonaxuli gvaqvs `sinur mravalTavSi~/. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebidan~ kargad Cans, rom qarTlis moqcevasTan dakav- 

Sirebuli yofila jvarTa aRmarTvis saswaulmoqmedebani. amasTanave, arsebuli myari 

tradiciiT, jvris aRmarTvis sakiTxavs `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ gamocalkevebuli 

saxe hqonia. jvris dResaswauli calkea Setanili ioane-zosimes kalendarSiac /k. kekeliZe, 

etiudebi, t. me-5/. yovelive amis safuZvelze erT-erT uZveles nawarmoebad migvaCnia 

àRmarTebisaTvis patiosnisa da cxovelmyofelisa juarisa mcxeTas~/W.gv. 147/. 

rodisTvis SeiZleba vivaraudoT misi Seqmna anda eklesiaSi masze sakiTxavis daweseba? 

qarTlis moqcevasTan dakavSirebuli ambebis aRwera miewerebaT wm. ninos Tanamedroveebs 

– salome ujarmelsa da peroJavr sivniels, TviT mefe mirians, iakobs, 

sidonias Tu abiaTars. es sakiTxis erTi mxarea. rogorc ar unda gadawydes maTi avtoroba, 

mainc gasarkvevi rCeba calkeul TxrobaTa saeklesio sakiTxavad daweseba. 

SeiZleba es vaxtang gorgaslis droisTvis gvevaraudna, roca srulyofilad Camoyalibda 

qarTuli eklesia. 

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom Tavdapirvelad eklesiaSi RvTismsaxurni saber- 

ZneTidan mouwveviaT. Tanac erovnul RvTismsaxurebas upirispirdeboda didad gavrcelebuli 

e.w. trilingvisturi Teoria /romelic mxolod sam wminda enas aRiarebda: 

berZnuls, laTinurs, ebrauls/. magram, meore mxriv, friad damafiqreblad gvesaxeba 

`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ CarTuli àTi sityua~ anu qarTuli dekalogi, aTi 

mcnebis qarTuli saxe, romelic saxarebas emyareba. `dekalogi~ TviT wm. ninos CvenebaSi 

euwya da swored amitom unda CaerToT igi nawarmoebSi. SeuZlebelia igi gviandeli 

beletristuli fantaziis nayofad miviCnioT. qarTul dekalogs, romelic cnobili 

àTi mcnebisagan~ gansxvavebiT saxarebas emyareba, gverdiT udgas `qarTuli 

Targumi~ anu bibliis mokle ganmartebiTi gadmocema, romelic `wminda evstaTi mcxe- 

Telis wamebaSia~ dadasturebuli. 

jvris aRmarTva moaswavebda qristianobis gamarjvebas. amas gamoxatavda is sami 

jvari /mcxeTis-jvris, TxoTis mTis da ujarmisa/, romlebic specialurad moWrili 

sajvare xisagan gaakeTes. sajvare xe mouWriaT 25 marts anu xarebis dRes. specialurma 

Seswavlam gviCvena, rom aq asaxulia uZvelesi eortalogiuri praqtika. igive 

iTqmis imis Taobazedac, rom jvari aRumarTavT 7 maiss. esaa dRe `golgoTas gamoCenisa 

zeiT patiosanisa juarisa~. 

sami jvari gamoxatavda samebas, qristianuli erTarseba RvTaebis `samzeobas~ 

/`triselios~/. umTavresi iyo Zlevis jvari, `ZlevaÁ~ /gavixsenoT petriwonis ZiriTadi 

taZris gumbaTze aRmarTuli jvari warweriT: ìeso qriste `ZlevaÁ~, romelic 

samxedarTmTavro, sazolavro jvari ki ara, aramed sagumbaTo jvaria, Zlevamosilebis 

SinaarsiT, rogorc RvTismSoblis saxeba iyo sxvadasxvagvari /odigitria, eleusa 

da sxva/, iseve sxvadasxvagvari iyo jvaric /jvarcmisa, vedrebisa, qadagebisa, ZlevaÁ 

da sxva/. mcxeTis Tavze aRmarTuli jvari, upirveles yovlisa, jvarcmas gamoxatavda. 

74

es mTa qarTul golgoTad iTvleboda. RvTisCenas moaswavebda TxoTis mTis jvari, 

xolo samociqulo qadagebis mizans – ujarmis jvari. yvela maTganis pirvelsaxe iyo 

jvari vazisa, romelic wm. ninom mayvlovanSi dadga da amiT ukve gamoxata RvTismSoblis 

mfarvelobis idea, radgan mayvlovani RvTismSoblis simbolo iyo. 

ase rom, jvris sakiTxavica da jvris dResaswaulic organulad aris gadajaWvuli 

qarTlis moqcevis uZveles ambebTan da Seadgens `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ uZveles 

nawils. 

uZvelesi nawilebi `wminda ninos cxovrebisa~ ZiriTadad unda gamoiyos sakiTxavTa 

saxiT. sakiTxavTa gamoyofas Cven vaxdenT eortalogiur /anu sadResaswaulo/ 

kalendarTa tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, teqstobrivi analiziT, saistorio wyaroebiT 

da saerTo qristologiuri principebiT da a.S. 

erT-erTi ZiriTadi da uZvelesi unda yofiliyo sakiTxavi sveticxovlisa. igi, er- 

Ti SexedviT, TiTqos gamocalkevebuli saxiT araa warmodgenili `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ 

uZveles redaqciebSi. sinamdvileSi, calke sakiTxavad unda miviCnioT nawarmoebis 

is nawili, romelsac ewodeba àRSenebisaTvis eklesiaTaÁsa~, romelSic moTxrobilia 

sveticxovlis aRmarTva. mTeli es Txroba sakmao miaxloebiT ganmeorebuli 

aqvs gelasi kesariels. calke sakiTxavis arsebobis damadastureblad migvaCnia 

agreTve giorgi mesamisa da Tamarisdroindeli kaTalikosis nikoloz gulaberisZis 

`sakiTxavi svetisa cxovelisaÁ, kuarTisa saufloÁsi da kaTolike eklesiisaÁ~. sveticxoveli 

wminda ninos locviT aRimarTa, viTarca pirveli qarTuli taZrisa da 

mTeli qarTuli eklesiis burji, `dedaboZi~. sveticxovlis aRmarTva qarTuli eklesiis 

dafuZnebas moaswavebda. sveticxoveli 12 mociqulis saxelze aSenda. aq iyo qar- 

TvelTa wmidaTa wmida. sveticxovlis naTlis svetad dafuZneba exmianeba epistoleTa 

warmodgenebs (I, timoT., 3.15), magram arsebiTad es sakuTriv qarTuli siwmindea. igi 

siuJeturadac `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ organul nawilad gvesaxeba. 

saerTod, Tu ra unda CaiTvalos uZveles fenad, amas nawilobriv migviTiTebs 

TviT wm. ninos sikvdiliswina sityvebi, romelTa mixedviT, unda aRiweros `cxovreba 

Cemi da saswaulni `mTaTa zeda~, mayvlovansa Sina, suetisa aRmarTebisa da mier wyarosa 

zedao~. 

aq, sxvebTan erTad, ar Cans TxoTis mTaze mzis dabnelebis epizodic. igi Sedis 

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ yvela redaqciaSi. marTalia, am epizods teqstobrivad etyoba 

kvali gviandeli redaqtirebisa, magram es ver ukargavs mas saxes sruliad gamocalkevebuli 

erTeulisa. epizodi Cans yvela ZiriTad adrindel berZnul wyaroSi, 

romlebic qarTlis moqcevas Seexeba (glasi kesarieli, rufinuzi, sokrate sqolastikosi, 

ermia sozomine, Teodorite kvireli). mas icnobs movses xorenacic. eseni ki 

me-4-5 ss-is avtorebi arian. 

mzis dabnelebis epizodis funqciaa mzis RmerTobis ganqiqeba. mirianis moqceva ar 

mohyolia armazis msxvrevas, igi mohyva mzis dabnelebas. saqme isaa, rom armazis kulti 

sparselTagan iyo damkvidrebuli. sayuradReboa iv. javaxiSvilis miTiTeba, rom 

armazis msxvrevis Semdeg misi kvali qarTvelTa SegnebaSi gamqralao (xolo mzis 

kulti kvlav mZlavrobda). 

qristianobis miReba iTxovda, rom warmarTuli mzis kulti Secvliliyo sulieri 

naTlis kultiT (rasac gamoxatavda macxovris saRvTo saxeli _ `mze simarTlisa~). 

movses xorenacis mier mzis dabnelebis epizodis gadmocema ewinaaRmdegeba somxur 

wyaroTa cnobas – mirianma qristianoba grigol ganmanaTleblis rCeviT miiRo. Tvi- 

Ton movses xorenacTan grigoli ar gvevlineba uSualod qarTlis momqcevad. mas 

ufro eklesiis organizeba miewereba. amitomac ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi, rom igi ar 

gadmoscems sveticxovlis aRmarTvis ambebs, romelic eklesiis dafuZnebas gulisxmobs. 

arada, es epizodi warmodgenilia berZnul wyaroebSi. 

mzis dabnelebisa da sveticxovlis aRmarTvis epizodebi `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ 

uZveles Sreebad gvesaxeba. 

75

igive unda iTqvas armazis msxvrevis epizodzec. friad sayuradReboa miTiTeba, 

rom roca es moxdao, `Tue iyo meequse da dRe meequse~. TveTa ricxobrivi daxasiaTeba 

uZveles tradicias warmoaCens. magram `Satberdis krebulis~ Sedgenis dros (me-10 

s.), etyoba, es gaugebrobas badebda, riTac unda aixsnas ganmartebis Semcveli danar- 

Ti: òdes-igi evmanuel Tabors mamisa xati uCvenao~. am ganmartebaSi igulisxmeba feriscvalebis 

dRe. TveTa laTinuri saxelwodebani ki CvenSi me-9-10 s.s.-Si Semodis. ase 

rom, aq Cans qronologiis ori plasti: Zveli da axali. Zvelis arseboba Sesabamisi 

epizodis siZveles moaswavebs. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebas~ mniSvnelovani redaqciuli cvlilebani ganucdia. bevri 

ram am mxriv ukve warmoCenilia (k. kekeliZe, q. cxadaZe, d. menabde, m. CxartiSvili). 

redaqciul cvlilebaTa axsnac arsebiTad xerxdeba Tundac imiT, rom es nawarmoebi 

qarTuli qristologiis safuZvelTa-safuZveli iyo. Tavdapirvelad `wminda ninos 

cxovreba~, viTarca sakiTxavTa gamaerTianebeli, unda Seqmniliyo, rogorc liturgiuli 

Zegli. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁsTan~ misi dakavSireba da Sesabamisi redaqciuli 

damuSaveba xdeboda qarTuli qristologiuri istoriosofiis safuZvelze. mis axlebur 

gadamuSavebas axdens leonti mroveli `mefeTa cxovrebis~ (vasiliografiis) saistorio 

Janris Taobaze. 

arsen berma (me-12 s.) igi metafrastikis moTxovnaTa mixedviT gadaamuSava, xolo 

nikoloz gulaberisZem Tamaris epoqis religiur-saxelmwifoebrivi idealebis Sesatyvisad. 

ase grZeldeba vaxuSti bagrationamde. Semdeg wminda ninos axleburi gansaxovneba 

mkvidrdeba: a. wereTlis poeziaSi, v. barnovTan, gr. robaqiZesTan, n. samadaSvilis, 

a. kalandaZis da m. maWavarianis SemoqmedebaSi, Tu dRevandel axalgazrda 

SemoqmedTa lirikaSi. 

ase iqca wminda ninos saxe da mTeli mxatvruli samyaro `wminda ninos cxovrebisa~ 

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes paradigmad qarTuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis. 

rekonstruqciisaTvis saWiroa sxvadasxva momentis gaTvaliswineba: 1. arsebuli 

redaqciebis urTierTSepirispirebiT ara mxolod saerTo momentis warmoCena, aramed 

imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom SesaZlebelia gviandeli redaqcia romelime epizods ufro 

adreuli saxiT Seicavdes; 2. teqstis Sinagan struqturul da enobriv TaviseburebaTa 

gaTvaliswineba; 3. qarTul redaqciaTa monacemebis Sejereba sxva qarTuli, 

agreTve berZnuli da somxuri wyaroebis CvenebebTan; 4. epizodTa Sinaarsis kulturul-istoriuli 

da qristologiuri analizi; 5. sakiTxavebad gamoyenebul epizodTa 

liturgikul-eortalogiuri Seswavla; 6. teqstSi mocemul qronologiur miTiTebaTa 

ganxilva Zvel-qarTuli welTaRricxvis istoriulad urTierTmonacvle sxvadasxva 

sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT (es sakiTxebi ganxiluli gvaqvs qvemoT). 

aRniSnul amosavalTa gaTvaliswinebiT `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ uZvelesi struqtura 

Cven warmogvidgeba Semdegi saxiT: mSoblebi da bavSvoba, kabadokieloba, ierusalimi, 

RvTismSoblis Cvenebani, jvari vazisa, xilva-CvenebaSi àTi sityvis~ /dekalogis/ 

uwyeba, gza javaxeTidan urbnisSi, armazis msxvreva, locva mayvlovanSi, gankurnebani, 

mzis dabneleba, jvarTa aRmarTva, sveticxovlis aRmarTva, gardacvaleba 

/aqedan calke sakiTxavad ramdenime epizodia savaraudebeli/. 

esaa saerTo struqturis sqema, romelic, cxadia, SemdegSiac dazustdeba momaval 

kvleva-ZiebaTa safuZvelze, rac kvlavac unda daemyaros liturgiul-eortalogiur 

princips. zemoaRniSnul principTa kvalobaze xdeba epizodTa Sinagani Sinaarsobrivi 

gacxrilvac. 

amjerad erT-erTi umTavresia aRniSvna imisa, rom `wminda ninos cxovreba~ Seiswavlebodes 

viTarca uZvelesi Zegli qarTuli mwerlobisa. am niSniT unda damkvidrdes 

igi ara mxolod umaRles saswavlebelTa kursebSi, aramed zogadsaganmanaTleblo 

skolaTa programebSic. saSualo skolis programebSi igi unda Sediodes rogorc 

ZiriTadi masala. yovlad miutevebelia, igi iswavlebodes rogorc damxmare saki- 

Txavi an Tundac im saxiT, rogorc es gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas. 

`wminda ninos cxovreba~ arsebiTad literaturis istorias ganekuTvneba 

76

da igi, upirveles yovlisa, aTvisebul unda iqnes rogorc literaturuli nawarmoebi. 

misi literaturuli Rirsebani ki sruliad gansakuTrebulia. aq monumentalobiT 

aRbeWdili gansaxovnebis gverdiTaa Rrmad subieqturi aRmsareblobiTi wiaRsvlani; 

wm. ninos vxedavT armazuli panTeonis kerpTa winaSe, roca maT amsxvrevs qariSxali 

da mexTatexa, da Semdeg, roca is Tvali-patiosaniT xelSi loculobs akakis xis 

CrdilT qveS; sveticxovlis aRmarTvisas wminda ninos vxedavT gaxarebuli RvTismSoblis 

darad. dabolos, Tu rogor eTxoveba igi mis mier ganaTlebul qveyanasa da 

wuTisofels: `moiwia Jami dRisa dalevnisa da mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁ, rameTu ara 

Tu dRe da mze Seicvalebian wesTa zeda maTTa, aramed me dResa davuRamdebi da igi 

hgia ukunisamde~. `me dResa davuRamdebio~, _ amgvar mxatvrul saxes d. guramiSvilisTana 

saxismetyveleba Seexmianeba /`viTa davRamdi, isev gavsTendi~/. 

àman wmidaman aRanTo gulsa Cemsa sanTeli naTlisaÁ da SuadRes oden maCuena me 

mze brwyinvale~, _ ase gadmogvcems mirian mefe Tavis sulier naTliscemas. 

aRaras vambobT im umTavresze, rom wminda nino qarTvelTa erovnulaRmsareblobiTi 

idealis pirvelsaxea, qarTuli qristologiisa da saxismetyvelebis safuZvel- 

Ta-safuZvelia. 

yvelasTvis cxadia, rom literaturul nawarmoebTan swored saSualo skolaSi 

ziarebas sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs da, metadre, iseT ZeglTan, rogoric 

`wminda ninos cxovrebaa~. umaRles da saSualo skolaSi misi danergva misadmi 

gazrdis saerTo kulturul interesebs da gaaaqtiurebs araerTi iseTi mecnieruli 

problemis Seswavlas, romlebic kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. 

saxismetyveleba 

1. `sveti-cxoveli~ anu RvTaeba da taZari 

77 

kuarTi brwyinavs, sveti naTobs, 

juari krTebis da sxivTa elvebr 

ganuteobs, xolo eklesiaÁ RaRadebs: 

mefeno da erno, ixarebdeT dRes! 

s a g a l o b l i d a n 

sveti-cxoveli qristianobis udidesi saswaulia saqarTveloSi. sveti-cxoveli 

qarTuli simboloa qristianobisa. igi àxal aRTqmas~ emyareba: `jerars saxlsa Sina 

RmrTisasa slvaÁ, romel ars eklesiaÁ RmrTisaÁ cxovelisaÁ, sueti da simtkice WeSmaritebisaÁ~ 

(I tim., 3.15), _ es pavle mociqulis sityvebia. 

mcxeTaSi uflis kvarTze amozrdili kviparosi, naZvi libanisa, gadaiqca naTlis 

svetad, sulier, maradiuli sicocxlis momniWebel svetad, `cxovel~ anu cxovlismyofel 

svetad da simbolod RvTaebisa. amisdakvalad, uZveles da umTavres qarTul 

eklesias ewoda `sveticxoveli~. 

sveti-cxovelSi Cans maradiuli cxovrebis aRmniSvneli sityva (cxoveli anu marad 

cocxali), romelic mocemulia uflis qarTul saxeldebaSi – macxovari. ase Camoyalibebula 

RvTaebisa da taZris urTierTmsgavsi qarTuli saxeldebani. 

Tavdapirvelad mas wmidaTa-wmidasac uwodebdnen, albaT, imitom, rom igi aigo 

àxali aRTqmis~ uZvelesi da umTavresi taZris, solomonis taZris msgavsad, romel- 

Sic iyo `wmidaTa-wmida~ adgili rjulis kidobniT, sadac inaxeboda aTi mcnebis Semcveli 

dafebi. sveticxovlis taZari 12 mociqulis saxelobisa iyo, magram mas sionic 

ewodeboda. sionis taZari ierusalimTan aigo. aq iyo RvTismSoblis miZinebis adgili. 

saqarTveloSi sioni RvTismSoblis taZrebs erqva, xolo sveticxovels sioni imitom 

uwodes, rom saqarTvelo RvTismSoblis wilxvdomili iyo. mas unda gaevrcelebina

qristianoba saqarTveloSi. es ki misi STagonebiT wm. ninom aRasrula. sveticxovlis 

taZari yovladwminda RvTismSobels gamoxatavda, viTarca adgili RvTisa. 

sveti-cxoveli gulisxmobs wminda sibrZnes, saRvTo sibrZnes. amiT sveticxovlis 

taZari emsgavseboda konstantinepolis uZveles da umTavres taZars – aia sofias 

(agia-sofiis, `wminda sibrZnis~ taZars), romelic, rogorc vTqviT, Tavdapirvelad 

aSenebula IV s-is dasawyisSi, bizantiis pirveli imperatoris konstantine didis 

dros, xolo Semdeg, VI s-Si imperator iustiniane didis mier. sveticxovlis taZari 

samjer aSenda: pirvelad IV s-Si mefe mirianis mier, Semdeg _ V s-Si, vaxtang gorgaslis 

dros, xolo bolos – giorgi I-is mefobisas, gasrulda 1029 wels. 

saqarTveloSi qristianobis saboloo damyarebis simboloa sveti-cxoveli. saqar- 

TveloSi wminda ninos mosvlis umTavresi Sedegi iyo aRmarTva sveticxovlis, viTarca 

umTavresi eklesiisa (`kaTolike~ anu sayovelTao taZrisa). 

sveticxoveli iyo da yovelTvis iqneba yvelaze mniSvnelovani qristianuli taZari 

saqarTveloSi. sveticxoveli iyo da iqneba pirvelnimuSi, pirvelsaxe qarTuli eklesiebisa 

da deda-adgili Cveni qristianobisa. aseTi didebiT aris igi Semosili 

dResac, Tumca dRes saeklesio centri Tbilisis wm. sionSia. sionis saxelobis taZari 

mravladaa saqarTveloSi, mravladaa sxvaTa saxelobis taZrebic, sveti-cxoveli 

ki erTaderTia. zemoTqmulidanac Canda, rom TviT sityva `sveti-cxoveli~ mravlis 

gamomxatvelia. igi taZarsac gulisxmobs da mis sulier Sinaarssac; kerZod, macxovars, 

masTan erTad mama RmerTsac da suli wmidasac. upirveles yovlisa, imitom, 

rom samebaze moZRvrebiT, anu trilogiiT, is, rac iTqmeba Ze-RmerTze, vrceldeba mama 

RmerTsa da suliwmidaze. sveticxovlis taZari aSenda RvTis wyalobiT, yovladwmida 

RvTismSoblis madliT da wminda ninos locva-kurTxeviT. 

mefe mirianma Sinagani sulieri xilviT, rac TxoTis mTaze mzis dabnelebas daukavSirda, 

qristianoba aRiara da mTavari qristianuli taZris aSeneba gadawyvita. 

mcxeTaSi uflis kvarTis daflvis adgilas aRmarTuli xe mokveTes da sxva eqvs 

svetTan erTad taZris mTavar svetad gaamzades. sveti verara ZaliT da manqanebiT 

ver aRmarTes. maSin iloca wminda ninom da zecidan gamoCnda ganspetakebuli Wabuki, 

uflis angelozi, suliTa da saxiT naTelmosili. man Tavisi marjveniT azida da 

Semdeg fuZes daamyara es wminda sveti, taZris sulieri deda-boZi. mas daefuZna Tavdapirveli 

taZari, deda-eklesia saqarTvelosi. sveti-cxoveli, pirobiTad Tu vityviT, 

gaxda deda-boZi umTavresi taZrisa da deda-boZi qarTuli eklesiisTvisac ki. 

moxda saswauli da taZris mTavarma boZma, Tavdapirvelad xis sveti rom iyo, saxe 

icvala, misi feriscvaleba moxda. igi iqca naTlis svetad da RvTaebrivi naTliT ganimsWvala. 

es naTlis sveti maRliT zecas swvdeboda, dabla ki im adgils eyrdnoboda, 

sadac qristes kvarTi iyo dafluli. axla im adgilas sveticxovlis did ta- 

ZarSi mcire taZaria Cadgmuli. taZris maRla sarkmelidan eSveba (`Camoesveteba~) naTlis 

sveti anu sveti-cxoveli, cocxali da cxovelmyofeli Tavisi sulierebiT da 

akavSirebs zecasa da qarTul miwas. adamiani mas ver xedavs Cveulebrivi mzeriT. igi 

yvelam Tavisi sulieri xedviT unda warmoidginos. vinc amas warmoidgens, mis sulSi 

Cndeba sveti-cxoveli, zecisa da miwis SemakavSirebeli, adamianis sulierad ganmwmendeli 

da gamacxovelebeli. yvelas SeiZleba gvqondes sakuTar sulier wiaRSi 

sakuTari sveti-cxoveli, xati da simbolo im mTavari sveti-cxovlisa anu RvTaebisa. 

dRevandeli sveticxovlis taZarSi im sulier sveti-cxovels freskebiT moxatuli 

qviT naSenebi sveti hfaravs. 

TviT taZari, umTavresi taZari qarTuli marTlmadidebeli sarwmunoebisa, sulieri 

naTlis, RvTaebrivi sveti-cxovlis simboloa. amitom orazrovnad unda gvesmodes 

mniSvneloba `sveti-cxovlisa~: pirvelia RvTaebrivi naTlis sveti, sulierad arsebuli 

sveti-cxoveli (romlis raoba dawerilobiTac, defiziT, unda gamoixatos, raTa 

mis mTlianobaSi calcalke gamoCndes `sveti~ da `cxoveli~, anu macxovari); meorea 

misadmi miZRvnili taZari anu sveticxoveli. sveticxovlis taZari simboloa sulieri 

sveti-cxovlisa. sveti-cxoveli rwmenis simboloa, Cveni mrwamsia. 

78

sveti-cxoveli safuZvelia qarTuli eklesiuri azrovnebisa, aseve igi azrobriv 

safuZvels qmnis qarTuli saxismetyvelebisaTvis da qarTuli saistorio cnobierebisaTvis. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ mravali saxea, magram sruliad gansakuTrebulia sveticxoveli. 

mTavaria misi religiuri Sinaarsi, misi forma esTetikuricaa. esaa amaRlebulis 

esTetika. igi emyareba naTlis sulier gancdas, romelic sulier STagonebas 

gvaniWebs. es iseTi naTelia, romelic TanaSemoqmedebas iTxovs, e. i. Cven TviTon unda 

warmovidginoT misi RvTaebrivi Zala. maSasadame, Tavad Cvens sulSi unda vipovoT amgvari 

naTlis Semsgavsebuli ram. sveti-cxoveli amgvari sulieri naTlis svetia. 

sveti-cxovlis aseTi saxismetyvelebiTi gaSinaarseba Cveulebriv naTelsac ki sulierad 

gagvaazrebinebs. sinaTle siwmindis simboloa. naTelze ufro wminda SeiZleba 

iyos mxolod azri, patiosnebiT aRsavse fiqri. naTeli zebunebrivia Tavisi simartiviTa 

da sispetakiT. aseT simartiveSi didi sirTulea. naTelze sul martivi 

fiqriTac-ki zecasa da amqveyniurobas vakavSirebT. modis sxivi xelSeuxebeli, 

vermisawvdomi, eTerovani `raRac~ da moaqvs didi sikeTe. wyvdiadis siRrmeSic ki kacs 

eguleba naTlis sikeTe. naTeli sulierebas gamoxatavs, raTa ar moxdes sulierebis 

dayvana sagnobriobaze, raTa ar waiSalos sulieri yofierebis SegrZneba. sagnebsac 

naTeli asulierebs. igi sagnebs `suls udgams,~ ukuneTidan amohyavs. unaTlo 

sagnebi araraobaSi inTqmebian. isini CvenTvis aRar arseboben. naTeli sulisa da sagnebis 

SemaerTebelia. suli sagnidan modis rogorc sinaTle. suli sinaTlea. 

borotebac eswrafvis sinaTles, radgan boroteba grZnobs Tavis mankierebas da 

surs ebrZolos sikeTes. amitomac surs naTels daemsgavsos. magram misi naTeli araa 

zeaRmavali sinaTle, igi iferfleba qvedamzidveli ZaliT (rogorc armazi). 

mSveniereba ki naTelia, zeciT mosuli. aseTia sveti-cxoveli, misi saxismetyvelebiTi 

Sinaarsi. qristianul saxismetyvelebaSi, rac ar unda amaRlebuli iyos saxe, 

igi mainc nawilia garkveuli sistemisa. 

radgan `sveti-cxoveli~ umTavresi da upirvelesi qarTuli qristianuli saxea da 

radgan `sveti-cxovliT~ iwyeba qarTuli qristianuli saximetyveleba, unda gaviTvaliswinoT 

ramdenime Teoriuli winamZRvari, romlebic Seexeba ara marto sveti-cxovels, 

aramed manamde da mis Semdgom saxismetyvelebasac. amasTanave es SeiZleba 

vrceldebodes ara marto qarTul saxismetyvelebaze. literaturuli da saxviTi xelovnebis 

istoriuli ganviTarebis kvalobaze gamoiyofa sami tipi saxeebisa: 

1. pirveli iqneba eideturi saxeebi. aseTi saxeldeba ukavSirdeba ìdeas~ (rac gulisxmobs 

gamoxatul azrs, berZnulad _ èidos~). aseTi saxeebis saukeTeso nimuSebia 

antikur berZnul xelovnebaSi, mis qandakebebSi da xuroTmoZRvrebasa da literaturaSi. 

aq azri da grZnoba uSualod vlindeba saxis xilul, fizikur raobaSi. 

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, saxis Sinaarsi uSualod plastikaSi Cans. magaliTad, zevsis 

qandakebani uSualod avlens mis bunebas. amas safuZvlad udevs miTologia. 

2. qristianobis warmoSobis Semdeg damkvidrda eikonuri saxismetyveleba (anu xatisebri, 

berZnuli sityvidan èikon~- xati). eikonuri saxeebi emyareba qristianul 

moZRvrebas adamianze, romlis mixedviT, adamianis suli da xorcieli buneba erTmaneTs 

sxvaobs: suli RvTaebrivia, amaRlebuli da uxilavi, xorcieli buneba ki mdabalia 

da warmavali. eikonuri saxis garegnoba mxolod miniSnebaa da ver-ki amowuravs 

missave Sinaarss. igi Cven TviTon unda warmovidginoT. magaliTad, macxovris nebismieri 

xatis RvTaebrivi Sinaarsi Cvenve unda warmovisaxoT TanaSemoqmedebiT. es aris 

is, rac Cven nawilobriv vTqviT sveti-cxovelze. 

3. mesamea sakuTriv mxatvruli gansaxiereba, rac uSualod esTetikur safuZvlebs 

emyareba da ara mxolod miToss, an ara mxolod qristianul saxismetyvelebas. ase- 

Tia axali drois saxismetyveleba, Tumca TiToeul zemoaRniSnul saxeTa Serwyma 

Zalze xSiria xolme. 

sveti-cxoveli, viTarca simbolo, da sveticxovlis taZris saxismetyveleba eikonur 

gansaxovnebas emyareba. 

79

eikonuri anu xatisebri gansaxovnebaa mTels agiografiaSi. agiografiaSi araa Cveulebrivi 

mxatvruli saxeebi. agiografia xatisebur saxeTa sistemaa. misi saxeebi orplaniania. 

maT amqveyniuri Sinaarsic aqvT da sulieri mniSvnelobac. roca wm. SuSanikze 

Tqmulia: ìyoo moSiSi RmrTisaÁ siyrmiTgan TvisiT~, _ amiT misi adamianuri 

sikeTea gamoxatuli, magram aqve igulisxmeba, rom igi imTaviTve aRvsili iyo RvTismadlianobiT. 

roca SuSaniki ekiTxeba varsqenis warmogzavnils: ùkueTu suliTa 

cxovel ars igi, cocxalmca xarT igica da Senca, ukueTu suliTa momkvdar xarT, 

mokiTxvaÁ ege Seni Senadve moiqecin,~ _ aq nagulisxmevia qristianuli adamian- 

Tmcodneobis (anu anTropologiis) arsi, rom adamianSi ori bunebaa: sulieri da 

xorcieli. suliT adamiani RmerTs emsgavseba, xorci araa RvTaebrivi, Tu mas suliereba 

moaklda. adamiani Seqmnilia msgavsad RvTis xatisa. RvTis upirvelesi xati 

qristea. adamiani cocxlobs RvTaebrivi suliT da Tu man es dakarga, mis sicocxles 

aRar aqvs fasi. ai, aseTi azria SuSanikis sityvebSi. es sityvebi, viTarca mTlianoba, 

viTarca erTi saxeobrivi erTeuli erTianobaSi warmosadgeni, eikonur saxes qmnis. 

roca ninos eubnebian: `vxedav, Svilo Cemo, Zalsa Sensa, viTarca Zalsa lomisa Zuvisa,~ 

_ es araa Cveulebrivi Sedareba. es gulisxmobs mudmiv sulier mRviZarebas saRvTo 

RvawlisaTvis (sul sxvaa rusTveluri metafora: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu 

iyos, Tundac xvadia~). 

maSasadame, eikonuri saxismetyvelebisaTvis arsebiTia sarwmuno Sinaarsi. aseTivea 

agiografiuli saxeebi, aseTia xatwera da freska, xuroTmoZRvreba da sagalobeli. 

yovelive es ar niSnavs, rom agiografiul saxismetyvelebas ar axldes esTetikuri 

niSnebi. agiografiis saxismetyveleba emyareba amaRlebulis esTetikas da ara 

mSvenierebis esTetikas, rogorc es eidetur an sakuTriv mxatvrul saxismetyveleba- 

Sia. amaRlebulobaze damyarebuli saxismetyveleba gulisxmobs STagonebas da ara 

esTetikur tkbobas. taZris axali atmosfero STagonebis momniWebelia da ara Cveulebrivi 

esTetikuri tkbobisa. sagalobeli da freska STagonebis momniWebelia da 

ara èsTetikurad damtkbobeli.~ freskaze romc iyos silamaze, is ar mniSvnelobs. 

aq mniSvnelobs STamagonebeli saxismetyveleba. aseTia amaRlebulis esTetikuri buneba. 

agiografiaSi aRaraa silamaze, aqaa naTlis amaRlebuloba. es SeiZleba iyos 

mzis naTeli, anda raRac idumali, araRameuli naTeli. es sulis amamaRlebeli naTelia. 

mas zogjer pirobiTad ewodeba-xolme `mSveniereba~, magram sinamdvileSi, igi 

amaRlebulobas gulisxmobs. es mSveniereba `naTelia zeciT mosuli~. 

aseTi naTelia sveti-cxoveli. igi qarTul mwerlobaSi amkvidrebda eikonur saxismetyvelebas. 

TviT iyo amis pirvelnimuSi, pirvelsaxe anu paradigma. 

TviT sveti-cxovels Tavisi pirvelsaxeebi Tu pirvelnimuSebi bibliaSi hqonda, 

`Zvel aRTqmaSi~ da àxal aRTqmaSiac~. `gamosvlaTa~ wignSi, roca moses udabnoSi 

mihyavs xalxi, maT Tavs dahnaTis naTlis sveti. es `sveti-cxovelia~, Tuki mas simbolurad 

gaviazrebT. zeciuri naTeli adga beTlemis bagebs, sadac macxovari iSva da 

es naTeli pirvelad velze mdgomare mwyemsebma ixiles. `mravalgzis ixila mis zeda 

sueti naTlis kacis mier RmrTisa Rame yovel locvasa mas Rirsebisasa, rameTu suli 

wmindaÁ ganisuenebs mas zeda maradis,~ - naTqvamia `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba- 

Si~ pirovnebis siwmindis warmosadgenad (286). 

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ `sakumeveli aRemarTa viTarca sueti~ da es win uZ- 

Roda axali eklesiis aSenebas (220). Sio mRvimeli sveti-cxovels estumra, `Sevida ka- 

Tolike eklesiad, Tayuanis-sca wmidasa suetsa~ da aqaurma mama-mTavarma uTxra: `yavn 

ufalman mRvime igi kibed, aRmyvaneblad Senda zecad mimarT, da bneli igi mimyvanebel 

naTelsa mas dauRamebelsa~ (225). 

`vefxistyaosnis~ siuJetur apoTeozSi, samTa TaTbiris Semdeg, uSualod qajeTis 

cixis aRebis win, saomrad gamzadebul Wabukebze naTqvamia: 

igi Wabukni SuqiTa vnaxen mzisaca metiTa, 

maT samTa Svidni mnaTobni hfarven naTlisa svetiTa (1408). 

nestanTan Sexvedras tarieli ase ganicdis: 

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`gulsa bneli gaminaTla, zeda lxini medga svetad~ (412, varianti). aqac naTeli 

svetia. indoeTis gasaTavisufleblad tarielis misvla ase aRiqmeba: 

indoeTis zeciT sinaTle Cadga maT viTa svetia (1693). 

es sityvebi `vefxistyaosnis~ damatebaSia, indo-xataelTa ambavSi, rac kidev erTxel 

adasturebs, rom `naTeli sveti~ paradigmuli saxea ara mxolod rusTvelis- 

Tvis, aramed misi mimdevrebisTvisac. `Camosveteba~ naTlisa Cans qarTul folklor- 

Siac, iliasa da vaJas poemebSic. 

amrigad, sveti-cxoveli qarTuli saxismetyvelebis erT-erTi umTavresi safuZveli 

gaxda. sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi igi xan uSualod meordeba, xanac mxatvruli saxecvlilebiT. 

masze damyarebiT vrceldeba naTlis esTetika, esTetika `wminda naTlisa~. 

es ki saTaves udebs eikonur saxismetyvelebas. 

sveti-cxoveli aris suli eklesiisa da es exeba ara mxolod mTavar taZars, aramed 

yvela eklesias. yvela maTganis sulia sveti-cxoveli, simbolo RvTisa. 

sveti-cxoveli dgas `samoTxeSi~. marTalia, es `samoTxe~ sinamdvileSi mefis ba- 

Ria. magram masSi simbolurad SeiZleba vigulisxmoT sulieri samoTxec. aseTi ram 

aRniSnulicaa nawarmoebSi: 

wminda ninom es baRi samoTxed aqciao. bibliur samoTxeSi ori xe idga: xe cxovrebisa 

da xe cnobadisa keTilisa da borotisa. sveti-cxoveli cxovrebis xea, amitom 

maszedac iTqmis is, rac apokalipsSi weria: ìsminen, rasa etyvis suli eklesiaTa: 

romelman sZlos, mivsce mas Wamad Zelisa misgan cxorebisa, romel ars Soris samoTxesa 

RmrTisa Cemisa~ (gamocxadeba, gv. 2,7). 

maSasadame, sveti-cxoveli aRvsilia mravali azriT: 

is sulis sazrdoa, is naTelia sulisa, is sulia eklesiisa, simbolo mama-Rmer- 

Tisa, Zisa da suli wmindisa da samebis erTarsobisa. sveti-cxoveli SemaerTebelia 

cisa da qarTuli miwis. igi mTeli qarTuli sulieri cxovrebis safuZvelTa-safuZvelia. 

sveti-cxoveli gulisxmobs maradiuli sulieri cxovrebis anu cxonebis moni- 

Webas iseve, rogorc macxovari asrulebs amas. 

2. jvarTa aRmarTva 

qristiandeba saqarTvelo: daemxo armazuli panTeoni, uaryves RmerToba mzisa, aRmarTes 

sveti-cxoveli da taZari sveticxovlisa. wminda adgilebSi unda aRemarTaT 

jvrebi, upirvelesad – samni: erTi mcxeTas, erTi TxoTis mTaze da erTic ujarmas. 

`mefe mirianis wignSi~ vkiTxulobT: òdes mauwya Cven wmindaman nino aRmarTebad 

juari, warvavlinen xuroni da eZiebdes xesa, vidremdis poves martod mdgomi kldesa 

zeda, romelsa ara miaxlebul iyo xeli kacisaÁ~ (159). 

es xe sakraluri xe aRmoCnda. misi nayofiT daWrili irmebi ikurnebodnen. iakob 

mRvdeli da ioane mTavarepiskoposi ki mogviTxroben: ìyo: raJams moekueTa xeÁ igi 

patiosnisa da Zlevismyofelisa patiosnisa juarisaÁ da moaqundaT igi aTsa aTeulsa 

kacsa, ze-ze rtoiTurT da furcliT Semoaqunda qalaqad. da mostydeboda eri igi 

mwuanis ferobasa mas furclianobasa dReTa zafxulis (anu gazafxulis. r.s.) pirisaTa, 

odes sxuaÁ yoveli xeÁ xmel iyo~ (148). 

es moxda 25 marts, xareba dRes. am periodSi sakraluri xis moWra adreuli tradicia 

yofila, magram axla saWiro gamxdara is tradicia moSliliyo da xis moWras 

axali azri miniWeboda. da asec momxdara. is eklesiasTan daudgamT didi xniT, mere 

ki 1 maiss jvrebi gaumzadebiaT, xolo 7 maiss aRumarTavT. am dRes konstantinepol- 

Siac yofila jvris dResaswauli. 

umTavresi jvari ki, mcxeTis-jvari, ase aRumarTavT: wm. nino asula mTaze. aqve yofilan 

mefe da didebulebi, mTavarepiskoposi da samRvdeloni, CvilTa Jivilic ismoda 

da mas `mTanica xma-scemdneno~. wminda ninom jvari gadaswera iqaurobas da aRmar- 

Tes ZleviT Semosili jvari. mere didi saswaulebic momxdara: martviliis (anu 

sulTmofenobis) Semdeg, erT dRes caze gamoCenila naTlis sveti, Tormeti varskvla- 

81

viT dagvirgvinebuli, dabla CamoSvebula da sveticxovlis taZris gumbaTze damdgara. 

Semdeg ori varskvlavi gamoyofila, erTi dasavleTiT wasula da erTic – aRmosavleTiT, 

rac moaswavebda, rom saqarTveloSi jvris sufeva damyarda. 

yovelive es moxda wm. ninos vazis-jvris madliT, romlis pirvelsaxe, `saxe jvrisa~, 

mas RvTismSoblisgan eboZa. gadmocemiT, vazis nasxlevi ninom sakuTari TmebiT 

Sekra. pirvelad vazis-jvari wm. ninom mayvlovanSi aRmarTa (81, 101). mayvlovani 

RvTismSoblis simboloa. ase ganimarteba TviT moses mier xilva `Seuwveli buCqisa~. 

mayvlovanSi yofna ninosi simbolurad exmianeba saqarTvelos RvTismSoblisadmi 

wilxvdomobas. jvris vazisagan Seqmna ki moaswavebda vazis gasimboloebas qristianuli 

SinaarsiT. vazi xom saqarTveloSi odiTganve sakralurad iTvleboda. is iyo 

sicocxlis xe. qarTuli CuqurTmac vazis moZraobas asaxavda. amieridan _ ki vazi 

(Tu _ `venaxi~) xdeboda simbolo RvTisa da RvTismSoblisa. amas gamoxatavs demetre 

– damianes sityvebi: `Sen xar venaxi, axlad aRyvavebuli~. 

saqarTvelos qristianobis simboloa jvari vazisa. 

saqarTveloSi qristianobis gavrcelebis sawyisi periodidanve jvris sami saxe 

damkvidrebula: andria pirvelwodebulis mier motanili jvari, Semdeg – jvari vazisa, 

romlis `saxe~ RvTismSobelma gadasca wm. ninos da bolnuri jvari anu wreSi 

Caxatuli tolmklavebiani jvari (jvari medalionSi). arsiT yvela erTia, formiT ki 

sxvadasxva. sxvadasxvagvaria maTi saxismetyvelebiTi mniSvnelobanic. jvari universaluri 

simboluri formaa, romelic gamoxatavs yofierebaSi RvTiurobis yovelmxriv 

ganfenas, vertikalurad, e. i. zecisaken da horizontalur sivrceSiac. maTi gadakve- 

TiT jvari qmnis RvTaebriv centrs. kosmiuri gaazrebiT es aris RvTaebrivi wertili, 

sayrdeni samyaros mTlianobisa, xolo pirovnuli gagebiT, igulisxmeba guli adamianisa, 

viTarca centri pirovnebis sulier-xorcieli mTlianobisa. wreSi Caxatuli 

jvari ki gamoxatavs samyaros mTlianobas, mis danawilebas da missave centrs. samyaros 

mTlianobas (wres) gamsWvalavs jvarsaxovani sulierebiT. 

yvelafris safuZveli jvris qristologiuri Sinaarsia. 

vnebis jvari gamoxatavs macxovars, romelic iqmna sikvdiliTa sikvdilisa dam- 

Trgunveli. amitom is SeiZleba iyos Zlevis jvari, ZleviT Semosili jvari, ìeso 

qristes ZlevaÁ~ (swored ase aweria petriwonis RvTismSoblis taZris gumbaTis 

jvars). 

jvari vazisa simboloa qristianuli saqarTvelosi da masSi igulisxmeba kavSiri 

jvrisa da vazisa. xolo wreSi Caxatuli jvari gulisxmobs macxovris amaRlebas da 

amitomaa, rom swored aseTi jvaria gamosaxuli amaRlebis kompoziciebze, magali- 

Tad, mcxeTis jvris bareliefze. 

wreSi Caxatuli jvari gavrcelebuli iyo bizantiur samyaroSi, koptur bareliefebze, 

kabadokiaSi da maltis jvris saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. farTodaa gavrcelebuli 

saqarTveloSi: Sida qarTlSi, mesxeT-javaxeTSi, magram gansakuTrebiT – qvemo 

qarTlSi, sadac igi warmodgenilia qristianobis uZvelesi xanidan metad mravalgvari 

saxismetyvelebiTi formebiT. jvari medalionSi gvxvdeba bolnisis sionisave 

Crdilo kedelze cnobili warweris maRla, samxreTis Sesasvlelis zemoTac. gvxvdeba 

interierSiac, sxva taZrebSi ki – gumbaTSiac. amas emateba qvemo qarTlis qvasvetebi 

da qvajvrebi. 

jvari medalionSi macxovris amaRlebas gamoxatavs da esaa misi mTavari warTqmi- 

Ti (anu dadebiTi) saxismetyvelebiTi Sinaarsi. magram amasTanave igi gulisxmobs 

ùkuTqmiT~ (anu uarsayofel) azrsac, kerZod, xiluli mzis RvTaebriobis desakralizebas 

da daZlevas, misTvis aramiTosuri simbolos mniSvnelobis miniWebas. miTos- 

Si tolferda jvari an borjRali mze-RvTaebis simbolo iyo. am azriT gamosaxavdnen 

maT dedaboZze. bolnuri jvari amnairi warmodgenebis ubralo ganviTareba ki 

ar aris, aramed maTi arsis uaryofaa, formis SenarCunebiT, raTa mze an misi xateba 

iqces mxolod da mxolod simbolod uxilavi sulieri mzisa. e. i. iqceva mis eikonur 

gansaxovnebad. am ideis ganviTareba Cans gelaTis akademiis emblemaSi, sadac war- 

82

modgenilia gadaSlil wignSi Caxazuli yvavilovani wre-mze, simbolo sulieri naTlisa, 

gamomxatveli sulierad amamaRlebeli sibrZnisa. bolnuri jvaric adamianis 

sulieri amaRlebis simbolocaa. jvris es forma `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ uSualod 

ara Cans, magram Cans jvris sulierad amamaRlebeli Zala. 

wm. ninos jvari, wminda ninos TmebiTve Sekruli, amJamad inaxeba sionis sapatriarqo 

taZarSi. am jvarSi simbolurad SeiZleba davinaxoT wminda samebac da samebis 

erTarsebac, Tuki mas sammzeobiT gaviazrebT (`sammzeoba~ ki wm. samebis cnobili simboloa). 

erTi `mze~ iqneba Tavad jvari, simbolurad `mze simarTlisa~, meore mxriv, 

sulieri mzis simbolo SeiZleba iyos vazi (ZvelqarTulad _ venaxi). asea demetre-damianes 

sagalobelSi: `Sen xar venaxi, axlad aRyvavebuli~. esaa I striqoni, xolo bolo 

mexuTe striqonia: `da TaviT TvisiT mze xar gabrwyinvebuli~. e. i. is, rac simbolurad 

vazia (`venaxia~), simboluradve mzecaa. vazi brwyinavs mzis brwyinvalebiT. mesame 

mxriv, mzea Tmebi ninosi, romlisganac Sekrulia jvari vazisa. Tmebi sulieri 

mzis simbolikiT SeiZleba gavigoT, Tu maT gaviazrebT Saravandedis sulieri mziurobiT. 

wm. ninos vazis jvarSi es sami jvari erTad sammzeobaa da sambrwyinvaleba. 

daviT aRmaSenebeli wers; `martio, srulo, sammzeo, erTciskrovnebao~. aqve gavixsenoT 

macxovris sityvebi: `me varo venaxi WeSmariti, da mamaÁ Cemi moqmed arso~ (i. 15,1). 

axla Tu Cven warmovidgenT vazis jvars mayvlovanSi, romelic iq wm. ninom aRmarTa, 

isic gaviazroT, rom simbolurad mayvlovani RvTismSobelia, xolo jvari vazisa ieso 

qriste. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili mTebze jvrebis aRmarTva moaswavebda, rom 

es mTebi aRivso sulieri naTliT. 

qristianuli msoflxedviT, yvelaferi jvarsaxovania, SeiZleba iTqvas yvelafer- 

Sia jvari, radgan jvaris vertikali RvTiskenaa mimarTuli, xolo horizontaluri 

nawili amqveyniuri yofierebis simboloa. jvari maTi gadakveTaa, yvela movlenaSi 

sulier da xorciel raobaTa gadakveTaa. asea metnaklebad yvelaferSi da gansakuTrebiT 

adamianSi. adamianis arseboba jvarsaxovania. 

3. wminda ninos saxe 

wminda nino qarTvelTa ganmanaTlebelia. igi mociqulTa swori misioneria. man 

aRasrula didi misia saqarTvelos gaqristianebisa, romelic RvTismSobels xvda wilad. 

RvTismSoblis STagonebiT wm. nino gaxda saqarTvelosTvis RvTismSoblis monacvle. 

misi RvawliT saqarTveloSi damyarda saxelmwifoebrivi qristianoba, rac 

ver ganxorcielda wminda andria pirvelwodebulis qadagebis Semdeg I s-Si. wminda 

ninos RvawliT daiwyo qarTveli eris istoriis Tanamaradiuli epoqa, àxali cxovreba~, 

damyarebuli àxal aRTqmaze~. 

yovelive zemoaRniSnuli cxadyofs, rom wminda nino qarTvelTa yvelaze didi 

erovnuli wmindania. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom qristianobaSi miRebulia siwmindis 

ierarqiuloba, siwmindis xarisxis aRiareba. aseTia TviT angelozTa ierarqia, angelozTa 

cxra dasia, siwmindis zeaRmavlobis Sesabamisad. wmindanebic, Tumca arsiT 

erTni arian, magram sxvadasxvagvarobac arsebobs. arsebobs didmowameoba (magaliTad, 

wm. giorgi, anda wm. nikolozi da sxvani.) amisdakvalad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom wm. nino 

qarTvelTa didwmindania. 

wminda ninos saxe misi sulieri bunebiT unda warmovidginoT. hagiografiaSi araa 

wmindanis portreti. aqaa sityvieri `xati~ wmindanisa. garegnuladac wmindani warmodgenilia 

ara Tavisi fizikuri niSnebiT, aramed sulieri ier-saxiT. esaa ikonografiuli 

(`xatisebri~, èikon~ _ xatia) saxe. xatis aRqma amqveyniuri TvalTaxedviTac 

xdeba, magram mTavaria misi sulieri gancda. xats esTetikuri niSnebic aqvs, uromlisodac 

ar arsebobs arcerTi fizikuri gansaxovneba, magram misi mTavari mizan-dasaxuleba 

zeesTetikuria, saRvTismetyveloa. rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia da arsebi- 

Ticaa xati aRviqvaT mxolod saRvTismetyvelo TvalsazrisiT, magram es ar niSnavs, 

83

om saerTod uarvyoT misi esTetikuroba. xati òrbunebovania~: esTetikuricaa da 

zeesTetikuric (anu religiuri sulierebiT gamsWvaluli). aseTi gageba efuZneba 

qristes orbunebianobas (diofizitobas). monofizitoba xats uaryofda. 

rogor unda warmovisaxoT sityvieri xati wm. ninosi? an saerTod, misi ikonografiuli 

saxeba? es unda daukavSirdes misi misioneruli moRvaweobis umTavres momentebs. 

misi mTavari damsaxurebani mas sxvadasxva saxiT warmogvidgenen. aseTi principi 

saerTod miRebulia evangelur ikonografiaSi. macxovris xatTagan umTavresia jvarcmis 

xati. magram aseve mniSvnelovania sxva xatebic: fericvalebisa Tu amaRlebis, 

saidumlo serobisa Tu gardamoxsnisa. aseve sxvadasxvagvaria RvTismSoblis xatebic: 

RvTismSobeli èleusa~ (moalerse), RvTismSobeli - òdigitria~ (gzis maCvenebeli) 

da sxvani. 

TviT wm. ninos Tavisi cxovrebidan gansakuTrebiT gansaxovneba surda: ùwyoden 

SvilTa TquenTa sarwmunoebaÁ Tqueni da SewynarebaÁ Cemi da saswaulni ese RmrTisa 

Cuenisani, romelni gixilven mciredni mTaTa zeda da maT Sina suetisa aRmarTebasa 

da mier wyarosa mas zeda vidre aqa mosvlamde Cemda. TviT ufalman uwyis da sulman 

Cemman, romeli uxilavs Tualsa Cemsa zeciT gardamo queyanasa Cemsa~ (106). 

wm. ninos usurvebia momavals daamaxsovrdes is Semdeg movlenebTan dakavSirebiT; 

esenia: saswaulebi mTaze, sveticxovlis aRmarTva, wyarosTan. magram es ar aris yvelaferi, 

es is movlenebia, romelTa Semswre Tavad yofila misi cxovrebis aRmweri – 

salome ujarmeli. 

am movlenebs Seavsebs dedofal sujis ambebze darTuli abiaTaris monaTxrobi: 

qarTls moevlinao `dedakaci erTi ubiwo, myudroÁ moSiSebiTa, ubraloÁ, wmidaÁ, 

RmerT-Semosili, wmindaÁ nino, dedaÁ Cueni. misgan vixilen sakvirvelebani kurnebaTani 

da niSni sazarelni da saswaulni saSinelni amis svetisa aRmarTebisa da juarisa 

aRdgomisa da kualad mayualTa maT misTa saucxueTa~ (104). aq ori liturgiul-eortalogiuri 

movlenaa aqcentirebuli: sveticxovlis aRmarTva da jvris (cxadia, mcxe- 

Tis jvris) aRmarTva da kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqti: wm. nino mayvlovanSi. 

roca gaviazrebT xatisebur (èikonur~) saxeebs agiografiaSi, anda sakuTriv xats, 

gasaTvaliswinebelia friad mniSvnelovani ram: Weduri (an naxati) Tu sityvieri xati, 

garegnulad SeiZleba iyos statikuri, uZravi da mdgradi, magram Sinaganad xati yovelTvis 

dinamiuria, radgan masSi sulis moZraobaa. aRaras vityviT iseT dinamiur 

Sinaarsze, rogoricaa macxovris feriscvaleba an ierusalimSi Sesvla. magram TviT 

jvarcma udides Sinagan sulier moZraobas Seicavs. 

asea aRsaqmeli wminda ninos xatebanic. 

a) sveticxoveli da wminda nino. sveti-cxovelTan dgas wm. nino vazis jvriTa da 

gragniliT xelSi. sveti-cxoveli zecidan eSveba (`Camoesveteba~) da efuZneba miwas, 

uflis kvarTis adgilas, raTa zecasTan SeakavSiros es qveyana. wm. nino zecas Sescqeris, 

raTa zecaze fiqriT ilocos saqarTveloze. misi mzera aRvsilia sinanuliT. 

sinanuli sulieri ganwmendaa. sulieri ganwmendiT Camoesvetdeba adamianis sulSi 

sveti-cxoveli, simbolo mama-RmerTisa, Ze RmerTisa da suliwmindisa, da samebis erTarsobisa. 

wm. ninos siwminde sxvaTac aRunTebs sulSi sveti-cxovels, RvTaebrivi 

naTliT aRvsil svets. amitom jer mefem da mere yvelam ìxila naTeli, rameTu 

hkrTeboda viTarca elva, xolo aRwevnul iyo que samoTxiT vidre zecamde, Semdeg 

ki yvelam ixila orkerZove sakvirveli da saSineli ucxo saxilavi, naTeli usaz- 

Rvro da mouwvdomeli da ganbrwyinvebuli da Tvinier nivTTasa zehaerTa sakvirvelad 

damokidebuli da xelTasa kavobrivTasa Seuxebeli~ (`saqarTvelos samoTxe~, 90). 

wm. ninos xateba iseve, rogorc wmindanTa yvela xati da yvela freska, viTarca 

samoTxis mkvidrTa saxebani, samoTxeSivea warmosadgeni. wmindanTa sxeuli eTerovani 

sxeulia, anu sxeuli aRvsili suliT. maTi sxeulis fizikuri bunebaa ganqarvebadi, 

sulieri buneba ki uxrwnelia da maradiuli. wmindani samoTxidan gvicqeris da Cvenganac 

sulier mzeras iTxovs, aseT mzeras sWirdeba rwmena, raTa wmindanis saxe Cveulebriv 

portretad ar aRviqvaT. 

84

arsebobs cnobili xati, romelzedac sveti-cxovelisa da wm. ninos irgvliv Semokrebilni 

arian samoTxis mkvidrni wminda sulebi saqarTvelosi. amitom uwodes 

maT saqarTvelos samoTxe anu zeciuri saqarTvelo. saqarTvelos samoTxis centrSi 

wm. ninoa. 

b) nawarmoebSi wm. nino daxasiaTebulia ori TiTqosda erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli 

terminiT: `dedofali~ da tyve. bunebrivad gaCndeba azri, rom adre nino sadRac moxvedrila 

tyveobaSi, ris gamoc tyve uwodeso. magram amis msgavsi ram nawarmoebSi ar 

Cans. TiTqos raRac mimsgavsebuli SeiZleba gvegulisxma somxeTis gzaze, roca aqauri 

mefe massa da mis axloblebs SepyrobiT emuqreboda, magram nino gadaurCa amas da 

aq ar unda Serqmeoda tyve. arc saamisod arsebobda pirdapiri safuZveli, rom ninos- 

Tvis ewodebinaT `dedofali~. marTalia, igi didebulTa ojaxidan iyo: mamamisi zabiloni 

romis imperatoris mxedarTmTavaria, frankebis gamaqristianebeli, xolo dedamisi 

ierusalimis patriarqis iuvenelis dai. magram mSoblebi adre aRkvecilan monazvnad, 

roca nino 12 wlis yofila da amis Semdeg igi izrdeboda taZris msaxuris 

sara niaforas Semwed. mere TviT kaTalikosis xeldasma miiRo da saqarTveloSi gamoemarTa. 

Semdeg sul ubraloebiT cxovrobda. yvelas TanaugrZnobda da mkurnalobda. 

misi wyalobiT mefis baRis mcveli qalis anastosis uSvilo ojaxs Svilosnobis 

bedniereba eRirsa. ninom gankurna dedofali nana da sxvanic. aqve kvlav gaviTvaliswinoT 

faravnis tbasTan xilva, armazis msxvreva, sveticxovlis da jvarTa aRmarTva 

da wm. nino xdeba `dedofali~. jer mefe miriani uwodebs axalgazrda ninos – 

dedao! mefe miriani ambobs wm. ninoze: `dedakaci mociquli da maxarobeli, ... pirvel 

viTarca tyue, viTarca ucxoÁ da viTarca mwiri, viTarca Seuwevneli, viTarca usmi 

da utyvi, romelica aw meqmna Cuen tyue igi dedofal. ucxoÁ igi deda, Seuwevneli – 

Sesavedrebeli yovelTa da utyvi igi qadag Zlier da mecnier dafarulTa CemTa gulis 

sityuaTa~ (gv. 158). 

aq Zalze naTlad Cans erTi tendencia: wmindani daxasiaTdes urTierTsapirispiro 

niSnebiT: tyve da dedofali, utyvi da qadagi da a.S. 

g) mravalmxriv sainteresoa saqarTveloSi pirveli saswaulebrivi xilva wm. ninosi. 

wmindanTan dakavSirebuli yoveli epizodi sayuradReboa, magram mainc SeiZleba 

gamoiyos gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis Semcveli movlenebi. aseTia sveticxovlis 

epizodi da aseTivea saqarTveloSi pirveli saswaulebrivi xilva wm. ninosi. 

es moxda javaxeTSi, faravnis tbis piras. saqarTveloSi Semosulma ninom pirvelad 

aq daisadgura. aqve Sexvedrian mwyemsebi mas mcxeTidan da misi Semogarenidan. 

varTo `zogni dabiT da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni, rabatelni da didisa 

qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefobeno~, _ ambobdnen 

mwyemsebi. da Tan aqve loculobdnen armazsa da zadenze. 

wm. ninom `gardasadineblad mas tbasa~ sasTumlad erTi lodi daido da mieZina. 

CvenebaSi eaxla uflis angelozi da gadmosca raRac sakvirveli wigni, romelic `dawerili 

iyo hromaelebr (albaT, berZnulad, radgan berZnulsac ase uwodebdnen. r. 

s.) da dabeWdul iyo iesuÁsi~ (116). am wignSi `dawerilni iyvnes~ àTi sityuani~, 

viTarca-igi pirvel ficarTa qvisaTa~ es àTi sityva~ (anu dekalogi) aT mcnebas Seicavda 

da erTgvarad emsgavseboda im faqts, roca RmerTma moses gadasca àTi mcneba~, 

romlebic qvis or dafaze iyo dawerili. 

oRondac ninoseuli àTi sityva~ Sinaarseulad sxvagvari iyo. isini emyareboda 

saxareba-oTxTavs, mxolod pirveli Segoneba iyo pavle mociqulis epistoledan galatelTa 

mimarT: àrca mamakacebaÁ, arca dedakacebaÁ aramed Tquen yovelni erT 

xarT~ (3.28). es Segoneba gulisxmobs, rom arsiT erTia yoveli adamiani, qalic da kacic. 

adamianis arsi misi sulia, romelic Seiqmna RvTis xatad, anu xatad qristesi. 

ase pasuxobs es Segoneba kiTxvas – Tu ratom moaqcia qarTli qalma. ufro gvian amave 

sakiTxs exeba didi qarTveli RvTismetyvelis, giorgi III-isa da, albaT, Tamarisdroindelic, 

kaTalikos-patriarqis nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavi suetisa cxovelisa, 

kuarTisa saufloÁsa da kaTolike eklesiisaÁ~. 

85

zemore STagonebas mosdevs TviT macxovris sityvebi: `warvediT da moimowafeniT 

yovelni warmarTni da naTelscemdiT saxeliTa mamisaÁTa da ZisaÁTa da sulisa wmindisaÁTa~ 

(mT. 28, 19). Semdegi Segonebani exeba warmarTebSi naTlis gamobrwyinebas, 

sasufevlis qadagebas... Semdeg mowameobrivi idea: `nu geSinin maTgan, romelTa moswyvidnen 

xorcni Tquenni, xolo sulisa ver SemZlebel arian mowuedad~ (mT. 10, 40). 

rogorc Cans, es wigni wm. ninos samisionero moRvaweobis erTgvari programaa, romelic 

damyarebulia àxal aRTqmaze~, garda samisionero mizandasaxulobisa, es Segonebani 

safuZvlad SeiZleba dasdeboda qristianTa sarwmunoebriv da zneobriv aRzrdas. 

wigni dabeWdili yofila qristes beWdiT, rac niSnavs, rom masSi Rrma sibrZnea, 

romelic amocnobas saWiroebs. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi ram: bibliuri moZ- 

Rvreba ormxrivia: erTia kanoni, rasac Seicavs moses àTi mcneba~ (nu kacs klav, nu 

iparav, nu isiZav da a. S.). ufro maRalia qristianuli rjuli anu madli, romelic 

Seicavs umaRles moralur Segonebebs (magaliTad, giyvardes mteri Seni da sxvani). 

wm. ninoseuli àTi sityva~ anu àTi mcneba~ gamoxatavs qristianul madls. kanoni da 

madli erTianobaSi qmnian saerTo-qristianul moZRvrebas. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebas~ Zalze bevri saerTo aqvs àpokalipsTan~, anu ìoane 

RvTismetyvelis gamocxadebasTan~. 

ioane RvTismetyvelma da maxarebelma ixila taxtze mjdomare RvTaeba, romelsac 

xelSi epyra qristes Svidi beWdiT dabeWdili wigni. es 7 sityviTi beWedi Svid saidumloebas 

moaswavebda da es beWdebi unda axsniliyo saswaulebrivi gamocxadebiT. 

mere ioane maxarobelma ixila am beWdebis axsna da didi saswaulebi. 

Semdeg `saswauli didi gamoCnda caTa Sina: dedakaci, romelsac emosa mze da 

mTovare iyo queSe ferxTa misTa da Tavsa zeda missa gvirgvini varskvlavTa aTormetTa~ 

(gamocxadeba, 12, 1). 

amisi msgavsi saswaulebi moxda mcxeTaSi mcxeTis-jvrisa da sveticxovlis aRmar- 

Tvis Semdeg. 

im wignis gragnilad warmosadgenad, romelic wm. ninos eboZa, gasaTvaliswinebelia 

`gamocxadebis~ Semdegi sityvebi: `da caÁ warigragna, viTarca wigni wagragnili 

da yovelni mTani da borcuni adgilTa TvisTagan SeiZrnes~ (6, 14). 

es wigni, romelic wm. ninos eboZa, faqtobriv pirveli qristianuli wignia saqar- 

TveloSi ninos mosvlis Semdeg, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia leonti mrovelis cnoba, 

rom mefe revma saxareba Seiyvarao. aq albaT berZnuli saxareba igulisxmeba da 

ara qarTuli Targmani. ninos `wignSi~ 8 muxlia saxarebidan, xolo erTi muxli pavles 

epistoledanaa. 

maSasadame, wm. nino unda warmovisaxoT xelSi gragniliT, romelic warmoadgens 

didi saidumloebis Semcvel wigns, rasac mowmobs is, rom es wigni qristes beWdiTaa 

dabeWdili. wm. nino saqarTveloSi qristianobis damamkvidrebelia. qristianoba mwignobruli 

religiaa da misi gavrceleba gulisxmobs qristianuli wignis gavrcelebas. 

erTi detalic: klasikur qristianul egzegetikaSi RvTismSoblis erT-erTi simboloa 

wigni. `wigni~ erT-erTi saRvTismSoblo `saxelia~ (Tu vityviT wm. dionise areopagelis 

mixedviT _`saRvTo saxelni~ da ara metafora). saRvTo da saRvTismSoblo 

`saxelni~ dadgenilia-xolme, metafora ki Tavisufali mxatvruli arCeviT iqmneba, 

amitom ar SeiZleba iTqvas _ `siZe~ qristes metaforaao; es gaugebrobaa. `siZe~ macxovris 

simboloa da aseT simboloebs saRvTismetyvelo Sinaarsi aqvT. aseTi azri- 

Taa `wigni~ simbolo RvTismSoblisa, viTarca gankacebuli logosis mSobeli, e. i. 

mSobeli qveynierebis sazrisisa. sainteresoa gelaTis akademiis emblema: esaa gadaSlili 

wigni (simbolurad RvTismSobeli, mSobeli amqveyniuri logosisa), TviT logosi 

ki Caxazulia am wignSi yvavilovani mzis simbolikiT. qristes simbolurad `simarTlis 

mzec~ hqvia. esec igulisxmeba aq. 

aseT principebs fundamenturi mniSvneloba eniWeba qristianobaSi. 

86

qriste aris ufali, sulieri mefe xalxisa da amisTvisve awames igi. jvris maRla 

firfitaze dacinviT dauweres – iudevelTa mefeao. ver xvdebodnen, rom am dasacinad 

gamiznuli sityvebiT, sinamdvileSi, WeSmariteba gamoiTqmoda. qriste xom mar- 

Tlac sulieri mefe iyo xalxisa. magram macxovarma daimdabla Tavi da ewama viTarca 

mona, jvars ecva iseve, rogorc es miRebuli iyo romaelTa mier monaTa mimarT. 

amitomac ambobdnen xolme qristeze: `romeli xati RmrTisaÁ iyo, xati monisaÁ Seimosao~ 

(sinuri mravalTavi, 17), macxovarma `Tavi Tvisi daimdabla da xati monisaÁ mii- 

Ro~ (filipelTa mimarT, 2, 7). giorgi aToneli ase mimarTavda qristes: àha, simaRle 

simdablisa Senisa~ (naTlisRebis sagalobeli. 353). TviT macxovari eubneba Tavis mowafeebs: 

`me varo Soris Tqvensa viTarca msaxuri~ (l. 22, 27). yovladwminda RvTismSobeli 

Tavis Tavze ambobda: me varo `mxevali uflisa~ (l. 1, 38). amave dros mTels 

saqristiano mwerlobaSi iwodeba sulier dedoflad. 

yovelive amis fonze sruliad gasagebi unda iyos, rom wminda ninos erTsa da imave 

dros ewodebodes dedofali da tyve. rogori konkretuli biografiuli safuZvelic 

ar unda movuZebnoT amas, mTavaria mainc amgvar saxeldebaTa zogadi simboluri 

Sinaarsi. wm. nino aris qarTvelTa sulieri dedofali da amave dros, simboluri azriT, 

wm. nino aris tyve da msaxuri saqarTvelosi. amitom asec SegviZlia vTqvaT: wm. 

nino imitomaa `dedofali~, rom `tyvea~ da `tyvea~ imitom, rom `dedofalicaa~. erTic 

da meorec simbolurad unda gvesmodes. esaa mTavari da ara is, rom realurad mar- 

Tlac iyo tyve anda marTlac iyo Tu ara dedofali. 

ai, kidev, sxva zemores msgavsi magaliTebi: wm. nino saqarTveloSi movida ierusalimidan, 

Tanac iqauri patriarqis, misi biZis, dedis Zmis xeldasmiT. es realobaa. 

magram es konkretuli faqti Seicavs zogad azrsac: igi gamoxatavs, rom qarTuli eklesia 

ierusalimuri warmoSobisaa. e. i. qarTul eklesias saTave udevs qristianobis 

ZirTa-ZirSi, ierusalimur qristianobaSi, sadac saerTod iwyeba qristianoba. aqedan 

modioda CvenSi konstantinepolTan erTad qristianobis pirvelsafuZvlebi. 

wm. nino ki Tavadaa gansaxovneba qarTuli eklesiis ierusalimuri warmoSobisa da 

imisac, rom qarTuli eklesia Tavidanve Camoyalibda konstantinepolis daxmarebiT; 

iqidan gamogzavnes pirveli RvTismsaxuri, saeklesio wignebi da siwmindeni. `netarsa 

ninos elene surviliTa uwoda dedoflad da Tvissa sworad da sworad wmidaTa mociqulTa~ 

(8, 5). 

d) SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sayuradRebo ikonografiuli Temaa erTianad warmodgena 

wm. elenesi da wm. ninosi. amas religiurTan erTad SeiZleba kulturologiuri Sinaarsic 

mieniWos. amiT SeiZleba gamoixatos qarTuli eklesiis gaerTianeba bizantiis 

religiur da kulturul samyarosTan. ioane-zosimec xom ambobs: èseni ariano orni 

dani, viTarca mariam da marTa~. saxarebis mixedviT, mariam da marTa iyvnen ieso 

qristes megobris debi. ioane-zosime qarTul enas simbolurad uwodebs lazars. ma- 

Sasadame, pirobiTadve Tu vityviT, wm. nino da elene `debia~ qarTuli enisa da (rac 

mravalmxrivaa gaazrebuli Tamaz Cxenkelis mier. – mSvenieri mZlevari, 1978, 278 da 

Semdeg). 

aqve erTi sruliad gansakuTrebuli idea Semodis. ioane-zosime (X s.) Tavis cnobil 

himnografiul TxzulebaSi `qebaÁ da didebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ~ aRniSnavs: qar- 

Tuli enao àxalma ninom moaqcia da helene dedofalma, romelni ariano orni dani, 

viTarca mariam da marTa~. 

mravali ram aris aq sayuradRebo. upirveles yovlisa, is, rom qveynis moqcevis 

yvelaze mniSvnelovan gamoxatulebad miCneulia enis moqceva. enis moqceva, cxadia, 

gulisxmobs enis gaqristianebas. es niSnavs ara mxolod imas, rom enaSi Semovida 

qristianuli Sinaarsis mqone sityvebi. es TavisTavad. mTavaria sxva: mTavaria, rom 

enobrivi msoflxedva qristianuli xdeba. ena araa ubralod urTierTobis saSualeba. 

èna~ azrovnebasac gulisxmobs da mas gamoxatavs. enis sulieri Sinaarsi xdeba qristianuli, 

qristianuli sazrisis matarebeli anu logosuri, gankacebuli logosis 

anu qristesadmi Semsgavsebuli. es aZlevs safuZvels ioane-zosimes, rom Tqvas: qar- 

87

Tul enas saxarebaSi simbolurad lazare hqviao da amiT man iwinaswarmetyvela qar- 

Tuli enis aRdgineba momavalSi. 

k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs: nino iyo qarTvelio. amis erT-erTi safuZvelia is, rom nino 

iyo kabadokieli, e. i. im mxridan, sadac odiTganve qarTveli tomebi saxlobdnen. igi 

bizantiur-ierusalimur kulturaze iyo aRzrdili da mas es unda daenerga saqar- 

TveloSi, qarTul enaSi. 

e) wm. ninos saxes axali ideebis danergvasTan erTad aqvs sxva funqciac: esaa Zveli 

idealebis daZleva anda maTi miTosuri Sinaarsis daZleva da axleburad gaSinaarseba. 

qristianobis SemosvlasTan erTad aucilebeli iyo ara mxolod Zveli kerpebis 

damxoba, aramed maTi rwmenis aRmofxvra. daimsxvra armazuli panTeoni, mefe miriani 

darwmunda, rom xiluli mze ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo RmerTi. aseve dasaZlevi iyo 

qalRvTaebani, rwmena maTi grZneuli Tvisebisa. amitom nawarmoebSi wm. ninos saxeSi 

sagangebod yuradRebuli da aqcentirebulia iseTi Tvisebani, romlebiTac SeiZleboda 

qalRvTaebaTa RvTaebriobis ganqiqeba. es mowodebulia sxvadasxvagvarad. magali- 

Tad, roca wm. nino saswaulebrivad mkurnalobs, amas igi xsnis ara sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, 

aramed masze gadmosuli RvTaebrivi madliT. 

wm. ninos dasaxasiaTeblad friad niSandoblivia Semdegi epizodic: ninom gankurna 

Rrmad avadmyofi mogvi mTavari, sparsi xuara, nana dedoflis dedis Zma, etyoba, 

ukvirdaT, ucxo rwmenis qali rogor axorcielebda imnair saswaulqmedebaso, rac 

TavianTi RmerTebisTvis unda mieweraT. mefe kmayofili unda yofiliyo, magram misi 

usiamovno gancvifrebac igrZnoba. avtori axerxebs mirianis ganwyobis niuansirebas: 

mefeo òrgulebiT etyoda ninos:L `romlisa RmrTisa ZaliTa iqm saqmesa amas kurnebisasa? 

anu xar Sen asuli armazisi, anu Svili zadenisi?~ 

aqedan Cans, rom arsebulan RmerTqalebi: asuli armazisa da asuli zadenisa. maT 

mkurnalobis Zalas miawerdnen. wm. nino ki amas uaryofs da yvelafers miawers qristes. 

miriani arafers ambobs ZvelTaZveli qarTuli RmerTebis gacisa da gaimis asulebze, 

qarTul qalRmerTebze. magram, cxadia, isini arseboben, magaliTad, rogoric 

iyvnen, dali an mzeqali, samZivari da sxvani. wm. ninos maTi qalRmerTobac unda daeZlia. 

aseve arsebobda adgilis dedis kulti. es warmarTuli kulti iyo. am kults upirispirdeboda 

wm. ninos yofna mayvlovanSi. es gulisxmobda adgilis qristianulad 

gasulierebas, adgilis warmarTulad sakralizebis winaaRmdeg. 

amrigad, wm. nino saqarTveloSi adamianis qristianuli idealis pirveli gansaxierebaa. 

igi amaRlebuli saxea. misi saxe, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia saqar- 

TveloSi momxdar yvelaze did qristianul saswaulebTan: es iyo sveticxovelis 

aRmarTva, àTi sityva~, moqceva qarTuli enisa, rac niSnavs, rom wm. ninom saqarTvelos 

SesZina misi arsebobis Tanamaradiuli suliereba. 

4. mefe miriani da nana dedofali 

romantikuli kulturologiis kvalobaze Tu vityviT, saqarTvelos istoriaSi 

erT-erTi yvelaze didi mefe iyo miriani, ramdenadac saqarTvelos istoriaSi ar momxdara 

imaze ufro mniSvnelovani movlena, rogoric iyo qristianobis miReba. bolo 

drois qarTul istoriografiaSi mkvidrdeba azri, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSiac am 

dros (IV s.) gavrcelda qristianoba (da ara VI s-Si, rogorc adre fiqrobdnen). 

SeiZleba iTqvas, xalxi Sinagani sulieri mzaobiT Sexvda wm. ninos qadagebas. 

amiT xorcieldeba ioane naTlismcemlis idea _ `ganmzadeniTo gzani uflisani~ (mT. 

3,3). es ver moxerxda andria pirvelwodebulis Semosvlisas. SeiZleba kiTxvac ki gaCndes: 

winaswar xom ar icoda qarTvelTa samefo karma wm. ninos momavali Semosvlis 

Sesaxeb? cxadia, samefo kari amas ver gamoavlenda, ramdenadac igi am dros 

88

sparselTa did gavlenas ganicdida. es iyo didi saidumlo. saqarTveloSi unda momxdariyo 

jerarnaxuli udidesi gardatexa. 

1. qristianobis erT-erTi pirveldamamkvidrebeli nana dedofalia. pirvelad mas 

vxedavT armazobis dResaswaulze da naklebad Cans igi samefo palatebis atmosferoSi. 

niSandoblivia, rom nana dedofali ufro warmodgenilia wm. ninos mimdevar 

qalTa wreSi, vidre sakuTriv dedoflis saxiT. dedoflobaze maRla dgeba suliereba. 

Tavis mimdevar qalebs ki wm. nino sikvdilis win ase mimarTvada: àsulno sarwmunoebisano, 

maxlobelno RmrTisano, d e d o f a l n o Cemno. gxedav Tquen, viTarca 

pirvelTa maT wmidaTa dedaTa yovelsa mas sarwmunovebasa da siyuarulsa Rmr- 

Tisasa. da ginebs gzaTa CemTa cnobaÁ glaxakisa mxevlisa TquenisaTa. da gauwyoca: 

esera mosrula suli Cemi xorxad Cemda. dameZinebian ZiliTa miT CemisaÁTa saukunod~ 

(105). 

wm. ninos irgvliv jer sefe qali SroSana Cans, mere viRac berZnulad metyveli 

qali, mere anatos, mefis baRis mcveli, mere sidonia, abiaTar mRvdlis asuli (romelic 

TxrobaTa erT-erTi Tanaavtoria). igi ambobs: pirvelad nino vixileo mcxeTis 

TavSi, maRal koSkze da mere brinjis (e. i. akakis) xis qveS, bratman mefis dasasvenebel 

adgilaso. sidonia imasac hyveba, rom armazisa da sxva kerpTa damsxvrevis Semdeg 

6 wlis ganmavlobaSi wm. ninom Svidi qali dagvimowafao `sjulsa missa~, da mayvlovanSi 

yofnisas gankurna man dedofali nana, romelsac manamde veravin Svelodao. 

mere nana sTxovs Tavisi biZis, mogvi xuaras gankurnebas. isic gankurna. ninom es mogvi, 

nana dedofali da sidonia mefis baRSi waiyvana, is kaci naZvis qveS daayena, aRmosavleTiT 

mimarTa, xelapyrobiT alocvina da ase gankurna. isic daemowafa. da es 

iyo pirveli sparsi, romelic qarTlSi moiqca. 

amis Semdeg bevri ram ara Cans, magram rCeba kiTxvebi, romlebic aSkarad aqvT ga- 

Tvaliswinebuli TviT Tavdapirvel avtorebs, magram aras amboben, dumils amjobineben. 

moiqca nana dedofali, wm. ninos mowafe gaxda da mefe mirianma TiTqos arc ki 

icis es da ise midis sanadirod TxoTis mTaze, sadac mas didi saswauli da moqceva 

elis. mxolod gviandel redaqtirebaTa Soris gamoCnda SeniSvna, rom mefe gawyra dedoflisa 

da mTavarTa moqcevis gamoo. 

TxoTidan dabrunebul moqceul mirians didi sixaruliT egebeba nana dedofali 

da mTeli qalaqi. arc aq, sadac ufro mosalodneli iyo, ara Cans nana dedofali sxvisgan 

gamorCeulad. igi warmodgenilia, rogorc Tanaswori TanasworTa Soris. arada, 

igia erT-erTi damwyebi sxvaTa moqcevisa. SeuZlebelia sagulvebeli mainc ar iyos, 

rom mas mefe yovelTvis TanaugrZnobs. dedofali ambobs da akeTebs imas, rasac 

ver gamoamJRavnebda mirian mefe. SeiZleba, ninos damkvidreba samefo baRSi swored 

nana dedoflis TanxmobiT moxda. aseT mosazrebebs mtkicebis mizani ara aqvs. esaa 

fiqrebi, romlebic bunebrivad unda aRgveZras wminda nana dedoflis mimarT. igi 

CvenSi aRibeWdeba viTarca saxe pirveli qristiani qarTveli dedoflisa, romelic 

iyo aRvsili kdemiT, mdumare rwmeniT, TanalmobiTa da sixaruliT, yovelgvari qristianuli 

saTnoebiT. igi pirvelsaxea wm. Tamarisa da wm. qeTevanisa. man pirvelma cxadyo, 

rom yovelgvar aRmatebulobaze, TviT samefo Rirsebebze zeaRmatebulia qristianuli 

saTnoebani. igi `wminda mxedris~ qaluri iersaxea. 

2. mirian mefis ikonografiuli xatebaTagan umTavresia mainc misi yofna sveticxovelTan, 

Tumca piradad misi saxis warmosaCenad upirvelesia TxoTis mTaze mzis 

dabnelebis epizodi. amiT ganmeorda saswauli, kerZod, is, rac damaskos gzaze pavle 

mociquls gadaxda, roca qristianTa mteri savle (saul) sulierad gardaiqmna, moiqca 

da sul sxva pirovneba gaxda. es iyo pavle mociquli. damaskos gzaze mas Caesma 

saswaulebrivi xma da es iyo xma RvTisa _ `saul, saul, raÁsa mdevni me? me var ieso, 

romelsac Sen mdevni~ (saqme, 26, 14-15). Camowolila ukuni. yvelani miwaze damxobilan 

da verafers xedavdnen. locviT evedrnen RmerTs da gamoCnda naTelic. es iyoo ara- 

Rameuli naTeli, naTeli naTelsa Sina. Semdeg pavle hyveba: `Sua dRe gzasa zeda vi- 

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xile zeciT gardamo ubrwyinvalesi mzisaÁ, gamomibrwyina me naTeli da Cem Tana mogzaurTa 

maT~ (saqme, 26, 13). 

mTeli es saswauli saocari msgavsebiT meordeba mirianisTvis TxoTis mTaze mzis 

dabnelebisas. ar unda vifiqroT, rom es iyo qarTveli avtoris mxatvruli warmosaxva. 

jer erTi, es iqneboda hagiografiis mTeli arsis ugulebelyofa: aq xdeba-xolme 

mimsgavseba, magram ara gamogoneba. meore: am epizods arsebiTad erTnairad gadmocemen 

IV-V saukuneebis berZeni avtorebi. ase rom, aRniSnuli epizodis istoriulobaSi 

eWvi ar unda SevitanoT. aseTi eWvebi qarTuli hagiografiis Seswavlis ganvlili 

etapia. 

moxda is, rac unda momxdariyo. mirianis sulSi armazis msxvrevis Semdeg ueWvelad 

gamoCndeboda Tundac raRacnairi sinaTlis wertili, romelic mas qristeze daafiqrebda. 

mTavari eWvi unda dakavSireboda mzis RmerTobas, radgan mze iyo qar- 

TvelTa mTavari RvTaeba (da ara mTvare, rogorc adre fiqrobdnen. armazi ki sparsTagan 

Tavsmoxveuli iyo). amitom mirians imTaviTve aReZvroda fiqrni mzeze. nadiroba 

Zvel cnobierebaSi fiqrTaaRmZvrelia. nadiroba raRac gansakuTrebulis molodinia. 

mirianis mzis dabneleba dRisiT moxda, `Sua samxar oden~ (134). `dabnelda mis zeda 

mze da iqmna Rame ukuni, bneli friad. dafarna bnelman areni da adgilni igini~ 

(135). mxleblebi daifantnen da marto, SeSinebuli da SeZrwunebuli iareboda tyesa 

da RreSi da Semwed uxmobda armazsa da zadens, magram amaod. mirians gasCenia gancda, 

rom cocxliv jojoxeTs Cavvardio da maSin man mimarTa ninos RmerTs: `RmerTo 

ninoÁso, ganminaTle bneli ese da aRviaro saxeli Seni; da aRvhmarTo Zeli juarisa 

SensaÁ da Tayuanis-vsce mas. da aRgiSeno saxli saxlad Senda da salocvelad Cemda 

da viyo morCil ninoÁsasa da sjulsa zeda hromTasa~ (gv. 135 `hromTa Sjuli~ ix. gv. 

132). 

usmina RmerTma mirians, naTeli gamobrwyinda da gananaTla suli mirianisa. miriani 

cxenidan Camoxda, locvad davarda da RmerTs hmadlobda. yvelaferi es mirianis 

did Sinagan sulier ZvraTa maCvenebelia. miriani dabnelebuli mzis fonze pirdapiri 

saxiTac SeiZleba warmovidginoT da sulieri SinaarsiTac. es iyo gamoxatuleba misi 

sulis dabnelebisa (arc pavles epizodSia uSualod mzis dabneleba). roca man 

Tavisi sulieri sibnele SeigrZno, sinaTlec maSin ixila, ixila `mze simarTlisa~ 

anu qriste. amitomac ambobda Semdeg miriani: àman netarman (ninom) aRunTo gulsa Cemsa 

sanTeli igi naTlisaÁ da Sua Ramesa oden miCuena mze igi simarTlisaÁ brwyinvaled, 

qriste RmerTi~ (158). 

swored suliT ganaTlebuli pirovneba xdeba Rirsi imgvari xilvisa raic mirians 

ewvia sveti-cxovlis aRmarTvis Semdeg; `viTarca riJuraJu oden iyo, aRdgomil iyo 

mefe gulgdebuli urvaTagan (radgan sveti-cxoveli ar myardeboda. r.s.) da mixeda 

samoTxesa mas (anu – Tavis baRs), dawyebulsa mas missa eklesiasa, rameTu mun mtkice 

iyo gonebaÁ misi da ixila mun naTeli, viTarca elvaÁ zecamde aRwevnuli samoTxesa 

mas Sina~ (142). 

maSasadame, man erT-erTma pirvelma ixila, rom sveti-cxovelma SeaerTa zeca da 

miwa. aseTi xilva ki rCeulTa xvedria. 

mirianis xilvaTa siRrmes da, gnebavT, maT mSvenierebas, kargad warmogviCens misive 

werili anu `wigni mirianisa~, sadac naTqvamia: `dafara Rrubelman wmindaÁ nino, 

xolo wmindaÁ igi yoladve naTelsa Sina ars da yovelTa ganguanaTlebs~. 

mirianis saxe, cxadia, dakavSirebulia armazis panTeonTan da armazis panTeonis 

msxvrevasTan. mirian mefe ase uxsnis ninos armazuli panTeonis RmerTTa raobas: ùcxosa 

mas sityvasa nu ityvi, hromTa maT SecdomilTa Sjulsa da nu gnebavn yovladve 

aqa Tqumad, rameTu aha esera RmerTni, didTa nayofTa momcemelni da soflis mpyrobelni, 

mzis momfenelni da wvimisa momcemelni, queyaniT nayofTa gamzrdelni, qarTlisani, 

armaz da zaden, yovlisa dafarulisa gamomeZiebelni, da Zuelni RmerTni mamaTa 

CuenTani, gaci da ga~ (132). aq Cans, rom erTi mxrivaa armazi da zadeni, romle- 

90

ic TviT mzesac ki aniWeben Zalas, xolo meore mxrivaa uZlieresi adgilobrivi RmerTebi 

gaci da ga (isini mefe azos droindelia). aseTia, mirianis mixedviT, Sinaarsi 

mcxeTis warmarTuli panTeonisa. 

garegnulad ki armazis panTeons aseTi saxe aqvs: dgas spilenZis kaci, tanze oqros 

jaWviT, Tavs axuravs oqrosive Cafxuti, `samxarni esxnes frcxili da bivriti~, 

iSviaTi Zvirfasi qvebi, xels eWira galesili moelvare xmali da TiTqos Tavsac ki 

hkveTda sulier mters. marjvniT edga oqros kerpi gaci, xolo marcxniv kerpi vercxlisa 

ga. ase warmoudga wminda ninos armazis panTeoni. rogorc Cans, igi am dros 

Camoayalibes qristianuli samebisadmi dasapirispireblad. sxvafriv moulodnelia, 

rom aq ar dgas zadenis kerpi. 

armazis panTeonis centrSi sparsuli kerpia, mas orTav mxriv udgas ori qarTuli 

RmerTi, `RmerTni mamaTa CvenTa~. ase Seurwyes erTmaneTs sparsuli da qarTuli warmarTuli 

kerpebi da ase Seqmnes Taviseburi samoba, raTa is daepirispirebinaT qristianuli 

samebisaTvis. 

armazobis dRes yvelaferi sadResaswaulod iyo morTuli da aq modioda uamravi 

xalxi, mefe-dedofali, modiodnen sxva mxareebidanac. 

wm. nino SeaZrwuna kerpTa Tayvaniscemam. misi locvis Semdeg daiwyo armazis msxvreva. 

daeca yvela kerpi, yvelaferi moispo, gacamtverda da napralSi Cacvivda. gadarCa 

mxolod erTi ram, bivritis Tvali patiosani, romelic wm. ninom ipova, da vi- 

Tarca im Zveli ukeTurebidan gadarCenili raRacnairi marcvali sikeTisa, Zvel qalaqSi 

wamoiRo. iq `brinjis~ (akakis) wm. xesTan mivida, jvari gamosaxa da iloca. 

mirianma sul sxvanairad aRiqva armazis msxvreva. igi armazis msxvrevas TiTqos 

mis saboloo mospobad ar Tvlis. misi azriT, es damxoba armazisa misma mterma, qaldevelTa 

RmerTma ìTruSanam~ moaxerxa (igive – iTrujani, eTrojani, anu atroSani). 

armazsac ZaluZs misi daTrgunvao. gamodis, rom mirians ori sawyisi swams: keTili 

armazi da borotebis ganmasaxovnebeli ìTruSa~ anu atroSani (romelic Semdeg varqenma 

iwama). Tu es asea, aq mazdeanuri dualizmia, rac sruliad gansxvavdeba qrisianuli 

monizmisgan. maSasadame, armazuli panTeoni mirianisTvis formiTac da SinarsiTac 

politTisturi (mravalRmerTovani) da dualisturia (amRiarebeli ori sawyisisa). 

armazis msxvreva mirianis principTa msxvrevaa da misi gardaqmnis winapirobaa. amitom 

simboluri Cans, rom armazis msxvreva daukavSirda fericvalebis dRes, eqvs agvistos 

(`meeqvse Tves~. am dros martis weliwadi iyo). 

mirianis saxis warmosadgenad sagangebod unda iqnas yuradRebuli `mirianis wigni~. 

Tavdapirvelad es wigni dawerilia iakob mTavarepiskoposis xeliT. mas is gadaucia 

salome ujarmelisaTvis, mefis Zis, revis colisaTvis. salome Tavad cxaddeba 

wm. ninos ambebis erT-erT umTavres aRmwerad. es wigni dawerilia imis Semdeg, rac 

`dafara Rrubelman wmindaÁ nino~ (161). amitom miviCnevT am wigns erT-erT upirveles 

qarTul qristianul nawarmoebad. iqneb, imasac SeiZleba mieniWos mniSvneloba, rom 

es nawarmoebi iwyeba uZvelesi enobrivi – ìyo~, sadac ìyos~ Semdeg aucilebelia 

orwertili daiweros, radgan mas mohyveba sxva Semasmeneli, romelic winadadebis ZiriTad 

azrs gamoxatavs (ase iwyeba `wminda ninos cxovreba~ Tavidanve da `SuSanikis 

wamebac~). 

dasawyisSi gadmocemulia sulieri sibnele warmarTuli saqarTvelosi, Semdeg armazisa 

da zadenisaTvis sisxliani msxverplSewirva CvilTa yrmaTa; mere mosvla ninosi, 

romelicaa tyve da dedofali, `deda~ yovelTa da mirianisac. amas mohyveba 

cnobili sityvebi: àman wmindaman aRanTo gulsa Cemsa sanTeli naTlisaÁ da Suva Rames 

oden meCuena me mzeÁ igi brwyinvaleÁ~ (asea Satberdul variantSi, ZqalZ, I, 158). 

aqve gacxadebulia, rom wm. ninos wyalobiT saqarTveloSi daiwyo àxali cxovreba~ 

(esaa arsebiTi), aRimarTa `sveti naTlisa~ da moikveTa saswaulebrivi sajvare 

xe, aRimarTa sami mTavari jvari (mcxeTasTan, TxoTis mTaze da ujarmaSi). 

91

eklesia aSenda mayvlovanSi, xolo qvemo eklesias Seerqva `wmindaÁ wmindaTaÁ~, 

solomonis uZvelesi taZris uwmindesi adgilis (`dabiris~) mibaZviT (Tumca am eklesias 

imTaviTve ewoda sionic da 12 mociqulTa eklesiac da, rac mTavaria, sveti-cxovlis 

taZari). 

miriani ambobs: aq, sveticxovelSio, `yovladve ver vikadrebdi karTa misTa ganmuxad 

Tvinier xolo dResa kviriakesa. arca Sesvlad vin ikadrebdao Tvinier mRvdel- 

Tasa, romelni galobed mas Sina, rameTu SiSi didi dacemul iyo yovelsa zeda kacsa 

suetisa misgan cxovelisa da hxedvida yoveli kaci suetsa mas viTarca Zalsa RmrTisasa~ 

(160). 

aq verc miwis gaWra vikadre da amitom `Sevmzade zemo saflavi Cemio~, _ wers miriani. 

aqve uwodebs mefe ninos `deda Cemsa~ da Semdegaa – `dafara Rrubelman wmindaÁ 

nino~. mere _ wm. ninos dakrZalva bods, `daba kolxeTsasa~ (asea WeliSur variantSi, 

_ ZqalZ, I, 161). da uwyeba eklesiis aSenebisa. sul bolos ki mrwamsis magvari locviTi 

sityvebia (gv. 162). 

`mirianis wignSi~ igrZnoba didi rwmena da sulieri siRrme da vityodiT – friad 

maRali literaturuli kulturac. es SegviZlia davinaxoT araerT zemomoxmobil magaliTSi. 

aq aris zemoaRniSnuli antinomiuri daxasiaTebani wm. ninosi: utyvi da qadagi, 

tyve da dedofali, ucxo da deda. aq aris qristianizebuli miTosi: samonadireo 

miTosi sakralur xeze, romlis nayofiT irmebi ganikurneba. aqve naTlis svetis 

zecad aRvlenis locvaa. aqvea mSvenieri epizodi jvarTa aRmarTvisa. zogierTi aqauri 

saxe paradigmis anu sanimuSo saxis mniSvnelobas iZens Semdgomi xanis saxismetyvelebaSi. 

aseTia _ `Suva Rames oden meCuena me mzeÁ igi brwyinvaleÁ~, romelic winasaxea 

rusTvelis `mziani Ramisa~ an d. guramiSvilis saxismetyvelebisa: `vinemdis ganaxldeboda 

Zveli dRe, Rame mziani...~ 

aseve maRali kultura Cans `mirianis anderZSi~, romelic mas dautovebia Tavisi 

Zis, revisa da Tavisi meuRlis nanasadmi. anderZis pirvelsave striqonebSi stiluri 

sinaTlea, aqaa sinatifisa da sisadavis kultura; àha esera, me warved, vinaÁca (saidanac) 

moved~. xolo Svils ase ubarebs: `Sen esred hyofd: Tavi Seni Sehvedre suetsa 

mas zegardamodidebulsa da patiosansa juarsa caTa Sina Cinebulsa. da iyavn Seni 

moslvaÁ miwad Zilad saukunod sarwmunovebasa zeda wmidisa samebisasa~ (163). 

maSasadame, mirianis Rvawli qristianul aRmaSeneblobasTan erTad, literaturul 

Semoqmedebasac moicavs. igi pirvelsaxea yvela im Semdgomi xanis qristiani mefeebisa, 

romlebic literaturul Semoqmedebas eweodnen. magaliTis mniSvneloba eniWeboda 

imas, rom aseTi mefiT daiwyo mefoba qristianul saqarTveloSi. 

5. axali dro da axali sivrce 

qristianoba aris axali cxovreba. is aris axali aRTqma (mT. 26, 28), axali sjuli, 

(d.l. 22,20), `moZRvrebaÁ axali~ (mr. 1, 27), mas mohyveba axali ena (mr. 16, 17). magram yvelafers 

moicavs axali cxovreba. macxovari ambobs: `me varo gzaÁ da me var WeSmaritebaÁ 

da cxovrebaÁ~ (i. 14, 6). wm. ninom moitana àxali igi Jami~ (123). 

qarTli moaqcia àxalma ninom~ (ioane-zosime). mefe mirianis TqmiT, ninom mogvaniWa 

Cven `Sjuli axali cxovrebisa~ (158). àxali cxovreba~ imas niSnavs, rom qristianoba 

yovlis momcvelia: is axali aRTqmacaa, axali rjulic, axali azrovnebac 

da axali yofac. axleburi amqveyniuri cxovrebac da axali maradiuli momavali. petres 

meore epistoleSi naTqvamia: àxalTa caTa da axalsa queyanasa msgavsad aRTqumisa 

misisa movelodeTo~ (II petre, 3,13). 

yovelive es drouli siaxlea. aq Cans yofiTi dro da esqatologiuri dro anu 

dro meored mosvlisa da sayovelTao aRsasrulisa. igi saCinod gaxdis axal casa 

da axal qveyanas anu sul axlebur samyaros da es iqneba sasufeveli. es dro mizno- 

92

ivi droa. misken svla rCeulTa xvedria. `mirianis wignis~ boloSi saubaria swored 

esqatologiur sasoebaze, anu qristes meored mosvlisas aRdgomis imedze. 

drois aseTi koncefcia qristianobam daamyara. droSi gaSinaarsda sikeTiT. adamians 

sikeTe aziarebs maradiulobas, e. i. mudmiv sulier cxovrebas. amitom CvenSi 

drois sazrisadac iqca sveti-cxoveli, viTarca simbolo macxovrisa. sveti-cxovelis 

aRmarTviT CvenSi aRimarTa axali drois niSansveti. yovelive am azriTaa TviT wminda 

nino àxali~, _ rogorc mas uwodebs ioane-zosime. 

Svilisadmi mimarTul anderZSi miriani ubarebda revs: àha, esera Svilo, Seicvala 

bneli Cueni naTlad da mwuxarebaÁ Cueni sixarulad saukunod, rameTu ara-arsni 

ese arsad SevicvaleniT ZlierebiTa qristes RmrTisaÁTa, romelman queskneliT 

jojoxeTiT ineba aRmoyvanebaÁ Cueni~ (162). 

aq adamianis arsebobis friad saintereso ganmartebaa. àraarsisa arsad qceva~, 

Cveulebriv, samyaros Seqmnaze iTqmoda da ara adamianze. es gulisxmobda, rom Tavdapirvelad 

ar iyo araferi da RvTis nebiT araraobisgan Seiqmna samyaro. araraobis 

nacvlad Seiqmna RvTiuri raobani. ase warmoidgineboda Sesaqme, anu samyaros Seqmna 

RvTisagan, anu kreacionizmi. mirianis ànderZSi~ es gadatanilia adamianze. adamianis 

Seqmna gaazrebulia samyaros Seqmnis kvalobaze. bibliis mixedviT, pirveli adamiani 

araraobisagan ar Seqmnila, igi Seiqmna miwisagan RvTis xeliT. mirianTan ki aseTi gaazrebaa: 

araqristiani adamiani, anda, araqristian, warmarT adamianTa modgma, araraobaa, 

radganac is qvesknelisa da jojoxeTis mkvidria. iq ki araraoba sufevs, iq 

araraobis ukunia. gaqristianeba am ukunidan amosvlaa da naTelTan ziarebaa da rac 

mTavaria, es gvaziarebs maradiulobasTan. maSasadame, aq Cans axali garemo da aqve 

Cans axleburi droc. Cans maTi mTlianobac, dro-sivrculi erTianoba, anu qronotopi, 

literaturuli qronotopi. 

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ qronotopi (dro-sivrculi mTlianobis koncefcia) mravalsaxovnad 

mJRavndeba. Seicvala ara marto drois gageba, aramed garemos mniSvnelobac. 

xorcieldeba garemos axleburi sakralizeba. 

rac mTavaria, mniSvneloba icvala mcxeTam. igi qristianuli siwmindis centrad 

gamocxadda mTeli qarTlisTvis. amitom mcxeTa miiCneva mTeli qarTlis ìerusalimad~, 

rasakvirvelia, simboluri gagebiT. mcxeTaSi gaCnda qristianuli Sinaarsis 

Semcveli toponimebi. mTa, romelzedac aRimarTa mcxeTis jvari, simbolurad golgoTas 

ganasaxierebda. golgoTis jvari aris `sikvdilisa sikvdiliTa damTrgunveli~ 

(ase moixsenieben mas locvebsa da sagaloblebSi). amitom aqaur jvars ZleviT Semosili 

jvari ewodeba. 

warmarTuli mcxeTa iyo qalaqi, sadac `RmerTni RmerTobdnen da mefeni mefobdnen~, 

_ amas eubnebian wm. ninos faravnis tbasTan mcxeTis sanaxebidan aq mosuli 

mwyemsebi. am RmerTebis kulti mcxeTis mTebzea da maT xalxi aRmerTebs warmarTuli 

rwmeniT. aq mTebic warmarTuli iyo, zecac da wylebic. es imas niSnavs, rom yvelafers 

aRmerTebdnen fizikuri bunebiT. wm. nino aq armazobis dRes movida da ixila 

èri ucxo, ucxoTa RmerTTa msaxuri, cecxlsa da qvaTa da ZelTa (anu xeTa. r. s.) 

Tayuanis scemdes~ (gv. 117). aq iyo bagini (anu samlocvelo huriaTa), iyvnen mogvebi 

da mzis msaxurebi (199). aqaurebi ìtyodnen dambadebelad qvaTa da ZelTa. da spilenZsa 

da rkinasa da rvalsa, gamoberviT ganWedilsa, RmerTad Tayuanis scemdes. eseni 

icodes cisa da queyanisa Semoqmedad~ (120). 

ninos aqauroba warmoudga sibneled da ukunad. erTaderTi naTeli adgili iyo 

mefis baRi, romelsac erqva `mefis samoTxe~. Cans, imitom, rom aq iyo dafluli kvar- 

Ti uflisa (albaT, m i s i n a w i l i ). erTxans ninomac aq daisadgura. 

armazis msxvrevisa da sveticxovlis aRmarTvis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac aRimarTa 

jvrebi, moinaTla ena da azrovneba xalxisa, xalxi sulierebiT aRivso da aqaurobac 

Seicvala. ninos ukve ecxadeba naTliT aRvsili kaci. Semdeg ki ixilavs samoTxis suraTebs. 

igi hyveba: òrgzis da samgzis vixileo Cvenebasa Sina mciredsa mas mirulebasa 

Cemsa muxlTa zeda, movidian frinvelni cisani, STavidian mdinaresa, daiban- 

93

nian da movidian samoTxesa mas, da babilosa mas moisTulebdian da yuavilsa mas Zovdian 

da mowled (mowyalebiT. r. s.) Cemdamo RaRadebed, reca Cemi ars samoTxeÁ igi. 

gare momadgian JRiviliTa da xmobed Cemda momarT mravalferad. da Suenierad iyo 

xilvaÁ igi maTi. da mravalgzis iyo ese~ (123). 

samoTxis xilva, cxadia, sulieradaa warmosadgeni, `suliTa xolo sacnauria~. amkvidrebs 

rwmenas, rom saiqioSi aris didi sulieri salxinebeli. aq yvelaferi sulierebiTaa 

aRvsili. 

magram amasTanave ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas am suraTis udides esTetikur mSvenierebaze, 

rasac TviTon wm. ninoc aRniSnavs. aseTi samoTxisebri mSveniereba dakavSirebulia 

mcxeTis garemoebasTan. aq mTliandeba zeca da qveyana. 

am sruliad axal garemos ukavSirdeba Semdegi sityvebi, romliTac mimarTavs wm. 

ninos misi sulieri dai, mRvdeli abiaTaris, am àxali pavles~, asuli, sidonia: `Sen 

ze moiwia axali Jami~. am axal Jams axlavs zemoaRniSnuli axleburi garemo da swored 

esaa axleburi qronotopebi. axal dros axali garemo moaqvs, xolo axali garemo 

dros axleburad gaiazrebs. da esaa axali dro-sivrculi mTlianoba, axleburi 

qronotopuli mTlianoba. amisTana mTlianoba saSualebas gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom aq 

dro sivrculia da sivrce drouli. es niSnavs, rom àxali Jami~ axal garemoebaSi 

Cans. 

literaturul nawarmoebSi aris mxatvruli dro da mxatvruli garemo da aris 

mxatvruli mTlianoba, anu qronotopi. `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ droc konkretulia 

da garemoc, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aq istoriulia qronotopi. sul sxvagvaria 

`vefxistyaosnis~ qronotopi: aq araa konkretuli dro da arc konkretuli garemo, 

personaJebic gamonagonia. aseTia sakuTriv mxatvruli saxismetyvelebis qronotopi, 

eikonuri qronotopisgan gansxvavebiT. aseTi paralelic SeiZleba moviyvanoT: roca 

romantizmi Semovida qarTul mwerlobaSi da damkvidrda romantikuli msoflxedva, 

axleburad gaiazres droc da garemoc. Tbilisi simbolizebul iqna sam saxeSi: cxovrebis 

siamovnebaTa simbolod miiCnies yabaxi, cxovrebis warmavlobis – mtkvari, xolo 

maRalsulierebisa mTawminda. n. baraTaSvili mtkvarSi warmavlobas Wvretda, 

xolo mTawmindaze usazRvroebasa da maradiulobas. `wminda ninos cxovrebis~ 

qronotopi ki eikonuria. 

6. axleburi mentaloba 

qristianobam moitana axleburi azrovneba. axali mentaloba anu axleburi wesi 

da rigi azrovnebisa. es siaxle ar ekuTvnis mxolod warsuls, igi dRemde moqmedebs 

da yovelTvis cxovelmyofeli iqneba. 

am axleburi mentalobis arsia rwmeniTi cnobiereba, anu WeSmaritebis rwmena. We- 

Smariteba mxolod gonebiT ki ar unda aRviqvaT, aramed guliTac unda ganvicadoT. 

WeSmaritebani ara mxolod logikurad unda davamtkicoT, aramed kidevac unda SeviyvaroT. 

e. i. siyvarulia codnis safuZveli da safuZveli sibrZnisa, usiyvarulod ar 

arsebobs sikeTe codnisa. pavle mociquli ambobda: ènaTa-Ra Tu kacTasa da angelozTasa 

vityodi, xolo siyvaruli ara maqundes~, araraoba varo. `da maqundes me 

RaTu winaswarmetyvelebaÁ da vuwyodi yoveli saidumloÁ da yoveli mecnierebaÁ, maqundes 

RaTu yovelive sarwmunoebaÁ, vidre mTaTaca cvalebadmde da siyuaruli ara 

maqundes, araÁve raÁ var~ (I korinT. 13). 

amis gasaazreblad SeiZleba moviSvelioT literaturasTan damokidebuleba: visac 

literatura ar uyvars, igi mas verc gaigebs, anda, igebs mxolod garegnulad aRsawer 

faqtebs da ara nawarmoebTa siRrmes. aseTivea qristianuli WeSmaritebani. da 

garkveulwilad es nebismier sxvagvar, Tundac mecnierul WeSmaritebazedac SeiZleba 

iTqvas. Tu mecnierul azrs sikeTe ar axlavs, mas moaqvs boroteba. 

vambobT, rom gaqristianebis Semdeg icvala dro da garemoo. magram mTavaria, rom 

Seicvala damokidebuleba droisa da garemosadmi, Seicvala maTi gageba. mTavaria 

94

ara aseTi kiTxva: ra droa? aramed – risi droa? aris Jami Sobisa da aris Jami micvalebisa, 

Jami ngrevisa da Jami Senebisa, Jami glovisa da Jami mxiarulebisa, Jami dumilisa 

da Jami Tqmisa, _ ambobs eklesiaste (3). `wminda ninos cxovreba~ iwyeba ase: 

ìyo: maT JamTa oden giorgi kabadokieli ewama qristeisTvis, maT dReTa kabadukiaÁT 

qalaqiT kaci vinme mTavarTa Sesabami, monaÁ RmrTisaÁ, warvida hromed mefeTa winaSe 

msaxurebad~. es iyo zabiloni, wm. ninos mama, frankTa ganmanaTlebeli. maSasadame, 

amiT dakvalianebulia, Tu risi droa: aris Jami mowameobisa da Jami ganmanaTleblobisa. 

Semovida droTa axleburi aTvla; dasabamidan (qarTulad dasabamidan qristes 

mosvlamde 5604 wels iTvlidnen), qristes Sobidan an amaRlebidan da a. S. qveyana 

RvTis mier 6 dReSi Seiqmna. TiToeul dReSi 1000 weli igulisxmeboda. meSvide dRe 

RvTis dRe iyo da RvTis aTaswleuls gulisxmobda. amis Semdeg moelodnen qveynis 

aRsasruls da Tu rodis, amaze ar pasuxobs RvTismetyveleba. amaze qadagebs zogierTi 

eretikuli seqtebi (ieRovelebi da misTanani). 

sikeTiT cxovreba adamians samoTxes argunebs. asea gaSinaarsebuli adamianuri 

dro. RvTaebrivi dro ki maradiulobaa. maradiuli dro erTgvarad sufevs taZarSi, 

radgan aq gamosaxulia wminda sulebi, romlebic maradiulobis mkvidrni arian. amitom 

freska ar aris Cveulebrivi xelovneba, isaa xelovneba, romelic esTetikurobasTan 

erTad zeesTetikur sulierebas gvaziarebs. aseTivea xatic da agiografiac. 

axleburi mentalobisTvis mniSvnelobas iZens Semdegi principi: adamians unda 

SeeZlos sulieri yofierebis warmodgena e. i. marto fizikuri arseboba ki araa amqveynad, 

aramed aris sulieri arsebobac. sulierad marto RmerTi da angelozebi ki 

ar arseboben, aramed bevri sxva raimec, rac adamianTanaa dakavSirebuli. TviT adamianSi 

RvTis xati misi sulia. TviT adamianuri siyvaruli, rasakvirvelia, arsebobs 

sulierad. adamianTa keTili erTianobac sulieri faqtia. adamiani suliT fasobs da 

sxva nebismier warmatebas araviTari fasi ar aqvs, Tu suli adamianisa ukeTuria, Tu 

siyvaruliT araa ganmsWvaluli. maSasadame, sulieri yofierebis aRiareba axali azrovnebis 

safuZvelTa safuZvelia. 

freskaze Tu suliereba ver davinaxeT, gaugebari rCeba misi arsi. igive iTqmis 

xatwerazec, himnografiasa Tu agiografiaze. uamisod mxolod imas gavigebT, Tu rodis 

daiwera nawarmoebi, vis mier, romel xelnawerebSia, gavigebT mis fabulas (cxadia, 

esenic saWiroa), magram ver CavwvdebiT mis saxismetyvelebas anu mxatvrul azrovnebas. 

qristianobas rom àxal cxovrebas~ vuwodebT, es gulisxmobs sulierebis mudmiv 

gacxovelebas, adamianis Sinagani bunebis maradiul ganaxlebasa da srulyofas. swored 

saamisod aqvs didi mniSvneloba dRevandelobisaTvis agiografias, freskasa da 

xatweras, sagalobelsa da taZars. 

qristianuli saxismetyveleba marto agiografiiT rodi ifargleba. is yvelganaa, 

sadac maRalsulierebaa. `mSveniereba naTelia, zeciT mosuli~, _ n. baraTaSvilis am 

mxatvruli saxis sazrisi ver amoicnoba misive sulieri Sinaarsis warmodgenis gare- 

Se. kidev ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs Semdeg fundametur msoflmxedvelobiT princips, 

romlis mixedviT, amqveynad yovelive arsebuli raRacis simboloa. yoveli warmoqmnili 

xatisebri simboloa Tavisi warmomqmnelisa. e. i. raRaciT masze migvaniSnebs. 

TiToeuli sagani raRaca niSniT mainc SeiZleba RvTis simbolur `saxelad~ 

gamoviyenoT. es kargad Cans àbo Tbilelis wamebis~ pirveli Tavidan, sadac ganmartebulia 

RvTis amgvari `saxelebi~: magaliTad, `kari~ ewodeboda RmerTs, radgan mas 

sasufevelSi SevyavarT; `gza~ niSnavs, rom WeSmaritebis gzaze gvatarebs da a. S. 

ai, ratom migvaCnia Cven RvTiuri naperwklis simbolod is Tvali-patiosani bivritisa, 

romelic wm. ninom ipova armazis msxvrevis Semdeg. zemoaRniSnuli principis 

kvalobaze mcxeTis adgilebi ierusalimis adgilebs Seemsgavsnen. mTeli mcxeTa Cven- 

Tvis ìerusalimi~ gaxda (cxadia, simbolurad), mtkvari iordaned miiCnies, md. iordaneSi 

moinaTla qriste, amisdakvalad mtkvarSi monaTles xalxi. 

95

`wminda ninos cxovrebis~ mTeli saxismetyveleba zemoaRniSnuli principiTaa Sesacnobi. 

am TvalsazrisiT, bevri ram ukve aRiniSna. iTqva, Tu raoden mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobis 

Semcvelia sveti-cxoveli, viTarca wminda sulieri naTlis Semcveli da 

simbolo cxovrebis xisa (rasac mianiSnebs TviT ilia WavWavaZec àCrdilSi~). aseve 

iqna gaazrebuli jvari vazisa da TviT wm. nino, saqarTveloSi RvTismSoblis nacvali. 

sulieri yofierebis da yovlismomcveli simbolurobis principiTaa gaazrebuli 

aseTi unikaluri saxe `wminda ninos cxovrebidan~: 

`moiwia Jami dRisa dalevnisa da mzisa Cemisa davsebisaÁ, rameTu ara Tu dRe da 

mze Seicvalebian wesTa zeda maTTa, aramed m e d R e s a d a v u R a m d e b i da 

igi hgia ukunisamde~ (120). 

`me dResa davuRamdebi~, _ esaa dRevandeli mkiTxvelisaTvis maRalmxatvruli saxe. 

mxolod garegnulad da konteqstis gareSe Tu aRviqvamT, aq SeiZleba miTosur 

warmodgenebTan Sexmianebac ki davinaxoT. es romc iyos dasaSvebi, mxolod erTi pirobiT: 

miTosur saxeebs hagiografia moixmobs mxolod da mxolod qristianuli gadaazrebiT, 

_ rogorc amas ganmartavda basili didi. aq `dRe~ Cveulebrivi dRea da 

ara simboluri dRe, anu qriste (gina mama-RmerTi, anu Zveli dRe). aq adamianis sicocxlis 

warmavlobazea saubari da ara wmindanTa sulier sicocxleze, rac maradiulad 

brwyinavs RvTis winaSe. wmindani ukvdeba qveyanas da ara RmerTs. 

konteqstic amas gvkarnaxobs: àra Tu dRe da mze Seicvalebian wesTa zeda maTTa, 

aramed me dResa davuRamdebio~. ramdenadac `mze~ amqveyniur cxovrebas gulisxmobs, 

warmodgeba aseTi Sepirispirebani: dRe da mze, dRe da sicocxle, dRe da sikvdili, 

romlebic iwveven kidev erT saxes: mze da sikvdili. `mze~ amqveyniuri maradiuli sicocxlis 

gamomxatvelia, Torem ver iTqmoda: `moiwia Jami dRisa dalevnisa da mzisa 

Cemisa davsebisao~. `Cemi mze~ qritianul saxed ar miiCneva-xolme, Cveulebriv. aRiniSneba 

misi kavSiri miTosTan. Tumca es araa iseTi gamoTqma, romelsac qristianoba verasgziT 

ver Seiguebda. aq Tqmulia, rom es `mze~ `daivseba~, e. i. kvdeba pirovnuli 

sikvdilis msgavsi sikvdiliT. sul sxvaa `mkvdris mzis kavSiri miTosur mze-RvTaebasTan, 

romelic `cxreba~ adamianis sikvdilTan erTad (`xogais mindi...~). 

`me dResa davuRamdebi~, _ TviT amgvari amqveyniur-adamianuri Sinaarsis Semcveli 

saxismetyveleba potenciurad mainc sulier warmosaxvebs iTxovs. wm. nino Tavis wmindaniseuli 

TavmdablobiT sakuTar micvalebas Cveulebrivi adamianis sikvdilad 

racxs da amas maRalesTetikuri saxiT gamoxatavs: daivsebao Cemi mze, da me movakldebio 

(`davuRamdebi~) amqveyniuri dRisa maradiulobas. magram Cven mier amasTan gaazrebul 

unda iqnas, rom `suliTa mbrwyinvaleni ixareben dausrulebelsa naTelsa 

Sina~ (`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~, T. II). 

zemoaRniSnuls sulierebiTve enaTesaveba d. guramiSvilis saxismetyveleba: `viTa 

davRamdi, isev gavsTendi!~ 

sulierebis gamosaxatavad, qristianuli enobrivi msoflxedvisaTvis irRveva gramatikuli 

wesi, romelic gamoricxavs bunebis movlenaTa gamomxatveli zmnebis pirvel 

rigSi xmarebas. am TvalsazrisiT, amas `darRvevac~ aRar eTqmis. esaa enis SesaZleblobaTa 

aRmateba TviT gramatikul normebze. 

mefe mirianma uanderZa Tavis Zes revis: `Tavi Seni Sehvedre suetsa mas zegardamo 

didebulsao~. aq umjobesia, Tu bolo Sesityvebas warmovidgenT erTianad: `zegardamodidebuli~. 

ase ufro naTlad Cans, rom revma Tavi unda Seavedros `zegardamodidebulsa 

svetsa~. 

esaa naTelyofa enaSi qristianuli msoflxedvis danergvisa. axalma cxovrebam moitana 

axleburi ena, logosuri ena. amitom iyo, rom ioane-zosime wm. ninos mier qar- 

Tlis gaqristianebis erT-erT umTavres gamoxatulebad imas miiCnevda, rom man qarTuli 

ena moaqciao, e. i. daamkvidrao axleburi enobrivi msoflxedva, axleburi azrovneba. 

96

TviTdamdablebis gziT – amaRlebisaken 

(hagiografiul `cxovrebaTa~ gmiri) 

97 


antikuri kulturis memkvidred mosulma qristianobam axali esTetikuri da anTropologiuri 

faseulobani moitana. yuradRebam gare sinamdvilesTan adamianis mimarTebidan 

Sinagani cxovrebis gamomzeurebaze gadainacvla ZiriTadad. antikuri literaturis 

gmiris Zalisxmeva obieqtur sinamdvileSi Tvalxilulad ganxorcielebul 

moqmedebebSi vlindeba upiratesad; igi saxelmwifoebriv Tu samxedro asparezze iRvwis 

an bunebis stiqiasTan WidilSi gamoavlens Tavisi sulis Zalas, saTavgadasavlo 

xlarTebs eWideba Tu bedisweris ganCinebas ebrZvis. qristianuli literaturis gmiri 

ki Sinagan brZolas da tanjvas eZleva, `sakuTar mkerdqveS myof drakonebs da 

gvelebs~ ebrZvis. miiCneven, rom es `mteri~ bevrad ufri saSiSia da masTan brZola 

ufro did SemarTebasa da gmirobas moiTxovs, vidre saTavgadasavlo kolizia. amitom 

esaxebaT qristianebs herakle, berZnul-romauli samyaros gmirobis idealis aRiarebuli 

gansaxiereba, primitiul da mouxeSav arsebad, xorciel swrafvaTa monad, 

romlis yvela gmiroba uxeSi fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT aResruleba. 

gamarjvebuli qristianobis pirveli laTinurenovani mwerali laqtanciusi (250- 

320 ww.) CamoTvlis heraklesagan amgvari ZalisxmeviT aRsrulebul saqmeebs da mravalmniSvnelovnad 

kiTxulobs: `ra aris aq didebuli?..~ da mere laqtanciusi TviT 

ganmartavs gmirobis axal, qristianul ideals: `mrisxanebis siSmagis moTviniereba, 

ficxi xasiaTis aRtyinebis momSvideba, ai, WeSmariti gmiris maRali saqmeebi, magram 

amgvari mamacobisa herakles araferi gaegeboda. gana saeWvoa, rom ufro nakleb sasaxeloa 

lomisa da gareuli taxis gagleja, vidre daTrgunva sakuTari mrisxanebisa, 

romelic yvela mxecze ufro Znelad mosaTvinierebelia. gacilebiT advilia gaumaZ- 

Rari harpiebisagan Tavis daRweva, vidre Zunwobisagan, pativmoyvareobisa da vnebebisagan, 

mudam rom aRgviZraven wyurvils pativisa da simdidrisa... gacilebiT nakleb 

Sromas moiTxovs im Tavlis gasufTaveba, romelSic aTasi xaria, vidre ganwmenda sulisa, 

romelic codvaTa gamo yovelgvari saZaglobiTaa aRvsebuli. amrigad, visac 

simarTle uyvars, vinc zomierebaSi moaqcevs vnebebs, romlebic yvelaze naklebad 

emorCilebian gonebas, erTaderTi mxolod is imsaxurebs gmiris saxels~. 

namdvilad amaRlebuli cxovrebisaTvis Sinagani Zalisxmevis gzas unda gavuyveT, 

nebelobas unda vakaJebdeT mklavze ufro. gmiri, qristianTa gagebiT, es aris 

adamiani, romelsac ZaluZs sruliad ganagebdes Tavis vnebebs. 

ase iqceva adamianis idealurobis, gmiruli SemarTebis asparezad Sinagani cxovreba. 

adamianis Seqmnis Zveli aRTqmiseul koncefciaSive igulisxmeba es drama. ukve 

aq aRar warmogvidgeba adamiani Tavisi Tavis tol bunebriv qmnilebad, erTmniSvnelovan 

arsebad, rogorc mas aRiqvamda klasikuri antikuroba. Zveli aRTqmis wignSive 

adamiani moiazreba rogorc RvTaebriv da miwier sawyisTa (vertikalur da horizontalur 

xazTa) gadakveTis centrSi mdgomi qmnileba. adamianis sxeuli Seqmnilia miwisagan 

da am gziT mierTvis saganTa samyaros. magram saganTa samyarodan adamiani Sesaqmis 

epizodSive gamoyofilia imiT, rom RmerTma `STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisaÁ~ 

(db., 2. 7), suli RvTaebrivi. viTarca sagani, kaci iseve upyria xelT Semoqmeds, 

rogorc Tixa meTunes (isaia, 45. 9). viTarca ara-sagani, adamiani upirispirdeba 

RmerTs, rogorc partniori dialogSi. pirovnuli absoluti urTierTobaSia adamianur 

pirovnebasTan. absoluti ise ki ar miemarTeba adamians, rogorc sagans exebian, 

usityvod da usulod; RvTis Zala da meufeba adamians miemarTeba rogorc àRTqmaSi~ 

gamoxatuli sityvieri brZaneba erTi nebelobisa meorisadmi. swored amitom SeiZleba 

adamiani urC-eqmnes brZanebas (e. i. daamcros xati RvTisa, perspeqtiva uzenaesTan 

miaxlebisa, maSin, roca nivTs, sagans ar ZaluZs daSordes Tavis araRvTaebriv 

xats).

nebis Tavisuflebis kvalobaze, adami urC-eqmna Semoqmedis brZanebas (SeWama akrZaluli 

xili), riTac gaaxuna RvTis xati. SfoTsa da drtvinvas Seeyara, amaoebas daemorCila 

misi STamomavloba, gawyda kavSiri uznaesTan. adamis urCoba kontrastis 

principiT warmogviCens, ra aris morCileba: igi aris RvTis nebisadmi adamianis damorCileba, 

im mcnebaTa aRsruleba, romelTa azrsa da faseulobas SeiZleba ver 

vxedavdeT, magram aRviqvamdeT, viTarca gangebas uzenaesisa. `RmerTi moiTxovs Cvens 

morCilebas, vinaidan mas aqvs Canafiqri, romelic unda aRsruldes, aris samyaro, 

romelic SemoqmedebiTad unda gardaiqmnas Cveni TanamSromlobiT, RvTis Canafiqris 

Cven mier rwmeniT miRebiT. morCileba rwmenis niSani da nayofia... ramdenadac kanonisadmi 

morCileba WeSmaritia mxolod RvTis sityvisa da masTan kavSiris Sinagani mi- 

RebiT, imdenad am ganCinebulobaTa gamogoneoba aris ara monuri morCileba, aramed 

siyvarulis saqme~ (h. augraini). 

amgvari morCileba da simSvide sruliad ar aris pasiuri yofna da iZulebiTi daqvemdebreba. 

igi Sinagan ZalTa mobilizacias moiTxovs, raTa adamiani egoistur impulsebze 

gaabatonos, TavmdablobiT daakavSiros moyvasTan, harmoniaSi moiyvanos sociumTan. 

idealisaTvis, zneobrivi principisaTvis, sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis 

individi izRudavs Tu aRikveTs sapirado zraxvas, egoistur instinqts. Tavis am zraxvaTa, 

instinqtTa ufali, ganmgebeli xdeba, T a v i s u f a l i. 

qristianulma anTropologiam dRis sinaTleze gamoitana adamianuri yofnis umni- 

Svnelovanesi problema, erTmaneTis pirispir daayena, erTi mxriv, siamaye, qedmaRloba, 

ampartavnoba, pativmoyvareoba da, meore mxriv, Tavmdabloba, simSvide, morCileba, 

Tviniereba. ideali da zneobrivi cxovrebis mizani pirvelis meorisagan daZleva-daTrgunvaSi 

iqna danaxuli. am idealis poziciidan, `qristianoba eswrafvis 

aCvenos araraoba metismetad gaamayebuli da Tavis Tavze didi warmodgenis mqone `kacobriobisa~, 

romladac, upirveles yovlisa, igulisxmeboda romis aristokratia. 

mTavrdeba `kacobriobis bavSvoba~, misi bavSvuri yovlismcodneobiT, TviTtkbobiTa 

da TviTgandidebiT... jer kidev guSin adamians egona, rom TiTqmis RmerTebis tolia; 

mas SeeZlo ekamaTa RmerTebTan, SebrZoleboda, moetyuebina isini. dRes ki, usasrulo 

perspeqtivaTa gacxadebis fonze, man SeigrZno, rom `mcired gansxvavdeba WianWvelebisagan~ 

(v. biCkovi). 

rom adamianma am zneobriv simaRles miaRwios, Zvel aRTqmaSi Seitaneba eTikur 

debulebaTa, wesTa, kanonTa, aRTqmaTa mTeli wyeba. magram Zveli aRTqmiseul adamians 

mainc ar ZaluZs iyos morCili RvTisa, Tumca iltvis aqeTken. pirovneba rom uzenaess 

damorCildes, e. i. kanoni rom Tavis SinaganobaSi moiZios (ier., 31, 33), saWiroa 

RmerTma Ze Tvisi mouvlinos adamianebs. pavle mociquli ityvis amis Taobaze: `viTarca 

igi erTisa mis kacisa urCebiT (adamisa, g. f.) codvilni Semoxdes mravalni, egreca 

erTisa mis kacisa morCilebiTa (qristesi, g f.) marTalni Semovidnen mravalni 

(rom., 5. 19). dasawyisidan dasasrulamde qristes miwieri cxovreba aris morCilebis 

da am gziT RmerTTan erTianobis nimuSi. maRalma mdabalis saxe miiRo, xorcielad 

mogvevlina ara Tavisi nebis aRsasruleblad, aramed raTa aRasrulos `nebaÁ momavlineblisa~ 

misisa mamisa (ioane, 6, 38; maTe, 26, 39). qriste Zaldautanebeli simSvidi- 

Ta da TvinierebiT akeTebs uaRresad miwier saqmeebs, emsaxureba moyvasT; ar eZebs ra 

didebas TavisaTvis, igi ise imdablebs Tavs, rom fexebs bans Tavis mowafeebs (ioane, 

19, 14-15). 

karl iaspersi, aanalizebs ra netari avgustineseul moZRvrebas simdable-morCilebis 

bibliuri fenomenis Sesaxeb, ambobs: `mdabioTa Soris aigo man (qristem, g. f.) 

mdabiuri sacxovrisi Cveni mtvrisagan, riTac isini, romelTa morCileba surda, siamayisagan 

gankurna, siyvaruliT daiaxlova, raTa TviTdajerebulobaSi aRar imeryeon... 

ganukurnebeli siamaye unda ganikurnos RmerTis TviTdamcireba-damdablebiT yvelaze 

ufro saZulveli adamianuri yofnis saxed. romeli qedmaRloba SeiZleba ganikurnos, 

Tu mas ZeRmerTis morCileba da Tavmdabloba ar moarCens~. 

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xolo ZeRmerTis morCileba da Tavmdabloba yvelaze Rrma azrs jvarcmis epizod- 

Si aRwevs. mas, vinc Semqmnelia caTa da xmelTa, zRvaTa da yovelTa suldgmulTa, 

Zalis momniWebelia yoveli ZalmosilisaTvis, romlis erT survils ZaluZs qvesknelad 

daanTqas mTani umaRlesni da mtvrad aqcios kldeni da cani, morCilad da udrtvinvelad 

miaqvs Tavisi jvari golgoTisaken da nebdeba mtarvalTa saSinel Zalmomreobas. 

amiT igi Tavis sikvdils gadaaqcevs yvelaze did msxveprlSewirvad RvTisaTvis 

– morCilebis msxverplad (1 mef, 15. 22; ebr., 10. 5-10). amgvari TviTdamdablebamorCilebiT 

qriste àRadgens adamisagan ganwyvetil kavSirs (uzenaesTan, g. f.) da 

iRebs ra sikvdils, am kavSiris absolutur xasiaTs afuZnebs~. ase rom, SeiZleba gaviazroT 

`qristes cxovreba, viTarca erTgvari diptixi, romelic warmogvidgens miusafrobasa 

da didebulebas adamianisa: mis damdablebasa da gandidebas... gamoavlina 

ra sruli morCileba, ieso moiqca rogorc WeSmariti adami: man xvedrad irgo sruli 

martosuloba, raTa axali xalxis mamamTavari gamxdariyo, cxovrebis ulevel wyarod 

Seqmniliyo... aseTia gza didebisa~. 

jvrisa da jvarcmis simbolikaSi Tavidanve devs azri amgvari didebisa. jvari 

mxolod tanjvasa da sikvdilze ar migvaniSnebs, aramed jvarcmulisagan Cvens codva- 

Ta gamosyidvaze, Cvens xsnaze. ioane maxareblis azriT, qriste dResaswaulobs TviT 

jvarcmiseuli sikvdilis aqtSi (8. 28), gandiddeba imiT, rom ganadidebs mamas (amitom 

amboben, rom ìoanes gamocxadebis~ `Zeli~ xsnisa da `Zeli~ jvrisa igivea, rac `Zeli 

cxovrebisa~ (22. 2, 14); masze jvarcmuli sxeuli gaSlilia rogorc droSa, gaxsnilia 

rogorc wigni). iovane oqropiris mixedviT, `mjdomare qerobinTa zeda, Zelsa zeda 

aRmaRlda~. Kkarl iasperss moaqvs netari avgustines sityvebi: `Tavdamdablebul-damcirebuli 

qriste jvarze amaRlda; SeuZlebelia misi damcireba-damdableba sxva ram 

yofiliyo, Tu ar sidiade, umaRlesoba~. filosofosi mere Tavis mxriv umatebs: àmas 

adamianebTan mimarTebaSi Seesabameba Semdegi: morCileba-Tavmdabloba Tavad Cveni 

srulqmnilebaa. yovlad damdablebuli umaRlesi gaxdeba, morCileba-Tavmdabloba 

adamianis sidiaded gadaiqceva~. 

amgvarad, qristianuli kulturuli samyaros mkvidris gza didebisaken TviTdamdablebaze 

gaivlis. `romelman daimdablos Tavi Tvisi, igi amaRldes~ (maTe, 23. 12). 

ìqadoden ZmaÁ igi mdabali amaRlebasa Tvissa, xolo mdidari damdablebasa Tvissa, 

rameTu viTarca yuavili TavisaÁ, egreT warxdes~ (iak., 1. 9-19). miiCneven, rom àdamianis 

buneba ganzidulia madlis TvalismomWrel elvarebasa da codvis bnel ufskruls 

Soris, igi uciloblad SeerTvis an pirvels, an meores. sanam es Jami ar damdgara, 

kacis yovelgvarma materialurma keTildReobam misi mistikuri damcroba-damdableba 

unda warmoaCinos mxolod; da piruku, `yoveli Tvalxiluli damdableba SeiZleba 

sasurvel muq fonad emsaxuros faruli didebulebis gamobrwyinebas. Tavis 

Tavze aRebuli damcroba – saSualebaa, raTa Tavi vixsnaT sxvagvari, ontologiuri 

damcrobisagan~ (s. avernicevi). mas Semdeg, rac qristianoba romis imperiis ara mxolod 

oficialuri ideologia gaxda, aramed sruliad ganmtkicda da Zlevamosili Seiqmna, 

amaRlebuli sulieri cxovreba rTul, erTob niuansirebul eTikur qcevaTa 

kodeqss daukavSirda da, upirveles yovlisa, qedmaRloba-Tavmdablobis, siamaye-Tvinierebis, 

urCoba-morCilebis dapirispirebad iqna moazrebuli. gmiroba imaSi iqna danaxuli, 

rom simdable-morCilebis niWi sZlevs qedmaRloba-urCobis vnebas. amaze mogviTxrobs 

hagiografiuli mwerlobis is Janri, romelsac `cxovreba~ hqvia. 

amgvar TxzulebebSi adamianis RmerTTan miaxloebis gzad dasaxulia ara sulis 

uSualo brZola xorcTan da masze amaRleba, ara sulieri Tavisufleba materiisagan, 

aramed Sinagani Tviniereba, simdable da morCileba. `simdable da morCileba, 

_ ganmartavs i. ratcingeri, _ ori axali motivia, romlebic axla xmianoben da SiSveli 

spiritualizmis adgils ikaveben. agreTve adamianis gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba 

axla gaigeba ramdenadme sxvagvarad; adamianis ubedurebas avgustine ukve ubralod 

imaSi ki ar xedavs, rom igi, dgas ra emanaciis erT-erT qveda safexurze, damZimebulia 

materiiT, aramed imaSi, rom masSi Sefarulia xati RvTisa da Sefarulia, upir- 

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veles yovlisa, qedmaRlobis qveS, romelic aris mTavari maxasiaTebeli filosofosTa, 

imaTi, vinc, maTi sulierebis miuxedavad, arawmindad miiTvlebian RvTisagan, 

ise rom, ufali win aRudgeba maT. ase moxda erTi umniSvnelovanesi cvlileba samyaros 

suraTsa da adamianis gagebaSi. materiisa da sulis ontologiuri dualizmis 

adgili axla daikava eTikur-istoriulma dualizmma: `qedmaRloba da simdable~. wina 

planze warmoCnda ara sulieri askezi, aramed morCilebis askezi, morCilebis gmiroba, 

rogorc ityoda hegeli. 

vnaxoT, rogor airekla es axali esTetikur-eTikuri ideali qarTuli hagiografiis 

im ZeglebSi, `cxovrebaTa~ Janrs rom qmnian. ar gadavaWarbebT, Tu vityviT, rom 

faseulobaTa im sistemaSi, romliTac hagiografi xelmZRvanelobs, ber-monazvnobis 

fenomeni Tavmdabloba-krZalulobisa da morCilebis sinonimia, giorgi merCule brZanebs: 

`monazonebaÁ hrqvian krZalvasa~. 

qedmaRloba-simdablis dapirispireba hagiografiuli gmiris saxeSi zogjer Seum- 

Cnevelia an mkrTali, xan ki cxadi, mwvave. zogjer mwerali mxolod nayofs warmogvidgens 

dapirispirebisa da mkiTxvelma TviT unda igulisxmos, ra dajdeboda am 

Znelad misawvdom nayofTa mowevna. `cxovrebaTa~ mTavari gmiri avtors am Sinagan 

brZolaze amaRlebul-gamarjvebuli Semohyavs upiratesad TxrobaSi da misi mTeli 

Zalisxmeva simdable-morCilebis principiT cxovrebas da sxvaTa moraluri WeSmaritebis 

gzaze dayenebas eZRvneba. es sxvani ufro xSirad `cxovrebaTa~ mTavari gmiris 

mowafeni, xolo zogjer eriskacebic arian. 

grigol xanZTelis merCuliseul daxasiaTebaSi Tavidanve swored Tavmdabloba- 

Tvinierebis Strixebi warmoCindeba. pirvel yovlisa. raki grigoli àra iyo, viTarca 

Wabuki, mzuaobar~, mas Tavisi RirSesaniSnavi cxovrebis dasawyisSive mouxdeba SeebrZolos 

pativmoyvareobis vnebas. grigols mRvdlobis xarisxis miRebac uWirda, `da- 

RacaTu aqunda siyuaruli mRdelobisaÁ~. igi gulwrfelad eubneboda keTilis msurvelT: 

`sarwmunoTa mRdelTaTÂs ese uwyodeT Tquen, viTarmed ufroÁs ars yovelTa 

didebaTa sulierTa da ÃorcielTa, rameTu qristÀs nacvalebaÁ ars... da aw pativsa 

vxedav da patiJisagan meSinis~. grigolis swored simdable-morCilebis niWze imoqmedes, 

roca uTxres: àw nuRara urC iqnebi, aramed morCil iqmen brZanebasa qristÀssa 

da hmone mas mRdelobiTa... xolo netari grigol daemorCila maT~. 

xolo roca Semdgom episkoposad kurTxevac moundomes, grigolma pativmoyvareoba-didebis 

vnebas farad miupyro simdable-krZalulobis grZnoba, beris Seuracxi 

Coxa Caicva da tao-klarjeTis gzas gaudga. `netarman grigol, viTarca ixila Tavi 

TÂsi Ãorcielad didebasa Sina, friad wuxda guli misi da ganizraxa farulad sivltolaÁ 

TÂsiT queyaniT~. 

wlebis Semdeg `mravalgzis mis Jamisa xelmwifeTa ganizraxes damtkicebiT amis 

netarisa episkopisobaÁ da friadiTa SromiTa awyines, raÁTamca daemorCila. xolo 

man ara ineba didebaÁ ese~. 

ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis `cxovrebis~ aRmweri mamis (ioanes) Sesaxeb gvauwyebs: 

`xolo vinaÁTgan cecxli igi qristÀs siyvarulisaÁ gulsa missa mZafrad aRetyina, 

yovelive didebaÁ amis soflisaÁ Seuracx-yo da nagevad Sehracxa da monagebni da simdidre 

da gansuenebaÁ, meuRle da Svilni TÂsni da naTesavni da, raodenic raÁ ars 

amis soflisaÁ, sruliad moiZula da ugulebelsyo da merme kualad Tavica TÂsi, sityvisaebr 

uflisa, da aRiRo juari mÃarTa zeda da farulad yovelTagan sivltolaÁ 

iÃumia da ijmna yovelTagan da mxoloÁ lavrasa didebulsa oTxTa eklesiaTa 

Sevida... kurTxevaÁ monazonebisaÁ miiRo da Jam raodenme RuawliTa ZlieriTa morCilebasa 

misca Tavi TÂsi~. 

saeriskaco didebis monazvnuri RvawliT dagvirgvinebas ioanes saxeli gansakuTrebuli 

SaravandediT Seumosavs. raTa pativs ganrideboda, berma `saberZneTisa queyanad 

mihmarTa, rameTu evltoda didebasa kacTasa. da esreT mTasa ulumboÁsasa miiwia 

da monastersa erTsa Sina JamTa ara-mciredTa jorTa msaxurebisa Ruawli axovnad 

Tavs idva da sxuani undoni msaxurebani da Seuracxni simdabliT aRasrulna~. 

100

ulumbos monasterSic msgavsi ram momxdara. `vinaiTgan ganiTqua saxeli misi, da 

pativs uyofdes berZenni da qarTvelni, SeuZnda saqme ese...~ amitom ioane SviliTurT 

aqedanac ayrila da mTawmindas misula. `da aqunda Tavi TÂsi farulad, da yovel- 

Tave saqmeTa morCilebisaTa simdabliT da udrtvinvelad iqmoda, da dayo mzareulobasa 

Sina ori weli gina umetes~. 

es aris saqmiT aRsrulebuli wesi cxovrebisa da `saxe simdablisa~, uzenaesi moZ- 

Rvrisagan rom uswavlia ioanes. is, vinc fexebi dabana Tavis mowafeebs, qristologiuri 

interpretaciiT, maswavlebelia adamianisa. amis kvalobazea, rom umaRlesi 

aristokratis naSieri sulieri Zmebis jorebis movlis saqmes àxovnad Tavs-idebs~, 

ori weli mzareulobs da sxva mdabiur samsaxurs `simdabliT aRasrulebs~. ase Znelia 

savalad biliki, ase ìwro ars bWe~, romelic marTlmorwmune qristians WeSmarit 

pirvelobasa da simaRles moupovebs. raki uzenaesi imisTvis ki ar gankacda, rom 

kacTagan imsaxurebodes, aramed, raTa TviT emsaxuros da misces `suli TÂsi saxsrad 

mravalTa~. visac moZmeTa Soris `pirvel yofaÁ surs~, unda ìyos yovelTa mona~ 

(markozi, 10. 45, 44). 

ioanes Semdgom aTonis iverTa monastris winamZRvari gaxda misi Svili – eqvTime. 

hagiografi mogviTxrobs, Tu ragvari morCilebiT aRasrulebs Svili mamis yvela ganawess, 

ragvari udrtvinvelobiT itvirTavs Tavs didi monastris winamZRvrobas da 

rudunebiT emsaxureba sulier ZmaTa xorcielsa da sulier cxovrebas, erovnul-kulturul 

saqmes. xolo roca kviprosis mTavarepiskoposi aResrula da bizantias basili 

ganagebda, `...friad aiZula mefeman netarsa efTvimes, raÁTa miiTualos gangebaÁ 

misi, xolo man yovladve ara Tavsidva, rameTu yovliTa moswrafebiTa evltoda didebasa 

kacTasa da SfoTsa soflisasa da simdablesa Seitkbobda~. 

simdable-morCilebis gza-savals mihyavs giorgi mTawmindeli aTonis winamZRvrobisa 

da erovnuli kulturis `mnaTobis~ simaRlemde, rogorc amas misi cxovrebis aRmweri 

giorgi mcire mogviTxrobs. roca giorgi Seyenebulma giorgi mTawmindelis 

`RmrTiv-mimadlebuli~ niWi SeniSna, daavala, aTonze wasuliyo da didi eqvTimes dawyebuli 

saqme (`neSti daSTomili~) srul-eyo. mowafe Tvlida, rom SeuZlebeli iyo 

aseTi mZime tvirTis aweva ekisra. ase rom, moZRvarma `didiTa iZulebiTa Zliv daarwmuna~ 

da aTonze wargzavna, xolo mTawmindaze mosuli `...iyofeboda netari ese monastersa 

mas Sina... simdabliTa da simSvidiTa, morCilebiTa da moTminebiTa da umetes 

yovlisa vidre Jam ravdenime viTarca litoni da uswavleli sagonebeli iyo yovelTa 

mier, rameTu misca Tavi TÂsi msaxurebasa da morCilobasa ZmaTasa. da weliwadsa 

Svidsa Seuracxad sagonebelTa saqmeTa simdabliT hmsaxurebda~. rogorc vxedavT, 

didi mwerluri da organizatoruli niWiT cxebuli kaci iseTi TavmodrekiT 

emsaxureba ZmaTa `Seuracx saqmeebs~ wlebis manZilze, rom igi `litoni da uswavlelic~ 

ki hgoniaT. es rom moZRvarma gaigo, `didi mdurvaÁ moumcno ara aRsrulebisa- 

TÂs nebisa misisa~. mwerali motivirebas ukeTebs gmiris saqciels: `xolo netari ese 

ara Tu urCebiT iqmoda amas, aramed yoveliTurT ararad da undod Seeracxa Tavi 

TÂsi~. mxolod amis Semdgom ikurTxa giorgi mRvdlad ìZulebiTa brZanebiTa moZRuarisaÁTa~. 

male gamoCnda giorgis sibrZne da saTnoeba. amitom `Semdgomad mciredisa 

mTavrad eklesiisa ganiwesa~ da wignebis Targmnasac Seudga; `moexsena patiJi igi talantis-damfvleulisaÁ 

da ufroisad-Ra SeeSina urCebisTÂs moZRuarisa TÂsisa~. 

rogorc vxedavT, erTi rigisa Tu monaTesave grZnobebi erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego 

moqmedebisaken ubiZgebs personaJs. aTonis monasterSi axlad misul giorgis moZRvris 

nebisadmi morCileba msxverplad miaqvs simdablis grZnobisadmi da Seuracx samsaxurs 

itvirTavs. moZRvrisagan didi samduravis miRebis Semdeg (ìZulebiTa brZanebiTa 

moZRvrisaÁTa~) simdablis saTnoebas Caiklavs da morCilebis niWiT aRiWurveba; 

gmiri amitom Seelia simdabliT samsaxurs, rom `SeeSina urCebisaTÂs moZRuarisa TÂsisa~. 

eTikur motivTa dramatuli Widili sacnaurdeba am epizodSi. 

mas Semdeg ki, rac giorgi `gamoicada mravalTa Sina saqmeTa~ da yvelaferSi sibrZne 

da umankoeba gamoavlina, `maSin yovelTa ZmaTa erTiTa nebiTa da ganzraxviTa 

101

mas kibesa winamZRurobisasa aRiyvanes da saydarsa wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa efTvimessa 

dasues. da sanTeli sasanTlesa zeda dadges~. magram arc winamZRvrobis pativi da 

uReli Seuwynarebia advilad giorgis, àramed yovliTa ZaliTa TÂsiTa winaaRudgeboda, 

rameTu samgzis wil-ugdes orTa ZmaTaA sxuaTa Tana, viTarca iyo wesi monastrisai... 

da samgzisve mas xuda~. 

simdable-krZalvis impulss giorgi aTonelis pirovnebaSi erTxel kidev Seebr- 

Zoleba moZRvrisadmi morCilebis grZnoba. 9 wlis winamZRvrobis Semdeg giorgis, `vinaÁTgan 

ara eneba winamZRurobaÁ, aramed mosurne iyo Tavisa TÂsisa Tana myudroebiT 

yofasa da evltoda SfoTTa da amboxebaTa, amisaTvis farulad yovelTagan sivltolaÁ 

ixumia~ da Sav mTaze gaipara, Tavis moZRvars, giorgi Seyenebuls, gamoecxada. am 

ukanasknelisagan giorgi aToneli `didad ibrala~ (daituqsa) `datevebisaTÂs pirmetyuelTa 

cxoarTa... amis mizezisaTÂs brZanebiTa moZRurisa TÂsisaÁTa kualadaca mTawmidasve 

movida, da iZulebiTa yovelTa ZmaTaÁTa kualad Ãel-yo saqmesa winamZRurobisasa~. 

amgvarad, Tumc iZulebiT pativ-didebas jer simdable-krZalvis impulsma sZlia, 

magram bolos igic daiTrguna morCilebis grZnobiT. 

yoveldRiur yofiT sinamdvileSi `cxovrebaTa~ mTavari gmirisagan simdable-myudroebis 

saTnoebis niWi imaSi gamovlindeba, rom, magaliTad, serapion zarzmeli 

`tkbiliTa da daSniTa (morCili, mozave, Tanaxma, g. f.) ÃeliTa ixilveboda mdgomared 

xuroTa Tana saeklesioTa, rameTu iyo friad Semkul wesiTa xuroobisaTa~; grigol 

xanZTels `SromaÁ didad uyuarda~, monastris baR-venaxebSi `dRe da Rame Ãeli- 

Ta TÂsiTa iqmoda~; eqvTime aToneli òdesca raime saeroi saqme arn monastrisaÁ, TÂnier 

ucaloebisa Tanave gavidis gina Tu navisa gamozidvasa, gina Tu navi movidis 

xuarbliTa, gina Tu venaxTa asarvasa, gina Tu ajojvas, gina Tu sTulebasa~; Tumca 

eqvTime yvela saqmeSi kargad Caxeduli iyo, `garna didiTa simdabliTa TÂsiTa, TÂnier 

kiTxÂsa araras iqmoda~. 

pativmoyvareoba-simdablis dapirispireba `cxovrebaTa~ mTavari gmiris pirovneba- 

Si ufro mwvave, dramatul iers ar iRebs. sxva personaJis Sinagani cxovreba ki xSirad 

xdeba asparezi dapirispirebul sawyisTa mZafri Sejaxebisa. qedmaRloba-simdablis 

motivTa dramatul Sexlas gviTvaliswinebs `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ is 

epizodi, zenons rom Seexeba. zenoni, mogviTxrobs merCule, samcxeli didi aznauri 

iyo, `RvTismsaxurebiT aRzrdili da siwmidiT iqceoda. da swadda monazonebaÁ...~ 

mSoblebi rom gardaicvalnen, mamuli da qoneba zenonsa da mis das dautoves. zenoni 

fiqrobda, rom `mamuli da deduli monagebi~ disTvis daenarCunebina, xolo TviTon 

Semonazvnebuliyo. `da viTar amas ganizraxvida zenon, daÁ igi misi eSmakisa ganmarjuebiTa 

SeacTuna vinme ukeTurman kacman da Rame yovel warvidis SavSeTs, xolo zenon, 

viTarca cna, SeiWura saWurveliTa martod da amÃedrda cxensa da devna-uyo. da 

viTar didi queyanai vlo, Tqua gulsa TÂssa, viTarmed: `var me Wabuk saxelovan da 

romelsa vsdev, friad Seuracx ars, daRacaTu vewio da movkla, sabrÃe ars sulisa 

CemisaÁ, da ukeTu cudad ukunviqce saxed Cemda, sircxÂl ars Cemda, aramed aRTqumaÁ 

monazonebisaÁ aw aRusrulo ufalsa~. da axovan iqmna netari ese, rameTu monagebTa 

datevebaÁ sisxlTa daTxevasa emsgavsebis. da daiwera juari ÂorcTa TÂsTa da waremarTa 

saRmrTosa mas gzasa~, grigols daemowafa. 

Cven winaSea fsiqologiurad sakmaod mZafri situacia. pativmoyvareobaSelaxuli 

didi aznauri `SeuWurva~, àmxedrda~, `devna-uyo~ dis Semacdenels, raTa Suri iZios, 

sastikad dasajos. `viTar didi queyanaÁ vlo~, ganrisxebam iklo, gonierebam imZlavra. 

zenoni Tavis Tavs esaubreba. am monologSi jer wodebrivi ampartavnoba xmianobs 

– maRali aristokrati (`Wabuk saxelovan~) var da mdabiosTan (`Seuracxi~) Sebma ar 

mekadrebao; mere zneobrivi motivi eRobeba gaafTrebis vnebas, _ rom movkla, suls 

waviwymedo; bolos Tavmoyvareobac warmoCndeba – uSedegod Sin dabruneba sircxviliao. 

es Sinagani Widili imiT mTavrdeba, rom Tavmdabloba – Tvinierebis grZnoba 

amarcxebs qedmaRloba-mrisxanebis vnebas, zenoni monasters miaSurebs. mwerali garkveviT 

ambobs, rom gmiri amaRlda miwierebaze: àxovan iqmna netari ese, rameTu mona- 

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gebTa datevebaÁ sisxlTa daTxevasa emsgavsebis~, ase rom, siamayesa da pativmoyvareobaze 

amaRlebas mowameobrivi tanjvis analogiurad saxavs hagiografi. kaci, romelic 

sulieri cxovrebisaTvis (berobisaTvis) emzadeboda, saRvTo samarTals amarjvebinebs 

siamaye-Surisgebis demonze. ra ganasxvavebs, ganmartavs qristianuli eTika, 

im adamians, romelic Seuracxyofs, imisagan, vinc, Seuracxyofili, imasve akeTebs, 

rac mas uyves. iyo bolo Seuracxmyofeli, araviTar SeRavaTs ar ganiWebs, mitevebis 

motivad ar gamodgeba: `dro da adgili ar ganasxvavebs imas, rac erTi da imave TvisebiTaa 

SeerTebuli~ (tertuliane). 

daZabul, vnebaTaRelviT damuxtul suraTs xatavs `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ 

avtori, roca javaxeTis krebis ambavs mogviTxrobs. kreba mowveul iqna imis gamo, 

rom samcxis gamgebelma didma aznaurma mirianma `mZlavr samcxisa eriTa Ze TÂsi daadgina 

kaTalikozad Tana-dgomiTa da kurTxeviTa mcirediTa epikoposTaÁTa~. episkoposTa 

umravlesoba arsens, viTarca `mZlavrebiT dadgenils~, ar scnobda kaTolikosad. 

am Tvalsazriss krebaze yvelaze mtkiced gamoxatavda efrem mawyvereli. `xolo 

netarman grigol farulad mouwoda netarsa efrems da hrqua mas: `Svilo, pativsa magas 

wmidisa mRdelT-mTavrobisasa gafuceb, nu uSli sulierad Zmasa Sensa arsenis~. 

xolo man hrqua: `wmidao mamao, ver egebis ZmaTa CemTa episkoposTa cilobaÁ samarTlisaTÂs, 

da meca Semindve, rameTu ara var amieriTgan arsenis cxovari da araca igi 

Cemi mwyemsi~. 

aseT rTul situaciaSi, roca saqmis empiriul-faqtobrivi garemoebani efrems nebas 

ar aZlevs winaaRmdegoba (`cilobaÁ~) gauwios sulier Zmebs, igi eurCeba sulier 

mamas. xolo grigoli, viTarca moZRvari, simdable-morCilebis grZnobas mimarTavs, 

roca mowafes mkacrad (`mksinvared~) eubneba: ùkeTu amas iqm, efrem, me uvar myav, vi- 

Ta ara Seni moZRuari var~. xolo netari efrem sityuasa mas zeda sulierisa mamis 

da moZRurisasa atirda da hrqua: `ficxel ars brZanebaÁ ese, ganmkueTel ufroÁs maxÂilisa. 

Aaw nebaÁ Seni iyavn da nu nebaÁ Cemi, wmidao RmrTisao~. rogorc vxedavT, pativmoyvareoba-urCobis 

vneba efrem mawyverelis pirovnebaSi aq ise mZlavrad xmianobs, 

rom moZRvari iZulebulia, mis gasaneleblad simkacresa da ukidures Rones mimarTos. 

xolo imas, Tu ra daujda mowafes moZRvris nebas damorCileboda da Tavisi 

siamaye daeTrguna, merCulis maRali poeturi xelovnebis wyalobiT sruliad cxadad 

SevigrZnobT personaJis qceviTac (èfrem... atirda...~) da replikiTac: Seni sityvebi, 

moZRvaro, maxvilze ufro hkveTs da ararad aqcevs Cems nebas... 

miwieri moZRvris zemoqmedebiT aq efremi uzenaesi moZRvris xats imosavs, RvTisagan 

momaval sxivs, pirvelcodviT gawyvetils, aRadgens Tavis TavSi. efremis sulieri 

mzera aq pirdapir ebjineba gankacebuli RmerTis RaRadiss: `rameTu gardamovxed 

zeciT, ara raÁTa vyo nebaÁ Cemi, aramed nebaÁ momavlineblisa Cemisa mamisaÁ~ (ioane, 

6. 38; maTe, 26. 39). magram am sulier simaRlemde ragvari ZalisxmeviT, ra tkiviliT 

miikvlevs gzas efremi, es fsiqologiuri simarTliT aRbeWdil scenaSi sacnaurdeba 

CvenTvis. sacnaurdeba grigolisTvisac. igi kargad grZnobs, rom morCilebis gamomxatvel 

sityvebSi mowafisa pirovnuli nebis aRkveTiT gamowveuli simZimilia Cagubebuli. 

amitom amSvidebs aseTi rudunebiT, mSobliseuli Tanalmobis grZnobiT moZRvari 

atirebul mowafes: èfrem sanatrelo, gisminen qristeman, raÁca iTxoo misgan Sen, 

umankoo guliTa da wrfelo gonebiTa, mimsgavsebulo moZRuarsa Sensa qristesa...~ 

hagiografiuli Txzulebis mTavari gmiri, romelsac Tavad ukve daumarcxebia qedmaRlobis 

demoni, xSirad ai aseT Znel situaciaSi gaCndeba Tavisi mowafis gverdiT, 

simdable-morCilebis niWs aRviZebs masSi, pativmoyvareobis Tu urCobis vnebis daTrgunvaSi 

exmareba. qristianuli swavleba kategoriulad moiTxovs marTlmorwmunisagan, 

moZRvars mihyves, `rameTu igini iRviZeben sulTa TquenTaTvis~ (ebraelTa, 13. 17). 

ioane da eqvTime aTonelebis `cxovreba~, am TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime sagulisxmo 

epizods gviTvaliswinebs. erTgan moTxrobilia didi mxedarTmTavris, Tornikes 

aTonze mosvlisa da Semonazvnebis ambavi. man monasterSi didi ganZi moitana, `romeli-igi 

yovelive mamisa TÂsisa sulierisa iovanes ÃelT misca da Tavi TÂsi srulad 

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uar-yo... egeviTarman man ganTqumulman da saCinoman kacman yovelive nebaÁ TÂsi moikveTa 

da srulebiT Seudga morCilebasa missa~. 

magram simdable-myudroebis mkacri da faqizad niuansirebuli eTikuri idealis 

winaSe igic Sescodebs: `vinaÁTgan didi Tornik wyobaTa Sina aRzrdil iyo da sala- 

SqroTa saqmeTa, amaT eseviTarTa pirTaTÂs ubnobaÁ da hambavi uyuarda da mamaÁ iovane 

eridebin da ara unda, raÁTamca amxila mas, raÁTa ara mowylas gonebaÁ misi~. magram 

mere iovanes `SeeSina~, rom am moridebiT sulier zians SeamTxvevda `Rirssa mas 

da TÂssaca sulsa~. da uTxra Tornikes: `sayvarelo Zmao, vxedav, romel madliTa RmrTisaÁTa 

keTilad warmarTebul xar mcnebaTa Sina RmrTisaTa.. daacade soflioTa 

magaT saqmeTa ubnobaÁ...~ es rom moismina, Tornike `meyseulad davarda ferÃTa Tana 

misTa da cremliT ityoda, viTarmed: `da rad daidume aqamomde da ara mamxile, wmidao 

da RmerTSemosilo mamao?~ xolo mamaman iovane aRadgina igi da hrqua: ùfalman 

Segindven, garna aw xolo ekrZale!~ da mieriTgan monastrisa ZmaTa arRara vis eubnebin~. 

sityva codvasac SegvamTxvevs da madlsac. igavTa wigni gvaswavlis: `sikudili da 

cxovrebaÁ xelTa Sina enisaTa~ (18. 22), siwmindisaken miumarTavi sityva fuyea, `momwylvel, 

ganmkueTel, viTarca maxvili~ (igav. 12. 18). amitom WeSmariti morwmune unda 

àRvir-asxmides enasa TÂssa~ (iakobi. 1. 26); an, rogorc daviTi ityvis: `davsdev sacoÁ 

pirsa Cemsa~ (fsalm. 38. 2). efrem asuri gvmoZRvravs: `ganeSore mravalmetyuelebasa, 

romeli mocaleTa moupovebies~. xolo iovane oqropiri amao mravalmetyvelebas uSualod 

simdablis niWis damamcrobel, gamaxunebel saqmed racxs; `romeli saCinod 

mdabal ars da enasa ara aRvir-asxna, sabrÃe daerwyas bnelsa~. 

`saCinod mdabal~ Tornikes aseTi `sabrÃe~ emuqreba, roca `wyobaTa Sina~ (omebSi) 

aRzrdili kaci `salaSqroTa saqmeTa~ ambebs mouTxrobs xolme mTawmindel berebs. 

moZRvari xedavs, rom simdable-myudroebis grZnobas mowafis gulSi pativmoyvareobis 

Wia RrRnis. ioane ver Seurigdeba, rom Tornike TviTkmayofilebisaTvis `mocale~ Seiqnes. 

RvTis mijnuris eTikuri norma `mRviZarebaa~, locviT uzenaesTan ganuwyveteli 

Tanayofna (maTe, 26. 41), sxva SemTxvevaSi eSmakTan Tu codvasTan TanayofnisaTvis ixsneba 

gza. 

qristianuli eTikis yvelaze elementaruli normis Tanaxmad, RmerTia yvelaze didi 

simdidre kacisa da igi uSurvelad aniWebs adamians `keTilTa misTa~, da vinc es 

safase daiunja, risRa mopovebas SeiZleba cdilobdes, raRaa, rac misi araa. sagnebisa 

Tu nivTebisadmi interesi, swrafva abrkolebs sulis miaxloebas uzenaesTan, 

iwvevs ukmayofilebasa da Sexla-Semoxlas. amas gvaswavlis nilus ankvireli, viTarca 

vnebaTaRelvis dambad sulier sneulebas, imiT vumkurnalebT, rom aRvikveTT survils 

nivTTa siyvarulisa, moxveWisa. tertuliane ki tansacmlis, oqro-vercxlis, Zvirfas 

qvaTadmi siyvarulis saTaved uSualod pativmoyvareobas, amao didebis vnebas 

Tvlida. 

giorgi aTonelis hagiografiuli Txzulebis mravali epizodi gviTvaliswinebs 

imas, Tu ramdeni Rone da Sroma Sealia eqvTime aTonelma am sulieri sneulebis mkurnalobas 

iverTa monasterSi. ai, erTi pasaJi: ìyo vinme mTavardiakoni, Rirsi kaci 

da SeracxilTa Svili da aramciredi safasi mieca monastrisa da TÂsi Sesamoseli, 

romeli daedva eklesias, ara hnebavn, raÁTamca vinme Seimosa igi Tvinier missa~. erT 

dRes eqvTimem erTs RvTismsaxurs ubrZana, Caecva mTavardiakonis kvarTi da ise aResrulebina 

rituali. `xolo man miugo, viTarmed: `mamao suliero, nuukue Sewuxnes 

ZmaÁ igi, rameTu ara hnebavs, raÁTamca vinme Seimosa kuarTi misi~. esma raÁ ese mamasa, 

mouwoda mTavardiakonsa mas da hrqua simSvidiT da tkbilad, viTarmed: `gnebavsa, 

raÁTa Seimosos Zmaman man kuarTi Seni da hmsaxuros sakurTxevelsa Cuen Tana?~ da 

ixila, rameTu Sewuxna igi da ara unda, raiTa Seimosos~. 

rogorc vxedavT, mTavardiakoni or cecxls Sua aRmoCndeba: gamorCeulobisa da 

pativmoyvareobis grZnobis karnaxiT igi aqamde yvelasagan xelSuxeblad ìcavda~ Tavis 

samosels; axla ki sulieri mama mTavardiakons iseT SekiTxvas aZlevs, romelic 

104

elementaruli eTikuri normis Sexseneba ufroa, vidre kiTxva: `Rirsi kacisa da SeracxilTa 

(didebulTa) Svilis~ sulSi gamorCeuloba – pativmoyvareobis impulsi 

am wuTSic ise Zlier Rvivis, rom simdable – morCilebis saTnoebas sjabnis. beri 

`Sewuxna~ da amiTve cxadyo, rom àr unda, raÁTa Seimosos~ sxva misi kvarTiT. eqvTimem 

Jamiswirvis damTavrebamde acala mTavardiakons, xolo mere, raki cxadi Seiqna, 

rom simdable – morCilebis grZnoba vera da ver imorCilebda pativmoyvareobas, bers 

mouxmo da uTxra: `miTxar WeSmariti, raÁ dagitevebies sofelsa Sina? xolo man hrqua, 

viTarmed: `wmidao mamao, ara umecar ars RirsebaÁ Seni, rameTu mSobelni da Zmani 

da safaseni da monagebni ara mciredni damitevebian da raÁ igi ÃelTa SenTa wmidaTa 

mimcemies, TÂT uwyi~. hrqua mas mamaman Cuenman: `da jer-giCns, Svilo, magis yovlisa 

madli da sasyideli wariwymido kuarTisa amis SenisaTÂs?” xolo man hrqua: `nu 

iyofin, mamao!~ da meyseulad ubrZana moRebaÁ cecxlisaÁ da TÂsiTa ÃeliTa STaagdo 

kuarTi igi cecxlsa da esreT daiwua. xolo ZmaÁ igi Seuvrda wmidaTa ferÃTa misTa 

da SendobaÁ iTxova~. 

mxolod aseTi mkacri da kategoriuli RonisZiebebiT moxerxda, rom mTavardiakons 

gamorCeulobisa da fuWi didebis demoni daeTrguna Tavis TavSi, Sendoba eTxova. 

srulqmnilebis qristianuli ideali mravalricxovan eTikur normaTa urTierTharmonias 

niSnavs. miiCneva, rom mcire usamarTlobac ki daamcrobs da waaxdens xangrZlivsa 

da mravalfer Rvawls. mTavardiakonic mraval `saqmeTa keTilTa~ moqmedi iyo, 

magram swored simdabliT ar `moedrika Tavi~ ZmaTaTvis, da, ampartavnobiT `Sekruli~, 

verc grZnobda amas. kvarTis cecxlSi CagdebiT moZRvari mowafes uTvaliswinebs, 

rom RvTismosaobis cecxlSi unda daiwvas da aRigavos yvela miwieri sacduri. 

qedmaRlobisa da morCilebis grZnobaTa urTierTdapirispirebaze saubars uSualod 

mivyavarT kanonisa da pirovnuli nebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxTan. es imdenad mni- 

Svnelovani problemaa, rom sagangebo da vrcel gansjas moiTxovs. aq mxolod oriode 

sityviT SemovifarglebiT. qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, RvTis xatad gaCenili 

kaci àra ars damonebul, aramed Ãelmwife, moqmed msgavsad nebisa TÂsisa~; vinaidan 

vinc kanonisa da sasjelis SiSiT moqmedebs, igi araa Tavisufali. Tavisufleba 

isaa, roca kacs aqvs `xelmwifebaÁ nebasa zeda TÂssa~. es `Ãelmwifeba~ pavle mociqulisagan 

moazrebulia ara rogorc Tavisufleba TviTnebobisa, aramed, viTarca Tavisufleba 

TviTnebobisagan, rogorc TviTaRkveTa, e. i. xelis aReba Tavis Tavze, gandgoma 

egoisturi survilebisagan. qristes naTels ziareba imas niSnavs, rom `sikudilisa 

misa mimarT naTel-viReT~ da `Zueli igi kaci Cueni mis Tan juars ecua~ (adamidan 

dRemde CvenSi gamyarebul mdabal vnebebs moverieT). adamiani iZulebasa da kanonis 

muxlTa morCilebas Tavs aRwevs im sazomiT, ra sazomiTac igi mokvda TviTnebobisaTvis 

(rom, 6). ase ganxorcielebul `TavisuflebaSi adamians SeeTavazeba `madli~ 

– zemodan boZebuli SesaZlebloba, raTa gamovides borotebis inerciisagan, da `siyvaruli~ 

_ Sinagani mzadyofna TviTaRkveTisaTvis~ (s. avernicevi). 

adamianebi ase gagebuli Tavisuflebis sxvadasxvagvari unariT ibadebian. Hhagiografiuli 

Txzulebis mTavari gmiri amgvari Tavisuflebis wvdomis didi niWiT cxebuli 

pirovnebaa da ufro naklebi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba misi realizaciisaTvis, Tavisi 

Tavis meore bunebad misi qcevisaTvis, xolo xSirad `cxovrebaTa~ sxva personaJebi _ 

zenoni da efrem mawyvereli, Tornike da gamorCeuli samoslis moyvaruli mTavardiakoni 

– Tavis Tavze gansakuTrebuli ZaldatanebiT, mZafri Sinagani konfliqtis 

gziT mieltvian am Tavisuflebas. hagiografebi fsiqologiuri realisturobiT aRbeWdili 

pasaJebiT gviTvaliswineben, ra Sinagani SeWirvebis safasurad miikvleven 

gzas es adamianebi im `madlisaken~, romelic maT `borotebis inerciisagan~ gamoiyvans, 

`siyvarulisken~, romelic maT TviTaRkveTas SeaZlebinebs. 

magram MmTavari gmiris mowafeTa meore nawili Sinagani TavisuflebiT miuyveba 

morCileba-simdablis gzas. maTi amaRlebuli Zalmosileba nimuSad isaxeba xolme. 

xolo erTgan `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ sasurvel TavisuflebasTan wilnayari 

simdablis aseTi `provocirebac~ ki xdeba moZRvrisagan: neZvis monastridan xan- 

105

ZTaSi stumrad mosul berebs erTxel grigolma hkiTxa: `simdable sruli saqmiT da 

ara sityviT arsa monastersa Tquensa Soris ZmaTa?~ xolo maT hrques: àrs locviTa 

SeniT~. amasobaSi Jamiswirvis dawyebis mauwyebeli zari Camorekes. grigolma brZana, 

Jamiswirva xanZTas mamasaxlisad dadgenil epifanes aResrulebina. `da etvifane Seimosa 

Jamis wirvad... da viTarca aRvides sakurTxevelad etvifane `wmidao RmerToÁsa~ 

wina asamaRlebelsa iwyo Tqumad, aRvida xolo sakurxevelad mamaÁ grigol da kuer- 

TxiTa sca Tavsa da hrqua: `dadumen~. xolo igi S e u S f o T e b e l a d dadumna. 

da ubrZana sadiakoned warsvlaÁ da ganZarcuvaÁ. maSin yoveli eri gankvirvebisa zarman 

aRavso, xolo igi warvida da ganiZarcua da mivida da dadga winaSe moZRvrisa 

TÂsisa myovar Jam. da kualad ubrZana SemosaÁ da Jamis-wirvaÁ. da igi sixaruliT Seimosa 

da Seuvrda netarsa grigols. xolo man juari daswera da aRvida igi sakur- 

Txevelad, m Z l e a m p a r t a v n e b i s a s e n T a, da iwyo Sewirvad msxuerplTa 

maT usisxloTa. aramed mizezi saqmisa amis vervin ikadra kiTxvad wmidisa 

mis, vidremdis TÂT ubrZana ZmaTa maT neZuelTa. ìxileTRa, Zmano sayuarelno, s i m 

d a b l e s a q m i T s r u l i epifanesi? grwmenin Cemi, WeSmaritsa vityÂ winaSe 

RmrTisa. araraÁ brali uqmnies mas, rameTu RmrTis-moSiSebisa da siwmidisa da simdablisa 

misisaTÂs maradis madli sulisa wmidisaÁ dadgromil ars mis Tana... da ese 

Tquenisa xilvisaTÂs vyav, rameTu sTquT ZmaTa TquenTa sruli saRmrToÁ simdable~. 

fsiqologiurad uaRresad datvirTuli es pasaJi azrobrivi qveteqstiT da mxatvruli 

CanafiqriT Zveli aRTqmis im epizods Camohgavs, roca ufali ubrZanebs abraam 

mamamTavars: `moiyuane Ze Seni isaki... da Sewire igi mun yovlad dasawuelad~. abraami 

isakiTurT mivida RvTisagan ganCinebul adgilas, aaSena sakurTxeveli, `daasxa SeSaÁ 

da Sekra isaki... da ganyo Ãeli TÂsi moRebad maxÂlisa daklvad Zisa TÂsisa~. da maSinve 

gamouCnda abraams àngelozi uflisa zeciT~ da auwya RvTis survili, _ Svilis 

nacvlad verZi Seewira (dabad., 22. 2-13). Aam sceniT sacnaurdeba, rom RvTis Canafiqrs 

sicocxlisaken mivyavarT da ara sikvdilisaken, rwmenisa da siyvarulis cxovelmyofeloba 

Rvivdeba da dasturdeba am gamocdiT. abraami mTeli sicocxle ganuxrelad 

misdevs RvTis sityvas, romlis azric mas SeiZleba yovelTvis arc esmodes, rogorc 

aq. Mmagram, rac aq gamocdaa abraamisaTvis, uflis CanafiqriT aris dadastureba rwmeniT 

gamokvebili simdablis grZnobis sicocxlisunarianobisa, rasac kacTa modgmis 

xsnisaTvis mouxmobs uzenaesi. gamocda tardeba abraamis rwmenis warmoCenisaTvis, 

raTa am patriarqis magaliTiT gvaCvenos RmerTma is, ris swavlebac surs CvenTvis 

mis Zes, roca morCilad nebdeba golgoTis Zalmomreobas. amitomac uwodebs mere 

qristes maTe maxarebeli `Zes abrahamisa~ (1, 1). 

epifanec aseve brmad aRasrulebs moZRvris brZanebas. masac araferi gaegeba im risxvisa, 

romelmac `kuerTxiTa sca Tavsa da ubrZana `dadumeba~ da `ganZarcua~. didi 

rwmena da siyvaruli SeaZlebinebs epifanes `nebisaebr TÂsisa~ ganagos siamaye-ampartavnobis 

vneba, iyos Tavis ufali. Zlieri nebelobiT, magram dafaruli ZalisxmeviT 

wvdomil am Tavisuflebas mianiSnebs mwerali, roca ityvis: `xolo igi SeuSfoTebelad 

dadumdna~. daZabuli simSvidea es, romlis ukan nebelobis sagangebo wvrTnis, 

survilTa aRkveTis asketuri gzis siZnele mainc ganiWvriteba, igrZnoba. am ukana 

planSi momavalicaa CarTuli. epifanes qcevas mis xasiaTze aranakleb gansazRvravs 

Wvreta im momentisa, roca igi uzenaess unda warudges. wesad daide, moZRvravs Semsgavsebul 

situaciaSi moxvedril marTlmorwmunes Toma kempieli, rom sulieri gacxarebis 

Jams ifiqro imaze, ra mogiva, roca sinaTle moefareba. 

rogorc kacobriobis xsnisaTvis gamouxmobs ufali abraamis rwmenas da cdis mas, 

aseve Tavisi mowafeebis WeSmaritebis gzaze ganmtkicebisaTvis gamouxmobs grigol 

xanZTeli epifanes morCilebis grZnobas da gamocdis yvelas Tvalwin. Ggrigols sWirdeba 

dadastureba – damowmeba rwmenis Zlevamosilebisa, xolo epifane am gamocdiT 

Tavis saukeTeso `mes~ amkvidrebs uzenaesisa da sakuTari Tavis winaSe. 

Tumca epifanes azrebi da grZnobebi aq gamoTqmuli araa, erTianad daZabuli situacia 

mainc metyvelia da mimaniSnebeli. dumiliTa da lakonuri miniSnebebiT met- 

106

yveleba bibliuri stilis principuli niSania da misi beWedi abraamis im epizodsac 

azis, zemoT rom movixmeT. abraamis ùsityvo morCileba mravalferovania da bneli~, 

_ ambobs erix auerbaxi. esaa `fsiqologiuri situacia imdenad ara gamoTqmuli, ramdenadac 

miniSnebuli~. amgvari xedva da ase xatva, sruliad ucxo homerosis stilisaTvis, 

adamians warmogvidgens erTob rTul, Sinaganad mravalferovan qmnilebad, _ 

dasZens igive mkvlvari. am stilis mimdevrebma `SeZles eCvenebinaT cnobierebis erTdroulad 

arsebuli fenebi, dalagebulni erTimeoreze, da gamoexataT maT Soris ga- 

CaRebuli konfliqti~ (`mimesisi~). 

normad da idealad isaa miCneuli, rom qristiani win aRudges mdabal miwier survilebs, 

Tavisi SemarTeba, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTar gulsa da gonebaSi dabudebul 

demonTa winaaRmdeg mimarTos. èse ars brZolaÁ da ZlevaÁ moRuaweTaÁ, _ ganmartavs 

qristiani moralisti, _ raÁTa Sevides kaci Sinagan gonebasa TÂssa da hbrZodis 

eSmaksa da moiZulnes vnebani da uvaryos Tavi TÂsi da ganasxnes vnebani Ãorc- 

Tani da wina-aRudges gulsa mas borotsa~. 

qristianuli literaturis mravali Zegli warmogviCens sxvadasxva mxares moswrafe 

sulier impulsTa dramatul Sejaxebas, Sinagani gaorebis tkivils. upirveles 

yovlisa, origenis, tertulianes, klimenti aleqsandrielis, grigol nazianzelisa 

da netari avgustines Txzulebebs vgulisxmobT. am ukanasknelis àRsarebaSi~ Sinagani 

gaorebis tkivili tragikul eqstazSi gadadis. nacvlad imisa, rom gadaewyvita eWvebi, 

avgustine maT amravlebda; sulier Wrilobebs igi imdenad malamos ar scxebda, 

ramdenadac aRizianebda. avgustine hyveba, ra mtanjveli Sinagani tkivilebis gziT miikvlevda 

misi suli gzas warmarTobidan maniqvelobisaken, maniqvelobidan – qristianobisaken. 

sulis brZanebas sxeuli ratom emorCileba ufro, vidre TviT suli? – ki- 

Txulobs avgustine. e. i. mTeli arsebiT rodi ubrZanebs suli Tavis Tavs. suli rom 

winaaRmdegobrivi ar yofiliyo Tavis SigniT, erTiani, mTliani yofiliyo, `maSin br- 

Zanebis gacemac ar gaxdeboda saWiro... erTdrouli ndomac da arndomac – es gasaocari 

movlena rodia, aramed sneuleba sulisa... arc ndoma iyo Cemi sruli da arc arndoma. 

amitomac iyo, rom me vebrZodi Cems Tavs da Suaze viyavi gaxleCili, magram es 

gaoreba Cemi nebisve sawinaaRmdego xdeboda...~ (àRsarebani~). 

qarTvel hagiografebs naTlad aqvT gacnobierebuli, rom maT gmirebs simdable– 

morCilebis principis erTguleba pirovnuli nebisagan gandgomis safasurad ujdebaT. 

WeSmaritni qristianni, _ ambobs eqvTime aTonelis Rvawlis mTxrobeli, _ `sami- 

Ta saqmiTa cxovndebian: simdabliTa da morCilebiTa da TÂsisa nebisa datevebiTa~. 

magram `cxovrebaTa~ gmiris modelis Sinaarsi da struqtura amiT ar amoiwureba. 

igi garTulebulia erTi principuli komponentis mimatebiT. adamiani, `cxovrebaTa~ 

mixedviT, idealurobas marto Sinagani konfliqtis daZlevis gziT ki ar aRwevs, aramed 

misi Zalmosileba obieqtur, sazogadoebriv _ kulturul asparezze ixarjeba. 

grigol xanZTeli ganaTlebisa da mwignobrobis xuT keras afuZnebs, saamisod wvr- 

Tnis da exmareba mowafeebs; eklesiis marTva-gamgeobis saqmeebSi monawileobs; sabermonazvno 

koloniebs marTavs da wes-gangebas daudgens; mefe-didebulebTan erTad iRvwis 

erovnul-kulturuli mTlianobis aRorZinebisaTvis, mefeTa zneobriv cxovrebaSi 

ereva; ucxoeTSi mogzaurobs kulturuli kavSiris gansamtkiceblad; samonastro 

sameurneo saqmeSi monawileobs; sagalobelTa krebuls qmnis da a. S. (`grigol 

xanZTelis cxovreba~). serapion zarzmelic mwignobrobis keras daaarsebs; zrunavs 

samonastro krebulis wevrTa sulieri warCinebisaTvis; exmareba sxva saganmanaTleblo 

centris damfuZnebelT; ibrZvis samonastro miwebis SemomtkicebisaTvis, monastris 

materialuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis. xolo giorgi mawyvereli samcxeSi did aznaurTa 

Soris atexil SfoTs awynarebs, sasulierosTan saero xelisuflebas aerTianebs 

(`serapion zarzmelis cxovreba~). giorgi aToneli didi kulturuli centris 

organizatori, mravalricxovani krebulis yoveldRiur saWiroebaTa ganmkiTxveli; 

energiulad iRvwis, raTa iverTa monasteri berZnebma ar miitacon; bizantiis imperatorTan 

da saqarTvelos mefesTan aqvs saqmiani Sexvedrebi; qarTuli eklesiis avto- 

107

kefaliisaTvis gamarTul disputSi monawileobs; samSobloSi Camodis da saeklesio 

reformas ganaxorcielebs, xolo aqedan 80 udedmamo bavSvi mihyavs aTonze qarTvel- 

Ta ricxvis gasamravlebad da a.S. (`giorgi aTonelis cxovreba~). eqvTime da giorgi 

aTonelebi samwignobro-kulturuli RvawlisaTvis Seiracxnen wmindanebad. 

martvilis mxatvruli saxis arss qmnis sxeulisa da sulis konfliqti da aq gamovlenili 

ZalisxmeviT gansazRvruli dapirispireba mtanjvelebTan. `cxovrebaTa~ 

gmiris samoqmedo asparezi ufro vrcelia rogorc droiTi, ise sivrciTi TvalsazrisiT, 

ufro masStaburia da mravalmxrivi aRsrulebul saqmeTa kvalobaze. 

SeiZleba Tu ara am sarbielze Sedges kaci da rogor gamoiCens igi Tavs, amis momaswavebel-ganmsazRvrelad 

simdable-morCilebis is niWi Tu Rone miiCneva, romelsac 

siamaye-ampartavnobis daZlevisas gamoavlens adamiani. gmirobis TavidaTavi aqaa. amitom 

iTvaliswinebda samonatro wes-gangeba, rom berobis msurvel kacs `morCilis~ 

ampluaSi gaetarebina ramdenime weli. amis Taobaze gvauwyebs giorgi merCule: `mamaÁ 

grigol aravis udebTagansa Seiwynarebda, aramed pirvelad gamocadis... da ukeTu ipovis 

guliTa umankoÁ, uzakveli da udrtÂnvelad simdabliT morCili... igi Seiwynaris~; 

an ase xdeba: sulieri gmirobisaken moswrafe personaJi TviT gamocdis Tavis 

Tavs: ioane aToneli sulieri Zmebis jorebis momvlelad dgeba, xolo ori weli mzareulobs. 

giorgi aToneli Svidi weliwadi `Suracxad sagonebelTa saqmeTa simdabliT 

hmsaxurebda~. Tavis saukeTeso `mes~ eZieben, arkveven da adgineben es adamianebi 

sakuTari Tavis winaSe. mTeli maTi sicocxle cxadi Tu faruli gamocdaa maTive nebelobisa. 

`wamebis qristianuli idea (tanjviTa da sikvdiliT gamocda), erTi mxriv, 

da cdunebis idea (gamocda cdunebiT), meore mxriv, specifikur Sinaarss aZlevs gamocdis 

ideis maorganizebel masalas uzarmazar adreqristianul, xolo Semdgom Sua 

saukuneebis cxovrebaTa Janris literaturaSi~ (m. baxtini). 

amgvarad, adamianis pirovnebis SigniTve ganxorcielebuli tanjva-wameba, tkivili 

Sinagani winaaRmdegobisa – ai, ra aris saerTo martvilsa da `cxovrebaTa~ idealur 

gmirs Soris. oRond sxeulisa da sulis ontologiur dualizms (`wamebani~) emateba 

eTikur-fsiqologiuri dualizmi (`cxovrebani~). TviTaRkveTa (gandgoma materialur 

swrafvaTagan) da simdabliT cxovreba, Semsgavsebuli tkiviliTa da dramatizmiT, aRbeWdavs 

yvela hagiografiuli gmiris saxes. Mmaterialur sivrceSi materialuradve 

ganxorcielebul moqmedebaTa koeficientiT, mniSvnelovanwilad rom gansazRvraven 

adamianis idealurobas, `cxovrebaTa~ gmiri didad aWarbebs `wamebaTa~ personaJs. sarbielTa, 

idealTan miaxloebis gzaTa SesamCnev gansxvavebulobas mohyveba sxvaoba 

nawarmoebTa mxatvrul organizaciaSi. `wamebaTa~ arqiteqtonikaSi ideuri Sinaarsis 

mTeli simZime TiTqmis mTlianad fsiqologiur siuJets awevs. `cxovrebaTa~ JanrSi es 

`tvirTi~ gadanawilebulia. `wameba~ kompoziciurad ufro Sekrulia da organulad 

mTliani. `cxovrebis~ kompozicia ufro myifea da Seukravi. 

108

ioane sabanisZis àbos wameba~ 

(nawyvetebi) 

109 

nino nakudaSvili 

qarTul literaturismcodneobaSi àbos wameba~ saetapo nawarmoebadaa miCneuli 

erovnuli idealebis damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT. garda amisa, Txzuleba sakmaod saintereso 

struqturuli siaxliT gamoirCeva VIII saukunis qarTul agiografiul Zeglebs 

Soris. igi oTxi Tavisagan Sedgeba. pirveli qadagebaa, romelSic avtori saqar- 

TveloSi Seqmnil viTarebaze, wmindanobis arsze, wmindanis Rvawlis sazogadoebriv 

mniSvnelobaze da sxva sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze msjelobs. meore da mesame TavebSi 

agiografiuli Txrobaa, romelic sakuTriv abos ambavs aRgviwers; meoTxe Tavi ki 

wmindanis qebas, mis Sesxma-Semkobas warmoadgens. es Tavi qarTuli himnografiis anu 

sasuliero poeziis pirvel nimuSadaa miCneuli. 

Txzulebis avtori 

àbos wamebis~ avtoria ioane sabanisZe, rac Tavad Txzulebis saTaurSia aRniSnuli: 

`wamebaÁ wmidisa mowamisa haboÁsi, gamoTqumuli iovane, Zisa sabanisi~. amgvaradve 

moixseniebs mas Txzulebis damkveTi, samoel episkoposi, romelTan mimowerac ioanes 

Tan daurTavs nawarmoebisaTvis. samoel kaTalikosis werilidan Cans, rom ioane mis 

mier aRwerili ambis Tanamedrove da TviTmxilveli yofila. `Sen Tavad uwyi sanatrelisa 

amis axlisa mowamisa haboÁsi, romeli dReTa amaT CuenTa imartÂla~, _ mimar- 

Tavs igi ioanes. amasTan, rogorc Cans, ioanes abosTan megobrobac akavSirebda, rasac 

Tavadve gvamcnobs. `sanatreliTa qristÀs-mieriTa siyuaruliTa Semiyuare me, vidre 

iyavRa sofelsa amas Sina Cuensa~, _ ase mimarTavs igi teqstSi abos. samoel kaTalikosis 

TqmiT, rodesac abo sikvdiliT dausjiaT, mas mousurvebia, rom aRwerili yofiliyo 

mowamis Rvawli da martviloba `mosaÃseneblad yovelTa, vin iyvnen Semdgomad 

Cuensa~. mas es saqme uaRresad ganswavluli kacis, ioane sabanisZisaTvis, dauvalebia. 

`Cuen TÂT uwyiT RmrTivmimadlebuli Seni mecnierebaÁ saRmrToTa wignTaÁ~, _ 

swers igi ioanes, _ amitom aRwere WeSmaritad es ambavi, rogorc iyo da Cven gamogvigzavneo. 

ioanes, karga xnis yoymanis Semdeg, rac agiografisaTvis Cveuli TavmdablobiT 

iyo gamowveuli, Seusrulebia es brZaneba, aRuweria abos martviloba da xelnaweri 

samoel kaTalikosisaTvis gaugzavnia. 

samoelis qarTlis kaTalikosad yofnas istorikosebi 780-790 wlebSi varaudoben. 

ioane sabanisZis Sesaxeb ki cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. Cven danamdvilebiT isic ar viciT, 

sasuliero piri iyo igi Tu saero. 

daweris dro 

TxzulebaSi mocemulia qronologiuri cnobebi, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac korneli 

kekeliZem SeZlo zustad daeTariRebina àbos wameba~. 

ioane wers: `sufevasa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristÀssa, weliwadsa vnebiTgan da 

mkudreTiT aRdgomiT... dasabamiT gardasrulTa equsaTas oTxas ocdameoTxesa welsa, 

TTuesa ianvarisasa, equssa, dResa paraskevsa, gancxadebasa, SeviswaveT martÂlobaÁ 

wmidisa da netarisa amis mowamisa da keTilad-moRuawisa haboÁsi qalaqsa tfiliss~. 

avtori gveubneba, rom abo mouklavT `dasabamiTgan~, anu qveynis gaCenidan, 6424 wels; 

amas unda gamovakloT 5604, radgan adamianis gaCenidan qristes dabadebamde qarTvelebi 

swored 5604 wels iTvlidnen, da 34 weli qristes sikvdilamde (vinaidan avtori 

aTvlas iwyebs qristes vneba-sikvdilidan), e. i. sul 5638, miviRebT: 6424–5638=786. 

maSasadame, abo uwamebiaT 786 wlis 6 ianvars (Tumca misi mosaxsenebeli dRe qarTul 

eklesiaSi 7 ianvars dawesda, radgan 6 ianvari naTlisRebaa da am dResaswaulis dros 

arc erTi mowamis moxsenieba ar SeiZleboda).

ogorc varaudoben, Txzuleba dawerili unda iyos abos gardacvalebis umalve, 

am tragikuli ambis uSualo STabeWdilebis qveS. 

geografiuli garemo 

TxzulebaSi gadmocemuli ambavi TbilisSi, xazareTsa da afxazeTSi viTardeba. 781 

wels nerse erisTavi iZulebuli gaxda, Tavisi qveyana mietovebina. man amaliT, romlis 

SemadgenlobaSi aboc iyo, `ganvlo kari ovseTisaÁ, romelsa darialan erqumis...…da 

Sevida queyanas mas CrdiloÁsasa, sada igi ars sadguri da sabanakÀ ZeTa magogisTaÁ, 

romel arian xazarni~. 

xazarTa samefos avtori uwodebs `CrdiloeTis queyanas~, xolo maT mefes _ `CrdiloÁs 

mefes~. xazareTi dRevandeli Crdilo kavkasiis teritoriaze mdebareobda. im 

dros xazareTis mefe iyo xakani. 

ioane sabanisZe gveubneba, rom xazarni arian `Zeni magogisani~. magogi da gogi 

Zvel TxzulebebSi CrdiloeTis mkvidr saSinel ers ewodeboda. xazarebi nawarmoeb- 

Si ase arian daxasiaTebulni: `xazarni, kac velur, saSinel piriTa, mÃecis buneba, sisxlis 

mWamel~. rogorc aRniSnaven, am sityvebSi asaxulia qristiani mwerlis damokidebuleba 

araqristiani xalxebisadmi da is Sexeduleba, romelic uZvelesi droidan 

arsebobda CrdiloeTis mkvidrTa Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc es Txzulebidan 

Cans, xazareTSi mSvidad Tanacxovrobdnen ebraelebi, mahmadianebi, qristianebi 

da warmarTebi. nawarmoebSi aRniSnulia, rom xazarebs erTi RmerTi swamdaT, Tumca 

Camoyalibebuli religia ar hqondaT. swored xazareTSi arsebuli religiuri Semwynareblobis 

gamo iyo, rom abo iq moinaTla. 

xazareTidan wamosuli abo da nerse afxazeTSi mividnen, romelic iyo `samkÂdrebeli 

yovladve qristianeTaÁ~ da romlis sazRvrebSic aravin iyo urwmuno. afxazeTis 

sazRvari aris `zRvaÁ igi pontoÁ~, ese igi Savi zRva, `misazRuradmde qaldia- 

Ása~, _ qaldiis provinciis sazRvramde. am sazRvrebSi, avtoris cnobiT, imyofeba 

`trapezuniaÁ, sayofeli afsareaÁsaÁ da nafsiis navsadguri~. maSasadame, trapizoni im 

xanebSi afxazeTis sazRvrebSi Sedioda. 

abos mowameobrivi aRsasrulis adgili Tbilisia. amiras sasaxle, romlis ezoSic 

mas Tavi mohkveTes, dRevandeli botanikuri baRis teritoriaze unda yofiliyo. mowamis 

gvami uremze dades da qalaqs gareT gaitanes dasawvavad, kerZod, im adgilas, 

`romelsa sagodebeli ewodebis, rameTu mun ars saflavebi kacTa mis qalaqisaTa~. es 

adgili mtkvris gaRma, metexis cixis maxloblad iyo. dawvis Semdeg ferfli mtkvar- 

Si Cayares, `queSe xidsa mas qalaqisasa~, igulisxmeba metexis ZirSi arsebuli avlabris 

xidi. iqve, kldeSi, abos saxelobis niSia, sadac Cvens droSi mowamis saxelze 

mcire eklesia aigo. 

istoriuli pirobebi 

TxzulebaSi asaxulia imdroindeli qarTlisa da afxazeTis samefos politikuri 

da sarwmunoebrivi viTareba.. 

es is dro iyo, roca, avtoris TqmiT, `queyanaÁ igi qarTlisaÁ sarkinozTa upyries~. 

sarkinozebi anu arabebi iyvnen im dros `zedamdgomelni~, `soflis mpyrobelni~, 

xolo qarTvelni `mZlavrebasa queSe maTsa damonebulni da xarksa queSe maTsa 

guemulni da qenjnilni~. ioane sabanisZe bibliidan aRebuli saocrad STambeWdavi 

Sedarebis saSualebiT gvixatavs maSindeli qarTvelebis sulier mdgomareobas: `Si- 

SiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa~. SeSinebuli, dabe- 

Cavebuli da dauZlurebuli xalxi veRar mihyveboda mama-papis gzas. àRverieniT ersa 

ucxosa da sarwmunoebisa Cuenisa maginebelTa, romelTagan viswaveniT saqmeni maTni~. 

TbilisSi arabTa xelisuflebis warmomadgeneli iyo amira anu msajuli, romelic 

baRdadidan iniSneboda. igi iyo qarTlis sruluflebiani mmarTveli. Sinauri marTvagamgeobis 

saqmeebSi mas erisTavebi exmarebodnen. qarTlis erisTavs gansakuTrebuli 

mdgomareoba ekava. is TbilisSi, amiras gverdiT ijda da misi daniSvna baRdadSi xa- 

110

lifas karze wydeboda. nerse erisTavi, romelic mtrebma daasmines, xalifa mansurma 

baRdadSi gaiwvia da sapyrobileSi Casva. mansuris gardacvalebis Semdeg misma memkvidrem 

mahdim nerse gaaTavisufla da qarTlSi erismTavrad gamouSva. 

qarTlis erisTavoba sapatio Tanamdeboba iyo da mis mosapoveblad erisTavebi er- 

TmaneTs ebrZodnen. varaudoben, rom nerses tragediac am brZolis gamoZaxili unda 

yofiliyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom arc nerse erisTavi da arc misi diswuli stefanozi 

sxva wyaroebSi ar moixseniebian, ioane sabanisZis Txzuleba am istoriuli pirebis 

arsebobis erTaderTi damadasturebeli sabuTia. 

nerses xazareTSi gaqceva, rogorc Cans, garkveuli politikuri mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli. 

im dros xazarebi da arabebi erTmaneTs ebrZodnen kavkasiaSi gavlenis 

mosapoveblad. qarTls xan megobruli urTierToba hqonda xazareTTan, xan _ mtruli. 

afxazeTis mTavari leon II xazareTis mefis asulis vaJi iyo da cdilobda, xazarTa 

daxmarebiT Tavi daeRwia bizantiis batonobisagan. varaudoben, rom arabTagan 

gandevnili da Seviwroebuli nerse maTi mosisxle mtrebis, xazarebis, samefoSi politikuri 

daxmarebis saZebnelad wavidoda. mas Semdeg, rac arabebma qarTlis eris- 

Tavad nerses diswuli stefanozi daniSnes, nerse Seurigda arabebs da qarTlSi dabrunebis 

uflebac miiRo. 

politikuri brZola, cxadia, religiur urTierTobebzec aisaxeboda. qarTuli eklesia 

cdilobda qristianoba araqarTvelTa Sorisac gaevrcelebina. Tavis mxriv, 

arabebic Seudgnen qarTlSi islamis gavrcelebas sxvadasxva gziT _ daSinebiT, 

dayvavebiT, mosyidviT _ da garkveul Sedegsac miaRwies. qarTvelebi sarwmunoebrivi 

gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen. amave dros, arabebi krZalavdnen qristianobis 

qadagebas araqristianTa, gansakuTrebiT ki arabTa Soris. amas ukavSirdeba abos 

tragediac: `qristÀs aRsarebisaTÂs Seayenes igi sapyrobilesa~. roca Tbiliselma 

mahmadianma arabebma abo amirasTan daabezRes, moiTxoves, rom igi samagaliTod 

daesajaT, raTa sxvebsac ar miebaZaT misTvis. abos neStic ki dawves, rom qristianebs 

wmindanis nawilebi sarwmunoebrivi propagandisTvis ar gamoeyenebinaT. 

aseTi politikur-sarwmunoebrivi viTarebaa VIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTlSi 

ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mixedviT. 

afxazeTis Sesaxeb ki TxzulebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom `misi qalaqebi da adgilebi, 

ars sabrZaneblad qristÀsmsaxurisa ionTa mefisa, romel mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa 

kostantinepolisasa~. aq bizantias Tavisi warmomadgeneli hyavs `mTavris~ tituliT. 

sagulisxmoa, rom `qarTlis cxovreba~, sxva cnobebs gvawvdis. iq naTqvamia, 

rom afxazTa mTavari leon II (746-791), xazarTa mefis asulis vaJi, xazarTa daxmarebiT 

ganudga bizantias da Tavi damoukideblad gamoacxada. ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis 

mixedviT ki, 786-790 wlebSi afxazeTi kvlav qristesmsaxuri ìonTa mefis~ sabrZanebelia. 

bunebrivia, rom politikurad dapyrobil qarTls ekonomikuradac ar ulxinda. 

avtori gveubneba, rom arabTa mZlavrobis qveS damonebuli qarTvelebi iyvnen `naklulovnebiTa 

da siglaxakiT Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniTa, xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni 

da qenjnilni~. 

literaturuli da istoriuli mniSvneloba 

ioane sabanisZis àbos wameba~ agiografiuli Janris Zeglia da savsebiT Tavsdeba 

am Janris specifikis CarCoebSi. 

Txzuleba sayuradReboa mravali TvalsazrisiT. pirvel yovlisa, masSi aRZruli 

msoflmxedvelobrivi da erovnuli problemebiT; mTavari moqmedi piris Sinagani gancdebis 

gamovleniT, simboloTa rTuli sistemis gaazreba-komentirebiT; nawarmoebze 

epistolaruli memkvidreobis darTviT (avtorisa da SemkveTis miwer-mowera), kompoziciuri 

TaviseburebiT; Janruli mravalferovnebiT (I Tavi qadagebaa, II, III _ sakuTriv 

agiografiuli Txroba, IV – adreuli himnografiuli poeziis nimuSi). 

111

ogorc aRniSnaven, ioane sabaniZis Txzuleba erTaderTi Zeglia qarTul agiografiaSi, 

romelic qristianul simboloTa ganmartebas moicavs. 

simbolo uzarmazar rols TamaSobs qristianul esTetikaSi. TviT qristianuli 

RvTismsaxureba da eklesiis Senobac ki simbolurad gaiazreba; simboluri mniSvneloba 

aqvs RvTismsaxurebis dros Sesasrulebeli evqaristiis anu ziarebis aqtSi gamoyenebul 

produqts _ pursa da Rvinos. isini qristes xorcisa da sisxlis simboloebs 

warmoadgenen, romelsac unda eziaros morwmune. 

vinaidan qristianuli RmerTi miuwvdomeli da Seucnobeli iyo, SeuZleblad iTvleboda 

raime epiTetiT an sityviT misi amomwuravi daxasiaTeba. amitom Seiqmna simboloTa 

mTeli sistema, romelic, Teologebis azriT, miaxloebiT gangvimartavdnen 

RvTaebis arss. swored RvTaebis Seucnoblobas usvams xazs ioane sabaniZe, roca aRniSnavs: 

`ver SemZlebel varT Cuen miwdomad simdidres mas saxelisa misisasa~ da iqneb 

simboloTa meoxebiT nawilobriv mainc CavwvdeT mis arsso. 

ioane sabanisZe CamoTvlis uflis Teqvsmet simbolos: kari, gza, tarigi, mwyemsi, 

lodi, margaliti, yvavili, angelozi, kaci, naTeli, queyana, marcvali, mze da gvaZlevs 

maT mokle axsna-ganmartebas. ara `TaviT TÂsiT~, rogorc aRniSnavs avtori, aramed 

wminda werilze da saeklesio mamaTa Txzulebebze dayrdnobiT. 

yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve àbos wamebis~ saTauri, romelSic gacxadebulia ara 

mxolod mTavari gmiris saxeli da is, Tu ra bedi ewia mas, aramed moqmedebis adgili, 

Txzulebis avtori da damkveTi: `wamebaÁ wmidis da netarisa mowamisa qristÀsisa 

haboÁsi, romeli iwama qarTlsa Sina, qalaqsa tfilissa, ÃeliTa sarkinozTaÁTa, gamoTqmuli 

iovane Zisa sabanisi brZanebiTa qristÀs mier samoel qarTlisa kaTalikozisa~. 

Sua saukuneebisaTvis es Cveulebrivi ram iyo, maSindeli literaturuli kanoni 

moiTxovda, rom saTaurSive yofiliyo miTiTebuli TxzulebaSi aRwerili ambis 

ZiriTadi momentebi. es imiTac iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Sua saukuneebis esTetikaSi 

nawarmoebis mxatvruli zemoqmedeba moulodnelobis efeqtze ar iyo gaTvlili. mki- 

Txvelma winaswar icoda, Tu raze iqneboda nawarmoebSi saubari. 

àbos wameba~ imiTac aris unikaluri, rom Cvenamde moRweul qarTul ZeglTa Soris, 

is erTaderTia, romelsac wamZRvarebuli aqvs avtorisa da damkveTis mimowera. 

samoel kaTalikosis werili Tvalwin gvicocxlebs mis avtors _ eris bedze mzrunvel 

sulier mamas, romelsac surs ukvdavyofil iqnas im gmiris saxe, momaval Taobebs 

Tavganwirvis magaliTs rom uCvenebs. amave werilidan vigebT, rom ioane sabanis- 

Ze TanamedroveTa Soris aRiarebuli avtoritetis mqone mwerali yofila. aRniSnulia 

momavali Txzulebis daniSnulebac: abos Rvawlis aRwera ganZad unda daidos 

eklesiaSi `mosaÃseneblad yovelTa~. aqvea Camoyalibebuli agiografiuli Txrobis 

mTavari principi, yvelaferi zustad ise unda gadmoices, rogorc sinamdvileSi moxda: 

`Ãelyav gamoTqumad sruliad WeSmaritad, viTar _ igi iyo da viTarca Sen TÂT 

uwyi~. rogorc vxedavT, es patara baraTi sakmaod mdidar informacias Seicavs. 

ioanes sapasuxo werilidan ki misi mokrZalebuli buneba gamosWvivis: igi SiSobs, 

vaiTu ver SeZlos esoden sapasuxismgeblo saqmis Rirseulad dagvirgvineba. amasTan 

erTad, mas samoel kaTalikosis ganawyenebac ar surs, radgan naTqvamia: `Svili urCi 

warsawymedelsa mieces~-o. bolos avtors nugeSad solomonis Segoneba mohyavs: `hbaZevd 

jinWvelsa, medgaro, da iqmen muSak msgavs misa~. 

garda imisa, rom garkveul informacias gvawvdis, es ori epistole erTgvar warmodgenas 

gvaZlevs imdroindel samwerlo kulturaze da nawarmoebSi asaxuli ambis 

fons qmnis. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, àbos wameba~ poliJanruli nawarmoebia. I Tavi qadagebaa da 

mas avtorma `swavlaÁ da moxsenebaÁ~ uwoda. marTlac, am TavSi warmodgenil teqsts 

`swavlanis~ anu damoZRvriTi Janris Txzulebis niSnebi axasiaTebs. es teqsti adreuli 

periodis qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSadaa miCneuli. literaturis mkvlevarTa 

azriT, àbos wamebidan~ mxolod am Tavs rom moeRwia, ioane sabanisZe amiTac 

sapatio adgils daimkvidrebda Cvens mwerlobaSi. 

112

avtoriseuli mimarTva _ `sayuarelno~ _ mkiTxvelTan emociuri kontaqtis ganwyobilebas 

qmnis. mkiTxvelisadmi ndobis gamJRavnebas _ `gxedavT Tquen, viTarca Rmr- 

Tiv cnobilTa da RmrTis mcnobelTa~, uTuod mohyveboda sapasuxo reaqcia adresatisgan 

da gulisyuris daZabva, riskenac mouwodebs maT avtori: `momipyreniT saCinoni 

ege sasmenelni Tquenni da ufrosRa sacnobelni ege yurni gulisa da gonebisa Tquenisani 

ganhmarteniT smenad da maspinZel eqmneniT sityuaTa amaT CemTa~. es amaRlebuli 

intonacia migvaniSnebs, rom avtorma mniSvnelovani ram unda gvauwyos. ioane sabanisZe 

gveubneba, rom abos Tavdadeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo im viTarebaSi, 

roca adamianis dakninebis yvela piroba arsebobda. swored im dros amaRlda abo. avtori 

gvixatavs arabTa batonobisa da adamianTa dacemis Semzarav suraTs. am wyvdiadSi 

sinaTlis sxiviviT gakrTeba abos saxe: èseviTarsa Jamsa Sina gamoCnda axovnad 

wmindaÁ ese mowame~. adamianis sulier simtkiceSi xedavs avtori mZime mdgomareobidan 

gamosavals. 

aqve msjelobs ioane qarTvelTa erovnuli Rirsebebis Sesaxeb, ris Taobazec Cven 

zemoT sagangebod visaubreT. 

amgvarad, nawarmoebis idea da avtoriseuli pozicia mTeli sisruliT aris gamoxatuli 

moTxrobis pirvel TavSi. 

rogorc aRvniSneT, nawarmoebis bolo Tavi uZveles qarTul himnografiul Txzulebad 

aris miCneuli. es aris `gixarodenis~ tipis sagalobeli, romlis pirveli sami 

muxlic swored am sityviT iwyeba: 

`gixaroden, sanatrelo mowameo, uflisa mier!~ 

`gixaroden, mowameo, uflisa mier!~ 

`gixaroden, gixaroden, sanatrelo mowameo, uflisa mier!~ 

am himnSi avtori xotbas asxams abos da madls swiravs ufals amgvari mowamis 

warmoCenisaTvis. aq amaRlebuli intonacia organulad erwymis lirikul gancdas. 

mokle-mokle frazebi, ritoruli mimarTvebi, SekiTxva-SeZaxilebi da sityvaTganmeorebani 

qmnian sagaloblis sakmaod moqnil ritmul struqturas. 

`romelnime hyuedrides, 

romelnime aginebdes, 

romelnime aSinebdes, 

romelnime sdevnides~. 

amgvari eqspresiulobiT gadmogvcems avtori abos Tavze damtydar risxvas. aq zedmiwevniT 

zustad aris gamoyenebuli ganmeorebis mxatvruli funqcia – emociis eskalacia 

STabeWdilebis gaZlierebis mizniT. 

SeuZlebelia mkiTxveli ar moixiblos ioane sabanisZis sada, magram amave dros 

uaRresad poeturi eniT, Txrobis saocari unariT. 

ioane sabanisZis Txzuleba pirveli qarTuli Zeglia, romelSic wamoWrilia erovnuli 

TviTmyofadobis idea. konkretul istoriul faqts mwerali erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli 

ideis warmosaCenad iyenebs. swored misi publicisturi paTosi aniWebs 

am nawarmoebs mkveTr moqalaqeobriv da erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv JReradobas. 

avtoris Txroba Tanmimdevrulia. aq ar gvxvdeba Txrobis ZiriTadi xazidan gadaxveva, 

rac xSirad aTqmevinebs xolme agiografebs: `da aw pirvelsave sityvasa aRvideT~-o. 

teqstSi CarTuli bibliuri citatebi organulad erwymis avtoriseul Txrobas. 

is STambeWdavi Sedareba, romelsac avtori arabTagan SeWirvebuli qarTvelebis 

dasaxasiaTeblad iyenebs: ìryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan ZlierTa~ _ bibliidan 

iRebs saTaves, magram konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT originaluri mxatvruli mignebis 

tolfasia. nawarmoebis ena moxdenilad aris gajerebuli, rogorc wminda wignebidan 

aRebuli Sedareba-metaforebiT: `qristeman ismaitelTa Soris, viTarca vardi 

ekalTagan, gamogarCia da migipyra TÂssa mas eklesiasa; Sen veluri ege zeTis xili, 

mogiRo qristeman da mtilsa mas Sina TÂssa samkÂdrebelsa nayofad kurTxevisad dagnerga~; 

ise originaluri mxatvruli saxeebiT, magaliTad: `ganmarteniT smenad yurni 

113

gulisa Tquenisani maspinZel eqmeniT sityuaTa CemTa; SeiwynareT karavsa guamisa Tquenisasa 

da savanÀ ganmzadeT~. 

xSirad mimarTavs avtori sintaqsur figuras, romelsac gameoreba ewodeba da, 

romelic mxatvrul nawarmoebSi STabeWdilebis gaZlierebis mizniT gamoiyeneba: 

`morwmuneni hnatrian Sensa mas didebulebas, Sens mas moRuawebasa Sensa mas simÃnesa, 

Sensa mas martÂlobas, Sensa mas gÂrgvinobasa~, _ mimarTavs igi abos. 

sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs abos ukanasknel dakiTxvaze wayvanis epizodi: 

`gamoiyvanes igi egrÀTve borkilTa ferÃTa da ÃelTaÁTa; da mihyvanda igi Soris qalaqsa 

da romelni hxedvis mas qristeaneni da mecnierni misni, cremloodes misTÂs... 

xolo igi movidoda, viTarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkudarsa, egre hxedvida TÂssa mas 

guamsa. da suliTa TÂsiTa mogzaur qmnuli TÂT ityoda fsalmunsa~. aq aRwerilia sasikvdilod 

mimavali kacis sulis moZraobis saocari suraTi. abos suli TiTqos ukve 

gaeyara mis sxeuls da ise miacilebs sakuTar gvams eSafotisaken, TiTqos viRacis 

samgloviaro procesias mihyvebodes da Tavad ukiTxavs sakuTar Tavs fsalmuns, anu 

gansasvenebel locvas. literaturismcodneTa mier aRniSnulia, rom sakuTari gvamis 

sulier Tanamgzavrad qceuli kacis saxe iSviaTi poeturi zemoqmedebis mqone mxatvruli 

suraTia da qarTul mwerlobaSi analogi ar moepoveba. 

zogadad nawarmoebis stili SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc àmaRlebuli~. 

mxatvrul RirsebebTan erTad àbos wameba~ imiTacaa uaRresad mniSvnelovani Zegli, 

rom igi sando wyaros warmoadgens saqarTvelos imdroindeli politikuri da 

sarwmunoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. 

Txzulebidan vigebT, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arabebi batonobdnen, dasavleTSi 

ki bizantiis gavlena igrZnoba. 

ioane sabanisZis Txzuleba saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis agreTve saqarTvelos mezobeli 

xalxebis, kerZod, xazarebis Sesaxeb, rac uaRresad mniSvnelovania, vinaidan 

am eris istoriis, misi yofisa da kulturis Taobaze metad mcire cnobebia istoriul 

wyaroebSi Semonaxuli. 

114

`wmida habo tfilelis wamebis~ skolaSi swavlebisaTvis 

115 

goCa kuWuxiZe 

aris ramdenime sakiTxi, romlebzec `wmida habo tfilelis wamebis~ swavlebisas 

maswavlebelma SeiZleba gaamaxvilos yuradReba. ara mxolod skolaSi, aramed, mecnierTa 

winaSec ismis xolme kiTxva, _ saero piri iyo iovane sabanisZe Tu sasuliero? 

mecnierTa erT nawils (korneli kekeliZe, Sermadin oniani, saba metreveli...) iovane 

sabanisZe saero, nawils _ sasuliero pirad miaCnia; Cven viziarebT Sexedulebas, 

rom kaTolikosi sasuliero pirs ar mimarTavda sityvebiT _ ùfali~, `sulierad Svili 

eklesiisa~, rom amgvari mimarTva saero pirs Seefereba, Tanac _ socialurad 

dawinaurebuls (k. kekeliZe). 

xsenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs samoel kaTolikosis sityvebi, 

romlebiTac igi iovane sabanisZes mimarTavs: `Cven TÂT uwyiT wadierebaÁ Seni RmrTismsaxurebisaTÂs~ 

(Zeglebi 1964: 46). `wadierebaÁ~ sxva avtorTan, SesaZloa, sxva 

mniSvnelobiTac Segvxvdes, magram CvenTvis upirvelesad is faqtia saintereso, rom 

`wmida habos wamebaSi~ es sityva yvelgan `survils~, `wadils~ niSnavs (`maradis sawadeli 

da Tayuanis-sacemeli brZanebaÁ RmrTivpatiosnisa da mamflisa [...] miviRe~, `wadierebaÁ 

gulisa Cemisa aRavso ufalman~, `sawadel da sasurvel mRdelTa da yrma- 

Ta~, èseca wadier iqmna ufroÁsRa guls-modgined~, `warmarTni wadier hyven qristÀs 

monebad~), e. i. kaTolikosi sabanisZes imas ki ar eubneba, _ viciT, Tu rogor gulmodginebas 

iCen RvTismsaxurebisaso, rogorc es araerT SemTxvevaSi esmiT xolme, aramed, 

eubneba, _ viciT, rom RmrTismsaxurebaSi monawileobis survili, wadili gaqvso 

(`gulmodginebas~ sabanisZis teqstSi Seesabameba sityva `gulsmodginebaÁ~. `gulsmodginebaÁ~ 

da `wadierebaÁ~ sinonimebi ar aris). sasuliero piri isedac iRebs 

RmrTismsaxurebaSi monawileobas, _ ramdenadac sabanisZes RmrTismsaxurebaSi monawileobis 

survili hqonia, Cveni azriT, sruliad cxadi xdeba, rom igi eriskaci iyo, 

romelsac survili, wadili, `wadierebaÁ~ hqonia RmrTismsaxurebaSi monawileobisa, 

rac kaTolikosma ausrula imiT, rom hagiografiuli sakiTxavis dawera daavala da, 

albaT, wakiTxvis neba misca (es yovelive RmrTismsaxurebaSi monawileobas niSnavs). 

sapasuxo werilSi amitom swers sabanisZe kaTolikoss: `wadierebaÁ gulisa Cemisa aRavso 

ufalman~. iovane sabanisZis vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT, yuradRebas amaxvileben 

xolme samoel kaTolikosis sityvebze, romlebiTac iovanes mimarTavs: `mSvidobaÁ iyavn 

Sen zeda da yovelTa saxlisa Senisa krebulTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 46); mkvlevarTa nawils 

miaCnia, rom sityva `saxli~ pirad ojaxs niSnavs da, aqedan gamomdinare, iovane 

sabanisZes saero pirad miiCnevs, nawils monastris mniSvnelobiT esmis es sityva da 

miiCnevs, rom sabanisZe monastris winamZRvari iyo. korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, 

`wmida habos wamebaSi~ es sityva saxlsac SeiZleba niSnavdes da _ monastersac. Zvel 

qarTul teqstebSi xsenebuli sityva orive mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba. vfiqrobT, CvenTvis 

am SemTxvevaSic upirvelesad is aris sayuradRebo, Tu ra mniSvnelobiT aris sityva 

`saxli~ naxmari nawarmoebis sxva adgilebSi. xsenebuli sityva `wmida habos wamebaSi~ 

yvelgan mxolod ojaxis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba (nerses afxazeTSi `pirvelve 

waregzavnes dedaÁ da coli da Svilni da monagebni da yovelni saxlisa misisani~, 

`mxiarul iqmna nerse, rameTu uflebaÁ igi saxlisa misisagan ara ganaSora ufalman~). 

Cveni azriT, ar aris saeWvo, rom sabanisZe eriskaci iyo. sabanisZis sityvebi _ `ganv- 

Zlierdi [...] maradis ZRunis mimpyroblisa RmrTisa marjuenisa Tquenisa juarisa weriTa 

Cem uRirssa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 47) imaze mianiSnebs, rom sabanisZe yovelTvis 

(`maradis~) iRebda kaTolikosisagan dalocvas, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom kaTolikosi, 

SesaZloa, misi piradi moZRvaric iyo. 

wmida habos saxelad abo ar erqva. arabi kacis rTuli Semadgenlobis saxels sityva 

àbu~ (mama) maSin emateba xolme, roca mas Svili SeeZineba. arab ymawvils col- 

Svili ar hyavda. sruliad ueWvelia, rom mas erqva habibi (Zvirfasi, sayvareli), rac

qarTvelebs siyvaruliT `haboTi~ SeucvliaT. prof. zurab WumburiZe wers, rom saxeli 

abo miRebuli Cans saxelidan _ habibi (WumburiZe 1987: 320). 

teqstidan Cans isic, rom keTilSobili gvaris STamomaval habibs baRdadSi hyolia 

ojaxi, hqonda garkveuli materialuri qonebac; habo Tavisi nebiT wamovida qarTlSi, 

Cans, igi Tavisufali xelosani iyo. 

sad unda Sexvedroda habo nerse erisTavs? roca nerse gaaTavisufles, igi maSinve 

ar wamovidoda qarTlSi, axali xalifa cixidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg uTuod umaspinZlebda 

erisTavs da safiqrebelia, rom swored xalifas karze cxovrebis dros 

Sexvda habibi nerses, savaraudoa, rom menelsacxebled xalifas karze msaxurobda 

igi; Cans, maZiebluri bunebis, daudegari xasiaTis mqone iyo es ymawvili; roca sabanisZe 

imasac gveubneba, rom habo RmerTma wamoiyvana qarTlisaken, Cans, unda vifiqroT, 

rom Sinaganad dainteresebuli iyo habo qristianobiT, qvecnobierad izidavda is sjuli, 

romlis mimdevaric nerse iyo da, erTaderTi Tu ara, _ erT-erTi mizezi es iyo, 

ris gamoc qarTlisaken wamohyva nerses; miuxedavad imisa, rom jerac mahmadiani iyo 

da meCeTSi loculobda, qarTlSi mas farTod gauxsnes eklesiis kari, sadac qristianobas 

swavlobda da zogjer mRvdlebTan kamaTobda kidec; es viTareba sruliad 

gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, `cxra yrma kolaelTa wamebaSi~ aRwerili viTarebisagan, _ iq 

vxedavT, rom warmarT bavSvebs naTlisRebamde ar uSvebdnen eklesiaSi; VIII saukunis 

qarTlSi sxva mdgomareobaa, _ oRond, dainteresdes qristianobiT da eklesiaSi mahmadiansac 

uSvenen. habibi winaparTa sjulis moRalate ki ara, aramed, is adamiania, 

romelic WeSmaritebasa da sicrues Soris arCevans WeSmaritebis sasargeblod akeTebs; 

WeSmaritebis msaxuri xdeba; sxvaTa Soris, igi arabTa Soris qristianobis mqadagebelic 

iyo, mxolod mowame ar yofila; unda, rom WeSmaritebas emsaxurebodnen arabebi, 

Tavisi qveynis patriotia. am sityvebs vwerT imitom, rom, rogorc viciT, moswavleebi 

zogjer svamen kiTxvas, _ xom ar iyo habo arab mama-papaTa moRalate. 

prof. revaz siraZes aRniSnuli aqvs, rom, roca sabanisZe wmidaTa nawilebis Tayvaniscemaze 

laparakobs, am dros xatTayvanismcemlur msoflmxedvelobas amJRavnebs 

(siraZe 1987: 53); sainteresoa, rom, roca arabebi amboben: `CueulebaÁ ars qristeaneTaÁ 

esre saxed: Tu vinme Tavi moiklis qristÀs maTisaTÂs, moiparian guami misi da pativ 

scian mas daflviTa, da tyuviliTa, reca Tu saswaulsa da kurnebasa rasme ganTqumed 

ersa Soris, da samoselsa da Tmasa Tavisa misisasa da Zualsa missa ganiyofed 

reca sacod sneulTaTvis~ (Zeglebi 1964: 72), CvenTvis kidev erTxel cxadi xdeba, rom 

qarTlSi xatTayvaniscemis CveulebisaTvis ar uRalatiaT da `Cveulebisaebr mamulisa~ 

slviTa ganagrZobdnen cxovrebas; sabanisZe zustad gvixsnis, Tu mdinaris romel 

adgilas Cayares wmidanis Zvlebi, SesaZloa, miaCnia, rom SemdgomSi es wmida adgilad 

unda gamocxaddes; sabanisZe ganmakurnebeli Zalisad miiCnevs im miwas, romelzedac 

wmida habos sxeuli dawves, aRwers, Tu rogor scemen wmida adgils morwmuneebi Tayvans; 

msmenels ar sWirdeba imis ganmarteba, rom amgvari qmedebiT Tayvans vcemT Tavad 

wmidans, romelmac am miwaze Tavisi sisxli daRvara, wmidanis Tayvaniscema ki Tayvaniscemaa 

uflisa, visTvisac ewama netari... sabanisZe didi pativiT axsenebs RvTism- 

Sobels (xatebTan mebrZolni zogierT SemTxvevaSi RvTismSoblis kultsac ar scnobdnen) 

da sruliad cxadia, rom igi xatTayvanismcemelia. 

sainteresoa, rom iovane sabanisZe erTgvarad Sefaruli formiT avlens xatTayvanismcemlur 

msoflmxedvelobas; xatmebrZolobas upirispirdeba, magram cxadad, gamokveTilad 

arsad ar aZagebs mas. Tu davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom sikvdiliT dasjis 

win netar habos sapyrobileSi xati ara aqvs, _ sabanisZe TiTqmis detalurad aRwers, 

Tu rogor loculobs habo mTeli Rame ori sanTliT xelSi, romelnic `daiwunes ÃelTa 

Sina misTa rkiniTa SeWedilTa, zeda qedsa missa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 67), netari habos 

fizikur pozasac ki vxedavT; aRwerilia, Tu rogor gayida samoseli da iTxova, 

rom uyidon kereonebi; aRwera detaluria da vxedavT, rom habos xati ara aqvs. xat- 

Tayvanismcemeli sabanisZe iqneb imitomac aRwers yvelafers ase detalurad, raTa dagvanaxos, 

rom, roca sapyrobileSi loculobda habo, Tan xati ar hqonia. vfiqrobT, 

116

ar aris Zneli misaxvedri, Tu rad moxda ase, _ arabebma, romlebic xatmebrZolobas 

uWerdnen mxars, sapyrobileSi xati ar Seatanines habos... ar aris saeWvo, rom xatTayvanismcemelia 

iovane sabanisZe, magram mis nawarmoebSi xati naxsenebic ki ar aris. 

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom politikuri mosazrebebis gamo bizantiis im Zalebis gaRizianebas 

erideba iovane sabanisZe, romlebic, Cans, jerac imyofebian xelisuflebaSi; 

akad. korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, `samwuxarod, samoel kaTalikosi Cvens saistorio 

wyaroebSi moxseniebuli araa, rom misi kaTalikosobis damTavrebis wliT SegveZlos 

garkveva imisa, Tu romel wlamde daiwera es Txzuleba; Cveulebriv, istoriografiaSi 

miRebuli TariRiT, misi kaTalikosoba dadebulia 780-790 wlebSi. yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, 790 wels Txzulebis dawera ver gadascdeba, is dawerilia tragikuli 

ambis uSualo STabeWdilebis qveS~ (kekeliZe 1986: 33); rogorc cnobilia, xatmebrZolobis 

pirveli talRa bizantiaSi 787 wlis 24 seqtembers, _ VII msoflio saeklesio 

krebaze damarcxda, es kreba dedofal irinasa da misi TxovniT konstantinepolis patriarqad 

dadginebuli tarasis SemweobiT gaimarTa; xatTayvanismcemluri krebis gamarTva 

dedofalma 786 welsac scada, magram samxedroTa mxridan qveyanaSi saSiSroeba 

Seiqmna, _ jarSi mRelvareba daiwyo da dedofalma krebis gamarTva mxolod mas 

Semdeg SeZlo, rac jari usjuloebTan brZolis sababiT konstantinepolidan gaiwvia; 

sanam am monakveTis daskvnas davwerdeT, aRvniSnavT, rom nawarmoebi habos wamebidan 

marTlac axlo periodSi _ uSualo STabeWdilebis qveS unda iyos dawerili 

(habo, rogorc viciT, 786 wlis 6 ianvars awames); _ kaTolikosi sabanisZisadmi gagzavnil 

werilSi wers: netari habo `dReTa CuenTa imartÂla~ da wmidanze wignis daweras 

avalebs mas, yuradRebas is faqti iqcevs, rom uSualo sapasuxo werilSi iovane 

sabanisZe ukve gamzadebul wigns ugzavnis kaTolikoss, _ cxadia, sapasuxo werilis 

miweras igi didxans ar daugvianebda kaTolikoss; samoelisadmi pirvelive sapasuxo 

werilTan erTad ukve gamzadebuli wignis gagzavna imaze metyvelebs, rom `wmida habos 

martviloba~ netari habos wamebidan marTlac axlo periodSi, _ SesaZloa, _ imave 

786 an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, 787 wlis seqtembramde unda iyos dawerili... statiis 

am monakveTis daskvnas aseTi saxe SeiZleba mieces, _ Tu `wmida habos wameba~ im dros 

aris dawerili, roca bizantiaSi xatmebrZoloba jerac gamarjvebulia, Tu aSkaraa, 

rom am nawarmoebSi xatmebrZoluri msoflmxedveloba Sefaruli formiT aris 

warmoCenili, maSin aSkaraa isic, rom samoel kaTolikosi, xsarTan mRvdeli, iovane 

sabanisZe, saerTod, qarTlis eklesiis moRvaweebi, xatTayvanismcemlobis aRdgenisaTvis 

mebrZol dedofal irinasa da patriarq tarasisTan erTad xatTayvaniscemis gamarjvebisaTvis 

mebrZolebi arian da mowinaaRmdegeebi qarTvel moRvaweebsac hyavT; 

Cans, xatmebrZolebs maT winaaRmdeg didi ZalebiT SeeZloT moqmedeba, amitom aris 

iovane sabanisZe iZulebuli, rom Sefarulad adidos xatTayvaniscema; erTic unda 

iTqvas, _ mcirericxovani qarTli did bizantiaze ukeT icavs marTlmorwmuneobas, 

rac araampartavnuli sixaruliT avsebs iovane sabanisZes da, Cans, esec unda iyos mizezi 

sabanisZis am sityvebisa _ àra xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebaÁ ese RmrTisamieri 

moipoves, aramed Cuenca, SorielTa amaT mkÂdrTa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 55)... 

iovane sabanisZes nawarmoebi im wesis gaTvaliswinebiT aqvs dawerili, romelic, 

Cans, bizantiaSi tradiciad yalibdeboda; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs nawarmoebis oTx Tavad 

dayofa, rac oTxTavidan unda iRebdes saTaves. korneli kekeliZis aRniSvniT, 

iovane sabanisZeze zegavlena mouxdenia `stefane pirvelmowamis martvilobas~, romelic 

oTx nawilad aris dayofili da bolo nawili stefanes qebaa (kekeliZe 1986: 42- 

43); msgavsebaze Sermadin onianic amaxvilebs yuradRebas, Tumc, aRniSnavs, rom es 

msgavseba mxolod formaluria (oniani 1955: 83); maqsime aRmsarebelis naSromi _ `siyvarulisaTvis~, 

oTxTavis Sesabamisad, aseve oTx Tavadaa dayofili. 

is faqti, rom `habos wameba~ oTx Tavad oTxTavis Sesabamisad aris dayofili, nawarmoebis 

saxismetyveluri analizidanac Cans: rogorc cnobilia, maTe mociqulis 

saxarebis simboluri saxe aris angelozi (kaci), markozisa _ lomi, lukasi _ xari, 

iovanesi _ arwivi. igive simboluri saxe aqvs `wmida habos wamebis~ Tavebs. pirvel 

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TavSi sabanisZe eklesiaSi Semokrebil im adamianebs mimarTavs, romlebic suliwmidam 

RvTaebriv adamianebad, angelozTa msgavsebad unda gardaqmnas (`megobarno da monano 

[...] Zisa RmrTisano~, `samkvidrebelno sulisa wmidisano~, `taZarni xarT RmrTisani~, 

`suliwmidaÁ damkÂdrebul ars Tquen Soris~, ufalsa hnebavs damkÂdrebad asoTa Sina 

TquenTa~, ùfali ityÂs winaswarmetyuelisa mier: `me movide da davemkÂdro Tquen 

Soris~, `sasufeveli RmrTisaÁ gulTa Sina TquenTa ars~). rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, am 

TavSi laparakia RmerTis saxelebze, romelTa Secnobamac qristianebi sulierad unda 

aamaRlos da angelozisebur adamianebad gardaqmnas. meore TavSi habos mier samahmadiano 

qveynis datoveba, saqristianoSi wamosvla, gaqristianeba, mahmadianTaTvis 

Tavisi gaqristianebis gamocxadeba, maT winaSe faqtobrivad gamomwvevi moqmedeba, maT 

wreSi qristianobis qadageba netaris im udides Zalas warmoaCens, romelsac simbolurad 

lomiseburi SeiZleba ewodos; mesame TavSi habos mowameobaa aRwerili, igi 

tarigs hgavs; meoTxe TavSi mlocvelTa mTeli yuradReba zecisaken gadadis, caTa simaRleTaken 

miemarTebian gonebiT, adideben samoTxeSi damkvidrebul wmidans; caTa 

simaRleTaken swrafvis ganwyobileba batondeba meoTxe TavSi,_is suliereba sufevs, 

romelic arwivis simbolikasTan kavSirdeba (arwivi sulieri amaRlebis simboloa). 

nawarmoebis kompoziciasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi unda iTqvas: pirvel TavSi, rogorc 

viciT, CamoTvlilia uflis 18 simbolo, misi 18 saxeli; maTgan, bolo oris garda, 

yvela ganmartebulia, es simboloebia: kari, gza, tarigi, mwyemsi, sakiduri lodi, 

margaliti, marili, yvavili, angelozi, kaci, RmerTi, naTeli, qveyana, mdogvis marcvali, 

matli, mze simarTlisa; CamoTvlisas naxsenebia, magram ganmartebuli ar 

aris kidev ori saxeli uflisa: _ `Ze mamis ukvdavis da erT RmerT gardauqcevel da 

ucvalebel da ganuqarvebel~. adamianis movaleobaa, rom mcnebebis dacvisa da ufal- 

Tan mimsgavsebis wyalobiT ganiwmidos, gardaiqmnas, sulierad amaRldes, ukvdavebaSi 

daubrundes mamas. roca sabanisZe uflis simboloebs CamoTvlis, cxadia, gulisxmobs, 

rom adamiani uflis simboloebsac unda miemsgavsos, e. i. unda miemsgavsos sxvadasxva 

saxelSi gamoxatul ufals; adamians, ra Tqma unda, gauWirdeba, scados, rom yvela 

simbolos erTdroulad mimarTos, _ unda icodes, ra TanamimdevrulobiT miemsgavsos 

am simboloebs; yuradRebas sabanisZis mier CamoTvlil saxelTa Tanamimdevroba 

iqcevs, _ aq pirvelad `karia~ dasaxelebuli, bolos, erT SemTxvevaSi _ `mze simarTlis~, 

meoreSi _ `Ze mamis ukvdavis~ da èrT RmerT gardauqcevel~... Cven gvgonia, rom 

uflis saxelTa CamoTvlis paralelurad sabanisZesTan saxismetyvelurad, Txrobis 

meore planze, mamasTan ukvdavebaSi dasabrunebeli gza, am gzis calkeuli safexurebi 

warmodgeba, adamiani miemsgavseba uflis simboloebs da es mas nel-nela Secvlis, 

qvecnobierad Tu cnobierad mamisaken zeaRmaval gzaze daadginebs. 

prof. revaz siraZe aRniSnavs, rom I TavSi CamoTvlili simboloebi Tavad wmida 

habos miemarTeba, rom es ZiriTadad xdeba IV TavSi; II da III TavebTan dakavSirebiT 

ki wers, rom simbolo `marili~ habosTan III TavSia dakavSirebuli, xolo simboloebi 

`naTeli~ da `simarTlis mze~ habos saxes im adgilas miemarTeba, sadac wmidanis 

sxeulis dawvis Semdeg xidze warmoqmnili naTlis Sesaxeb aris laparaki (siraZe 

1987: 60-63). vfiqrobT, II da III TavebSi netari habo uflis yvela simbolos emsgavseba 

da, ramdenadac migvaCnia, rom, I TavSi sulieri zeaRsvlis gza, misi calkeuli safexurebi 

aris warmodgenili, Cveni azriT, am TavebSi saxismetyvelurad warmoCenilia, 

Tu rogor miemarTeba netari habo zeaRsvlis safexurebze. prof. revaz baramiZe 

wers: iovane sabanisZe `Tanamimdevrulad, safexureobrivad gviSlis abos bunebas~, 

gviCvenebs, Tu `rogor Zlevs xorciel, amqveyniur abos sulieri, zeaRmavali abo~ 

(baramiZe 1990: 38); Cven vfiqrobT, rom im Tvrametsafexurian gzaze miemarTeba habo, 

romelic nawarmoebis pirvel TavSi saxismetyvelurad aqvs warmoCenili iovane sabanisZes. 

qristes gzaze mimavali adamiani ufals jer unda miemsgavsos rogorc `kars~, anu 

qristianuli sulierebis karSi unda Sevides; habo ufals, rogorc `kars~, maSin 

miemsgavsa, roca RmerTis STagonebiT, `babiloni~ datova da qarTlSi nerse erisTavs 

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gamohyva, qarTli misTvis qristianuli sulierebis karad iqca, aq Seiswavla qristes 

sjuli; qristianuli sulierebis karSi Sesvlis Semdeg qristianis winaSe gadarCenisaken 

mimavali gza warmoCndeba, igi xedavs, rom mamasTan ukvdavebaSi dasabrunebeli 

erTaderTi gza qristianobaa da sxva religiebisaken aRar gadaixreba; Tavisi cxovrebis 

Semdgom etapze habo ufals, rogorc `gzas~, emsgavseba, _ nerse erisTavTan 

erTad afxazeTisaken midis da Cven vxedavT, Tu ra xdeba am dros mis sulSi, _ afxazeTisaken 

mimavali habo naTlisRebas apirebs, igi kargad xedavs WeSmaritebas, misTvis 

ar arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom swori gzidan gadauxvios da moxvdes xazarTa 

gavlenis qveS, romelTac `Sjuli ara aqus, garna RmerTi xolo Semoqmedi ician~... habo 

naTels iRebs da aq sruldeba misi kaTakmevlobis periodi; is, vinc gadarCenis 

gza Seicno, amis Semdeg Sinaganad iqiTken iqneba mimarTuli, rom Tavis TavSi Zalumad 

Caklas warmavali midrekilebebi, anu tarigiviT Seewiros ufals; Tavisi cxovrebis 

Semdgom etapze Cven vxedavT, Tu rogor iwyebs netari habo Zalian Zlier marxvas, 

`dumiliTa da marxuÁTa~ rogor `moauZlurebda [...] ÃorcTa siWabukisa TÂsisa- 

Ta~; roca adamiani sulierad sakmaod aris ganwmedili da amaRlebuli, mxolod amis 

Semdeg miscems Tavs uflebas, rom sxvebi ganswavlos, anu gaxdes `mwyemsi~, _ Cven 

vxedavT, Tu rogor aswavlis Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom etapze netari habo afxaze- 

Tis mTavars, rogor uxsnis mas, rom qristiani ar unda SeuSindes gansacdels; wuTisoflur 

gulisTqmaTa moZagebisas Zalian amaRldeba qristiani, wuTisofluri midrekilebebis 

mqoneni ar miiReben mis swavlebas, qristians, SesaZloa, brZolac gamoucxados 

am dros wuTisofelma, qristiani Tavis rwmenas ise mtkiced unda daeyrdnos, 

rogorc `sakidur lods~; radgan `mwyemsis~ Semdeg `lodi sakiduri~ aris dasaxelebuli 

I TavSi, vfiqrobT, rom Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom etapze ufals, swored am 

simboloSi gamoxatuls, miemsgavseba habo; marTlac, Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom etapze 

atyveveben habos, xan qrTams sTavazoben, xan emuqrebian, is ki mtkicea, rogorc 

`lodi~; amaRlebulma qristianma yvelaferi wuTisofluri unda daTmos, unda ecados, 

rom mTlianad moicilos sulidan warmavali midrekilebebi, raTa `mravalsasyidlis 

margaliti~, anu zeciuri sasufeveli moipovos (`msgavs ars sasufeveli ca- 

TaÁ kacsa vaWarsa, romeli eZiebn keTilTa margalitTa da pois raÁ erTi margaliti 

mravalsasyidlisaÁ, warvida da ganyida yovelive, raÁca edva da moiyida igi~, _ maTe, 

13, 45-46), margaliti zeciuri sasufevlisa da sibrZnis simboloa; nawarmoebidan Cans, 

rom Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom etapze netari habo `margalitis mZebnel~ `vaWars~ emsgavseba, 

_ igi sapyrobileSi yovelive monagebs yidis da salocavad sanTlebs yidulobs, 

loculobs, gamoiZiebs RvTis mcnebebs, masTan misul mliqvnelebs ar esaubreba, 

ar uyris `sibrZnis margalitebs~. amis Semdeg kidev ufro amaRlebul adamians 

eqneba didi Zala, rom Tavisi sityviT iseve daicvas adamianis suli da, aqedan 

gamomdinare, sxeuli, sibilwis momtani sulierebisagan, rogorc marili icavs _ xorcs; 

iovane sabanisZe aRwers, Tu rogor warmoTqvams habo monologs, igi ambobs, rom 

qristesaTvis sxeulis gawirvas apirebs, raTa kvlav moipovos igi. mtkice survili, _ 

qristesTvis gawiros amqveyniuri sicocxle, mis arsebaSi RvTaebrivi cecxlis saxes 

Rebulobs, es aris cecxli, romelic adamians ganwmeds, ganaspetakebs (gavixsenoT saxarebiseuli 

sityvebi: `yovelive cecxliTa daimarilos da yoveli Sesawiravi mariliTa 

daimarilos.~ _ mar. 9,49); e. i. netari habo am momentSi Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom 

etapzea amaRlebuli, emsgavseba ufals, romlis simboluri saxelia `marili~, marTalia, 

mas jer ar gauwiravs sxeuli, magram mtkice gadawyvetileba ganwyobilebas 

ucvlis da kidev ufro amaRlebs da xvews sulierad; ufro metad ki maSin amaRldeba, 

roca aRasrulebs gadawyvetilebas, Tu wamebisaTvis momzadebuli SeZlebs 

qristesTvis mowameobas da ar daecema; radgan `marilis~ Semdeg pirvel TavSi `yvavilia~ 

dasaxelebuli, safiqrebeli xdeba, rom netari habos cxovrebis Semdgomi etapic 

swored am saxelTan dakavSirebulad warmoCndeba; marTlac, iovane sabanisZe gvi- 

Cvenebs, rom monologis warmoTqmis Semdeg habom `moiTxova wyali da daibana piri 

TÂsi da icxo zeTi Tavsa TÂssa da Tqua: `maSin sadame viyav me TÂT menelsacxeble, 

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keTilad Semmzadebel sulnelTa maT sacxebelTa, xolo ese sacxebeli dRed daflvisa 

Cemisa ars, amieriTgan arRara vicxo ganqarvebadi ese mwirobisa Cemisa zeTi, aramed 

viTarca qebasa Sina qebaTasa brZenman solomon maswava me: `sulnelebasa nelsacxebelTa 

SenTasa vrbiode, qriste, romelman aRmavse me ganuqarvebeliTa miT sulnelebiTa~ 

(Zeglebi 1964: 69). netari habo sulierad RvTaebriv walkotSi Sedis, grZnobs 

qristes rogorc RvTaebrivi sulnelebis momfens. `didisa zraxvis angelozs~ habo 

Tavisi cxovrebis Semdgom etapze emsgavseba, _ maSin, roca sazrdos ukve aRar Rebulobs 

da laparakobs did misiaze, _ imaze, rom `sikudilis aCrdilebs Soris~ apirebs 

gavlas, raTa uflismieri WeSmaritebis meoxebiT daamarcxos isini; ufals rogorc 

`kacs~ maSin emsgavseba, roca datyvevebuli amirasTan mihyavT, `kacis~ Semdeg pirvel 

TavSi `RmerTia~ dasaxelebuli, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom amjerad es saxeli 

unda warmoCndes habos saxeSi da marTlac, _ saxeli RmerTi swored misi cxovrebis 

Semdgom etapze Cndeba masSi, _ maSin, roca aRwerilia, Tu rogor `mividoda~ da `vi- 

Tarca vin mogzaur eqmnis mkudarsa, egreT xedvida TÂssa mas guamsa~... am dros mis 

arsebaSi, mis sulSi Zalian amaRlebuli, ukvdavebanagrZnobi `me~ aris gamoRviZebuli; 

ufals, rogorc `naTels~, Tavisi cxovrebis ukve Semdgom etapze, anu _ maSin 

hgavs habo, roca Tamamad Sedis msajulis winaSe, anu, simbolurad Tu vityviT, roca 

Tamamad aqvs aweuli Tavisi sanTeli (rogorc saxarebaSia naTqvami, _ àrca aRanTian 

sanTeli da dadgian queSe ÃÂmirsa, aramed sasanTlesa zeda, da hnaTobn igi yovelTa, 

romelni iyvnian saxlsa Sina. egreT brwyinevdin naTeli Tquenni winaSe kacTa~ _ m. 5, 

15-16); iovane sabanisZes `naTelis~ Semdeg `qveyana~aqvs naxsenebi da misi ganmartebiT, 

ufals `qveyana~ imitom ewoda, rom `queyanisa dambadebeli [...] queyaniT moiwia da queyaniT 

miwisagan SeqmnulTa maTgan miwisa bunebisa igi Ãorcni, viTarca Suenieri jejili, 

aRmoscenda queyaniT da nayofad gamoixuna wmidani TÂsni mociqulni da mowameni 

da marTalni~ (Zeglebi 1964: 54). es imas niSnavs, rom ufalTan mimsgavsebuli, _ 

sulierad amaRlebuli adamiani ufals ufro srulad ise ver miemsgavseba, Tu masaviT 

Zalian Tavmdabali ar gaxda. RmerTi miwamde moiwia da Tavisi swavlebiT adamianebi 

mociqulebad, mowameebad, marTlebad gaxada. amaRlebis am etapze adamiani Zalian 

Tavmdabali xdeba; netari habo ufals, rogorc `queyanas~, maSin hgavs, roca msajulis 

winaSe Tavdamdablebuli dgas da mas gaqristianebisaken mouwodebs; msajuli 

daxatulia iseT kacad, romelsac ara aqvs survili habos wamebisa, magram iZulebulia 

ase moiqces... SemdgomSi msajuli, SesaZloa, `stefanes wamebaSi~ aRwerili pilatesaviT 

gaqristiandes... `queyanis~ Semdeg sabanisZesTan pirvel TavSi naxsenebia 

`mdogvis marcvali~ da naTqvamia, rom ufals `marcual mdogÂs~ ewoda, rameTu daikninebs 

Tavsa TÂssa da moguemsgavsebis hasaksa Cuensa, raÁTa urnatsa sulisa Cuenisasa 

daenergos da [...] rtoTa maT zeda juarisa misisaTa zeda Segukribnes da aRmaRldes 

da Cuen aRguamaRlnes mis Tana~ (Zeglebi 1964: 54). aq ufali kidev ufro metad 

Tavdamdableblurad aris warmoCenili. sulieri amaRlebisas misi mimdevari xedavs, 

rom kidev ufro metad Tavmdabali unda gaxdes, raTa sulieri aRmasvla ganagrZos. 

qristes gzaze mdgomi sulierad Zalze dabla mdgomebis winaSe iswavlis Tavdamdablebas. 

igi mravalTa sulSi sikeTes daTesavs, rac, Tu niadagi keTili daxvda, am 

adamianebSi aucileblad gaixarebs. roca ufals jvarze akravdnen, igi mamis winaSe 

Tavisi mkvlelebisaTvis loculobda. misi sityvebi: `mamao, miuteven amaT, rameTu ara 

ician, rasa iqman~ (l. 3, 24), albaT, bevris sulSi CarCa, fesvi gaidga. kaTarzisma, SesaZloa, 

bevri adamiani dabada Tavidan; `mdogvis marcvali~ adamianSi sikeTis daTesvis 

simboloa, sxva simboluri daniSnulebac aqvs... netari habo sikeTis marcvalis 

mTesvelad maSin gvevlineba, roca jalaTebis winaSe muxlmoyrili dgas da gaRimebuli 

saxiT loculobs. jalaTebis sulSi qristesadmi udidesi siyvarulis gamom- 

JRavnebiT qristianobisadmi interess, sikeTes Tesavs maTSi, rac, Tu `niadagi keTili 

daxvda~, momavalSi `did mcenared~ aRmoucendebaT sulSi... `mdogvis marcvals~ 

maSinac hgavs habo, roca misi sisxli miwaze iRvreba, _ axali, qristesmieri Zali 

iTeseba miwaSi; rac Seexeba sabanisZesTan dasaxelebul simbolos _ `matli...~ am sit- 

120

yvis xseneba, albaT, mravlisaTvis moulodnelia, _ gana SeiZleba aseTi sityviT uflis 

moxsenieba? magram qristianuli aspeqtidan sakiTxis Seswavla yovelives naTels 

xdis. sityvebi `matl var da ara kac~ daviTis fsalmunidanaa (21, 6). bibliiT, adamiani 

ukvdavad Seiqmna, magram Sescoda da mokvdavi gaxda. daviTi ganicdis, rom adamiani 

erT dros unda mokvdes. RmerTma miiRo adamianis mokvdavi buneba, jvarcmis Semdeg 

misi mokvdinebuli bunebac miiRo da simbolikis enaze uflis mier miRebul swored 

am mkvdar, sikvdilisaken midrekil bunebas ewodeba `matli~; qristianuli TeologiiT, 

ufali, sanam misi sxeuli jvarcmidan mesame dRemde saflavSia dasvenebuli, 

sulierad jojoxeTSia Casuli, raTa masSi myofi sulebi gaaTavisuflos da Semusros 

jojoxeTi. sabanisZe wers: ufalma `Seipyra veSapi igi samWeduriTa [...] romel 

ars eSmaki [...] da Semusrna manqanebani misni~ (Zeglebi 1964: 54). ufalma sarwmuno gaxada, 

rom adamiani Tavisi arsiT ukvdavia, _ saWiroa sulieri amaRleba, im faqtis 

gacnobiereba, rom àra ars RmerTi mkudarTaÁ, aramed cxovelTaÁ, rameTu yovelni 

cxovel arian mis winaSe~ (l, 20, 38). WeSmaritebis, anu imis gacnobiereba, rom adamiani 

Tavisi arsiT ukvdavia, Zalian amaRlebuli qristianis mTel arsebas bolos 

mTlianad Secvlis, anu aRdgeba adamiani... `matlis~ safexuramde amaRlebul adamianTan 

eSmakisagan modis mcdari azrebi, eSmaki, anu `veSapi~, rogorc is iovane sabanis- 

ZesTan aris saxeldebuli, mTeli ZaliT ilaSqrebs adamianis winaaRmdeg, cdilobs 

cxovreba warmavlobis momtanad, civad, Semzaravad moaCvenos mas, magram adamiani ama- 

Rlebulia, sicruis zegavlenisagan Tavisufldeba... amis Semdeg adamiani sulierad 

kidev ufro maRldeba da wils iRebs uflismier aRdgomaSi, rac meored mosvlis 

Jams moxdeba, saxarebis eniT Tu vityviT, xdeba `Ze aRdgomisa~; am dros igi caTa wia- 

RebSia amaRlebuli, anu xdeba `mze simarTlisa~ (es saxeli me-16 adgilze aqvs dasaxelebuli 

iovane sabanisZes), e. i. adamiani sulierad caTa sasufevelSi adis da elodeba 

im dRes, roca WeSmaritebiT sul ufro aRivseba, rac mTel mis arsebas gardaqmnis, 

roca madliT sul ufro metad aRivseba da aRdgeba, anu miemsgavseba mkvdreTiT 

aRmdgar Ze RmerTs (es saxeli me-17 adgilzea dasaxelebuli), roca igi mamas, _ 

erT RmerTs gardauqcevels da ucvalebels daubrundeba. 

habo ufals, simbolo _ `matlSi~ gamoxatuls (anu mokvdinebuls, saflavSi dasvenebuls) 

maSin hgavs, roca mdinareSi misi Zvlebis Cayrazea laparaki... Semdeg ki `simarTlis 

mzes~ emsgavseba, _ maSin roca mdinareze warmoqmnili naTlis Sesaxeb aris 

laparaki. am dros wmida habo ukve caTa sasufevelSia amaRlebuli... mkvdreTiT aRmdgar 

Ze RmerTs momavalSi unda daemsgavsos; bolo, anu mkvdreTiT aRdgomis safexurebze 

iovane sabanisZe maSin gvesaubreba, roca wmidanTa momaval aRdgomaze laparakobs. 

wmida habo maSin miemsgavseba mkvdreTiT aRmdgar Ze RmerTs da ukvdavebaSi daubrundeba 

mamas, anu èrT RmerTs gardauqcevels da ganuqarvebels da ucvalebels~. 

amrigad, Cven vxedavT, Tu rogoria `wmida habos wamebis~ kompozicia: I TavSi warmoCenilia 

qristianis zeaRmavali gza, II da III TavebSi avtorma netari habos cxovreba 

calkeul etapebad dayo da yoveli etapi I TavSi warmodgenil ama Tu im simbolos, 

anu sulier safexurs daukavSira; netari habo im TanamimdevrobiT emsgavseba 

uflis simboloebs, ra TanamimdevrobiTac iovane sabanisZes isini pirvel TavSi aqvs 

CamoTvlili; nawarmoebis II da III TavebSi ar aris arc erTi winadadeba, romelSic 

habo erT-erT safexurze mdgomad ar iyos warmoCenili. revaz siraZem `wmida habos 

wameba~ savsebiT marTebulad taZars Seadara: I Tavi saZirkvelia, II da III _ kedlebi, 

IV _ gumbaTi (`RerZuli simetria~). eklesia, cxadia, sulieri gagebiT, moqmedebas gulisxmobs. 

`habos wamebis~ sworad kiTxvisas morwmunes evaleba, rom sulieri cvlileba 

ganicados, am wignis kiTxvam eklesiurad unda gardaqmnas adamiani. 

aqve unda iTqvas, qristianuli TeologiiT, ar aris aucilebeli, yvela morwmunes 

gacnobierebuli hqondes, rom sulieri aRmasvlis safexurebze miiwevs, qristianuli 

cxovrebis wesi mas TavisTavad aamaRlebs am safexurebze, arc is aris aucilebeli, 

rom calkeul safexurebze maRldebodes yvela, _ didma siyvarulma SeiZleba erTba- 

Sad aamaRlos adamiani, rogorc es, magaliTad, im netari avazakis SemTxvevaSi moxda, 

121

omelic macxovarTan erTad gaakres jvarze da romelmac iwama qriste; sulieri 

amaRlebis am gzaze SeiZleba amaRldes mowameca da beric, Cveulebrivi qristianic, _ 

aramowame pirdapiri gagebiT ki ar ewameba, aramed, sulierad acvams Tavis warmaval 

bunebas jvarze... 

amrigad, vxedavT, Tu rogor uSualod gansazRvravs Teologia nawarmoebis literaturul 

mxares, mis kompozicias, amitom RvTismetyvelebis gareSe am nawarmoebis 

srulyofilad swavleba SeuZlebelia (ufro vrclad am sakiTxebze calke werilebSi 

vmsjelobT, _ ix. Jurnalebi: `religia~, #1-2, Tb., 1994; # 11-12, Tb., 1998; `kldekari~, 

1998, # 3; Научные труды, XII, Серия: Филология, Санкт-Петербургский гос. университет, Тбилисский 

гос. университет, Санкт-Петербург, Тбилиси, 2006); pedagogma bavSvebTan, vfiqrobT, 

SeiZleba Zalian arc gaaRrmavos swavleba, magaliTad, simboloebze saubrisas SeiZleba 

mokled uTxras, rom wmida habo sxvadasxva saxelSi gamoxatul macxovars emsgavseba, 

rac mas sulierad xvews da amaRlebs, Zalian dainteresebul moswavles ki 

SeiZleba meti esaubros da literatura miuTiTos; aqve unda iTqvas, zogierT SemTxvevaSi 

esa Tu is simbolo habos cxovrebis mxolod erT moments ki ara, _ sxvasac 

ukavSirdeba, magaliTad, simbolo _ `naTeli~ misi cxovrebis sxva periodebSic SeiZleba 

warmoCndes, mTel mis cxovrebaSi SeiZleba davinaxoT naTeli, aqedan gamomdinare, 

moswavlem SeiZleba TviTonve eZebos, rodis romel simbolos hgavs habo.... 

Tumc, iovane sabanisZes safexurebis warmoCenisas ama Tu im simbolos is mTavari ni- 

Snebi aqvs win wamoweuli, romlebic mas axasiaTebs. 

cxadia, pedagogebs yuradRebis miRma ar darCebaT is erovnuli problemebi, romlebic 

nawarmoebSi Zalian mkafiod aris warmoCenili da romlebic mecnierebaSi kargad 

aris Seswavlili. 

damowmebuli literatura: 

baramiZe 1990: revaz baramiZe, narkvevebi qarTuli mwerlobis istoriidan, Tb., 1990; 

kekeliZe 1986: korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, 

XIV, Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1986; 

kuWuxiZe 2006: goCa kuWuxiZe, iovane sabanisZis `wmida habo tfilelis martviloba~ 

(teqstologiuri da RvTismetyvelebiTi analizi) filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris 

samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertaciis avtoreferati, 

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademia, SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis 

instituti, korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. Tb., 2006; 

oniani 1955: Sermadin oniani, iovane sabanis Ze, cxovreba da moRvaweoba (filologiis 

mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia), 

Tb., 1955 (inaxeba Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetSi); 

siraZe 1987: revaz siraZe, literaturul-esTetikuri narkvevebi, gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 

Tb., 1987; 

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, dasabeWdad 

momzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da 

c. jRamaiam ilia abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa 

akademia, korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, Tb., 1964; 

WumburiZe 1987: zurab WumburiZe, deda-ena qarTuli, Tb., 1987. 

122

`mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa~ 

123 

vaxtang rodonaia 

samarTlianad aris aRniSnuli, rom àbos wameba~ qarTuli mwerlobis is pirveli 

Zeglia, romlis avtoric `mkveTri erovnuli lozungiT gamovida~ (korneli kekeli- 

Ze). 

ioane sabanisZe TanamemamuleT Seaxsenebs, rom erovnul grZnobas gafrTxileba sWirdeba. 

gafrTxileba da gamxneveba VIII saukuneSi mcxovreb qarTvels swored rom 

sWirdeboda. im dros Cveni qveyana xom arabobis mZime uRelqveS imyofeboda. qarTlma 

politikuri damoukidebloba dakarga da mZimed daixarka. mTavari safrTxe ki mainc 

is iyo, rom TviT qarTveli kacis sulSi gaCnda bzari. es zneobrivi sayrdenis moSlam 

gamoiwvia. qveynad SiSma daisadgura. xolo sadac SiSi batonobs, iq pirovneba 

iTrguneba, xalxi _ pirovnebaTa erTianoba, usaxur brbod iqceva. zneobrivi sayrdenis 

gareSe adamiani meryevia. amas naTlad xedavs ioane sabanisZe, roca gvixatavs TanamemamuleT, 

romelnic `SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan 

ZlierTa~. 

qarTlSi, SiSiT daTrgunvil garemoSi, sadac momxduri uflobs, aravinaa Tavisi 

Tavis baton-patroni, aravinaa Tavis ufali. gana SemTxveviTia, rom qarTvelTa Soris 

yvelaze dawinaurebuli kaci, nerse erisTavi, baRdadSi xalifas tyveda hyavs?! mis 

bed-iRbals xalifa ganagebs. 

ineba arabTa mbrZanebelma da nerse qarTlSi gamoistumra. `Tavisufal~ erismTavars 

qarTlSi gamohyva baRdadeli menelsacxeble Wabuki abo. amis Semdeg didgvarovani 

qarTvelisa da ubralo arabi Wabukis savali gza karga xans erTi iqneba. 

abom qarTvelTa sarwmunoeba Seiyvara, magram farulad marxulobda da loculobda, 

`ver ganacxadebda Tavsa TÂssa srulad qristianed~. hagiografi gviCvenebs, rom 

amis mizezi SiSi iyo (`...eSinoda soflis mpyrobelTa maT zedamdgomelTa CuenTa 

sarkinozTagan~). abos jer kidev sWirdeba sulieri simyaris mopoveba. qarTlSi dabrunebuli 

nerse erisTavis mdgomareobac ar aris myari. igi xalifasTan xelaxla Seasmines. 

sarkinozTa SiSiT nerse qarTls tovebs. 

erismTavari xazareTs midis. mas amalaSi aboc axlavs. xazareTSi moinaTla abo, 

aq igula man Tavi uSiSrad. hagiografi wers: `maSin, viTarca ixila netarman habo, 

rameTu ganSorebul ars SiSisagan mZlavrebisa sarkinozTaÁsa, iswrafa man miaxlebad 

qristÀsa da naTel-iRo~. 

amis Semdeg gza afxazeTisken miemarTeba. hagiografis TqmiT, `krZalul iyo queyanaÁ 

igi SiSisagan sarkinozTaÁsa~. ioane sabanisZe imasac gviCvenebs, rom nerse da misni 

mxlebelni ùSiSrad vidodes~. 

VIII saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, afxazeTSi, qarTlisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli 

viTarebaa. aq yvela qristiania. ltolvilebs afxazeTSi safrTxe ar emuqrebaT, 

magram nerse erismTavars da abos mainc erTi survili amoZravebT: qarTlSi dabruneba. 

amis SesaZleblobac male gaCnda. qarTlSi nerses diswuli, stefanoz gurgenis 

Ze, daniSnes erismTavrad. nersem amiT isargebla da arabTagan usafrTxoebis garantia 

iTxova, `raÁTa uSiS-yon borotisagan da gamovides Ãsnilad yovliT eriT misi- 

TurT~. èri misi~ aq nerses TanmxlebT gulisxmobs. magram abo maTgan gamosarCevia. 

nerse Tu uSiSroebas eswrafvis, abo, piriqiT, xifaTs eZebs. 

afxazeTis mTavari cdilobs, abos xeli aaRebinos qarTlSi dabrunebaze. eSinia 

mTavars, sarkinozebma rjulgamocvlili arabi kvlav Zvel rjulze ar miaqcion. magram 

abos gadawyvetileba uryevia: `...da aw Sen nu damayeneb me, RmrTis msaxuro, rame- 

Tu raÁ madl ars yofaÁ Cemi aqa, sada ara ars SiSi, arca sikudili qristÀsTÂs~. mas, 

adre Tu eSinoda, axla `gancxadebul qristianed~ yofna surs. aSkaraa, rom abom Si- 

Sis daZlevis gzaze ukve mniSvnelovani gamarjveba moipova. 

vnaxoT, SeZlebs igi sityvis saqmed qcevas?

qarTlSi WeSmarit qristianad dabrunebuli abo TanamemamuleTa mraval Semotevas 

igeriebs. zemoqmedebis xerxebi sxvadasxvagvaria: sayveduri, gineba, daSineba, devna, 

darwmuneba. veraferma gaWra. abo `ganmtkicebul iyo qristÀs mimarT da aravisgan Se- 

Zrwundeboda~. 

qarTlSi dabrunebis Semdeg nawarmoebSi nerse aRar ixsenieba. es arc aris SemTxveviTi. 

rogorc yvela martvilma, abomac jvarcmuli RmerTis bedi unda gaiziaros. 

am gzaze erismTavris amalis yofilma wevrma martom unda iaros, sikvdils martom 

unda gausworos Tvali. 

sami wlis Semdeg dadgeba misi dasjis dro. 

avismzraxvelni, Semasmenelni, ver isveneben. isini amiras arwmuneben, rom saSiSia 

gaqristianebuli abos dausjeloba. man xom mahmadianoba uaryo da ùSiSad vals qalaqsa 

Sina da mravalTa aswavebs qristeane yofad~. amitom aris aucilebeli misi Sepyroba 

da, Tu gaurCda, _ mokvlac. 

avis ganmzraxvelTa gegmebi qristianebma Seityves da abosTvis izrunes. mas damalvas 

urCeven, magram amaod: abo `sixaruliT iqceoda Soris ubanTa gancxadebulad~. 

ioane sabanisZe dawvrilebiT aRwers arabi Wabukis saubars msajulTan. msajuli 

amaod cdilobs, abo amqveyniuri pativiT, oqroTi da vercxliT acTunos. daxarkul- 

Ta da `naklulevanTaTvis~ simdidris SeTavazeba xom nacadi xerxia. 

amis Semdeg aRwerilia abos sapyrobileSi yofnis dReebi, `cru moZRvarTa da SemasmenelTa~ 

axali cdebi mowamis gandrekisa. am dros abo sulieri mxneobis axal da 

axal magaliTebs gviCvenebs. igi mkiTxvelis TvalSi ufro da ufro maRldeba. bolos, 

msajuli kvlav ibarebs da sikvdiliT aSinebs mas. roca verc es gaWris, abos 

Tavs mohkveTen. 

sikvdiliT dasjis epizodi Sinaganad saocrad daZabulia. 

abos gadawyvetileba uryevia, magram es mis mtarvalT ver urwmunebiaT. maT jer 

kidev aqvT abos gadabirebis imedi. amitomac erTxel kidev cdiloben mis daSinebas. 

`da sces mas maxÂliTa samgzis, rameTu hgonebdes, viTarmed SiSiTa sikudilisaÁTa 

ganaSoron igi qristesa. xolo wmidaÁ igi martÂli dumiliT mÃned miiTualvida max- 

Âlsa, vidremdis Sehvedra suli TÂsi ufalsa~, _ vkiTxulobT àbos wamebaSi~. 

neli-nel moaxloebuli sikvdilisTvis Tvalis gasworeba mowamis sulieri simtkicis 

bolo gamocdaa. amas sxva hagiografiul ZeglebSic vxvdebiT. stefane mtbevari 

dawvrilebiT agviwers, Tu rogor aSineben miqel-gobrons. amira fiqrobs, rom gobronma 

àra icis Wiri sikudilisaÁ~. amitom brZanebs, gobronis Tvalwin daxocon 

sxva pyrobili qristianebi da, Tu arc aman ikmara, maSin maxvilis Zala uCvenon mas, 

oRond msubuqad daWran. magram mowame verc Tanapyrobil qristianTa xocva-Jletis 

sazarelma suraTma Searyia da verc orgzis dakrulma maxvilma. 

hagiografiuli nawarmoebis mkiTxvelma aSkarad dainaxa, uxeSma fizikurma Zalam 

rogor gaanadgura siwminde. Zalmomreoba TiTqos gamarjvebas unda zeimobdes. magram 

Zaladoba sinamdvileSi sisuste yofila. mravalTa da mravalTa damSinebelni ucnauri 

faqtis winaSe aRmoCndnen: adamiani sikvdilis SiSmac ver gatexa. uxeSi fizikuri 

zemoqmedebis moimedeni dafrTxnen. ioane sabanisZe gviCvenebs, rogor eufleba maT 

arsebas SiSi. abos mkvlelebi ver isveneben. maT TavianTi msxverpli aSinebs. `SuriT 

aRvsilni~ mivlen amirasTan da mas ase daiyolieben: àw brZane guami misi mocemad 

Cvenda, raÁTa ganviRoT da davwuaT igi cecxliTa da ganvaqarvoT igi da aRvÃocoT 

sacTuri qristianeTaÁ, raÁTa ixilon yovelTa da SeeSinos da romelnime maTganni 

moiqcen Cuenda da CuenganTa eSinodes da arRara Seudgen swavlasa qristianeTasa~. 

Tavad SeSinebulebi sxvaTa daSinebas cdiloben. amiram isini nebaze miuSva. magram 

abos jalaTebi kvlav ver isveneben. axla mowamis daRvrili sisxlisa eSiniaT. amitom 

moTxares sisxliani miwa. wamebulis gvami uremze dades, qalaqgareT gaitanes da 

iq dawves, Zvlebi da ferfli ki mtkvarSi Cayares. 

uTanasworo brZola dasrulda. abos gvamsac ki gauswordnen. magram misi mowameobrivi 

Rvawli amis Semdeg xdeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani. is qarTvelebi, 

124

omlebic `SiSiTa ganileodnen da iryeodnen~, misabaZ magaliTs naxaven da SiSs ganagdeben. 

pirovneba aRorZinda! 

qarTagan Seryeul lerwams axla sxva xati _ laRi iremi enacvleba. abos Rvawlma 

SeuZlebeli SeaZlebina TviT xeibarTac ki. àbos wamebis~ avtori SiSis daTrgunvis 

zeims gvixatavs: `maSin iwyo simravleman qalaqisaman qristeaneTaman da ganagdes SiSi 

mZlavrTaÁ maT da ganvidodes yovelnive adgilsa mas, sadaca dawunes Ãorcni igi 

wmidisa mowamisani, moxucebulni morbiodes kuerTxebiTa TÂsiTa, mkelobelni vldomiT, 

viTarca iremni, Wabukni srbiT, yrmani ÃdomiT urTierTas...~ 

didi sicxadiT gamoikveTa hagiografis mizani: mowamis mier ganvlili sulieri 

amaRlebis gza sxvebisTvis magaliTi aRmoCnda. macxovris mobaZavi mowamis mier SiSis 

daZlevam sxva qristianebsac igive SeaZlebina. ZalmomreobiT adamianis daTrgunva 

SeuZlebeli gaxda. Tavisufleba Turme SiSis daZleviT, pirovnebis aRorZinebiT 

miiRweva. 

àbos wamebis~ avtorma Tavisi erovnuli pozicia naTlad gamoxata. man qarTvelebi 

sarwmunoebrivad bizantielebs gautola da amiT erovnuli siamayis grZnoba gauRviva 

maT: àra xolo Tu berZenTa sarwmunoebaÁ ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed 

Cuenca, SorielTa amaT mkÂdrTa~. ioane sabanisZem mware mamuliSviluri gulistkivili 

gamoTqva, TanamemamuleT gadagvarebis safrTxe daanaxva da amiT erovnuli 

TviTmyofobis SenarCuneba STaagona: àRverieniT ersa ucxosa... romelTagan viswaveniT 

saqmeni maTni da vhmonebdiT gulisTqumasa gulTa CvenTasa mibaZvebiTa maTiTa...~ 

SiSi gulisTqmis monebaa, egoizmia, TavkerZobaa. 

brZens uTqvams: `gareSe-brZolani, Sinagan-SiSni~. 

`gareSe-brZolani~ adamians verafers daaklebs, Tu TviT iqna Tavisi ufali, sZlia 

gulisTqmas, sZlia SiSs. 

ioane sabanisZem dagvanaxa, rom erovnuli Tavisufleba mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirovnebis 

amaRlebas, srulyofas, mis sulier winsvlas. amitom dagvixata man mowamis 

mier ganvlili SiSis daZlevis gza ase TvalnaTliv. 

125

qarTuli agiografia 

ioane sabanisZe, `wm. abo Tbilelis wameba~ 

126 

revaz siraZe 

nebismier agiografiul nawarmoebSi mravali principi igulisxmeba. gamovyofT 

ioane sabanisZisTvis mniSvnelovan ramdenime aseT problemas: rwmeniTi Semecnebis 

danergva, ucxotom prozelitTa (moqceulTa) ziareba, qarTvelTa adgili òikumena- 

Si~ (kulturul msoflioSi). qarTvelTa erovnuli Rirsebani, saxismetyvelebiTi simbolika, 

dro `Jamieri~ (istoriuli), eortalogiuri (wmindanobisa) da esqatologiuri 

(msoflios aRsasrulisa). siwmindis safexurebi, wmindani – RvTaebis simboloebSi 

da a.S. 

ioane sabanisZe imTaviTve gadmoscems agiografiis erT-erT esTetikur princips: 

àRvwere uRirsisagan gonebisa Cemisa Semokrebuli martviloba WeSmariti da utyuelio~. 

`WeSmariti aRwera~ aq gulisxmobs gamonagonis uaryofas. `sityvaxelovnebiT~ 

aRwera sinamdvilidan daSorebad iTvleboda. sinamdvilesTan miaxloeba – aseTi iyo 

mizani. sinamdvilis amaRlebuloba unda SegvagrZnobinos mweralma da ara sakuTari 

sityvis silamaze. sityva unda iyos haeriviT gamWvirvale, raTa mTeli sicxadiT Candes 

mxolod da mxolod sagani da ara sityva. 

`Cveulebisamebr mamulisa slvaÁ~, _ es erTi da meore: àRverieniT ersa ucxosa~, 

_ es ori idea umTavresia àbo Tbilelis wamebis~ avtorisaTvis. esTetikur-poetikuri 

Ziebanic ZiriTadad am or problemas unda daukavSirdes. 

Cvens literaturaTmcodneobaSi imTaviTve gaazrebul iqna, rom erovnuli idealebis 

damkvidrebis TvalsazrisiT àbos wameba~ saetapo nawarmoebia (i. javaxiSvili, k. 

kekeliZe, S. oniani). 

ioane sabanisZis rwmeniT, dacva `mamulisa Cveulebisamebr slvisa~ da daZleva didi 

safrTxisa, rom àRverieniT ersa ucxosa~, unda ganxorcieldes erovnuli TviT- 

Semecnebis gziT da ara, vTqvaT, brZoliT anda ganmanaTleblobiT. an raime sxva 

gziT. amitomac TviT aRmsareblobiTi sibrZnis gverdiT erovnuli TviTSemecnebaa dayenebuli, 

erTi meores gulisxmobs, magram literaturul pozicias roca vexebiT, 

roca nawarmoebs poetikursa da esTetikur sibrtyeze ganvixilavT, vxedavT, rom gansaxovnebis 

uZiriTades formebs swored erovnuli TviTSemecneba msWvalavs. 

amas imTaviTve ukavSirdeba Semdegi problemac: esaa rwmeniTi Semecneba. 

erovnuli TviTSemecneba dafuZnebuli rwmenaze ioane sabanisZis ZiriTadi ideaa. 

ioane sabanisZisTvis gansxvavebulia rwmeniTi da ararwmeniTi Semecneba, amisdakvalad, 

rwmeniTi da ararwmeniTi sibrZne. msajulis winaSe Tavisi `mamuli sjulis~ 

Sesaxeb abo ambobda: `davuteveo me igi kacTa xelovnebis SeTxzuli sjuli da zRaprobisa 

sibrZniT RonisZiebuli rwmunebaÁ~ (T. II). `zRaprobis sibrZnes~ irwmuneben 

urwmunoni, xolo WeSmariti morwmunisaTvis aseTi sibrZne mxolod ararwmeniTi Semecnebis 

sagania. 

rwmenad SeiZleba gveqces sibrZne, Tuki mis maRalsulierebas virwmunebT. abo adre 

`swavlul iyo mwignobrobiTa sarkinozTaiTa~. magram es moZRvreba `kacTa xelovnebiT 

SeTxzuli~ iyo. 

`xelovneba~ (praqtikuli ostatoba), imdroindeli moZRvrebiT, adamianis demonuri 

unaria, sibrZne ki RvTaebrivia. 

roca kacs sibrZne rwmenad gadaeqceva, cnobiereba warimarTeba misi ZaliT, romelic 

gansazRvravs azrTa yovelgvar urTierTgamomdinareobas. rwmena warmarTavs azrs, 

igi mas eqceva Sinagan sazrisad. 

azris warmmarTveli rwmena siyvarulia, amitom saWiroa sibrZnes Seerwyas siyvaruli. 

usiyvarulod ver Seicnoba WeSmariti sibrZne. es kargad Cans abosa da msajulis 

saubridan. `hrqua mas msajulman man: `raÁ egodeni sitkboeba gaqus qristeis Senisagan, 

romliTa sikudidca ara gewyalis Tavi Seni~” abo pasuxobs: ùkueTu gnebavs

cnobad sitkboebaÁ misi, Senca grwmenin qriste da naTel iRe misa mimarT da maSinRa 

Rirs iqmne cnobad sitkboebisa misisa~. 

àbos wamebaSi~ araa mxolod mSrali Txroba. masSi bevria qadageba. arsebobs yuri 

`sasmeneli~ da arsebobs `sacnobeli~ (anu cnobierebisa). rogorc `gonebis Tvali~ 

aris, asevea gonebis yuri, `yurni gulisani~ (anu `gulisyuri~). sanam avtori saTqmels 

ityodes, jer amzadebs msmenelis ganwyobas, rasac sxvadasxvagvarad axorcielebs 

TiToeuli Tavis dasawyisSi an sxva calkeuli epizodebis win (àra Tu xolo 

Cemda martoÁsa saZiebel ars smenad sawadeli ese martvilobaÁ wmidisa amis mowamisaÁ, 

aramed yovelTa jer ars Tquendaca dakvirebad Cem Tanao~; ùfalsa hnebavs damkvidrebad 

asoTa Sina Tquenda~, am sityvebiT adamiani warmoidgineba viTarca potenciuri 

savane-taZari (`taZari xarT RmrTisani.~ iqve). 

ioane sabanisZe sxva agiografebze Sors midis: `simtkice da sixarul eqmnis Wabuk- 

Ta moTxrobiTa miT, simxneÁ igi qristes moRuaweTaÁ da sixarul da mxiaruleba, moxucebulTa, 

xsenebai igi Rvawlisa mis martvilTaÁsaÁ da sawadel da sasurvel mRvdelTa 

da yrmaTa maT, mowafeTa da SvilTa eklesiisaTa krebaÁ igi dResaswaulisa 

mis wmidaTaÁsaÁ~. amgvari Semecneba xdeba ara gonebiT, aramed guliT da, Tanac, es 

rodia mxolod grZnobadi Semecneba, aramed esaa guliT Semecneba azrisa. amitomac 

Semecneba `ziarebaa~ amaRlebulTan (anu `STagrZnobaa~). am gziT yvelas ZaluZs Tavis 

TavSi `gaiCinos~ RmerTi, igrZnos, rom `sasufeveli RmrTisa gulTa Sina ars~, da roca 

kaci amas igrZnobs, iwyeba qristianuli kaTarzisi (anu ganwmenda). 

àbos wamebaSi~ Cans `me~ avtoriseuli da `me~ msmenelTa da maTi mimarTeba pirovnebaTa 

simravlesTan. 

aq kidev erTi miswrafeba mJRavndeba ioane sabanisZisa. `Cven~ niSnavs `Cven qristianebio~. 

àbos wamebaSi~ mZlavrobs aseTi gagebac – `Cven qarTvelebi~. ioane sabanis- 

Zis mwerluri mizandasaxuloba, rogorc, vTqviT, ase SeiZleba iqnes formulirebuli: 

erovnuli TviTgacnobierebis dafuZneba rwmeniT Semecnebaze. rwmeniT unda moxdes 

SegrZneba imisa, rom àRverieniT ersa ucxosa~, rom daviviwyeT `mamulisa Cuelebisaebr 

slvaÁ~. swored amis daviwyebidan momdinareobs qarTvelTa yovelgvari ubedurebanio. 

Cveulebriv, agiografiaSi qveynis ubedurebani aixsneboda sakuTari codvilianobis 

qadagebiT. erovnul RirsebaTa naTelsayofad ioane sabanisZes wamoyenebuli 

aqvs oTxi motivi: 1. qarTvelebi martoni vicavT qristianobas kulturuli msoflios 

ganapiraso; 2. xuTas welze meti xania, rac Cven qristianobas veziareTo; 3. 

Cveni sarwmunoeba berZnebisas eTanatoleba da 4. qarTli wmindanTa samSobloao. 

es motivebi ganmartebas iTxovs: 

1. ioane sabanisZe wers: Cven varTo `yuresa amas queyanisasa~ gansacdelSi `zedamdgomelTa 

amaT CuenTa, mflobelTa amis JamisaTa~. 

ras niSnavs `yure queyanisa~? 

aq upirvelesad `qveynis~ mniSvnelobaa gasarkvevi. 

is aixsneba mxolod imdroindeli moZRvrebiT òikumenaze~ anu kulturul msoflioze, 

rac udris saqristiano msoflios. amdenad, `qveyana~ niSnavs msoflios imdroindeli 

oikumenuri gagebiT. 

`qveyana~ Zvel qarTulSi sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda: `xmeli~ miwa, msoflio, 

sofeli, mkvidroba, samkvidrebeli mamuli~ (i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni). 

àbos wamebaSiac~ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba es sityva, erT adgilas 

igi miwas aRniSnavs, sxvagan ufro xSirad, mas dRevandeli mniSvneloba aqvs: `nerse 

mowodebul iqna queyanad babilovanisa~; `nerse, vltolvili queyaniT TvisiT, Sevida 

queyanasa mas CrdiloÁsasa~). `mraval ars qalaqebi da soflebi queyanasa mas~; `ganvles 

queyanaÁ igi warmarTTa~; `viTarca moiwines igini queyanad afxazeTisa, mTavarman 

man queyanisaman Seiwynara~ (Sdr. `qarTlad friadi queyanaÁ aRiracxebis..~). magram 

es faqtebi ar gamoricxavda `qveynis~ xmarebas `msoflios~ mniSvnelobiT. 

Tu `qveyanaSi~ msoflios mniSvnelobas ar amovikiTxavT, gaugebari darCeba fraza: 

`vcxovrobTo qveyanis yureSi~. oikumenuri moZRvrebiT, qarTli swored kulturuli 

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msoflios `yurea~. amas exmianeba nawarmoebis sxva adgilic: àra xolo Tu berZenTa... 

aramed Cuenca SorielTa amaT mkvidrTa...~ (T. I). `yure~ ZvelqarTulad rom ganapira 

kuTxes niSnavs, amas `SuSanikis wamebac~ gvidasturebs: `Sevida mun (saxlaksa) Sina 

simwariT savseÁ da mieyrdna yuresa erTsa da tirodao~. 

aqvea kidev erTi faqti, romelic sabolood naTelyofs, rom `qveynis yure” oikumenis 

dasasrulia. roca nerse erisTavma Tbilisi meored datova, roca `ganvlo man 

kari igi ovseTisaÁ, romelsa darialan erqumis~, Sevida `queyanasa mas CrdiloÁsasa, 

sada-igi ars sadguri da sabanakeÁ ZeTa magogisTaÁ, romel arian xazarni, kac velur, 

saSinel piriTa, mxecis buneba, sisxlis mWamel, romelTa Sjuli ara aqus, garna RmerTi 

xolo Semoqmedi iciano~. aq mTavrdeba kulturuli msoflio. xazareTi oikumenasmiRma 

samyaroa. swored oikumenuri moZRvrebiT unda aixsnas i. sabanisZis mier xazarTa 

aseTi daxasiaTeba, Torem subieqturad mosalodneli iyo misi sxvagvari ganwyobileba, 

radgan xazarebma nerse Seifares da Seiwynares. xazarebi arabebs mtrobdnen, 

amitom TviT berZnebic ki daaxloebas cdilobdnen maTTan, viTarca TavianTi 

mtrebis mtrebTan. 

yovelive es ukarnaxebda ioane sabanisZes xazarebi, romlebsac igi magogis STamomavlebad 

miiCnevda, ise daexasiaTebina, rom isini oikumenasiqeTa mkvidrs Seeferebodnen. 

imasac gviCvenebs, rom xazareTSi ukve vrceldeba kulturuli msoflios gavlena 

da Sedis qristianoba: `mraval ars qalaqebi da soflebi qeuyanasa mas CrdiloÁsasa, 

romelni sarwmunoebiTa qristesiTa cxovndebiano~. aseTi gavlena maSin qar- 

Tlidan iyo SesaZlebeli. Tumca amaze ioane sabanisZe arafers ambobs, arada, misgan 

amis aRniSvna mosalodneli iyo. am mxareSi dRemde SemorCa Zveli taZrebi qarTuli 

warwerebiT. 

ase rom, qarTlis Semdeg iwyeba sul sxva samyaro. qarTli oikumenaa, Tumca misi 

dasalieria, xazarebi ar Sedian oikumenaSi. oikumenuri moZRvrebiT: kulturul msoflioSi 

cxovroben hromni (berZen-romaelebi) da barbarosebi. berZnebis azriT, qar- 

Tvelebi barbarosebi iyvnen, magram ioane sabanisZe, rogorc Semdeg davinaxavT, qarTvelebs 

berZnebs uTanatolebs Rirseuli sarwmunoebiT da miT ufro oikumenadan igi 

maT ar gamohyofda. 

aq unda movixmoT qarTuli adaptaciis sakiTxi geografiuli mxareebis simboluri 

gaazrebisa bibliaSi, romelic Cven ganvixileT `wm. ninos cxovrebasTan~ dakavSirebiT 

(r. siraZe, qarTuli agiografia, 1987, gv. 93-94). 

qarTls ewoda `Crdilois~ qveyana. aseTi saxeldeba mas SeeZlo mieRo bizantiis 

mcireaziul olqebTan mimarTebiT (etyoba, Tavdapirvelad ase erqva saqarTvelos 

samxreT dasavleT mxareebs). ufro gvian `Crdilois qveyanas~ xazareTs eZaxdnen (asea 

àbos wamebaSi~). magram mxareebis saxelwodebani gaazrebuli yofila simboluradac 

da warmarTul qarTls ase eZaxdnen swored rogorc bnels, sulier naTels moklebuls 

da codviT dabnelebuls (ìyo queyanaÁ mzisagan simarTlisa daklebuli... saxeli 

erqua simarTlad CrdiloÁ, ara Tu amis mzisa naTlisagan daklebul iyoo~. gv. 

124, W. iyoo `queyanaÁ ese CrdiloÁsi dabnelebuli codviTa~(gv.157). ninos mosvla 

iyoo `bnelsa Sina mTiebi raÁ aRmoxdis da ciskari aRiRos~. 125, S. `viqceodeT naTelsa 

da mkvidr viyveniT bnelsa~. 125, S). 

`dasavleTi~ is adgilia, saidanac iwyeba swrafvani, àRmosavleTi~ gaiazreboda 

cnobili ideis mixedviT – `luqs eqs oriente~ (`naTeli aRmosavleTidanaa~), samxre- 

Ti mzis mxarea, CrdiloeTi codvisa da aseTi yofilao qarTli ninomde. magram `moxedna 

RmerTman queyanasa amas, napralsa erTsa CrdiloÁsasa, romlisa mTani daefarnes 

nislsa codvisasa da velni – almursa cTomisasa, vinaica dRe-Ramed da naTeli 

– bnelad. da sufevda mas Sina soflisa mpyrobeli igi mTavari, romeli qroda haeris 

suliTa da STaabnevda yovelTa sulTa kacTasa jojoxeTad, romeli ganiota ufalman 

suliTa pirisa misisaiTa queyaniT da sircxvileuli miiltvis adgilTa bnelisaTa. 

xolo Sen zeda gamobrwyinda naTeli samxrisa da mze simarTlisa~ (101, W), _ 

swers nino mirians. es sityvebi Sedis sakuTriv `moqcevai qarTlisaSi~. egeve Semdeg- 

128

ac meordeba (sidoniaseul TavSi). ganmeorebani xSiradaa am nawarmoebSi, magram ase 

vrclad – iSviaTad. aSkaraa, aq mocemul gaazrebebs sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. 

qarTlis, viTarca `Crdilois queyanis~, saxe ramdenime niSniTaa warmodgenili: 

erT-erTi aseTi niSania is, rom mTebi daefara `codvis nisls~. Cven vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi 

ar unda iyos mTebis aRniSvna. mTebi mzisa da ciuri naTlis salocavTa adgili 

iyo warmarTobisas. warmarTuli naTeli ki codvis nislad CaiTvleboda. amgvarive 

gaazrebebs ukavSirdeba TxoTis mTaze mzis dabneleba. amas miriani SeigrZnobs 

Tavis sulieri iniciaciis win, e. i. maSin, roca masTan moaxloebulia sxivi sulieri 

mzisa. am dros `codvis nislic~ ufro SesagrZnobi xdeba. aSkaraa, rom am dros aRmerTebdnen 

mTebs, viTarca naTlis savanes. nino Tvlis, rom maTze daqroda `soflisa 

mpyrobeli mTavari~. mTavari ewodeboda `satanas~ (`satanails~), romelsac qristianebi 

Zvel RmerTebSi xedavdnen. igi haeris suliT daqris. 

àbos wamebis~ geografia farToa, magram ioane sabanisZe xazareTis Semdeg yvelaze 

met yuradRebas afxazeTisadmi iCens (àravin urwmunoTagani mkvidrad ipovebs 

sazRuarTa maTTa. rameTu sazRvar maTda ars zRuaÁ igi pontoÁsa, samkvidrebeli yovladve 

qristianeTaÁ, misazRvradmde qaldiaÁsa, trapezuntiaÁ mun ars, sayofeli igi 

afsareaÁsaÁ da nafsaÁs navTsadguri da ars qalaqebi igi da adgilebi sabrZanebelad 

qristes msaxurisa ionTa mefisa, romeli mosaydre ars didsa mas qalaqsa konstantinepolisasa~). 

àfxazeTis~ sazRvrebis mixedviT aSkaraa, rom igi gulisxmobs mTel 

dasavleT saqarTvelos. Tanac Cans, Tu rogor erwymis igi berZnul samyaros. igrZnoba, 

rom aqedan axloa oikumenas centri, aq urwmunoebi ar arian. es oikumenas uSualo 

gagrZelebaa, qarTli ki misi dasasrulia. roca qveynis mdgomareobaze msjelobs, 

ioane sabanisZis sityvebs Sua ismis berZnebisadmi sayveduri, rom Cven martoni 

varT `yuresa queyanisasa~, martoni vicavT qristianobaso. CrdiloeTiT magogTa modgmaa, 

samxreTidan modis da TbilisSi batonobs dauZleveli araboba... 

aseTia ioane sabanisZiseuli `sivrculi gaazreba~ qveynis mdgomareobisa. misi warmodgenebi 

qveynis geografiaze, qarTlis adgilze maT Soris, romelic erovnuli azriTaa 

gaSinaarsebuli. kulturuli msoflios `yureSi~ cxovreba kulturul-aRmsareblobiTi 

TvalTaxedviTaa gaazrebuli. igi uyurebs qarTls ara mxolod rogorc 

mdebares àm cis-qveSeTSi~, aramed CarTuls Tavis kulturul-aRmsareblobiT garemocvaSi. 

ase xedavs ioane sabanisZe am qveynis sivrceul sazriss. 

2. iqve, sadac qarTlis mdgomareobis sivrculi moazrebaa, mocemulia amgvarive 

droiTi moazrebac, isini erTmaneTs mosdevs da erTmaneTs erwymis. iqmneba sabanis- 

Ziseuli qronotopi an dro-sivrculi foni, romelzedac Cans qarTli da, rac mTavaria, 

abo. 

droTa dinebis ra gaazreba warmoaCens qarTvelTa erovnul Rirsebas? ai, isic: 

qarTvelebio `xuTasis wlisa JamTa da uwinaresTa Sjul-debul yofil arian wmidi- 

Ta madliTa naTlisRebisaÁTao~ (T. I). xuTasi da kidev meti welia, rac qarTvelebi 

moinaTlneno. 

es sityvebi 786-790 wlebSia Tqmuli (Tu Cven àbos wamebis~ dRemde miRebul TariRs 

786-790 ww. virwmunebT). gamodis, rom qarTvelebi monaTlulan ara ugvianes 286- 

290 wlebisa, anu III saukunis dasasruls, magram Cven xom 337 weli viciT? amisi SeTanxmeba 

SeiZleba. 337w. qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis welia, 

magram qristianoba qarTvelTa Soris manamdec vrceldeboda. 

yovelive amis mixedviT, Cven erT-erTi uZvelesi qristiani eri varT. imTaviTve midrekilni 

vyofilvarT qristianobisaken. arabTa mZlavrobam ki esec dagvaviwya. mainc 

ra mizeziT moxda arabTa egrerigi momZlavreba? ioane sabanisZe amas ase xsnis: `Semokrebulsa 

amas Jamsa meSvidesa darsa zeda vdgaTo~ (T. II). es motivi ganmartebuli 

aqvs k. kekeliZes. `dari~ aTaswleuls niSnavs, `meSvide dari~ meSvide aTaswleulia 

qveynis gaCenidan. qarTvelTa warmodgeniT, qveyana 5604 wels gaCenila qristianuli 

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welTaRricxvis win. amas emateba 786-790 weli da viRebT 6380-6384 wlebs, meSvide 

aTaswleuls. meSvide aTaswleulSi, TiTqosda aRsasruli unda dawyebuliyo. Cans 

amis momaswaveblad miaCnda ioane sabanisZes arabobis momZlavreba, radgan aseTi 

drois Sesaxeb yofila Tqmuli: `mravalni scdebodnen da mravalTa acdunebdneno~. 

axla damdgara esqatologiuri Jami. esqatologia ki qveynis aRsasrulis gardauvalobas 

qadagebda. esqatologia TiTqos pesimizms amkvidrebda, oRond aRsasrulis 

gardauvalobis SegnebiT tragikul gancdas anelebda. am fonze Zalze sayuradReboa 

ioane sabanisZis pozicia. àbos wamebaSi~’ erovnuli optimizmia, aq xsnis gzaTa Zebnaa, 

yvelaferi istoriuli xsnis imediTaa gamsWvaluli da aqeTken mimarTuli. es eris 

gafrTxilebasa da gamofxizlebas iTvaliswinebs. 

yovel dros Tavisi esqatologia aqvs. TavisTavad Zalze sayuradRebo iyo msoflio 

aRsasrulis axsna adamianTa moraluri dacemiT. morali kosmiur Zalad cxaddeboda. 

mravalwaxnagovania dRevandeli èsqatologiac~. dRes ara mxolod Termoatomgulis 

da ekologiuri safrTxis problema dgeba, aramed dgeba energetikuli krizisis 

safrTxec. dRes ufro praqtikul doneze SevimecnebT xolme esqatologiur 

problemebs, magram konkretuli faqtebis miRma igulisxmeba adamianTa sayovelTao 

moraluri pozicia. roca bunebis harmonia irRveva, bunebrivad dgeba problema, ase 

vTqvaT, bunebis winaSe adamianis moraluri pasuxismgeblobisa. dRevandeli mwerlobis 

esqatologia aseTia: 

`gminavs dedamiwa da vgrZnob, guls rogor uxvreten nemsis simsxo eleqtroburRebi. 

vxedav, oTxi miliardi adamiani rogor Sesevia mis dauZlurebul, gamofitul, moqancul 

sxeuls. hkafaven, Cexen, RrRnian, fleTen, mTasa da bars asworeben, burRaven. 

gulSic arafers utoveben. irgvliv mxolod namusrevi da namsxvrevebi rCeba. 

vxedav filtvebdafleTil, venebgadaWril dedamiwas, sisxlis ukanaskneli wveTebisagan 

rom icleba, vxedav Wrilobebad qceuli, morRveuli da dawylulebuli xeobebidan 

CirqiviT rogor gamoedinebian mowamluli mdinareebi..~ (g. fanjikiZe, àqtiuri 

mzis weliwadi~). 

ratom dgeba safrTxe TviT adamianis mizeziT adamianobis mospobisa? amaze gadamwyveti 

pasuxi dRevandelobasac ki ara aqvs da metadre – ioane sabanisZis epoqis mwerals. 

amis mosaazreblad mas moepoveba `drois” cneba – `Jami”. `Jami” araa movlenaTa 

mxolod Tanmxlebi. `Jami” aRvsilia yovlismomaswavebeli Zalis SinaarsiT. amgvari 

`Jami” zogadad igivea, rac antikuri bediswera – `moira”. aseTi gageba SemdgomSi sa- 

Taves udebs drois esTetizacias. 

ioane sabanisZis TqmiT, arabebi arian `mflobelni amis Jamisa”, da amis wyalobiT 

xdebian `soflisa mpyrobelni”. esqatologiuri `Jamis floba”, rogorc cnobilia, 

romantikosebamde aRwevs: `Jami Cemia da Jamisa me var imedi” (n. baraTaSvili – `napaleon”). 

ioane. sabanisZe sxvaganac imeorebs amas: nerseo `mowodebul iqna queyanad babilovnisa 

mflobelisa misgan mis Jamisa, sarkinozTaÁsa amira mumnisa abdilasagan”. 

yvelafers Tavisi `Jami” aqvs, _ am princips ioane sabanisZe Semdegi sityvebiT gamoxatavs: 

`vervin miyvna xelni mis zeda borotebiT, rameTu arRa mowevnul iyo Jami 

misi”. asea axsnili, Tu ratom ar exebodnen abos afxazeTidan Tbiliss mobrunebis 

Semdeg sami wlis manZilze. magram es arcaa axsna, esaa `Jamis” warmodgena sasurveli 

SinaarsiT da aqedanve iwyeba `Jamis~ esTetizacia. 

mravalnairi droa àbos wamebaSi~. istoriuli dro, eortalogiuri (wmindanTa 

xsenebisa) da esqatologiuri dro, e. i. dro qveynis aRsasrulisa. magram ioane sabanisZisTvis, 

rogorc mwerlisTvis, mTavaria eortalogiuri dro. masSi iyris Tavs yovelive: 

istoriuli droc da esqatologiuric, gina kosmiuri. igi amaTi `saxea~. 

ioane sabanisZisTvis 786 weli arafriT ar iyo RirSesaniSnavi, garda abos wamebisa. 

ioane sabanisZe am faqts mravalmxriv aTariRebs. igi moazrebulia yvela SesaZlebeli 

droiT: dasabamidan, jvarcmidan, Tanadrouli saeklesio da saero faqtebiT. 

rac ki ram saerTo Tvalsawieri gaaCnia avtors, mTlianad moxmobilia da dakavSirebulia 

abos wamebis TariRTan: konstantinepolSi konstantine leonis Zis mefoba, sa- 

130

kinozTa Soris mefoba amira mumnisa, qarTlSi samoelis kaTalikosoba da stefanozis 

erismTavroba, 6424 weli dasabamidan. yvela am movlenas Tavisi `Jami~ aqvs da 

yvela dro erTmaneTs kveTs abos martvilobis TariRSi. Tanac, wamebis konkretuli 

dRecaa dazustebuli – 6 ianvari, paraskevi, dRe naTlisRebisa: `mrCobl iqnao dResaswauli 

ese RmrTis gamocxadebisa~, e. i. gaordao dResaswauli ori movlenis dam- 

TxveviT. 

araferi ise zustad araa daTariRebuli Zvel qarTul literaturaSi, arc hagiografiaSi 

da arc TviT saistorio mwerlobaSi, rogorc wmindanobis faqtebi (Sdr. 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~). aseT `dros~ aqvs erTi TavisTavadi da, amasTanave, 

zogadi mniSvneloba. magram aqve unda iTqvas, rom egodeni zusti warmodgena erovnul 

msoflSegrZnebad ar qceula da igi, faqtobrivad, hagiografiul literaturul 

faqtad darCa. qarTvelTa erovnuli mimarTeba movlenaTa drouli gagebisadmi sxva 

mxriv warimarTa. araTu mxolod folklorSi da mxatvrul literaturaSi, aramed 

TviT saistorio mwerlobaSiac ZiriTadad drois miTologizacias mihyvebodnen da am 

gziT xdeboda drois esTetizacia. istoriul dros cvlida mxatvruli dro da movlenebi 

ar iyo droiT lokalizebuli (sxvaTa Soris, amanac Seuwyo xeli, Tamari 

istoriuli pirovnebidan qceuliyo mxatvrul personaJad). abos wamebis TariRiviT 

zustad Cven arc qarTlis moqcevis dro viciT, arc Tbilisis daarsebisa, arc petriwis 

biografia, arc rusTvelisa da arc Tamarisa. 

ioane sabanisZisTvis abos wamebis dro araa mxolod erTi konkretuli TariRi. 

masSi gamoxatulia qarTlis bedic da msoflio-istoriuli dro-Jamieri dinebac. amasTanaa 

dakavSirebuli erovnuli Rirsebis Segnebac qristianuli aRmsareblobiTi 

cxovrebis xangrZlivobiT. 

droiT moazreba eris cxovrebisa erwymis mis sivrcobriv moazrebas da iqmneba 

erovnuli dro-sivrce, eris raobis warmomaCeneli qronotopi. 

3. qarTvelebis erovnuli Rirsebis warmomaCeneli mesame motivi aseTia: àra xolo 

Tu berZenTa sarwmunoeba ese RmrTisamieri moipoves, aramed Cuenca, SorielTa amaT 

mkvidrTa~. aq igulisxmeba, rom saberZneTi saqristianos centria, qarTli misi dasasrulia 

da mainc igi ar Camouvardeba saberZneTs. aq ioane sabanisZes mohyavs avtoritetuli 

sityvebi: `movidodian aRmosavaliT da dasavaliT da inax-idgmiden wiaRTa 

abrahamisTa, isakisTa da iakobisTa~. 

berZnebTan SeTanatoleba ubralod patriotobiT ar unda aixsnas. amas konkretulistoriuli 

ambebi iwvevda. 

saqme isaa, rom am dros saberZneTSi xatTmbrZoloba iyo gavrcelebuli. xatTmbrZoloba 

orTodoqsaluri aRmsareblobidan gandgomas moaswavebda. yuradsaRebia isic, 

rom xatTmbrZoloba aRmosavlur tendenciebs gamoxatavda da Soreulad arabul 

samyarosac ki ukavSirdeboda. (kerZod, imiT, rom uaryofdnen mxatvrobas. amas iTxovda 

`yurani”, mahmadianTa mTavari wigni). 

swored am periods exeba arsen beriseuli `ninos cxovrebis~ danarTi: `yovelni 

eklesiani saberZneTisani daipyrna borotman aman wvalebaman (xatTbrZolam, r. s.), rameTu 

esoden arRara ipova marTlmadidebeli episkoposi samefosa queSe berZenTasa, 

romel wminda episkoposi guTeTisa (guTeTi samxreT ruseTSi iyo) Tvisisa samwysoisa 

mier qarTlisa kaTalikozisa warmoavlina da amier miiRo xelTdasxma da egreT wavida 

queyanad Tvisa~. amasve eubneboda giorgi aToneli antioqiis patriarqs (giorgi 

mcire, `giorgi aTonelis cxovreba~). 

saqarTveloSi xatTmbrZolobas arasdros ar gaumarjvia. àbos wamebaSiac~ antixatTmbrZoluri 

tendenciebi Cans. wmindanis sxeulis naSTebis Tayvaniscema, romelic 

maSin CvenSi yofila gavrcelebuli, antixatTmbrZoluria (amas krZalavdnen xatTmbrZoli 

qristianebi). 

yovelive zemoaRniSnuliT, qarTli gamodis WeSmariti aRmsareblobis damcvelad, 

xolo saberZneTi mis damrRvevad. amas ki SeiZleboda mieca safuZveli ioane sabanisZisTvis 

qarTuli sarwmunoeba berZnulTan SeeTanatolebina. rasakvirvelia, erovn- 

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ul RirsebaTa warmoCenas yovelTvis SeiZleba Tan dahyves iluziebi, magram TviT aseT 

iluziebsac aqvs rogorc Tavisi uaryofiTi, ise dadebiTi mxareebi. 

4. àbos wamebis~ pirveli Tavi mTavrdeba Semdegi sityvebiT: `qarTlisaca mkvidrTa 

aqus sarwmunoebaÁ da wodebul ars dedad wmidaTa, romelTame TviT aqa mkvidrTa 

da romelTame ucxoTa da sxviT mosrulTa Cuen Soris Jamad-Jamad, mowamed gamoCinebiTa~. 

qarTli `dedaao wmindanTa~, wmindanTa mSobeliao, _ es meoTxe da arsebiTi safu- 

Zvelia agiografiisTvis erovnul RirsebaTa warmoCenisas. wm. nino, raJden pirvelmowame, 

SuSaniki, evstaTi mcxeTeli, daviT da konstantine, kolaeli yrmebi, arCil mefe, 

aTcametni asureli mamani, _ aseTi simravle wmindanebisa marTlac aZlevda safu- 

Zvels i. sabanisZis zemore sityvebs. 

umTavresi saTqmeli ioane sabanisZisa is iyo, rom ucxotomni Tavs swiraven saxeldobr 

qarTuli sarwmunoebisaTviso. amis magaliTebi adrec iyo (SuSaniki, evsta- 

Ti), magram abom es gansakuTrebulad naTelyo, erovnul siamayed iqca, rom TviT arabebzedac 

ki SegviZlia egrerigi zemoqmedeba. asea Camoyalibebuli àbos wamebaSic~ 

qarTvelTa erovnul-sarwmunoebriv RirsebaTa Segneba. 

qristianobis dacva kulturuli msoflios ganapiras, uZvelesi qristianuli qveynis 

pativi, berZnebTan SeTanatoleba, wmindanTa samSoblo, _ aseTia qarTlis Rirsebani, 

esenia erovnuli TviTSemecnebis motivebi. 

magram ioane sabanisZe erovnul TviTSemecnebas mxolod RirsebaTa SegrZnebaze 

rodi afuZnebs. am oTx motivs rom ayalibebs, amas iqve Tan aaxlebs am RirsebaTa daviwyebis 

SegrZnebas: daviviwyeTo `Cueulebisamebr mamulisa slvaÁ~ da àRverieniTo 

ersa ucxosa~. 

aseT fonzea mocemuli abo Tbilelis saxe. 

wminda abo 

aboa àxali mowame~ (amas mravalgzis imeorebs nawarmoebi, da es araa SemTxveviTi 

fraza, igi terminia). wm. aboa qarTvelTa `meoxi~, maTi mxsneli, cxadia, sulierad mxsneli. 

abos wamebiT iwyeba ganaxleba: gacnobiereba erovnuli Rirsebebisac, dRevandeli 

ubedurebisac da samomavlo gzebisac. 

abo iyo àbrameani, ZeTagan ismaelisTa, tomisagan sarkinozTaÁsa~. igi gamoeyo abrameanT, 

rom Semdeg mibruneboda `wiaRsa abrahamisa~ (àbrahamis wiaRi~ wmindanTa sulier 

savaned iTvleboda simbolurad). 

avtori yovelives ase aRavsebs simboluri SinaarsiT, TviT martivsa da yofiTsac 

ki da, metadre, iseT faqts, rogoricaa abos ganSoreba Tavisi qveynisagan: `Cuenda 

soflad gamosvlaÁ igi ara Tu TviT TaviT TvisiT ganizraxao, aramed viTarca ufalman 

hrqua netarsa mas abrahams masve queyanasa Sina qaldevelTasa, viTarmed: `gamoved 

queyanisagan Senisa da naTesavisagan Senisa da saxlisagan mamisa Senisa da moved 

queyanasa mas, romeli me giCueno Sen~, egreTve ese kualad naSobi abrahamisi ara 

Tu TvisiT gonebiT, aramed wamis-yofiTa RmrTisa mieriTa iwvia eseca. da dauteva mamaÁ 

da dedaÁ da Zmani da naTesavni da monagebni da agarakebi~. 

abrahamTan dakavSirebuli analogiebi msWvalavs mTel ZvelqarTul saxismetyvelebas. 

jer èvstaTis martvilobaSi”, Semdeg aq, àbos wamebaSi~, mere, gansakuTrebiT, 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ da a. S. 

abrahami abos saxeSi asea gaSinaarsebuli: aboc tovebs Tavis qveyanas, modis qar- 

TlSi, ecnoba qarTul mwignobrobas, eziareba axal rwmenas, esaubreba mraval Sjulismecniers, 

zogs ekamaTeba kidevac. am gziT man uaryo `mamuli Sjuli~. abo ariso 

`vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli”. es Cveulebrivi bibliuri fraza ubralo trafaretad 

SeiZleba migveRo, rom mas sakmaod farTo Sinaarseuli datvirTva ara hqondes; abo, 

arabTagan gamoyofili pirovneba, `yovelsa amas Cuensa sofelsa qarTlisasa meoxed 

Cuenda~ mogvevlina. ioane sabanisZes SeeZlo `qeba qebaTais~ sityvebiT gamoexata is 

grZnobebi, romlebic abos wyalobiT eris cnobierebaSi unda gaCndes: `me mZinare var 

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da hRviZavs gulsa Cemsa~ (5. 2). 

araboba eris damTrgunveli Zalaa, CamxSobi yoveli sikeTisa. aqedan iwyeba umTavresi 

saTqmeli: es damTrgunveli, sikeTis CamxSobi Zala erma unda gadaiqcios TviT- 

Semecnebis impulsad, Zalad TviTgacnobierebisa. ukeTurebis sikeTed gadaqcevis magaliTia 

TviT abo, `vardi ekalTagan gamorCeuli~. da TviT es faqti qarTvelTa zemoqmedebis 

Sedegia. 

esaa umTavresi qveteqsti abos mxatvruli saxisa da gamoxatuleba ioane sabanis- 

Zis esTetikuri TvalTaxedavisa. saerTod, arc iyo mosalodneli arabis moqcevis 

faqti im dros sagangebo ganzogadebis gareSe darCeniliyo. 

àbos wameba~ poliJanruli nawarmoebia: I Tavi qadagebaa, sakuTriv agiografiuli 

Txroba II-III TavebSia, xolo IV Tavi (`qeba~) himnografiuli xasiaTisaa. I da IV Tavebi 

erTmaneTs emsgavseba zogadi msjelobiT da mimarTvis formiT. amgvari msgavseba 

gulisxmobs gansxvavebebsac: I TavSi msmenelTadmia mimarTva, meoTxeSi –abosadmi, 

rac am Tavs lirizms aniWebs. es mTel nawarmoebs polifoniurobas sZens da iqmneba 

e. w. `RerZul simetriaze~ agebuli kompozicia. misi `RerZi” swored agiografiuli II- 

III Tavebia rogorc erTi mTlianoba da mis mimarT simetriulad lagdeba erTmaneTis 

msgavsi I da IV Tavebi. 

RerZul simetriaze agebuli polifonizmiT aRbeWdili kompoziciebi Sua saukuneebis 

xelovnebaSi ierarqiuli ansamblurobis zogadesTetikur princips emyareba. igi 

pirobiTad SeiZleba gamoixatos: a (I - Tavi) – b (II-III - Tavebi) – a 1 (IV Tavi). igi analogias 

povebs TviT qarTuli taZris kompoziciaSi, sadac RerZuli simetriis centri 

gumbaTia, xolo taZris simetriulad SeTanadebuli formebi erTmaneTs mTlianad ar 

imeoreben. cxadia, yovelTvis aseTi analogiebis pirdapiri saxiT Zebna hagiografiasa 

da xuroTmoZRvrebaSi umarTebuloa, magram zogadi principi mainc SeiZleba yvelgan 

daiZebnos. 

bunebrivia, rom àbos wamebis~ zemoaRniSnul struqturad TviT abos saxis Cveneba 

gansazRvravs. igia nawarmoebis kompoziciis `simetriis RerZi~. amis mixedviT xdeba 

nawarmoebSi saTqmelis ganawileba. rogorc I, iseve IV Tavi `sityvaxelovnebazea~ agebuli; 

II-III Tavebi ki abos Tavgadasavalia. gavrcelebuli esTetikuri principiT, romelsac 

mihyveba ioane sabanisZec, sityvaxelovnebiTi gamoxatva ver dadgeba fabulur 

nawilze maRla. 

I TavSi mocemulia zogadi msjeloba eris mdgomareobaze, mis Tvisebebze da mis 

amocanebze, wmindanTa zogad Tvisebebze, xolo meoTxe TavSi aRniSnulia, Tu yovelive 

es rogor gamoixata abos saxeSi (xolo amisi konkretuli Cveneba II-III TavebSia). 

saerTo struqtura I da IV Tavebisa sxvadasxvagvaria. 

zogadad pirveli Tavis Semadgeneli nawilebi SegviZlia gamovyoT Semdegi pirobiTi 

saxeldebiT: 

1. msmenelebisadmi mimarTva, 2. `meSvidesa darsa zeda vdga”, 3. `qristianeni gardagularZnes~. 

4. axali mowame, 5. simboloebi, 6. berZnebTan SeTanatoleba; 7. `deda 

wmidaTa~. 

meoTxe Tavi: 1. msmenelebisadmi mimarTva, 2. `gixaroden~, 3. abo _ muSaki meaTerTmetisa 

Jamisa, 4. jvarcmul àvazaksa emsgavse~, 5. `Sen mier mogueaxla qriste~. 6. ùneblieT 

warmogaCines~, 7. `sakurTxeveli abelisi~... 8. `vardi ekalTagan gamogarCia~, 9. 

`viTar-me gaqebde~. 

I TavSi naTqvamia: qarTvelebi `gardagularZneso, romelime mZlavrebiT, romelnime 

SetyuviliT, romelnime siyrmesa Sina umecrebiT, romelnime mzakuvarebiT da sxvani, 

romelni-ese varT morwmuneni, mZlavrebasa queSe damonebulni da naklulevanebiTa 

da siglaxakiTa Sekrulni, viTarca rkiniTa xarksa queSe maTsa guemulni da qenjnilni, 

Zvir-Zvirad zRueulni, SiSiTa ganilevian da iryevian, viTarca lerwamni qarTagan 

ZlierTa~. 

roca vadarebT am sityvebs saTanado adgils IV Tavidan, zemoaRniSnul `simetri- 

ul paralelizms~ vxedavT: `Sen axali ege qristes morwmuneÁ, moZRuar Cuenda iqmen, 

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swavlulni ufroÁs gulisxmier hyuen, Seryeulni ufrois ganamtkicen, ganmtkicebulni 

ganamxiarulen, warmarTni wadier hyven qristes monebad, saxsenebeli martvilobisa 

SenisaÁ Cuen dagviteve, saxelisa Senisa miTxrobad yovelTa qadag viqmneniT~. 

pirvel TavSi mocemulia simboloebi RvTisa: 1. kari, 2. gza, 3. tarigi, 4. mwyemsi, 5. 

lodi, 6, margaliti, 7. marili, 8. yvavili, 9. angelozi, 10. kaci, 11. RmerTi, 12. naTeli, 

13. qveyana, 14. marcvali, 15. matli, 16. mze simarTlisa. gamoZiebulia maTi wyaroebi 

(k. kekeliZe, i. abulaZe, r. baramiZe). I TavSi mocemulia am simboloebis ganmartebani, 

rogorc ioane sabanisZe ambobs, Zveli avtorebis kvalobaze. 

magram warmodgeba sakiTxi: ratom swored es simboloebia ganmartebuli nawarmoebSi? 

aqvs Tu ara amas mniSvneloba nawarmoebis mTlianobis gasagebad? 

saqme isaa, rom egeve niSnebi IV TavSi miewereba abos, umeteswilad, pirdapir, zogjer 

gadataniT. e. i. jer warmosaxulia RmerTi, bolos ki naCvenebia, Tu rogoraa 

gansaxierebuli aboSi misi niSan-Tvisebani. RmerTis niSan-TvisebebiT pirovnebis gamoxatva 

misi saxis esTetikur mniSvnelobas usazRvrod amaRlebda. unda iTqvas, rom am 

princips Taviseburi perspeqtiva hqonda, sabolood mas mivyavdiT adamianis `gaRmer- 

Tebamde~ renesansis epoqaSi. `vefxistyaosanSi~ nestani daxasiaTebulia saRvTo atributebiT, 

rogorc RvTiuri naTlis mfeni silamazis matarebeli. Tu àbos wamebaSi~ 

RvTiuri niSnebi miewereba wmindans, aq ukve isini gadatanilia saero pirovnebaze. 

àbos wamebaSi~ RmerTi wmindanis pirvelsaxea, `vefxistyaosanSi~ adamianuri, Tundac 

xorcieli mSvenierebisa. ioane sabanisZis mier mowodebuli ganmartebani patristikuli 

egzegetikis tipisaa, romelic Rrma saazrovno tradiciebiT iyo aRbeWdili da 

amitom aseTi gaazrebani, Tundac RvTisa, Tavisufali iyo da advilad CairTveboda 

mxatvruli azrovnebis konteqstSi. swored asea àbos wamebaSi~. 

analogiebi iwyeba zogadi moazrebebidan. 

I TavSi, simboluri saxeebis ganmartebamde, naTqvamia: `ver SemZlebel varT Cuen 

miwudomad simdidresa mas saxelisa misisasao~. IV TavSi avtori abos Sesaxeb ambobs: 

ùfrois gonebisa Cemisa.... gaqebde Sen, SuenierebiTa Semkuloo~. 

RvTis miuwvdomloba ormxriv gaiazreboda: Tavad RvTis bunebis SeucnoblobiT 

da Cveni gonebis SesaZleblobaTa dasazRvrulobiT (v. loski). àbos wamebaSi~ eseni 

Serwymulia da gadaqceulia poetikur xerxad: miuwvdomelobis gancda abos saxes 

gansakuTrebuli amaRlebulobiT warmogvadgeninebs. sayuradReboa, rom bolo simbolos 

(`mze simarTlisa~) Semdeg kidev ramdenime saRvTo saxelia mocemuli, magram isini 

ganmartebuli aRaraa, radgan isini abos veRar miemarTebian, ramdenadac mxolod 

RvTis saxelebs warmoadgenen. 

amis Semdeg I TavSi ganmartebulia zemoaRniSnuli simboloebi, romlebic Semdeg 

IV TavSi abozea gadatanili. 

upirvelesad simboluri mniSvnelobiT ganmartebulia `kari~. IV TavSi ki abos Sesaxeb 

naTqvamia: `Sen kari igi samoTxisa ganaRe jvariTa qristeisiTao~. 

meore simboloa `gza~, romelic I TavSi asea ganmartebuli: `gza~ ewodeba, rameTu 

Tqua: `me varo gzaÁ da WeSmaritebaÁ da cxorebaÁ~ – esaa nimuSi im gamonaklisi simboloebisa, 

romlebic uSualod araa ganmeorebuli IV TavSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa, 

mTeli Tavisi SinaarsiT igulisxmeba, radgan abo maCvenebeli Seiqmna im gzisa, 

romliTac unda warimarTos `mamulisa Cueulebisamebr slvaÁ~. 

Semdegi simbolo `tarigi~ uSualo gamoZaxils povebs IV TavSi (`qebaSi~): `Sen queyanam 

msxverplad wmidad da saTnod migipyra RmrTisao~. Semdeg amave Sinaarsisdakvalad 

abos simbolizeba gafarToebulia: guami Seni `geqmna Sen, viTarca sakurTxeveli 

igi abelisi, enuqisi, abrahamisi da eliaisi, romelni-igi mrgualada dasawuel- 

Ta maT tarigTa Seswirvides RmrTisao~. aq abos suli da gvami gaTiSulad arian warmodgenilni. 

gvamia samsxverplo da ara suli. gvami iwvis sulis gasaTavisufleblad. 

asea gaazrebuli abos sxeuli, viTarca tarigi. ERmerTs `mwyemsi~ ewodao, rame- 

Tu `cxovarni Secdomilni mogvaqcinao~. IV TavSi ki aboze naTqvamia: `sarwmunoebaÁ 

Cueni misa mimarT kualad ganaxlda~, `Sen moZRuar Cuenda iqmeno~. 

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momdevno simbolo `lodi~ asea ganmartebuli: `lod sakiduri ewoda winaswarmetyvelisa 

mier, rameTu ese ars, romeli-igi Seuracx da gangdebul iqna mRvdelTmoZ- 

RuarTa maTgan da mwignobarTa naTesavisa huriaTaisa ierusalems, aramed ese yoveli 

Tav yovelTa cis-kideTa iqmna~. `qebaSi~ naTqvamia: `Sen naTesavsa SenTa ucxo da gangdebul 

gyueso~. arsebobs saxarebiseuli sibrZne: brZenT ara aqvT yadri Tavis sam- 

SobloSio (i. 4. 44). igi asea gadaazrebuli: abo uCino iyo (viTarca lodi), misi arseboba 

arc aravin icoda da arc ram mniSvneloba hqonda mis arsebobas mowameobis gareSe. 

mowameobam aqcia igi didi mniSvnelobis pirovnebad. es Rirseba ki mas TviT 

arabebma mianiWes uneblieT (ioane sabanisZe aRarafers ambobs imis Taobaze, rom ganzogadebuli 

mniSvneloba abos SesZina man, rogorc mweralma). avtori wers: `pirvel 

aravin gicoda, viTarmed vin xar, anu romlisa naTesavisagan, anu romelisa erisagan, 

anu romliTa SjuliTa scxondebode, aw esera uneblebiT warmogaCines sacnaurad~. 

`margaliti~ sulisa da xorcis erTiani sikeTis simbolodaa gamoyenebuli. `marili~ 

ki asea ganmartebuli: `maril ewoda, rameTu codviTa ganryunilTa amaT xorcTa 

CuenTa mogueaxla da simyraleÁ igi kerpTmsaxurebisao ganguaSora da sulni Cuenni 

sarwmunoebiTa RmrTismsaxurebisaiTa sulnelad Sezavna~. amas mesame Tavic exmianeba: 

aRmavse, me `ganuqarvebeliTa sulnelebiTa sarwmunoebisao~. abo menelsacxeble iyo, 

keTilsulnelebis Semzavebeli, Semdeg, roca igi wmindani gaxda, sulieri keTilsulnelebis 

momfenad iqca, magram simbolika ufro Rrmavdeba `wmindanTa wmida zecis 

sakurTxevlis~ SemotaniT (viTarca sulneleba sakumevelTa, sulneleba xorcTa magaTY 

SenTa winaSeEuflisa, wmidisa mas wmidaTasa, zecisa sakurTxevelsa~). `wmidai 

wmidaTaÁ anu dabiri ewodebodao ierusalimis taZris im nawils, romelSiac imyofeboda 

orad ori uwmindesi sakulto sagani – rjulis kidobani, masSi daculi aR- 

Tqmis dafebiT da ciuri mananiTurT da oqros sasakmevle~. `wmidaTa wmida~ qristianuli 

taZris sakurTxevelsac ewodeboda (z. kiknaZe). menelsacxeble abos daferflili 

gvamidan avida sulieri surneli da miaRwia wmidaTa zeciur sakurTxevels. 

wamebis Semdeg abo SeuerTda qristianul eklesias, mis wmidaTawmida sakurTxevels. 

sarkinozis sxeuli mowameobrivma cecxlma sulier siwminded aqcia, misi gvami 

gawminda da sulad iqca. ase Soreuladaa gadaazrebuli `marilis~ simbolika, viTarca 

surnelebis Semnaxavisa. `yvavilis~ ganmartebac surnelebas ukavSirdeba, abo ki, 

rogorc ukve iTqva, `vardia ekalTagan gamorCeuli~ (es frazac IV TavSia). 

amis mere modis àngelozis~ ganmarteba: `didisa zraxvisa angelozi sakvirveli~, 

romeli mamisa mier Cuenda mxsnelad movida~ (I T.): abo ki `yovelsa amas sofelsa Cuensa 

qarTlisasa meoxed Cuenda qristeman mogvaniWa~. (Tavis dasawyisi). Semdeg amave 

TavSi kidev meti Tanxvedraa pirvel TavTan: `Sen zeda ganukvirda angelozTa wessa, 

rameTu viTarca uxorcoman daiTmine sikudilio~ (gaviTvaliwinoT, rom `wesi~ aq `dasia~). 

`RmerTSi~ ioane sabanisZes gansakuTrebiT izidavs yovlisa momcvelobis, yovlismpyrobelobis 

da yovlisqmnadobis idea, aseve, idea xalxisTvis Tavdadebisa. es cnebebi, 

RvTis aRmavsebelni, avtors sWirdeba abos mniSvnelobis warmosaCenad. rogorc 

RvTis saxe SeiZleba davinaxoT yvelaferSi, wm. aboc iseve tarigicaa da yvavilic, 

kacic da angelozic. 

amaSia principuli mxare imdroindeli esTetikisa da amasTanave aqve mJRavndeba Tavisebureba 

TviT ioane sabanisZis saxismetyvelebisa. 

dasasrul, ori simbolos Sesaxeb: `naTeli~ da `mze simarTlisa~. 

`naTeli~ abos saxis ukiduresad amaRlebuli da ganmazogadebeli simboloa. na- 

Teli masSia da misgan modis naTeli. I TavSi abo saxeliT moxseniebuli araa. pirvelad 

zogadadaa xsenebuli mowameoba, Semdegaa `wminda mowame~ da àxali mowame~. aqvea 

naTqvami: man `yoveli krebuli erTbamad gananaTlao~. esaa sulieri naTeli. abos 

sxeulis dawvis Semdeg didi naTeli dgeba. roca misi ferfli mtkvars gaatanes, iq, 

sadac aRmarTuli iyo `jvari xidisa~, gaCerda `varskvlavi motyinareÁ, viTarca lampari 

cecxlisaÁ~. da es varskvlavi `gamoutevebda brwyinvalebasa ara Tu viTarca ce- 

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cxli ese queyanaisaÁ, aramed viTarca saSineleba elvisaÁ~. didxans idga es varskvlavi 

ise, rom arabebma ifiqres, qristianebma sanTlebi xom ar aanTeso. xidTan rom mividnen, 

àRmaRldeboda varskvlavi igi ze haerTa~. 

`kualad meoresa Ramesa umetesRa wyalTa gamosces gansakvirvebeli naTeli~. Semdgom 

wylidan àRmobrwyindes naTelni svetisa msgavsad, viTarca elvani~. `qebaSi~ 

Tqmulia: ca mowme arso `simarTlesa Sensa ucxoisa cecxlisa gardamovlinebiTa adgilsa 

mas zeda, romelsa, viTarca kravi umanko, Seiwire Semwvari cecxliTa~. 

aq, rogorc vxedavT, simarTlis simboloa cecxli. igi zeciuri, `gardamovlenili~ 

cecxlia da ara amqveyniuri. igi simarTlis gamomxatvelia, e. i. `simarTlisa cecxlia~. 

`mzeÁ simarTlisaÁ~ warmodgenilia simarTlis cecxlad. 

bolos avtori kidev ufro uaxlovdeba pirveli Tavis warmodgenebs: `Sen ugunurTa 

maT SemwirvelTa SenTa maxviliTa da cecxliTa umetes alisa gangabrwyineso~. 

`xolo qristeman RmerTman siRrmeTa maT sibneleÁ zecisa naTliTa ganabrwyinva~. 

yovelive es xdeba abos sulieri naTlis ZaliT. igi dgas svetad, rac igive `sveticxovlis~ 

iersaxea, qarTul saxismetyvelebaSi naTlis didi mniSvnelobis mauwyebeli. 

asea gamoxatuli abo saRvTo simboloebSi. wmindanis Rirsebis SegrZnebas aZlierebda 

is, rom misi saxe RvTis gamosaxatavi simboloebiT SeiZleboda gancdiliyo. 

igi ganicdeboda gzad da tarigad, angelozad da mzed da piruku: kari an gza, marcvali 

da yvavili, miwa da naTeli – yovelive amas SeeZlo simbolurad wmindanis saxe 

moegonebina. romantikosebi msgavsi simbolikiT aSinaarsebdnen bunebas da masSi 

xedavdnen RmrTis an wmindanis simboloebs. 

antiarabuli polemika qveteqstSi SegviZlia amovicnoT RmerTisa da adamianis daaxloebaSi. 

mahmadianoba aSoriSorebda RmerTs da kacs. alahi iyo Soreuli, mrisxane 

da daundobeli. ioane sabanisZe ki aboSi xedavs RvTaebriv niSnebs. raoden ganyenebuli 

da mistikuric ar unda gveCvenos I TavSi Cven mier ganxiluli simboloebi, Semdeg 

igi gaadamianurebulia da, amdenad, esTetizebuli. esaa religiuri esTetizaciis 

gza, gza soflisa da zesTasoflis morigeobisa. saerTod, rogorc ukve aRniSnulia, 

soflisa da zesTasoflis morigebis problema gamWoli tendenciaa qarTuli azrovnebis 

ganviTarebisa (r. TvaraZe). es gulisxmobs:L is, rac maRaladamianuria, RvTaebriviao, 

da is, rac RvTaebrivia adamianisTvis axlobeli unda iyoso. 

Zalze sayuradReboa erTi monakveTi àbos wamebis~ meoTxe Tavidan. misi gamoyofa 

advilad SeiZleba, ise sxvaobs igi winare da momdevno nawilebs formaluradac 

(frazeologiurad, dasawyisiT da dasasruliT) da Sinaarsobrivadac. moviyvan mas 

mTlianad: 

`Sen mamaman zecaTaman mxolodSobilisa Zisa Tvisisa mier gvirgvinosan gyo da su- 

lisa wmidisa madliTa aRgavso! 

Sen Zeman mamisa mier Segiwynara da sulman wmidaman gadida. 

Sen sulman wmidaman Segiyvara da mamisa da Zisa Tana erTobiTa, TvisiTa pativ-gca 

da Ruawlisa mZled gamogaCina! 

Sen zeda ganukvirda angelozTa wessa, rameTu viTarca uxorcoman daiTmine sikudili 

qristesTvis! 

Sen zeda mamamTavarni ixareben, rameTu netarman abraham TvisTa naSobTagani Segiwynara 

wiaRTa TvisTa qristeisaTvis, romel-igi karavsa Tvissa Seiwynara da misgan 

mravalTa naTesavTa gamoCnda mamad! 

Sen qristes mowameTa maT nayof eqmen da mociqulTa mowafe. 

Sen mowameTa maT Soris zecisa meufisa mis matiansa saxeliT daiwere da martvilTa 

Tana gvirgvinosan iqmen! 

Sen aRmsaarebelTa maT Tana ganewese da marTalTa Tana didebul xar! 

SenTvis friad damikvirdebis Cuen, wmidao mowameo~. 

es monakveTi miznad isaxavs abos sulieri siwmindis warmoCenas siwmindis ierar- 

qiis sxvadasxva safexurebisadmi mimarTebaSi. aq amgvari 7 safexuria: 1. mama RmerTi, Ze, 

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suliwminda, 2. angelozni, 3. mamaTmTavarni, 4. mociqulni, 5. mowameni, 6. aRmsrebelni 

da marTalni da 7. Cven. 

es Svidi safexuri moicavs 7 cas. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom pirveli sami (sameba: 

mama, Ze da suliwminda) erTi mTlianobaa, Tumca iq isini gamocalkevebuladaa 

warmodgenili. wmindaTa sulebi 7 cazea ganawilebuli. maT maRla saRmrTo cebia, da 

maTi ierarqiuli wyobis siwmindis xarisxisda Sesabamisad isini, imdroindeli moZRvrebis 

mixedviT, warmosaxuli kosmosis 7 ciur garss Seesabameba. es cebi Taviseburad 

warmodgenilia qarTul taZrebSi, romlebic `caTA mobaZavnia” (es Zalze saintereso 

termini giorgi aTonelis ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSiacaa~). taZrebSi freskebi 

ganlagebulia am cebis mixedviT imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es àbos wamebis~ 

zemore monakveTSia (Sdr. r. siraZe, saxismetyveleba, Tb. 2000). abo Tavisi sulieri 

siwmindiT zecisa da miwis SemaerTebelia. CvenTvis mTavaria mainc am warmodgenaTa 

esTetikuri ukufena. am gziT saxis mxatvruli simaRle, SeiZleba iTqvas, kosmiuri 

masStabiTaa warmosaxuli. 

àbos wamebaSi~ ZiriTadad sami personaJia: abo, nerse erisTavi da arabi msajuli. 

amasTanave sakmaod SesagrZnobia avtoriseuli `mec~ (`sanatreliTa miT qristesmieri- 

Ta siyvaruliTa Semiyuare me, vidre iyav-Ra amas Sina Cuensao~ da sxva). 

niSandoblivia nerse erisTavis saxis Cveneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom nerse sakmaod 

mniSvnelovani pirovneba iyo da, faqtobrivad, abos moqceva misi damsaxurebaa, misi 

saxe mkrTaladaa warmodgenili nawarmoebSi. nerses ojaxi erTgvari centria mTeli 

imdroindeli saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebisa, aq aRizarda grigol xanZTeli 

da aqve isaxeba safuZvlebi saqarTvelos momavali gaerTianebisa (v. WeliZe). 

saerTod, bevr rasme avtori saidumlod tovebs nerses cxovrebidan: konkretulad 

arc is viciT, Tu ratom Seipyres nerse, an meored ratom datova Tbilisi. avtori ar 

ganmartavs, rom xazareTs wasvla antiarabuli miznebiT unda momxdariyo. zogadad 

iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom avtori, TiTqos, ganzrax mosavs idumalebiT nerses 

saxes, da mainc, TviTkmari mniSvneloba nerses saxes ara aqvs. igi mxolod `fonia~ 

abos saxis warmosaCenad. nerses cxovrebidan mxolod isaa moxmobili, rac abos Tavgadasavlis 

umTavres momentebs ukavSirdeba, sxva ki ara Cans. 

nerse ufro Cans moqmedebiT, xolo abos saxis Cvenebisas umTavresia TviTSemecneba 

(niSandoblivia, rom aseve upirispirdebian erTmaneTs abo da sxva personaJebi n. 

wuleiskiris romanSi àTi dRe abo Tbilelisa~, esaa abos saxis mxatvruli gaazreba. 

Zalze sayuradReboa is pasaJi, roca abo warmoidgens, rom, TiTqosda, TviTonve miacilebs 

sakuTar neSts da es ganicdeba rogorc realuri SegrZneba (g. farulava). 

abosTvis TviTSemecneba TviTsrulyofis gzaa. TviTSemecneba warimarTeba ukumiqceuli 

xedviT, sakuTar sulSi CaRrmavebiT. amgvari sulieri Zalmosileba abos pirovnebaSi 

imTaviTve sagulvebelia, roca jer kidev 17-18 wlis Wabuki mSoblebiTa da 

da-ZmiT garemoculi, Sinaganad sul sxva sulieri cxovrebiT cxovrobs. 

Sua saukuneebma sulieri gandegilobis ori saxe icis. pirobiTad rom vTqvaT, er- 

Tia udabnoSi gandegilad cxovreba anu gandegiloba martomyofisa, xolo meorea 

martosulobis gancda xalxSi yofnisas. abos saxeSi orivea, magram amiTac ar amoiwureba 

misi mniSvneloba. abo sxvas unda gadaeqces TviTgacnobierebis magaliTad. 

ioane sabanisZe abos saxes aqcevs msmenelSi sakuTari `mes” gacnobierebis impulsad 

da am gziT msmenelSi gacnobierebuli `me” ar iTvaliswinebs Tavis TavSi Caketvas. am 

nawarmoebSi `Cven~ ar gulisxmobs mxolod abstraqtul zogadobas – `Cven qristianebi~. 

`Cven~ dakonkretebulia erovnuli SinaarsiT da masTan miziarebulia – 

Cveni sarwmunoeba, Cveni adgili am qveynad, droni Cveni cxovrebisa da a. S. roca 

mTavrdeba nawarmoebi da qebiTi mimarTvaa abosadmi, kvlav Semodis `Cven~ zemoaRniSnuli 

SinaarsiT. es ki Txzulebis mTlianobas ganapirobebs. 

amgvarad: 

1. ioane sabanisZis TvalTaxedvani ukavSirdeba erovnul TviTSemecnebas, rac, Tavis 

mxriv, emyareba rwmeniT cnobierebas (rwmeniTi da ararwmeniTi Semecnebis urTierTda- 

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pirispirebas). 

2. erovnuli TviTgacnobiereba nawarmoebSi ZiriTadad warimarTeba ara mxolod 

sakuTari codvilianobis SegrZnebiT, rac Cveulebrivi motivia imdroindel mwerlobaSi, 

aramed erovnul RirsebaTa gaazrebiT, risTvisac wamoyenebulia oTxi motivi: 

I. qarTvelebi qveynis dasasruls cxovroben da martoni icaven qristianobas; II. 

qarTli erT-erTi uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa; III qarTuli sarwmunoeba berZnebisas 

eTanasworeba; IV. qarTli wmindanTa samSobloao. 

3. nawarmoebSi mocemulia erovnuli viTarebis sivrculi da droiTi moazreba: gaazrebulia 

qarTlis adgili òikumenaSi~, anu kulturul msoflioSi. pesimizms Taviseburad 

upirispirdeba erovnuli optimizmi. òikumenas~ aRniSnavs `qveyana~ (Tumca es 

sityva sxva mniSvnelobiTac ixmareba). qarTli òikumenas~ dasasrulia, romlis iqiT 

iwyeba oikumenasmiRmuri, urwmuno da ukulturo samyaro. 

4. abo, viTarca arabebidan mosuli, damTrgunveli Zalis sikeTed gadaqcevis simboloa. 

damTrgunveli Zalis sikeTed gadaqceva qarTvelTa sakuTari ZalisxmeviT unda 

moxdes. 

5. berZnebTan SeTanasworebis safuZveli ioane sabanisZisTvis unda mieca bizantiaSi 

xatTmbrZolobis gavrcelebas. àbos wamebaSi Tavs iCens antixatTmbrZoluri tendenciebi. 

6. àbos wamebis~ kompozicia agebulia `RerZuli simetriis~ mixedviT. I TavSi mocemulia 

zogadi idealebi: maTi realizaciaa II-III Tavebi, xolo maTi lirikuli ukufena 

IV TavSia. es gansazRvravs I-IV Tavebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebebs. nawarmoebis 

amgvari agebuleba SeiZleba gamoisaxos Semdegi sqemiT: a(I T.) – b (II-III T.) – a , (IV T.). 

7. nawarmoebis kompoziciuri wyaroebis amgvari modeli ioane sabanisZes saSualebas 

aZlevs sayuradRebo politikuri amocanebi ganaxorcielos. I TavSi ganmartebuli 

saRvTo simboloebi IV TavSi miemarTeba abos. saRvTo simboloebiT personaJis 

gamoxatva mis esTetikur potencias zrdis. 

8. àbos wamebaSi~ antiarabuli polemikis niSniT warimarTeba adamianisa da Rmer- 

Tis daaxloeba, ramac, agreTve, axleburi esTetikuri perspeqtiva hpova saero mwerlobaSi. 

amis naTeli nimuSia erTi gamocalkevebuli monakveTi nawarmoebis IV Tavidan. 

aq abos sulieri simarTle sikeTis Svid zeaRmaval safexurTanaa Sefardebuli. 

es safexurebi Taviseburad esadageba freskaTa ganlagebis principebs qarTul taZrebSi. 

9. nawarmoebis RerZs qmnis TviTSemecneba. sakuTari `mes~ Semecneba araa dakavSirebuli 

mxolod qristianuli mwerlobis cnobil konvenciur motivTan – `Cven 

qristianebi~. `me~ dakavSirebulia erovnul TviTSemecnebasTanac, rac ioane sabanis- 

Zis esTetikur-politikuri TvalTaxedvis ganmsazRvrelia. 

giorgi aToneli, `cxovreba ioanesa da eqvTimesi~ 

XI saukunis gasuls erTi didi epoqa gasrulda qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebisa. 

am droisaTvis agiografiam gamoavlina mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobani. igrZnoba 

saero mwerlobis moaxloeba, moaxloeba axleburi xelovnebisa da axleburi es- 

Tetikisa. sayuradReboa isic, rom epoqaTa dasasruls literaturuli movlenebi mieswrafvis 

xolme Tavis pirvel arss. aseTi niSnebiTaa aRbeWdili giorgi aTonelis 

Txzuleba – `cxovreba ioanesa da eqvTimesi~, romelic 1042-1044 wlebSia dawerili. 

arsebiTi mainc nawarmoebis TavisTavadobaa da ara is, Tu ras ganasrulebs anda ras 

iwyebs igi. ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~ umTavresia Cveneba ori ramisa: ioanesa 

da eqvTimes Rvawlisa da iveronis daarsebisa, misi qarTul savaned SenarCuneba. ori 

ZiriTadi saTave aqvs am nawarmoebs – erovnuli da saerTo kulturul-qristianuli: 

erTi mxriv, igi àbos wamebis~ ideas agrZelebs, meore mxriv _ `grigol xanZTelis 

cxovrebas~ iseve, rogorc iveroni uSualod agrZelebs da aviTarebs tao-klarjeTis 

skolaTa saqmianobas. 

cnobilia korneli kekeliZis Sefaseba: rom ar yofiliyo aTonis qarTvelTa lite- 

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aturuli skola, qarTul kulturas albaT sxvagvari saxe eqnebodao. 

iveronis adgili unda ganisazRvros kulturul-qristianuli ganviTarebis aseT 

magistralur xazze: qarTlis kerebi – siria-palestinis centrebi – tao-klarjeTi – 

iveroni – Savi mTis skola – petriwoni – gelaTi. 

iveroni uSualod tao-klarjeTis saqmianobas agrZelebs, Tumca mTeli winare qarTuli 

kulturis miRwevebsac iTvaliswinebs. 

iveronis did damsaxurebaze metyvelebs gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti portaitisa, 

anu karibWis xatisa. am xatis saxelze araerTi monasteri auSenebiaT ruseTSic ki. 

gavrcelebuli iyo igi bulgareTSiac. petriwonis monastris mTavari xatic Tavdapirvelad 

iveronis tipisa unda yofiliyo. 

TviT bizantiur samyaroSi momxdara am xatis kultis damkvidreba. gadmocema mogviTxrobda 

(mogvyavs s. yauxCiSvilis mixedviT): `VII saukuneSi, rodesac xatis mebr- 

Zolni spobdnen xatebs, erT qvriv qals zRvaSi gadaugdia RvTismSoblis xati, rom 

igi xelSi ar Cavardnoda xatis mebrZolT. xati ar CaZirula wyalSi, haerSi gaCerebula 

da mere sadRac gamqrala. xatismebrZolTa da arabTa mier devnil monazonebs 

Tavi SeufarebiaT aTonis mTaze. aq monasteri dauarsebia eqvTimes, iveriis mefis giorgis 

Svils. ai, am dros aTonis mTasTan erTxel gamoCnda moxetiale xati. iverTa 

monastris berma gabrielma sizmrad naxa, rom mas evaleba RmrTivmovlenili xatis 

motana; igi saTaveSi Caudga procesias, monastris winamZRvris pavles brZanebiT, gaemarTa 

zRvisaken, moipova xati da moitana monasterSi; RvTismSoblis es xati, rogorc 

monastris mwyalobeli xati, moaTavses monastris karibWis Tavze da amitom ewodeba 

mas portaitisa~. 

iveronelTa urTierTobani mravalmxrivi iyo, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia 

ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebis~ saerTo Sefasebisas. 

laTinur samyarosTan qarTuli mwerlobisa da mTeli qarTuli kulturis kavSiri 

friad mniSvnelovania. igi Tavs iCens ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSiac~ da ioanes 

gamgeblobis xanasTanaa dakavSirebuli (T. IX). 

mTawmindaze mosula leon hromi (anu `laTini~, dasavleli, albaT, italieli. 

`hromi~ bizantiasac ewodeboda am dros, magram aq gamijnulia erTmaneTisagan hromi 

da saberZneTi). leoni Tavisi eqvsi mowafiT daaxloebulia qarTvelebs viTarca ber- 

ZenTaTvis ucxoni ucxos (`Cvenca ucxoni varT da Senca ucxo xaro~). (es adgili ganxilulia 

r. baramiZis wignSi: narkvevebi mxatvruli prozis istoriidan, 1966, gv. 125). 

qarTvelebs TavisTan miuwveviaT isini. TandaTan maT sxvanic Sematebian romTa qveynidan 

da gamravlebulan. maSin qarTvelebs SeuTavazebiaT: aSeneTo sakuTari monasteri, 

`Cuen giyidoT adgili da yovliTave saxmriTa SegewineTo~ (T. XIV). asec momxdara. 

es miTiTeba erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom nawarmoebi dawerilia sxizmamde, 

anu 1054 wlamde (marTlmadidebelTa da kaTolikeTa gaTiSvamde). 

iveronelebs Zalze adre daumyarebiaT uaRresad farTo urTierTobani. yovelive 

amas sakmaod TvalsaCinod warmoaCens ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~. 

`yolad-Suenierni saqmeni soflis Sesaqmnisani~ 

es fraza rodia mxolod zogadi azris Semcveli. igi nawarmoebis dasawyisSi motanilia 

imisaTvis, raTa masSi aRwerili ambebi moazrebul iqnan uzogades fonze, kerZod, 

Sesaqmis grandiozuli misteriis fonze. am dros erT-erTi umTavresi esTetikuri 

principi, romelic saxelmZRvanelo xdeba xelovnebis nebismieri dargisaTvis, 

aseTia: taZari idgmeba zecisa da miwis SemaerTeblad, wmindanis cxovreba aRiwereba 

mTeli maradiulobis fonze da a. S. 

aq saamisod moxmobilia `yolad-Suenierni saqmeni soflis-Sesaqmnisani~, romelTac 

mohyveba `yovlad-qebulni cxorebani da moqalaqobani, romelni TviToeulTa JamTa 

Sina jeriCinna gamoCinebad saxierebaman~. 

maRalsulierebis gamovlenaa RvTaebis winaSe pirispir dgoma wmindanebisa, rogorc 

cnobilia, amgvari warmodgena Cans renesansul ferweraSiac. aqedanve modis dan- 

139

tesa da beatriCes pirispir dgoma maradiuli naTlis winaSe (Sdr. nestanis sityvebi: 

`dRisiT da RamiT vxedvide mzisa elvaTa krTomasa~). maSasadame, yvelgan igulisxmeba 

maradiuli naTlis maradiuli xilva. giorgi aTonelis warmodgeniT, wmindanebi naTliT 

aRvsilni arian (`winaSe mis brwyinven maradis~). giorgi aTonelis saxismetyvelebaSi 

xSirad iCens Tavs naTlis esTetika, romelic saerTod ganmsazRvrelia qar- 

Tuli esTetikis specifikisa. 

didad gazrdilia mwerlobis Rirsebis Segneba giorgi aTonelTan. igi wers: `romelTa-igi 

iRuawes da aRwernes cxorebani maTni da Ruawlni da Sromani, keTilad 

xsenebul arian~ (T. I). 

hagiografiis erT-erTi umTavresi esTetikuri principia gamonagonis uaryofa. SuasaukuneebisaTvis 

am princips fundamentaluri wanamZRvrebi hqonda. igi gulisxmobda 

idealuris gamovlenas realurobaSi. mwerlis roli mxolod is iyo, rom amgvari faqtisaTvis 

adgili mieCnia dro-sivrcul ganzomilebaSi. yovelive amas gulisxmobda 

giorgi aToneli, roca werda: `Cven TaviT TvisiT araraÁ aRgviweriao~ da es ioane 

damaskelis TiTqmis pirdapiri ganmeorebaa (`me CemiT arafers vityvio~). 

mwerloba wesis aRsrulebaa. igi movaleobaa, RvTaebrivic da kacobrivic, ufro 

kacobrivi, radganac `winaSe RmrTisa yovelive cxad ars da saCino~ (àra jer-viCineT 

mouxseneblad datoebaÁ cxorebisa maTisaÁ da mamaTaca CemTa sulierTa mibrZanes amisi 

xel-yofa~. T. I). 

`raodenime movixsenoT da sxuai-igi davacadoT, raÁTa ara friadi simravle werilisa 

iqmnas da sawyino viqmnneT mkiTxvelTa da msmenelTa~, (T. I) – wers g. aToneli. 

esec zogadesTetikur principebs ganekuTvneba. 

aseTia mokled Teoriul sakiTxTa is sfero, romelsac ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~ 

eyrdnoba. 

`caTa mobaZavni~ 

àRmarTnes eklesiani caTa mobaZavni~, _ asea mowodebuli Tavdapirvelad iveronis 

daarseba giorgi aTonelis mier. 

im dros yovelgvar Sedarebas sruliad konkretuli Sinaarsi hqonda, romelic garkveul 

moZRvrebas emyareboda. amis mixedviT, eklesia unda warmovidginoT rogorc 

cebis wyeba. es `cebi” iwyeba eklesiis kedlebis dablidan da maRldeba gumbaTamde. 

freskebi kedlebze ganlagebulia amisdakvalad. sxvadasxva eklesia sxvadasxva simaRlis 

cas ganasaxovnebda, mas `hbaZavda~. mTeli iveroni caTa sistemas emsgavseboda. 

caTa ierarqiis warmodgena xdeboda maTze wmindanTa ganawilebisaTvis. igulisxmeba, 

rom iveronelebi TavianTi RvawliT miiswrafodnen siwmindis caTaken (aseTi 

sul 7 caa). nawarmoebSi miniSnebiT Cans me-8 cac, sadac xdeba pirispir dgoma wmindanTa 

sulebisa RvTaebis winaSe. 

zemoaRniSnuli gamoTqma – `caTa mobaZvani~ Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo. erT nawarmoebSi 

beTlemze naTqvamia: dRes beTlemi `zecisa mobaZav iqmna, varskvlavTa wil angelozni 

maqebelad hqonan, mzisa wil mzeÁ igi simarTlisaÁ~. originaloba imdroindeli 

xelovnebis mizani ar iyo, radgan, pol valeris kvalobaze Tu vityviT, arsebobs 

originalobaze mniSvnelovani ram da esaa universaloba. taZrebi, freskebi da 

hagiografiuli Txzulebani originaluria mxolod Tavisi konkretuli SinaarsiT da 

amasTan didad mniSvnelovani principebia dakavSirebuli. umTavresia sulierebis xorcSesxma. 

am mizniT, nawarmoebis dasawyisSi warmoidgineba `caTa mobaZvani~ taZarni, 

sadac damkvidrdebian ioane da eqvTime. 

iveronis daarsebis ambebi konkretulad qvemoTaa moTxrobili, magram dasawyisSi 

misi saerTo saxe asea warmodgenili: `lavraÁ ese didebuli da yovliTa Suenierebi- 

Ta Semkuli da yovliTa samkauliTa gaSuenebuli, romeli-ese mravliTa SromiTa da 

ofliTa aRaSenes maT netarTa gansasueneblad sulTa mravalTa, romelsac Sina aRhmarTes 

eklesiani caTa mobaZavni da aRavsnen igini wignTa mier RmrTiv-sulierTa da 

ganabrwyinvnes igini xatTa mier patiosanTa~. aseT daxasiaTebaSi lavris aRmsareb- 

140

lobiTi raobis gverdiT, aranaklebadaa warmoCenili misi mSveniereba, misi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo 

mxare. eqvTimes saxis idealizebac xdeba ZiriTadad misi kulturul-saganmanaTleblo 

saqmianobiT, misi mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweobiT. es sruliadac 

ar niSnavs, rom imdroindel nawarmoebSi aRmsareblobiTi Rvawli araa umTavresi. 

saqme isaa, Tu rogor erwymis erTi meores, rogor iTavseben isini erTmaneTs da 

raoden farTovdeba idealizebis formebi. 

Tavdapirveli eklesia ioane maxareblis saxelze auSenebiaT ùdabnosa Sueniersa~. 

ioane maxarebeli unda CaTvliliyo ioane aTonelis mfarvelad (saxelTa Tanxvedrac 

SemTxveviTi ar iyo xolme). amitom simbolurad, ioane aTonelSi ioane maxareblis 

saxe SeiZleboda amoekiTxaT. 

ioanes saero cxovreba nawarmoebSi TiTqmis ara Cans. Cans mxolod mcire ram. 

èse netari mamaÁ Cueni iovane iyo naTesaviT qarTveli, mSobelTa da papaTaiTgan 

didebuli da warCinebuli da saCinoÁ mTavarTa Soris daviT kurapalatisaTa, mxne 

da axovani da ganTqmuli wyobaTa Sina, maRali da Suenieri hasakiTa... da gulis-xmis 

yofiTa~ (T. II). iqve avtori dasZens: ioane iyoo `friad sayvareli da sakuTari keTilad 

xsenebulisa daviT kurapalatisao~. 

Txroba ase grZeldeba: datovao `meuRle da Svilni Tvisni da naTesavni~ da àRi- 

Ro juari mxarTa TvisTa zedao~ (T. II); amis mere – oTxTa eklesia, ulumbos mTa da 

Semdeg aToni, aTanases lavra. 

Semdeg – iveronis daarseba; es aRiwereba aseTi kiTxvis fonze – rani varT? pasuxi 

aseTia: `kacni varT saxelovanni da qarTvelni mogvmarTebeno~ (T.VII) da amitom gadawyvites 

monastris daarsebao. 

hagiografiaSi bevri ramaa iseTi, rac ara Cans, magram igulisxmeba da mis mier aixsneba 

movlenaTa mTeli arsi. magaliTad, yovelgvari Semoqmedeba sibrZnis ZaliT xdeba. 

ìgavTa~ wignSi weria: `sibrZneman iSena Tavisa Tvisisa saxli, da queSE Seudga 

mas Svidni suetni~ (9, 11). `sibrZne gamosavalTa zeda iqebin~ (Sdr. g. merCule, Tavi I). 

esaa RvTaebrivi sibrZne. 

giorgi aTonelis nawarmoebSi Tornikes saxes bevri saidumloeba axlavs. igi 

`Tvinier cnobisa mefeTaÁsa idumal mTawmidas movida~ (T. III). aTanase didi icnobdao 

Tornikes saqmeebs. es fraza bevr raimes Tavis adgils aniWebs. aTanase aTonis udidesi 

moRvawe iyo. misi savane did lavrad (`megiste lavra~) iwodeboda da yvelasaTvis 

sanimuSo iyo aTonze. misi cxovreba sulier ideals ganasaxovnebda. 

giorgi aToneli personaJebs warmoaCens ara erTiani gabmuli TxrobiT, aramed 

ramdenime sanimuSo epizodiT, mniSvnelovani, sailustracio faqtebiT. bevr sxva raimes 

igi uTqmelad tovebs. Tornikes Sesaxeb ori umTavresi epizodia: erTi, barda 

skliarosTan dakavSirebuli da meorec – TornikesaTvis samxedro ambebis moyolis 

akrZalva. 

pirveli epizodi sayovelTaod cnobilia, upirveles yovlisa, akaki wereTlis `Tornike 

erisTavis~ wyalobiT, romlis pirvelwyaro ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovreba~ unda 

yofiliyo. 

`mas Jamsa iqmna gandgomilebaÁ skliarosisaÁ da xmeliT kerZo yoveli daipyra da 

mefeni da dedofali Sewyudeulad iyvnes qalaqsa Sina didiTa WiriTa da iwroebiTa~ 

(T. IV). bizantiis maSindel mdgomareobaze sul esaa naTqvami da amiTac sakmaod mkveTradaa 

naCvenebi Znelbedobani. Semdeg: sevastoforis xeliT gagzavnili werili da 

Tornikes mowveva samefo karze (nawyveti am werilidan bizantiis istoriis pirveladi 

wyaroebia, radgan isini motanili iqneboda ucvlelad. aseTi iyo g. aTonelis me- 

Todi). Semdegaa ioanes vedreba Tornikesadmi – ekisra berZen-qarTvelTa laSqris 

mTavarsardloba, razedac Tornike ar Tanxmdeboda. ioane ganumartavs Tornikes, rom 

amiT `didsa risxvasa movawevT Cuen zeda da monastersa amas zedao~ (T. IV). bolos 

Tornike daiTanxmes. igi gaemgzavra konstantinopolSi, samefo karze. `mefeni da dedofali 

zeaRudges, pativiT moikiTxes da gverdiT daisves~. (T. 5). dedofali vedrebiT 

`ferxTa Seuvrdes~. 

141

Tornike ambobda: `me CemTa codvaTaTvis Sevimose saxe ese... sworad sikudilisa 

mZime ars ese saqme Cem zeda~. (T. 5). gaugzavnes vedrebis wignebi daviT kurapalats. 

`kurapalatsa winaSe moiwia Tornik~. kurapalatma `friad ganixara~. `spasalarad 

Tornik ganaCines~: man àota skliarosi da vidre sparseTamde meot wariqcia~. ùkuniqca 

da moikiTxa kurapalati~. Semdeg mefeebs Sexvda da `kualad mTawmidasve moiqca 

lavrad didisa aTanasessa~. 

`maSin miscnes mefeTa zemoni queyanani saberZneTisani kurapalatsa~ (T. VI). 

es sayovelTaod cnobili ambebi mowodebulia rogorc nawarmoebis erT-erTi centraluri 

epizodi. igi mniSvnelovania bizantiisa da saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis, 

TviT iveronisaTvis. faqtobrivad, am ambebma gansazRvra sabolood iveronis daarseba. 

es yvelaferi mravalmxrivaa naCvenebi Cvens samecniero literaturaSi (k. kekeliZe, 

i. javaxiSvili, l. menabde). 

yuradRebas mivaqcevT sxva aspeqts. es didi istoriuli Sinaarsis Semcveli epizodi 

aris nawili saqarTvelos klasikuri warsulisa. klasikur warsuls Cven vuwodebT 

erovnuli istoriidan gamorCeul movlenebsa Tu pirovnebebs, romlebic gansaz- 

Rvraven eris raobas, mis saxes. klasikuri warsulis saerTo suraTis daxvewa saukuneTa 

manZilze xdeba. TandaTanobiT dgindeba, Tu ra unda ganekuTvnebodes mas. cxadia, 

hagiografiuli mwerlobis idealebs mTlianad waruval faseulobad Tvlian. magram 

es exeba aRmsareblobiTi Sinaarsis mqone movlenebs. skliarosis winaaRmdeg 

brZolis mniSvneloba ki swored erovnuli TvalsazrisiT ganusazRvravT. 

qarTvelTa klasikuri warsulis saerTo suraTi pirvelad Camoayaliba anton bagrationma 

Tavis `wyobilsityvaobaSi~. igi emyareboda kulturul-religiur koncefcias. 

iveronelebs aq jerovani yuradReba eTmoba. 

Semdgom cdas erovnuli klasikuri warsulis saerTo suraTis Seqmnisa warmoadgens 

grigol orbelianis `sadRegrZelo~. gaocebas iwvevs, rom `sadRegrZeloSi~ 

gandidebul gmirTa Soris ar gvxvdeba Tornike erisTavi, romelmac bizantiis dammarcxebeli 

barda skliarosi daamarcxa da romlis wyalobiT daaarsa iveroni da ganivrco 

qveyana. `sadRegrZeloSi~ mocemuli klasikuri warsuli mowodebulia saerTo 

kulturul-istoriuli TvalTaxedviT. metadre mas marTebda Tornikes RvawlTa aRwera. 

aRniSnuli xarvezis amovsebaa akaki wereTlis `Tornike erisTavi~. 

meore epizodi Tornikes saomar ambavTa Txrobis Taobaze uCveulo fsiqologizmis 

Semcvelia. hagiografias aqvs Tavisi fsiqologizmi, umeteswilad sasoebis, mitevebis, 

daTmenis Tu sxva gancdebis Semcveli. magram TornikesTan dakavSirebuli erTi 

faqti araa Cveulebrivi ram. 

Tornikes ver moexerxebina `nebisa Tvisisa gankveTa~ da amas TviTonve grZnobda 

da wuxda. mis survilebSi mxolod sikeTe Canda. did mxedarTmTavars Tavisi Tavi ver 

daemorCilebina. igi xom `wyobaTa Sina aRzrdil iyo da salaSqroTa saqmeTa~. roca 

omidan dabrunda, monasterSi salaSqro ambebs yveboda xolme, es ki yovlad miu- 

Rebeli iyo. ioane didxans aras eubneboda. ar surda wyenineba. magram ioanesTan 

kvaldakval mihqondaT mis mier monaTxrobi ambebi da ukve moTmenac SeuZlebeli gamxdara. 

maSin ioanes gadauwyvetia TavdaWera Seekadrebina TornikesaTvis. Tanac grZnobda, 

rom Tornike Txrobas iolad ver daiSlida, amitom mTliani akrZalva uSedego 

iqneboda da uTxovnia, rom sxvasTan rogorme Tavi Seekavebina, da, Tu maincdama 

inc mogonebani moeZaleboda, gabriel xucesisaTvis eambna. 

avtori Tanac saWirod Tvlis SeniSnos: `xucesi igi eseviTari kaci iyo, romelsa 

pirsa missa msoflioÁ sityuai ara gamovidodao~ (T. VII).qarTuli klasikuri warsulis 

nawilad unda CaiTvalos cnobili epizodic: ioanes gadawyvetileba `spaniad~ 

ganmgzavrebisa, radgan espaneTis iberebTan kavSiri Cveni istoriis mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs 

qmnis. dRevandel mecnierebaSic yuradReba eqceva qarTvelebis kavSirs 

`dasavleTis iberebTan~, romelTa STamomavlebadac miCneulia baskebi. 

ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~ naTqvamia: `Semdgomad Tornikis micvalebisa ganizraxa 

netarman mamaman Cuenman ioane, raÁTa aRiRos Ze Tvisi da ravdennime mowafeni 

142

da ivltodes spaniad (rameTu pirveliTganve unda SuRlianobaÁ da SfoTi, garna Tavs 

edva mun Jamamde Tornikis aSenebisaTvis da raÁTa SeiZinos suli misi), rameTi asmioda, 

viTarmed qarTvelni aramciredni naTesavni da erni mkvidr arian mun~ (T. IX). 

misulan avidosSi (mcire aziis dasavleTiT saporto qalaqSi). espaneTs aqedan midiodnen 

gemebi. avidosis gamgebeli ioanes megobari yofila. mas mefeTa gareSe ver 

gaubedavs ioanes gaSveba da konstantinopols gaumgzavrebia. aq ki didi TxovniT yvelani 

iverons miubrunebiaT. 

esaa pirveli da erTaderTi moxsenieba uZveles qarTul prozaSi espaneTis iberebisa, 

anu qarTvelebisa, rogorc mas Zveli qarTuli wyaroebi uwodebs. 

marTalia, es mizandasaxuloba ar ganxorcielebula, magram mniSvnelovania isic, 

rom aseTi kavSiris survili arsebobda. aleqsandre janeliZis sityviT, ioane `gaudga 

gzas ukeTesi samSoblos saZebradao~. 

iveronelebi im dros, etyoba, interesdebodnen xalxTa genealogiis sakiTxebiT, 

risi gamoxatulebacaa `xalxTa modgmis wignis~ nawilebis qarTulad gadmoReba. aq 

TviT `keltiberebic~ ase iwodebian – `qarTvelni dasavlisani~. aseT axloblobas xedavdnen 

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis iberTa Soris. 

nawarmoebidan Cans, xan sruliad aSkarad, xan Tundac qveteqstSi sagulveblad, 

rom giorgi aTonelis winaSe dgas sakiTxi – rani varT? es kiTxva sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT 

warmodgeba. 

ai, kidev erTi miniSneba am rigis sakiTxebiT dainteresebisa. giorgi aToneli wers: 

`Cuen, viTarca xedavT, zRvisa raiTurTiT gamocdilebai arai guaqvs da Cueni yoveli 

gasaromeli zRviT Semovalso~ (T. VII). es erovnul naklad miaCnia giorgi aTonels, 

Tanac amas iseT konteqstSi ambobs, romelic gviCvenebs, rom amiTac iyo gamowveuli 

berZenTa momravleba iveronSi da aqedan gamomdinare savalalo Sedegebi, ber- 

ZenTa mier iveronis miTviseba. 

giorgi aToneli ar faravs, rom qarTvelTaTvis didi sikeTis gverdiT damaxasiaTebelia 

erTmaneTis gautanloba, SuRli, Ralati saerTo-saqveyno saqmisa, Tumca igi 

zogaderovnul naklad ar aformulirebs, msgavsad daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosisa, 

romelic aRniSnavs: `naTesavi qarTvelTa orgul-buneba ars pirveliTgan Tvis- 

Ta ufalTa, rameTu raJams gamdidrdnen, gansuqden, mSvidoba povon da gansueneba, iwyeben 

ganzraxvad borotisa, viTarca mogviTxrobs Zveli matiane qarTlisaÁ~. istorikosi 

saero cxovrebas exeba, giorgi aToneli ki sasulieros da aqac SuRli da gautanlobaa. 

marTlacda, did safiqrals aRuZravda yvelas qarTvelTa urTierTSuRli. roca 

iveroni ukve damkvidrda rogorc axali savane, roca gamoikveTa misi mravalmxrivi 

mizandasaxulobani, roca ioanes, viTarca yovelive amis Tavkacs, ufleba hqonda didi 

kmayofileba egrZno, moxda ise, rom ioane iZulebuli Seiqna mietovebina iqauroba, 

xeli aeRo yvelaferze. Zalze sagulixmoa, rom saqarTveloSiac ver modis da espaneTis 

`qarTvelebTan” wasvlas apirebs. 

erovnuli naklovanebebiTaa axsnili isic, rom ivironis arsebobas safrTxe Seqmnia. 

es berZenTa simdabliT momxdara, magram aranaklebi brali qarTvelebsac miuZRodaT. 

eqvTimem rom winamZRvroba datova, ivironis xelmZRvaneli gamxdara giorgi. 

mas imTaviTve Seucvlia eqvTimes mier dafuZnebuli wes-gangebani (swored amiT aixsneba 

is, rom giorgi aToneli metad dawvrilebiT gadmoscems eqvTimes mier damkvidrebul 

wesebs). 

qarTvelTagan iSviaTi rodi iyo isic, rac giorgi winamZRvarma Caidina: qarTvelebi 

daamdabla da berZnebi Seiyvara da moamravla. giorgi aToneli amis axsnasac 

erovnul fsiqologiaSi eZebs da daaskvnis: àdre SeviryeviTo da mimosluasa moswrafed 

SevudgebiTo da amiT mizeziTa friad vavnebT TvisTaca sulTa da adgilsaca~ 

(T. XXIV). yovelive amis Semdeg daiwera is cnobili Zeglisdeba, romelic nawarmoebs 

erTvis bolos. 

literaturul-esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT, mwerlobis Seswavlis mizania warsul- 

143

is gacocxleba, anu imis garkveva, Tu ra ar ekuTvnis warsulidan mxolod istorias, 

raa CvenTvisac axlobeli. esTetikuri mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes istoriul faqts 

TviT Tavisive istoriuli SinaarsiT. 

am TvalsazrisiT, ìoanesa da eqvTimes cxovrebaSi~ araerTi mniSvnelovani faqtia. 

igulisxmeba ara is movlenebi, romlebic nawarmoebSi mxatvruladaa xorcSesxmuli, 

aramed isini, romlebic uamisodac esTetikurad mimzidvelia. 

bunebrivad daismis kiTxva: ra xdeba istoriul movlenaTa esTetizaciis safuZveli? 

calkeuli maTgani ukve aRvniSneT. magaliTad, esaa movlenaTa mikuTvneba erovnuli 

klasikuri warsulisadmi. movlena Tu klasikuri warsulis nawilia, igi erovnul 

SegnebaSi uTuod esTetizebulia. sxva faqtorebic arsebobs, magram Cven amjerad 

yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT erT-erT maTganze. mas pirobiTad vuwodoT `ganumeorebelobis 

esTetizacia~. magram amas gansakuTrebuli ganmarteba dasWirdeba, roca sityva 

hagiografias exeba. erTi SexedviT, gamoricxuli unda iyos hagiografiaSi ganumeoreblobis 

esTetizacia, radganac pirovneba mas ainteresebs ara ise, rogorc iyo, 

aramed ise, rogorc unda yofiliyo. es cnobili da gavrcelebuli tendenciaa. 

swored aq Semodis erTi qmediTi tendencia, romelic emyareba erTjeradobis cnobil 

evangelur princips:Psaswaulebi erTjeradia, erTjeradia Sesaqme, erTjeradia 

qristeSoba, aRdgoma, amaRleba d a. S. amis kvalobaze erTjeradia yovelive is, rac 

hagiografiul personaJebs Seexeba da egeve gansazRvravs erTjeradobis faseulobas. 

asea `sanqcirebuli~ agiografiaSi ganumeorebloba. hagiografiaSi ganumeoreblobis 

esTetizacia SeiZleba iyos swored is, rom konkretuli movlena umaRles kanonzomierebaTa 

gamovlenad iTvleba. es xdeba pirovnebaTa ganumeoreblobis esTetizaciis 

safuZveli. 

dRes aqtualuria interesi pirovnebisadmi, pirovnul-individualuri ganumeoreblobisadmi. 

yovelive es iTxovs, rom adamianobaze fiqrisas mxolod zogad kanonzomierebaze 

da kanonebze ki nu vfiqrobT, aramed Tavad pirovnebaze vifiqroT, cocxal 

pirovnebaze. pirovnebaSia adamianis arseba. 

nawarmoebSi pirovnebis ganumeorebloba sxvadasxvagvarad Cans. amisi nimuSia eqv- 

Times mTargmnelobis Semdegi daxasiaTebac: ègeviTari Targmani, gareSe maT pirvel- 

Tasa, arRara gamoCinebul ars enasa Cuensa da vhgoneb, Tu arcaRa gamoCinebad ars~ 

(T. XIII). es sityvebi aSkarad ganumeoreblobas gamoxatavs (amisTana mTargmneli arca 

yofila da, vgoneb, arc iyoso). mTeli Tavisebureba imdroindeli azrovnebisa sibrZnisadmi 

damokidebulebaSi mJRavndeba. esTetikur zemoqmedebad iTvleba `sibrZnis~ 

zemoqmedeba. roca vexebiT tipur Suasaukuneobriv Zegls, iqneba es hagiografiuli 

Txzuleba, freska, xati, miniatura, sagalobeli Tu taZari, viTvaliswinebT, rom 

absoluturad yvelaferi simboluria: mTeli Sinaarsi, yvela detali Tu nebismieri 

mimarTeba. 

romaeli beri leoni da qarTveli gabrieli erTmaneTs ugeben, Tumca erTmaneTis 

ena srulebiT ar ician (rasac sagangebod aRniSnavs avtori; leonma arc sxva romelime 

ena icoda, Tavisi enis garda). ùbnobdian sityviTa saRmrToÁTao~. 

ezra mTawmindelis sagalobelSi vkiTxulobT: 

ucxo ars smena, sxviTa eniTa zraxva 

mRvdel-Suenieris gabrielisi, raJams 

ena, romeli ar icoda, esma. 

es sityvebi Sesulia ezra mTawmindelis nawarmoebSi `(Sesxma) wmidisa mamis Cuenisa, 

iovane qarTvelisaÁ, romelman aRaSena mTawmidas didi lavra qarTvelTa~. gabrielis 

saxe aq erT iambikoSia warmodgenili da gamoyofilia swored es faqti. 

sulierebiTaa aRbeWdili eqvTimes daxasiaTebani himnografiaSi: 

etrfiale Sen sibrZnesa, sanatrelo, 

da Seiyvare igi ufroÁs yovlisa, 

romlisaTvisca ganisuena SenTana 

da vercxl rCeul yo ena Seni brwyinvale, 

144

Rirso, da ganamdidren Sen cis-kideni. 

esaa iambiko zosime mTawmindelis nawarmoebidan – `dasdebelni wmidisa mamisa Cuenisa 

efTvimi mTawmindelisani~. 

wminda eqvTime 

`misi naxeli oden kma ars saTnoebaTa misTa simaRlisa gamoCinebad~ (T. I). 

`man gananaTla qarTvelTa enaÁ da queyanaÁ~ (T. I). 

ufro gvian nawarmoebis siRrmeSi (T. XXII) mocemulia misi garegnuli daxasiaTeba: 

ìyo wmindaÁ mamaÁ Cueni efTvimi saxiTa myudro da gonebiTa wrfel da mdabal da 

suliTa ganaTlebul da wmida da guamiTa Zlier~. 

es araa personaJis Cveulebrivi daxasiaTeba. esaa eqvTimes freskuli saxe da ara 

Cveulebrivi portreti. portretze mTavaria pirovnebis fizikuri Tvisebebi da misive 

sulieri buneba am fizikuri niSnebis mixedviT SeiZleba warmovidginoT sul sxva 

freska. aq mTavaria suliereba. masze fizikuri niSnebi Zalze mcirea. aq suli batonobs. 

eqvTime aTonelis umTavresi damsaxureba oria: iveronis wes-gangebis dafuZneba da 

mTargmneloba. ZiriTadi mainc Targmna iyo. swored Targmans gulisxmobs – `man gananaTla 

qarTvelTa enaÁ da queyanaÁ~. `gananaTla~ mociqulebriv (`ganmanaTleblur~) 

Tvisebebsac iTvaliswinebs. amnairi simbolika pirdapiri azriT ar unda gavigoT, aq 

mniSvnelobs zogadi ideali (`sveto da simtkiceo... axalo mociquloo~, _ ase mimar- 

Tavs sagalobelSi eqvTimes basil mTawmindeli). unda davfiqrdeT, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba 

hqonia Targmans qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis. xSirad igi Tavisi mniSvnelobiT 

originalur mwerlobasac ki ar Camouvardeboda. es upirvelesad exeba bibliis mTargmnelebs, 

im literatorebs, romlebmac qarTulad gadmonerges bizantiuri mwerloba, 

giorgi aTonels, efrem mcires, ioane petriws, `visramianis~ mTargmnels, anton 

bagrations, `gardamavali xanis~ did ganmanaTlebel daviT batoniSvils, ivane 

maCabels da uaRresad warmatebuli dRevandeli mTargmnelobiTi kulturis mraval 

warmomadgenels. eqvTimes adreuli cxovreba iyo mzadeba didi Targmanebis gansaxorcieleblad 

da Semdeg xdeba ideis xorcSesxma. Zalze mniSvnelovania erTi garemoeba. 

sakiTxi ase daismis: arsebiTad riTia idealizebuli eqvTimes saxe? 

eqvTime iyo iveronis erT-erTi pirveli winamZRvarTagani (pirveli iyo ioane, meore 

_ eqvTime). man daamyara iveronSi wes-gangebani da, TiTqosda, misi gaidealebis ZiriTadi 

safuZvelic swored es unda yofiliyo. sinamdvileSi, idealizebulia is, rom 

eqvTimem uari Tqva monastris xelmZRvanelobaze da mTlianad mTargmnelobas mieca 

(T. XXII). `winamZRurobasa Sina dahyo aTormeti weli da samasisa sulisa zrunvaÁ da 

didisa lavrisa gangebaÁ da mTawminelTa ufroÁsni sauravni mis netarisa mier 

iurvebodes. da Tvissa kanonsa didsa da mZimesa Zlierad aRasrulebda. da amis 

yovlisa Tana keTilsa mas Sromasa Targmanebisasa ara daacadebda, arca scemda gansuenebasa 

Tavsa Tvissa, aramed yovladve iWirvin da RameTa aTevn, rameTu ufroisni 

wignni RamiT sanTliTa uTargmnian~ (T. XIII). mis TanamoRvawe iveronelebsac sjerodaT, 

rom eqvTimes umTavresi misia mTargmneloba iyo (T. XXVI). upirvelesad swored 

am mxriv ganadidebs mas giorgi aToneli. iSviaTia, rom hagiografiaSi wmindanobis 

SaravandediT ZiriTadad mTargmnelobiTi RvawlisTvis SeemosaT pirovneba. 

SeiZleboda yovelive es agvexsna giorgi aTonelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saazrovno 

siaxleebiT, magram albaT sxva faqtorebsac sWirdeba gaTvaliswineba. sakiTxi gasagebi 

iqneboda, rom idealizacia damyareboda eqvTimes mier bibliuri wignebis Targmnas, 

amiT SeiZleboda wmindanad aRiareba, rogorc dasavleTSi ieronimesi, laTinuri 

vulgatis avtorisa. magram eqvTimes Targmanebs vulgatis mniSvneloba ar moupovebia. 

TviTon giorgi aTonelma saWirod CaTvala Tavidanve eTargmna oTxTavi da 

daviTni, romlebic eqvTimesac hqonda naTargmni (mxolod apokalifsi ar uTargmnia 

giorgi aTonels). 

giorgi aTonelis sityvebi eqvTimem `gananaTlao qarTvelTa enaÁ~ mxolod ise ki 

145

ar unda gvesmodes, rom gaaRrmavao enis gamomsaxvelobiTi unari, anda, Tundac – gaamdidrao 

enis leqsika. aramed aq TviT qarTuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas unda vxedavdeT 

èna-azrovnebis~ ganviTarebiT (`gananaTlao enaÁ da queyanaÁ qarTvelTa~), enobrivi 

msoflxedviT, kulturis amaRlebiT. TviT ènac~, viTarca termini, farTo Sinaarsis 

Semcveli unda yofiliyo da niSnavda èna-azrovnebas~. aseT gagebas mxars dauWers 

giorgi aTonelis Sesaxeb giorgi mciris Tqmuli sityvebi – `srulyo naklulovnebaÁ 

enisa CuenisaÁo~. yovelive es sakuTriv enobrivi (leqsikur-gramatikuli) 

momentebis ganviTarebas ki ar uaryofs, aramed adasturebs kidevac. èna~ rom sulieri 

SinaarsiT SeiZleba esmodeT, amas sxva epizodebic cxadyofs. am TvalsazrisiT 

SevxedoT erT cnobil epizods. 

bavSvobisas eqvTime yofila bizantiis samefo karze. etyoba, aq qarTuli sakmaod 

daviwynia. ioanes dauxsnia mcirewlovani eqvTime mZevlobisagan, ulumbos mTaze wauyvania 

da mis aRzrdas Sesdgomia. `pirvelad qarTuli swavla aswavla da mere berZnulad 

gaaswavlao~ (T. XIII). im dros eqvTime Zlier avad gamxdara. am faqts avtori 

sagangebo mniSvnelobas aniWebs: mSobliuri enis daviwyebam eqvTime daasneulao. magram 

male mis sulier wiaRSi `damarxuli ena qarTuli~ saswaulebrivi ZaliT gacocxlebula. 

eqvTimes uxilavs, rom RvTismSobeli gamocxadebia mas da qarTulad Sesityvebia. 

`movkvdebi, dedofaloo~, _ eubneba eqvTime. `da viTarca ese vTqu, _ ambobda 

TviTon eqvTime, _ mipyrao xelsa da mrqua: àRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad 

ubnobdio~. mSobliuri enis dabrunebas eqvTime ganukurnavs. 

rogorc vxedavT, agiografia evangeluri lazares aRdginebis msgavsad aRwers am 

ambebs. lazare aRadgina qristem, eqvTime – RvTismSobelma. magram TviT lazares aRdgineba 

qristes aRdgomas moaswavebda. eqvTimes aRdgineba simbolurad sulieri sityvis 

aRdginebas emsgavseba (roca gacocxlda masSi qarTuli sityva, momakvdavi eqvTimec 

gankurnebula). aq kidev erTi analogiaa. warmodgenilia Suasaukuneobrivi odigitiriis 

(gzis maC-venebeli RvTismSoblis) msgavsi suraTi. odigitiriis kompoziciebs 

Tavisi Sinaarsi aqvT. RvTismSoblis dedoba gaazrebulia rogorc yrmisTvis cxovrebis 

gzis Cveneba. yrma aris qriste, anu `RmrTisa sityva~, logosi. odigitiriis 

kompoziciebze RvTismSobeli mas xels SeaSvelebs da amiTaa gamoxatuli gzaze 

dayeneba. asea aqac: RvTismSobelma ùpyra xeli~ eqvTimes da gzaze daayena, sulier 

gzaze. es moaswavebda, rom eqvTimeSi daisadgura sulierma sityvam (`mieriTgan dauyeneblad, 

viTarca wyaroÁ, aRmodin uwmides yovelTa qarTvelTasa~ (T. XIII). 

sulier-xorcieli aRdgineba SeigrZno mSobliuri enis wyalobiT. 

aRniSnul epizodSi imdroindeli saxismetyvelebis kvalobaze gamoxatulia azri: 

adamianSi misi wilxvedri suliereba arsebobs mSobliuri enis wyalobiT. ena mxolod 

sulieri Zala ki araa, aramed xorcieli bunebis masuldgmulebelicaa, e. i. adamianis 

suliT-xorcieli simrTelis safuZvelia. avtori rom ar erideba mkveTr da 

STambeWdav evangelur analogiebs, amas eqvTimes fericvalebis epizodic gviCvenebs. 

es epizodic gamocalkevebuladaa CarTuli nawarmoebSi. es moxda fericvalebis 

dRes. mTawmindelTa wesi iyo am dRes Ramis Tevad mTaze asvla. mTawmindelebma 

eqvTimesTan erTad Rame gaaTenes da diliT yvela iq myofma ixila eqvTime, `viTarca 

cecxli mgznebare~. yvelani zarma Seipyro. bolos TviTon eqvTimem daamSvida isini. 

esaa adamianis umaRlesi sulieri amaRleba. magram TviT faqti adamianis RvTaebrivi 

amaRlebisa maRalsulierebis kults amkvidrebda. 

rogorc cnobilia, nawarmoebSi CarTulia eqvTimes TargmanTa nusxa. albaT, am nusxis 

CarTvas mxolod bibliografiuli mizani ar hqonia. igi warmogvidgens eqvTimes 

sulier raobas. samonastro eTikis garda, maTSi saero eTikis problematikac iCens 

Tavs. am mxriv, mTeli Semdegdroindeli qarTuli mwerloba eqvTimes eyrdnoboda, magaliTad, 

sulxan-saba orbelianis `swavlani~ didadaa davalebuli eqvTimes Targmanebisgan. 

nawarmoebSi didi adgili eTmoba eqvTimes mier SemoRebul wes-gangebas. 

iSviaTia, rom agiografiul TxzulebaSi ase srulad Candes samonastro wesebi. 

Tanac, es wes-gangebani nawarmoebis sruliad organuli nawilia. umetesad isini 

146

akrZalvebs Seica-vs da am akrZalvebisas Zalze kargadaa gaTvaliswinebuli adamianis 

buneba. magali-Tad, aris erTi aseTi erTgvarad moulodneli SeniSvna: trapezze (anu 

samonastro purobaze) Turme eqvTime Tavad gausinjavda xolme gemos Rvinos da mere 

mevaJines – Rvinis mnes etyoda: `Zmao, amaT ZmaTa nugeSinis sacemeli sxuaÁ ara sadaiT 

aqus amis trapezisagan kide. ukueTu subuqi Rvino iyos, yola nu urTav wyalsa, 

da ukueTu saSuvali iyos, jerisaebr urTe~ (T. XIX). aseve gaTvaliswinebuli iyo 

sibere da uZlureba adamianisa, raTa mas Sesaferisi SeRavaTebi miniWeboda. `humanizmis 

im simaRlemde, romelzedac Cvens avtors vxedavT, ar asula arc erTi warmomadgeneli 

berZnul-bizantiuri asketikuri praqtikisa~, _ werda k. kekeliZe. humanizmi 

Canda ioanes anderZSiac: `stumris moyvarebasa nu daiviwyebTo da raca RmerTsa 

eboZos, glaxakTa miupyrobdiTo” (T. VII). 

aq ori ram moqmedebs: kanoni da madli. kanoni Zveli aRTqmidan modis, madli-evangeluria. 

kanoni iTxovs damnaSavis dasjas. dasja ki ar unda Sediodes idealSi. ideali 

mitevebaa, esaa madli. godolSi (koSkSi) miuxda eqvTimes erTi monazoni da misi 

ori mowafe daxoca. is avsulobiT daisaja, xolo mebostnes, romelsac aseve ewada 

eqvTimes mokvla, monaniebiT Seendo. ramdenime sakiTxs gvsurs yuradReba mivaqcioT 

giorgi aTonelis cnobili sityvebidan – `TargmnilTa misTa wignTa sitkboebaÁ, vi- 

Tarca nestvi, aramed saberZneTisa-saca, rameTu balahvari da abukuraÁ da sxuanica 

xmamaRali, oxris yovelsa queyanasa ara xolo qarTlisasa, raodenime werilni qar- 

Tulidan Targmnna berZnulad`. esec klasikuri warsulis gansakuTrebuli faqti iyo. 

cxadia, giorgi aTonelma kargad icoda, Tu ras warmoadgenda, magaliTad, `sibrZne 

balavarisa~ da ras niSnavda misi Targmna qarTulisagan berZnulad. ioane iTvaliswinebda 

`qarTuli enis~ (ena-azrovnebis) naklovanebas eqvTimes mTargmnelobiTi 

amocanebis gansazRvrisas. 

`sibrZne balavarisa~ unikaluri tipis hagiografiuli Txzulebaa. igi Seicavs religiis 

udidesi warmomadgenlis budas cxovrebis qristianul gadamuSavebas. pirvelad 

daiwera arabulad. arabulidan iTargmna qarTulad, xolo qarTulidan eqvTime 

aTonelma berZnulad Targmna. berZnulidan Targmnes laTinurad da sxva enebzedac. 

ase gavrcelda igi mTel msoflioSi. 

es nawarmoebi erT-erTi rgolia indur da qristianul samyaroTa dasakavSireblad. 

es kavSiri eqvTimes Targmanma ganaxorciela. gaiba aseTi xazi: induri samyaro – 

arabuli Targmani – qarTuli Targmani da berZnuli da a. S. es moaswavebda, rom saqarTveloze 

dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis dasakavSireblad mxolod saqaravno gzebi 

ki ar gadioda, aramed sulier urTierTobaTa gzebic. 

ìoanesa da eqvTimes~ saxismetyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi sruliad gamokveTili 

Tavisebureba: nawarmoebi TiTqosda ganerida `mxatvruli xerxebis~ moxmobas, 

ganerida sityvakazmulobiT faqtebis Semkobas. avtoris rwmeniT, eqvTimesTan dakavSirebuli 

faqtebi TavisTavad arian mravlismetyvelni, TviT faqtebi Sinaganad 

Seicaven esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Zalas. zogadad es yvela hagiografiuli Txzulebis 

Tvisebaa, Tumca sxvagan Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba tropuli metyveleba, sityvakazmuli 

wiaRsvlani, rasac ganerideba giorgi aToneli. giorgi aTonelis stili, romelic 

ar igrZnoba, metaforulad rom vTqvaT, wminda wylis gamWvirvalebiT naTelyofs 

siRrmiseul movlenebs. 

147

giorgi merCulis `grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ 

(nawyvetebi) 

148 

zurab sarjvelaZe 

korneli danelia 

elguja giunaSvili 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ ara marto Zveli qarTuli literaturis, aramed 

saerTod hagiografiuli Janris sasuliero mwerlobis Sedevria. masSi mkiTxvels 

dResac `xiblavs enisa da stilis virtuozoba, farTo istoriuli perspeqtivebi, siu- 

Jetebis realisturi da dramatuli ganviTareba, cocxali da sulwarmtaci feradebiT 

bunebis suraTTa daxatva...; rac Seexeba Sinaarss, am mxriv is warmoadgens sayuradRebo 

istorias ara marto saqarTvelos eklesiisas merve-mecxre saukuneebSi... saqarTvelos 

sinaze, tao-klarjeTSi, aramed politikuri da socialur-ekonomiuri cxovrebisasac~.(k. 

kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis istoria, t. 1., Tb. 1960, gv. 152-153.) 

1. teqstis Seswavlis istoria. marTalia, Txzuleba dawerilia X saukunis Sua 

wlebSi tao-klarjeTis mZlavr kulturul centrSi, xanZTaSi, magram, samwuxarod, 

ara Tu misi avtografi, aramed gadanaweri pirebic ki ar SemorCenila saqarTveloSi; 

nawarmoebi daculia erTaderT mogviano xanis (daaxloebiT XI saukunis dasasrulis) 

xelnawer krebulSi (157-229 furclebze), romelic inaxeba ierusalimis sapatriarqo 

wignsacavis qarTul xelnawerTa fondSi me-2 nomriT. am xelnawers pirvelad 1845 wels 

gaecno nikoloz CubinaSvili, romlis Sroma `saistorio da sabibliografio werili~ 

mogvianebiT, 1889 w., daibeWda gazeT ìveriaSi~ (# 70; 72-73). igive werili avtografuli 

xelnaweris mixedviT dabeWda prof. al. cagarelma 1894 wels wignSi `сведения 

о памятниках грузинской письменности~ (t. III, gv. 44-52). 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ Semcvel xelnawers adgilze (ierusalimSi) gaecno 

niko mari 1902 wels, gadmoiRo is da 1911 wels kritikulad gamosca kidec rusuli 

TargmaniTurT, romelsac aaxla istoriul-filologiuri xasiaTis vrceli da 

mravalmxriv faseuli gamokvleva SavSeT-klarjeTSi mogzaurobis dRiurebiTurT: 

`cxovrebis~ teqsti mermec ramdenjerme gamoica srulad: s. yubaneiSvilis, p. ingoroyvas, 

saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutis 

TanamSromelTa mier; Semoklebuli saxiT i. imnaiSvilmac dabeWda oTxjer. Txzulebis 

laTinuri Targmani 1923 wels gamosca belgielma orientalistma p. peetersma 

Jurn. Ànalecta Bollandiana~-s XXXVI-XXXVII tomebSi. 

merCulis nawarmoebis Seswavlis saqmeSi gzamkvlevi iyo n. maris zemodasaxelebuli 

publikacia da masze darTuli naSromi, xolo p. ingoroyvas didtanianma monografiam 

kidev ufro win waswia merCulis vinaobis, Zeglis Seqmnis garemos, misi istoriuli 

da literaturuli mniSvnelobis Seswavlis saqme. iv. javaxiSvilis, k. kekeli- 

Zis da sxvaTa Sromebma ki meti garkveuloba da dazusteba Seitanes TxzulebasTan 

dakavSirebuli istoriuli da filologiuri xasiaTis sakiTxTa gaSuqebaSi. 

2. Txzulebis avtori. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ avtori ucnobi iqneboda, 

TviTon nawarmoebSi rom ar yofiliyo amis Sesaxeb zusti cnoba. TxzulebaSi erTxel, 

magram garkveviT aRniSnulia, rom grigol xanZTelis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis 

aRmwereli (e. i. damweri) aris giorgi merCule, romelsac daxmarebian xanZTis 

monastris winamZRvari Tevdore da misi Zma iovane: `xolo xancTisa da winamZRurisa 

(TevdorÀsda iovane Zmisa misisa da wignisa amis aRmwerelisa giorgi merCulisa, sam- 

Tave amaT erTad guls-modginebiTa daiwera xancTas Sina netarisa grigolis cxorebaÁ 

ese~ (83). 

avtori qristianuli TavmdablobiT Tavisaze win asaxelebs Tevdoresa da iovanes 

Rvawls nawarmoebis Seqmnis (`daweris~) saqmeSi da maT weris, SemoqmedebiTi procesis 

Tanamonawileebadac ki gvagulvebinebs (`samTave erTad guls-modginebiTa daiwera...~), 

magram es ase ar unda iyos. cxadia, Znelia zustad imis dadgena, konkretulad ro-

gor da raSi daexmarnen merCules Tevdore winamZRvari da iovane, magram udavoa, rom 

`cxovrebis~ aRmwereli anu avtori aris mxolod giorgi merCule. gasaTvaliswinebelia, 

rom Txzulebis Seqmna or moments gulisxmobs: SemoqmedebiT process da am 

procesis realizaciisaTvis saWiro garemo pirobebs. safiqrebelia, rom Tevdore da 

iovane mwerliseuli SemoqmedebiTi muSaobis monawileni ki ar iyvnen (vTqvaT, sxvadasxva 

Tavis Tu monakveTis damwerni, an teqstis gammarTvel-redaqtorebi), aramed 

mweral giorgis uqmnidnen Txzulebis SeqmnisTvis saWiro pirobebs: Tevdores, rogorc 

monastris winamZRvars, SeeZlo eTxova an daevalebina mwerluri niWiT cnobili 

beri giorgisaTvis monastris damaarsebelze wignis dawera, gaemxnevebina is locvakurTxeviT, 

Seeqmna misTvis garkveuli samuSao pirobebi. monastris winamZRvris nebasurvilisa 

da `guls-modginebis~ gareSe SesaZloa ber giorgis verc gaebeda didi 

saqmis dawyeba, radgan `bers TavisiT, moZRvrisa da mamasaxlisis daukiTxavad da nebadaurTvelad, 

iSviaTad Tu raime saeklesio-saistorio Txzuleba daeweros~. (iv. javaxiSvili, 

Zveli qarTuli saistorio mwerloba: Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t. VIII, 

Tb., 1977, gv. 122.) arc isaa gamosaricxi, rom Tevdores da iovanes giorgisaTvis miewodebinaT 

zogierTi cnoba grigolze, an garkveuli rCeva miecaT misTvis. 

giorgi merCulis cxovrebis wlebi zustad ar aris cnobili. fiqroben, rom mas 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ moxucebulobisas unda daewera, didi codnisa da mwerluri 

gamocdilebis mqones. igi unda dabadebuliyo me-9 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi (is 

moswrebia 861 wels gardacvlili grigolis aramarto mowafeTa mowafeebs, aramed 

uSualo mowafeebsac, gamouyenebia `WeSmaritad Txrobili mowafeTagan da mowafis 

mowafeTagan mis wmidisaTa~) da unda gardacvliliyo me-10 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, 

radgan am droisaTvis, 958-966 wlebSi, (iv. javaxiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 

128) giorgis Txzuleba Seuvsia bagrat erisTavT-erisTavs saswaulebis mauwyebeli pasaJebiT. 

avtoris sicocxleSi ki aseTi ram naklebad iqneboda saWiro. 

bagratze cnoba ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes giorgi merCules an TviTon bagrats, is 

sxva piris Senatania. jer erTi, bagrati Tavis Tavs mesame piris formiT ar moixseniebda 

da isic maqebeli epiTetebiT: èse bagrat, gulisÃmis-yofiT qebul..., wmidaTa 

oxaÁ maradis Semwe eyavn mas~ (70). meorec, giorgi merCule aseT cnobas Tuki dawerda 

bagratze, mas Txzulebis boloSi moaqcevda da ara SigniT; Tanac, merCule ver 

ityoda, rom mis mier axladdawerili nawarmoebi sxvam (bagratma) `ganaaxla saswaulTa 

maT gamoÃuebulTa SerTviTa~ (70). aq mxolod is unda iyos naTqvami, rom bagrat 

erisTavT-erisTavs, `saRmrToTa wignTa meZiebel da Semkrebels~ xelT hqonia merCulis 

Txzulebis iseTi nusxa, romlidanac amoRebuli, daklebuli (`gamoÃuebuli~) 

(Zvel qarTulSi gamoÃueba niSnavs daklebas, moklebas. Sdr. àrca SeeZinos, arca gamoeÃuas~ 

(zir. 42, 21 0), e.i. arc moematos da arc moakldeso.) yofila saswaulebis 

Semcveli zogi adgili, da mas kvlav Seutania (`SeurTavs~) aseTi epizodebi. kerZod, 

romeli? _ albaT, upirvelesad aSotisa da adarnerses `mruSobis~ mauwyebeli epizodebi, 

romlebic bagrationTa samefo sagvareulosadmi krZalviT Tu SiSiT SesaZloa 

amoRebuli iyo teqstis garkveuli nusxidan. aseTi samiTqmamoTqmo, `saWoWmanebi~ 

adgilebis merCuliseul teqstSi kvlav CarTva SeeZlo Tavs edo mxolod bagrat 

erisTavTa-erisTavs, romelsac `didi Ãelmwifeba~ xels ar uSlida, yofiliyo `wmidaTa 

eklesiaTa aRmaSenebel da saRmrToTa wignTa meZiebel da Semkrebel~ (70). am 

samarTliani moqmedebiT bagrats kidev erTi saRmrTo saqme gaukeTebia, wmida mamebis 

`mayuedrebelni~ dauCumebia. 

merCule, romelic rCeul, sjul fuZidan me-e afiqsebiT nawarmoebi saxelia, aRniSnavs 

giorgis ara gvars an sadaurobas, aramed xeloba-profesias, imas, rom is yofila 

rCulis (Sjulis, sjulis) anu saeklesio samarTlis mcodne, saqristiano samarTlisa 

da moZRvrebis mecnieri, Teologi (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule, qarTveli 

mwerali meaTe saukunisa, Tb., 1954, gv. 17-24). amitomac bunebrivia, rom avtori Tavis 

TxzulebaSi Tamamad msjelobs qristologiis iseT arsebiT da mwvave sakiTxebze, 

149

ogoricaa samebis arsi, mwvalebloba (qristianuli wesebidan gadaxveva), mRvdelTa 

da ber-monazonTa ufleba-movaleobani da sxv. 

giorgi merCules did niWTan erTad mravalmxrivi (sasuliero, saero) ganaTleba 

hqonia, scodnia ucxo enebi. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ dinji epikuri stili, 

mkveTri ideuroba da zRvarmiCenili mxatvruli zomiereba sarwmunos xdis avtoris 

didi xnis gawafulobasa da daostatebas SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi. marTalia, Cvenamde 

ar mouRwevia giorgis sxva epikur Txzulebas, magram Semonaxulia nawili misi himnografiuli 

Janris poeturi nawarmoebebisa, himnebisa, romlebic Sesulia miqael modrekilis 

mier X saukunis II naxevarSi Sedgenil sagalobelTa did krebulSi, iadgarSi. 

am krebulSi sagaloblebis or jgufs aRniSvna, warwera aqvs: `merCuliuli~ da 

`merCuliulni ucxoni~. merCuliuli unda aRniSnavdes an giorgi merCulis avtorobas 

an sagaloblebis Tavisebur formas, romelic giorgis SemouRia himnografiul 

poeziaSi. (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule..., gv. 16; 844-856; k. kekeliZe, qarTuli literaturis 

istoria, I, Tb, 1960, gv. 157.). 

3. daweris dro. `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ daweris dro zustad aris dadgenili 

TviT nawarmoebSi daculi cnobebis safuZvelze. TxzulebaSi naTqvamia: `xolo 

iyo gardacvalebaÁ netarisa mamisa Cuenisa grigolisi ricxusa weliwadTa mis- 

Tasa asdameoresa welsa, qronikonsa oTxmeocdaerTsa. aramed (=magram) gardacvalebiTgan 

misiT daiwera cxorebaÁ ese misi Semdgomad oTxmeocdaaTisa wlisa, dasabamiTgan 

gardasulTa welTa equs aTas xuTasormeocdameaToTxmetesa welsa...~ (83). aq 

sami zusti qronologiuri cnobaa mocemuli: erTi grigolis gardacvalebisa da ori 

_ nawarmoebis dawerisa. masSi naTqvamia, rom grigoli gardacvlila welTaRricxvis 

qronikonuli saTvalavis 81-e wels. radgan qronikonis sistema 532 wlian cikls moicavda 

da Zvelebis angariSiT 780 wels damTavrebula 12 aseTi moqceva-cikli, grigoli 

gardacvlila mecamete moqcevis 81-e wels, e. i. 780+81=861 wels. nawarmoebi ki dawerila 

grigolis gardacvalebidan (861 wlidan) 90 wlis Semdeg, e.i. 951 wels 

(861+90). 

nawarmoebis daweris droze welTaRricxvis meore (`dasabamiTganis~) sistema pirvelTan 

SedarebiT 1 wlis sxvaobas iZleva, 6554-5604=950 wels (p. ingoroyva Tvlis, 

rom nawarmoebis daweris droze `qronikonis~ saTvalavic 950 wels iZleva, Sesabamisad 

grigolis gardacvalebaze _ 860 wels, radgan misi azriT, me-9 saukunidan me-10 

saukunis Suawlebamde `qronikonuli~ weliwadi iwyeboda ara 1-li ianvridan, aramed 

1-li seqtembridan wina wlisa (p. ingoroyva, giorgi merCule..., gv. 8, sq. 2). (Zvelad 

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi `dasabamiTgan~, anu qveynis, adamis, adamianTa gaCenidan qristes 

dabadebamde sxvadasxva dros _ 5500, 5008, 5492... wels debdnen; saqarTveloSi ki miRebuli 

iyo 5604). 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis~ pirvandeli merCuliseuli 950/951 wlebis avtografi 

ar moRweula. is XI saukunis bolos gadawerili erTaderTi xelnaweris saxiT 

aris SemorCenili. rogorc aRvniSneT, masSi mogvianebiT garkveuli Tavebi daumatebiaT; 

aseTebia: anderZi (60) ucnobi avtorisa da adre amoRebuli saswaulebis Semcveli 

monakveTebis garkveuli nawili, romlebic kvlav CaurTavs adarnerse kurapalatis 

Svils bagrat erisTavTa-erisTavs me-10 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi. 

150

grigol xanZTelis nakvalevze 

151 


RvTis siyvarulis Tema hagiografiul `cxovrebaTa furclebze sxvadasxva saTnoebaTa 

(siqveleTa) motivebad ganStovdeba. mravalTagan aseTebia xorcieli siqvele- 

RviZili da sulieri siqvele-mRviZareba. grigol xanZTelis damamSvenebel saTnoeba- 

Ta Soris aRniSnulia, rom igi aris `Semwirveli cremliTa wmidaTa uZilTagan TualTa 

da mRÂZarisagan sulisa~. aq, rogorc vxedavT, cxadad garCeulia erTmaneTisagan 

uZiloba xorcieli – RviZili, da mRviZareba, Tviseba sulisa. miiCnevdnen, rom Zilis 

siyvaruli xorcis ganebivrebiT mraval codvil survils aRZravs, xolo RviZili Semusravs 

maT. `simravleman Zilisaman ganaficxa guli da daabnela suli. monazoni mR- 

ÂZare mteri ars siZvisa, xolo moZili megobari ars misi. mRÂZareba Semusrva ars gulficxelobisa... 

damamdablebel ars gulisa...momadnobel ars WamadTa; aRviri enisa 

da maotebel ocnebaTa...Zili friadi meuRle ars boroti~ (ioane sineli, `klemaqsi~). 

grigol xanZTelis `cxorebis~ aRmweri ara mxolod imas gvauwyebs, ra keTil TvisebaTagan 

yofila Semkuli misi gmiri, aramed ra gziT SeuTvisebia isini. grigoli 

sagangebod dadioda martod myof meudabnoebTan, `romelni igi izardebodes mZovar- 

Ta saxed... yovelTa maT netarTa moixilavn wmidaÁ grigol da keTilTa qcevaTa maT- 

Ta iswavebn, romelTaganme _ locvasa da marxvasa, romelTaganme _ simdablesa da siyuarulsa, 

romelTaganme _ simSvidesa da ganurisxvelobasa, romelTaganme _ upovarebasa 

da queyanasa zeda wolasa, gina Tu zejdomiT Zilsa~. jer imas mivapyroT yuradReba, 

rom grigols sxva saTnoebaTa Soris martod myofTagan uswavlia miwaze 

wola da `zejdomiT Zili~. didi asketebi sagangebod ganmartavdnen, `saidan momdinareobs 

mTvlemareba da sicive sulisa~, romlebic Caaqroben xolme sulis wminda 

aRmafrenas da `Caklaven RvTisaken swrafvas~, CaaxSoben `zeciurisaken mimarTul 

mxurvalebas~ (isaak asuri). raTa sxeulis mTvlemareba sulze ar gadavides, grigoli 

miwaze wevs an `zejdomiT~ iZinebs. 

axla imas davakvirdeT, rom sasuliero moRvaweobis gzaze Semdgarni saqarTveloSi 

adreul Sua saukuneebSive iRebdnen daxvewil saqristiano ganaTlebas. swavlebis 

am sistemaSi mTavari yuradReba eqceoda ara Teoriul-logikur wvrTnas, aramed 

zneobriv RirebulebaTa aTvisebas. aseT skolaSi sibrZne Teoriuli inteleqtis 

atributi ki ar iyo, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, nebelobis atributi; igi ganyenebuli 

gonebrivi sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi ki ar gamovlindeba, aramed imaSi, rom `mar- 

Tavde sakuTar guls~ (s. averincevi). rogorc vnaxeT, merCule CamoTvlis mTel wyebas 

`keTilTa qcevaTa~ da `saTnoebaTa~, romlebic grigols SeuTvisebia meudabnoe 

berTagan. mxolod aseT sibrZneTagan aRvsebuli `miqceula sayofeladve TÂsa~ da Sedgomia 

did, saSviliSvilo saqmeTa keTebas. merCulis ukve moxmobili pasaJidanac Cans, 

rom RviZilis asketur princips enaTesaveba sxva sxeulebrivi saTnoeba, miwaze 

wola, romelic grigols SeuTvisebia. asketuri zneobis wesTa ganmaCinebel literaturaSi 

dafiqsirebulia `queyanasa zeda wola usageblod~ (martÂri monazoni, `sinanulisaTÂs 

da simdablisa~). 

eklesiis mamaTa wignebSic da axal Teologiur-samecniero literaturaSic sulieri 

mRviZareba moiazreba viTarca sxeulebrivi sifxizlis, RviZilis Semdgomi ufro 

maRali etapi da gulisxmobs or rames: mzadyofnas uflis Sesaxvedrad meored 

mosvlis Jams da sifxizles yoveldRiur sacdurTa winaSe. 

sulis gamudmebuli mcdeloba, ganuwyveteli Sroma imisaTvis, raTa wuTiTac ar 

darCe uflis gareSe, aris swored mRviZareba. rogorc ki RvTis Suqi da madli tovebs 

kacs (Tu kaci miiqceva maTgan), mas uaxlovdeba satana. mociquli Segvagonebs; 

`ganifrTxveT, mRÂZare iyveniT, rameTu wina-mosajuli Tqueni eSmaki, viTarca lomi 

myÂrali mimovals da eZiebs, vinmca STanTqa~ (1 petre, 5.8).

giorgi merCulis Txzulebis mTavari gmiri da misi mowafeebi uflis brZanebiT 

ukacriel xanZTaSi sruliad uqonelni iwyeben samonastro mSeneblobas. grigoli 

loculobs, raTa `Jamsa amas ucxoebisa da upovarebisa maTisa~ ara SeeSindeT `borotisagan~. 

SiSs, rom am pirobebSi Znelia RvTis brZanebis Sesruleba, mweralma gmiris 

SegnebaSi daupirispira meore SiSi, ras unda moelodes ùdebebisa medgrobaTagan 

Zleuli~ gankiTxvis Jams, Tu RvTis nebas ver aRasruleben. saamisod gacocxlebulia 

gankiTxvis zaris dramatuli scenebi. am locvaSi sakmaod vrclad da wrfeli 

STagonebiT moigoneba, mlocveli Sinagani mzeris win daiyenebs wminda giorgis saxes 

da did Rvawls. mRviZarebs didi asketis suli. misi cxovrebis gzaze absoluturi 

momavali (miwieri myofobidan gasvlis Semdeg mosaxdeni), warmarTavs awmyosa da empiriul 

momavals. is, rac xdeba, gulmodgined koordinirebulia mosaxdenTan. grZeli 

da detaluri citatebiT apokalifsis furclebidan, maTi ganmeorebebiT asketebs es 

absoluturi momavali SemohyavT awmyoSi, Tavis cnobierebaSi. roca isini macxovris, 

mociqulebisa da wmindanebis moRvaweobaTa warmomaCinebel, sayovelTaod cnobil 

epizodTa aseve vrcel reproducirebas mimarTaven (xSirad mxolod martodmyofni), 

maT ukve sakraluri mniSvnelobis warsuli SemohyavT awmyoSi, Tavis cnobierebaSi. 

amas gulisxmobs iovane oqropiri, roca ambobs: `ÃsenebiTa sityuaTa RmrTisaÁTa Sem- 

Zlebel ars kaci slvad gzaTa misTa~. rafinirebuli sulierebis is sauflo, `grigol 

xanZTelis cxovrebaSi~ romaa ganfenili, imis SegnebiT gamowveul sixarulsac 

efuZneba, rom `Sen, ufali, Cem Tana xar~ (fsalm. 22,4), rom asketi uWvrets uzenaess, 

mkvidrobs `saxlsa uflisasa~ (fsalm. 22,6). e.i. locvis aqtSi adamiani adamianurs aRmatebuli 

ZaliT aRWurvisaken ikvlevs gzas. ufali Tavis Tavs gviZRvnis sasaubrod. 

Tumca locva SeiZleba Seicavdes raRac saTxovars, magram gulmxurvale locvisas 

saTxovari aucileblad gadadis meore adgilze. `TviT mowiweba iqceva kmayofilebad, 

TviT Txovna _ netarebad. misi (locvis g.f.) arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cven, saer- 

Tod, gagvigoneben~ (hegeli). guliTadi locva xvews suls, mis aRmzrdelad gvevlineba. 

aseTi SinaarsiTa da ganwyobilebiTaa aRbeWdili wmida grigolis is locva, mRviZarebis 

saTnoebasTan dakavSirebiT rom movixmeT. es locva, rogorc merCule ityvis, 

`gonebiTa SemusvriliTa warTqua~. `gonebiTa SemusvriliTa~ niSnavs `gonebas 

mozRuduls~ obieqturi sinamdvilis STabeWdilebebisagan, erTianad zecisken miqceuls, 

uxmod, usityvod warmarTuls, `nivTierebasTan Seuxebels~ (saxmo simebi rom ar 

JRerdes); zogjer mas `gonebiT locvad~ an `wminda locvad~ moixseniebdnen, yovel- 

Tvis ki locvis maRali safexuris aRmniSvneli iyo. 

locviT sakralizirebul sivrceSi maradiuli naTeli isadgurebs da es saRvTo 

sinaTle TviT mlocvelidan modis. giorgi merCule gviambobs: `grigolis senakSi 

cecxli da kandeli ar enTeboda. erTxel, `Jamsa ciskrisasa~, dekanozma mnaTe gagzavna 

grigolTan. mnaTe `viTarca mivida, ixila brwyinvalebaÁ didZali SinaÁT gamo senaksa 

mas. mswrafl mirbioda da Ãma-yo, viTarmed: `cecxli aRdebul ars senaksa Sina 

mamisasa~. hrqua mas dekanosman: `dumen, Svilo, da nu geSinin! ara ars igi cecxli Semwuveli, 

garna suli RmrTisaÁ ganmanaTlebeli~. rameTu mravalgzis exilva dekanozsa 

mas xilvaÁ igi didebuli. da mi-xolo-vida senakad da STaxedna kedlisa napralsa 

da ixila wmidaÁ igi ÃelganpyrobiT da guamiT misiT gamovidodes naTlisa isarni 

juaris saxed. da didebiTa Semkuli iyo igi da esreT brwyinvida, viTarca mzÀ~. 

sinaTle ganwonis bnels, dro-sivrcul mimarTebebs auqmebs. amaze ambobs martin 

buberi: locva ar aRsruldeba droSi, aramed dro miedineba locvaSi; msxverplSewirva 

ar aRsruldeba sivrceSi, aramed sivrce myofobs msxverplSi (`me da Sen~). locvidan 

sinaTle –sikeTis amgvar gamosxivebas veswrebiT, roca merCule mogviTxrobs: 

`da viTarca Semwuxrda, maSin netari igi mamaÁ grigol da zenon sityÂiTa mdabliTa 

fsalmunebdes. da madlman saRmrToman ganabrwyinvna igini naTliTa didebisaÁTa, da 

saxli igi bneli, viTarca mzisa mcxinvarebaman gananaTla~. 

kidev erTi epizodi: `netari mamaÁ grigol TÂsiT agarakiT martoÁ STamovidoda 

xanZTas da mgzavr slvasa zepiriT wmidisa mamisa efremis TqumulTa sakiTxavTa it- 

152

yoda godebiT tirilsa Sina. xolo suliTa ixarebda, rameTu xedvida saRmrToTa xilvaTa 

madliTa sulisa wmidisaÁTa. sueti naTlisaÁ friad brwyinvale cad aRwevnuli 

hfarvida mas. da iyo Tavsa missa juari TualT-Seudgami garemo missa cisartyelis 

saxed, Suenierad raÁ gamoCndis Jamsa wÂmisasa~. gulubryvilod Secdeba mkiTxveli, 

Tu ifiqrebs, rom aq warmoCenili naTeli mxatvruli saxe-simboloa, rom saqme 

gvaqvs poetur ornamentTan. samive epizodSi Tavs iCens metafizikuri sinaTlis is 

msoflSegrZneba, Zvel aRTqmaSive rom vlindeba, xolo mere saeklesio RvTismetyvelebaSi 

gamoikveTeba. mas, viTarca RvTaebriv naTels, ara aqvs alegoriuli an abstraqtuli 

mniSvneloba: igi realobaa, mistikuri cdiT rom miiwvdomeba. `RvTaebis es 

cdiseuli Semecneba yvelas eZleva garkveuli sazomiT da SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxvagvari 

xarisxisa imaTi Rirsebisda mixedviT, romelTac igi eboZebaT~ (wm. grigol palama, 

`sityva feriscvalebaze~). roca es naTeli vlindeba, svimeon axali RvTismetyvelis 

mixedviT, sxvaoba grZnobadisa da zegrZnobadisa, iSleba. `roca Rirseulni 

iReben sulier da zebunebriv madls da Zalas, isini SegrZnebiTac da gonebiTac xedaven 

imas, rac aRemateba yovelgvar grZnobas da yovelgvar gonebas~ (aTonel berTa 

`hagiorituli tomosi~). bunebis qvedamzidvel ZalTa axovnad mZleveli wmida grigoli 

Jamsa locvisa (`romelic aris gonebis zeaRsvla RmerTTan~, nilos sineli) iRebs 

zebunebriv Zalsa da madls, `SegrZnebiTac da gonebiTac~ Wvrets RvTaebriv naTels, 

imas, rac aRemateba yovelgvar grZnobas da yovelgvar gonebas~; Wvrets, aireklavs 

da sxvebze miafens. amgvar Wvretasa da arekvlaze ityvis vladimer loski: `Rv- 

Taebrivi naTeli gamovlindeba aq, miwaze, droSi. igi gacxaddeba istoriaSi, magram 

igi ar aris amqveyniuri, igi maradiulia da moaswavebs gasvlas istoriuli arsebobis 

farglebidan~ (àRmosavluri eklesiis mistikuri RvTismetyvelebis narkvevi~). 

samive epizodSi aseTi naTeli iRvreba locvis aqtSi gonebiT ufalTan zeaRweuli 

grigolis pirovnebidan. Tumca samive àmbavi~ konkretul drosa da sivrceSi xdeba, 

magram swored imis gamo, rom asketi ufals Wvrets, istoria, sruliad garkveuli 

azriT, uqmdeba. aqac dro uCinardeba locvaSi, xolo konkretuli sivrcec mistikur 

zesivrculobaSi inTqmeba. 

wmindanis sulidan wamosul sinaTles ZaluZs ganwonos `WurWeli~ sulisa, sxeuli, 

ganwonos samoselic da miefinos irgvliv. ase ixilveba wm. grigoli, javaxeTis 

krebaze TavmoyrilTagan: `meyseulad ixiles wmidaÁ igi momavali karauliTa Soris 

krebulsa mas mamaTasa sakÂrvelad xilviTa, rameTu samoseli igi Seuracxi, romel 

emosa moxucebulsa mas, esreT Cnda, viTarca samoseli naTlisa brwyinvalisa ganucdelisaÁ. 

xolo Tavsa missa kukuli ixilveboda, viTarca gÂirgÂni sameufoÁ patiosanTa 

TualTa da margalitTagan fasdaudebelTa aRmkuli~. 

ganwmendili goneba locvis aqtSi uflis winaSe aSiSvlebs sakuTars, moyvasisa 

da kacobriobis Secodebebs da uRonobas. amitom xSirad locvas Tan axlavs godeba, 

cremli sinanulisa, mwuxareba. axali aRTqmis mixedviT, netar arian mtiralni (luka, 

6,21) da `mglovareni guliTa~ (maTe, 5,4). cremlis saTnoeba TviTSegnebis miukerZebeli 

muSaobis, sakuTari sindisis gamokvlevis Sedegad iSobeba. ioane sinelic adasturebs: 

`glova tanjva ars sÂnidisisa daucadebeli~, naTlisRebis Semdgom qmnil 

codvebs Camogvbans `wyaroni cremlTani~ (`klemaqsi~). amitom aseT mwuxarebas sasowarkveTa 

ki ara, rwmeniTi STagoneba moaqvs, uflisaken, sixarulisaken kvalavs gzas. 

roca suls sinanulis grZnoba da cremli ar warmarTavs, es aris SeCereba aRmasvlis 

gzaze, ùgrZnobloba gaqvavebuli gulisa~, `niSani sulieri sikvdilisa~, _ gvaswavlian 

eklesiis mamani. 

mivubrundeT moxmobil epizods, roca wm. grigoli, Satberdidan xanZTisken mimavali, 

gzad wm. efrem asuris sagalobelT ìtyoda godebiT tirilsa Sina, xolo suliTa 

ixarebda, rameTu xedvida saRmrToTa xilvaTa~. urTierTsapirispiro gancdebi 

_tirili da sixaruli _ gadakveTen erTmaneTs da mistikurad Sezavdebian wmindanis 

sulSi, xolo mere gareT gamovlindebian, xorcieli xedvisaTvis esTetikuris formiT 

(`mSvenierisa~) gacxaddebian: `...da iyo Tavsa missa juari TualT-Seudgami garemo 

153

missa cis-sartyelis saxed, Suenierad raÁ gamoCndis Jamsa wÂmisasa~. `juari TualT- 

Seudgami~ aris TvalSeudgami RvTaebrivi Suqis nakadi, wmindanis sulze zecidan rom 

gadmoRvrila da missave Tavze jvris formiT aRmarTula. mistiuri sinaTlis es nakadi 

materialuri sinamdvilis nakads _ wvimas gadakveTs. ori sinamdvilis Sejvaredinebis 

xazze kiafobs mSveniereba `cis-sartyelis saxed~. sinaTle sixarulis gamonaSuqia 

(`suliTa ixarebda~), xolo wvima_cremlebisa (ìtyoda godebiT tirilsa 

Sina~). aq ukve erTadaa mistika da esTetika. TiTqos giorgi merCulis Txzulebis 

swored am pasaJs exebao, ise aRiqmeba wm. isaak asuris (VII s.) es sityvebi: `cremlebi 

locvis dros _ niSania RvTis wyalobisa, romlis Rirsi gaxda suli sinanulis gancdiT, 

_ imis niSania, rom locva Sewynarebulia da cremlad iwyo modena siwmindis 

velze~ (`samoRvaweo sityvebi~, sityva 30). axla meoce saukunis did rus RvTismetyvels 

movusminoT: ès madliani cremlebi _ sinanulis damTavreba _ erTdroulad 

usasrulo sixarulis dasawyisad gvevlineba~ (vl. loski, àRmosavluri eklesiis 

mistikuri RvTismetyvelebis narkvevi~). imave isaak asurs ekuTvnis sulis SemZvreli 

sityvebi: `sinanuli aris sulis TrTolva samoTxis karibWesTan~. 

wm. grigolma rom xanZTis taZris safuZvlis Cayrisas locva aRavlina uflis mimarT, 

`locvaÁ ese cremliT ÃelganpyrobiT warTqua~. didi asketi godebs, rom mzad 

ar aris ufalTan pirmarTali SexvedrisaTvis, daudevrobis uZlurebisganaa `Zleuli~, 

araferi gaukeTebia iseTi, ùbralo~ (e.i. udanaSaulo) rom wamdgariyo qristes 

winaSe. jer kidev winaa xanZTis, Satberdis, ubisis, meresa da gunaTles savaneebis 

mSenebloba, sworupovari sauflo da saerovno saqmeebi. am simaRleebisken azriT da 

SefrfinviT miswrafebuls, uZlieress, magram jer sruliad dauxarjav suls, sizarmacisa 

da uZlurebisagan SeboWilad warmoudgeba Tavi da mware cremlebiT cdilobs 

maT Camorecxvas. Cven vismenT Wmunvas im pirovnebisa, romelSic adamianis maRali daniSnulebis 

absoluturi Segneba faqizad, magram mtkivneulad rom Serwymia Tavmdablobis 

niWs. 

Satberdis monastris safuZvlis Cayrasac win uZRvis wm. grigolis cremliani locva, 

imave grZnoba-ganwyobiT gansazRvruli. 

asketuri brZola vnebebTan, rasac saTnoebaTa aRmoceneba mohyveba, imas niSnavs, 

rom is xatobrivi Tvisebebi, adamianSi Sesaqmis Jams rom Cainerga (mere rom codvebiT 

iqna damcrobili, e. i. Tavdapirveli xateba RvTisa), kvlav gabrwyinda. wmindani mieaxleba 

ufals. `saTnoebaTa gzis dasasrulad, _ gvaswavlis wm. grigol noseli, _ 

gvevlineba RmerTTan Semsgavseba~. ufalTan Semsgavsebis am gzaze askets iaraRad 

aqvs RvTisgan boZebuli madli da niWi Tavisuflebisa. Tavisufleba (`xelmwifeba~, 

àznaureba~) pavle mociqulis mier moiazreba viTarca Tavisufleba TviTnebobisagan 

da ara aSveba TviTnebobisa. es niSnavs: adamidan dRemde CvenSi gamyarebul vnebebs, 

codvebs vTrgunavT, vklavT: `Zueli igi kaci Cueni mis Tana (qristes Tana) juars ecua~ 

(rom., 6,6); àw ganTavisuflebul xarT codvisagan, da damonebul xarT simarTlesa~ 

(rom. 6,18). sulis zemoqmedebis ZaliT siyvarulis saqmes Cven aRvasrulebT sruliad 

bunebrivad, vinaidan `sada suli uflisaÁ, mun aznaurebaÁ ars~ (2 korinT. 3,17). 

ai, ratom SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom hagiografiul gmirTa tanjva-tkivilis, asketuri 

Rvawlis daxasiaTeba maTive siyvarulis gancdis warmomaCinebelia. `Tavisufleba, 

rogorc WeSmaritad nayofieri saqmianobis piroba _ es sxva araferia, Tu ara uaryofa 

sakuTari `mesi~, zustad iseve, rogorc trfialeba, pavle mociqulis gagebiT, Tavisufalia 

Tavisi Tavis raimegvari siyvarulisagan. iyo Tavisufali yvela xlarTisagan, 

gamorCenisaken swrafvisagan, aris swored WeSmariti siyvarulisa da Semoqmedebi- 

Ti arsebobis piroba~. (e. fromi `qoneba Tu yofna~, xazgasma Cvenia _ g. f.). 

arsebobis bermonazvnuli wesis xiblic TavisuflebaSi dainaxeba. es cxadadaa gacnobierebuli 

TviT asketisagan. grigol xanZTeli imitom ar Tanxmdeba episkoposobaze, 

rom aseTma umaRlesma saeklesio xarisxma saamqveyno pativ-didebasTan wilnayarobiT 

SesaZloa garkveulwilad daabrkolos beri sruli da WeSmariti Tavisuflebis 

gzaze. beri upasuxebs mefeebs: `da kma ars Cemda or-kerZove didebad, ukeTu Sevi- 

154

Ta-uZlo moRvawebaÁ wmidaTa amaT udabnoTaÁ jerisaebr, romelTa Sina poves kacTa 

TavisuflebaÁ~. sxva situaciaSi afxazeTis mefes ganumartavs grigoli: `gangebasa 

RmrTisasa ese CueulebaÁ aqus, raÁTa wmidaTa maT udabnoTa monasterni ÔÃeliTa 

glaxakTaÁTa aRaSennes, romelnica sruliad Tavisufal iqmnnes soflisa sacTurT- 

Tagan~. rogorc vxedavT, beroba-meudabnoeoba `soflisa sacTurTagan~ Tavdaxsnis 

gansakuTrebul gzad da saSualebad miiCneva, xolo beri _ Tavisufal pirovnebad. 

grigoli TviT ganmartavs, rom igi im Tavisuflebas gulisxmobs, romelic qristem 

mogvmadla (galat. 5.1.), 1) rom misdami morwmuneebs `mosca ÃelmwifebaÁ Svil RmrTisa 

yofad~ (1 ioane, 3.2.). qristesgan momadlebuli àznaurebiT~ gaaznaurebuli bermonazvnoba, 

bunebrivia, aravis aZlevs uflebas, xelyos misi Tavisufleba. meudabnoeTa Tavisuflebis 

statusis am kanonzomierebis motivirebaa is, rasac afxazTa mefes eubneba 

grigoli: `xolo sarwmunoni da WeSmaritni monazonni queyanasa zeda aravissa Ãelmwifebasa 

queSe arian, vinaÁTgan mohrides saSuebelTa sawuTroÁsaTa nebsiT~. swored 

imis gamo. rom meudabnoeni Tavisufali nebiT miwier siamovnebaTagan gandgnen, 

maTi `Ãelmwifeba~ miwier mbrZanebels ar xelewifeba, _ ganmartavs xanZTelTa winam- 

ZRvari. 

faseulobaTa amgvari sistemisaTvis niSandobliv erT epizods movixmobT giorgi 

merCulis Txzulebidan: bagrat kurapalatma rom TavisTan ixmo saba iSxneli, beri 

ar eaxla xelmwifes. mere bagratma grigols miawerina xmobis wigni iSxnis winamZRvarTan. 

amjerad saba gamocxadda da mefis msubuq sayvedurs ase upasuxa: `didebulo 

mefeo, Sen queyanisa Ãelmwife xar, xolo qriste zecisa da queyanisa da quesknel- 

TaÁ. Sen naTesavTa amaT mefe xar, xolo qristeÀ yovelTa dabadebulTaÁ; Sen warmavalTa 

amaT JamTa mefe xar, xolo qriste saukunoÁ meufeÀ... da ufroÁs Sensa jer-ars 

smenaÁ sityuaTa misTaÁ, romelmanca brZana, viTarmed: `vervis Ãel-ewifebis monebaÁ 

orTa ufalTaÁ~. sabas am sityvebSi xelmwifeTa miwier Zalauflebas, droiTa da 

sivrciT Semofargluls, kontrastis principiT upirispirdeba RvTaebis Zlevamosileba, 

dro-sivrciT ganusazRvreli. pirvelis SefardebiTi Rirebulebis warmoCeniT 

sacnaurdeba absoluturi faseuloba meorisa. da vinc absolutur faseulobas ansaxierebs 

miwaze, sabac mxolod mis morCilad racxs Tavs. 

Tu meudabnoeni `sruliad Tavisufal iqmnnes soflisa sacTurTagan~, eriskacT 

akliaT xolme es madli, rasac kvalSi, Cveulebriv, Secodeba mohyveba. aSot kurapalatma 

ki aRuTqva grigol xanZTels sayvareli qalis `...dedakacisa mis wargzavnaÁ, 

viTarca moeyvana igi. da ver daamtkica TÂsi brZanebaÁ, rameTu daemona gulis-Tqumasa~. 

grigoli `siZvis diacs~ uTvaliswinebs, rom igi damonebul ars eSmakisada~. 

arc qali uaryofs, rom sakuTari nebis ufali araa: `wmidao RmrTisao, me Tavsa Cemsa 

zeda ver Tavisufal var, vinaÁTgan gardareuli siyuaruli aqus Cemda momarT kurapalatsa~; 

magram igi amgvari monobis mizezad sxvisgan Tavsmoxveul sxvissave nebas 

saxavs. 

giorgi merCulis Txzulebis am epizods sagangebo CaRrmaveba sWirdeba. ambis zedapirze 

aq, ra Tqma unda, sasulieroTa da saeroTa dapirispireba da im Temis Canasaxia, 

rac mTavari gaxdeba saero literaturaSi. siRrmiseul planSi Tu CavixedavT, 

aq moTxrobilia, erTi mxriv, eriskacisadmi RvTismsaxurTa swored didi Tanadgomis 

ambavi da, meore mxriv, intimuri da saRvTo trfialebis gancdaTa uaRresad mZafri 

Widili `didi xelmwifis~ pirovnebaSi (im mefisa, wmindanad romaa Seracxili). Txroba 

im momentidan iwyeba, roca mZafri dramis erTi nawili ukve gamovlilia: àcTuna 

mterman Ãelmwife igi da moiyvana man dedakaci siZÂsaÁ cixesa mas Sina, romlisa Tana 

imruSebda, rameTu eSmaki trfialebisaÁ friad azrzenda, romelsa pirvel ara aqunda 

egeviTari CueulebaÁ, aramed Zleul iqmna borotiTa miT codviTa~. wm. grigolisgan 

`pirispir mxilebulma~ mefem gulwrfelad aRuTqva bers qalis `gantevebaÁ~, magram 

RvTaebriv nebas ver dauqvemdebara pirovnuli neba, `rameTu daemona gulis-Tqumasa~. 

kaci imas emona, rac Tavad unda daemonebina. maSin arabTa batonobis uRlisgan sam- 

Soblos gamoxsnisaTvis mxedrulad meomari mefis `sulisa ganmxrwneli~ vnebisagan 

155

gasaTavisufleblad SeimarTnen wmida grigoli da netari febronia. mama grigolma 

xelmwifis sayvareli artanujis cixe-qalaqidan gamoiyvana, daarwmuna rom èSmakisada 

damonebuli~ sakuTar sulsac klavda da `didisa Ãelmwifisada~ safrTxed qceuliyo. 

Tavmodrekili qali meres dedaTa monasterSi daamkvidra. artanujs dabrunebulma 

mefem rom qalis wagvris ambavi Seityo, `friad Seiurva... rameTu ara RoniTa 

raÁTme kacobrivTa maxeTaÁTa iyo trfial misa mimarT Ãelmwife igi, aramed eSmakisa 

manqanebiTa esoden Zleul iyo, romel TavmoTneobaÁ daaviwyda da mswrafl xolo mivida 

meres~. aSoti monastris winamZRvars warudga, sicruiT moqsovil argumentTa 

momarjvebiT qalis cixe-qalaqad dabrunebas iTxovda. ase rom, `Zlieri da didebuli~ 

xelmwife, romelic `wyobiT (brZoliT, mxedruli SebmiT) ÃelmwifeTa daimorCilebda~ 

xolme, kidev erTxel mesamed damarcxda Sinagan mterTan. netarma febroniam 

erTob mware wamali miawoda mefes; daurideblad miuTiTa mterze: eg, rasac Sen aq 

mosvlis mizezad brZaneb, namdvili mizezis Sesafaravad mogonili mizezia, mefeo, mizezis 

mizezi imisaTvis, vinc uSjuloebas iqms: `mizezebad mizezTa codvisaTa kacTa 

Tana, romelni iqman uSjuloebasa~. 

mkiTxvelis winaSea erTob damaRonebeli suraTi im kacis zneobrivi dacemisa, 

vinc ùfal-yvna RmerTman queyanisa gangebasa~, vinc `daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da 

uflisa mier cxebulisa Svilad wodebul Ãelmwifed~ moixseneba TviT wm. grigolis 

mier. da SeiZleba ki moraluri damcrobis am wyvdiadidan malec ki gaaRwios adamianma, 

Sinagani feriscvalebis im simaRlemdec mivides, wmindanoba rom hqvia?!.. _ SeiZleba 

_ gvipasuxebs wminda weriliseuli msoflSegrZneba. antikuri kulturuli samyaro 

aseT feriscvalebis SesaZleblobas ar gvidasturebs. homerosis gmirs dro SeiZleba 

scvlides mxolod garegnulad, `maSin, roca Zveli aRTqmis gmirebi SeiZleba 

yovel wuTs elodebodnen, rom uflis mZime marjvena Seexeba maT, vinaidan RmerTma 

ara mxolod Seqmna da gamoarCia isini, aramed ganuxrelad gardaqmnis maT, igi mimoxris 

maT, umorCilebs ra Tavis nebas, da, ar angrevs maT arss, iseT formebs aZlevs 

maT, ragvarsac arafriT moaswavebda maTi axalgazrdoba. da ramdenad ufro farToa 

maTi bedis qanqaris rxevis amplituda, vidre homerosis gmirebisa... da ubedurebaSic 

da dacemaSic gacxaddeba maTs saqmeebsa da sityvebSi dideba uflisa. damcireba da 

amaRleba aq ufro Rrmaa da ufro maRali, vidre homerosTan, isini ganuyofelni arian 

erTmaneTisagan~ (e. auerbaxi, `mimesisi~). aseTi ganuyoflobis nimuSebad qristianuli 

msoflgancdis samyaroSi miiCneva cxovreba petre da pavle mociqulebisa, netari 

avgustinesi da sxvaTa. aSot bagrationsac umzadebda Turme RvTiuri gangeba mZime 

gamocdas. rogori iyo Zlevamosili mefis reaqcia ubralo monazoni qalis dauridebel 

`marTlmxilebaze~? ai, lakoniurad moxazuli es suraTi: èse raÁ esma kurapalatsa, 

sircxvileul iqmna marTlmxilebisa misgan kdemuli da myovar Jam dadumna, 

viTarca Zleuli, rameTu Ãorcielad Zliersa Ãelmwifesa suliTa ZlierTa kacTa 

sZles, SeWurvilTa maT saRmrToÁTa SuriTa. xolo Seurvebulman kurapalatman gulisa 

SeWirvebisagan Tqua: `netar mas kacsa, vin arRara cocxal arso~, da mswrafl 

xolo aRdga da warvidoda. maSin netari febronia dawynarebuliTa suliTa ayenebda, 

raÁTamca istumra igi da ara daemorCila, rameTu mamxilebelad aqunda TÂsi gonebaÁ 

da vnebaÁ raÁ ÃorcT-moyuarebisaÁ ganeSora da augi TÂsi gulisÃma-yo. xolo suliTa 

ixarebda, sibrZneman raÁ wariota sulmoklebaÁ igi mavnebeli da aqebda wmida- 

Ta maT mZlavrebasa, ufroÁs xolo Zlevisa momcemelsa RmerTsa. da sixaruliTa warvida, 

rameTu guliTa wmidiTa aqunda netarTa maT pativi, viTarca sulisa misisa saukunod 

gÂrgÂnosan myofelTaÁ~. 

sakuTar mkerdqveS aRzevebuli mtris winaSe samarcxvino morCilebis faqts uzraxaven 

samxedro sarbielze Zlevamosil mefes. `marTlmxilebisgan sircxvileuli~ xelmwife 

`myovar Jam~ (didxans) dumda. xangrZlivi dumilis es dro mZafri, erTob tkiviliani 

brZolis Jamia, roca mefe ukve mefuri SemarTebiT ebrZvis Sinagan mters. 

mimdinareobs `tanjva sindisisa daucadebeli~, amitom aRmoxdeba `gulisa SeWirvebisagan 

Seurvebul~ kurapalats: `netar mas kacsa, vin arRara cocxal arso~. aSotma 

156

moigo es omi. garedan mosul mamxilebels Caenacvla Sinagani, sindisis xma, RvTaebrivi 

msajuli: `mamxilebelad aqunda TÂsi gonebaÁ~. amis kvalobaze, `vnebaÁ ÃorcTmoyvarebisaÁ 

ganeSora~, pirovnuli neba RvTaebriv nebas Seuzava, gaxda Tavis ufali. 

sityvac ar dauZravs Tavis gasamarTleblad, ise Setrialda da gauyva gzas 

artanujis cixe-qalaqisaken. yvelaze Znel omSi gamarjvebulis gancda mihyveboda: 

`suliTa ixarebda, sibrZneman raÁ wariota sulmoklebaÁ~. didi tkivilis safasurad 

wvdomili sixarulia es, imis msgavsi, martvilT rom euflebaT Sinagani mtris damarcxebisas. 

zneobrivi dacemis saSinelebis Rrma gacnobierebam sapirispiro mimar- 

TulebiT aRmasvlis mZlavri biZgis roli Seasrula pirovnebis sulier cxovrebaSi. 

amaze vl. loski ityvis; `pirovneba imitomaa RvTis umaRlesi qmnileba, rom ufali 

mas sZRvnis unars siyvarulisa _ amisdakvalad, uaryofisac. Sesaqmis gvirgvins _ 

adamians RmerTi ar uspobs Tavisufal nebas, raTa nebayoflobiT dacemulma SemdgomSi 

nebayoflobiTve inebos gamoxsna da cxonebis simaRlemde avides. ufals ar 

nebavs, Zalmomreobdes Tavisuflebis Cveneul unarze, imitom, rom es unari misi Zlevamosilebis 

ZRvenia Cvendami. Cven rom xati varT RvTisa, es erTi nebis, RvTaebrivis 

nayofia, gvaswavlian RvTismetyvelni, magram imisaTvis, rom kaci ufalTan msgavsebas 

ewios, ori neba, RvTisa da adamianisa, unda SeerTdes~. wmida grigoli da netari 

febronia mxarSi amoudgebian aSot bagrations, raTa es ori neba SeaerTos. amitom 

iyo, rom artanujisaken mimaval mefes `guliTa wmidiTa aqunda netarTa maT pativi, 

viTarca sulisa misisa saukunod gÂrgÂnosan myofelTaÁ~. orsave sarbielze ZlevaSemosil 

mefes ase moixseniebs TviT wmida grigoli: `simtkice eklesiaTa da zRude 

qristeaneTa~. 

aq moxmobili (da ar moxmobili) epizodebi, roca wm. grigoli da misi mowafeebi 

vnebebs ebrZvian da saTnoebebs daiunjeben, silamaze-mSvenierebis gabrwyinebis sura- 

Tebia. am mSvenierebis naTeli xSirad TvaliT uxilavia, tanjvidan amobrwyindeba, 

`bnelidan aRmoxdeba~. aseTi sinaTle modis zenonis erTob tkiviliani nabijidan monastrisaken, 

roca man siamayis demonsac sZlia da maRali aristokratis keTilmowyobil 

cxovrebasac zurgi Seaqcia (razec mwerali ityvis: `monagebTa datevebaÁ sisxlTa 

daTxevasa emsgavsebiso~). tirilidan, efrem mawyverelis cremlidan iRebs sa- 

Taves amaRlebulobis is Saravandedi, roca awyuris kaTedris mRvdelmTavarma morCilebiT 

moidrika Tavi moZRvris winaSe (èfrem sityuasa mas zeda sulierisa mamisa da 

moZRurisasa atirda....~). amaRlebulobis STagonebiT damSvenebulad warmogvidgeba 

aSot bagrationic, romelsac zneobrivi dacemis gacnobiereba sikvdils anatrebinebs 

da sulieri aRmasvlis gzaze Seayenebs. xolo epifane xanZTeli rwmenis, Tavmdabloba-morCilebis 

navTsayudelSi àSenebs~, qmnis Tavis axal cxovrebas, axal, saukeTeso 

`mes~. udrtvinvelad xvdeba ra sruliad daumsaxurebel sasjels, gaubzaravi rwmeni- 

Ta da SeumRvreveli siyvaruliT Sescqeris ra am sasjelis pirvelwyaros, epifane 

auqmebs bunebriv aucileblobaTa kanonebs, WeSmariti Semoqmedis TavisuflebiT zemoqmedebs 

samyaros ontologiur statusze, gzas ikafavs egoizmidan siyvarulisaken. 

`nivTierebasTan Seuxebeli~, magram didi sinaTliTaa gabrwyinebuli epifane xanZTelis 

pirovneba. 

es aris mSvenierisa da amaRlebulis is samyaro, romelsac interiorul esTetikas 

eZaxian. am esTetikas esTetikuri obieqti eguleba TviT RvTaebrivi mSvenierebis 

aRmqmeli subieqtis Sinagan cxovrebaSi. wm. grigols, zenons, efrem mawyverels, saba 

iSxnels Tu epifane xanZTels, _ makari megviptelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, _ eZvirfasebaT, 

`sanukvar survilad aqvT irgunon is gamouTqmeli sikeTeni, romelTac suliT 

Wvreten. `gamouTqmel sikeTeT~ ki, romelTac `suliT Wvreten~, imiT irguneben, 

rom Tavis yvela nabijs, azrsa, grZnobasa da sityvas zeciuri silamazis aslad aqceven, 

SemarTebiT dawyveten usaxurisa da qvedamzidvelis artaxebs. ase rom, asketni 

dro-sivrculi da sazRvrulobis garemoSive Tavis TavSi Zerwaven zedroul-zesivrcul 

silamazis xats. amitom uwodebs mama s. bulgakovi wmindanis cxovrebis wess 

157

`sulier-mxatvrul Rvwas~ (`naTeli miuaCrdilebeli~). asketuri RvwiT pirovneba ìqceva 

Tavisi Tavis mxatvrul portretad, idealur portretad~ (p. florenski). 

`Tavisi Tavis did mxatvarTa~ mwyobrSi unda moviazroT wm. grigol xanZTeli. 

aseve TviTon arian xelovanni am didi asketis mowafeebi. maTi sulebi, viTarca suf- 

Ta sarke, RvTaebriv silamazeze arian mipyrobilni, zecas gadmoxataven da aqceven 

TavianT cxovrebad. amisdakvalad, isini esTetikuri aqtis (gancdis) subieqtebi arian. 

yvela maTgani, imavdroulad (es ukve ufro advilad aRiqmeba), viTarca literaturuli 

nawarmoebis personaJebi, xelovnebis qmnilebaa, giorgi merCulis mwerluri ni- 

WiT gamoZerwilni. ase rom, `grigol xanZTelis cxovrebas~ (iseve rogorc yvela hagiografiul 

Txzulebas ukavSirdeba pirovneba ori mxatvrisa, xelovanisa: giorgi 

merCule _ sityvis xelovani, avtori hagiografiuli Txzulebisa, da grigol xanZTeli 

_ sicocxlis xelovani, Tavisi Tavis ìdealuri portretis~ gamomZerwavi `cocxali 

masalisagan~ (imavdroulad _ personaJi merCulis literaturuli nawarmoebisa). 

igive iTqmis zenonsa da epifane xanZTelebze, efrem mawyverelze. 

cxovrebis amgvari wesiT wm. grigoli, `zecisa kaci da queyanisa angelozi~, da misi 

mowafeebi erTmaneTTan Seazaveben idealursa da realurs, miwier urTierTobaTa 

sirTule-simZimes RvTaebrivi siyvarulis sxivebiT ganwonian da gaamartiveben. TiTqos 

`ca modrka qveyanado~ (rusTaveli), roca sami sulieri Zmis erTad yofnis ase 

mSvenier suraTs dagvaswrebs merCule: `wm. grigolma àmisa Semdgomad ubrZana didsa 

zenonsa: `Zmao, STavideT venaÃad, romel ars gzasa Tana opizisasa~, rameTu Jami iyo 

sTulisaÁ. da STavides ornive zogad venaÃsa mas Senebulsa missa keTilad nayofiersa 

(lamazad mtevnebdaxunZlul venaxSi – g. f.). da Jamsa mas Sina movida sanatreli 

mamaÁ makari opizeli xilvad moZRurisa TÂsisa, mamisa grigolisa da viTarca _ igi 

friad ganixares da survielad moikiTxnes urTierTas, da rameTu iyo Jami puris WamisaÁ, 

purad xolo dasxdes. da Semdgomad purisa Wamisa, ganizraxes mun dadgomaÁ 

vidre xvalisadmde.... da viTarca Semwuxrda, erTsa Sina saxlsa iyvnes samnive igi 

RmrTisa kacni da warTqunes wesisaebr fsalmunni. xolo makaris hruloda da sarecelsa 

zeda mieZina. maSin netari igi mamaÁ grigol da zenon sityÂTa mdabliTa fsalmunebdes 

da madlman saRmrToman ganabrwyinvna igini naTliTa didebisaÁTa, da saxli 

igi bneli, viTarca mzisa mcxinvarebaman gananaTla. da viTarca ganeRÂZa mamasa 

makaris, Tqua: `viTar sakÂrvelad ixilvebian wmidani ese~. hrqua mas mamaman grigol: 

`Zmao makari, raÁsa gikÂrs xilvaÁ ese, ara gasmiesa werilisaÁ `sakÂrvel ars RmerTi 

wmidaTa Soris misTa~? da esreT ixarebdes samnive igi samebisa wmidisa madidebelni 

da warTqunes ciskrisa sagalobelni. da viTarca ganTena, mSÂdobisa sadgurTa maT, 

urTierTas mSÂdobaÁ dauteves~. 

aq yvelaferi pirvelqmnili, samoTxiseuli mSvenierebis ieriTaa aRbeWdili, `gulubryvilod 

esTetikuria~ (m. baxtini, `sityvieri Semoqmedebis esTetika~). aseT `xelovnebas 

surs gaxdes ara mxolod manugeSebeli, aramed moqmedi, ara simboluri aramed 

gardamqmneli~. aseT `SemoqmedebiT aqts surs samyaros Sesaqme ganaxorcielos 

silamazed, misiT daamarcxos qaosi~ (s. bulgakovi, `naTeli dauRamebeli~). xolo 

Tuki am suraTs Semdgomi saukuneebis kulturul ZiebaTa Tvalsawieridan SemovxedavT, 

WeSmaritebaa is azri, rom àq ukve ilandeba amiran darejanisZisa da misi Zmadnaficebis, 

an kidev tarielis, avTandilis da fridonis Seyris suraTebi~ (r. TvaraZe 

`TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba~). 

uzenaesis religiuri msaxurebisa da moyvasis siyvarulis ase organulad da faqizad 

erTmaneTTan Seqsova-Sexorcebis msoflSegrZneba bunebrivad gamovlinda wminda 

grigolisa da mis TanamoazreTa did mamuliSvilur RvawlSi. sakuTari Tavis sruliad 

damviwyebeli didi asketi rva aTeul weliwadze metxans idga SeWirvebuli 

samSoblos sasTumalTan, wamals awvdida, suls ujansaRebda. `nebsiT glaxaki~ Seiqmna, 

raTa moZme gaZlierebuliyo. arafers iTxovda, mxolod gascemda. Ò 

Ò 

158

Zveli qarTuli poeziis saleqso formebi 

159 

pavle ingoroyva 

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom dRemde Zveli qarTuli leqsis, Zveli qarTuli wyobili-sityvis 

istoria burusiT iyo moculi. 

arc ise bevri xania mas Semdeg, rac fiqrobdnen, rom uZvelesi nimuSebi qarTuli 

leqsisa Cven gvaqvs meTormete saukunidan. 

rodesac n. marma 1902 wels moipova mokle 13-striqoniani leqsi filipesi, romelic 

X saukunes ekuTvnis, es iTvleboda udides aRmoCenad da qarTuli wyobili-sityvis 

istoriis qronologiuri farglebis did gafarToebad. 

xolo amJamad, SeiZleba iTqvas, naTeli efineba qarTuli leqsis, qarTuli wyobili-sityvis 

istorias. irkveva, rom qarTul leqss uZvelesi saTaveebi aqvs. 

ukve SeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, gamovlinebuli masalebis safuZvelze, rom qarTul 

leqss, yovel SemTxvevaSi, iseTive xangrZlivi istoria aqvs, rogorc qarTul prozas. 

da es, rasakvirvelia, asec iyo mosalodneli (movigonoT Zveli berZnuli literaturis 

magaliTi, sadac leqsi ufro adre damkvidrda mwerlobaSi, vidre prozis 

literaturuli formebi gamomuSavdeboda). 

amJamad Cven gvaqvs saSualeba aRvadginoT qarTuli leqsis, qarTuli wyobili-sityvis 

istoria V saukunidan mokidebuli (ufro metic: folkloruli saxis leqsiTi 

teqstebi, Setanili qarTul matianeebSi, V saukuneze adrindelia). 

irkveva amasTan, rom qarTuli leqsi, qarTuli wyobili-sityva, qarTuli mwerlobis 

am uZveles periodSi uaRresad mdidari da mravalsaxovani yofila. 

xolo yvelaze mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom Zvel-qarTul literaturaSi arsebula 

ara erTi saxis leqsTwyoba, rogorc amas dRemde fiqrobdnen, aramed sami saxis 

leqsTwyoba, romlebic Tavisi wyobiT, metrul-ritmuli struqturiT, sxvadasxva sistemebs 

warmogvidgenen. 

es sami saxeoba qarTuli leqsisa, romelic miRebuli yofila Zvel-qarTul literaturaSi, 

Semdegnia: 

1. silaburi muxledovani leqsi (Zvel-qarTuli klasikuri leqsi); 

2. silaburi ukveTeli leqsi (Zvel-qarTuli sagalobelTa `marcvledi~); 

3. `wyobili sityua ricxuedi~ (anu mokle aRniSvniT `wyobili sityua~), Zvel-qar- 

Tuli Tavisufali umarcvledo leqsi, Sinaarsobliv-taepobrivi ritmikiT (am ukanasknels 

mesame saxeobas paraleli aqvs Zvel aRmosavlur leqsTwyobebSi). 

Cven gvaqvs saSualeba gaviTvaliswinoT istoria Zveli qarTuli leqsis samive saxeobisa. 

aRvniSnavT amasTan, rom aRmoCenilia saleqso sazomebis krebuli IX-X saukuneTa 

(`Zlispirni~, Zvel-qarTuli WaSniki), sadac warmodgenilia da sistemaSia moyvanili 

yvela sazomebi, romelic miRebuli iyo meore saxis leqsTwyobaSi, _ sagalobelTa 

`marcvledi~. 

aseTia suraTi, rac Cven winaSe iSleba axlad gamovlenili saliteraturo wyaroebis 

safuZvelze, Zveli da axali masalebis axleburad ganxilvis Suqze. 

Cven vxedavT da vrwmundebiT, rom Zveli qarTuli literatura aris maRali rangis 

literatura, romelic, amave xanis berZnul-bizantiur literaturasTan erTad, 

dgas saSualo saukuneebis evropuli msoflios literaturaTa pirvel rigSi. 

gasagebia yovelive amis Semdeg, rom qarTuli literaturis ganviTareba saSualo 

saukuneebSi dagvirgvinda iseTi diadi, msoflio mniSvnelobis literaturuli movleniT, 

rogoric aris SoTa rusTavelis `vefxis-tyaosani~. 

Zvel-qarTuli saleqso terminologia 

vidre SevudgebodeT Zvel-qarTuli poeziis saleqso formebis ganxilvas, Cven aq 

winaswar SevCerdebiT Zvel-qarTul saleqso terminologiaze.

leqsis saxelwodebad Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi ixmareboda terminebi: `sityuaÁ~; 

`wyobili sityuaÁ~; `sityuaÁ marculedi~; `leqsi~; ìambiko~; `Sairi~. 

poetis saxelwodebad Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi gvxvdeba: `sityÂs-moqmedi~; `gamom- 

Tqumeli~; `gamometyueli~; `simReris-mwerali~; `mgosani~; `meleqse~; `moSaire~. 

CamoTvlili terminebidan uZvelesia, TavisTavadi qarTulia: 

saxelwodebani leqsisa _ `sityuaÁ~; `wyobili sityuaÁ~; `sityuaÁ marculedi~. 

saxelwodebani poetisa _ `sityÂs-moqmedi~; `gamomTqumeli~; `gamometyueli~. 

XII saukunis dasawyisis poetTan SavTelTan (àbdulmesiani~) leqsi (`wyobili sityua~) 

aRiniSneba terminiT `sityua~ (ix. strofebi 13, 571, 1011). 

saxelwodeba `wyobili sityuaÁ~ (formiT `wyobil-sityvaoba~) damowmebulia anton 

I-Tan. 

saxelwodeba `sityuaÁ marculedi~ damowmebulia efrem mciresTan (XI sauk.). 

leqsis uZveles saxelwodebasTan `sityuaÁ~, `wyobil sityuaÁ~, `sityuaÁ marculedi~, 

dakavSirebulia uZvelesi saxelwodeba poetisa `sityÂs-moqmedi~. 

saxelwodeba `sityÂs-moqmedi~ damowmebulia Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi jer kidev 

V saukunidan. 

`mociqulTa saqmis~ XVIII TavSi (28-e muxlSi) berZnuli termini poihthv~ (=poeti) 

gadmocemulia terminiT `sityÂs-moqmedi~. 

`mociqulTa saqmis~ Semdgomi xanis XI saukunis redaqciaSi, romelic giorgi mTawmindels 

ekuTvnis, Cven gvaqvs glosebi, sadac aRsaniSnavad cnebisa poeti _ ixmareba 

egeve termini `sityÂs-moqmedi~ da amis paralelad `gamomTqumeli~. berZen poetebs homirossa 

da arate kilikiels am glosebSi `sityÂs-moqmedi~ da `gamomTqumeli~ ewodeba. 

efrem mciresTan poeti aRiniSneba saxelwodebiT `gamometyueli~. 

paralelad uZvelesi xanis saxelwodebasTan `sityvis-moqmedi~, cneba poetis aRsaniSnavad 

arqaul termins warmoadgens agreTve saxelwodeba `simReris-mwerali~. isic 

V saukunidan aris damowmebuli. es saxelwodeba `simReris-mwerali~ imasTan aris dakavSirebuli, 

rom uZveles xanaSi leqsi imRereboda xolme, leqsi igive simRera iyo. 

pavles epistoleTa Zvel-qarTul versiaSi, romelic V saukunidan momdinareobs, 

Sesaval werilSi àRwerili saRmrToTa wamebaTaÁ~, Zvel-berZen poets (komediogr-afs) 

menandres ewodeba `simReris-mwerali~ anu `simReraT-mwerali~. 

garda sakuTriv qarTul saxelwodebaTa cneba poetis aRsaniSnavad (`sityÂs-moqmedi~, 

`simReris-mwerali~, `gamomTqumeli~ da `gamometyueli~) _ Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi 

adridanve damkvidrebula aRmosavluridan (iranulidan) momdinare termini `mgosani~. 

`mgosani~ Zvel-qarTulad niSnavda aSuRs, poet-momRerals (Sead. `simReris-mwerali~). 

mgosani rogorc sakuTar leqsTa, ise sxvaTa leqsebis momRerali iyo. 

VIII saukunis qarTveli avtori leonti mroveli moixsenebs Zvel-qarTvel mgosnebs. 

sityva `leqsi~ qarTulSi Semosulia berZnulidan. es sityva uZvelesi droidanve 

SeuTvisebia qarTul enas, igi adridanve Rrmad gaxalxurebula da damkvidrebula qarTuli 

enis ZiriTad leqsikur fondSi. berZnul termins `leqsi~ (levxi~) aqvs zo-gadi 

mniSvneloba: sityva. Zvel-qarTulSi am termins ornairi mniSvneloba mieca: a) 

sityva; b) wyobili sityva. 

Semdeg Zvel-qarTulSi Sinaarsi am terminisa viwrovdeba; pirveli mniSvneloba 

(martivad `sityva~) xmarebidan gamodis da termini `leqsi~ sabolood damkvidrda aRsaniSnavad 

cnebisa `wyobili sityva~. 

aq uaRresad mniSvnelovania da xazgasasmelia is garemoeba, rom termini `leqsi~ 

berZnulSi aRniSnavda zogadad cnebas `sityva~ da mas ar hqonda berZnulSi damkvidrebuli 

mniSvneloba viwro specialuri terminisa `wyobili sityva~. 

amdenad termini `leqsi~, rogorc specifikuri termini aRsaniSnavad cnebisa `wyobili 

sityva~, qarTuli warmoSobisaa, qarTuli terminia. 

termins `leqsi~ es meoradi mniSvneloba `wyobili sityvisa~ Zvel-qarTulSi, Cans, 

adreul xanaSi miuRia, da, rogorc aRvniSneT, es termini Zveli droidanve Rrmad ga- 

160

xalxurebuli Cans. am termins `leqsi~ ganudevnia xalxurSi Zvel-qarTuli termini _ 

`sityuaÁ~, `wyobili sityuaÁ~ da `marculedi sityuaÁ~. 

terminebi `leqsi~, `meleqse~ kanonizebas Rebulobs Zvel-qarTul poeziaSi. rusTavelTan 

termini `leqsi~ ixmareba mxolod am erTad-erTi mniSvnelobiT `wyobili sityva~. 

Zvel-qarTulSi aRsaniSnavad cnebisa `leqsi~ (`wyobili sityva~) Cven gvxvdeba 

agreTve termini ìambiko~. termini berZnulidan momdinareobs. 

es termini Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi ornairi mniSvnelobiT ixmareboda: a) 12-marcvledi 

leqsi (es aris ZiriTadi mniSvneloba terminisa); b) zogadad leqsi. 

termini ìambiko~, zogadi mniSvnelobiT `leqsi~, damowmebulia efrem mciresTan 

(XI sauk.) da ioane filosofosTan (XI-XII sauk.). termini ìambiko~, zogadi mniSvnelobiT 

`leqsi~, mwignobruli warmoSobisaa da mas farTe gavrceleba ar miuRia. 

Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi, SedarebiT gvian xanaSi, VII-XI saukuneebSi, gavrcelebas 

Rebulobs arabulidan momdinare terminebi: Sairi (Sahiri) da moSaire (moSahire). 

es terminebi damowmebulia XI-XII saukunis avtorebTan _ arseni iyalToelTan (xronoRrafi 

giorgi amartolisa, gv. 225 `menandros moSahire~), visramianSi, vefxistyaosanSi. 

dasasrul dagvrCenia aRvniSnoT, rom Zvel-qarTuli poeziis specifikur Janrs, _ 

himnebs, Zvel-qarTulad ewodeboda: `sagalobelni~, `galobani~, `dasdebelni~. 

poet-himnografs ewodeba `mgalobeli~ (SeadareT zemoT `simReris-mwerali~). 

Zveli qarTuli leqsTawyobis sami saxeoba 

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoriis manZilze, V saukunidan mokidebuli vidre 

XVIII saukunemde, qarTul mwerlobaSi miRebuli yofila sami saxeoba qarTuli leqsisa, 

romlebic Tavisi wyobiT, metrul-ritmuli struqturiT, arsebiTad gansxvavdebian 

erTi-meorisagan. esenia: 

1. silaburi muxledovani leqsi anu Zvel-qarTuli klasikuri leqsi. 

am leqsis uZvelesi Cven dromde moRweuli nimuSebi damowmebulia V-VIII saukuneebidan. 

misi umaRlesi srulyofili saxe Cven gvaqvs SoTa rusTavelis ukvdav poemaSi 

_ `vefxis-tyaosani~. Tavis struqturas igi ucvlelad inarCunebs XVIII saukunemde 

(daviT guramiSvili, besiki) da gadmodis XIX saukuneSi. 

2. silaburi ukveTeli leqsi anu Zvel-qarTuli Tavisufali leqsi _ sagalobel- 

Ta `marcvledi~. igi miRebuli iyo Zvel-qarTul himnografiul poeziaSi V-XVIII saukuneebisa. 

garda himnografiuli poeziisa, es meore saxeoba Zvel-qarTuli leqsisa, _ silaburi 

ukveTeli leqsi, _ gvxvdeba agreTve Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sxva JanrebSiac 

(hagiografiuli poema àbukuraÁ~ IX saukunisa). 

3. `wyobili sityua ricxuedi~ (anu mokle aRniSvniT: `wyobili sityua~), Zvel-qar- 

Tuli Tavisufali umarcvledo leqsi, Sinaarsobliv-taepobrivi ritmikiT. am Taviseburi 

leqsis ritmikas hqmnis ara `marcvledoba~ taepebisa, aramed `ricxuedoba~ Sinaarsoblivad 

Sekruli taepebisa (saxeTa paralelizmis farTod gamoyenebiT). es mesame 

saxis leqsi upiratesad gvxvdeba Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaseulis qarTuli 

mwerlobis ZeglebSi (bibliis Zvel-qarTuli versiis galobani, kerZod, sagalobelni 

fsalmunTa wignisa; Zvel-qarTuli folkloruli warmoSobis teqstebi leonti mrovelis 

wignSi `cxoreba qarTvelTa~; grigol xanZTelis `qebaÁ klarjeTisa udabno- 

TaÁ~; `qebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ~ da sxvani). 

Zveli qarTuli klasikuri leqsis metruli struqtura 

Zveli qarTuli klasikuri leqsis gamo upirveles yovlisa saWiroa aRiniSnos misi 

organuli kavSiri qarTul xalxur poeziasTan. Zvel qarTul klasikur leqsSi 

Cven gvaqvs igive wyoba, igive metruli struqtura, rac qarTuli enis (da saerTod 

yvela qarTveluri enakavebisa da dialeqtebis) xalxur leqsSi. 

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aSkaraa, klasikuri qarTuli leqsis saTave da pirvelwyaro aris qarTuli xalxuri 

sityviereba, Zvel-qarTuli xalxuri poezia. amas adasturebs rogorc damTxveva 

klasikuri Zvel-qarTuli leqsisa xalxur leqsTan, ise TviT is garemoeba, rom klasikuri 

qarTuli leqsi Tavisi ritmuli aRnaqvsiT adeqvaturad upasuxebs qarTul enaSi 

mocemuls bunebriv prozodias. 

amrigad Zvel-qarTuli leqsis zemoT-dasaxelebuli sami saxeobidan (1_klasikuri 

qarTuli leqsi, 2 _ sagalobelTa `marcvledi~, 3 _ `wyobili sityva ricxvedi~), ZiriTad 

qarTulad misaCnevia pirveli, romlis warmoqmna qarTuli enis wiaRSi momxdara. 

masSi ar SeiniSneba ucxour (berZnul, aRmosavlur) leqsTwyobaTa raime Zireuli, 

formaciis mimcemi gavlena. 

rac Seexeba meore saxeobas (sagalobelTa `marcvledi~), mis formirebaze, rogorc 

Semdeg davinaxavT, uSualo gavlena hqonda berZnul leqsTwyobas. 

Tu rogori warmoSobisaa mesame saxeoba Zvel-qarTuli leqsisa (`wyobili sityva 

ricxvedi~), es kiTxva araa savsebiT naTeli. am Taviseburs umarcvledo leqss paraleli 

aqvs Zvel aRmosavlur leqsTwyobaSi semuri enebisa. magram mTeli rigi garemoebaTa 

gvafiqrebinebs, rom es leqsTwyoba ar unda iyves nasesxebi qarTulSi, aramed 

qarTul niadagze warmoqmnili. yovel SemTxvevaSi aRsaniSnavia is uaRresad mniSvnelovani 

faqti, rom uZvelesi qarTuli folkloruli teqstebi, Setanili leonti 

mrovelis TxzulebaSi `cxoreba qarTvelTa~, am mesame leqsTwyobas warmogvidgens. 

safiqrebeli xdeba, rom am arqauli tipis umarcvledo leqsis saxiT Cven gvaqvs is 

arqauli qarTuli leqsTwyoba, romelic win uswrebda muxledovani qarTuli leqsis 

saboloo Camoyalibebas. warmoqmna qarTuli leqsTwyobis am adrindeli saxeobisa 

uZveles epoqas, arqaul antikur xanas unda miekuTvnos. 

silaburi muxledi klasikuri qarTuli leqsisa. 

qarTuli klasikuri leqsis metruli struqturis safuZvels Seadgens ara terfi 

(rogorc es gvaqvs tonursa da qvantiteturs metrul leqsTwyobaSi), aramed silaburi 

muxledi sxvadasxva zomisa, or-marcvledidan cxra-marcvledamde, romlebic erTmaneTisagan 

ganiyofeba mudmivi cezurebiT. Tavisi muxledovani wyobiT qarTuli klasikuri 

leqsi gansxvavdeba Zvel-qarTuli leqsis danarCeni ori saxeobisagan: 

Zveli qarTuli leqsis meore saxeobaSi (e. i. sagalobelTa marcvledSi), yoveli 

taepi warmoadgens erTs mTlians, ukveTels silabur erTeuls (romelic grZel taepebSi 

ganiyofeba moZravi cezuriT); taepi araa aq danawevrebuli (gankveTili) mkvidr, 

ucvlel muxlebad (mudmivi cezuriT). 

rac Seexeba Zveli qarTuli leqsis mesame saxeobas (`wyobil-sityvas~), igi rogorc 

movixseneT, sruliad gansxvavebuls saleqso sistemas warmoadgens, romelic 

emyareba ara marcvledovan wyobas, aramed Sinaarsobliv-taepobriv ritmikas. 

silaburi muxledebis saxeobani. 

klasikur qarTul leqsSi Cven gvaqvs silabur muxledTa Semdegi saxeobani: 

mokle muxledebi: 2-marcvledi; 

3-marcvledi; 

saSualo muxledebi: 4-marcvledi; 

5-marcvledi; 

6-marcvledi (daqtiluri, bolo-spondeuri, reuli); 

7-marcvledi(bolo-daqtiluri, bolo-qoreuli, reuli); 

grZeli muxledebi: 8-marcvledi; 

9-marcvledi. 

mokle muxledebi, qarTuli enis bunebrivi prozodiis Tanaxmad, ar hqmnian sazomebis 

uwyvetel serias (oriani an samiani dimetrebi, oriani an samiani trimetrebi, 

oriani an samiani tetrametrebi, da a. S.); mokle muxledebi Sedis rogorc Semadgeneli 

nawili SenaerT sazomebSi (saSualo da grZel muxledebTan SekavSirebiT). amas 

garda, mokle muxledebi gvxvdeba damoukidebeli muxled-taepebis _ monometrebis saxiT 

(oriani monometri da samiani monometri iambikonebisa). 

162

aq ramdenime SeniSvna grZel muxledebze. 

grZeli muxledebi qarTuli leqsisa, 8-marcvledi da 9-marcvledi, iCenen tendencias 

gaiyon or-or muxledebad; gvian xanaSi es grZeli muxledebi, erTiani 8-marcvledi 

da 9-marcvledi, xmarebidan gamodian kidec. 

erTian 8-marcvled muxleds, egreTwodebul `reul~ Sairs, enacvleba ori muxledi 

dabali Sairisa (5-marcvledi da 3-marcvledi) da maRali Sairisa (4-marcvledi). 

qarTul mwerlobaSi rusTavelis Semdeg erTiani 8-marcvledi muxledebiT wyobili 

leqsi iSviaTad gvxvdeba, mwerlobaSi gabatonebulia dabali da maRali Sairis 

formebi (3-, 4- da 5-marcvledebi), magram xalxur poeziaSi erTiani 8-marcvledi muxlebi 

`reuli~ Sairisa dRemde cocxalia da xmarebaSia (ase, 8-marcvledi muxledebisagan 

Semdgari `reuli~ SairiT aris gamoTqmuli xalxuri arsenas leqsi). mwerlobaSiac, 

Tumca sporadiulad, magram mainc gvxvdeba 8-marcvledi muxledi `reuli~ Sairisa, 

rogorc me-18 saukuneSi, ise me-19 saukuneSiac (daviT guramiSvilis leqsi `mze- 

Ta-mzis vedreba~, _ `mzev siSoriTa SeniTa!~; ilia WavWavaZis `bazaleTis tba~, poema 

`dimitri Tavdadebuli~). 

`reuli~ Sairis am wyobas, romelic iyenebda erTians 8-marcvled muxleds, rogorc 

Semdeg davinaxavT, uZvelesi tradicia aqvs. 8-marcvledi monometri farTe gavrcelebiT 

sargeblobda Zvel-qarTul himnografiul poeziaSi. es rac Seexeba 8-marcvled 

muxleds. 

ugrZesi saxeoba muxledisa qarTul silabur muxledovan leqsSi aris 9-marcvledi. 

es saxeoba, 9-marcvledi erTiani muxledi, miRebulia xalxurs `mTiblur~ sazomSi. 

silaburi ukveTeli leqsi 

(sagalobelTa `marcvledi~) 

meore saxeoba Zvel-qarTuli leqsTwyobisa aris Zvel-qarTuli silaburi ukveTeli 

leqsi, _ sagalobelTa `marcvledi~. es meore saxis leqsTwyoba miRebuli iyo Zvel-qarTul 

himnografiul poeziaSi. 

egeve leqsTwyoba Cven gvxvdeba agreTve Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis sxva Janreb- 

Siac; ase, amave saxis leqsTwyobiT aris Sesrulebuli Zvel-qarTuli hagiografiuli 

poema àbukuraÁ~ (IX s.). 

I 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis 

saleqso formis amoxsna 

aq Tavdapirvelad saWiroa SevCerdeT Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis saleqso 

formis amoxsnaze, rac erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa. 

Zveli qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis Sesaxeb is azri iyo gavrcelebuli, viTomc 

igi, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi 12-marcvled iambikonebs, proziT iwereboda, 

prozas warmoadgenda. 

Zvel-qarTuli saeklesio mwerlobis udidesi specialisti Cveni didi mecnieri 

akad. k. kekeliZe dResac amtkicebs, rom Zvel-qarTuli himnografiis Zeglebi, iambikonTa 

gamoklebiT, viTomc es aris ùbralo prozuli himnebi~, romlebic, avtoris daskvniT, 

_ àraviTar zomas da kanons ar emorCilebian~ (ix. k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli 

mwerlobis istoria, I, 1951 w., gv. 561). 

rogorc cnobilia, Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli mTeli rigi teqstebi gamoqveynebuli 

hqondaT agreTve akad. n. marsa da akad. iv. javaxiSvils, sinas mTis Zvel-qar- 

Tul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi. am did mecnierebs agreTve SeumCneveli darCaT, rom 

Zvel-qarTuli himnebi es aris ara prozuli teqstebi, aramed Taviseburi leqsTwyobiT 

Sesrulebuli poeturi nawarmoebni. 

razed emyareba es Semcdari Sexeduleba, viTomc Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli po- 

163

eziis Zeglebi proziT aris naweri? 

es Semcdari Sexeduleba iqidan momdinareobs, rom Zvel xelnawerebSi leqsebi iwereboda 

ara im saxiT, rogorc axla ibeWdeba (e. i. yoveli taepi calke striqonis saxiT), 

aramed iwereboda gabmiT, prozis msgavsad. maS rogorRa ganarCevdnen leqssa da 

prozas? marto smeniT? 

ara, ganarCevdnen metruli punqtuaciiT. leqsis gabmiT daweril teqstebSi _ metruli 

punqtuaciiT, wertilebiT, _ gamoiyofoda erTmaneTisagan yoveli taepi (da agreTve 

naxevar-taepi, rodesac taepi mudmivi cezuriT orad ganikveTeba). 

ai es metruli punqtuacia SeumCneveli darCaT mkvlevarebs da maT leqsi prozad 

miiRes. 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis formis saidumloeba Cven pirvelad amovicaniT, 

rodesac vmuSaobdiT Zvel-qarTul teqstebze da vamzadebdiT gamosacemad na- 

Sroms: `Zvel-qarTuli sasuliero poezia~. pirveli nimuSebi amoxsnili teqstebisa am 

SromaSia gamoqveynebuli. 

teqstebis leqsiTi forma ase iqmna pirvelad amoSifruli: 

miqael modrekilis cnobil xelnawerSi X saukunisa, romelic himnografiuli poeziis 

krebuls warmoadgens, Cveni yuradReba miiqcia, Tu rogor aris am krebulSi 

warmodgenili iambikonebiT, e. i. 12-marcvledi leqsiT dawerilni nawarmoebni. 

yvela aseTi teqstebi _ (romelTa saTaurSiac aRniSnulia, rom isini dawerilia iambikoniT, 

e. i. 12-marcvledi leqsiT) _ xelnawerSi moyvanilia gabmiT, prozis msgavsad. 

iambikonTa am teqstebis gacnobisas Cvens winaSe aRiZra sakiTxi, Tu riT ganarCevdnen 

ase erTgvari saxiT dawerils prozasa da leqss, marto smeniT, Tu arsebobda 

raime grafikuli maCvenebeli saleqso formisa, metrisa. roca es sakiTxi Cvens wina- 

Se aRiZra, maSinve yuradReba mivaqcieT punqtuacias, romelic metruli punqtuacia 

aRmoCnda. leqsis am gabmiT daweril teqstebSi metruli punqtuaciiT _ wertilebiT 

_ gamoyofili aRmoCnda yoveli taepi (da agreTve naxevar-taepi, rodesac taepi mudmivi 

cezuriT orad ganikveTeba). 

aviRoT magaliTisaTvis miqael modrekilis krebulSi moTavsebuli teqsti, romelsac 

aqvs zedwerili: ìambikonni, Tqumulni ivane minCxisani~. X saukunis qarTveli 

poetis ivane minCxis es nawarmoebi, dawerili iambikonebiT, Seicavs 33 strofs, anu, 

rogorc Zvel-qarTulad erqva, muxls. xelnawerSi iambikonebs darTuli aqvs avtoris 

aseTi SeniSvna: 

`yovelsa muÃlsa 60 SetyuebaÁ [=marcvali] aqus, 5-jer 12~. 

amrigad avtori sagangebod miuTiTebs, rom iambikonebis yovel muxlSi (strofSi) 

60 marcvalia; rom muxli (strofi) Sesdgeba 5 taepisagan, romelTagan TviTeulSi 12 

marcvalia. teqsti ki moyvanilia gabmiT, prozis msgavsad. 

mogvyavs magaliTisaTvis teqstis erTi muxli (strofi) im saxiT, rogoradac es 

warmodgenilia xelnawerSi (zustad vicavT xelnaweris punqtuacias): 

`ganukueTeli. ganikueTa queyanaÁ. da daefla abeli romel moikla. Zmisa ÃeliTa. 

Seiwyeva queyanaÁ. xolo odes daefla RmerTi da kaci. ikurTxa mis wil. aw da ukunisamde~. 

[Sinaarsi am teqstisa Semdegia: `ganukveTeli dedamiwa pirvelad ganikveTa, 

rodesac gasWres pirveli saflavi da damarxes abeli, romelic moikla Zmis (kaenis) 

xeliT. am dros daiwyevla dedamiwa. xolo rodesac dedamiwaSi damarxes RmerT-kaci 

(jvarcmuli qriste), am Jamidan dedamiwa ikurTxa aw da ukunisamde.~] 

davalagoT amis Semdeg teqsti ise, rogorc igi dayofilia punqtuaciis (wertile- 

bis) mixedviT. miviRebT Semdeg suraTs: 

ganukueTeli 

ganikueTa queyanaÁ, 

da daefla abeli, romel moikla 

Zmisa ÃeliTa; 

Seiwyeva queyanaÁ! 

xolo odes daefla RmerTi da kaci, 

164 

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ikurTxa mis wil 

(5) 

aw da ukunisamde! 

(7) 

(SeniSvna. cifrebi arSiaze aRniSnaven marcvalTa raodenobas striqonSi). 

rogorc vxedavT, aq Cven gvaqvs ara proza, aramed leqsi, romlis sazomi gamovlinebulia 

metruli punqtuaciiT. 

aq saWiroa aRiniSnos agreTve Semdegi. avtori zemoT-moyvanil SeniSvnaSi gvauwyebs, 

rom iambikonis yoveli muxli Seicavs xuT taeps, romelTagan TviTeulSi 12 marcvalia. 

maSasadame, zemoT-moyvanil teqstSi 5-marcvledi da 7-marcvledi striqonebi 

warmoadgenen naxevar-taepebs (taepis iseT nawilebs, romlebic mudmivi uZravi cezuriT 

aris gayofili). 

xolo rodesac Cven teqsts davalagebT xuT taepad, rogorc amas avtori miuTiTebs, 

miviRebT Semdeg suraTs: 

ganukueTeli’ ganikueTa queyanaÁ, 

(5+7) 12 

da daefla abeli, romel moikla 

12 

Zmisa ÃeliTa;’ Seiwyeva queyanaÁ! 

(5+7) 12 

xolo odes daefla RmerTi da kaci, 

12 

ikurTxa mis wil’ aw da ukunisamde! 

(5+7) 12 

SeniSvna. niSniT ’ aq (da qvemoT yvelgan) aRniSnuli gvaqvs mudmivi cezura, romelic 

naxevar-taepis boloSi modis, da rac xelnawerSi wertiliT aRiniSneba. 

sruli teqsti am iambikonTa gamocemuli gvaqvs dasaxelebuls Cvens wignSi: `ZvelqarTuli 

sasuliero poezia~, gv. 11-17. 

metruli punqtuaciis aRmoCena himnografiul iambikonur teqstebSi gaxda dasayrdeni 

danarCeni saleqso formebis gasaxsnelad. 

himnografiuli teqstebis kiTxvis dros Cven SevniSneT garkveuli ritmiuloba sagalobelTa, 

Tumca es ritmi ara hgavda Cveulebrivi dRemde cnobili qarTuli leqsebis 

ritms; sagalobelTa ritmi igrZnoboda, rogorc bevrad ufro rTuli da amasTan 

erTgvarad ufro dinamiuric, vidre ritmi Cveulebrivi qarTuli leqsebisa. 

yvela es himnografiuli teqstebi gamarTulia zustad imave saxis metruli punqtuaciiT, 

rogorc zemoT-ganxiluli iambikonebi. 

rodesac Cven am himnebis teqstebi gavxseniT da gavawyveT metruli punqtuaciis 

mixedviT, gamoirkva, rom himnebSi Cven gvaqvs marTlac rTuli da metad Taviseburi 

leqsi, romelic emyareba ara mxolod taepobrivs, aramed stroful-taepobrivs ritmikas. 

himnebSi Cven gvaqvs ritmiuli monacvleoba strofuli erTeulebisa, strofebisa 

da antistrofebis saxiT. yovel calkeul galobaSi ZiriTad stroful erTeuls anu 

strofs mosdevs antistrofebi, romlebic dawerilia imave wyobis taepebiT, gansxvavebuli 

zomis taepTa imave TanamimdevrobiT, rac Cven gvaqvs ZiriTad strofSi. 

mogvyavs aq teqsti pirveli himnisa, romlis magaliTzedac pirvelad amovxseniT 

buneba qarTuli himnografiis am Taviseburi leqsTwyobisa. 

es himni, romelic daculia X saukunis xelnawerSi, miqael modrekilis krebulSi, 

_ warmoadgens aRdgomis sagalobels. ekuTvnis igi X saukunis poets ivane minCxis da 

ikiTxvis Semdegnairad (ix. miqael modrekilis krebuli, gv. 509-510): 

1 

raJams moxuedi 

(5) 

(strofi) 

zeciT queyanad, [Ä] mÃsnelo Cueno, 

(10) 

da inebe Sen 

(5) 

SobaÁ dedisagan ubiwoÁsa, 

(11) 

cxovrebisaTÂs 

(5) 

adamis naTesavisa _ 

(8) 

SecTomilisa, mraval-mowyale! 

(10) 

2 

(antistrofi) 

juars ecu ÃorciTa 

bunebiT uvnebeli RmrTeebaÁ, 

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3 

(antistrofi) 

4 

(antistrofi) 

STahÃed quesknelad 

da ganaqarve mTavrobaÁ bnelisaÁ, 

da aRadgine 

bunebaÁ kacTaÁ danTqmuli, 

bunebaÁ kacTaÁ, da gadidebda. 

raJams daefal, 

macxovar, gulsa queyanisasa, 

cani iglovdes, 

da aRivsnes mnaTobni mwuxarebiTa, 

xolo ganaTldes 

bnelisa myofni, naTlisa _ 

uxilavisa brwyinvalebiTa. 

saglovel iyo 

mixedvad pirsa mglovareTasa, 

raJams tirodes 

mwuxared aRvsebulni cremliTa, 

da eZiebdes 

guamsa mas sameufosa, 

sam dRe kacTaebr mkudrad Serac- 

xils. 

sagalobeli Seicavs 9 stroful erTeuls, dawerils am sazomiT, aseTi stroful-taepobrivi 

wyobiT; aq Cven davbeWdeT pirveli oTxi strofuli erTeuli. sruli 

teqsti am sagalobelisa gamoqveynebuli gvaqvs wignSi: `Zvel-qarTuli sasuliero poezia~, 

gv. 19-21. mogvyavs agreTve meore himni, romlis saleqso forma Cven amovxseniT 

zemoTmoyvanil pirvel himnTan erTad da romelic gamoqveynebuli gvaqvs wignSi: `Zvel-qarTuli 

sasuliero poezia~, gv. 30-31. 

es meore himni, _ sagalobeli àqebdiTsa~, _ ekuTvnis imave meaTe saukunis poets 

ivane minCxis. moTavsebulia igi miqael modrekilis zemoT-dasaxelebul krebulSi X 

saukunisa. sagalobeli miZRvnilia Tevdosi mefisadmi da ikiTxvis Semdegnairad: 

a 

(strofi) 

b 

(antistrofi) 

mwyemso keTilo’ 

saRmrToTa 

samwysoTao, 

Rirso mefeo, 

Sen emsgavse mnesa mas goniersa, 

miÁRe talanti uflisa SenisaÁ, 

ganamravle igi’ 

da miuZRuane 

mraval-nawilad’ 

mimniWebelsa. 

. . . 

Rirso mefeo’ 

sanatrelo Tevdosi, 

gxadis meoxad 

mefeÁ Cueni, madidebeli Seni, 

da pativ-scems dResaswaulsa Sensa; 

iTxove qristeÁsgan’ 

da Sen-Tanave 

gÂrgÂnosan yos’ 

sasufevelsa. 

166 

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sagalobeli Seicavs oTx stroful erTeuls, dawerils am sazomiT; Cven aq davbeWdeT 

ori maTgani, 1 _ strofi, 4 _ antistrofi. sagalobels boloSi, mexuTe antistrofis 

saxiT darTuli aqvs qebaÁ mariamisi, dawerili imave sazomiT. ikiTxvis igi 

Semdegnairad: 

uzeSTaes xar’ 

qebulebaTa, Rirso, 

uSuenieres 

yovelTa samkaulTa, RmrTis-mSobelo, 

unaTles mnaTobTa samyaroÁsaTa, 

rameTu saRmrToÁTa’ 

naTliTa savse 

maradis hnaTob’ 

winaSe RmrTisa. 

moyvanili leqsis ganmartebisaTvis saWiroa aRvniSnoT Semdegi. 

Tevdosi, visdamic aris miZRvnili es sagalobeli, warmodgenili iyo rogorc idealuri 

mefe `mwyemsi keTili~ (araa interess moklebuli aRvniSnoT aq Sexvedrebi n. 

baraTaSvilisa X saukunis am ZeglTan. SeadareT dasawyisi n. baraTaSvilis poemisa 

`bedi qarTlisa~: `mwyemso keTilo, Sens wmida samwysos...~ da dasawyisi aq moyvanili 

sagalobelisa: `mwyemso keTilo’ saRmrToTa samwysoTao...~). 

`mefeÁ Cueni~, romelsac aq moixsenebs ivane minCxi, da visi saxeliTac igi laparakobs, 

aris dasavleT saqarTvelos mefe giorgi II (922-957 ww.), romlis Tanamedrove 

da TanamoRvawe iyo minCxi. 

giorgi II didad afasebda minCxs, rogorc poets. minCxis erT-erT sagalobels daculi 

aqvs warwera: èse galobani mas kargsa giorgi mefesa, didsa, didiTa vedrebi- 

Ta aRuwervebian minCxisada~. 

rogorc magaliTi sagalobelTa leqsTwyobisa mogvyavs agreTve mesame himni, stiqaroni 

àqebdiTsa~, romelic ekuTvnis X saukunis ganTqmul poets miqael modrekils. 

daculia es sagalobeli miqaelis cnobil krebulSi da ikiTxvis Semde-gnairad: 

a 

adamis Txemsa zeda 

(7) 

(strofi) juars-ecu meore adam ÃorciTa, qristჱ, 

(12) 

(7) 

da mamasa Sehvedre 

(12) 

cxovels-myofeli suli Seni ubiwoÁ; 

(7) 

avazakman gicna Sen, 

(12) 

ZeÁ RmrTisaÁ, vnebul ÃorciTa vnebadiTa, 

(7) 

aRsaarebiT Ãma yo: 

(7) 

`momiÃsene, ufalo, 

(11) 

moslvasa mas Sensa kualad didebiT~. 

b 

(antistrofi) 

167 

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gangexunes SiSiT bWeni 

zesknels caTani, qriste, RmrTisa sityuao, 

raJams aRhmaRldi zecad 

mTisa misgan wmidisa zeTisxilTaÁsa; 

Rrubelman Segiwynara, 

uÃorcoTa gicnes da SiSiT RaRad-yves: 

àRaxueniT bWeni, 

zecis eris-mTavarno, 

da Sevides meufeჲ didebisaჲ!~ 

sagalobeli Seicavs eqvs stroful erTeuls, dawerils am sazomiT, aseTi stroful-taepobrivi 

wyobiT; Cven aq davbeWdeT ori maTgani: 1 _ strofi, da 4 _ antistrofi. 

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II 

kavSiri Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis saleqso formisa 

berZnuli lirikis saleqso formasTan. 

rodesac ki Cven amovSifreT Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis leqsis saxeoba, 

CvenTvis maSinve naTeli gaxda uaxloesi naTesaoba qarTuli himnografiis saleqso 

formisa berZnuli lirikis saleqso formasTan. 

vinc ki gacnobilia Zvel berZnul poezias, mas, rasakvirvelia, kargad moexseneba, 

rom Zvel berZnul qorul lirikaSi swored amave saxis leqsTwyoba iyo miRebuli, _ 

stroful-taepobrivi rTuli ritmikiT. 

qorul lirikaSi Cven gvaqvs iseTive monacvleoba strofebisa da antistrofebisa, 

rogorc qarTuli himnografiis leqsSi. 

amave dros qorul lirikaSi Cven gvaqvs aseTive rTuli taepobrivi wyoba, yovel 

strofSi Sewyoba sxvadasxva sazomis mqone taepebisa. 

qoruli lirikis es uaRresad Taviseburi da dinamiuri leqsi gadmovida berZnul 

dramaSiac, saxeldobr berZnuli dramis im nawilebSi, sadac gamodis qoro. (ase, magaliTad, 

sofokles tragediaSi òidipos mefe~ Cven gvaqvs 13 nakveTi, sadac ixmareba qoruli 

lirikis es specifikuri saleqso forma strofebisa da antistrofebis saxiT; 

tragediaSi òidipos kolonoSi~ _ 15 nakveTi; tragediaSi àntigone~ _ 17 nakveTi). 

rodesac Cven pirvelad amovxseniT qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis leqsis saxeoba, 

swored am faqtma, _ rom qarTuli himnografiis leqsi Tavisi struqturiT emTxveva 

qoruli lirikis stroful-taepobrivs aRnagobas, _ dagvidastura Cveni daskvnis 

siswore. aq saWirod vsTvliT aRvniSnoT amasTan, rom rodesac Cven pirvelad amovxseniT 

qarTuli himnografiis leqsi, Cven am dros jer kidev ar vicnobdiT saSual 

saukuneTa berZnul qristianul poezias (igi saerTod nakleb Seswavlilia da 

araa ise farTod cnobili), Cven vicnobdiT mxolod Zvel-berZnul qorul lirikas 

da qoruli lirikis saleqso formebs Zvel-berZnul dramaSi. 

xolo mas Semdeg, rac gavecaniT berZnuls saSual saukuneTa qristianul poezias, 

es Cveni daskvnebi kidev ufro ganmtkicda. 

saqme is aris, rom berZnuli qristianuli poeziis forma igivea, rac Zveli berZnuli 

qoruli lirikisa. ase, _ berZnuli qristianuli poeziis irmosi _ igivea, rac 

qoruli lirikis strofi, qristianuli poeziis tropari _ igivea, rac qoruli lirikis 

antistrofi. 

garda imisa, rom berZnuli qristianuli poezia icavs Zveli qoruli lirikis stroful-taepobriv 

aRnagobas strofebisa da antistrofebis saxiT, qristianul poeziaSi 

Cven gvaqvs amave dros aseTive rTuli taepobrivi wyoba, rTuli taepobrivi ritmika, 

yovel strofSi Sewyoba sxvadasxva sazomis mqone taepebisa. 

amrigad, qristianuli poezia agrZelebs Zveli berZnuli qoruli lirikis tradiciebs. 

TavisTavad es faqti, rom qristianuli xanis poezia qoruli lirikis memkvidre 

yofila, moulodnels aras Seicavs da es savsebiT bunebrivicaa. qoruli lirikis 

forma Zvel saberZneTSi gamoiyeneboda religiuri elferis mqone himnebisaTvis. amas- 

Tan qorul lirikas farToO saxalxo gavrceleba hqonda, _ qoruli lirikis forma 

es iyo forma qoruli, sagundo sagaloblebisa, _ da poeziis am formam moaRwia 

qristianul epoqamde. xolo axal istoriul epoqaSi es forma gamoyenebul iqmna axali 

religiisaTvis; aq arsebiTad araferi Secvlila, Seicvala mxolod saxelebi, _ 

zevsis saxeli Seicvala ufalis saxeliT, apolonis da dionisos saxelebi Seicvala 

qristes saxeliT, heras da demetras saxelebi Seicvala mariamis saxeliT. 

amrigad, rogorc irkveva, qristianuli xanis himnografiuli poeziis formas uZvelesi 

saTaveebi aqvs, igi aris memkvidre Zveli qoruli lirikisa. 

168

IV 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis saleqso forma _ 

silaburi ukveTeli leqsi (sagalobelTa `marcvledi~) da misi metruli struqtura. 

nusxa silaburi ukveTeli leqsis taepobriv sazomTa. 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis ZiriTadi saleqso forma, rogorc amis 

Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda saubari, es aris silaburi ukveTeli leqsi (sagalobelTa `marcvledi~. 

am leqsTwyobis _ silaburi ukveTeli leqsis _ metruli struqturis safuZvels 

Seadgens ara terfi (rogorc es gvaqvs tonursa da qvantiteturs metrul leqsTwyobaSi), 

ara silaburi muxledi (rogorc es gvaqvs silaburi leqsTwyobis ZiriTad 

saxeobaSi, kerZod qarTul silabur muxledovan leqsSi), aramed taepi, mTlianad aRebuli. 

am leqsTwyobaSi, _ silabur ukveTel leqsSi, _ yoveli taepi warmoadgens 

erTs mTlians, ukveTel silabur erTeuls (romelic grZel taepebSi ganiyofeba moZravi 

cezuriT); taepi aq araa danawevrebuli (gankveTili) mkvidr, ucvlel muxledebad, 

rogorc es Cven gvaqvs silabur muxledovan leqsSi. 

silaburi ukveTeli leqsis taepobrivi sazomebi Semdeg jgufebad ganiyofeba. 

A. martivi sazomebi: 

a. monometruli sazomebi anu muxled_taepebi. 

b. polimetruli anu ukveTeli moZrav-cezuriani sazomebi. 

B. Senadgeni sazomebi, aRniSnuli cezurebiT. 

martivi sazomebis pirveli (a) qve-jgufi _ monometruli sazomebi _ Seicavs taepebs 

or-marcvledidan _ cxra-marcvledamde. es monometruli sazomebi anu muxledtaepebi 

am leqsTwyobaSiac igivea, rac muxledovan silabur leqsSi. 

martivi sazomebis meore (b) qve-jgufi _ polimetruli anu ukveTeli moZrav-cezuriani 

sazomebi Seicavs taepebs aT-marcvledidan Tvramet-marcvledamde. igi or wyebad 

ganiyofeba: 

aT _ camet marcvledni (iambikonis mimdgomni); 

ToTxmet _ Tvramet marcvledni (Sairis mimdgomni). 

dasasrul, sazomebis meore jgufi: Senadgeni sazomebi, aRniSnuli cezurebiT. 

im wesebiT mixedviT, romelic miRebulia himnografiuli poeziis iambikonuri sazomebisaTvis, 

irkveva Semdegi: rodesac himnografiul leqsSi erTimeoris gverdiT 

uwevs ori mokle zomis saleqso erTeuli, romelTa marcvlebis saerToO ricxvi ar 

aRemateba Tormet-camet marcvleds (e. i. iambikonuri sazomis moculobas), xdeba ma- 

Ti dakavSireba erTi Senadgeni taepis saxiT. aseT Senadgen taepSi gaerTianebuli mokle 

saleqso erTeulebi (naxevar-taepebi) ganiyofeba erTmaneTisagan mkvidri cezuriT, 

rac aRiniSneba xolme metruli punqtuaciiT. 

aseTia struqtura silaburi ukveTeli leqsis taepobrivi sazomebisa. 

IV 

Zvel-qarTuli `WaSniki~ IX-X saukuneTa `Zlispirni~ 

(kodeqsi sagalobelTa stroful-taepobrivi saleqso sazomebisa 

musikaluris kompoziciebiT) 

mkiTxvels, rasakvirvelia, kargad moexseneba, rom qarTuls enaze arsebobs ars poetica 

_ `WaSniki~, romelic Sedgenilia XVIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi poetis mamuka 

baraTaSvilis mier. `WaSnikSi~ aRnusxulia saleqso sazomebi, romelic miRebuli iyo 

qarTul silabur muxledovan leqsTwyobaSi XVIII saukuneSi. 

aseTive saxis Zegli arsebula Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSiac. 

es aris Zvel-qarTuli WaSniki IX-X saukuneTa, romelsac ewodeba `Zlispirni~. es 

Zegli _ `Zlispirni~ aris kodeqsi sagalobelTa stroful-taepobrivi saleqso sazome- 

169

isa, musikaluris kompoziciebiT. am ZeglSi aRnusxulia da sistemaSi moyvanili yvela 

saleqso sazomebi, romlebic ki ixmareboda Zvel-qarTul silabur ukveTel leqs- 

Si, sagalobelTa `marcvledSi~. 

aq saWiroa aRvniSnoT amasTan, rom es Zegli `Zlispirni~ Cven gamovavlineT da mis 

Sinaarss gavecaniT ukanasknel xanebSi, rodesac es wigni ukve dawerili iyo da misi 

ZiriTadi nawili ukve dabeWdili. (dabeWdili iyo mTlianad wignis pirveli nawili, 

beWdvis procesSi iyo damatebani). 

isic unda iTqvas amasTan, rom mniSvnelobas am Zeglisas, ZlispirTa krebulisas, 

_ romelic saleqso sazomebis krebuli aRmoCnda, _ Cven verc ki gavigebdiT, Tu ki 

ukve amoxsnili ar gvqonoda Zvel-qarTuli himnografiis leqsiTi forma, silaburi 

ukveTeli leqsis (sagalobelTa `marcvledis~) leqsiTi saxeoba, ar gvqonoda dadgenili 

metruli punqtuaciis mniSvneloba. 

am Zeglis _ `ZlispirTa~ krebulis gamovlenis sababi Semdegi gaxda. 

mas Semdeg, rac davadgineT, rom Zvel-qarTuli himnografiis Zeglebi leqsad aris 

naweri, Cvens yuradRebas iqcevda am leqsTa zedwerilebi, rac CvenTvis auxsneli rCeboda. 

saqme is aris, rom yovel calke galobas TavSi aqvs darTuli mokle zedwerilebi 

aseTi tipisa: 

`soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~ _ amaT zeda~. 

`viTarca raÁ sions~ _ amaT zeda~. 

ùxilavTa mxilvelman~ _ amaT zeda~. 

`zRÂsa mis mewamulisa~ _ amaT zeda~. 

zogjer ki (ufro xSirad) aseT zedwerilebs boloSi arc ki emateba es bolodanarTi 

_ àmaT zeda~, da galobaTa mokle zedwerilebi aseT saxes atarebs: `soflisa 

zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~, `viTarca raÁ sions~ da misTanani. 

aviRoT magaliTisaTvis zemoT-dabeWdili `galobani sinanulisani~ daviT aRmaSeneblisa. 

es `galobani~, rogorc vnaxeT, rva galobisagan Sesdgeba, romelTagan Tvi- 

Teuli galoba calke damoukidebeli stroful-taepobrivi sazomiT aris naweri. da 

Cven vxedavT, rom aq yovel galobas, dawerils aseTi gansxvavebuli stroful-taepobrivi 

sazomiT, aqvs zemoT-moyvanili tipis zedwerilebi, saxeldobr: 

galoba I: `wamis-yofiTa~ (_ amaT zeda). 

` II: `RmerTo macxovaro~ (_ amaT zeda). 

` III: `raJams esma (_ amaT zeda). 

` IV: `Senda aRvimsTobT (_ amaT zeda). 

` V: `danTqmuli RelvaTa~ (_ amaT zeda). 

` VI: `yrmaTa babilons~ (_ amaT zeda). 

` VII: `Seuwuvelman mayualman~ (_ amaT zeda). 

` VIII: `mtჳrTvelman gamouTqumelad~ (_ amaT zeda). 

ras aRniSnavs es zedwerilebi? safiqrebeli xdeboda, rom aq gvaqvs: 

a) an saleqso sazomebis maCveneblebi; 

b) an maCveneblebi sagalobelTa musikisa (`galobani~, rogorc cnobilia, igalobeboda); 

g) an, rac ufro safiqrebeli iyo, aq unda gvqonoda maCvenebeli erTdroulad saleqso 

sazomisa da musikisa. marTlac, rogorc es kargad cnobilia Zveli lirikis 

istoriidan, lirikuli poeziis dargebi _ melika da qorika _ ganuyrelad dakavSirebuli 

iyo musikasTan. yovel lirikul teqsts axlda xolme sagangebo hangi, galoba. 

amis gamo iyo, rom, kerZod, himnografiul poeziaSi himnebs, _ TviT teqsts, _ `galobani~ 

erqva. 

rom es zedwerilebi yovel SemTxvevaSi saleqso sazoms aRniSnavda (dakavSirebiT 

musikasTan, Tu daukavSireblad), amas gvafiqrebinebda analogiuri magaliTebi Semdgomi 

epoqis qarTuli poeziidan. mkiTxvelma moigonos analogiuri zedwerilebi saleqso 

sazomebisa aRorZinebis xanis qarTul poeziaSi, magaliTad, besikTan: `Tejlisis 

xmazed~, `xma _ gulamoskvniTi~, `xma _ mrisxanebiTi~; anda daviT guramiSvilTan 

170

zedwerili _ miTiTebani saleqso sazomebisa _ àxa, wmida kopale~, `patara qalo Tinao~, 

èo_meo, qalo, qalTa mzeo~, àger miRmar axosa~ da sxvani. 

raki amrigad yvelaferi miuTiTebda imaze, rom himnografiuli teqstebis zemoTaRniSnul 

zedwerilebSi gvaqvs saleqso sazomebis saxelwodebani, Cven SevudeqiT 

amoweras aseTi zedwerilebisas, romlebic ki himnografiul teqstebze muSaobis 

dros gvxvdeboda. bolos zedwerilebis aseT kartoTekaSi ramdenime aseuli saxelwodeba 

dagvigrovda. es miuTiTebda himnografiuli leqsis sazomTa did simdidreze 

(rac isedac aSkara iyo TviT moRweuli himnografiuli Zeglebis sazomTa marTlac 

saocari mravalgvarobisa da mravalsaxeobis mixedviT). 

himnografiul teqstebze muSaobisas Cven, cxadia, imasac vaqcevdiT yuradRebas, 

rom iqneb Segvxvedroda am zedwerilebis mimdgomi himnebi, romlebic dawyebuli 

yofiliyos im sityvebiT, zedwerilebSi rom aris aRniSnuli (e. i. iseTi himnebi, romlebic 

iwyebodes sityvebiT: `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~, `viTarca raÁ sions~ da 

misTanani). 

magram himnografiul teqstebze xangrZlivi muSaobis manZilze Cven ver mivageniT 

verc erTs aseTs teqsts, romelic dawyebuli yofiliyos zedwerilebSi aRniSnuli 

sityvebiT. mxolod sul bolo dros es Zieba SedegiT dagvirgvinda. 

himnografiuli poeziis did krebulSi, miqael modrekilis cnobils xelnawerSi, 

romelic ara erTgzis vaxseneT, TavSi moTavsebulia himnografiuli teqstebis erTi 

wyeba, romlis saxelwodebaa `Zlispirni~ anu `Zlispirni da RmrTismSobelisani~. 

es Sesavali nawili am krebulisa Zalze dazianebulad aris moRweuli; araa Senaxuli 

dasawyisi, amasTan teqsti Zalze xarvezovania, SeiZleba iTqvas dafleTilia 

Sinaarsoblivad, aklia teqstis sxvadasxva nawilebi, xolo daculi nawilebic araa 

TanrigiT erTmaneTs miyolebuli (saerTo moculobiT dakargulia, rogorc irkveva 

rveulebrivi aRricxvidan, teqstis or-mesamedze meti). 

miqael modrekilis krebulze Cven xangrZlivad vmuSaobdiT, magram swored es 

Sesavali nawili Cven bolomde Seuswavleli dagvrCa. 

es gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom, jer erTi, xelnaweris es nawili, rogorc aRvniSneT, 

Zalze dazianebulia da amitom misi Seswavla bolosaTvis gadavdeviT. amas garda, 

am nawilis himnografiulma teqstebma pirvelis Tvalis gadavlebiT ar miiqcia 

Cveni yuradReba, da TiTon xasiaTic am himnografiuli teqstebisa pirveli gacnobisas 

gaugebari darCa. igi ar iyo arc `galobani~, arc stiqaronTa CemTvis manamde 

nacnobi saxeoba. amitom iyo, rom am dazianebul teqstebze muSaoba bolosTvis movitoveT, 

raTa mas, ZiriTadi muSaobis Semdeg, davbrunebodiT. 

Cven CavatareT muSaoba yvela ZiriTadi himnografiuli teqstebis Sesaswavlad, ramac 

Zalze didi dro moiTxova, da mxolod am bolo dros mogveca saSualeba davbrunebodiT 

am ukanasknels Seuswavlelad darCenil teqstebs, romelic moTavsebulia 

miqael modrekilis krebulis TavSi. 

da aq Cven sruliad moulodneli aRmoCena mogveloda. 

miqael modrekilis krebulis am Sesaval nawilze muSaobis dawyebisas Cven jer 

CavatareT teqnikuri aRweriloba da SevudeqiT teqstebis gacnobas; amoviwereT zogierTi 

teqstebis dasawyisi; kerZod, amoviwereT erTi `Zlispiri~, romelic iwyeba 

sityvebiT: `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~. am leqsma miiqcia Cveni yuradReba Tavisi 

Rrma poeturobiT; da Cven maSinve mogvagonda, rom es leqsi `Zlispiri~, iwyeba swored 

imave sityvebiT, romelic Cven gvxvdeba himnografiuli teqstebis zedwerilebSi 

da romelic Cven saleqso sazomis maCveneblad migvaCnda. 

gadavSinjeT danarCeni teqstebi, da aqac aseTive suraTi aRmoCnda; yvela gaSinjuli 

leqsebi _ Zlispirebi iwyeboda imave sityvebiT, romlebic warmodgenilia himnografiuli 

teqstebis zedwerilebSi. 

aSkara iyo, rom Cvens winaSe ZlispirTa krebulis saxiT idva WaSniki, maCvenebeli 

sagalobelTa saleqso sazomebisa. 

171

da ara mxolod saleqso sazomebisa; saleqso sazomebTan erTad igi, cxadia, warmoadgens 

sagalobelTa musikis maCvenebelsac; yovel aseT leqsTan _ ZlispirTan aRniSnulia 

misi galobac _ Zvel-qarTuli sanoto niSnebiT (nevmebiT). 

magram jer SevCerdeT am Zlispirze `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~, romelmac pirvelad 

miiqcia Cveni yuradReba. unda iTqvas, rom es leqsi _ Zlispiri namdvili poeturi 

Sedevria. 

avtori am leqsisa, romelic Senaxulia X saukunis xelnawerSi, aris, rogorc 

Semdeg gamoirkveva, VIII-IX saukuneTa ganTqmuli qarTveli mgosani grigol xanZTeli 

(758-860 ww). 

kerZod, gasaocaria ucnauri Sexvedra Cveni poetis nikoloz baraTaSvilisa VIII- 

IX saukuneTa am Zvel-qarTvel avtorTan. 

nikoloz baraTaSvilis leqsi `Cemi locva~ TiTqos dawerilia mas Semdeg, rac 

man gadaikiTxa grigol xanZTelis es Zlispiri `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~. nikoloz 

baraTaSvilis leqsi TiTqos warmoadgens grigol xanZTelis leqsis pasuxs. 

mkiTxvels, rasakvirvelia, kargad axsovs Semdegi adgili n. baraTaSvilis leqsidan 

`Cemi locva~: 

cxovrebis wyarov, masv wmidaTa wyalTagan SenTa, 

damanTqe masSi salmobani gulisa senTa! 

ara dahqrolon navsa Cemsa qarTa vnebisa, 

aramed moec mas sadguri myudroebisa! 

gadavikiTxoT amis Semdeg grigol xanZTelis leqsi. 

ramdeni saerTo aqvs n. baraTaSvilis leqss grigol xanZTelis leqsTan Tavisi 

saerTo suliT! 

ai TviT es leqsi-Zlispiri grigol xanZTelisa. 

Zlispiri 

1 

(strofi) 

2 

(antistrofi) 

soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars 

RelviTa codvisaÁTa, 

saSinelad damnTqams me, 

da movivltvi Senda navTsayudlisa, 

da esreT giRaRadeb: 

danTqmisagan miჴsen me’ _ 

mraval-mowyale! 

qalwulo dedofalo, 

romelman gჳSev sityuaÁ 

dausabamoÁ ჴorciT, 

daacxrven Relvani ganZჳnebulni, 

gulis-sityuani Cemni, 

da moec sulsa Cemsa’ 

siwmide saRmrToÁ! 

aRsaniSnavia, rom grigol xanZTelisa da n. baraTaSvilis leqsebs aerTebs ara marto 

saerTo ganwyobileba, aramed aq aris Sexvedra TviT saxeebisa da calke gamoT- 

qmebisac ki; ase, SeadareT: 

grigol xanZTeli 

da moviltvi 

Senda navTsayudlisa... 

soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul 

RelviTa codvisaÁTa... 

danTqmisagan miჴsen me, 

mraval-mowyale... 

172 

n. baraTaSvili 

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aramed moec 

mas sadguri myudroebisa... 

ara dahqrolon navsa Cemsa 

qarTa vnebisa... 

damanTqe masSi 

salmobani gulisa senTa...

da moec sulsa Cemsa 

aramed moec... 

siwmide saRmrToÁ... 

anda SeadareT grigol xanZTelis leqsSi: `daacxrven Relvani ganZÂnebulni, gulis-sityuani 

Cemni~ da n. baraTaSvilisa: `...salmobani gulisa senTa~. 

n. baraTaSvili, rasakvirvelia, ar icnobda X saukunis xelnawerSi damarxuls 

grigol xanZTelis Zlispirs. aq Cven gvaqvs kongenialuri Sexvedra ori geniosi mgosnisa. 

magram davubrundeT kvlevis uSualo sagans, ZlispirTa krebulis, leqsTa am 

WaSnikis raobis dadgenas. 

grigol xanZTelis zemoT-moyvanili Zlispiris stroful erTeulSi Cven gvaqvs, 

rogorc vnaxeT, Semdegi zomis taepebi, Semdegis TanamimdevrobiT: 7-marcvledi, 7-marcvledi, 

7-marcvledi, 11-marcvledi, isev 7-marcvledi da bolos 12-marcvledi (romelic 

bunebrivi prozodiiT ganiyofeba 7 da 5 marcvledebad). 

aviRoT amis Sendeg himnebi, romlebsac TavSi darTuli aqvT zedwerili: `soflisa 

zRuaÁ aRZrul ars...~. 

aseTia, magaliTad, sagalobeli X saukunis qarTveli poetis iovane mtbevarisa, 

galobani Sobisani, V galoba (daculia miqael modrekilis krebulSi, gv. 74). 

aseTia sagalobeli IX-X saukunis anonimi avtorisa, warweriT `qarTulni~, _ galobani 

naTelTani, V galoba (daculia miqael modrekilis krebulSi, gv. 162-163). 

da Cven vxedavT, rom es galobani, romelTa TavSi Cven gvaqvs es zedwerili `soflisa 

zRuaÁ aRZrul ars...~, dawerilia zustad imave sazomiT, imave stroful-taepobrivi 

wyobiT, rogorc Zlispiri `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars...~. 

1 

(strofi) 

2 

(antistrofi) 

3 

(antistrofi) 

4 

(antistrofi) 

iovane mtbevari (X sauk.) 

galobani Sobisani 

galobaÁ V 

`soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul [ars...]~ 

esera TÂsTa Tana 

movals qristÀ meufeÁ! 

saxleul veqmnneT Rirsad 

da SeviwynaroT suliTa gulsa Sina, 

raTa moviRoT misgan 

nayofi simarTlisaÁ ’ 

viTarca RmerT ars. 

ieses Zirisagan 

morCi aRyuavebuli, 

sasoebaÁ warmarTTaÁ 

aRmoscenda, romlisa nayofiTa 

ganikurna simwareÁ 

xisa mis cnobadisaÁ’ 

da macxovnna Cuen. 

sakrvelTa codvisaTa 

ganhxeTqs dRes macxovari 

Sekruli saxuevliTa, 

da ganamdidrebs daglaxakebulTa. 

iesu saxieri 

nefsiT siglaxakiTa’ 

viTarca RmerT ars. 

Relvani amaoni 

gulis-sityuani Cemni 

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1 

(strofi) 

2 

(antistrofi) 

mÃdom meqmnes me uwyalod, 

aw aRZrulni mterisa mier zakÂT, 

aramed Sen, qalwulo, 

mimiZeRu me myudrosa’ 

navTsayudelsa. 

anonimi (IX-X ss.) 

galobani naTelTani 

galobaÁ V 

`soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul [ars...]~ 

tyavisa samoselsa 

ganiZarcuavs dRes adam 

iordanesa Sina 

da Seimoss naTlisa samoselsa 

saRmrToÁTa miT madliTa 

sulisagan da wylisa’ 

ganaxlebulsa. 

mdinare madlisaÁ da 

saSuebeli sulisaÁ 

masu Cuen naTlis-RebiTa 

SeniTa dRes, Zeo mxolod Sobilo, 

da ganbanaÁ codvaTaÁ 

momaniWe, saxier’, 

naTlis-RebiTa. 

aseTive suraTi gvaqvs Cven yvela ZlispirebSi gamouklebliv. yoveli himnografiuli 

leqsi, romlis zedwerilSiac aRniSnulia sazomis maCvenebeli (rogorc, magaliTad, 

zemoT-moyvanil teqstebSi _ `soflisa zRuaÁ aRZrul ars~), zustad imeorebs 

im saleqso sazoms, im stroful-taepobriv wyobas, romelic warmodgenilia amave saxelwodebis 

ZlispirSi (e. i. ZlispirSi, romelic iwyeba zedwerilSi miTiTebuli sityvebiT). 

sakiTxi, amrigad, savsebiT naTelia. irkveva, rom krebuli `Zlispirni~ _ es aris 

saleqso WaSniki, saleqso sazomebis kodeqsi (musikaluri kompoziciis darTviT). 

silaburi ukveTeli leqsis leqsTawyobis 

sxvadasxva sakiTxebi 

aRvniSnavT aq Zvel-qarTuli silaburi ukveTeli leqsis metrikis zogierT Taviseburebas. 

hipermetria da lipometria. sazomTa monacvleoba (hipostasuri Senacvleba). 

iseve rogorc berZnuli himnografiis leqsSi, qarTuli himnografiis silabur ukveTel 

leqsSi dasaSvebad iTvleba calkeul taepTa hipermetria (marcvlis metoba 

taepSi) da lipometria (marcvlis dakleba taepSi). 

qarTuli silaburi ukveTeli leqsi ara iSviaTad mimarTavs monaTesave, marcvledobiT 

axlo mdgomi sazomebis monacvleobas (hipostasuri Senacvleba). ase, magali- 

Tad, erTmaneTs zogjer enacvleba 7-marcvledi da 8-marcvledi monometri; aseve er- 

TmaneTs enacvleba dimetruli 10-marcvledi da 11-marcvledi; iambikonuri dimetris 

12-marcvleds zogjer enacvleba 13-marcvledi (hipermetria), an 11-marcvledi (lipometria); 

da sxvani. 

dieresi da sineresi. 

Zvel-qarTuli silaburi ukveTeli leqsis metrikaSi (iseve rogorc berZnul metrikaSi) 

miRebulia dieresi da sineresi. 

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qarTul leqsSi naxevarxmovani Á da naxevarxmovani u (brjgu), wesis Tanaxmad, ar 

hqmnian marcvals, taepis marcvalTa saTvalavSi isini mxedvelobaSi ar miiRebian. magram 

calkeul SemTxvevebSi isini CaiTvlebian rogorc srulxmovanni (dieresi), e. i. 

naxevarxmovani Á gamoiTqmis rogorc srulxmovani i, naxevarxmovani u gamoiTqmis rogorc 

srulxmovani u. 

sineresi Zvel-qarTul silabur leqsSi SemdegSi gamoixateba: 

a) ori erTimeoris gverdiT mdgomi xmovani zogjer erTiandeba erTi xmovanis saxiT; 

ase, sineresis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, sityva `ganaaxla~ CaiTvleba ara oTxmarcvlovnad, 

aramed sammarcvlovnad (erTiandeba ori a). aseve, rodesac sityva iwyeba 

imave xmovniT, romliTac dasrulda wina sityva, dasaSvebia sineresi; magaliTad `kaci 

igi~, sineresis SemTxvevaSi, CaiTvleba sam marcvlad, aseve `da aRvida~ sam marcvlad 

CaiTvleba. 

b) srulxmovani i da u sineresis SemTxvevaSi CaiTvlebian naxevarxmovnebad (e. i. 

xmovani i gamoiTqmis rogorc naxevarxmovani Á, xmovani u gamoiTqmis rogorc naxevarxmovani 

u). 

sityvaTa gankveTa-gadatana. 

Zvel-berZnul leqsTwyobaSi, rogorc cnobilia, miRebuli iyo sityvis orad gankveTa, 

gadatana erTi taepidan meore taepSi sityvis nawilisa. 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli poeziis silabur ukveTel leqsSi Tumca iSviaTad, 

magram adgili aqvs sityvaTa aseTs gankveTa-gadatanas (rac aRiniSneba metruli punqtuaciis 

niSnis dasmiT sityvis gansakveT nawilTan). 

Zvel-qarTuli silaburi ukveTeli leqsis evfonia. 

Zvel-qarTuli himnografiis leqsSi miRebuli iyo aliteracia. 

dasasrul riTmis Sesaxeb. riTma ganuyreli nawilia Zvel-qarTuli silaburi muxledovani 

leqsisa, e. i. qarTuli klasikuri leqsisa, romelsac saTaveebi Zvel-qar- 

Tul xalxur poeziaSi aqvs. 

rac Seexeba himnografiul poezias, aq riTma miRebuli araa. Zvel-qarTuli himnografiuli 

poezia am SemTxvevaSi icavs Zveli berZnuli leqsTwyobis tradicias. 

riTma Zvel-qarTul himnografiul poeziaSi mxolod sporadiulad gvxvdeba, rogorc, 

magaliTad, filipe beTlemelis leqsSi (isic saero poeziis tradiciuli metriT, 

Sairis sazomiT aris dawerili), miqael modrekilis himnebis calkeul pasa- 

JebSi, stefane sananoÁs-Zis sagalobelSi, adgil-adgil sxva himnebSiac. aq saWiroa 

xazi gavusvaT im garemoebasac, rom Zvel-qarTul himnografiul poeziaSi xmareba ri- 

Tmisa stilis darRvevadac ki iTvleboda. ase magaliTad, X saukunis himnografis 

stefane sananoÁs-Zis sagalobeli, romelic riTmovanad aris dawerili, ufro gvian 

xanaSi gadaukeTebiaT uriTmo himnis saxiT, da XI saukunis sagalobelTa krebulSi 

(S-4999) Setanilia es meore varianti, uriTmo himni. 

es rac Seexeba sakuTriv himnografiul poezias. 

xolo meore JanrSi, hagiografiul poeziaSi, sadac xmarebaSia Zvel-qarTuli silaburi 

ukveTeli leqsis meore saxeoba (taepobrivi ritmikiT), _ miRebulia riTma. 

`wyobili sityua ricxuedi~ 

(mokle aRniSvniT: `wyobili sityua~) 

mesame saxeoba Zvel-qarTuli leqsTwyobisa aris `wyobili sityua ricxuedi~, anu 

mokle aRniSvniT `wyobili sityua~. 

Cven ukve gvqonda saubari imis Sesaxeb, rom termini `wyobili sityva~ farTe mniSvnelobiT 

aRniSnavda saerTod leqss; xolo gvian xanaSi es saxelwodeba `wyobili 

sityva~ specialurad miekuTvneba qarTuli leqsTwyobis im Taviseburs mesame saxeobas, 

romelzec aq gvaqvs saubari (ase, qarTuli leqsTwyobis es mesame saxeoba moixseneba 

saxelwodebiT `wyobili sityva~ besikTan). ramdenadac qarTuli leqsis am mesame 

saxeobis `wyobili sityvis~ ritmikas axasiaTebs ara `marcvledoba~ taepisa (marcvalTa 

saTvalavi taepSi), aramed `ricxvedoba~ taepTa (taepobrivi ritmika), sruli 

175

da zusti saxelwodeba qarTuli leqsis am mesame saxeobisa iqneba `wyobili sityva 

ricxvedi~. 

qvemoT Cven mokle aRniSvniT `wyobili sityva~ yovelTvis vgulisxmobT qarTuli 

leqsTwyobis am mesame saxeobas `wyobili sityva ricxvedi~. 

`wyobili sityvis~ teqstebi 

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis pirveli aTaseulis ZeglebSi 

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglTa Seswavlam Cven migviyvana im daskvnamde, rom 

Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli aTaseulis ZeglebSi Cven gvaqvs nimuSebi aq dasaxelebuli 

leqsTwyobisa, `wyobili sityvisa~. 

am saxis leqsTwyobis nimuSebi Cven pirvelad gamovavlineT leonti mrovelis TxzulebaSi 

`cxoreba qarTvelTa~. saxeldobr gamoirkva, rom `wyobili sityviT~ yofila 

dawerili uZvelesi Zvel-qarTuli folkloruli teqstebi, Sesuli leonti mrovelis 

TxzulebaSi: 

1. glova qarTvelTa mefis farsman qvelisa (`mgosanTa~ Tqmuli); 

2. brZola mirvan qarTvelTa mefisa da durZukTa; 

3. brZola gmirTa da sastikeba haerisa; 

4. Tqmulebani farnavazze (sizmari farnavazisa; nadiroba farnavazisa da povna 

ganZisa). 

gamoirkva amasTan, rom `wyobili sityviT~ aris dawerili grigol xanZTelis 

`savedrebelni~ (I, I-a, II, III) da `qebaÁ klarjeTisa udabnoTaÁ~. `wyobili sityvis~ formiT 

aris dawerili agreTve `qebaÁ qarTulisa enisaÁ~. amave formiT aris dawerili 

iovane bolnelis `mRvdelT-moZRuarTaTÂs~ (Sesxma). amave formas `wyobil sityvas~ 

iyenebs uZvelesi xanis qarTuli himnografia (egreTwodebulni sagalobelni `Zuelni 

qarTulni~). 

mas Semdeg, rac gamovavlineT `wyobili sityvis~ teqstebi Zvel-qarTuls originalur 

ZeglebSi, Cven SeviswavleT Zvel-qarTuli Targmnili Zeglebi. 

rogorc cnobilia, `wyobili sityvis~ tipis leqsTwyoba miRebuli iyo aRmosavlur 

poeziaSi semur enaTa. `wyobili sityvis~ klasikuri nimuSebi Cven gvaqvs Zvel-ebraul 

bibliaSi. Zvelma ebraulma poeziam ar icis sxva saxis leqsTwyoba, garda 

`wyobili sityvisa~. 

ibadeboda sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris gadmocemuli Zvel-qarTul mwerlobaSi Zveli 

ebrauli poeziis teqstebi, bibliis poeturi qmnilebani, `wyobili sityvis~ formis 

dacviT, Tu daucvelad? 

gamoirkva, rom `wyobili sityva~ imdenad damkvidrebuli forma yofila arqauli 

epoqis qarTuls mwerlobaSi, rom bibliuri poeziis teqstebi qarTulad uTargmniaT 

maTi formis `wyobili sityvis~ dacviT. 

ase, `wyobili sityviT~ aris gadmocemuli qarTulad daviTis fsalmuni. aseve 

`wyobili sityviT~ aris Targmnili bibliis cnobili galobani (galoba mosesi, I da 

II, da sxvani). 

`wyobili sityvis~ ritmuli struqtura 

(taepovani wyoba) 

Cven ukve gvqonda saubari imis Sesaxeb, rom `wyobili sityvis~ ritmuli struqturis 

safuZvels Seadgens ara `marcvledoba~ taepisa, ara muxledovani an terfovani 

wyoba taepTa (rogorc es gvaqvs silaburs, tonurs, qvantitetur leqsTwyobebSi), aramed 

taepovani wyoba. gamosavali ritmuli erTeuli aq aris mTliani taepi, damoukideblad 

misi `marcvledobisa~, sigrZe-simoklisa. taepi aq Sekruli unda iyos Sinaarsoblivi 

erTianobiT. leqsTwyobas aq hqmnis ara muxledTa da terfTa ritmika, aramed 

Sinaarsoblivad erTiani taepebis ritmika, mTlian taepTa ritmiuli monacvleoba. 

`wyobili sityvis~ Taviseburebas Seadgens amasTan is garemoeba, rom taepTa ritmuli 

monacvleobisa da Sepirispirebis dros aq farTod gamoiyeneba egreT-wodebul 

saxeTa paralelizmi. 

176

qarTuli himnografia 

177 

laura grigolaSvili 

a) qarTuli himnografia organuli nawilia poeziisa, romelSic maqsimalurad gamovlinda 

Cveni eris SemoqmedebiTi niWi da potencia. sasuliero sagaloblebi saukuneTa 

manZilze xvewdnen qarTveli poetebis gemovnebasa da stils. cnobilia, rom 

sagalobelTa poeturi saxeebi airekla rusTavelisa da misi epoqis didostatTa 

mxatvrul naazrevSi. isini funqcionireben dResac. 

marTalia, sasuliero poezia Seqmnilia Cvengan daSorebul xanaSi da amitom bevri 

ram himnografTa koncefciaSi CvenTvis gaugebaria da miuRebelic, magram, es, cxadia, 

ar aTavisuflebs Cvens axalgazrdobas am poeziis Seswavlisagan. 

mecnierulma kvlevam cxadyo, rom saero mwerloba, romelic ideuri SinaarsiTa 

da stiliT gansxvavdeba himnografiisagan, masTan msgavsebas avlens rigi Temebisa da 

motivebis damuSavebaSi, ama Tu im mxatvruli xerxis msgavsi funqciiT gamoyenebaSi. 

saero da sasuliero poeziaSi erTnairad Suqdeba sinamdvilis iseTi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa: 

samyaros ierarqia, erovnuli TviTSegneba, astraluri sinamdvile, msoflio 

sevda, sikeTe-boroteba, sawuTros amaoeba, poeziis RvTaebrivi daniSnuleba, sakuTari 

uRirsobis aRiareba da sxv. sasuliero poeziaSi gamoikveTa erovnuli gmiris ideali, 

romelic Semdeg axali SinaarsiT gaamdidra saero mwerlobam. 

himnografia aris sasuliero poezia, sadac poeturi teqsti, Cveulebriv, galobiT 

sruldeba. termini `himni~ ZvelTaZvelia. platonis ganmartebiT, `simReris is gvari, 

romelic RvTaebisadmi mimarTuli locva iyo, iwodeboda himnad. himnebiT RvTaebas 

scemdnen Tayvans~. himni iTxzveboda gmiris an romelime cnobili pirovnebis pativsacemadac, 

xSirad himns raime sasixarulo an samgloviaro SemTxvevis gamoc werdnen. 

himni ufro adre warmoiSva, vidre isini berZnul wyaroebSi dafiqsirdebodnen. 

qristianuli sasuliero poezia Caisaxa qristianuli sazogadoebis SeqmnasTan er- 

Tad; macxovari da misi mowafeebi, agrZelebdnen ra uZveles tradiciebs, TviTonac 

Txzavdnen sagaloblebs. erT-erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ritualur trapezobaTa 

dros TiTqmis yoveli monawile purobisa asrulebda sakuTar, zogjer improvizirebul 

sagalobels. specialistTa azriT, TviT macxovari iyo poeti da xSirad metyvelebda 

fsalmunebisa Tu solomonis igavebis eniT. niSandoblivia, rom jvarze gakruli 

qristes ukanaskneli sityvebi fsalmunidan iyo: ufalo RmerTo, raÁsTvis damiteveb 

me? (fs. 21,2). 

sagaloblis arss Seadgenda misi xotbiTi Sinaarsi. IV saukunis cnobili saeklesio 

moRvawe netari avgustine platonis msgavsad gvauwyebda: `Tqven iciT, ra aris 

himni: esaa simRera, romelic ganadidebs RmerTs. Tu adideb RmerTs, magram ar galob, 

es ar aris himni; Tu Sen mReri, magram ar adideb RmerTs, am simRerasac ar SeiZleba 

ewodos himni~. maSasadame, qristianuli himnic, msgavsad uZvelesi sakulto sagaloblebisa, 

RvTaebisadmi aRvlenil didebas gamoxatavda, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi 

sagaloblebma sxva funqciac SeiZina. man saeklesio moZRvrebis, misi dogmebis gavrcelebac 

ikisra. sagaloblebis saSualebiT qristianebi avrcelebdnen orTodoqsul 

moZRvrebas. amitomaa, rom bizantiuri himnografia asaxavs orTodoqsuli eklesiis 

dogmaturi ideebisa da doqtrinebis evoluciasac, mis polemikas sxvadasxva saxis 

mwvaleblobasTan. cnobilia, rom konstantinepolis quCebSi IV-V saukuneTa mijnaze 

ioane oqropiris mier Seqmnili gundebi galobdnen arianelTa seqtebis gundTa sawinaaRmdego 

teqstebs. 

Tu adre yovel qristians SeeZlo sajarod Seesrulebina Tavisi sakuTari sagalobeli, 

IV saukunidan mkacrad ganisazRvra sagalobelTa teqstebis Sinaarsi. bizantiuri 

himnografiis avtoritetuli mkvlevari e. veleSi wers: `warsuls bardeboda 

adreuli qristianobis pirveli dReebi, da maTTan erTad qreboda individualur religiur 

grZnobaTa gamoxatva~. IV saukunis bolos laodikiis saeklesio krebam akr-

Zala eklesiebSi Tavisufali improvizirebis wesi, VI saukuneSi ki es akrZalva ganmtkicda 

da kidev ufro dazustda. saeklesio praqtikidan ganidevna yvela himni, romelic 

ar efuZneboda bibliis teqsts. sazogadoebriv RvTismsaxurebaSi daSvebul iqna 

mxolod is himnebi, romlebic warmoadgendnen wminda wignis teqstTa erTgvar kompilacias. 

saeklesio moRvaweebi aRniSnavdnen: `Cvens sagaloblebSi mxolod sityvebia 

wminda wignebisagan gansxvavebuli, Torem Cven imaves vgalobT, rac bibliaSia, oRond 

sxva sityvebiT~. 

qristianuli poezia cariel niadagze ar aRmocenebula. mis umTavres wyaroebad 

asaxeleben Zvel berZnul, siriul da ebraul poezias. am wyaroTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovania 

ebrauli poezia. qristianul RvTismsaxurebaSi Tavdapirvelad galobdnen 

fsalmunebs. Semdeg gaCnda poeturi strofebi, e. w. troparebi, qarTuli terminologiiT 

_ dasdeblebi. TandaTan Seiqmna damoukidebeli saeklesio sagaloblebi, romlebic 

bibliur galobaTa mixedviT iTxzveboda. dadga aucilebloba himnografiuli 

krebulebis Sedgenisa. am krebulTagan unda davasaxeloT paraklitoni, marxvani, zatikni, 

`TTueni~, Zlispirni da RvTismSoblisani. 

b) daismis kiTxva: rodis aRmocenda qarTuli himnografia? uaxles samecniero literaturaSi 

gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, pirveli qarTuli Targmani uZvelesi 

liturgikuli krebulisa (ierusalimis leqcionari), romlis did nawils himnografiuli 

masala Seadgens, Sesrulebuli unda iyos V _ VI s-Si, sadReisod ukve dakarguli 

berZnuli pirvelwyarodan. Tu es asea, qarTuli himnografiis dasawyisad aRni- 

Snuli dro unda vigulisxmoT. k. kekeliZe miiCnevs, rom qarTuli himnografia VII s- 

Si iwyeba. qarTuli liturgikuli mwerloba Tavdapirvelad naTargmni iyo. mis ganvi- 

Tarebaze gavlena hqonda ierusalimis saRvTismetyvelo praqtikas, radgan, rogorc 

cnobilia, qarTuli eklesia aRmosavluri warmoSobisaa da X s-mde arsebiTad dakav- 

Sirebuli iyo palestinur RvTismsaxurebasTan. 

qarTuli himnografia viTardeboda rogorc Cveni qveynis gareT arsebul (sabawminda, 

sina, ierusalimi, Savi mTa, aToni), ise erovnul literaturul skolebSi. originalurma 

himnografiam Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals miaRwia X s-Si. 

rogorc cnobilia, VIII _ IX saukuneebidan samxreT saqarTvelo, kerZod, tao-klarjeTi, 

saTaveSi udgeba saqarTvelos gaerTianebis, erovnuli xelisuflebis aRdgenisa 

da eris kulturuli aRmavlobis mniSvnelovan saqmes. tao-klarjeTis samonastro 

kolonizaciis fuZemdebeli grigol xanZTeli faqtiurad gvevlineba qarTuli 

kulturuli cxovrebis winamZRvradac. misi TaosnobiT tao-klarjeTis monastrebSi 

didi literaturuli saqmianoba Cqefs; aq iTargmneba da iqmneba pirvelxarisxovani 

literaturuli Zeglebi. gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas miaRwia tao-klarjeTSi originalurma 

qarTulma himnografiam. Tu adreuli periodidan Cven mxolod oriode ise- 

Ti qarTveli himnografis dasaxeleba SegviZlia, vinc originalur himnebs qmnida, X 

saukuneSi qarTuli poezia daamSvenes ioane minCxis, ioane mtbevaris, kurdanaÁs, ezras, 

stefane sananoÁsZe-Wyondidlis, ioane qonqosisZis, miqael modrekilis, giorgi 

merCulis saxelebma. marTalia, giorgi merCulis arc erTi himni ar Semonaxula Cvenamde, 

magram Zvel teqstebSi dadasturebuli termini `merCuliulni~ gvarwmunebs, 

rom merCules SemouRia originaluri poeturi sazomi, romelic poeziaSi misi saxeliT 

damkvidrebula, msgavsad minCxis saxelTan dakavSirebuli `minCxurisa~. 

unda gavixsenoT, rom TviT grigol xanZTels gadauweria himnografiuli krebuli 

`saweliwdo iadgari~, romelic misi biografis, giorgi merCulis, mowmobiT, X saukuneSi 

inaxeboda xanZTis monasterSi. dRes am iadgaris kvali gamqralia. samagierod, 

Cvenamde moaRwia 978_988 wlebSi Sedgenilma uzarmazarma himnografiulma krebulma, 

romelic dResdReobiT Seicavs 554 gverds da 200-mde sagalobels. es iadgari Sedgenilia 

udidesi qarTveli himnografis miqael modrekilis mier. krebuli, garda imisa, 

rom gvacnobs cnobili bizantieli himnografebis TxzulebaTa uZveles qarTul Targmanebs, 

gvawvdis unikalur istoriul-literaturul cnobebsac zemoxsenebul qarTvel 

himnografTa Sesaxeb. faqtiurad man Semounaxa istorias X saukunis himnografTa 

178

saxelebi. krebuli mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom mas axlavs specialuri sanoto niSnebi, 

riTac igi musikaTmcodneTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. 

qarTuli originaluri himnografiis ganviTarebas ar aferxebs saero poeziis mni- 

Svnelovani aRmavloba. saero poeziis ubrwyinvalesi Zeglebis gverdiT maRalmxatvrul 

sagaloblebs Txzaven daviT aRmaSenebeli, petriwi, demetre mefe, ioane SavTeli, 

nikoloz gulaberiZe, arsen bulmaisimisZe da sxvani. 

qarTuli himnografia, romelic e. w. daqveiTebis periodSi sxva literaturul 

JanrebTan erTad Caiferfla, erTgvar gamococxlebas ganicdis XVII _ XVIII s. aRniSnuli 

periodis sasuliero poezia arsebiTad ukavSirdeba himnografiul krebuls, 

romelsac `sadResaswaulo~ ewodeba. am krebulSi Setanil sagalobelTa mTavari Temaa 

erovnuli sinamdvile da erovnuli wmindanebi. qarTuli himnografiis bolo 

periodi daukavSirda rusul liturgikul praqtikas. bevri qarTuli krebuli Sesworda 

slavuri liturgikuli Zeglebis mixedviT. 

qarTvelma himnografebma ganviTarebis adreul safexurzeve Targmnes yvela liturgikuli 

krebuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiisa. cnobilia isic, rom Cveni winaprebi 

ar kmayofildebodnen am krebulebis mxolod gadmoRebiT. isini krebulebs amdidrebdnen 

originaluri sagaloblebiT da TviTonac adgendnen analogiur krebulebs 

bizantiuri da qarTuli wyaroebis uxvi gamoyenebiT. k. kekeliZis Tanaxmad, aseTi ram 

arsad momxdara da uprecedentoa himnografiis istoriaSi. 

qarTuli sasuliero poeziis Rirebuleba ar amoiwureba oden erovnuli mniSvnelobiT. 

qarTul himnografias udidesi Rirebuleba aqvs bizantiuri himnografiis Sesaswavladac, 

vinaidan man Semogvinaxa berZnul sagalobelTa uZvelesi Targmanebi, 

maT Soris iseTebic, romelTa dednebi jer mikvleuli ar aris. k. kekeliZis TqmiT, 

Zvel qarTul himnografiul krebulebSi mkvlevari aRmoaCens iseTi avtorebis himnebsac, 

romelnic dRes berZnulad dakarguli arian. 

* * * 

g) qarTuli originaluri himnografia gvTavazobs sasuliero mwerlobisaTvis kargad 

cnobilsa da damuSavebul zogad qristianul motivebs. sagaloblebi eZRvneba 

ama Tu im qristianul dResaswauls, RvTaebas, macxovars, wmindanebs... gandidebulia 

kosmiuri mniSvnelobis religiuri faqtebi (qristes Soba, naTlisReba, aRdgoma...), gamokveTilia 

wuTisoflis warmavlobisa da sakuTar codvaTa monaniebis motivebi. 

sasuliero poeziis umTavresi problema mainc `pirvelsaxis~ qristianul dogmat- 

Tanaa dakavSirebuli. qristianuli SegnebiT, ar arsebobs pirvelcodvisagan Tavisufali 

adamiani, pirvelcodva ki pirvelsaxisagan, xati RvTisa Tavisi arsisgan daSorebas 

niSnavs. am niadagzea aRmocenebuli adamze mimTiTebeli epiTetebi: ùcxo qmnuli~, 

`momwydari~, `dacemuli~, `ganxrwnili~, `SiSveli~ da sxva, romlebic xSirad 

gvxvdeba qarTul himnografiul teqstebSi. 

hegelis Tanaxmad, pirvelcodvis qristianuli gageba Seicavs mtkicebas, rom adamiani 

Tavisi bunebrivi mdgomareobiT ar aris iseTi, rogoric unda iyos is RvTaebis 

winaSe da amitomac Tavis daniSnulebad miiCnevs `gaxdes TavisTvis iseTad, rogoric 

is aris mxolod Tavis TavSi~. 

adamianis pirvelcodvis arss zustad gamosaxavs Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi 

damkvidrebuli termini `cToma~, rac sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT 

aris `gzis gamrudeba~. adamianis arasrulyofilebis, idealurisagan misi dacilebis 

sakiTxi sxvadasxvagvari formiT Tavs iCens yvela religiur da mistikur moZRvrebaSi: 

platonis ùmaRlesi adamiani~, gnostikosebis `pirveladamiani~, kabalis àdam 

kadmoni~, neoplatonikosebis `RvTiuri adamiani~ da a. S. ukve gansazRvravda adamianisaTvis 

umaRles ideals da kacis arasrulyofilebaze miuTiTebda. 

religiuri xsnis azric swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom adamians Tavis TavSi aRedgina 

umaRlesi adamiani da Serwymoda RvTaebrivs. magram `xsnis~ ideam saboloo 

gadawyveta qristianul religiaSi pova. qristianobaSi, hegelis mixedviT, umTavresia 

179

adamianisaTvis gaixsnas ideis Sinaarsi, raTa adamiani miswvdes RvTaebrivi da adamianuri 

bunebis igiveobriobis arss. aRniSnuli idea, rogorc hegeli SeniSnavs, adamianebma 

uSualod Seimecnes qristeSi, romelSic RvTaebrivi da adamianuri buneba Serwymulia. 

sasuliero poeziaSi aRniSnuli problema sxvadasxva saxiT Semodis. erTi mxriv, 

himni ganadidebs TviT pirvel saxes (qristes), an masTan miaxloebul wmindans, meore 

mxriv, warmoaCens codviT damZimebuli adamianis saxes. sasuliero poeziis mizania, 

dauaxloos adamiani ideals. 

daismis kiTxva: sasuliero poeziis Tematikisa da motivebis erTgvarovneba xom ar 

niSnavs imas, rom es poezia moklebuli iyos mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas? mar- 

Tlac, Sua saukuneebSi adamiani Tavis mimarTebas uzenaesisadmi gamoxatavda mza religiuri 

formulebiT, Sesabamisad, himnebic mTlianad efuZneboda am religiur-dogmatur 

frazeologiasa Tu mza saxeebsa da gamoTqmebs; miuxedavad amisa, sasuliero 

poeziis nimuSebi mainc aRiqmeba, rogorc originaluri da damoukidebeli esTetikuri 

Rirebulebis movlena. Sua saukuneebis qristianuli mwerlobis ZeglTa mxatvruli 

TavisTavadoba da cxovelmyofeloba ki imiT gaxlavT ganpirobebuli, rom Semoqmedi 

yovel religiur faqtTan amyarebs damoukidebel mimarTebas. esa Tu is Tema, esa Tu 

is motivi xdeba misi piradi refleqsiisa da gancdis sagani. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, 

TiTqos igi pirveli aRmoaCens da aRwers am faqts. nawarmoebs warmarTavs emociurad 

damuxtuli azri _ Zeglis mxatvruli saxe; ioane minCxis aRdgomis dasdebelSi 

naTqvamia: 

RmrTisa sityuao, bunebiT uvnebelo, 

bunebaÁ Cemi miiRe da miT ivne 

da mavnebeli Cemi mohkal juariTa 

da laxuariTa, romliTa ganigmire, 

viTarca kaci. Zalsa Sensa didebaÁ. 

am sityvebSi uzenaesisadmi avtoris Rrma intimi gamosWvivis, ris gamoc striqonebs 

SeZenili aqvT gamomsaxvelobis udidesi Zala. 

d) cnobilia, rom Zveli qarTuli poezia ar icnobs leqsis im sazoms, romelic 

damaxasiaTebelia dRevandeli poeturi nawarmoebisaTvis. bevr Zvel sagalobels ara 

aqvs metri, sazomi; maTSi ar igrZnoba taepebi, radgan isini gansxvavebuli moculobisa 

arian, ara aqvT riTma. moumzadebel mkiTxvels gauWirdeba kidec maTSi poeturi 

teqstis amocnoba. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sazomi, rac poetur metyvelebas 

leqsad aqcevs, istoriuli cnebaa da ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze SemuSavda. 

Zveli poeziis erTi saukeTeso mcodne (a. olesnicki) SeniSnavda: `Zveli simRerebi 

indoeTisa, egviptisa, babilonisa Tu iudeisa formis mixedviT uaRresad edarebian 

erTmaneTs, magram sruliadac ar hgvanan imas, rasac homerosis leqsi ewodeba~. sainteresoa, 

rom arc Zveli aRTqmis poezia icnobs saleqso sazomebs, rasac is garemoebac 

adasturebs, rom bibliaSi ar gvxvdeba saleqso zomis aRmniSvneli arc erTi 

sityva, Tumca masSi uxvadaa musikaluri terminologia. 

maSasadame, leqss SeiZleba ar hqondes metri, sazomi, magram igi mainc poezia 

iyos. meore mxriv, sazomSi, metrSi moqceuli yvela leqsi rodi SeiZleba CaiTvalos 

poetur nawarmoebad. jer kidev aristotele SeniSnavda: `Tu vinme medicinasa an fizikaSi 

dawers traqtats metriT, mis avtors, Cveulebriv, uwodeben poets, sinamdvile- 

Si ki homerossa da empedokles Soris araferi ar aris saerTo, garda metrisa, amitom 

marTebulia pirvels ewodos poeti, xolo meores poetze ufro fiziologis saxeli 

Seefereba~. maSasadame, leqsad gamarTuli istoriuli an samedicino nawarmoebi 

ar SeiZleba poezias mivakuTvnoT, poetur nawarmoebad aRviqvaT, maSin, rodesac saleqso 

sazomis gareSe dawerili nawarmoebi WeSmariti poeziis sferos SeiZleba 

ganekuTvnebodes. 

Zveli qarTuli himnografiuli teqstebi swored aseTi poeziis niSniT arian aRbeWdilni. 

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel poeziaSi sazomTa ar arsebobis faqti paralels 

180

poulobs uZveles musikaSic. saeklesio sagaloblebs ar gaaCnia taqti, musikaluri 

sazomi. melodia tol, Tanabar nawilebad ki ar aris dayofili, aramed saleqso striqonebis 

msgavsad Tavis Sinagan logikas mihyveba. 

Zveli qarTuli sagaloblebi, iseve rogorc adreuli bizantiuri poeturi teqstebi, 

dawerili proziT, gabmuli striqonebiT, e. i. garegnulad arafriT gansxvavdeba 

prozisagan. amitom iyo, rom XIX saukunemde sagaloblebs aRiqvamdnen, rogorc prozaul 

nawarmoebebs. am teqstebis saidumloeba amoxsna benediqtelTa ordenis berma, 

kardinalma pitram (1812 _ 1889). man SeniSna, rom sagaloblis yovel strofSi wertilebiT 

gamoyofilia Tanabari zomis monakveTebi, e. i. mowesrigebul kanonzomierebas 

uCvenebs ara calkeuli strofi, aramed _ sagaloblis Semadgeneli strofebis (dasdeblebis) 

erToblioba. 

marTalia, calkeul strofs araviTari sazomi ara aqvs, magram mTel sagalobelSi 

yvela strofi erTi wesiT aris agebuli; yoveli strofis pirveli taepi Seicavs 

9 marcvals, meore _ 13-s, mesame _ 8-s, meoTxe _ 11-s, mexuTe _ 13-s. SeiZleba marcvalTa 

raodenobaSi mcire gansxvaveba iyos, e. i. taepi 8 marcvlis nacvlad Seicavdes 

9 an 7 marcvals, magram es naklovaneba advilad swordeba galobis dros, mgalobeli 

an gaagrZelebs an Seamoklebs marcvals galobiT da amiT gaasworebs calkeul 

darRvevebs. aRniSnul poetur sazoms, rogorc es p. ingoroyvam gamoikvlia, `sagalobelTa 

marcvledi~ ewodeboda. am sazomiTaa dawerili kanoni anu `galobani~. am sazoms, 

isev p. ingoroyvas dakvirvebiT, qarTul poeziaSi uswrebda `wyobili sityva ricxvedi~. 

es iyo poeturi proza, sadac marcvalTa Sesabamisoba strofebs Soris ar 

iyo daculi. 

Zvel qarTul poeziaSi bizantiuri poeziidan gadmovida leqsis erTi sazomi, romelsac 

iambiko ewodeba. igi TiTqos ritmulad mowesrigebuli strofebisagan Sedgeba. 

TiToeulSi 5 taepia, TiToeul taepSi _ 12 marcvali. magram, rogorc Cans, es 

sazomi ver SeiTvisa qarTuli leqsis bunebam da igi qarTul versifikaciaSi ar damkvidrebula. 

sagulisxmoa, rom garegnulad ase mowesrigebuli strofi leqsisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebel ritmulobas mainc ar amJRavnebs. ai, erTi magaliTi: 

usxeuloÁTa saRmrToÁTa bunebiTa 

ege uxrwnelad, qriste _ RmrTisa sityuao, 

ra Jams daideb, saflavs Seucavo, 

mohkal sikudili sikudiliTa, ukudavo, 

da aRadginen mkudarni saflavisagan. 

TiToeul taepSi 12 marcvalia, cezuriTac Tanabar nawilebad arian taepebi dayofilni 

(5+7), TiTqos aris riTmis elementebic (sityuao, Seucavo, ukudavo), magram ritmuli 

JReradoba iambikos ara aqvs. albaT, amitomac ar damkvidrda igi qarTul 

leqsTwyobaSi. Zvel qarTul sagaloblebs ar gaaCniaT agreTve riTma. igi mxolod 

Canasaxis saxiT gvxvdeba aqa-iq. 

e) sagangebod unda iTqvas sasuliero poeziis tropuli metyvelebis bunebazec. 

jer unda davZinoT, rom am poeziaSi poetur samkaulebs _ metaforas, Sedarebas, epi- 

Tets da a. S. ar eniWeba ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba. aRniSnuli garemoeba damaxasiaTebelia 

ara marto qarTuli sasuliero poeziisaTvis, aramed sazogadod Sua saukuneTa 

qristianuli mwerlobisaTvis. xolo hegelis dakvirvebiT, igive viTareba SeiniSneboda 

antikur sinamdvileSic. igi werda: àra mxolod berZeni filosofosebi, 

magaliTad, platoni da aristotele, an cnobili istorikosebi da oratorebi, magaliTad, 

Tukidide da demosTene, aramed didi poetebi _ homerosi, sofokle _ arsebi- 

Tad yovelTvis kmayofildebodnen im gamoTqmebiT, romlebic sakuTari mniSvnelobiT 

ixmarebian, Tumca maTTan gvxvdeba Sedarebebic~. hegelisave axsniT, miuxedavad imisa, 

rom metafora saTqmels did gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs, mas aqvs is naklic, rom mTavars 

tvirTavs meti wvrilmaniT. misive mosazrebiT, mkacri plastikuroba da sisadave 

ver egueba metyvelebis feradovnebas. SesaZloa, am garemoebiTac iyos ganpirobebuli 

sasuliero poeziis poeturi faqturis erTgvari sisadave. 

181

cxadia, naTqvami imas ar niSnavs, rom sasuliero poeziaSi sruliad ar gamoiyofoda 

metaforuli azrovnebis nakadi. qarTul sagaloblebSi gaielveben xolme mxatvruli 

eqspresiiT aRbeWdili brwyinvale poeturi saxeebi, magram maT aRsaqmeladac 

garkveuli kanonzomierebaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. saqme is gaxlavT, rom himnografebi 

eswrafvian zedroulisa da zesivrculis asaxvas, konkretulis ganzogadebas, sinamdvilis 

abstrahirebas, amitom zogadis gamoxatvis literaturuli xerxebi, iqneba es 

metafora-simbolo, Sedareba Tu epiTeti, aRniSnul mizans eqvemdebareba. sagalobelTa 

sityvebi xSirad saganTa warmoCenis nacvlad am saganTa sulier faseulobas 

gvixasiaTebs: maSinac ki, roca grZnobad-konkretuls aRniSnavs, upiratesad am konkretulis 

miRma arsebul azrs wamoswevs. 

aRniSnuli Tviseba sazogadod aris damaxasiaTebeli Sua saukuneebis mxatvruli 

warmosaxvisaTvis. am specifikas zustad gansazRvravs e. auerbaxis Semdegi msjeloba: 

`RvTaebam mZinare adamis neknisagan Seqmna pirveli qali, eva _ es konkretulia da 

TvalsaCino; jariskacma laxvari ugmira jvarcmuli qristes sxeuls, da am sxeulidan 

wveTavs sisxli da wyali, _ esec TvalsaCinoa da konkretuli. magram rodesac 

Targmaneba-komentari am or movlenas aerTianebs, roca Cven gvaswavlian, rom adamis 

sizmari _ alegoriuli figuraa qristes sikvdilisa, rom _ rogorc adamis Wrilobidan 

daibada eva, xorcieli deda kacTa modgmisa, aseve qristes Wrilobidan iSva eklesia, 

_ sulieri deda cocxalTa, rom sisxli da wyali saidumlos simboloebia, _ 

maSin alegoriuli SinaarsiT daTrgunvili grZnobad-konkretuli saxe qreba. is, rasac 

aRiqvams mkiTxveli da msmeneli, TviT mayurebelic, saxviTi xelovnebis nawarmoebis 

Wvretisas, naklebad iwvevs grZnobiT STabeWdilebas. interesi mTlianad mimar- 

Tulia mniSvnelobisaken, azriTi konteqstisaken~. 

sasuliero poeziaSi literaturuli xerxebi Sesxmis obieqtis idealur Tvisebebs 

warmoaCens, mis maradiul sulier faseulobas asaxavs. sagalobelTa epiTetebis 

rkalSi gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebic saerToa mTeli sasuliero poeziisaTvis. ase- 

Tebia, magaliTad: `RmerTSemosili~, `netari~, `Rirsi~, àxovani~, `mxedari qristesi~, 

`sanatreli~, `saCino~. amaTgan `RmerTSemosili~ erT sagalobelSi ramdenimejer Sei- 

Zleba ganmeordes da igi ornamentad ar unda aRviqvaT. es aris wmindanis arsebis 

ganmsazRvreli sityva, romelic sagans logikuri definiciis sizustiT swvdeba. RmerTSemosili 

pirvelsaxesTan dabrunebuli adamiania, masSi RvTaebaa Semosuli. rogorc 

aRvniSneT, `RmerTSemosili~ wmindanis uzogadesi atributia da ara sagnis damakonkretebeli 

Tu individualuri niSnis warmomCeni. 

igive unda iTqvas sasuliero poeziis metafora-simboloebzec. maradiulis arss 

yvelaze ukeT Sua saukuneebis metaforul-simboluri azrovneba swvdeba. es metafora-simboloebi 

Teologiur moZRvrebasTan arian mWidrod dakavSirebulni da amitomac 

originalurisa da TavisTavadobis pretenzia maT arc SeiZleba hqondeT. qarTvel 

wmindanebisadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebSi gvxvdeba `margalitis~ saxe-simboloze aRmocenebuli 

Semdegi metaforuli sityva-Tqmani: ètrfiale Sen, mamao, margalitsa mraval 

sasyidlisasa, romlisa Zebnad ganxued siCCoTgan~... `moiyide margaliti isi usasyidlo 

da aw winaSe missa mdgomare xar~... ètrfiale sibrZnesa RmerTSemosilo, da 

Seiyvare igi ufroÁs yovlisa da viTarca margaliti patiosani, sulisa saunjeTa dahmarxe~. 

margalitis simbolo Sua saukuneebis sasuliero poeziaSi metismetad gavrcelebulia, 

igi saTaves iRebs maTes saxarebaSi (maTe 13, 45-46). aq usasyidlo margalitSi 

igulisxmeba caTa sasufeveli. s. averincevis SeniSvniT, Semdeg margaliti TviT 

qristes simbolod iqca. es interpretaciebi ar gamoricxaven erTmaneTs, radgan mopoveba 

WeSmaritebisa, romelic aris qriste, morwmuneTaTvis aris mopoveba maradiuli 

sasufevlisa. aTonel himnografebTan wmindanebi margalitis momgeblad arian dasaxulni. 

sagaloblebSi dadasturebuli sxva simbolo-metaforebic ar gamoirCeva originalobiT: 

`saRvTo naTelis elva~, `zecis saRvTo navTsayudeli~, `cremlTa ufskrulSi 

danTqma~, ètliT cis kamaras asvla~, `cvarTagan madlisaTa morwyva~, `seri sulie- 

182

i~, `zecis talavari~, `nergi wminda~, `RuTiv danergili~ da sxva msgavsi gamoTqmebi 

sasuliero poeziis is tradiciuli formulebia, romlebic gadadian sagaloblidan 

sagalobelSi. d.lixaCovis maxvilgonivruli dakvirvebiT, es formulebi inarCuneben 

pirveli mxatvruli mignebis ganumeoreblobis niSans. mravalgzis wakiTxva leqsisa 

ar ukargavs TavisTavadobas mxatvrul mignebas, gameorebuli formulebic erTi leqsis 

mravaljer wakiTxvis daria. `tradiciuli formula TiTqos patara mxatvruli 

nawarmoebia~. marTlac, Znelia, ramem Seanelos eqspresia Semdegi poeturi formulebisa: 

`moguefina Cven dResaswauli Seni wmindaÁ, viTarca mzisTuali, da ganiotebs 

Cuengan vnebaTa zamTars mZimesa~ (efTÂme mTawmindelis dasdebelni). àneul hyav yana 

sulisa, muSako Sueniero, da Tesli gulisÃmisyofisa dasTese da mogÂmke Tavwarsxmuli 

wignTa saRToÁTa~ (wmindisa mamisa Cvenisa giorgi mTawmidelisa). 

aseve ar gacvTeba saxarebis igavebiT STagonebuli saxeebi, romelTa transplantacia 

erTi garemodan meoreSi sruliad ar qmnis rame uxerxulobas. himnografebis 

mxatvruli amocanaa, ganazogados saTqmeli, gaxazos misi zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba. 

saamisod sakuTari poeturi sityvis bibliur saxeebsa da sityva-TqmebTan SeTanabreba 

yvelaze ukeTesi gzaa. bibliuri personaJebis moxmoba da wmindanebis maTTan 

Sedarebac (sagaloblebSi Zalian xSiradaa naxsenebi, rogorc Zveli, aseve axali aR- 

Tqmis personaJebi), imave mizans isaxavs. bibliur personaJebTan dakavSirebulia maradiuli 

Rirebulebis mqone movlenebi, amitom es gmirebi kacTa modgmis yvelanair saxes 

gamoadgebian arqetipebad. 

v) axla vupasuxoT kiTxvas: ra Seadgens sasuliero poeziis mxatvruli bunebis 

arsebiT Taviseburebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema cota Soridan unda daviwyoT. 

literaturaTmcodneobaSi xazgasmiTaa naTqvami _ mxatvrulma nawarmoebma esTetikuri 

gavlena rom moaxdinos mkiTxvelze, igi unda gaxmovandes: `wigni sanoto rveulis 

analogiuria, _ naTqvamia erT literaturaTmcodneobiTs naSromSi. _ ise, rogorc 

musikis realoba, musikis namdvili arseboba ganxorcielebulia SesrulebaSi, simRerasa 

Tu orkestris xmovanebaSi, zustad aseve literaturuli nawarmoebis realobac 

dakavSirebulia sityvier SemoqmedebasTan, kiTxvasTan (Tundac es kiTxva sruldebodes 

`TavisTvis~)~. 

Tu aseTi Sexedulebebi kanonzomieria sazogadod mxatvruli nawarmoebis mimarT, 

miT ufro aucilebelia maTi gaTvaliswineba Zvel sasuliero poeziasTan kavSirSi, 

radgan es poezia arc arsebobda xmovanebis gareSe. sagaloblis sityva da vokali 

erTmaneTisagan gauTiSavi iyo. magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom teqstisa 

da melodiis urTierTmimarTebaSi ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba eniWeboda azrs, 

teqstis Sinaarss, mis ideur mxares. specialistTa Tanaxmad, saeklesio galobis Tavisebureba 

imaSia, rom azri unda batonobdes galobis xmaze, melodia mxolod damateba 

unda iyos cocxali sityvisa; xmis mimoqcevam ki ar unda daCrdilos azris da 

sityvis moZraoba, aramed unda mianiWos gamomxatveloba da STambeWdaoba im farglebSi, 

romelsac moicavs sagaloblis sityvieri masala. imdenad didi iyo mniSvneloba 

sityvis Sinaarsisa, rom galobis SemsruleblisaTvis aucilebeli arc ki iyo vokaluri 

monacemebi. netari avgustine ambobda: `RmerTs unda ugalobo ara xmiT, aramed 

guliT. qristes monam unda igalobos ise, rom mogvxiblos ara misma xmam, aramed 

_ sityvebma~. 

sasuliero poeziis mxatvruli buneba kargad iyo gaxsnili mis melodiaSi. himnebi 

Tavisi keTilxmovanebiT izidavda da ganaspetakebda msmenels. ai, rogor axasiaTebda 

Sua saukuneebis didi mistikosi grigol noseli musikas: `melodia sxva araferia, Tu 

ara mowodeba amaRlebuli cxovrebisaken. igi moagonebs yvelas, vinc sikeTes msaxurebs, 

ar dauSvas Tavis zne-CveulebebSi rame aramusikaluri, aramwyobri, araTanxmieri~. 

magram sasuliero poeziis nimuSebs Cven umTavresad melodiis gareSe vecnobiT, 

CvenTvis bevri maTganis musikaluri gaxmovaneba sruliad ucnobia. aqedan SeiZleboda 

dagveskvna, rom am sagaloblebis mxatvrul bunebas Cven mTeli sisavsiT ver vwvdebiT. 

magram Tu gavixsenebT im garemoebas, rom sagaloblis melodias, mis 

183

intonaciur xmovanebas nawarmoebis teqsti gansazRvravs, maSin naTeli gaxdeba, rom 

sagaloblis poeturi Rirseba saZebnelia nawarmoebis struqturaSi, mis ritmul aRnagobasa 

da sityvier faqturaSi. 

sasuliero poeziis arsebiTi niSnebia _ musikaluroba da lirizmi. musikaluri 

es nawarmoebi aris ara mxolod imitom, rom igi igalobeba, aramed imitomac, rom 

masSi xelSesaxebadaa gamovlenili adamianis gancda, misi sulis moZraoba. msgavsad 

musikaluri nawarmoebisa, himni gadmogvcems mkveTrad Seferil ganwyobilebas. magaliTisTvis 

movitanT abo Tbilelisadmi miZRvnili sagaloblis erT nawyvets: 

`gixaroden, sanatrelo mowameo, uflisa mier! rameTu Sen, ukanaskneli ese muSaki 

macxovrisa CuenisaÁ meaTerTmetisa JamisaÁ mdRevarTa maT Tana aRmsTobilTa miewive 

da maT Tana sasyidelsa maTsa ara daakldi! 

gixaroden, mowameo, uflisa mier! rameTu Sen miemsgavse ukanaÁsknelsa mas mociqulsa 

pavles mamulTa maT sjulTa da moZRurebaTa gangdebiTa, da qristes, Zisa RmrTisa, 

aRsarebiTa msgavsadve misa Tavi mogekueTa~ _ ai, es zeaweuli, mRelvare toni 

Tavidan bolomde gasdevs ioane sabanisZis am sagalobels da mas gamomsaxvelobis 

did Zalas aniWebs. 

es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos Zvel qarTul sagaloblebs yovelTvis maJoruli 

tonaloba hqondeT; Zalian bevria iseTi nawarmoebic, romlebic sevdisa da mwuxarebis 

muqi tonebiTaa damZimebuli. 

magaliTisaTvis unda SevCerdeT daviT aRmaSeneblis sinanulis sagalobelze. 

cnobilia, rom daviT aRmaSenebeli Tavisma politikurma alRom, didma strategiulma 

niWma, kacTmoyvareobam da mravalmxrivma ganswavlulobam legendarul pirovnebad 

aqcia da sicocxleSive didebis SaravandediT Semosa. XIII saukunis xelnawerebma 

Semogvinaxa misi erTaderTi poeturi nawarmoebic, romelsac `galobani sinanulisani~ 

ewodeba. pavle ingoroyvas azriT, daviTs unda hqonoda oda-himnic, dawerili qarTveli 

mxedrobis didgoris brZolaSi gamarjvebis gamo, magram am himns Cvenamde ar 

mouRwevia. 

`galobanSi~ daviT aRmaSenebeli gvevlineba Tavisi Tavis umkacres msajulad. igi 

adamianis farTo gagebidan amodis da Tavs miiCnevs adamis codvis gadmomRebad. mefepoeti 

Tavis SecodebaTa dasaxasiaTeblad mimarTavs biblias, sulis winaSe acocxlebs 

Zveli da axali aRTqmis magaliTebs, CamoTvlis im codvebs, romlebic kacobriobas 

Caudenia da avlebs paralels sakuTar codvebTan. igi Tavs codvilTa Soris 

ucodvilesad saxavs. ar arsebobs codva, romelic TiTqos mas ar Caedinos: `me var 

ufskruli, Sesakrebeli bilwebisa RuarTaÁ~, ùfroÁs yovelTa vcode me~ _ godebs 

didi mefe. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom es sagalobeli codvis gancdis gamoxatvis 

siZlieriT ar Camouardeba msoflio literaturis arc erT Sedevrs, maT Soris arc 

dante aligieris `RvTaebriv komedias~. grZnobis es sicxovele maRalpoeturadaa aRbeWdili 

sagalobelSi; mwvave gancdebi Sesabamisi intonaciiTaa gadmocemuli. am intonaciis 

siwrfele da mTrTolvareba gvaRelvebs Cven. aRniSnul gancdas axlavs Segneba 

imisa, rom daviT aRmaSeneblis msgavs pirovnebaTa biografiaSi saZebnelia ara 

raime mZime Secodeba, aramed Cadenil SecodebaTa Segnebis araCveulebrivi unari da 

maRali eTikuri mrwamsi. 

qarTuli sasuliero poezia uaRresad mdidaria maRalpoeturi originaluri sagaloblebiT. 

maTi yovelmxrivi Seswavla momavlis saqmea. 

184

galobani sinanulisani 

185 

laura grigolaSvili 

`galobani sinanulisani~ kompoziciurad mtkiced Sekruli nawarmoebia. masSi SekavSirebulia 

anTropologiuri, eTikuri, ontologiuri Temebi. es gasagebicaa. RvTismetyveleba 

moZRvrebas adamianze miiCnevda samyarosa da RvTaebis Sesaxeb arsebuli 

moZRvrebis saxesxvaobad. adamianis Semecneba niSnavda samyaros wvdomasa da piriqiT, 

samyaros saidumloTa axsnas adamianis arsTan mivyavdiT. basili didis TqmiT: àra 

umetes icnobebis cisagan da queyanisa RmerTi, viTar-igi agebulebisagan Cuenisa, uke- 

Tu vinme gulisÃmisyofiT gamoikulevdes Tavsa TÂssa, viTar ityÂs winaÁswarmetyueli, 

viTarmed `sakÂrvel iqmna cnobaÁ Seni Cemgan~, ese igi ars, viTarmed Tavi Cemi gulisÃma 

vyav da mis mier gardametebulebaÁ igi sibrZnisaÁ SenisaÁ viswave~. amitom br- 

Zanebda kabadokieli mama: ùZneles ars yovlisave cnobaÁ Tavisa TÂsisa~. 

daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani~ iwyeba RvTisadmi mimarTviT `romlisaca winaSe qeddadrekil 

ars yoveli...~ g. imedaSvilis marTebuli SeniSvniT, es sityva (igulisxmeba 

`romlisaca~) `himnografiaSi SemuSavebulia rogorc Cveulebrivi leqsikuri tradicia 

RmerTis mniSvnelobiT da mis sinonimadaa gadazrdili. strofis `romelman~iT 

dawyeba garkveul poetur xerxad qceula mTliani himnis agebisaTvis, riTac winaswaraa 

gansazRvruli aseTi himnebis rogorc Sinaarsi, ise kompozicia. daviTic uflis 

winaSe idreks qeds, mas mimarTavs, mas SehRaRadebs. 

daviT aRmaSenebeli pirovnebis farTo gagebas efuZneba. igi Tavis Tavs uyurebs, rogorc 

pirveli adamis STamomavals, Tavis codvaTa dasabams pirvelcodvaSi xedavs da 

Tavis codvilobas xsnis zogad safuZvelze, rogorc adamianis dacilebas RvTisgan: 

xatsa TÂssa mamsgavse 

da sakrvelad grZnobadisa 

da gonierisa myofobisad damawese 

Senebr 

arsTa sityuebisa 

Cem Sorisca SekrebiTa, 

xolo me umadlo geqmen. 

bunebiTni raÁ Zalni 

ara sjulTaebr viÃumien, 

msgavsebisagan davakldi da davhbade boroti, 

xolo 

xilulT-miersa 

gemovnebasa 

vrcelad ganuxuen grZnobani. 

pirveli galobidanve mefe daviTi saubrobs Tavis codvebze da meSvide galobis 

CaTvliT sagalobelSi mxolod es Temaa gaSlili. mefe codvebis aRiarebisas moiSveliebs 

biblias, acocxlebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis magaliTebs da avlebs paralels 

sakuTar codvebTan. 

daviTis TqmiT, man kaenis mkvlelebri zraxva, seiTis ZeTa garyvnileba, goliaTTa 

aRviraxsniloba, xuTi qalaqis mkvidrTa ukeTurebis mwvire (WuWyi) gaamravla, rogorc 

ukuRma mavalma borotebis mdinarem; egviptelTa gulmZimoba, qanaanelTa Cveulebani, 

msxverplSewirva kerpTaTvis, mkiTxaoba, Selocva, Tmis nawnavebi da sxva, rac 

uzenaesma akrZala, gadmoiRo da TviT am pirvel magaliTebs gadaaWarba. 

daviT godebs, rom igi israelis mefeebs hbaZavda, oRond urjuloebs da, rac SeeZlo, 

scodavda sakerpoebze sakmevlis kmeviT, warmarTebTan aRreviT, ciur sxeulTa 

TayvaniscemiT. ciur sxeulTa moZraobaze dafuZnebuli asiriuli (siriuli) misnoba, 

moZrav da uZrav varskvlavTa SeerTeba da daSoreba, bedi, gangeba da Sobis (dabadebis) 

dRe, TiTqos saRvTo moZRvreba ar smenodes, fuWi ocnebis sagnad aqcia.

daviTis TqmiT, man elinTa mier RmrTis ver Secnoba da TviT Semoqmedis nacvlad 

mis mier SeqmnilTa (dabadebulTa) Tayvaniscema srulyo, roca TiToeuli vnebis kerps 

emsaxura, vnebebs ahyva. 

mefe-aRmaSenebeli miiCnevs, rom wignis rjuli (igulisxmeba moses rjuli) bunebiTi 

rjuliTurT daarRvia da uflis mcnebis damamowmebeli rjuli gonebisa (e. i. 

sindisi) codvisa da xorcis rjuls daumona. 

daviTi TiTqos daemsgavsa sxvadasxva mxecTagan Sezavebul arsebas, mravalsaxovans, 

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad saxilvels, TiToeuli maTganis bunebis Sesabamisad 

gamZvinvarebuls. ar SeuSinda moqneul namgals, romelic sikvdils miagebs yvelas, 

vinc mis msgavsad mudam tyuilad ificebda SiSismomgvrel saxels uflisas. 

daviTi codvad miiCnevs, rom solomonis wurblis msgavsad gaumaZRar, sxvaTa 

qveynis sazRvrebs eSureboda dasapyrobad da RvTis mier dawesebul sazRvrebs ar 

sjerdeboda. igi ganicdis, rom borotad daarRvia sazRvrebi, waumata saxli saxls 

da miwa miwas, uZlurT waarTva maTive wili da eswrafoda umezoblod yofnas, raTa 

mxolod mas ebatona am qveyanaze. 

daviTma TiTqos winaaRmdegoba gauwia uflis moZRvrebis yvela wess da umsgavso 

SeuRlebebiT iZalada sarecelze da ukeTuri magaliTebis micemiT codvis gzaze 

daayena Tavisi eri, rogorc israeli _ misma mefeebma. 

daviTi uflis winaSe imasac aRiarebs, rom man TiTqos mtveriviT moxveta vercxli 

da talaxiviT daagrova oqro, emsaxura sixarbis, gaumaZRrobis mamonas (simdidris 

RvTaebas) ise, rogorc misi bibliuri winaparni eTayvanebodnen baals, astartes 

da bilw qamoss. 

daviTma TiTqos marTali sityva da cru mosamarTleTa mamxilebelni moiZula, 

xolo pirferTa gaiZveroba moiwona da mabezRara rCeva-darigeba siamovnebiT miiRo 

da usamarTlo msjavri gamoitana. qvrivTa cremli da obolTa gulamoskvnili tirili 

ar Seiwyala, guli ar gauxsna mTxovnelT, ufro ki qristes, romelic sazrdoobs 

maTTvis gaRebuli umciresi sakvebiT. 

daviTi miiCnevs, rom man daarRvia saxarebis mcneba, romelic misgan iTxovda mcemelisaTvis 

loyis miSveras, RaribTaTvis sakuTari samoslis micemas, sruliad uficvelobas, 

xolo ndomis, wadilis ayolas namdvil mruSobad miiCnevda. 

aRniSnul codvaTa CamoTvlisas intonacia erTgvarad monotonuria da Seferilia 

sevdiT. xolo, roca amoiwureba saTqmeli, roca warmoCndeba adamianis zneobrivi dacemis 

sruli suraTi, intonacia mkveTrad icvleba, masSi mRelvareba matulobs da 

TiTqos ukanaskneli amosunTqviT ityvis mefe: 

eseni vcoden, saxarebisa sjulTa 

da mcnebaTa SenTa Sina 

mcemulma raÁ yurimlisa mipyrobasa 

da glaxkTaTÂs ganSiSulebasa, 

da raÁTurTiT ara ficsa 

Sen, sjulis-mdebeli Cemi, hbrZanebdi 

da gulisTqumiT mimxedvelobasa 

gansrulebulad mruSebad dasdebdi. 

TiTqos dasrulda yvelaferi, amoiwura saTqmeli. aRsarebis mTqmelsac da mis 

msmenelsac erTgvari garindeba eufleba: am pauzis Semdeg sagalobelSi Semodis axali 

Tema da axali intonacia: 

daRaTu esreT ganvxrwnen yovelni grZnobani 

da yovlad xrwnileba viqmen, 

garna arave aRvixuen Ãelni, 

arca davde sasoebaÁ Cemi 

RmrTisa mimarT ucxoÁsa, arca 

ucxo Tesli raÁme sarwunoebaÁ 

sawurTel vyav sulisa, gareSesa missa, 

186

omeli maswaves RmrTismetyuelTa SenTa! 

amis Semdeg intonaciurad SemarTuli toni kvlav eSveba da gulmxurvale vedrebaSi 

gadadis: 

da aw, momdrekeli muÃlTa gulisaTaÁ 

vÃmob, viTarca sxuaÁ manase, 

milxine, Ä, meufeo, milxine 

da nu warmwymed codvaTa Sina, 

da nu iÃseneb ZÂrTa CemTa, 

da nu damsji me quesknelTa Tana, 

rameTu Sen xar RmerTi monanulTaÁ, 

amaRlebuli zesknels caTa ZalTagan! 

ra SeiZleba iTqvas? 

mxolod didi mefis Sinagan pirovnebaSi gaRviZebul umaRles msajuls SeuZlia 

Tavisi Tavis ase mkacrad gansja! 

gavixsenoT, rasac daviTis mematiane gvamcnobs didi mefis Sesaxeb: daviTi mZime 

seniT daavadebulTa xilvisas Turme `cremliT daaltobda RawvTa misTa~; mefes naufliswulevi 

hqonda qisakSi da yoveldRe gascemda saboZvars gaWirvebulTaTvis. xolo, 

roca veravis naxavda dasamowyaleblad, mZimed ganicdida da Sewuxebuli ambobda: 

`dResa ver mivec qristesa marcxebiTa CemTa codvaTa~. mematiane dasZens: `vin jerovnad 

warmoTqunes pativis pyrobani monazonTani, simdabliT SemTxuevani da mokiTxvani, 

da siyuaruliT Sewynarebani maTni, TÂTeulisa niWni da saÃmarni, romliTa uzrunvel-yvnis 

yovelTa saWiroTagan~. ramdeni aseTi magaliTia `matianeSi~ daviT aRma- 

Seneblis didi bunebisa da zneobrivi keTilSobilebis warmosaCenad? 

gana SeiZleba imis garkveva, ra codvas gulisxmobs daviT aRmaSenebeli, rodesac 

gvamcnobs, rom TiTqos man kaenis mier Zmis mkvlelobaze uaresi danaSauli Caidina? 

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema kidec rom miviCnioT aucileblad, mainc ver SevZlebT, 

radgan aq sulis metad dafaruli moZraobaa gasaTvaliswinebeli. ioane oqropiris 

sityviT, ùkueTu simarTliT ara hzraxvide da samarTlsa ara miscemde, ars igi parva 

da mekobroba; da ukueTu sTqva, ara kac miklavs, getyÂ Sen: ukueTu Tual-axune da 

samarTliT ara ganhbWo, kacis klva ars ese~. maSasadame, aRniSnuli msjelobis Tanaxmad, 

simarTlis Ralati igive qurdobaa, kacis usamarTlod gansja kacismkvlelobaa. 

`galobanSic~ aris miniSneba, rom msgavsebaa erTi SexedviT TiTqos sruliad gansxvavebul 

codvaTa Soris. magaliTad, daviT aRmaSeneblis TqmiT, sakuTar vnebebs 

ayola kerpTayvanismcemlobas niSnavs, vercxlismoyvareoba iseTive mZime codvaa, rogorc 

warmarTul RvTaebaTa Tayvaneba da a. S. daviT aRmaSenebels udidesi misia daakisra 

ufalma. mas es wuTisofeli unda gaevlo rogorc mefes, rogorc mxedars, 

rogorc adamians. vin aris dazRveuli qartexilebiT aRsavse am qveyanaSi Secdomebisagan? 

gonebaSi gavlebuli ukeTuri azris SemCneva da amis gamo wuxili mxolod zneobrivad 

maRali adamianebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, mxolod imaTTvis, visi cxovrebac 

ubiwoebisa da sispetakis magaliTs ganasaxierebs kacobriobisaTvis. swored efrem 

asuri, ioane oqropiri, petre qarTveli da maTi msgavsi adamianebi ganicdian, 

TiTqos maTi codvani ùfroÁs qÂSisa zRvisa arian, umravles cvarTa cisaTa arian, 

ufroÁs yovelTa kacTa arian~. 

amgvar adamianTa biografiaSi saZebnelia ara raime mwvave da ukiduresi Secdomebi, 

aramed Cadenil SecodebaTa gancdisa da Segnebis araCveulebrivi unari, maRali 

eTikuri mrwamsi. daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobans~ Zlieri subieqturi gancda msWvalavs, 

magram daviTis sindisi amaRlebulia sazogadoebriv Segnebamde da mefis RaRadi 

sakuTar codvaTa Sesaxeb farTo rezonans iRebs. amiT emsgavseba `galobani~ bibliuri 

daviTis `fsalmunebs~. cnobilia, rom `daviTnis~ bevr galobas konkretuli 

faqti udevs safuZvlad. magaliTad, 50-e fsalmunis zedwarwera gvamcnobs, rom igi 

warmoiTqva naTanis mier daviTis mxilebis gamo, roca mefem Sescoda Tavisi mxedris, 

187

uria xeTelis colTan _ bersabesTan. magram 50-e fsalmuni iqca sinanulis zogad gamoxatulebad 

da mis Temaze ara erTi liturgikuli kanoni Seiqmna, maT Soris andria 

kretelis `didi kanonic~. fsalmunebi yoveli RvTismosavi adamianis subieqturi 

religiuri gancdis gamomxatvelad iqca da, rogorc aTanase aleqsandrieli ityvis, 

fsalmunTa SemweobiT `kaci igi RmerTsa hzraxavn TÂsiT gonebiT da RmerTi _ kacsa~. 

`galobanis~ finalur striqonebSi warmoCenilia esqatologiuri aRsasrulis 

mZafri suraTebi. ixateba stiqiaTa daSlis Jami, rodesac daiSriteba dideba, gaqreba 

mefobis SiSi, fuWi iqneba mxiaruloba, daWkneba yvavilovneba, sxva waritacebs samefo 

skiptras, sxvas gahyveba laSqari. aqvea warmoCenili samyaros gankiTxvis saSineli 

dRe, codvilTaTvis gamzadebuli cecxli, msaxurTa risxva. yovelive amis fonze gulisSemZvrel 

gamomsaxvelobas iZens daviTis sulis Zaxili: `maSin Semiwyale, msajulo 

Cemo!~ `maSin Semiwyale, iesu Cemo!~ 

am pasaJebis Semdeg kvlav Camodgeba didi pauza da garindeba. sagalobelSi iRvi- 

Zebs axali intonacia. igi gamTbaria rwmeniTa da imediT: 

mrwams, viTarmed aRvsebaÁ 

srul-yos RmerTman Cem Soris 

yovlisave sinanuliT aRdgomisaÁ. 

sagalobeli dasruldeba sinaTliTa da sixaruliT aRsavse mZlavri intonaciiT: 

araÁ uxilavs mzesa qalwuli dedaÁ TÂnier Sensa, 

arca Cemoden braleulsa _ naTeli misa, 

garna me SeniTa 

oxiTa, dedofalo, 

vesav xilvad naTelsa 

Zisa Senisasa 

da naTelsa zeSTa saukuneTasa. 

sagulisxmoa, rom Zeglis finaluri ganwyobileba mzaddeboda pirveli galobebidanve 

`RmrTismSoblisanebis~ saSualebiT, sadac frTxilad gaismoda imedis tonebi 

da mZime gancdebis gamomxatvel galobaTa simwvaves anelebda. adamiani rom daeca 

da codvebiT damZimda, swored àmisTÂs iyo qalwuli da ÃorcqmnaÁ sityÂsaÁ _ leitmotiviviT 

gasdevs mTels sagalobels. 

`galobans~ warmoTqvams pirovneba, romlis arsebaSi gaRviZebulia àxali adamiani~, 

romelic Sinagan harmoniaSia pirvelsaxesTan. sulis mxolod aseTi aRmavloba 

xdis SesaZlebels, adamianma saaSkaraoze gamoitanos dafaruli gancdebi. adamiani 

jer unda amaRldes Tavis Tavze da Semdeg Seafasos igi. amitomaa, rom `galobanis~ 

mTqmeli Tavis SecodebaTa tyve ki ar aris, ganmgebelia maTi. codvaTa SegnebiT daZleulia 

codva. sulieri sawyisi Sinagan winaaRmdegobaTa daZleviT zeimobs xorcielze, 

myardeba wonasworoba realursa da idealurs, grZnobadsa da suliers Soris, 

monanuli mefis Sinagani arseba harmoniulia. 

`galobani sinanulisanis~ amgvarad agebuli kompozicia didad ganasxvavebs mas 

rogorc andria kretelis `didi kanonisagan~, aseve sinanulis sxva sagaloblebisagan, 

sadac gancdebi ufro erTgvarovania da erTi tonalobiTaa Seferili. 

daviT aRmaSeneblis sinanulis sagaloblis arsis dasaxasiaTeblad, vfiqrobT, yuradReba 

unda gamaxvildes `didi kanonisadmi~ Cveni Zeglis mimarTebis sakiTxzec. 

rogorc cnobilia, andria kreteli bizantiuri himnografiis warmomadgeneli iyo. 

k. krumbaxeris daxasiaTebiT, is iTvleboda bizantiuri periodis yvelaze did saeklesio 

oratorad. mis mravalferovan SemoqmedebaSi Tavisi SinaarsiT, siRrmiTa da 

sinatifiT `didi kanoni~ gamorCeulia. bizantiuri himnografiisa da musikis aRiarebuli 

specialistis, egon velesis, Tanaxmad, Tu ioane damaskelis aRdgomis sagalobels 

uwodebdnen oqros galobans anu galobaTa dedofals, andria kretelis `didi 

kanoni~ samarTliand iTvleboda kanonTa mefed. 

andria kretelis `kanons~ didi ewodeba Tavisi moculobis gamo. Cveulebrivi 

kanoni Tu Sedgeba 30 an cota meti dasdeblisagan, andria kretelis `didi kanoni~ 

188

Seicavs 11 irmoss (meore da mesame galobas aqvs or-ori irmosi) da 212 dasdebuls, 

11 samebisans, 11 `RvTismSoblisans~ da 1 kondaks. `didi kanonis~ dasdebelTa Soris 

moTavsebulia mariam egviptelisadmi miZRvnili dasdeblebic, or-ori muxli TiToeul 

galobaSi. `didi kanoni~ dasrulebulia andria kretelisadmi miZRvnili SesxmiT. 

ase rom, `didi kanoni~ sul 250 dasdeblisgan Sedgeba. 

andria kretelis Semoqmedebisadmi qarTvelebs Tavidanve seriozuli interesi gamouxatavT, 

qarTul enaze Targmnilia TiTqmis yvela nawarmoebi arqiepiskoposisa. 

sagulisxmoa isic, rom `didi kanoni~ samgzisaa Targmnili qarTulad. misi mTargmnelebi 

arian qarTuli sulieri kulturis udidesi warmomadgenlebi: eqvTime aToneli, 

giorgi aToneli da arsen beri. cnobilia isic, rom mesame Targmani ganxorcielebulia 

TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis `brZanebiTa da jerCinebiTa~ rogorc arsen beris anderZSia 

naTqvami, mefem mas daavala Zeglis xelaxla Targmna, xolo ioane kaTolikoss 

_ teqstze xmis dadeba. anderZi mTavrdeba sagulisxmo sityvebiT: `xolo keTili 

raÁca ars, yoveli Semdgomad RmrTisa da saRrmToTa, didisa mefisa da wmidis 

TÂTmpyrobelisa Cuenisa da misisa gulmodginebisaÁ ars, romlisani mravalmca arian 

welni cxorebisa misisani da saukuno kurTxevaÁ~. 

aSkaraa, daviT aRmaSenebels sulis sawvrTnelad dausaxavs andria kretelis `didi 

kanoni~. ar aris gamoricxuli, manve ubiZga mefes Seeqmna Tavisi sinanulis sagalobeli. 

magram ra aqvT saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli am Zeglebs? 

andria kretelisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis sagaloblebs anaTesavebT erTi Tema da 

eTikuri ideebis erTi wre. orive sagalobeli Seqmnilia 50-e fsalmunis motivebze. 

orive nawarmoebSi lirikuli gmiri warmoTqvams aRsarebas uzenaesis winaSe, orive 

inaniebs Cadenil codvebs da imeds amyarebs RmerTis mowyalebasa da saxierebaze. 

orive sagalobels safuZvlad udevs axali aRTqmiseuli moZRvreba adamianze da 

orive ZeglSi monanuli pirovneba efuZneba adamianis farTo gagebas. Tavisi codvebis 

gansazRvrisas orive mimarTavs biblias da bibliuri istoriis gaxsenebiT mkacrad 

gansjis sakuTar Tavs. bibliuri codvebis CamoTvlisas orive pirovneba gvevlineba 

ara maT uSualo gadmomRebad, aramed codvilad, romelmac daarRvia is zneobrivi 

principebi, romlebzec saubaria Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi. 

`did kanonsa~ da `galobani sinanulisanSi~ grZnobaTa gansaxovnebis meTodi msgavsia: 

ara dakonkreteba codvebisa da saTqmelisa, aramed ganzogadeba, bibliur saxeebTan 

SeTanabreba, sakuTar Tavsa da codviT ukiduresad damZimebul sxva adamianebs 

Soris paralelis gavleba. oRond aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom konkretuli damTxvevebi 

bibliur saxeTa moxmobisas am Zeglebs Soris Zalze iSviaTad gvxvdeba. `did kanon- 

Si~ motanilia uamravi mniSvnelovani magaliTi Zveli da axali aRTqmidan, daviT aRmaSenebeli 

ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs bibliuri Txrobis sruliad sxva movlenebze. 

daviT aRmaSenebels Tavis sagalobelSi ar mouxseniebia arc erTi bibliuri codva, 

romelsac mouxmobs andria kreteli, garda adamisa da kaenis codvebisa. 

miuxedavad am Zeglebis mxatvruli modelis msgavsebisa, daviT aRmaSeneblis sagalobeli 

sruliad damoukidebeli Rirebulebis Zeglia, romelic pirovnebis subieqtur 

gancdas efuZneba. 

andria kretelisa da daviT aRmaSeneblis sagalobelTa Sepirispirebisas ikveTeba 

niSnebi, romlebic am ZeglTa specifikis ganmsazRvrelad SeiZleba miviCnioT. 

`didi kanonis~ kondaki, romelic warmoaCens nawarmoebis mTel arss, Seicavs mowodebas: 

`sulo Cemo, sulo Cemo, aRdeg, rasa gZinavs? aRsasruli moaxloebul ars 

da gegulebis aRSfoTebaÁ. ganiRviZe, raÁTa Segiwyalos Sen qristeman RmerTman, romeli 

yovelgan ars da yovelsave aRavsebs~. `didi kanonis~ mizani aris is, rom sulierad 

gamoafxizlos adamiani da gaaRviZos masSi sinanulis grZnoba. 

`galobani sinanulisani~ Seqmnilia uzenaesisadmi usazRvro madlierebisa da mowiwebis 

niSnad. avtori bibliur daviT winaswarmetyvelis msgavsad inaniebs, rom RvTaebriv 

saxierebasa da Semweobas ùmadlo eqmna~ da daadga codvaTa gamravlebis gzas. 

andria kretelis `didi kanoni~ da daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~ 

189

erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavdebian siuJeturi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiTac. `didi 

kanonis~ siuJeturi xazi viTardeba spiralurad, lirikuli gmiri xan RvTaebas mimarTavs, 

xan Tavis suls exmianeba, is xan godebs Tavisi codvebis gamo, xan Tavs sinanulisken 

mouxmobs. Zveli da axali aRTqmis magaliTebs xan Tavis gansasjelad ixsenebs, 

xan misabaZi saxeebis gasacocxleblad. sagalobelSi mudmivad icvleba monanuli 

adamianis ganwyobileba: Rrma sevdisa da kaeSnis nacvlad Semodis imedisa da sasoebis 

naTeli sxivi, Semdeg naTel tonebs kvlav enacvleba sevdiani intonacia da a. S. 

daviTis sinanulis sagalobelSi lirikuli subieqtis RaRadisi mimarTulia RvTaebisadmi, 

mTeli Zeglis manZilze igi uzenaess exmianeba. magaliTebi bibliidan moxmobilia 

mxolod codvili sulis dasaxasiaTeblad, xolo siuJeti viTardeba aRmavali 

xaziT. sagalobelSi gamoxatul sevdasa da godebas agvirgvinebs rwmeniT gasxivosnebuli 

naTeli, zeaRmafreni intonacia. ase rom, daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisanis~ 

mxatvruli struqtura mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba `didi kanonis~ arqiteqtonikisagan. 

daviT aRmaSenebeli, STagonebuli andria kretelis ganTqmuli sagalobliT, 

irCevs originalur gzas da qmnis TavisTavadi Rirebulebis mqone Zegls, romelic 

netari avgustines àRsarebis~ msgavsad adamianis suls Rrmad swvdeba da sakuTari 

pirovnebis amaRlebisa da srulqmnis survils aRviZebs. 

daviT aRmaSeneblis sinanulis sagalobeli aris mefis ara mxolod zneobrivi mrwamsis 

gamomxatveli didi Zegli. aramed misi Rrma ganswavlulebis amsaxveli STambe- 

Wdavi dokumentic. 

daviTis mematianis Rrma rwmeniT, daviT aRmaSeneblis gonebamiuwvdomel sibrZnes 

da misi samefos saarako siZlieres RvTis SewevnasTan erTad gardasul saqmeTa Semecneba 

da wignis gansacvifrebeli siyvarulic ganapirobebda. daviTi siyrmidanve 

daswafebia saRmrTo wignebs. kaci ifiqrebdao, mogviTxrobs mematiane, rom daviTi mxolod 

am wignebiT cocxlobda da suldgmulobda. es wignebi Seadgenda mis sazrdos, 

yvelaze tkbilsa da sawadels, es wignebi iyo misi Sveba, gancxroma da sargebeli. 

mematiane daviTis wignismoyvarulobis TvalsaCino magaliTad asaxelebs erT 

sagulisxmo faqts. mefes Cvevad hqonia kiTxvis dasrulebisas wignis boloSi niSnis 

dasma. dauTvliaT da `samociqulos~ ocdaoTxi aseTi niSani hqonia wignis bolos 

dasmuli. 

swavluli mefis interesebi mwerlobis yvela sferos swvdeboda. qarTuli da araqarTuli 

wyaroebi erTxmad mowmoben mis mravalmxriv ganswavlulobas, mis dainteresebas 

saRvTo wignebiT, Teologia-filosofiiT, poeziiT, astrologiiT. 

erT-erT saeklesio krebaze, romelic somexTa TxovniT moiwvia daviT aRmaSenebelma, 

paeqroba gaimarTa qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze. 

swavlul mefes didxans usmenia mokamaTeTaTvis da Semdeg Tavmdablad ganucxadebia: 

èse sacnaur ars Tquenda, rameTu me Sors var swavlulebasa da mecnierebasa, viTarca 

mÃedrobaTa Sina aRzrdili, amisTÂsca uswavlelTa da litonTa da martivTa 

mier sityuaTa gezraxo Tquen~. mematiane ki dasZens, rom daviTma `winadaudgromeli~ 

da ùcilobeli~ magaliTebisa da igavebis axsna-ganmartebiT mowinaaRmdegeni `daan- 

Tqna, viTarca megÂptelni, da dauyo piri maTi da upasuxo-yvna da yovlad usityuel, 

viTarca odesme didman basili aTinas Sina~, ùRonoqmnilma~ mwvaleblebma aRiares 

cxadad `Zleuleba TÂsi~. mefisTvis ki uTqvamT: `Cuen, mefeo, mowafe guegone amaT 

moZRuarTa TquenTa, garna, viTar vxedavT, Sen same xar moZRuari moZRuarTa, romlisa 

brWalsa ver mimwuTar-arian ege moZRuarsagonebelni Tquenni~. 

daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisanis~ lamis yvela sityvas SeZenili aqvs 

Teologiuri terminis mniSvneloba da dakavSirebulia qristianuli moZRvrebis kardinalur 

sakiTxebTan. yuradRebas SevaCerebT ramdenime maTganze. 

`galobanSi~ naTqvamia: àmisTÂs qalwuli dedaÁ da SobaÁ axali sityÂsaÁ qmna~. e. 

i. daviTi qalwuli dedisagan sityvis Sobas axals uwodebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom am 

Sobas sxva Soba unda uswrebdes. marTlac, Teologiis Tanaxmad, qristesTan ori So- 

190

aa dakavSirebuli: pirveli Soba `mamisagan udedoÁ~, meore _ umamod dedakacisagan. 

`Sobaa axali~ uJamod Sobili sityvis JamSi ganxorcielebas niSnavs. 

am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa `galobanis~ Semdegi adgilic: `sisxlTa qalwulebrivTagan 

Ãorcni RmrTisani da axali SezavebaÁ iqmna, RmerTi da kaci~. àxali 

Sezaveba~ qristianuli moZRvrebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi debulebaa, romliTac igi upirispirdeba 

eretikul mimdinareobebs da qalwulisagan RmerT-mamakacis Sobis Tvisobrivad 

sruliad axal movlenas gamoxatavs. 

èklesiastes~ mixedviT sawuTroSi araferi aris axali: `da araraÁ ars yovelive 

axlad mzesa amas queSe, romlisaTÂs ityodis da TqÂs, viTarmed ese axali ars. mieriTganve 

qmnul ars saukuneTa maT yofilTa uwinarÀs Cuensa~. qristianuli dogmatika 

eyrdnoba `Zveli aRTqmis~ am debulebas da erTaderT siaxled mxolod qristes 

Sobas miiCnevs: `RmerTad srul myofi srul kac iqmnebis da aResrulebis yovelTa 

axalTa uaxlesi da mxoloÁ axali mzesa queSe, romlisa mier ganuzomeli igi Zali 

RmrTisaÁ sacnaur iqmnebis, rameTu raÁ ufroÁs ars kacqmnasa RmrTisasa~. maSasadame, 

erTaderTi siaxle, rac mzis qveS ganxorcielda, es qalwulisagan RmerTkacis Sobaa. 

daviT aRmaSenebelic ityvis: àra uxilavs mzesa qalwuli dedaÁ, TÂnier Sensa~. 

`galobani sinanulisani~ imeorebs eklesiis mamaTa Tvalsazriss RvTismSoblis 

xatis Tayvaniscemis arsis Taobazec. daviTi mimarTavs RvTismSobels: `sakuTrad RmrTismSobelad 

gqadagebT, uxrwnelo qalwulo, da gurwams, viTarmed pativi xatisa 

SenisaÁ Sendamo wiaRmovals RmrTismetyuelTaebr, da codvilTa moqcevasa aniSeb mis 

mier, viTarca cxadhyofs TeatroÁ igi mrCobilTa sofelTaÁ, sikeTe egÂptisaÁ, Rirsi 

mariam~. 

am muxlSi gamokveTilia mniSvnelovani periodi eklesiis istoriidan. rogorc viciT, 

VII saukuneSi bizantiaSi Tavi iCina xatmebrZolobam, romelic xangrZlivi drois 

manZilze gaafTrebul brZolas awarmoebda xatebis winaaRmdeg. 

marTlmadideblurma aRmsareblobam scada xatTayvanismcemlobis Teologiuri da 

moraluri dasabuTeba, rasac unda ganemtkicebina qristianuli Segneba da daecva igi 

gadaxrebisagan. xatTayvanismcemloba sabolood aRiares msoflio VII saeklesio 

krebaze. ioane damaskeli, romelsac didi warmateba xvda wilad am brZolaSi, daeyrdno 

basili didis TvalTaxedvas; `pativi xatisaÁ pirmSoÁsa mis saxisa aRvals~. e. i. 

pativiscema xatisa gadadis mis pirvel saxeze, imaze, vinc gamosaxulia am xatiT. 

basili didis zemoT moxmobili Tvalsazrisi gatarebulia daviT aRmaSeneblis 

TaosnobiT mowveul ruis-urbnisis krebis ZeglisweraSic: `cxad ars, viTarmed Tayuanismcemeli 

xatisa RmrTisaÁ RmerTssa Tayuanis-scems mis mier; maginebelica sadme 

xatisa RmrTisaÁ RmerTsa aginebs ueWvelad, viTarca wmidaTa Soris didi basili esreT 

daswers amas~. 

`galobani~ Segvaxsenebs imasac, rom codvilT RmrTismSoblis xatis saSualebiT 

eniSnebaT moqceva da aqve asaxelebs mariam egviptelis magaliTs. 

mematianem daviT aRmaSeneblis mwignobruli moRvaweoba ptolemeosos Rvawls Seadara. 

ptolemeosTa dinastiaSi araerTi swavluli iyo, magram istorikosi aq ptolemeos 

II filadelfoss unda gulisxmobdes, radgan swored mis dros iqca aleqsandria 

elinisturi kulturis centrad. swored mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli aleqsandriis 

axladdaarsebuli museonisa da aleqsandriis ganTqmul biblioTekaSi Semokreba im 

drois yvelaze gamoCenili mecnierebisa, filosofosebisa, swavlulebisa, romlebmac 

kacobriobis civilizaciis istoriaSi sruliad axal eras daudes safuZveli. 

daviTis mematianes am SedarebaSi ar gadauWarbebia. daviT aRmaSenebelmac Cveni 

eris sulieri ganviTarebis sruliad axali gzebi dasaxa. Mman kargad icoda, rom 

qveynis aRorZinebisaTvis sxva faqtorebTan erTad saWiro iyvnen Rrmad ganswavluli, 

wminda, ganaTlebuli, msoflio kulturis miRwevebs ziarebuli adamianebi, romlebic 

saTaveSi unda Casdgomodnen qarTveli xalxis sulier aRmavlobas. uTuod am mizniT 

unda gaegzavna daviTs ormoci axalgazrda saberZneTSi. maT iqaur skolebSi unda mieRoT 

umaRlesi ganaTleba da SeeTvisebinaT saukeTeso tradiciebi, raTa Semdgom 

191

SesZlebodaT mSobliuri kulturis samsaxuri. amiT unda aixsnas isic, rom mefis 

erT-erTi umTavresi sazrunavi qarTuli kulturis rogorc sazRvargareTuli, aseve 

adgilobrivi qarTuli savaneebi iyo, xolo misi umTavresi mizani qarTuli kulturis 

ganaxlebis mZlavri keris saqarTveloSi dafuZneba gaxldaT. 1106 wels igi kidec 

Sesdgomia gelaTSi RvTismSoblis saxelze didi taZris Senebas. TaobaTa rwmenaSi 

ganmtkicebuli azriT, mefe TviTon iRebda monawileobas gelaTis mSeneblobaSi. 

mefe aRmaSenebels Tavisi diadi miznis gansaxorcieleblad gelaTSi Semoukrebia 

`kacni patiosanni cxovrebiTa da Semkulni yovliTa saTnoebiTa~. maT Soris iyo didi 

swavluli da filosofosi ioane petriwi, romelic saqarTveloSi damkvidrebis 

Semdeg moRvaweobda `daviTis gamgoneobasa da wyalobaTa da Tanadgomasa mindobili~. 

mowveulTa Soris iyvnen sxva cnobili qarTveli swavlulebic. 

qarTuli akademia iyo ara mxolod saswavlebeli, aramed Teologiur-filosofiuri 

centric, sadac Semokrebilni iyvnen eris sulieri da inteleqtualuri Zalebi. aq 

eyreboda safuZveli mecnieruli da religiuri azris sinTezirebas. 

mematianis SefasebiT, `gelaTi winamdebare ars yovlisa aRmosavalisa meored ierusalemad, 

saswavlod yovlisa keTilisad, moZRurad swavlulebisad, sxuad aTinad, 

friad uaRres missa saRmrToTa Sina wesTa, diakonad yovlisa saeklesiosa Suenierebisad~. 

daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~ gelaTis taZariviTaa aRmarTuli 

Cveni zneobrivi srulyofis gzaze. 

192

saero mwerlobis warmoSobisaTvis 

193 

korneli kekeliZe 

rodesac Cven literaturuli formis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT 

agreTve is garemoeba, rom saero mwerlobaSi SesaZlebeli gaxda gamoyeneba 

hagiografiuli beletristikisa da saeklesio himnografiis literaturul-kompoziciuri 

xerxebisa da elementebisa. cnobilia, rom saero mxatvrulma literaturam im- 

TaviTve mogvca ori mTavari Janri, romelic damkvidrebuli iyo saeklesio mwerlobaSi:Peposi, 

_ sagmiro da samijnuro TxrobiT warmodgenili, _ da lirika, _ saxotbo 

poeziaSi mocemuli. ganvixiloT jer eposi, saeklesiosi – hagiografia, da saerosi 

– sagmiro-samijnuro poemebi. hagiografiis `sulieri~ gmiri poemebSi saero, amqveyniur 

gmirad qceula. marTlac, rogoria kompoziciuri Sabloni hagiografiuli Txrobisa? 

is oTxi elementisagan Sedgeba: 

a) `wmindani~ jer kidev bavSvobaSi iCens sulier simSvenieres da iseT Tvisebebs, 

romelnic ganasxvaveben mas amxanagebisagan da moaswaveben mis sulier gmirobas momavalSi. 

asevea poemebSic: esa Tu is piri araiSviaTad jer kidev bavSvobaSi iCens 

araCveulebriv Tvisebebs, romelnic gviCveneben, rom is momavalSi marTlac araCveulebrivi 

gmiri iqneba. ase, magaliTad, tarieli ambobs Tavis Tavze: `xuTisa wlisa 

Seviqen msgavsi vardisa Slilisa, Wirad ar miCndis lomisa moklva, marT viTa sirisa~ 

(320), `vburTaobdi, vnadirobdi, viT katasa, vxocdi lomsa~ (328). 

b) davaJkacebuli `wmindani~ namdvili `sulieri gmiria~ da `zekaci~. is ebrZvis da 

sZlevs xorcsa da sxvadasxva xasiaTis cTunebas am qveynad, èSmaks~, romelic mas 

xSirad xilulad, viTomc adamianisa da romelime cxovelis saxiT, eCveneba, da iseTs 

saswaulebs asrulebs, romelnic mas bunebis kanonebze maRla ayeneben. asevea poemeb- 

Sic. tarieli ambobs: `moviwife, davemsgavse mzesa Tvalad, lomsa nakvTad~ (319), misi 

gmiroba, poemiT, xom yvelasaTvis cnobilia; anda amiran-darejanianis gmirebisa, ra 

dabrkolebebs ar ebrZvian da ar sZleven isini lomebis, devebis, grZneulebis, gvele- 

Sapebis da sxv. saxiT? erTi sityviT, isini namdvili `zekacebi~ arian, maT mier Cadenili 

`saqmeni sagmironi” iseTive fantastikaa, rogorebic wmindanebis saswaulebi. 

g) `wmindanis~ amqveyniuri cxovreba warmoadgens ganuwyvetel `samsaxurs~ RvTisadmi 

da Seunelebel erTgulebas, misi siyvarulisaTvis is iTmens da itans aTasgvar 

asketur Rvawls da Sromas, is namdvili `mijnuria~ RvTisa da misi agentebis (gansakuTrebiT 

RvTismSoblis); maTTvis bnedva, maTTvis kvdoma `wmindanebs~ mierekeba 

udabnoebisaken, sadac mravali maTgani aTeuli wlebiT cxovrobs ise, rom adamianis 

saxes ver xedavs, da sadac isini Seuneleblad àlRoben cremliTa TvisiTa sarecelsa 

Tvissa~. movigoniT `vefxistyaosnis~ da àmiran-darejanianis~ gmirebi, maTi mijnuroba, 

rainduli `samsaxuri~ da Tavdadeba satrfosaTvis, maTi velad gaWra, sul- 

Tqma oxrva da cremlSeuSrobeli tirili, rom msgavseba naTeli gaxdes. 

d) `sulieri gmiri~ – wmidani an msxverplad ewireba Tavis mizans, _ mowamebriv 

sikvdils iTmens, anda xangrZlivi gaWirvebul-Seviwroebuli asketikuri cxovrebis 

Semdeg bunebrivi sikvdiliT kvdeba, magram orsave SemTxvevaSi is keTils borotze 

amarjvebinebs, suls – xorcze, saiqios – saaqaoze. asevea poemebSic: rogoric ar unda 

iyos bolo gmirebisa, isini mizans aRweven da bolosdabolos, amboben: `borotsa 

sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. 

visac safuZvlianad Seuswavlia hagiografiuli literatura da muStris TvaliT 

ukiTxavs Cveni sagmiro-samijnuro poemebi, misTvis udaoa erToba aRniSnuli oTxi 

elementisa. 

axla ganvixiloT lirika orisave stilisa: sasulierosi – himnografia, da saerosi 

– xotbiTi poezia. sasuliero himnografias, warmodgenils, magaliTad, abo 

tfilelis `qebasa~ da meaTe saukunis himnografebis SromebSi, sami kompoziciuri 

Sabloni axasiaTebs: a) avtoris mier Tavisi uRirsobisa da araraobis aRiareba, b)

Sesxma da qeba ama Tu im `sulieri gmirisa~ (wmidanisa), aRniSvna misi sidide-bumberazobisa 

da aRsareba himnografisa, rom mas ar ZaluZs Rirseulad Seamkos is, g) 

Sesxma da qeba RvTisa, romelic aris brZeni, keTili, uxvi da sxva atributiT Semkuli, 

romelsac yvela, didi da patara, unda emorCilebodes. absolutizmis Zlevamosilma 

msvlelobam qarTvel monarqebs sicocxleSive mianiWa ara Tu avtoriteti 

`mesiis monisa~ (ese igi _ wmidanis), aramed `RvTisa sworis~ titulic, amitom sakvirveli 

ar aris, rom aRtyinebulma grZnobam gamoxatuleba pova enawylian, yalbpaTosian 

xotbebSi, romlebSiac mocemulia yvela zemonaCvenebi elementi sasuliero himnografiisa; 

dasamtkiceblad sakmaoa dasaxelebul iqnas e. w. àbdulmesia~ da `Tamariani~ 

(k. kekeliZe, qarTuli feodaluri literaturis periodizacia, gv. 39-42). 

rac Seexeba Sinaarss, siuJets, am mxrivac didi xnidan mzaddeboda niadagi saero 

mwerlobis ganviTarebisaTvis CvenSi. Cven aras vityviT aRmosavluri, _ arabul-iranuli, 

_zRapruli, sadev-gmiro, eposis Sesaxeb, romelic ueWvelia, uZvelesi droidan 

Semodioda da zepiri gadmocemis gziT myardeboda da vrceldeboda CvenSi, im eposis 

Sesaxeb, romlis niadagze aRmocenda CvenSi pirveli ylortebi saero mwerlobisa; 

aras vityviT arc zepirsityvierebiTi xalxuri literaturis, poeziis, Sesaxeb, romelic 

saxalxo momRerlebisa da poetebis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT dReobebisa da 

bazrobebis dros, qveynis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi gadadioda da poetur gemovnebas 

aviTarebda da zrdida, _ CvenSi Zvelidanve, saeklesio mwerlobis batonobis xanidanve 

da TviT am mwerlobis wiaRSi, isaxeboda elementebi da mzaddeboda tradiciebi 

saero mxatvruli literaturisa. 

am elementebs Cven vxvdebiT jer kidev pavle mociqulis èpistoleTa~ uZveles 

TargmanSi, sadac aRniSnulia warmarTuli, elinur-klasikuri wyaroebi epistoleTa 

ama Tu im adgilisa, magaliTad: 

1 korinT. II,9 wyaro: èliaÁs saidumloÁ~ 

1 korinT. III,18-19 `-------“ àntikelni kanonni~ 

1 korinT. IX,26-27 `-------“ `kanoni antioqelTaÁ~ 

1 korinT. XV,32 `-------~ `demoTesi lakonikesi a igavi~. 

1 korinT. XV,33 `-------~ `menandresi, simReriT mweralisaÁ, zraxebaÁ~. 

tites I, 12 `-------~ èpendesi, kritelisa misnisa zmnaÁ~. 

saeklesio mwerlobis ZeglebSi xSirad gvxvdeba xseneba da saxeli homerosisa da 

misi ìliada odisevsis~ gmirebisa. ase, magaliTad, jer kidev VIII-IX saukuneSi naTargmn 

traqtatSi berZnuli anbanis Sesaxeb, romelic diomede gramatikoss ekuTvnis, 

Cven vkiTxulobT: èsrÀT aResrule kd igi asoÁ [berZenTaÁ]; amisTÂsca miamsgavsa omiros 

ricxÂ igi kb-TaÁ maT wignTaÁ ebraelTaÁ kd-sa mas asosa, gamosaxulsa da aRracxilsa, 

da manca TÂsi igi ÃelovnebaÁ ÀladooÁsi, kd-ni daCxibulni, kd-iTa miT asooÁTa 

miamsgavsa; egrÀTve kualad odÂsevs”. saeklesio bizantiuri mwerlobis saSualebiT 

CvenSi Semodioda da vrceldeboda cnobebi Zveli berZnuli miTologiidan. am 

mxriv gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSes CvenSi im mwerlebma, romelnic idgnen antikur 

literaturasTan da ufro mwvaved ganicdidnen mis sidiades. vgulisxmobT im mwerlebs, 

romelnic, polemikuri Tu sxva mosazrebiT, TavianT nawarmoebSi xSirad exebodnen 

antikur kulturas, kerZod, miTologias. aseTebia basili didi, ioane oqropiri 

da gansakuTrebiT grigol nazianzeli. ukanasknelma TiTqmis amowura berZnuli 

miTologia Tavis TxzulebebSi; mas sagangebod aseTi Txzulebac ki dauweria: `zRaprobani, 

didisa basilis epitafiasa Sina SemoRebulni~ da ìambikoÁ saswavloÁsa wil 

warmarTTaÁsa, romlisagan ganayenna qristianeni ivliane gandgomilman~. grigolis 

Txzulebani qarTuladac uTargmniaT jer kidev meaTe saukunemde da am saukuneSi eqvTime 

aTonels; rasakvirvelia, maTi saSualebiT qarTveli mkiTxvelebi iTvisebdnen 

Zveli berZnuli miTologiis codnasac. done da farglebi am codnisa TandaTan Rrmavdeboda 

da farTovdeboda CvenSi, gansakuTrebiT XI saukuneSi efrem mciris saSualebiT, 

romelsac grigolis zemodasaxelebuli ori Sromis Targmnis garda ekuTvnis 

agreTve `zRaprobani gancxadebisani~. cnobebi Zveli klasikuri miTologiidan 

194

lomad gvxvdeba hagiografiul TxzulebebSi, romelnic berZnuli enidan arian gadmoTargmnilni; 

tipuria am mxriv `wamebaÁ pansofi aleqsandrielisaÁ~, romelSiac gadaSlilia 

mTeli sawarmarTo Teogonia, da `wamebai prokopi~ duqsisa, sadac vrcladaa 

aRwerili RmerTebi: zevsi, ira, poseidoni, apoloni, aTena, ermi `samgzis didebuli~, 

dios, romlisa `saflavi krites ars~, efestos mWedeli; motanilia vrceli 

citatebi `wignisagan sibilaÁsa~ saxelganTqmulisa, romelic `tarkÂnias, hromTa 

mefeman didZaliTa oqroÁTa moiyidna~, moTxrobilia, rogor ìazon, winamZRuarman 

arRonafteTaman, qalaqsa aTinas taZari didi aRaSena da mivida samisnosa mas delfisasa 

da hkiTxa apolons RmerTsa~ sxvadasxva movlenis Sesaxeb. amgvari masalebi 

aRviZebda Cvens winaprebSi gemos antikuri klasicizmisadmi da xels uwyobda saero 

mwerlobis elementebis Casaxvas. 

amas rom Tavi davaneboT, Cvens uZveles mwerlobaSi SegviZlia vipovoT mTliani 

naTargmni nawarmoebni didaqtikuri, zneTmoZRvrebiTi xasiaTisa da Sinaarsisa, egreTwodebuli 

saxismetyveli an fiziologi, romelic gadmoTargmnilia somxuridan VIII 

saukunis gasuls. es Txzuleba, romelic Seicavs bibliur mxecTa da cxovelTa Tvisebebis 

Sesaxeb dakvirvebas mistikuri da zneobrivi xasiaTis SeniSvnaTa TandarTviT, 

TamaSobda Cvens mwerlobaSi pirutyvTa eposis rols da xels uwyobda amgvari Temebis 

popularizacias. 

195

usTaveli da misi poema (nawyvetebi) 

`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis istoria 

196 

nodar naTaZe 

sargis caiSvili 

`vefxistyaosnis~ teqstis calkeuli fragmentebi mxolod XV saukunidan mogvepoveba. 

isini, rogorc Cans, poemis zepir Canawerebs warmoadgens. magaliTad, samxreT 

saqarTveloSi (mesxeTSi) am ramdenime aTeuli wlis win kldeSi gamokveTil gamoqvabulSi 

(vanis qvabTa kompleqsi) aRmoCnda erTi amgvari fragmenti. igi warmoadgens 

or strofs `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiris nestanis werilidan (str. 1300, 1301) mtris gamudmebul 

SemosevaTa gamo vanis qvabebi, albaT, am xanebSi saxizrebad iyo qceuli. 

swored nestanis sityvebi: `cixes vzi egzom maRalsa, Tvalni Zliv gardaswvdebian~... 

mohgonebia da kedelze miuweria qvabebSi Sefarebul poet qals ana rCeuliSvils. 

ramdenime nawyveti, aseve XV-XVI saukuneebSi Sesrulebuli, miwerilia Zvel xelnawerTa 

areebzec, magram maTi raodenoba Zalze mcirea. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ amJamad arsebuli xelnawerebi kidev ufro gviandel xanas ekuTvnian. 

SedarebiT Zveli xelnawerebi daiRupa XIII-XVI saukuneebSi, roca ayvavebuli 

qveyana nangrevebad da nasoflarebad gadaiqca. xvarazmelTa Sahis, sisastikiT cnobili 

jalaledinis Semosevebis Semdeg (1225-1230 ww.) qveyana welSi ver gaimarTa. xvarazmelebs 

monRolTa batonoba mohyva, risi ganadgurebac SeuZlebeli Seiqna, vidre 

spars-yizilbaSebma da Semdeg Turqebma bolo ar mouRes. gasagebia, rom am xanebSi 

literaturuli SemoqmedebisaTvis aravis ecala, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am xanidan Cvenamde 

raime mniSvnelovans ar mouRwevia. ganadgurda da daikarga klasikuri xanis uamravi 

Zegli, romelTa arsebobaze Cven dokumenturi cnobebi mogvepoveba. daiRupa `vefxistyaosnis~ 

Zvirfasi xelnawerebic, romelTa ricxvi, rusTaveli poemis popularobas 

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, Tavis droze arcTu mcire iqneboda. bevri xelnaweri 

daikarga Semdegac, axal saukuneebSi, samSoblodan iZulebiT gadaxvewil qarTvelebs, 

rogorc Zvirfasi reliqvia, Tan mihqondaT poemis xelnawerebi. TiTqmis ramdenime 

aTasi qarTveli, metwilad maRali wris ojaxebidan, wavida emigraciaSi Soreul 

ruseTSi (kerZod, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi) da, sagulvebelia, rom am dros bevri xelnaweri 

waiRes Tan (marTlac, ramdenime maTganis kvali SemdegSi aRmoCnda da Camotanil 

iqna saqarTveloSi). TviT XIX saukuneSic arsebula ramdenime sakmaod Zveli xelnaweri, 

romlebic dRes dakargulad iTvlebian. isini unaxavs istorikos platon 

ioselians. erTi maTgani uTariRo, magram aSkarad Zveli, etratze yofila naweri, 

xolo meore XV saukuneSi (1443 w.) yofila Sesrulebuli. CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra 

bedi ewia Semdeg am xelnawerebs. amJamad arsebuli 

TariRidan xelnawerTa Soris uZvelesia samegrelos mTavris levan dadianis 

karze Sesrulebuli nusxa (xelnawerTa institutiHH-599), romelic gadauweria cnobil 

poetsa da kaligrafs mamuka TavaqaraSvils. xelnaweris TariRia 1646 weli. paleografiuli 

da redaqciuli monacemebidan Cans, rom am xelnawers drois mixedviT 

win uswrebs ramdenime xelnaweri. magaliTad, ufro adreuli Cans fragmenti (sul 

ramdenime gverdi), romelic axlaxan aRmoCnda axalcixis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi 

(mesxeTi), aseve XVI-XVIII saukuneebis mijnaze unda iyos gadawerili ramdenime sxva 

xelnaweric (magaliTad, imave institutis H-2074, A-363 da sxv.) 

`vefxistyaosnis~ ramdenime Zvirfasi xelnaweri amJamadac saqarTvelos farglebs 

gareT imyofeba. magaliTad, ori xelnaweri – erTi XVII, xolo meore XVIII saukunisa 

– moTavsebulia oqsfordSi, bodlis biblioTekis uordropiseul koleqciaSi, xolo 

erTic – 1702 wels gadawerili, inaxeba parizis nacionalur biblioTekaSi. 

xelnawerTa sacavebSi Tu kerZo ojaxebSi amJamad gamovlenilia 150-ze meti nusxa. 

erTi SexedviT es arcTu ise mcire memkvidreobaa, magram, rogorc Seswavlam gamoar-

kvia, aqedan mxolod 47 xelnaweria met-naklebad mniSvnelovani, danarCeni nusxebi 

gviandelia da pirveli beWduri gamocemebidan momdinareoben. amdenad, maTi Rirebulebac 

teqstis dadgenisaTvis Zalze saeWvoa. 

poemis Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT xelnawerebSi (igulisxmeba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis 

nusxebi) rTuli viTarebaa. aSkarad SeimCneva damatebaTa sxvadasxva plasti. 

poemaSi SeutaniaT interpolaciebi (sxvadasxva xelnawerSi sxvadasxva raodenobiT), 

magram gadamwerlebi amaze ar SeCerebulan. poemas erTvis gagrZelebaTa mTeli ciklebi. 

CanarTia an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, restavrirebuli Cans poemis is epizodi, romelSic 

`vefxistyaosnis~ gmirTa indoeTSi dabruneba da indoeTis xataelTagan ganTavisuflebaa 

gadmocemuli. am epizods ìndoxataelTa ambavi~ ewodeba. poemis moyvarulT 

(romelTa Soris gadamwerlebic unda vigulisxmoT) gaugrZelebiaT `vefxistyaosanSi~ 

gadmocemuli ambebi, SemoutaniaT axal-axali epizodebi, rogoricaa, magali- 

Tad, tarielis dasneuleba da xvarazmelTa SurisZieba (gavixsenoT ZiriTadi teqstidan 

tarielis mier xvarazmeli sasiZos mokvla da a.S.), tariels moeSvelebian megobar-Zmadnaficebi 

da sastikad daamarcxeben xvarazmelebs. Semdeg gadmocemulia gmir- 

Ta gardacvalebac da maTi anderZebi (zog xelnawerSi ormagad da sammagad aris gazrdili 

gamoTxovebis epizodebi). aRsaniSnavia, rom am xanebSi `vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebaTagan 

damoukidebeli Txzulebac SeudgeniaT (òmainiani~). 

`vefxistyaosnis~ Sedgenilobis gazrda adreve dauwyiaT. pirvel interpolator- 

Tagan cnobilia sargis Tmogveli (ara `visramianis~ mTargmneli), romelsac miewereba 

`vefxistyaosnis~ gagrZelebaTa prozauli versiis SemuSaveba, `vefxistyaosnis~ gagr- 

Zelebani gauleqsavs `vinme mesxs~, savaraudoa, rom XV saukunis Semdgom, radgan 

`xvarazmelTa ambis~ zogierT epizods atyvia XV saukuneSi Targmnili `Sahnames~ 

qarTuli versiebis kvali, amaze miuTiTebs sxva istoriuli xasiaTis realiebic. cnobilia 

sxva interpolatorebic: nanuCa ciciSvili, ioseb tfileli, baRdasaraSvili, 

giorgi TumaniSvili da sxv. `vefxistyaosnis~ damatebaTa axal-axali ciklebis warmoSoba 

dakavSirebulia qarTuli mwerlobis gamococxlebasTan, romelic iwyeba 

daaxloebiT XVI saukunidan. am xanebSi kvlav iTargmna qarTulad sparsuli erovnuli 

eposi `Sahname~, romantikuli poemis ìoseb-zilixanianis~ sxvadasxva versiebi, 

`leil-mejnuniani~, msoflioSi ganTqmuli igav-arakTa krebuli ànvari sohaili~ anu 

`qilila da damana~ da sxv. magram bunebrivia, rom qarTuli mwerlobis axlad aRor- 

Zinebis dros pirvel rigSi unda miemarTaT XII saukunis qarTuli klasikuri xanis 

mwerlobisaTvis. marTlac, am xanebSi igrZnoba rusTavelis poemisadmi gansakuTrebuli 

interesi. ganuzomeli iyo rusTavelis gavlena. rogorc faqti, unda aRiniSnos, 

rom aramcTu qarTul originalur nawarmoebs, TviT Targmnil Txzulebebsac 

aSkarad atyvia rusTavelis poetikis kvali. magaliTad, rusTveluri saxeebi da mzamzareuli 

metaforebi uxvad gvxvdeba Teimuraz pirvelis mier sparsulidan naTargmn 

poemebSi, ucnobi avtoris mier Targmnil ìoseb-zilixanianSi~ da sxva TxzulebebSi. 

unda vifiqroT, rom am didi siyvarulisa da dainteresebis nayofia ZiriTadad 

`vefxistyaosnis~ CanarTi plastebis warmoSobac. gadamwerlebi da `vefxistyaosnis~ 

Tayvanismcemlebi Tavis komentarebsa Tu siuJetur variantebs urTavdnen poemis teqsts, 

Tavisi epoqis azrebsa da Sexedulebebs axvevdnen didi poetis qmnilebas. magram 

es ar aris CanarTTa warmoSobis erTaderTi gza. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ avtori, romelic adamianis Tavisufal ideals eltvoda, romlisTvis 

ucxo iyo viwro religiuri azrovneba, bunebrivia, rom imTaviTve gaiCenda 

mters eklesiis wiaRSi. gansakuTrebiT mwvaved aRiqmeboda poemis siuJetis gadatana 

mahmadianur samyaroSi, rac gakicxulia kidec erTi polemikuri xasiaTis strofSi. aq 

laparakia imaze, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ wakiTxva ekrZaleba sasuliero pirebs, radgan 

misi avtori hqadagebs xorciel siyvaruls da qristianul samebas arsad ar axsenebso. 

igive episkoposi – timoTe gabaSvili, romelmac, rogorc vnaxeT, XVII saukunis 

Sua wlebSi Camogvitana Zvirfasi cnobebi rusTavelis ierusalimSi arsebul portretze, 

exeba am nawarmoebis eTikur mxares. misi azriT, `vefxistyaosanSi~ aRwerili 

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sasiyvarulo ambebi cudad moqmedebs qarTvel qalTa zneobaze. amgvari xasiaTis cnobebi 

Cven sxvac mogvepoveba da samarTlianad fiqroben, rom swored aseT `moyvarul- 

Ta~ mier aris Seryvnili `vefxistyaosnis~ zogi adgili, rac kidev ufro arTulebs 

poemis Tavdapirveli saxis aRdgenas. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ beWduri gamocema ganxorcielda 250 wlis winaT. swavlulma mefem 

vaxtang meeqvsem mis mierve daarsebul pirvel qarTul stambaSi 1712 wels dabeWda 

SoTa rusTavelis poema. aRsaniSnavia, rom es iyo am stambaSi dabeWdili pirveli 

saero xasiaTis wigni (manamde gamoica saxareba, daviTni da sxva sasuliero daniSnulebis 

wignebi). vaxtangs umTavresad ori mizani amoqmedebda. man uaryo `vefxistyaosnis~ 

gadamwerlebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodi, rac poemis ganvrcobaSi gamoixateboda. 

am wignis gamocemiT – aRniSnavda vaxtangi – `gacuddes yovelni mCmaxelni~. 

amasTan vaxtangma miznad daisaxa poemis ideuri Sinaarsis ganmarteba. misi azriT, igi 

moralisturi xasiaTis nawarmoebia da masSi saRvTo mijnurobaa gamoxatuli. vaxtangi 

am ganmartebiT `vefxistyaosans~ icavda klerikalTa Tavdasxmisagan. man gamocemas 

daurTo leqsikonis tipis komentarebi, riTac safuZveli Cauyara `vefxistyaosnis~ mecnierul 

kvlevas. 

vaxtangis gamocemis Tavisebureba isaa, rom poemis teqsti mkveTrad upirispirdeba 

xelnawerTa memkvidreobas. beWdur gamocemaSi poemis moculoba bevrad moklea, vidre 

XVII saukunis xelnawerebSi. aseTi sxvaobis mizezi amJamad garkveulia. vaxtangma 

kargad icoda, Tu ramdenad iyo damaxinjebuli gviandeli CanarTebiT `vefxistyaosnis~ 

teqsti. sxva rom ara, amis gasagebad marto mefe-poetis arCilis cnobebi iyo sakmarisi. 

arCili ara marto aRniSnavda interpolaciebis arsebobis faqts, aramed kidec 

asaxelebda poemis erT-erT gamgrZelebels nanuCas (ciciSvils): `nanuCas rusTavelis 

naTqvamSi bevri ram Caurevia, sabralo veras mimxvdara, wminda ram aumRvrevia~. 

rogorc Cans vaxtangma Seiswavla mis dros arsebuli Zveli xelnawerebi da SeZlebisamebr 

gacxrila poemis teqsti mermindeli CanarTebisagan. 

es gamocema SemdegSi Zalze popularuli Seiqmna. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom gadamwerlebi 

Zveli nusxebis nacvlad ukve vaxtangis beWduri gamocemidan iwerdnen teqsts. 

aseve am gamocemis didi gavleniTaa Seqmnili XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis gamocemaTa 

didi umravlesoba. 

vaxtangis gamocemis tradicias (rogorc redaqciulad, ise leqsikoniT) gahyva `vefxistyaosnis~ 

meore gamocemac (1841 w.) aRsaniSnavia, rom am gamocemis momzadebaSi 

qarTvel moRvaweebTan erTad (d. CubinaSvili, z. falavandiSvili) monawileobda 

frangi akademikosi, qarTuli kulturis didi moamage da `vefxistyaosnis~ pirveli 

franguli Targmanis avtori mari brose. gamocemas manve warumZRvara Zalze sayuradRebo 

narkvevi, romelSic maSindeli mecnieruli donis kvalobaze ganixila 

`vefxistyaosnis~ poeturi Taviseburebani, poemis ideuri mimarTuleba. es gamocema 

sainteresoa redaqciuladac, radgan aq vaxtangis gamocemasTan SedarebiT damatbulia 

strofi. amiT xazi gaesva im garemoebas, rom vaxtangiseul gamocemas sWirdeboda 

kritikuli midgoma teqstis daxvewis TvalsazrisiT. 

XIX saukuneSi, roca saqarTveloSi gaRvivda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, 

`vefxistyaosnisadmi~ interesi erTi-orad gaizarda. rusTavelis poema naTeli 

gamoxatuleba iyo qarTveli xalxis Zveli da TviTmyofi kulturisa. ase esmodaT 

poemis mniSvneloba am didi moZraobis meTaurebs. swored am xanebSive daiwyes 

`vefxistyaosnis~ axali gamocemis momzadeba. muSaobis sulisCamdgmeli iyo didi qar- 

Tveli ganmanaTlebeli ilia WavWavaZe, xolo teqstis dadgenaSi monawileobas iRebda 

saukunis TiTqmis yvela gamoCenili moRvawe. gamocema, romelic gaformebuli iyo 

qarTuli erovnuli xelovnebis tradiciaze dayrdnobiT, daibeWda 1888 wels. aRsani- 

Snavia, rom am gamocemis ilustraciebi ekuTvnis ungrel mxatvars mixai ziCis. ver 

vityviT, rom filologiuri TvalsazrisiT es gamocema unaklo yofiliyos, bevr Sem- 

TxvevaSi gaipara gviandel xelnawerTa damaxinjebuli wakiTxvebi, magram axal gamocemaSi, 

sworad miudgnen poemis Sedgenilobis sakiTxs. faqtiurad aqac daculia vax- 

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tangis gamocemis tipis poemis mokle teqsti. mweralTa komisiis didi damsaxureba 

iyo, isic, rom am dros pirvelad Tavi mouyares poemis jer kidev aqa-iq gadarCenil 

nusxebs. Rrma mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegi iyo n. maris 1902 wlis gamocema, sadac 

teqstis filologiur analizTan erTad mocemuli iyo bundovani adgilebis ganmarteba 

da mecnierulad srulyofili sityvasityviTi Targmani rusul enaze, es gamocema 

poemis mxolod mcire monakveTs (prolog-epilogi) moicavda. 

saintereso gamocemebi ekuTvniT prof. s. kakabaZesa da prof. iust. abulaZes. s. kakabaZem 

daarRvia vaxtangis gamocemidan momdinare tradicia da gamosca xelnawerebSi 

daculi poemis vrceli teqsti CanarTebiTa da gagrZelebiTurT (1913 w.). amiT 

`vefxistyaosnis~ specialistebs Tvalwin gadaeSalaT xelnawerebiT naanderZevi teqstis 

sruli suraTi. aRniSnuli gamocema moiTxovda Semdgom srulyofas, rac mis avtors 

jerjerobiT Seusrulebeli darCa. iust. abulaZis meore gamocemis (1926 w.) 

Tavisebureba is iyo, rom man pirvelma daurTo teqsts kritikuli aparati da xelnawerTa 

zogierTi gansxvavebuli wakiTxva. nawilobriv poemis vrceli xelnawerebis 

tradicias emxroboda zog SemTxvevaSi poet konstantine WiWinaZis mier momzadebuli 

gamocema (1934 w.) 1937 wels, rusTavelis pirvel iubilesTan dakavSirebiT, gamovida 

poemis axali gamocema, romelic bolo dromde TiTqmis xelSeuxeblad iTvleboda. 

saTanado mecnieruli aparatis uqonlobis gamo verc es CaiTvleba poemis akademiur 

gamocemad, Tumca poemis bevri sakmaod damaxinjebuli wakiTxva gasworda. am gamocemis 

umTavresi xarvezi mainc poemis Zalze Tavisebur SedgenilobaSi Cans. zog SemTxvevaSi 

aq daklebulia rusTveluri strofebi, xolo zogjer ki aSkara CanarTebi 

gaparula poemis teqstSi. 

amJamad poemis gamocemaTa ricxvma TiTqmis 45-s miaRwia, magram `vefxistyaosnis~ 

srulyofili teqstis gamocema rusTvelologiis isev pirvel problemad rCeba. Zvel 

gamocemaTa umTavresi nakli, Cveni azriT, is iyo, rom saTanado yuradReba ar eqceoda 

winaswari xasiaTis samuSaoebs, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia iseTi rTuli problemis 

daZleva, rogoricaa saukuneTa manZilze Seryvnili teqstis aRdgena. amJamad 

amdagvari xasiaTis samuSaoTagan bevri ram ukve gakeTebulia. avRniSnavT mxolod um- 

Tavress. rusTvelis saxelobis qarTuli literaturis institutma gamosca rogorc 

xelnawerebis, ise mniSvnelovani gamocemebis variantuli wakiTxvebi, Zalze faseulia 

akad. a. SaniZis xelmZRvanelobiT Sedgenili `vefxistyaosnis~ simfonia. daiwera 

monografiuli gamokvlevebi poemis xelnawerTa Taviseburebebze, `vefxistyaosnis~ 

akademiuri teqstis damdgenma komisiam Tavi mouyara Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikis 

udides marags (Zveli Zeglebidan amowerilia milionnaxevarze meti baraTi), rac safuZvelia 

poemis enis mecnieruli SeswavlisaTvis. `yvela am monacemis gaTvaliswineba, 

- SeniSnavs amis gamo akad. g. wereTeli, - sagrZnoblad Seuwyobs xels ara marto 

teqstis dadgenis saqmes, aramed rusTvelologiuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi da um- 

Tavresi miznis ganxorcielebas: gansazRvros rusTavelis adgili qarTuli da msoflio 

kulturis istoriis ganviTarebaSi~. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ siuJeti 

`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi ironiiT arian moxsenebuli `sanadimo~, `samRereli~, 

àmxanagTa saTreveli~ anu satiruli da saerTod `cota~ (patara) leqsTa mTxzvelebi, 

romelTac avtori `ymawvil monadireebs~ adarebs, didis mokvla rom ar ZaluZT 

da mcire nadiris xocviT kmayofildebian. WeSmarit meleqsed rusTaveli mxolod epikoss, 

didi nawarmoebis Semqmnels saxavs. 

ra xasiaTisa da ra xarisxisac unda yofiliyo rusTavelis mier moxsenebuli msubuqi 

Janrebis qmnilebebi, romelTa nimuSebi Cven ar SemogvrCenia, mainc udavoa, rom 

epikuri Txzulebebi – sagmiro da samijnuro moTxroba leqsad an prozad rusTavelis 

droindeli mkiTxvelis gemovnebas yvelaze metad Seesabameboda da mis fantazias 

yvelaze met sazrdos aZlevda. rusTavelis epoqidan, `vefxistyaosnis~ garda, ori 

amgvari Txzuleba SemogvrCa: erTia faxrudin gurganis cnobili sparsuli poemidan 

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prozad Targmnili `visramiani~ _ msoflios satrfialo literaturis erTi ubrwyinvalesi 

nimuSi, romelic siuJeturad da siyvarulis gandidebis paTosiT uaxlovdeba 

tristanisa da izoldas ambavs, magram gansxvavdeba misgan personaJTa saxeebis 

ufro mkafio gamokveTiTa da grZnobis fsiqologiur niuansTa simdidriT. meorea agreTve 

prozauli àmirandarejaniani~ _ umTavresad aRmosavluri warmoSobis sagmiro 

moTxrobaTa krebuli, romelnic saxecvlilni arian qarTuli saraindo yofisa da 

zne-Cveulebebis mixedviT da agebulni arian sakmaod myife siuJetur qargaze. arsebobda 

Tu ara am dros qarTul enaze sxva Targmnili an originaluri sagmiro-samijnuro 

Txzulebebi (garda dilargeTis Tavgadasavlisa, romelic `vefxistyaosnis~ 

tradiciuli epilogis fsevdorusTveluri strofi axsenebs), cnobili araa. magram 

faqtia, rom amgvar Txzulebebs icnobdnen, radgan maTi gmirebis saxelebs am epoqis 

avtorebi (istorikosebic, Teolog-filosofosebica da beletristebic, rusTavelis 

CaTvliT) xSirad mimarTaven xolme SedarebisaTvis. amaTSi gansakuTrebiT popularulni 

arian homerosisa da firdousis gmirebi. 

`vefxistyaosnis Sinaarsi~ 

`vefxistyaosnis~ ambavi bevr damaxasiaTebel siuJetur xazs Seicavs, romelic misi 

epoqis sagmiro da satrfialo TxzulebebisTvis Cveulic iyo da savaldebuloc. 

arabeTis didebul mefes rostevans hyavs erTaderTi asuli, mSvenieri TinaTin, romelsac 

malulad Soridan etrfis spaspeti Wabuki avTandili. rostevani gadawyvets 

Tavis sicocxleSive dasvas TinaTini mefed. kurTxevis ceremonialis Semdeg gamar- 

Tuli nadirobisas mefe da misi mxlebelni waawydebian wylis piras mjdom ucxo 

vefxistyavian rainds, romelic `sisxlis cremliT~ tiris da misdami mimarTuli sityvebi 

ar esmis. ucxo moyme maTraxiT Tavs gadahfxrews mis Sesapyrobad gagzavnil meomrebs, 

xolo roca mefis moaxloebas Seityobs, Tavisi Savi cxeniT ugzo-ukvlod 

gadaixveweba. 

ucxo moymis aseTi siTamame mis samflobeloSi Seuracxofs `nebier~ xelmwifes, 

igi dards eZleva manamde, sanam ar daarwmuneben, rom momxdari ambavi eSmakis namanqanebi 

iyo. magram amaSi araa darwmunebuli TinaTini, axla ukve mefe. igi ibarebs Tavis 

SoriT motrfiale spaspets – avTandils, umxels mas, rom misi siyvaruli SemCneuli 

aqvs da, mefisa da satrfos uflebiT, mas ucxo moymis saZebrad gzavnis. Tu av- 

Tandilma sam weliwadSi ver ipova ucxo moyme, maSin TinaTini daijerebs, rom igi 

marTlac molandeba yofila. am rainduli Rvawlis jildod TinaTini avTandils Tavis 

siyvarulsa da colobas aRuTqvams. 

sami weli dasasruls uaxlovdeba, magram avTandili sawadels ver ewia. avTandili 

sasowarkveTilebaSia: satrfos karze xelcarieli dabruneba sircxvilia, xolo, 

Tu Zebna kidev ganagrZo da daTqmul vadas gadaacila, mas, pirobis Tanaxmad daRupulad 

CaTvlian da Semdeg cocxlad dabruneba kidev ufro samarcxvino iqneba. 

swored am dros avTandili SemTxveviT waawydeba ucxo moymis kvals. TinaTinis 

spaspeti ori dRe da Rame misdevs `retad~ mimaval cxenosans, radgan mis gamolaparakebas 

mxolod brZola SeiZleba mohyves, romelic erT-erTs sikvdils moutans. meore 

saRamos ucxo moyme gamoqvabuls miadgeba. xeze gasuli avTandili xedavs, rom 

mas mtirali qali gamoegebeba, iaraRs CamoarTmevs da gamoqvabulSi Seiyvans. dilaadrian 

ucxo raindi cremlis RvriT isev stovebs gamoqvabuls, mtirali qali ki mas 

acilebs. ucxo moymes rom Sors gaigulebs, avTandils unda mgloviare qals misi ambavi 

gamohkiTxos. magram dainaxavs Tu ara, rom vefxistyaviani moymis magier gamoqvabuls 

sxva kaci moadga, qali kiviliT garbis da viRac `tariels~ uxmobs saSvelad. 

avTandili muxlmoyriT evedreba qals, ucxo moymis ambavi uTxras, magram misi Txovna 

amaoa. avTandils sxva gza aRar rCeba: igi risxvas gaiTamaSebs da qals sikvdiliT 

emuqreba. magram qals, Turme, sikvdili lxinad uCans, muqara masze ar sWris. maSin 

avTandili isev abralebs Tavs da umxels, rom vefxistyaviani moymis Zebna satrfom 

daavala. siyvarulis (`mijnurobis~) xseneba qals guls ulbobs. igi axvedrebs av- 

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Tandils ucxo ymas, romelic saRamos isev brundeba gamoqvabulSi, da sTxovs mas, 

rom avTandils araferi dauSavos. 

vefxistyavian moymesa da avTandils naxvisTanave moewonebaT erTmaneTi da maT 

Soris megobruli siyvaruli aRiZvris. tariels uWirs Tavisi ambis Txroba, radgan 

es mas kaeSans umZafrebs, magram raki gaigebs, Tu rogor saWiroa avTandilisaTvis 

misi ambis codna, am msxverplze midis da Tavis Tavgadasavals mouTxrobs. tarieli 

indoeTis mefis farsadanis gvaris kaci yofila da taxtis kanonieri memkvidre. mamamisi 

indoeTis erTi meSvidedis mflobeli, Tavis droze nebayoflobiT `Seewynara~ 

maSin uSvilo farsadans, xolo farsadanma tariels `Svilad zrda~ dauwyo, raTa 

mas momavalSi indoeTis taxti darCenoda. magram Semdeg farsadans eyola asuli, 

dabadebiTve mSvenieri nestan-darejani, da taxtis memkvidreobis sakiTxi, amgvarad, 

garTulda. Tavisi siyrme tarielma farsadanis karze lxinSi, nadimoba-nadirobasa 

da asparezobaSi gaatara. mamis sikvdilis Semdeg man, 16 wlisam, mefisagan mamamisis 

`saxelo~ _ indoeTSi umaRlesi Tanamdeboba, amirbaroba (sardloba da admiraloba) 

miiRo. erTxel, mefesTan erTad nadirobidan mobrunebuls, tariels SemTxveviT Tvali 

moukravs mSvenieri nestanisaTvis da amas masze iseTi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, 

rom guli wasvlia da dReRamis ganmavlobaSi cocxal-mkvdari yofila. tarieli 

momjobinda da siyvarulis damalvac SeZlo, magram Cveulebrivi cxovreba misTvis 

autaneli Seiqmna. xani gadis, tarieli uimedo siyvaruls malavs. igi saSvelad uxmobs 

Tavis siamayes (ixsenebs, rom igi indoeTis amirbaria) da sifrTxiles (Tu siyvaruls 

Seutyoben, mas karis moSoreba mouxdeba), raTa Tavisi damwveli cecxli das- 

Zlios. 

magram nestan-darejans, Turme, Seutyvia misi trfoba da masTan miwer-moweris dasamyareblad 

ugzavnis Tavis sefe-qals, asmaTs, romelmac SeniRbvis mizniT masTan 

aSikoba unda gaiTamaSos. pirveli Sexvedrisas asmaTi umxels tariels, Tu vin gamogzavna 

da risTvis. igi tariels nestanis werils gadascems. am werilSi nestani siyvaruls 

ucxadebs, romelic, Turme, tarielisadmi winaTve hqonia (unda vifiqroT, 

rom mefis karze qalebs meti SesaZlebloba hqondaT kacebis naxvisa, nadimobis an 

asparezobis dros), mouwodebs mas mxneobisaken da avalebs, rom misi siyvarulisTvis 

(mis winaSe `sagmiro saqmeTa~ gamosaCenad) indoeTis urCi ymis, xataeli (Cineli) ramaz 

mefis winaaRmdeg ilaSqros. 

tarieli bednierebis mwvervalzea. igi ramaz mefesTan mociqulebs agzavnis ultimatumis 

gadasacemad. 

ramdenime xani tarielisTvis lxinis apoTeozSi gadis, oRond zogjer moZalebuli 

siyvarulisgan sevda ereva. nestani isev asmaTis meSveobiT ibarebs tariels pirvel 

paemanze. igi erTxans alersianad (`viTamca Sinaursa~) ucqeris tariels da sityvis 

uTqmelad ukanve istumrebs. sasowarkveTil tariels asmaTi anugeSebs. igi eubneba, 

rom nestanis es dumili mxolod morcxvobis niSania. 

am droisTvis tarielis mociqulebic mobrundnen da ramaz mefis gamomwvevi pasuxi 

moitanes. tarieli laSqars amzadebs da dilisTvis asayrelad emzadeba. gasvlis 

wina saRamos nestani isev ibarebs tariels, tkbili sityviT bodiSs uxdis pirvel 

Sexvedraze gamoCenili morcxvobisaTvis, marad siyvaruls hficavs da aficebs. 

tarielma brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova ramaz mefeze. indoeTSi mobrunebuls mefe 

mas did nadims umarTavs. am nadimze mefis gankargulebiT dedofals pirvelad 

gamohyavs nestani qveSevrdomTa dasanaxad. nestani tariels pirispir uzis. Seyvarebulni 

malulad uWvreten erTmaneTs. nadimidan Sin gvian mobrunebul tariels xvdeba 

asmaTi nestanis axali mociqulobiT. nestani umxels, rogor moewona dRes omgadaxdili 

tarieli, saCuqrad samklaves ugzavnis da nacvlad xataeTidan Camotanil 

rides sTxovs, romelic tariels dRes nadimze exvia. 

adre diliT tariels sasaxleSi ibareben. mefe-dedofali saTaTbirod Seyril didebulebs 

acnoben TavianT ganzraxvas – nestan-darejanis xvarazmSas Zeze gaTxovebas. 

maT etyobaT, rom saqme adreve gadawyvetili aqvT, erTmaneTs malviT uyureben da 

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didebulebisa rcxveniaT. tarieli iZulebulia mefe-dedofals daemowmos. igi daRlili 

brundeba Sin da Tavis sawol oTaxs miaSurebs. 

sanam tarieli raime gadawyvetilebas miiRebdes, nestani mas kidev ibarebs. cremliTa 

da risxviT, romelic jer kidev srul ganxeTqilebas ar moaswavebs (nestans 

tarielis ride axuravs), igi tariels orgulobas abralebs da pasuxs sTxovs. Tan, 

rogorc indoeTis momavali mefe, emuqreba, rom gauswordeba da indoeTidan gandevnis. 

tarieli ficiT umtkicebs, rom misi gaTxovebis gegmas mxolod moCvenebiT Seurigda 

da arc mis, arc indoeTis taxtis daTmobas ar apirebs. frTxilad, erTmaneTis 

Tanxmobis winaswari mosinjviT Seyvarebulni midian gadawyvetilebamde, rom tarieli 

xvarazmel mefiswuls moklavs da mefes ganudgeba, raTa am ukanasknelma TviT sTxovos 

mSvidoba da nestanTan erTad taxtze jdoma. 

sasiZo indoeTSi modis. vidre daxvedris samzadisSi garTuli tarieli Tavis ganzraxvas 

ganaxorcielebdes, nestani kvlav ibarebs mas, risxviT usayvedurebs gvianobas 

da mis gadawyvetilebis simtkiceSi eWvis SetaniT samoqmedod iwvevs. tarieli 

zustad asrulebs winaswar dasaxul gegmas. igi klavs sasiZos da magrdeba Tavis cixeSi. 

magram mefe, Turme, mimxvdara tarielisa da nestanis siyvaruls. igi amaSi brals 

sdebs nestanis gamzrdel mamidas davars da ficulobs, rom mas sikvdiliT dasjis. 

sikvdilis momlodine davari nestanze iyris javrs: igi Sav monebs, grZneul qajebs 

abarebs nacem-nagvem nestans da miusavalSi, `zRvis Wipisken~ gadasakargad atans. 

tarieli Tavisi mxleblebiT oc Tves eZebs mas zRvasa da xmeleTze, magram uSedegod. 

xetialSi igi Sexvdeba ucnob daWril moymes, upatronebs mas da daxmarebas 

sTavazobs. ucnobi aris fridoni, uzado moyme, patara, magram turfa qveynis – mul- 

Razanzaris mefe, romelsac misma biZaSvilebma veragobiT sZlies sadavo teritoriaze 

nadirobisas. tarieli da fridoni erTad amarcxeben fridonis biZaSvilebs da 

tarieli Tavisi axladSeZenili megobris dedaqalaqSi stumrad rCeba. aRmoCndeba, 

rom fridons unaxavs navi, romliTac nestani mihyavdaT, magram nestanis xsna ver mouswria. 

mulRazanzari sanavTsadguro qalaqia. fridoni Tavis mezRvaurebs gzavnis 

nestanis saZebnelad da tariels droebiT isev ucocxldeba imedi. magram es Zebnac 

amaoa. tarieli stovebs fridons da TviTon ganagrZobs Zebnas. magram esec uSedegoa. 

bolos tarieli srul sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba. mis xetials axla mizani aRar 

aqvs. mxecTa siaxloveSi igi mxolod dardis gaqarvebas eZebs. asmaTTan erTad, romelic 

mas mxlebelTa Soris erTaderTiRa SerCa cocxali, igi gamoqvabulSi saxldeba, 

tye-RreSi umiznod daexeteba da sikvdils natrobs. 

moismens ra tarielis ambavs, avTandili aRuTqvams mas, rom arabeTidan mokle 

droSi dabrundeba da nestanis ZebnaSi daxmarebas gauwevs. mimaval avTandils asmaTi 

acilebs, uCoqebs, ìasaviT Wkneba~ vedrebaSi da pirobis male Sesrulebas sTxovs. 

arabeTSi avTandils zeimiT xvdebian. sworupovari moymis, tarielis ambavi msmenelTa 

aRtaceba-sibraluls iwvevs. oficialuri darbazobis Semdeg TinaTini ibarebs 

avTandils da mgzavrobis ambavs kidev erTxel hkiTxavs. avTandili utydeba mas, rom 

ucxo moymem misi guli da goneba daatyveva, rom misi sibraluli hklavs da rom saSvelad 

dabruneba aRuTqva. TinaTini uwonebs avTandils gadawyvetilebas da am keTilSobilur 

saqmes Tavisadmi samsaxurad, satrfialo (`mijnuris~) valis moxdad uTvlis. 

amave dros TinaTini Civis, rom TviTon, avTandilis vernaxviT `bnel qmnils~, 

xangrZlivi ganSorebis gaZleba gauWirdeba. am aRsarebas avTandilis mxriv grZnobebis 

kidev ufro gabeduli gandoba mohyveba. 

bednieri paemanis Semdeg `retad~ mimaval avTandils siyvarulis tanjva ufro 

eZaleba. sawol oTaxSi misuli igi cremls Rvris da Tavis guls lxiniT gaumaZRrobas 

usayvedurebs. diliT isev karze cxaddeba da Sveba-nadirobaSi Tavis grZnobebs 

malavs. 

avTandili cremliTa da vaebiT evedreba vezirs, mefesTan uSuamdgomlos da tarielis 

dasaxmareblad wasvlis neba gamosTxovos. igi umxels vezirs, rom tarielisadmi 

siyvaruliTa da sibraluliT mosveneba dakarguli aqvs, rom mis xsnamde Tavs 

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`flidad~ da ficis gamtexad CaTvlis. Tan vezirs qrTamad asi aTas oqros hpirdeba. 

magram veziris mociquloba uSedegoa. mefes Tavisi gazrdili da Tavis spaTa winamZ- 

Roli avTandili mosaSoreblad ar emeteba. igi vezirs skams Semotyorcnis da daTxovnas 

emuqreba. 

avTandili Cumad miipareba arabeTidan, mefes ki utovebs anderZs, romelSic usabuTebs 

Tavisi gadawyvetilebis siswores moraluri TvalsazrisiT da mitevebas sTxovs. 

magram tarielis gamoqvabulSi mas mxolod mtirali asmaTi xvdeba. asmaTisagan 

avTandili tyobilobs, rom misi gamgzavrebis Semdeg tarieli gamoqvabulidan wasula 

da ukan aRar mobrunebula. daWmuvnebuli avTandili ver ikavebs sayveduris sityvebs. 

igi ayvedris asmaTs im msxverpls, rac man tarielisTvis gaiRo: samSoblos mitovebas, 

aRmzrdeli mefisa da tkbili satrfos moSorebas. igi tariels bralad 

sdebs ficis arSenaxvas da moyvris gawirvas. magram isev ikavebs Tavs da midis tarielis 

saZebrad, romelsac, Turme, wasvlis win daubarebia, rom gamoqvabuls did man- 

Zilze ar moSordeba da cocxali Tu mkvdari avTandils sadme axlo-maxlo daxvdeba. 

marto darCenili avTandili RmerTs sayvedurobs, rom satrfosa da megobris winaSe 

ormagi vali daakisra da or grZnobas Soris gamouval winaaRmdegobaSi Caagdo. 

male avTandili dainaxavs tarielis Sav cxens da iqve axlos poulobs tarielsac, 

romelic sayelogadaxeuli da Tavsisxliani zis daxocil lomsa da vefxvs Soris 

da tanjvisagan sikvdils miaxlebia. avTandili asulierebs tariels, romelsac 

Tvalis axelac ki uWirs. igi imdens axerxebs, rom tarieli scnobs mas da exveva. 

magram tariels tanjva ise morevia, rom am qveynad yofna aRar surs. mas gadawyvetili 

aqvs sikvdili, raTa im qveynad nestans Seeyaros, da avTandils sTxovs, Tavi daanebos. 

avTandili cdilobs, mas imedi gauRviZos da mouwodebs mxneobisaken, radgan 

kacs WirSi gamagreba hmarTebs. Tan Tavis azrs imiT asabuTebs, rom Wiri da tanjva 

adamianis cxovrebis saerTo kanonia da maT gareSe bedniereba ar miiRweva. magram tarieli 

yrua am Segonebisadmi. igi pasuxobs megobars, rom es darigeba mxolod gonze 

myofi kacisTvis varga, mas ki am brZnuli sityvebis miyolis Zala ar Seswevs. Tan afrTxilebs 

avTandils, rom moTmineba gamoelia da daexsnas. maSin avTandili xerxs 

mimarTavs: igi sTxovs tariels, erTxelac eCvenos cxenze mjdari, raTa ukanasknelad 

datkbes misi cqeriT. tarieli Txovnas usrulebs. cxeniT gavla tariels abrunebs, 

igi depresiis mdgomareobidan gamohyavs. 

tarieli uambobs avTandils, rom mindvrad aSikoba-laRobiT garTuli lom-vefxi 

Sexvda, romlebic mijnurebs miamsgavsa. mxecebma jer ialerses, Semdeg ki sasikvdilod 

sces tori erTmaneTs. tarielma daugmo loms sayvarlis wyena, xmliT mokla igi, 

vefxvs ki, romelmac nestani moagona, kocna moundoma. vefxvma SeuRrina da brWyaliT 

sisxli adina. aman tariels misi da nestanis wakideba gaaxsena da grZnobamoreulma 

(`guliTa xeliTa~) vefxvic mokla. aman uaresad auSala grZnoba da im mdgomareobamde 

miiyvana, romelSic avTandilma naxa. 

gmirebi gamoqvabulSi brundebian. tarieli sTxovs avTandils, Tavi mianebos ganwiruls 

da Tavis satrfosTan dabrundes. avTandili arwmunebs, rom saxieri RmerTi 

mas da mis satrfos ar gaswiravs. igi ambobs, TinaTins tarielis saSvelad daeTxova 

da am Rvawlis Sesrulebamde masTan sircxviliT veRar dabrundeba. radgan tarieli 

`xelia~, dardiT daZabunebulia, mas megobarma unda uSvelos. sabolood avTandili 

Seipirebs tariels, rom erTi wlis Semdeg aq, gamoqvabulSi daxvdes, TviTon ki nestanis 

saZebrad midis. avTandili gaivlis fridonTan, romelic mas nestanis gatacebis 

mimarTulebas uCvenebs, da oTx ymas gaatans. 

avTandili zRvis mekobreebisagan ixsnis vaWarTa qaravans, maT ufrosobas dairqmevs 

da am niRbiT Cadis vaWarTa qalaq gulanSaroSi, romelic zRvispiras mdebareobs 

da simdidriT, siturfiT, sma-gaxarebiT aris ganTqmuli. aq mas etrfialeba qalaqeli 

did-vaWris coli fatmani. avTandilic mowyale yuradRebiT pasuxobs mis trfobas, 

radgan imedi aqvs, rom fatmani, rogorc sazRvao qalaqis mkvidri, mas nestanis 

ZebnaSi gamoadgeba. avTandili fatmanis TxovniT malulad klavs mis yofil sayvare- 

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ls, amJamad ki mters – WaSnagirs, romelic fatmans avTandilTan waaswrebs da mefesTan 

dabezRebas daemuqreba. fatmani uambobs avTandils Tavis saidumlos, romlis 

gaTqmasac WaSnagiri emuqreboda: mas Savi monebis xelidan uxsnia ucxo mzeTunaxavi 

da Tavis saxlSi malulad Seunaxavs. mis qmars, uSno da uRirs usens, simTvraleSi 

mefesTan dautrabaxia Sin mzeTunaxavis yola da igi mefisTvis miugvria. ucxo mze- 

Tunaxavs vinaoba ar gaumxelia arc misi moamage fatmanisaTvis, arc mefisTvis. igi 

ar iSorebda erT ucxo rides da dReniadag cremls Rvrida. mefem gadawyvita, igi 

colad mieca Tavis ZisaTvis, romelic imxanad omSi iyo. magram qalma mxneoba gamoiCina, 

fatmanis naCuqari Zvirfasi TvalmargalitiT mcvelebi moqrTama da fatmanisve 

daxmarebiT Rame qalaqidan gaipara. gzad igi jadoqrebis – qajebis laSqars Seupyria. 

nestani qajebs miuval cixeSi daumwyvdeviaT, raTa momavalSi SerTon amJamad 

mcirewlovan ufliswuls. 

avTandili TinaTinze fiqriT, `malviT cremlsa swvims~ fatmanis sarecelze, Tan 

fatmans dawvrilebiT ekiTxeba qajebis ambavs. meore dRes avTandili `saWabukoTi~ 

(raindis samosiT) ewveva bednier fatmans, Tavis vinaobasa da Tavisi mgzavrobis mizans 

umxels. nestanis bedis SemobrunebiT gaxarebuli fatmani qajeTSi grZneul monas 

gzavnis, romelic nestans anugeSebs da misgan fatmanisa da tarielisadmi mowerili 

ori `wigni~ moaqvs. sityvebiT _ `Cemi nu gagva, xeli egreca xeldebis~ (Cemi nu genaRvleba, 

gaxelebuli mainc gaxelebulia), fatmani aCqarebs avTandils, romelic qaje- 

Tis amRebi gmirebis mosayvanad midis. 

avTandili tarielTan brundeba. gamoqvabulSi, romelic tariels odesRac dev- 

TaTvis waurTmevia, gmirebi pouloben sam saswaulebriv abjars; ors TviTon itoveben, 

mesames ki fridonisaTvis inaxaven. samive gmiri fridonis samasi moymis TanxlebiT 

mTvarian RamiT miadgeba qajeTis cixes. aqve gamarTul TaTbirSi airCeven brZolis 

gegmas. fridons hsurs sabliT SeaRwios cixeSi. magram am gegmas uaryofen, radgan 

mtrebi abjris Cxaruns gaigoneben da sabels gadaWrian. avTandils unda vaWrulad 

Caicvas, qajTa qalaqSi Seiparos da Tavis megobrebs RamiT cixis karebi gau- 

Ros. magram am gegmasac ar miiReben, radgan qalaqSi atexili brZolisas SeiZleba 

nestanma sarkmlidan gadmoixedos da mebrZolebSi tarieli ver dainaxos, rac Wabuks 

mis TvalSi Crdils miayenebs. tarielis winadadebiT dilas sami mxridan uteven cixes, 

iReben mas da nestans aTavisufleben. am brZolaSi gansakuTrebul gmirobas tarieli 

iCens. cixes gulanSaros mefes aZleven, xolo napovn simdidres – fatmans. tarieli 

hficavs avTandils, rom, sanam mas TinaTins ar SerTavs, TviTon Tavis nestans 

àr eqmareba~. samiveni nestanTan erTad midian arabeTs, sadac tarieli sTxovs rostevans 

avTandilis patiebasa da misTvis TinaTinis colad micemas. rostevanis Tanxmobas 

qorwili da sayovelTao bedniereba mohyveba. 

siuJetis originalobis sakiTxi 

rusTaveli Tavisi poemis siuJets `sparsul ambad~ gvacnobs. `vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi 

naTqvamia: 

ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi, 

viT margaliti oboli, xelis-xel sagogmanebi, 

vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi... 

Tumca sityva `Targmaneba~ Zvel qarTulSi sxva enaze gadaRebasac niSnavs da ganmarteba-komentirebasac, 

metad saeWvoa, rom am strofSi igi pirveli mniSvnelobiT ar 

iyos naxmari. maSasadame, rusTaveli Tavis wyarod asaxelebs sparsul ambavs (unda 

vigulisxmoT: literaturul nawarmoebs, radgan zepir gadmocemas `Targmanis~ cneba 

ar miudgeba), romelic mis dros qarTulad gadmoRebuli yofila da, Zvirfasi margalitis 

msgavsad, msmenelidan msmenelze gadadioda. sxvagan prologSi rusTaveli 

ambobs, rom man àmbad naTqvami~ `wyobil margalitad~ aqcia, e.i. prozauli ambavi galeqsa. 

poetis am gancxadebas TiTqos amagrebs isic, rom poemis moqmedeba muslimanur 

qveynebSi iSleba da poemis TiTqmis yvela personaJis saxelic an sparselebsa da 

arabebSi gavrcelebuli saxelebia, an am enebSi etimologia moeZebnebaT. 

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miuxedavad amisa, rusTavelis bibliografiuli cnoba mainc ndobas ar imsaxurebs 

ara marto imitom, rom msgavs siuJets sparsuli literatura ar icnobs (sparsuli 

literaturis specialistis i. maris mier Catarebuli Zieba, sagazeTo gancxadebis gamoyenebiT 

uSedego aRmoCnda), aramed, pirvel rigSi, imitom, TviT siuJeti, rogoric 

is dRes Cvens xelTaa, Tavisi xasiaTisda mixedviT ar gulisxmobs raime literaturul 

prototips, miT umetes, ar gulisxmobs mas im kulturul sferoSi, romelsac 

sparsuli klasikuri literatura ekuTvnis. ara marto Tavisi ideuri mizandasaxulobiTa 

da ganwyobilebiT, aramed siuJetis agebis mxrivac poema warmoudgenelia qalis 

rainduli kultisa da qalis gandidebis gareSe, rac rusTavelis droisa da misi 

winaxanis sparsuli epikisaTvis srulebiT ucxoa, xolo rusTavelis mSobel qar- 

Tul kulturaSi sxva wyaroebidanacaa cnobili. siuJetis ganviTarebaSi arsebiTi 

roli ekuTvnis qalis mier misi motrfiale raindisTvis sagmiro Rvawlis d a v a - 

l e b i s motivs; mTavar gmirTa orsave wyvilSi qali xelmwifea, an taxtis memkvidre, 

xolo mamakaci – misi qveSevrdomi an TiTqmis misi toli Tavisi sazogadoebrivi 

mdgomareobiT, magram ara masze maRla mdgomi an misi savsebiT toli. mTavar gmirTa 

siyvaruli poemaSi warmoadgens erTgvarad uTanasworo kavSirs, xolo poemis gmiri 

qalebisadmi Tayvaneba, rac `vefxistyaosnis~ erTi umTavresi motivia, qalis Tayvanebasa 

da mefis Tayvanebas aerTianebs. amgvari satrfialo koncefcia ara marto ar gvxvdeba 

sparsul epikaSi, aramed pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSia mis suliskveTebasTan. 

TviT evropis saraindo epikaSic ki, romelsac qalis socialuri rolisa da uflebisadmi 

Seudareblad ufro meti pativiscema axasiaTebs, vidre sparsul epikas, raindi 

colad irTavs sxva saxelmwifos mefe qals, romelsac igi manamde xifaTisagan 

ixsnis, magram ara Tavis mefes. `vefxistyaosnis~ am motivis warmoSoba SeiZleba aixsnas 

mxolod rogorc konkretuli istoriuli faqtis anarekli: saqarTveloSi Tamaris 

mefobisa (1184-1213). Tamaris Zlevamosilebasa da RvTismoSiSobasTan erTad, saxotbo 

poeziisa da matianeebis mowmobiT, Tamaris karze miRebuli yofila misi mSvenierebis 

qebac da misgan sulwaRebulobis aRsarebac. amgvari aRsareba `vefxistyaosnis~ 

prologSic aris (8,10,19). poemis motivebs istoriul viTarebasTan isic aaxloebs, 

rom Tamaris qmari daviT soslani marTlac Tamaris gvaris kaci da misi qveSevrdomi 

iyo (Sdr. nestanisa da tarielis ambavi). 

amgvarad, prologis meore literaturul-istoriuli cnoba, romelic arsebiTad 

ewinaaRmdegeba zemomotanils – rom rusTavels `qvemore~ (e.i. poemaSi) Tamaris saxeli 

`SefarviT~ uTqvams da uqia (19) – ufro sarwmunoa, vidre pirveli. Tamaris saxeli 

poemis ZiriTad teqstSi (prologisa da epilogis gareSe) arsad naxsenebi ar 

aris. Tamaris `qeba~ poemaSi, maSasadame, SeiZleba mdgomareobdes mxolod poemis siu- 

Jetis agebasa da personaJebis saxeTa Seqmnisas misi pirovnebisa da biografiis Strixebis 

gamoyenebaSi. 

Tu poemis ambavs am aSkarad SeTxzul motivebs gamovaklebT, maSin Znelia miRebul 

naSTsa da dRes arsebul siuJets Soris igiveobis niSani daisvas. amgvarad, sakiTxi 

originaloba-Targmnilobis Sesaxeb exeba ara siuJets mis mTlianobaSi, agebuls 

saerTo koncefciasa da saerTo eTosze, aramed mxolod masSi Semaval calkeul 

elementebs, rogoricaa vefxistyaviani moymis xetiali tye-RreSi, qalis gataceba 

zRvis gaRma, qajebis miuvali cixe, megobrisagan megobris daxmareba da sxva amgvari. 

SedarebiT met safuZvels originaloba-nasesxobis sakiTxis dasmisaTvis iZleva, saerTod, 

tarielis saxesTan dakavSirebuli epizodebi, vinaidan tarielisadmi damokidebulebis 

mxriv poemis sakuTriv teqstsa da prolog-epilogis literaturul-istoriul 

miTiTebebs Soris erTgvari disproporcia SeiniSneba: prologsa da epilogSi 

an tarielia mxolod win wamoweuli, rogorc poemis mTavari gmiri (6,7), an samive 

gmiri erTad ixsenieba, im dros roca sakuTriv teqstSi mTavari gmiri, arsebiTad, 

arc erTia da arc sami, aramed ori (tarieli da avTandili). 

rac Seexeba avtoris zemoT citirebul bibliografiul cnobas, igi advilad aixsneba 

im SemTxvevaSic, Tu sinamdvileSi araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs. fiqtiuri li- 

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teraturuli wyaros damowmeba imisTvisaa saWiro, rom moTxrobil ambavs meti wona 

mieniWos, radgan Sua saukuneebSi avtoris pativmoyvareoba siuJetis SemTxvevaze ar 

vrceldeba, ambis Rirseba ki pirdapir proporciaSia misi namdvilobis xarisxTan. es 

mosazreba gvixsnis fsevdowyaros damowmebis faqts. am fsevdowyaros sparsuloba ki 

imiTaa gamowveuli, rom sagmiro-samijnuro poemis Janri, romelsac `vefxistyaosani~ 

ekuTvnis, misi mkiTxvelis TvalSi swored sparsul literaturul tradiciasTan iyo 

dakavSirebuli. 

SesaZloa, ucxo wyaros damowmeba imazedac miuTiTebdes, rom avtors sarwmunoebrivi 

an sxva ram mizeziT saCoTirod miaCnia Tavisi poemis moqmedebis gaSla ucxo 

qveynebSi an qarTveli gvirgvinosnis qeba ucxo mefeTa saqmeebis TxrobiT. `vefxistyaosnis~ 

galeqsvas poeti prologSi ixseniebs rogorc `saWoWmaneb~ saqmes, romlis- 

Tvisac Tamarma mas `neba unda damarTos~ (e.i. SeiZleba gaurisxdes), maSin roca Tamaris 

qeba, romelic mas adre SeuTxzavs, poets, piriqiT, Tavis saxelad miaCnia (19). 

epilogSic poeti, TiTqos, bodiSobs, rom Tamaris meuRlis daviT soslanis saqmeebs 

ver aqebs da amitom iZulebulia ucxo mefeTa ambavs mimarTos. 

rusTavelis religia da msoflmxedveloba. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ Canafiqri 

`vefxistyaosani~ Seiqmna qarTuli renesansuli kulturis wiaRSi, romelic absolutisturi 

erovnuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobam da aRmosavleT-dasavleTis kulturul 

faseulobaTa nayofierma Serwymam warmoSva. es kultura, romelic Tavisi socialuri 

SinaarsiT rainduli anu samxedro-feodaluri iyo, adre da advilad eziara 

antikur filosofiur memkvidreobas bizantiuri filosofiuri aRorZinebis wyalobiT; 

man mWidro istoriuli kontaqtis Sedegad Rrmad SeiTvisa aRmosavleT qveynebis 

fufuneba da saero, amqveyniur siameTa da RvawlTa madidebeli sityvieri xelovneba; 

im Sinagani stabilobisa da SedarebiTi mSvidobianobis mokle periodis manZilze, 

rac saqarTvelos misi provinciebis konsolidaciam da Zlevamosilma omebma 

moutana, man maTi SesaZleblobis maqsimumamde ganaviTara Tavisi erovnuli socialuri 

institutebi, erovnuli kulturuli tradiciebi da politikur-istoriuli azrovneba; 

am gansxvavebul kulturul da ideologiur elementTa gamoyenebiT qarTvelma 

samxedro-feodalurma kastam – samxedro aristokratiam, asiode wlis manZilze 

aRzevebulma da wina aziis yvelaze Zlieri da keTildRiani saxelmwifos saTaveSi 

moqceulma, SeimuSava Taviseburi laRi da optimisturi msoflSegrZneba, azris didi 

TavisuflebiT aRbeWdili Sexeduleba samyarosa da cxovrebaze, romelic Tavisi na- 

Teli ganwyobilebiTa da adamianis SeuzRudavi fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis 

rwmeniT Sua saukuneTa saqarTveloSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli qristianuli azrovnebis 

fonze `qveynisa da adamianis aRmoCenas~ moaswavebda. es Taviseburi Zvra Sua 

saukuneTa qristianul msoflmxedvelobasa da msoflSegrZnebasTan mimarTebiT, azris 

es filosofiuri Tavisufleba da kulturul kavSirTa mravalgvaroba srulad 

aisaxa `vefxistyaosanSi~ da aman gansazRvra kulturul-istoriul sakiTxTa siuxve, 

romelic poemis ideuri Sinaarsis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT ismis. 

rusTavelis aRmsarebloba 

rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba saerTod da misi religiuri aRmsarebloba kerZod 

`vefxistyaosnis~ kvlevis manZilze mravalmxrivi paeqrobis sagani gamxdara. amis 

mizezia erTgvari disproporcia im rols Soris, romelic qristianobas hqonda rus- 

Tavelis mSobeli sazogadoebis politikursa da sulier cxovrebaSi da, meore mxriv, 

im rols Soris, romelic mas rusTavelis poemaSi ekuTvnis. jer daviT aRmaSeneblis 

(1089-1125), Semdeg ki Tamaris (1184-1213) qristianuli saxelmwifo mis SemqmnelTa da 

ideologTa TvalSi iyo aRmosavleTis upirvelesi qristianuli imperia, qristianuli 

saxelmwifo par excellence, romelic lamobda imxanad dasustebuli bizantiis misia ekisra 

da mTel aRmosavleTSi qristianTa praqtikuli interesebisa da qristianuli 

dogmis sadarajoze mdgariyo. Tamarisa da daviTis saxelze daweril xotbebSi, agre- 

206

Tve istoriul TxzulebebSi, amxanad mkafiod aris gamoxatuli e.w. `qarTuli mesianizmis~ 

rwmena, romlis Tanaxmad saqarTveloSi bagrationTa mefoba RvTis aRTqmaTa 

aRsrulebaa, qveynis Seqmnis ukanaskneli mizani. rusTavelis poemaSi ki, qveynisa da 

samefo karis am didi qristianobis sapirispirod, ar ixsenieba arc qriste da arc 

sameba 2 , arc pirveli codva da arc gankacebis saidumlo, arc qristianuli dogma da 

arc misi dacva poemis prolog-epilogSi Seqebuli Tamaris mier. `vefxistyaosnis~ 

gmirebi muslimanebi arian. roca saqme moitans, isini musafze loculoben da navrozobis 

dResaswauls axseneben. 

am garemoebebs rusTavelis garSemo warmoebuli kvleva-Zieba Zalian xSirad poetis 

heterodoqsiiT xsnida da mis poemaSi rogorc qristianuli wvalebebis, ise sxva, 

araqristianuli religiebis asaxvas xedavda. 

amJamad `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris aRmsarebloba sadavod aRar iTvleba: rusTaveli 

ara marto kargad icnobs qristianobas (mis tropikaSi Zveli da axali aRTqmiseuli 

saxeebi gvxvdeba, igi axsenebs àRvsebas~ anu aRdgomas. RvTis epiTetebSi Semdgomma 

kvleva-Ziebam qarTuli qristianuli Teologiidan cnobili mravali termini daadastura), 

aramed TviTonac qristiania, rasac istoriul-kulturuli xasiaTis mosazrebebTan 

erTad pavle mociqulisa da qristiani avtoris - `brZeni divnosis~ anu 

fsevdo-dionises damowmeba amtkicebs. oRond rusTavelis `samyaros suraTi~ qristianuli 

religiis warmodgenebiT ar amoiwureba, misi azrovneba ufro damoukidebelic 

aris da ufro farToc. igi sxva, araqristianul elementebsac moicavs. 

antikuri filosofia 

yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols am heterogenul (araqristianul) elementebs Soris 

antikuri filosofia asrulebs. rusTvelisdroindeli da misi winamorbedi qarTuli 

kultura kargad icnobda am filosofiur wyaroebs, romelTa Targmna-komentirebis 

nimuSebi im xanis qarTul mwerlobaSi bevri moipoveba. `vefxistyaosanSi~ gvxvdeba 

aristoteles, platonis, empedokles, heraklites, prokles azrebis damowmeba an citacia. 

magram sistematurad gamoyenebulia mxolod platonuri da neoplatonuri filosofia, 

romelsac poeti, im SemTxvevaSi, roca igi pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modis 

qristianul warmodgenebTan, Tavisebur qristianul gardatexas aZlevs. ukanaskneli 

(neoplatonizmi) rusTavelis TxzulebaSi Semodis, ZiriTadad, qristiani neoplatonikosis 

– fsevdo-dionises koncefciis meSveobiT, romelsac poeti saxeliT imowmebs, 

magram poemaSi aris imis niSnebic, rom avtori uSualod warmarTul neoplatonizmsac 

icnobs. rusTaveli kargad icnobs neoplatonizmis gaqristianebis im Tavisebur 

cdasac, romelic XII saukunis qarTvelma filosofosma ioane petriwma ganaxorciela 

prokles `Teologiis elementebis (`kavSirni RmrTismetyuelebiTni~) Targmnisa 

da vrceli komentirebis gziT. neoplatonizmis qristianuli gardatexa ki, rasac rusTaveli 

xSirad mimarTavs xolme, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom neoplatonur cnebebSi mas 

qristianobis personaluri RrmTis warmodgena Seaqvs. 

poemis filosofiur koncefcias, romelic moqmedebis msvlelobis erTgvari Teoriuli 

wanamZRvaria, warmoadgens borotTa uarsobis anu borotebis arasubstancionalobis 

neoplatonuri koncefcia, romlis citacias rusTaveli fsevdo-dionises mixedviT 

axdens: Tuki qveyana Tavis safuZvelSi keTilia (dionises mixedviT igi Seqmnilia 

RvTis mier, romelic TviT aris `zesTa keTilobai~, neoplatonizmis warmar- 

Tuli variantiT, igi gamomdinareobs èrTidan~, romelic TviT aris sikeTe), Tuki 

boroteba mxolod keTilis `moklebaa~ da mas sakuTari substancia ar gaaCnia, rogorc 

amas neoplatonizmi gvaswavlis, maSin qveynad borotebis gamarjvebasac xangr- 

Zlivoba ar hqonia. keTili borots sZlevs. rusTavelis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, misi 

arseba borotisaze grZeli yofila. am filosofiurad optimistur koncefcias centraluri 

adgili uWiravs rusTavelis poemis safuZvlad mdebare msoflmxedvelobis 

2 Tu ar CavTvliT gamoTqmas èrTarseba erTi~. 

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mwyobr SenobaSi, romlis mizania, Teoriulad daasabuTos poemis ZiriTadi eTosi – 

WirSi gamagrebis, bedis dartymebis winaSe àrgadrekis~, sasowarkveTilebaSi arCavardnis 

normatuli mcneba. 

garda am ZiriTadi koncefciisa, poemaSi uxvadaa gamoyenebuli sxva neoplatonuri 

ideebic, rogorc wesi, ontologiuri xasiaTisa, romlebic mTlian, qristianobisagan 

gansxvavebul msoflmxedvelobad ar erTiandebian, magram mainc axasiaTeben avtoris 

azrovnebis zogad orientacias filosofiaze (da ara religiaze) rogorc Sinaarsis, 

ise gamoxatvis formis mxriv: rusTaveli icnobs RvTiur c n o b a s (neoplatonuri 

nou`~ anu metafizikuri `goneba~ A 407 ) da prokleseul `sulTa siras~ (seira 884). mas 

gamoyenebuli aqvs neoplatonuri èrTisa~ da mravlis metafizika(792), samyaros Seqmna 

misTvis aris ara saganTa Seqmna arafrisagan, rogorc Zveli aRTqmis avtorTaTvis, 

aramed saganTa `saxis~ anu formis, maTi idealuri prototipis Seqmna (2). zogjer es 

procesi drois gareSec ki aris warmodgenili (792). qveynad gaCena-arsebobas masTan 

àrsad Semosvlac~ hqvia (323) da ara mxolod `Seqmna~ da `dabadeba~. 

epiTetebsa da metaforebSi, romlebiTac rusTaveli da misi gmirebi TavianT RmerTs 

ixsenieben, antikuri filosofiis memkvidreoba metia, vidre qristianobisa. Rmer- 

Ti èrTia~ Semdgomi dazustebis gareSe, ise rogorc neoplatonizmis RmerTi. igi 

ùcnauri~ (Seucnobeli) da ùTqmelia~, rogorc neoplatonizmis RmerTi, romlis epi- 

Tetebi Semdeg ganaTlebulma qristianma avtorebma isesxes. igi `myofia~ (1250) anu 

`namdvil myofi~ rac neoplatonizmisaTvis RvTis aRmniSvneli erT-erTi ZiriTadi gamoTqmaa. 

igi usazRvrobisaTvis sazRvris damdebia (792) da àrsTa mxadi~ (5050) anu 

arsebulis arsebobad momwodebeli. misi xiluli xatia mze (836, 837), radgan igi mzesaviT 

efineba yovel arss, romelic misiT arsebobs, efineba Tavis dauxarjavad, ra- 

Ta yovelives `savseba~ anu sisrule mianiWos (917). yvela am gamoTqmebSi, romelTac 

rusTaveli mas mier ufro Zunwad gamoyenebuli specifikurad qristianuli formulebisa 

da cnebebis gverdiT xmarobs, inakvTeba rusTavelis RvTis filosofiuri 

cneba, romelSic SeTavsebulia antikuri filosofiisa da qristianuli Teologiis 

ZiriTadi monapovrebi ontologiuri azrovnebis dargSi, magram ukugdebulia an savsebiT 

ugulvebelyofilia viwro konfesiuri momentebi. 

im SemTxvevaSi, roca antikuri filosofiis warmodgenebi pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi 

modis qristianobasTan, avtori ufro xSirad meores Ralatobs pirvelTa sasargeblod. 

mag., mas eWvi epareba individualur ukvdavebaSi. ìq~ Tavis ardakargva, saku- 

Tari pirovnebis uwyvetobis Senaxva misTvis iseTi upiratesobaa, romelic RmerTs 

sagangebod unda SesTxovon (A 850-851 ). misi saiqio, sadac gmiri dRisiT da RamiT `mzis 

elvaTa (sxivTa) krTomis~ WvretaSi iqneba, neoplatonur warmodgenas ufro mogvagonebs, 

vidre qristianuls. morali, romlis dacva rusTavelis gmirebis upirvelesi 

sazrunavia, Tavisi dasabuTebis xasiaTis mixedviT filosofiis orbitSia moqceuli 

da ara religiisa: moraluri qceva igivea, rac brZnuli qceva: sibrZnis anu filosofosTa 

swavlis codnis mizani isaa, rom sworad anu moralurad qceva SegveZlos. 

ara viqm (moralur qcevas), codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa? 

miT viswavlebiT, mogveces SerTva zesT mwyobrTa wyobisa. 

sibrZne, rusTavelis TvalsazrisiT, adamianis upirvelesi Rirsebaa. igi iseTive 

miucilebeli atributia srulyofili adamianisa, rogorc fizikuri Zala, mxneoba da 

mSveniereba. es mcneba arsebiTad ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul Tvalsazriss, romlis- 

Tvisac sibrZne SemecnebiT planSi mdarea gamocxadebasTan SedarebiT, xolo eTikur 

planSi – siyvarulTan SedarebiT. adamiani Tavis mowodebiT brZenia, mas Seswevs unari 

da valdebulicaa, rom filosofiis codniT swori da moraluri gadawyvetileba 

miiRos da rogorc Tavisi moqmedeba, ise Tavisi sulieri cxovreba am gadawyvetilebis 

mixedviT warmarTos. es racionalizmi, adamianis gonebisa da nebisyofis suverenobis 

rwmena logikurad SeuTavsebelia qristianobis iseT Zireul doqtrinebTan, 

rogoricaa `pirveli codvisa~ da adamianis nebis arasuverenobis, misi moqmedebis winaswar 

gansazRvrulobisa RvTis nebisagan damokidebulebis rwmena. 

208

is, rom rusTaveli antikuri filosofiis azrovnebis wess xSirad upiratesobas 

aZlevs qristianulTan SedarebiT da ugulvebelyofs qristianuli Teologiisa da 

moaruli msoflgagebis mraval arsebiT moments, ver aixsneba mxolod poemis gmirTa 

muslimanobiT. am Tavisufal damokidebulebaSi religiis mimarT vlindeba rusTavelis 

kritikuli midgoma misi drois codnisadmi – kerZod, religiurisa da filosofiurisadmi. 

igi am xSirad SeuTavsebel warmodgenaTa wiaRSi ontologiursa da eTikur 

WeSmaritebas damoukideblad eZebs da drois am warmodgenaTa gamoyenebiT damoukideblad 

qmnis qveynis Taviseburad srulsa da TviTkmar suraTs. 

adamianis axali ideali 

magram antikuri filosofia da misgan momdinare ideebi rusTavelis qmnilebaSi 

SeTvisebulia ara mxolod rogorc doqtrina, aramed rogorc eTosi, ara mxolod 

rogorc msoflSegrZneba da ganwyobileba. rusTavels metad faqizad aqvs nagrZnobi 

is naTeli, harmoniuli, zomisa da wesisaken moswrafe saerTo suliskveTeba, romelic 

antikur filosofias Tan moaqvs, da am ganwyobilebas, rogorc erT-erT komponents, 

mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs Tavisi poemis artistul CanafiqrSi, kerZod da 

gansakuTrebiT ki mis poemaSi gansaxierebuli adamianis idealis SeqmnaSi. 

rusTavelis drom SeimuSava adamianis axali ideali, srulebiT gansxvavebuli ara 

marto qarTveli xalxis uZvelesi sagmiro idealisagan, romelmac RmerTTan morkine 

da kavkasionze mijaWvuli gmiris saxeSi hpova gamoxatuleba, aramed feodaluri sazogadoebis 

im idealisganac, romelic àmiran-darejanianis~ rainduli Segneba-ganvi- 

Tarebul, magram gonebrivad da emociurad Rarib personaJebSi gansaxierda. es axali 

tipia ara marto Zlieri da qveli, aramed maRalmoraluri, grZnobis unariT dajildoebuli 

da gonebagaxsnili adamiani, adamiani, romelmac Sua saukuneTa Semdeg isev 

aRmoaCina Tavisi Tavi, Tavisi grZnobebi, Tavisi damoukidebeli moraluri pasuxismgebloba 

da gansjis unari, romelic Tamamad iswrafvis maqsimaluri Sveba-bednierebisaken 

da am swrafvaSi saiqio nacvalgebis SiSi ar akavebs. es axali tipi Seqmna uecarma 

aRmavlobam rusTavelis mSobeli feodaluri sazogadoebis politikursa da 

kulturul cxovrebaSi, gamarjvebaTa uwyvetma nakadma, romelmac saqarTvelo raRac 

erTi saukunis manZilze wina aziis uZlieres erovnul saxelmwifod aqcia, gaZlierebulma 

ganaTlebam, sarwmunoebrivi karCaketilobis daZlevam da sazogadoebis 

gonebrivi horizontis gafarToebam did diapazonian kulturul samyarosTan kontaqtebis 

gziT. adamianis es ideali gaamdidra da gaarTula rusTavelma. man cxovrebis 

mier Seqmnili es axali ideali dawura, gamoakristala da am axlebur msoflmxedvelobasa 

da cxovrebis aRzevebul sixaruls mkveTri artistuli gamoxatuleba misca. 

amave dros, man es ideali sibrZnis, filosofiuri refleqsiis, inteleqtualur Wvretaze 

damyarebuli Sinagani harmoniis nayofieri mcnebebiT Seavso. es axali suliskveTeba 

bevr rameSi daemTxva da daemyara antikuri filosofiis suliskveTebas im saxiT, 

rogorc igi rusTavelis dros esmodaT. iseve rogorc mis Tanamedrove dasavleT 

evropis sakaro kulturaSi, rusTavelTanac zeim-nadimi, nadiroba, lxini da 

ZRvnoba-boZeba rainduli yofis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa, romlis xatvas azri aqvs 

im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca amas raime siuJeturi cvlileba ar mohyveba (miuxedavad 

moqmedebis swrafi da ekonomiuri ganviTarebisa, poemaSi aris lxinis vrceli scenebi, 

romelic amas mowmobs); `vefxistyaosnis~ gmiri harmoniulia da mSvenieria iqamde, 

rom misi xedviT xalxi bndeba da mis saWvretad brbo ijreba. misi mixvra-moxvra, roca 

igi ar ibrZvis, daxvewilia, laRi, auCqarebeli. misi pirisaxe mudam mxiarulebis 

gamomxatvelia, maSinac ki, roca pirobebi amis safuZvels ar iZleva (197). amave dros 

rusTavelis gmiri `brZenia~ da brZenia ara marto gonebiT, aramed gancdebiTac ki 

(`guliTa brZeniTa~) da es sibrZne ise efineba garSemo yvelafers, rom mis monebzedac 

ki vrceldeba (692). gmirisTvis yovelgvar situaciaSi da misi arsebobis yvela 

peripetiebze, garda ukiduresi sasowarkveTilebisa, damaxasiaTebelia Wvreta da filosofia 

(es kacsac exeba da qalsac), azrovneba da msjeloba samyaros wyobisa da 

209

adamianis arsebobis Zireul sakiTxebze. am brZen gmirs axasiaTebs samyaros pirvelmizezTa 

idumalebisa da amaRlebulobis cxoveli gancda. igi ugrZnobeli araa arc 

RvTis sidiadis mimarT: RvTis gamouTqmeli miuwvdomloba, iseve rogorc mzisa da 

varskvlaveTis Wvreta, misTvis yvelaze intensiur STabeWdilebaTa wyaroa. imiT, Tu 

rogori uSreti mravalnairobiT da ulevi fantaziiT xatavs rusTaveli Tavisi mTavari 

gmirebis yvela im Tvisebebs, ra uxvad flobs yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi individualur 

niuansebs da rogor organulad aTavsebs yovelive amas ambis dinamiur 

Seuferxebel ganviTarebaSi, mniSvnelovanwilad aris Sepirobebuli misi gmirebis saxeTa 

sicocxle da STambeWdavi Zala. 

filosofia da qristianoba 

magram antikuri filosofiidan momdinare naTeli da harmoniuli msoflSegrZneba 

poets mxolod nawilobriv aqvs gaziarebuli da ara srulad. igi sxva drois Svilia, 

sxva ganwyobilebisa da temperamentis patroni da bunebrivi ar iqneboda, rom 

igi antikuri filosofiiT naanderZev suliskveTebas gahyoloda Tundac imdenad, 

rom ganwyobilebaSi uTanxmoebas doqtrinebSi uTanxmoebis donemde ver aeRwia. rus- 

Tavels cvlileba Seaqvs filosofiis ZiriTadi doqtrinebis gagebasa da SefasebaSi 

sruliad Segnebulad, rogorc poemis moqmedebisa da ganwyobilebis faqizi mimoxris 

gziT, ise diskursiuli msjelobiT. Tu sikeTe – poemis msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlad 

dadebuli ZiriTadi cneba – qristianobaSi RvTis nebisadmi Sesabamisobas niSnavs 

(adamiani, rogorc sikeTis sazomi, aq gamoricxulia), Tu neoplatonuri filosofiis 

tradiciaSi sikeTe, rogorc zeindividualuri goniTi sawyisi upirispirdeba 

Cvens materiiT damZimebul `me~-s, mis swrafvebsa da, saerTod, mis individualur gansazRvrulobas, 

`vefxistyaosanSi~ sikeTis sazomia adamiani, ufro konkretulad: avtoris 

idealis mixedviT Seqmnili srulyofili adamiani da, Tu qveyana Tavis safuZvelSi 

keTilia, es im azriT unda gvesmodes, rom igi am srulyofil adamians misi 

bunebrivi swrafvis aRsrulebas miscems. 

RmerTsamca ese rad eqmna, egeTni (srulyofilni, mSvenierni) daebadeniT, 

arRa Segyarna, gagyarna, xeli gqmnna cremlTa dadeniT! (930) 

amxnevebs tariels eTikuri monizmis filosofiuri koncefciis aRmsarebeli avTandili. 

visca RmerTi saros morCsa tanad uxebs, 

mas laxvarsa moaSorebs, Tuca pirvel gulsa uxebs, 

_ amxnevebs imave tariels fridoni. adamianis – kerZod da sakuTrad ki srulyofili 

adamianis _ `me~ da sakuTari qveyniuri mizanswrafva, amgvarad, rusTavelisTvis 

sikeTis umaRlesi kriteriumia da amaSi igi Tanabrad damoukidebelia rogorc filosofiis, 

ise religiis mimarT. 

siyvaruli da megobroba 

maRali siyvaruli 

`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi naTqvamia, rom siyvaruli aris `pirveli da tomi gvar- 

Ta zenaTa~. filosofiuri cnebebi, romelTac aq rusTaveli iyenebs, platonis cnobili 

cnebebia. `gvari~ platonur ìdeas~ niSnavs, xolo `tomi~ _ zogads, ideaTa 

gamaerTianebel ideas. platonisTvis umaRlesi idea anu ideaTa idea, samyaros ierarqiis 

mwvervali aris s i k e T i s idea, romelic misTvis agreTve WeSmaritebacaa da 

mSvenierebac. rusTavelma sikeTis adgilas am ierarqiaSi m i j n u r o b a anu siyvaruli 

daayena. siyvarulis am idealur prototips rusTavelis sityviT `hbaZavs~ adamianTa 

miwieri siyvaruli, anu iseTi `xeloba~ (siSmage), romelic `xorcTa xvdeba~. es 

msjeloba kargad asaxavs poetis damokidebulebas siyvarulis mimarT da im suliskeTebas, 

romliTac poemaSi satrfialo motivebia damuSavebuli: siyvaruli kacsa da 

qals Soris adamianis amaRlebuli Zalaa. igi umaRlesi sikeTe da am qveynad yvelaze 

didi bednierebaa. sasiyvarulo urTierToba poemaSi asaxavs rainduli siyvarulis 

anu mijnurobis socialur instituts, romlis mravali mcneba CvenTvis im epoqis 

210

sxva Zeglebidanacaa cnobili. termini `mijnuri~ arabuli warmoSobisaa (`mijnuri 

Smagsa gviqvian arabuliTa eniTa~. `mejnuni~ avi sulisagan Sepyrobils niSnavs,) iseve 

rogorc `mijnurobis~ sazogadoebrivi institutis Semadgeneli zogierTi mcneba. magram 

TviT es ganviTarebuli forma maRali wris kacisa da qalis sasiyvarulo urTierTobisa 

(`mijnuroba~ anu rainduli siyvaruli), romelic `vefxistyaosanSi~ da mis 

Tanamedrove sxva TxzulebebSi aisaxa, qarTuli samxedro aristokratiis kuTvnilebaa, 

mis wreSi SemuSavebuli da Camoyalibebuli qristianuli kulturis farTo monawileobiT, 

iseve rogorc qalis rainduli kulti (e.w. kurtuazuli anu `sakaro~, 

`sadarbazo~ siyvaruli) dasavleT evropis qveynebSi. siyvarulisagan dasneuleba da 

fermixdiloba, misgan velad gaWra da mijnur raindTa urTierTTanagrZnoba, grZnobis 

ardaCena da moyvris argaTqma, satrfos samsaxuri xmliTa Tu keTili saqmiT da 

siyvarulis amamaRlebeli, eTikurad aRmzrdeli roli – ai am sazogadoebrivi institutis 

sayovelTaod gaziarebuli mcnebebi da eTikuri warmodgenebi. mijnuroba mxolod 

absoluturad srulyofili, adamianisTvis SesaZlo yvela RirsebiT Semkuli 

kacis saqmea, igi rCeulTa xvedria. amitom mijnuri, Tu mas hsurs Tavisi satrfos 

Rirsi iyos, yvela am saTnoebaTa miRwevas unda ecados. is, rac dRes CvenTvis Sua 

saukuneTa dasasrulis amaRlebuli, keTilSobiluri rainduli siyvarulis saxeliT 

aris cnobili, rusTavels mijnurobis mcnebebisa da qalis rainduli kultis saxiT 

Tavisi mSobeli aristokratiuli garemodan aqvs SeTvisebuli. 

magram, Tu rusTavelis poemaSi siyvaruli raindul mcnebebs misdevs, igi am mcnebebiT 

mainc ar izRudeba. rusTaveli xatavs siyvaruls ara mxolod iseTad, rogoric 

is unda iyos, aramed iseTad, rogoric is aris, fsiqologiur niuansTa iseTi mravalferovnebiT, 

romelic mas siyvarulis mxatvel diad avtorTa upirveles rigebSi 

ayenebs. siyvarulis gaCena da maluli tareba, misi sixaruli da Wmunva, grZnobis mo- 

Zaleba da Sesusteba, misi uecari aRzeveba, gmiris fiqri, asociaciebi da sulieri 

impulsebi yvela am gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi – ai adamianis sulieri cxovrebis 

is sfero, romelsac rusTaveli yvelaze met yuradRebas uTmobs da sadac igi yvelaze 

meti fsiqologiuri detalebis povnas axerxebs. Tu saraindo lirikisa da epikisaTvis 

saerTod siyvarulis gandidebasTan erTad am grZnobis erTgvari dogmatizaciaa 

damaxasiaTebeli, Tu aq savaldebulo mcnebebi xSirad grZnobis namdvil spontanur 

mimdinareobas metnaklebad cvlis an zRudavs, rusTavelis poema avtoris mxatvruli 

mizandasaxulobis mixedviT Seudareblad ufro maRal etaps warmoadgens 

siyvarulis àRmoCenis~, misi WeSmariti bunebis Secnobis gzaze. rusTaveli saraindo 

kultis normatul mcnebebs kidec icnobs da kidec scnobs. magram misTvis grZnobis 

namdvili bunebis xedva da gamoxatva ar aris gaSualebuli araviTari mcnebebiT. amiT 

rusTaveli enaTesaveba ara saraindo kulturis sityvier xelovnebas, aramed renesansul 

xelovnebas. rom siyvaruli adamianis amamaRlebuli Zalaa, es rusTavelis 

sxva Tanamedroveebmac da daaxloebiT Tanamedroveebmac icodnen. magram maT wreSi 

rusTavels mainc Tavisi mkveTri individualoba axasiaTebs. italiuri `tkbili axali 

stilis~ poetebi umRerdnen qals rogorc Cvenze maRal goniTs arsebas, romlis 

`Semecneba~ udidesi sikeTe da amaRleba iyo. satrfo qals isini xSirad `filosofiis~ 

metaforiT aRniSnavdnen, qalis am simbolursa da gvarovnul rols ukan ki 

(rogorc Cvenze maRal arsebaTa warmomadgenlisa), vidre dantemde, misi individualuri 

gansazRvruloba da pirovnuli niSanTvisebebi iCrdileboda. aRmosavlur mistikaSi 

(sufizmSi) qali aris `RvTis sxivi~ am codvil qveyanaSi, absoluturi mSvenebis 

anu RvTis SemTxveviTi gamokrToma da am mxriv nebismieri sxva mSvenieri sagnisagan 

ar gansxvavdeba. misi trfoba gvaCvevs Tavdaviwyebasa da sakuTari meobis daTmobas, 

romelic saboloo angariSSi RmerTTan migviyvans, da mxolod amdenadaa siyvaruli 

amaRlebis gza. rusTavelisTvis satrfo qali pirvel rigSi p i r o v n e b a a , romelic 

daxasiaTebulia ara misi xalebisa da zilfebis xotbiT, rogorc sufiur poeziaSi, 

aramed misi gancdebisa da misi moqmedebis aRweriT; poemis gmir qalTa sulisa 

da xorcis xatvisaTvis gamoyenebuli ferebis simdidreSi rusTavelis samijnuro 

211

koncefciis es Tavisebureba aisaxeba. qali rusTavelisaTvis araa arc simbolo, arc 

Cvenze maRali arseba: igi principSi Cveni tolia da siyvarulic amamaRlebeli da 

ganmwmendi Zalaa TavisTavad – Tu gnebavT, fsiqologiurad – da ara imis gamo, rom 

is Cvenze maRali sawyisiskenaa mimarTuli. amamaRlebelia TviT grZnoba da ara misi 

sagani. am ganwyobilebaSi uTuod aisaxeba Rrma qristianuli tradiciac, romelsac 

rusTaveli sxva konteqstSi Taviseburi perifraziT ixseniebs, roca mociquls (pavles) 

miawers sityvebs `siyvaruli agvamaRlebs~. imiT, rom siyvaruli rusTavelisa- 

Tvis aris ara Tavdaviwyebis, TviTmospobis, individualobidan gasvlis afeqti, aramed 

pirovnebis ganmtkicebisa da gamdidrebis afeqtia, romlis gaZlierebasac RmerTs 

SesTxoven (2), rusTavelis samijnuro koncefcia, mis TanamedroveTa Soris yvelaze 

axlos dantesTan dgas, miuxedavad siyvarulis im mistikuri gaazrebisa, romelic am 

ukanasknels Tavis `xsnis eposSi~ _ `RvTaebriv komediaSi~ aqvs mocemuli. saerToa 

siyvarulis warmodgena rogorc gamakeTilSobilebeli da amamaRlebeli Zalisa mas- 

Si pirovnulobis sruli SenarCunebiT, rac siyvarulis am koncefciaTa yvelaze axleburi 

da Tanamedrove adamianis fsiqikuri wyobisTvis yvelaze axlobeli Strixia. 

qalTa saxeebi 

magram, Tu rusTavelisTvis qali principSi Cveni tolia, es ar niSnavs, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ 

gmiri qalebi, romelTa trfobasac igi umReris, ar gamoirCevian gansakuTrebuli 

niSan-TvisebebiT, rac maT mamakac gmirebze maRla ayenebT da miT poemaSi 

aRweril trfobas damatebiTi niuansiT amdidrebs: nestani da TinaTini ar arian 

m x o l o d adamianebi da qalebi, romelTa grZnobis cvalebadobas rusTaveli erTgulad 

xatavs. isini rogorc socialurad (mefobiT), ise pirovnuli TvisebebiT umaRlesi 

rangis qalebi arian, srulyofis iseT doneze mdgomni, rom maTdami trfobis 

Sebedvac gmirobaa. maTi trfoba mxolod srulyofis umaRles safexurze mdgom adamians 

SeuZlia. amitom is, vinc maT etrfis, umaRles moralursa da fizikur srulyofas 

unda eswrafos. àw rasaca me maRirseb, xorcieli ara Rirs a~, _ eubneba tarieli 

nestans da es sityvebi kargad gamoxataven im ZiriTad princips, romelsac poemaSi 

aRwerili trfoba emyareba: esaa srulyofili, idealuri adamianebis trfoba, 

romelic sqesTa Soris siyvarulTan erTad umwvervalesi srulyofis winaSe aRtacebasa 

da misken swrafvasac moicavs. 

tradiciiT miRebulia, rom orive qal-gmirs – nestansa da TinaTins – poetur 

prototipad Tamar mefe hyavT, xolo maTdami trfobis aRweras – Tamarisadmi poetis 

trfoba. am SexedulebaSi daeWvebis safuZveli dRes ar arsebobs Tundac im mZafri 

da wrfeli kilos gamo, romliTac poeti prologSi Tamaris siyvaruls aRiarebs. 

magram, miuxedavad orive am personaJis absoluturi unaklobisa da maTdami trfobis 

idealurobisa, rusTaveli mainc axerxebs, rom maTs pirovnebasac da vaJi gmirebis 

maTdami damokidebulebasac TavisTavadi individualuri ieri misces, ganasxvavos 

ori samyaro, sadac eseni sufeven da romelsac eseni ganasaxiereben. nestanis samyaro 

namdvili sisxlis da xorcis ferebSia naxati. es brZolis, vnebebis, sabediswero 

swrafvaTa Sejaxebis samyaroa, romelTa Soris siyvaruli ar aris erTaderTi. am 

samyaroSi batonobs da nestans asaxierebs v e f x i s xati-simbolo (`rome vefxi 

mSvenieri saxed misad damisaxavs~ 657), rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom nestanisa da tarielis 

damokidebuleba ufro rTulia, vidre mxolod trfoba da urTierTswrafva. es 

ori gansxvavebuli nebis, ori amayi da TavmoTne pirovnebis dapirispirebaa. TinaTinis 

samyaro, piriqiT, naTelia da harmoniuli. aq mzis xati-simbolo batonobs – es 

TviTkmari naTeli, romelsac arc xsna sWirdeba, arc `lxinnakluloba sWirs~. Tina- 

Tinis samyaroSi naklebia mxatvroba, vidre nestanisaSi, da metia poezia. es ori Tanabrad 

srulyofili, magram gansxvavebuli samyaro poemaSi erT mtkice mTlianobadaa 

Sekruli ara marto siuJeturad, aramed emociurad: avTandilis Rvawli da gancdebis 

mTeli gama, roca man erTi miatova da meorisTvis Tavis dadeba gadawyvita, Tavis 

dramatizms swored am dapirispirebis wyalobiT iZens. 

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orive es idealuri gmiri qali – amdenad msgavsi da amdenad gansxvavebuli – maTi 

motrfiale gmirebis mxriv iracionaluri, movlenaTa Cveulebrivi logikis gareT mdgomi 

damokidebulebis sagania. avTandils Sexvedris bednier wuTebSic mSvenieri satrfos 

winaSe gulistkivili, daukmayofilebloba, grZnobaTa siWarbiT gamowveuli 

tanjva ereva (126, 707, 962), xolo TinaTinis ganmasaxierebeli mze misTvis aseTive or- 

Wofuli, lxenisa da tanjvis Semcveli grZnobis wyaroa. 

wam-wam mobrundis, iajdis misTvis mzisave mzobasa, 

uWvretdis, Tvalni ver moxsnnis, Tu moxsnnis, mihxdis cnobasa 

(631 ix. agreTve 955) 

da piriqiT: 

Rame alxendis, dRe sjidis, elis Casvlasa mzisasa, 

ra wyali naxis, gardaxdis, uWvretdis Wavlsa wylisasa. 

tarielisa da nestanis damokidebulebaSic trfiali da winaaRmdegobis grZnoba, 

erTianoba da dapirispirebuloba iracionaluradaa Sezavebuli erTmaneTTan, rac 

maT urTierTobas Tavidanve dahyveba, Tavis kulminacias ki tarielisgan vefxis mokvlis 

scenaSi aRwevs: 

xrmali gavtyorce, gardviWer, vefxi Sevipyar xeliTa, 

mis gamo kocna mominda, vin mwvavs cecxliTa cxeliTa, 

miRrinvida da mawyenda brWaliTa sisxlTa mRvreliTa, 

veRar gavuZel, igica movkal guliTa xeliTa. 

am orWoful ambivalentur damokidebulebaSi poemis gmir idealur mefe-qalTadmi 

yvelaze mkveTrad vlindeba avtoris subieqtivizmi – vlindeba ise Zlier, rom eWvsac 

ki aRZravs, Tu ramdenad kanonieria `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors, misi suliskveTebisda mixedviT, 

epikosi vuwodoT. gulistkivilamde misuli aRtaceba-aRtyineba srulyofil mefe-qalis 

winaSe `vefxityaosnis~ yvelaze pirovnuli hangia, romelic prologis lirikul 

strofebs (10, 19) da poetis saqarTvelodan gadaxvewis legendebs exmaureba. 

dabali siyvaruli 

garda idealuri siyvarulisa, poemaSi metad realur ferebSi daxatulia araidealuri, 

Cveulebrivi siyvarulic, romelic rogorc gamoxatvis stiliT, ise Tavis 

eTikuri bunebiT pirvelis mkveTrze mkveTr kontrasts Seadgens (fatman-avTandilis 

romani). rom rusTaveli maincdamainc hgmobdes avTandils fatmanTan kavSirisaTvis, 

roca satrfos Ralats mas megobris interesebi ukarnaxebs, es Zalian saeWvoa, Tu ar 

SeuZlebeli: rainduli (`sakaro~) siyvarulis mcnebebi saerTod da rusTavelisa ker- 

Zod, ar ewinaaRmdegeba maRali satrfos SemTxveviTs Ralats naklebi socialuri 

mdgomareobisa da naklebi pirovnuli brwyinvalebis qalTan (amas isic mowmobs, rom 

arc asmaTs da arc nestans ar aSfoTebT tarielis Tanxmoba asmaTis moCvenebiTs 

samijnuro winadadebebze), avTandilis sulieri tanjvac fatmanis sarecelze, 

amgvarad, mxolod satrfosadmi erTgulebis Rrmad adamianuri grZnobis nakarnaxevia 

da ara socialuri an eTikuri akrZalvisa. magram es epizodi yvelaze sainteresoa 

rusTavelis suliskveTebis dasaxasiaTeblad ara avTandilis grZnobaTa gamoxatvis 

mxriv, aramed fatmanis grZnobaTa gamoxatviT. renesansul vaWarTa qalaqs, mxiarulsa 

da mdidar gulnaSaros aseTive renesansuli suliskveTeba Seefereba qalisa da kacis 

urTierTobaSi. da, marTlac, fatmans, Turme, sCvevia msubuqi romanebi, radgan misi 

mdidari qmari `mWle aris da Tvalad nasi~. rusTavelis damokidebuleba fatmanis 

am Tavisufali flirtisadmi, iseve rogorc saerTod vaWarTa bednieri qalaqisadmi, 

uaryofiTia, ukeT – ironiuli; es aris qedmaRluri damokidebuleba aristokratisa, 

romlisTvisac mTeli vaWarTa samyaro mdabali samyaroa. es `vefxistyaosans~ mkveTrad 

asxvavebs bokaCios suliskveTebis renesansuli literaturisagan, romelic qalaquri 

yofisa da msubuqi xorcieli kavSiris scenebs aseTive realizmiT xatavs. g a n - 

w y o b i l e b a avtorisa, nawarmoebis paTosi, iq, rogorc wesi, am xorciel siamovnebaTa 

mxarezea. rusTavelis poemis paTosi, piriqiT, am sma-gaxarebis meorexarisxov- 

213

nebis, misi simdidris mtkicebaSia, igi am fonze idealuri feodal-gmirebis gandidebas 

emsaxureba. avTandil-nestan-tarielis samyaros gulnaSaros samyaro `SefrfinviTa~ 

da bnediT Sescqeris – eseni mas `ze-mxedveli~ wyalobis TvaliT dahyureben. 

magram es mxolod avtoris cnobier pozicias Seexeba. intuiturad, aracnobierad 

poeti marTlac grZnobiT eltvis renesansuli atmosferos am `dabal~ samyaros, mis 

aRweraSi siamovnebas hpovebs da rainduli samyaros maRal grZnobaTa daZabuli dramatizmisgan 

isvenebs. Camoyalibebuli da eWvSeuvali feodali – rusTaveli – am mesame 

wodebis samyaros malulad etrfis. Sua saukuneTa dasasrulis suliskveTebas, 

romelmac rusTavelis grZnoba da goneba gamohkveba, es detali kargad axasiaTebs. 

megobroba 

megobrobas `vefxistyaosnis~ qargaSi TiTqmis iseTive didi adgili uWiravs, rogorc 

siyvaruls, Sefasebis mxriv ki avtori mas siyvarulis Tanabar Rirebulebas ani- 

Webs. megobroba `vefxistyaosanSi~ araa mxolod principi, vali an mcneba – igi imdenadvea 

cxoveli grZnoba, afeqti, ramdenadac kacis siyvaruli qalisadmi da qalisa 

kacisadmi. misi pirveli sababia adamianis fizikuri srulyofa da mSveneba; megobrobasac 

axasiaTebs x e l o b a – gonebis mZlevi, mouTmeneli survili naxvisa Tu Svelisa; 

megobroba gangebisagan movlenili grZnobaa, romelsac adamiani Tavisi nebiT 

ver wauva. Tu poemis mixedviT siyvaruli sixarulisa da tanjvis momtani grZnobaa, 

megobrobas es ormxrivoba ar axasiaTebs: es araa winaaRmdegobrivi grZnoba, Tavisi 

mkafio miznis mqone: 

sami aris moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena: 

pirvel, ndoma siaxlisa, siSorisa ver moTmena, 

micema da aras Suri, Cuqebisa ar mowyena, 

gavlena da moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena. 

avtoris am ukiduresad emociur damokidebulebaSi megobrobisadmi gamoxatuleba 

hpova maTi epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma moxibluloba-aRtacebam pirovnebaSi gansaxierebuli 

fizikuri, esTetikuri da gonebrivi srulyofis idealiT – yovelmxriv 

srulqmnili Wabuki-raindiT, bunebis am umaRlesi qmnilebiT, romliskenac im drois 

yvela swrafva iyo mimarTuli. 

siyvaruli da megobroba adamianTa kavSiris iseTi formebia, romelTac adamianebs 

garegani pirobebi ki ar axvevs Tavze, aramed TviTon irCeven TavianTi sakuTari msjavrisa 

da sakuTari bunebis Sesabamisad (magaliTad, naTesaobisagan, mezoblobisagan 

gansxvavebiT). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rusTavels – adamianTa grZnoba-gonebis Tavisuflebis 

momReralsa da renesansis mesityves – adamianTa sxva yovel kavSirze metad 

maTi urTierTobis es ori saxe ainteresebs. 

214

usTavelis msoflmxedveloba 

215 

korneli kekeliZe 

poemis avtori rom qristiania, es mJRavndeba Semdegidan: 1) is icnobs qristianobis 

zog ritualur movlenas; 2) icnobs qristianuli moZRvrebis pirvelwyaros – biblias, 

e. i. Zvelisa da axali aRTqmis wignebs; 3) mis nawarmoebSi gvaqvs specifikuri 

qristianuli azrebi. 

ritualuri mxare qristianobis, rasakvirvelia, mkveTrad xazgasmuli araa poemaSi 

da arc SeiZleba iyos, Tu mxedvelobaSi gveqneba is garemoeba, rom Cven saqme gvaqvs 

religiuri sakiTxebisadmi, sazogadod, metad TavdaWeril poetTan; magram zog rames 

mainc vpoulobT iseTs am mxriv, rac maCvenebelia misi qristianobisa. poetma icis 

qristianTa is `saidumloeba”, romelsac ziareba ewodeba, da teqnika misi Sesrulebisa; 

amas amJRavnebs Semdegi sityvebi: `Tavisa sisxlTa nu eziarebiT” (388). man icis 

agreTve qristianTa udidesi dResaswauli, romelsac àRdgoma” an àRvseba”, gina 

Tu `paseqi” ewodeba, da masTan dakavSirebuli sixaruli, romlis simbolod wiTeli 

feri (saeklesio sagaloblebSi naTqvamia: `pasqa wiTeli”, Sead. agreTve aRdgomis 

kvercxis wiTlad SeRebvis Cveuleba) iyo miRebuli; es Cans Semdegi sityvebidan: 

moedans davdgi karvebi wiTlisa atlasebisa, 

movida siZe, gardaxda, dRe, hgvanda, ars aRvsebisa (552). 

ese igi: moedani movrTe sazeimod, wiTeli atlasis karvebiT, gegoneboda – aRvsebis 

an aRdgomis dReao. 

poeti rom zedmiwevniT icnobs biblias, es Cans, pirvelyovlisa, iqidan, rom mas 

xSirad mohyavs bibliuri sakuTari saxelebi da terminebi; ase, magaliTad: bisoni 

(719 – mdinare fisoni), edemi (50, 309, 321, 332, 476, 522, 694, 715, 725), levi uria (816), gabaoni 

(331), jojoxeTi (764), satana (787, 874, 1213), eSmaki (118, 574, 805, 1196), belzebeli 

(349). magram yvelaze metad mniSvnelovani da damaxasiaTebelia am mxriv is azrebi da 

citatebi, romlebic poets uxvad mohyavs bibliidan. rodesac Cven citatebis Sesaxeb 

vlaparakobT, imas ki ar vgulisxmobT, rom poets citatebi ucvlelad, sityvasityviT 

mohyavs, amas verc movTxovT mxatvrul nawarmoebs; sayuradRebo isaa, rom poets mxatvrul 

formaSi da saxeebSi moucia igive azri, rasac esa Tu is citata Seicavs, mxolod 

arasodes is wyaros ar asaxelebs, rogorc es miRebuli iyo mis dros. me am 

SemTxvevaSi moviyvan poemidan, strofebis Tanmimdevrobis dacviT, mxolod ramdensame 

mniSvnelovan adgils, romlebic nakarnaxevia bibliis ama Tu im citatiT moyvana yvelasi 

SeuZlebelia, saWiroc araa. 

1. prologis pirveli strofi azriTa da frazeologiiT gameorebaa bibliisa: 

romelman Seqmna samyaro 

ZaliTa miT ZlieriTa, 

zegardmo arsni suliTa yvna zeciT 

monaberiTa; 

Cven, kacTa, mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs 

uTvalavi feriTa; 

misgan ars yovli xelmwife saxiTa 

mis mieriTa. 

Seqmna RmerTman samyaro (Sesaq. I, 7) STabera 

pirsa missa suli sicocxlisa da 

iqmna kaci sulad cxovelad (Sesaq. II, 7). 

aRavseT queyana da eufleniT mas da mTavrobdiT 

TevzTa zRvisaTa da mxecTa da 

frinvelTa cisaTa da yovelTa pirutyvTa 

da yovelsa queyanasa da yovelTa qvewarmavalTa 

queyanasa zeda (Sesaq. I, 28). 

ara ars xelmwifebaÁ, garna RmrTisagan, 

da romelni igi arian xelmwifeni, RmrTisa 

mier ganwesebul arian (rom. XIII, 1).

2. `raca vis ra bedma misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdes: muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, 

meomari gulovnobdes” (11). iur. maris sityviT, es adgili paralelia `Sahnames” Semdegi 

debulebisa: `meomari da xelosani erTi mimarTulebiT ar unda iCendnen TavianT 

unars; dee, erTma imuSaos, meorem ibrZolos, TviTeul maTgans ueWvelad Sesaferi 

saqme aqvs” (`mnaTobi” 1934 w., #9, gv. 144). sityvieri msgavseba ueWvelia, magram ideuri 

igiveoba ara Cans: firdousi ambobs, rom yvela unda akeTebdes imas, ris gakeTeba mas 

SeuZlia Tavisi unarisa da codnis mixedviT, magram is aravis avalebs mudam am codnaze 

darCes da sxvaze ar ifiqros. Cveni poeti ki moiTxovs – adamiani `dasjerdes” 

mas, rac `bedman misca”; am SemTxvevaSi is imeorebs imas, rasac pavle mociquli ambobs: 

`TviTeuli adamiani unda darCes im wodebaSi” – ese igi _ mdgomareobaSi, _ romelSiac 

is mowodebulia” (1 kor. VII, 20). 

3. `vardTa da nexvTa vinaTgan mze sworad moefinebis, didTa da wvrilTa wyaloba 

Senca nu mogewyinebis” (49); es igivea, rac saxarebis sityvebi: `rameTu mze misi (Rv- 

Tisa) aRmovals borotTa zeda da keTilTa da swvims marTalTa zeda da cruTa” (mT. 

V, 45). 

4. erTi SexedviT iseTi paradoqsi, rogoricaa – `rasaca gascem – Senia, rasc ara 

_ dakargulia!” (50), gameorebaa im azrisa, rac saxarebaSi asea gamoTqmuli: `romelman 

moipovos suli TÂsi, warwymidos igi; da romelman warwymidos suli TÂsi, moipovos 

igi” (mT. X, 39; mar. VIII, 35; lk. IX, 24 rusulad `кто сбережет душу свою, потеряет ее, а 

кто потеряет, сбережет ее”). 

5. àmad rome Secodeba Svidgzis Tqmula Sesandoblad” (246), imeorebs saxarebis 

Semdeg adgils: `daRaTu Svidgzis dResa Sina Segcodos Sen Zmaman Senman... miuteve 

mas” (mT. XVIII, 22; lk. XVII, 4). 

6. `vinca kacman Zma iZmos, Tu daca idos, xams Tu, misTvis sikvdilsa da Wirsa Tavi 

ar dahridos” (306); aq xazgasmuli azri Zmisa da megobrisaTvis Tavis dadebis Sesaxeb 

amoRebulia saxarebidan, sadac naTqvamia: ùfrosi amisa siyuaruli aravis aqus, 

raTa suli Tvisi dasdvas megobarTa TvisTaTvis” (in. VV, 13); igive azri asea gamoTqmuli 

solomonis ìgavebSi”: `yovelsa zeda Jamsa raTa iyos Senda megobari, xolo 

Zmani Wirsa Sina saxmar arian, rameTu amisaTvis iSobian” (XVII, 17), àrs megobari 

Tanamikrul ufros Zmisa” (XVIII, 25). 

7. `RmerTman erTi riT acxovnos, Tu meore ar wawymidos!” (306); aq, rasakvirvelia, 

laparakia ara saiqao cxoneba-warwymedaze, rogorc zogierTsa hgonia. am SemTxvevaSi 

aRniSnulia kavSiri or kontrastul movlenas Soris: sicocxlesa (àcxovnos”) da 

sikvdils (`warwymidos”), sicoxle-arseboba ganpirobebulia mospoba-sikvdiliT. es 

azri, romelic prokles ase hqonda gamoTqmuli: `sikvdili erTisa aris winamZRvari 

da aucilebeli piroba meoris sicocxlisa”, xolo nemesio emesels – `sxvisa qmnasa 

sxvisa xrwnad ityvian da kualad sxvisa xrwnasa sxvisa qmnad” (bunebisaTvis kacisa, 

gv. 66, s. gorgaZis gamocema), gameorebaa mociquli pavlesi, romelic ambobs: `Sen romeli 

dasTesi, ara cxovndis, vidremde ara mokudis” (1 kir. XV, 36); es niSnavs: daTesili 

ar gacocxldeba, Tu ar mokvda”, ese igi – jejilis aRmoceneba – sicocxle 

damyarebuli sikvdilsa da xrwnaze. 

8. `Sen ar gatexa kargi gWirs zenaarisa, ficisa, xams gasruleba moyvrisa siyvarulisa 

mtkicisa” (706); es xom igivea, rac `kacman, romelman aRuTquas ufalsa, anu 

fucos fici, ara ganacruvos sityua Tvisi; yoveli, raodeni gamoxdes pirisagan misisa, 

yos igi”” (ricxvTa, XXX, 3). 

9. `Tu lxini gvinda RmrTisagan, Wirnica SeviwynaroTa” (726); es aris dadebiTi pasuxi 

da ganmeoreba Semdegi adgilisa: ùkueTu keTili SeviwynareT xelisagan uflisa, 

boroti ara moviTminoTa?” (iob. II, 10). 

10. `meSinian, Tumca SiSsa mociquli ver dahridobs” (754); aseTive `SiSis ar ridoba”, 

es igi – arad Cagdeba, xazgasmulia bibliaSic: `nu geSinin nuca erTisa SiSisa- 

...xolo SiSisa maTisaTvis nu geSinin, nuca SesZrwundebiT ( I petr. III, 6,14), `SiSi ara 

ars siyuarulsa Tana, aramed srulman siyvarulman gareganagdis SiSi (Iion. IV, 1-8). 

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11. `wagikiTxavs, siyvarulsa mociqulni ragvar sweren? viT ityvian, viT aqeben? 

can, cnobani miaferen. `siyvaruli aRgvamaRlebs”, viT eJvanni, amas JReren” (791); es 

adgili pirdapiri gamoxmaurebaa im azrebisa, romlebic gatarebulia pavle mociqulis 

1 korn. VIII, 1; XIII, 1 – 8, 14. 

12. `miec glaxakTa saWurWle, aTavisufle monebi” (803); marTalia, glaxakTa gaki- 

Txva da monisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWeba islamiTac karg saqmed iTvleba, magram, 

rogorc garkveulia, es ambavi islamSi nakarnaxevia qristianizmiT, romelic ambobs: 

`ganyide monagebi Seni da miec glaxakTa” (mT. XIX, 21; lk. XVIII, 22) da `monasa nu xuebul 

hyof ganTavisuflebisagan” (iso zir. VII, 23). 

13. `gamoWril var saxliT CemiT, viT iremi Zebnad wylisad” (855), `SenTvis asre 

momsurdebis, wyarosaTvis viT iremsa” (1656); es sityvebi gameorebaa fsalmunis (44,1) 

Semdegi muxlisa: `viTarca saxed surin iremsa wyaroTa mimarT wylisaTa, egre surin 

sulsa Cemsa Sendami, RmerTo”. 

14. àras gargebs swavluleba, Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsa: ar ixmareb, ras xelsa 

hxdi saunjesa dafarulsa?” (902); aq igive azria gamoTqmuli, rac brZnis iso ziraqis 

(XX, 30) Semdeg sityvebSi: `sibrZne dafaruli da saunje gamouCeneli – ra sargebel 

ars orTave Sina?” (Sead. iqve, Tavi 41, 17). is visramianis qarTulad mTargmnelsac gamouyenebia 

Tavis dros. 

15. `Sen xar savseba yovelTa, aRgavseb mzeebr feniTa” (917), gamoZaxilia mociqulis 

sityvebisa: ìeso qriste ars savseba aRmavsebelisa yovlisa yovelsa Sina” (efesel. 

I, 23). 

16. `RmerTsamca viT ar SeeZlo kvla gankurneba wylulisa” (929), `wylulsa, misgan 

dakodilsa, masve Zaluc gankurneba” (1454); es gameorebaa Semdegi azrisa: ìtyvis ufali: 

me movswyli da me ganvhkurni” (meore Sjuli XXXII, 39). 

17. ìgia mzrdeli yovlisa danergul-daTesulisa” (929); es paralelia pavle mociqulis 

Semdegi Tqmisa: àrc damsxmeli (damnergvel-damTesveli) ra ars, arca momrwyveli, 

aramed aRmaorZinebeli (mzrdeli) RmerTi” ((I kor. III, 7). 

18. `bolod yovli damaluli saqme cxadad gamocxaddes” (939), pirdapiri gameorebaa 

Semdegi sityvebisa: àraraÁ ars dafaruli, romeli ara gamocxadnes, da damaluli, 

romeli ara sacnaur iyos” (luk. XII, 2). 

19. `marTlad ityvis mociquli – `SiSi Seiqms siyvarulsa” (1045); brZeni iso ziraqi 

ambobs: `SiSi daadgens gzaTa zeda siyuarulisaTa” (I, 13). 

20. `kaco, Zalsa nu iqadi, nuca mohkvex viTa mTvrali, aras gargebs Zliereba, Tu 

ar Segwevs RmrTisa Zali” (1046); winaswarmetyveli ambobs: `nu iqadin Zlieri Zlierebisa 

mier Tvisisa” (ierem. IX, 23 - 24). 

21. `miT diacsa samalavi arasTana ar eTxrobis” (1081); riT gansxvavdeba es adgili 

Semdegisagan: `Tanamesarecelisagan dafare, ara Txrobad raime misda”? (miq. VII, 5). 

22. `dedismucliT ra gamomyva?” (1168), kiTxviTi formiT gamoTqmuli azri bibliisa: 

`SiSveli gamovel muclisagan dedisa Cemisa” (iob. I, 21). 

23. va, oqro misTa moyvasTa arodis miscems lxenasa, 

dRe sikvdilamdis sixarbe Seaqnevs kbilTa RrWenasa: 

Sesdis da gasdis, aklia, emdurvis etlTa rbenasa, 

kvla aqa sulsa daubams, dauSlis aRmafrenasa. (1197) 

es sityvebi gavrcobaa mxatvrul formaSi Semdegi sityvebisa: `rameTu Ziri ars 

yovelTa borotTa vecxlismoyvareoba, romlisaTvis vieTme Tavni Tvisni SesTxines 

salmobaTa mravalTa” (I timoT. VI, 9 -10). 

24. `va, sawuTro, sicruviT Tavi satanas adare” (1213), aq satana, eSmaki, gamoyvanilia 

sicruis, tyuilis sazomad da matareblad. sicruisa da tyuilis gansaxierebad 

warmodgenilia is saxarebaSic: satana, eSmaki `WeSmaritebasa ara daadgra, rameTu 

WeSmariteba ara ars misTana; odes ityvis tyuvilsa, Tvisisagan gulisa ityvin, rame- 

Tu mtyuar ars da rameTu mamaca misi mtyuari ars” (ioan. VIII, 44). 

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25. `viT moixmaros monaman patronsa zeda xrmalia?” (1485); aq patronymuri urTierTobis 

terminologiiT gadmocemulia bibliis Semdegi sityvebi: `vin ganmartos xeli 

Tvisi cxebulsa zeda uflisasa”? (I mef. 26, 9). 

26. `brZenTa uTqvams siyvaruli, bolod misi ar waxdoma” (1544); aq nagulisxmevia 

mociqulis sityvebi: `siyuaruli arasada davardebis” (I korn. XIII, 8). 

27. `Sigan maTTa sabrZanisTa Txa da mgeli erTad sZovdes” (1664), amoRebulia isaia 

winaswarmetyvelidan, sadac naTqvamia: `maSin Zovdes mgeli kravTa Tana da vefxi 

TikanTa Tana ganisuenebdes”, `maSin mgelni da kravni Zovdnen erTbamad” (XI, 6; LXV, 

25). 

moyvanili adgilebidan vxedavT, rom poeti Tavisi miznebisaTvis sargeblobs bibliis 

azrebiTa da saxeebiT. zogierTi misi Sexeduleba bibliis ama Tu im debulebis 

ganmeorebaa. ase, magaliTad: 

1. zemoT Cven amovwereT yvela atributi RvTaebisa, romelsac uCvenebs Cveni poeti, 

aRvniSneT ara marto metafizikuri predikatebi misi, aramed anTropomorfulic, rogorc 

pozitiuri, ise negaciuri. zogi am atributTagani zogadi xasiaTisaa, damaxasiaTebeli 

sxvadasxva religiuri sistemisa, magram aris iseTi, romelic qristianizmis 

specifikas Seadgens da sxva religiisaTvis ucxoa. aseTia idea RvTis saxierebisa 

(576), romelic gamoixateba imaSi, rom RmerTi aris `yovlisaTvis tkbilad mxedi” (113) 

da `tkbilad mwyalobeli” (112), keTili (1509) da siyvaruliT aRsavse iqamde, rom mudam 

mzadaa mis winaSe damnaSaves da Secodebuls (470) Seundos, Seundos ara erTxel, 

aramed Svidgzis (246) – mravaljer. es idea aris kuTvnileba qristianobisa, romelmac 

aseTi lozungi wamoayena: `RmerTi siyuaruli ars” (1 ioan. IV, 8, 16), man, RmerTman, 

esreT Seiyuara sofeli ese, viTarmed Zeca Tvisi mxolodSobili misca mas” (ioan. 

III, 16), misca mis winaSe damnaSave kacobriobas `mlxineblad codvaTa” misTa, `raTa 

cxonden mis mier” (I ioan. IV, 9 - 10). sxva religiur sistemebSi siyvaruliT aRsavse 

RvTaebis, saxieri RmerTis adgils ikavebs an berZnul-romaelTa ganyenebuli samarTlianoba 

(Justitia), an ebraelTa `Tvali Tvalisa wil da kbili kbilisa wil”, an aRmosavleTis 

mrisxane Seixi, romelic erTsa da imave dros baton-patronic aris da 

ulmobeli msajulic Tavisi qveSevrdomebisa (mahmadianoba). 

2. avtori poemisa, gamsWvaluli swavlis da codnisadmi uaRresi pativiT, cxovrebaSi, 

adamianTa urTierTobaSi, upiratesobas mainc praqtikul moqmedebasa da saqmianobas 

aniWebs; is ambobs: àra viqm, codna ras margebs filosofosTa brZnobisa?” 

(790), àras gargebs swavluleba, Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsa” (902). am SemTxvevaSi 

Cven saqme gvaqvs qristianizmis im debulebasTan, romelic codnaze, kerZod religiur 

codnaze, _ sarwmunoebaze, _ maRla saqmes, moqmed siyvaruls ayenebs: `Tu me vuwode 

yoveli saidumloÁ da yoveli mecnierebaÁ, xolo siyvaruli ara maqundes, aravera 

var” (1 korn. XIII, 2), `Tu Sens Zmas an das, romelic SiSvelia da dRiur sazrdos 

moklebuli, etyvi: wadi mSvidobiT, gaZexi da gaTbi, xolo ar miscem imas, rac 

misTvis saWiroa, ra sargebelia? msgavsad amisa, sarwmunoeba, ukueTu ara aqundes 

saqmeni, mkudar ars” (iakob. II, 15 - 17). 

3. vefxistyaosanSi mkvlevaris yuradRebas uneblieT ipyrobs `fatalisturi” tendencia 

qristianuli `gangebis” cnebiT warmodgenili; marTlac, yuri davugdoT poets: 

gangebasa vervin Sescvlis, ar saqmneli ar iqmnebis. (190) 

gangebaa, dResca momklavs, qvemca sada davimaleT? (438) 

gangebiT qmnilsa risxvasa veravin dahridebia. (766) 

raca RmerTsa ara swaddes, ara saqme ar iqmnebis. (793) 

ar gardava garduvalad momavali saqme zena, 

arvis Zaluc xorcielsa gangebisa gardavlena. (795) 

raca RmerTsa gaugia Tavsa Cemsa gardasavlad, gardamxdes... (796) 

ar Tu ici, ugangebod ara kaci ar mokvdebis? (903) 

raca mova saqme zena, momavali ar agvscTebis. (1035) 

aras gargebs Zliereba, Tu ar Segwevs RmrTisa Zali. (1046) 

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Tu yvelaferi qveyanasa da kacis Tavze gangebisa da RvTisaganaa movlinebuli, Tu 

adamians ugangebod da uRvTod arafris gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, Tu yvelaferi ise ga- 

Tavdeba, rogorc gadawyvetilia RvTis gangebiT, maSin radRa unda moqmedebdes da 

irjebodes adamiani? radRa moqmedebs ase TavgamodebiT avTandili da rad eZebs 

TavdaviwyebiT tarielsa da nestans, is avTandili, romelic poemiT yvelaze metadaa 

gamsWvaluli amgvari SexedulebiT? avTandili aramc Tu irjeba da moqmedebs, gulovnobasac 

ki asabuTebs aseTi rwmeniTa da SexedulebiT; ai misi sityvebi: 

ugangebod versa mizmen, Secamebnen xmelTa spani; 

gangebaa, ar davrCebi, laxvarnia CemTvis mzani; 

ver mixsnian ver cixeni, ver moyvasni, verca Zmani, 

vinca icis ese asre, Cemebrvea gulovani. (1039) 

ratomaa `gulovani”? amaze pasuxs Semdeg sityvebSi vpoulobT: `bedi, cda da gamarjveba, 

RmerTsa undes, mocagxvdebis” (903); ese igi – Cven unda bedi vcadoT, vecadoT, 

da, rac Seexeba gamarjvebas, Tu RmerTs unda, gavimarjvebT. maSasadame, poetis 

SexedulebiT, gamarjveba or ramezea damokidebuli: 1) adamianis garjaze, Tu adamiani 

ar gairjeba, is ver gaimarjvebs, 2) RvTis neba-survilze, Tu RmerTs ar unda, 

adamiani, bevrsac rom cdilobdes, veras gaxdeba. erTi sityviT, adamianis garja da 

RvTis survili, ai aucilebeli piroba gamarjvebisa. am SemTxvevaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs 

`sinergizmis” an `koordinaciis” sistemasTan, romelic qristianobis kuTvnilebaa. 

qristianoba, misi pirvelwyaroebis mixedviT, fatalisturi religiacaa da, Tu gnebavT, 

arafatalisturic. misi moZRvrebiT, RvTis nebis gareSe araferi ar keTdeba, Tu 

RmerTs ar unda, adamianis Tavidan erTi Tmac ar Camovardeba Zirs, ise, rogorc ar 

`davardeba queyanasa zeda Tvinier nebisa misisa” patara Citic ki (mT.. X. 29). `Tu 

ufalman ar aaSena saxli, tyvilad irjebian maSenebelni misni, Tu ufalman ar daicva 

qalaqi, tyvilad ifrTxoben Zils misni mcvelni” (fsal. 126, 1 - 2), àra kacisagan 

ars gza misi” (ierem. X, 33). rogorc vxedavT, qristianizmis `fatalizmi” iseTivea, ro 

goric vefxistyaosnis; qristianoba ar xmarobs termins `fatumi”, `bedi”, mis nacvlad 

man SeiTvisa antikidan (gansxvavebuli SinaarsiT) termini `gangeba”, romelsac Zalian 

xSirad Cveni poetic xmarobs. rogorc Cveni poeti moiTxovs, gamarjvebis mizniT, Rv- 

Tis nebasTan erTad, adamianis garjas da moqmedebas, ise qristianobac, RvTis nebagangebasTan 

erTad, gamarjvebisaTvis Txoulobs adamianis aqtivobas, moqmedebas da 

garjas. ai ras vkiTxulobT amis Sesaxeb: àmieriTgan, Zmano Cemno, SeimoseT yovladsaWurveli 

igi RmrTisa, raTa SeuZloT Tqven winadadgomad manqanebaTa maT eSmakisaTa... 

amisaTvis aRiReT yovladsaWurveli igi RmrTisa, raTa SeuZloT winadadgomad 

dResa mas borotsa, da yovelsave iqmodeT, raTa sdgeT... aRiReT fari igi sarwmunoebisa, 

romliTa SeuZloT yovelTa maT isarTa borotisaTa ganxurvebulTa daSretad” 

(efes. VI, 10 - 17). rogorc vxedavT, damTxveva am mxriv qristianobasa da vefxistyaosans 

Soris zedmiwevniTia. 

4. vefxistyaosnis mkiTxvels ar SeuZlia yuradReba ar miaqcios im kontrasts, 

romelic, avtoris SexedulebiT, arsebobs RmerTsa da qveyanas Soris. erTi mxriv 

ùxvi RmerTi”, meore mxriT, `Zviri sofeli” (931); erTis mxriv – saxieri, keTili, 

tkbili RmerTi, meore mxriT – cru da muxTali (339), flidi (754), cremliTa mdeneli 

(700, 918), borotiT aRsavse (879) sofeli, romelic mqnelia imisa, rac `mas SeSvenis” 

(1298), da romelic yvelasa swvavs `soflisa qmnisa wesiTa” (927), romelic aRsavsea 

WiriTa da vaebiT, iqamdis, rom ùeklod vardis mogleja SeuZlebelia” (877), `yola 

lxinsa ver iamebs kaci WirTa gaduxdeli” (1637). am sofels `brZenni icnoben” da, rogorc 

aseTs, `swunoben”, is `maTgan sawunelia” (1294). es kontrasti reliefurad aris 

gamoxatuli Semdeg strofSi: 

va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabruneb, ra zne gWirsa! 

yovli Seni mondobili niadagmca Cemebr tirsa; 

sad waiyvan sadaursa, sad aRufxvri sadiT Zirsa! 

magra RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa. (951) 

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aRniSnuli kontrasti aixsneba ara dualisturi msoflmxedvelobiT, romlis mixedviT 

qveyana, rogorc materia, boroti sawyisia da boroteba Seadgens mis Tvisebas; 

arc filosofosi platonis SexedulebiT, romelic Semdeg ukiduresobamde daiyvana 

gnostikma markionma, viTomc is, qveyana, iyos qmnileba meorexarisxovani, arasrulyofili 

RvTaebisa Tu Zalisa. ratom? imitom, rom poemaSi Cven saqme gvaqvs sastik monoTeizmTan, 

erTi RmerTis idea wamyvani ideaa imaSi, am erT RmerTs aq aravin ar ecileba 

Zala-uflebas, arc material da arc meorexarisxovani RmerTi; yvelaferi, rac 

arsebobs, maSasadame – materialuri qveyanac, misi qmnilebaa (`romelman Seqmna samyaro”), 

da, Tu asea, qveyana, rogorc materia, ver iqneba boroteba, radganac `borotTa 

umyofo RmerTi”, romlisaTvis `keTilnia mzani” (1509), borotebasa da borots ver 

gaaCenda: `RmerTi kargsa moavlinebs da borotsa ar dabadebs” (1492); `borotimca rad 

Seeqmna keTilisa Semoqmedsa?” (113), kiTxulobs avtori. maS raSia saqme? aqac, am Sem- 

TxvevaSiac, Tavi iCina Cveni poetis qristianulma suliskveTebam. qristianizmiT saxieri 

RmerTis mier Seqmnili qveyana da yvelaferi, rac am qveyanazea, aris ara boroteba, 

aramed keTili (Sesaq. I, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, 21, 25): `da ixilna RmerTman yovelni, raodenni 

qmnna, da aha keTil friad” (Sesaq. I, 31), `yoveli dabadebuli RmrTisa keTil 

ars” (1 timoT. IV, 4). magram mas Semdeg, rac adamianma `Tavisufali neba” gamoiyena 

ara jerisamebr da Sescoda, `yoveli sofeli borotsa zeda dgas” (1 ioan. V, 20), 

`codva soflad Semovida da codvisa ZliT sikudili”(rom. V, 12), àmaoebasa daemor- 

Cila dabadebuli” (rom. VIII, 21), ìwro Seiqna bWe da gasaWir gza, romeli miiyvanebs 

cxovrebasa” (mT. VII, 14). Secodebis Sedegad `wyeul iqmna queyana saqmeTa Sina” kacisaTa, 

romelic `mwuxarebiTa SWams mas yovelTa dReTa cxovrebisa” misisaTa da romelsac 

is, qveyana, èkalsa da kurosTavsa aRmoucenebs” (Sesaq. III, 17-18). erTi sityviT, 

am samwuxaro faqtis Semdeg adamianis cxovreba waremarTa `wesTa maTebr amis soflisaTa” 

(kol. II, 8). ase gadaWra qristianobam antikuri filosofiisaTvisac Tavsamtvrevi 

da saWirboroto problema zemoaRniSnuli kontrastisa da am qveynad borotebis 

arsebobisa. am safuZvelze dgas dasaxelebul sakiTxSi Cveni poetic. boroteba, 

bneli, misi SexedulebiT, keTilisa da sinaTlis gaZlierebas emsaxureba, is 

xanmoklea da keTilis mier daTrgunuli iqneba: ìtyvis: RmerTo, ra gmsaxuro, gaminaTlda 

raTgan bneli! vcan simokle borotisa, keTilia misi grZeli” (1435), `borotsa 

sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia” (1361). esec qristianuli Sexedulebaa; misi 

moZRvrebiTac amqveyniuri Wiri da boroteba xanmoklea, is aucilebelicaa arsebobis 

sistemaSi, radganac xels uwyobs keTilisa da didebis gamovlinebas, is daTrgunuli 

iqneba da am gziT aRdgeba odesRac darRveuli harmonia. `rameTu sawuTo ese mcire 

Wiri Cueni, _ ambobs mociquli, _ gardametebulsa da gardareulsa didsa didebasa 

saukunesa Seiqms CuenTvis” (2 korn. IV, 17); `Tu mcired vitanjebiT, mdidrad qvelyofil 

viqmnebiT” (sibrZ. III, 5), ùkanasknel mteri igi – sikudili”, romelic ganxorcielebaa 

qveynad arsebuli borotebisa, `ganqardes; dainTqa sikudili ZleviTa. sada 

ars, sikudilo, sawerteli Seni, sada ars, jojoxeTo, Zleva Seni?” (1 korn. XV, 26, 

54-55). saboloo daTrgunva da Zleva borotisa, moxdeba im àxalsa casa da queyanasa 

zeda”, `romelsa Sina damkvidrebul ars simarTle” saukuno (2 petr. III, 14). 

moyvanili adgilebis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, uWvmiutanelad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom avtori 

poemisa qristiania. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom es adgilebi maCvenebelia ara poetis 

rwmenisa, aramed mxolod imisa, rom mas ukiTxavs qristianTa saRmrTo werilic; 

magram raRa maincdamainc qristianTa saRmrTo werilia misTvis cnobili, raRa ueWvelad 

is ukiTxavs mas da ara misi RviZli sarwmunoebis (Tu is qristiani araa) wignebi, 

ratom imaT ar imowmebs is? es garemoeba albaT SeaSfoTebs mkvlevarTa im fr- 

Tas, romelnic ratomRac mzad arian rusTveli gamoacxadon mimdevrad yovelgvari 

sarwmunoebisa, mxolod ara qristianobisa, romelnic fiqroben, rom is ver avidoda 

im poetur simaRleze, romelzedac dgas, Tu qristiani iqneboda da ara sxva romelime 

religiis mimdevari. Tu saSualo saukuneTa mwerlisaTvis, samwuxarod, SeuZlebeli 

iyo Tavis daRweva religiuri crumorwmuneobisagan, Cven vamjobinebdiT, rom 

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is isev qristiani yofiliyo, vidre mahmadiani, maniqeveli gina Tu adepti pirvelyofili 

mzisTayvanismcemlobisa; nu daviviwyebT imas, rom SedarebiT sxvebTan, qristianobam 

ufro metad dauaxlova Cveni qveyana mowinave da ganaTlebul qveynebs, rom 

man Semoitana CvenSi ara marto kulti, aramed garkveuli kulturac. magram amaze 

apriorulad ki ar unda vmsjelobdeT, aramed im monacemTa mixedviT, romelTac poemaSi 

vpoulobT, poemaSi ki Cven qristianis fizionomias vxedavT. 

rodesac Cven rusTvelis qristianobis Sesaxeb vlaparakobT, unda Semdegi garemoeba 

gvaxsovdes. rusTveli mTlianad emyareba qristianizmis pirvelwyaros, biblias, 

`saRmrTo werils” (miaqcieT yuradReba zemomoyvanil citacias, iq ar aris arcerTi 

arabibliuri citata), am mxriv is warmomadgenelia e. w. `bibliuri” qristianobisa da 

Teologiisa (es SedarebiT axali drois terminia), misTvis ucxoa dogmatur-eklesiuri 

qristianoba, romelic aRmocendeba msoflio krebaTa da Semdegi drois sqolastikur-mistikur 

gonebriv akrobatobaze, misTvis ucxoa mTeli is balasti, romelic 

qristianobas Seezarda Semdeg, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, da romelTa winaaRmdeg dasavleT 

evropaSi gabeduli xma pirvelad reformaciis winamorbedebma XV saukuneSi 

amoiRes. amitomaa is mowinave adamiani da progresulad moazrovne religiur sfero- 

Siac ki. aq unda veZioT mizezi imisa, rom, Tu mas momdevno saukuneebSi garkveuli 

wreebi religiur niadagzedac sdevnida, sdevnida ara imitom, rom is sazogadod 

qristiani ar iyo, aramed imitom, rom is ar iyo mimdevari da motrfiale dogmaturi 

qristianobisa, xolo im xanebSi sxvanairi qristianoba warmoudgeneli iyo. 

meore, rac sayuradReboa rusTvelis msoflgagebaSi, rac mas axasiaTebs agreTve 

rogorc mowinave moazrovnes da did humanists, aris is garemoeba, rom religias is 

saerTod ar Tvlis cxovrebis mamoZravebel Zalad. adamianTa urTierTobis sakiTxSi 

man iseve gadalaxa religiuri karCaketiloba da zRudeebi, rogorc erovnuli (ukanasknelis 

Sesaxeb zemoT gvqonda laparaki). tarieli, avTandili, fridoni, asmaTi da 

sxv. TavianT moqmedebaSi gaerTianebuli arian ara religiuri naTesaobiT, ara imiT, 

rom isini mahmadianebada Canan, aramed im SegnebiT, rom isini àdamianebi” da Zmadnaficebi 

arian, rom maT aqvT erTi da igive adamianuri mizani – brZola bednierebisa- 

Tvis da am brZolaSi keTilis borotze gamarjveba. 

amrigad, Cvens poets qristianoba ar uSlis xels darCes Tavisi drois did humanistad 

da mowinave, progresulad moazrovne adamianad. 

221

platoni da rusTveli 

222 

baCana bregvaZe 

`vefxistyaosnis~ prologis kidev erTi _ meTerTmete strofi (`raca visca bedman 

misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdes~...) gvimowmebs, rom rusTveli kargad icnobda 

platonis socialur Teoriasac, gadmocemuls mis utopiur `saxelmwifoSi~ 

(`Politeiva~) mkiTxvelis sayuradRebod unda SevniSnoT, rom gansaxilveli strofis 

dedaazri karga xania, rac davukavSireT `saxelmwifos~ socialur doqtrinas. amitomac 

aq TiTqmis mTlianad gadmogvaqvs Cveni gamokvlevis _ àntikuri civilizaciis 

gvirgvini~ _ erT-erTi qveTavi, 1 romelSiac zemoxsenebuli problemaa ganxiluli da 

gaanalizebuli. 

saxelmwifo, platonis mixedviT, erTi mTliani organizmia, romlis asoebic sazogadoebis 

calkeuli fenebi, socialuri jgufebi Tu individualuri wevrebi arian 

TavianTi mkveTrad gamokveTili, TavisTavadi da erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli funqciebiT, 

da mxolod maTi harmoniuli Tanxmoba, maTi erToblivi TanamSromloba gansazRvravs 

saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis sijansaResa da sicocxlisunarianobas. 

`Cven, _ ityvis ufro gvian romis didi imperatori, _ TanamSromlobisa da Tanamo- 

RvaweobisTvis varT Seqmnilni, rogorc xelebi, fexebi, quTuToni, zeda da qveda ybebi, 

amitom urTierTwinaaRdgoma bunebis winaaRmdeg aRZvrasa niSnavs, magram vinc gmobs 

da gaurbis moyvass, winaaRmdgomic igia misi~. 2 (aRsaniSnavia, rom qristianoba ber- 

Znul-romauli stoicizmis meSveobiT, TiTqmis sityva-sityviT gaiziarebs am platonur 

koncefcias: `viTarca erTsa mas guamsa mraval asoeb aqus, xolo asoebsa mas yovelsa 

ara igive saqme aqus, egreca Cuen yovelni erT guam varT qristes mier, xolo 

TviTeulni erTierTas asoeb varT~). 3 

ara marto SinaaSliloba, ara marto sazogadoebis wevrTa urTierT winaaRmdeg 

aRZvra, _ aramed maTi funqciebis urTierTaRrevac saxelmwifosaTvis udidesi ubedurebis 

saTaved gvevlineba. aTenis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva berZnuli polisis 

demokratia ki funqciaTa swored amnair aRrevas uwyobda xels. politikuri cxovrebis 

ukiduresi demokratizacia, rogorc gvimowmebs aristotele, TandaTanobiT totaluri 

Tanasworuflebianobis, ufro sworad, totaluri uuflebobis, saxelmwifoebrivi 

dezorganizaciis, usaxo, upirovno da uprincipo brbois SeuzRudav mbrZaneblad, 

e. w. òxlokratiad~, anu faqtiur anarqiad iqceva. 4 es katastrofa garduvalia, 

vinaidan TviT saxelmwifo wes-wyobileba, romelic Tanabrad upirispirdeba gonebasac 

da bunebasac, Tavis TavSive imarxavs daSlisa da gadagvarebis Tesls. mkacri 

TanmimdevrobiT gviCvenebs platoni, rogor uwyobs xels TanamSromlobisa da Tanaarsebobis 

eTikur sawyisTa rRveva, saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mamoZravebel stimulad 

martooden materialuri dainteresebis miCneva da sazogadoebis calkeuli fenebisa 

Tu kerZo moqalaqeTa specifikuri funqciebis urTierTaRreva maxinji socialuri 

sistemebis _ timokratiis, oligarqiis, demokratiis, tiraniis aRmocenebas, ma- 

Ts erTmaneTSi gadasvlasa da, bolos, maTsave wiaRSi uricxvi sazogadoebrivi borotebis 

_ zneobrivi mankierebis, ekonomiuri rutinis, politikuri anarqiis TandaTanobiT 

momwifebasa da ganviTarebas. 5 

rogor SeiZleba am borotebis acileba Tavidan? ranair saSualebebs unda mivmar- 

ToT saimisod, rom adamianebi TavianT Slegur vnebebsa da survilebs, angarebian 

1 ix. Pplatoni, timeosi, Tb., 1994, gv. 265-269. 

2 markus avreliusi, fiqrebi, II, 1. 

3 pavle, romaelTa mimarT, XII, 4-5. 

4 ix. Н. Кареев, Государство-город античного мира. СПБ., 1903, стр. 131. 

5 ix. `saxelmwifo~, VIII: timokratia - 545 c-550 c; oligarqia - 550 c-557 a; demokratia - 557 a-562 

a; 564 d-565 d; tirania - 562 a-564 c; 565 d-569 e; IX - 572 d-580 b.

interesebsa da pativmoyvarul miswrafebebs ki ar emonebodnen, aramed ganuxrelad 

asrulebdnen TavianT WeSmarit daniSnulebas, e. i. sibrZnisa da siqvelis, samarTlianobisa 

da mSvenierebis, erTis sityviT, uzenaesi sikeTis sufevas amkvidrebdnen am 

qveynad? saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis yvela maxinj sistemas, sazogadoebrivi organizaciis 

yvela mankier formas platoni mkveTrad upirispirebs samarTlianobasa da 

gonierebaze, zneobrivi sawyisis zeobaze dafuZnebuli saxelmwifos sakuTar proeqts. 

am saxelmwifos arsebiTi niSania misi komponentebis organuli mTlianoba, sxvadasxva 

socialuri wrisa Tu fenis, wodebisa Tu profesiis harmoniuli erTianoba, 

romlis uryev garantadac Sromis danawilebis principi gvevlineba. magram moqalaqeTa 

socialur diferenciacias, platonis mixedviT, martooden Sromis danawileba, 

martooden ekonomikuri faqtori rodi ganapirobebs. gacilebiT ufro didi mniSvneloba 

eniWeba am diferenciaciis eTikursa da inteleqtualur safuZvels. sazogadoebis 

wevrTa erTsulovneba, maTi urTierTTanxmoba da erToblivi TanamSromloba 

sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom isini bunebrivi monacemebiTac _ niWiT, unariT, zneobrivi 

TvisebebiT, fizikuri Tu sulieri srulyofilebiT _ erTi da igiveni, an, 

Tundac, erTmaneTis msgavsni arian. amisda kvalad, Tavis socialur hierarqiaSi platoni 

ise ajgufebs da imnair funqciebs miawers idealuri polisis moqalaqeebs, rom 

optimalurad gadawyvitos saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis yvela umniSvnelovanesi 

sakiTxi, politikuri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturul-eTikuri xasiaTis yvela problema. 

kacTa modgmis am sasicocxlo amocanis gadaWra, gvimtkicebs platoni, mxolod im 

pirobis dacviTaa SesaZlebeli, Tu saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis mTel erTobliobas, 

sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa warmoudgenlad rTul kompleqss ganuxrelad davumorCilebT 

erTaderT princips _ adamianis zneobriv daniSnulebas. saxelmwifo erTi 

mTliani organizmia, iseve, rogorc erTia adamiani. amiT aixsneba platonis fsiqologiuri 

da sociologiuri paralelizmi: `timeosis~, ufro adre ki `fedrosis~ mixedviTac 

Cven viciT, rom adamianis suli sam TavisTavad nawilad iyofa. idealuri saxelmwifos 

mTeli mosaxleobac, sulis analogiiT, sam sxvadasxva wodebadaa danawevrebuli. 

pirveli wodeba, sazogadoebis umdablesi klasi Tu fena, moicavs moqalaqeTa 

absolutur umravlesobas _ `xalxs~ (dh`mo~), romelic `miwaTmoqmedTa da 

xelosanTagan (gewrgoiv kai; dhmiourgoiv) Sedgeba; maTve ematebian vaWrebic. isini 

TavianTi SromiT qmnian materialur faseulobebs, rac aucilebelia saxelmwifos 

normaluri cxovrebisaTvis. meore _ privilegirebul wodebas platonis socialur 

hierarqiaSi miekuTvnebian meomari `mcvelebi~ (fuvlake~) da saxelmwifo saqmeTa gamrige 

`moxeleni~ (ejpivkouroi), romelTa xelSiac faqtiurad Tavmoyrilia mTeli 

aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba. isini sagangebo wvrTnisa da aRzrdis wyalobiT, Sinauri 

Tu gareSe mtrebisagan icaven saxelmwifos, uzrunvelyofen misi kanonebisadmi 

usityvo morCilebas da yovelnairad cdiloben saxelmwifos Rirsebisa da prestiJis 

ganmtkicebas rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis farglebs gareTac, megobari Tu moqiSpe 

xalxebis TvalSi. da bolos, mesame _ gabatonebuli wodeba, saxelmwifos mmarTvel 

filosofosTa (a[rconte~) klasi, romelsac xelT upyria sakanonmdeblo Zala-ufleba 

da Tavisi sibrZniT, siqveliT, kacTa amqveyniuri arsebobis saboloo miznis _ 

absoluturi sikeTis codniT imnairad warmarTavs sazogadoebis politikur, ekonomikursa 

Tu kulturul cxovrebas, rom. uwinares yovlisa, eTikuri idealebisadmi 

samsaxuris suliskveTebiT aRzardos moqalaqeni. 

saxelmwifos mmarTvel filosofosTa klass (a[rconte~) Seesabameba sulis warmmarTveli, 

ukvdavi da gonivruli sawyisi _ `fedrosis~ to; logistokovn, anu to; 

hJgemonikovn; meomarTa (fuvlake~) klass _ sulis afeqturi, boboqari sawyisi (to; 

qumikovn, anu to; qumoeidev~), xolo udables wodebas _ miwaTmoqmedTa da xelosanTa 

klass (gewrgoiv kai; dhmiourgoiv) _ sulis is sawyisi romelic qvena grZnobebsa Tu 

mdabal instinqtebs ganasaxierebs (to; ejpiqumhtikovn, anu to; filocrhmavtikon). ase uSualod 

erwymis erTmaneTs platonis socialur-politikuri utopia da eTikur-Teologiuri 

fsiqologia. 

223

am qveynad yvelafers Tavisi garkveuli daniSnuleba aqvs, yvelaferi kargi da 

srulqmnilia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac ganuxrelad asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas. 

es exeba ara marto saxelmwifos samive klass, aramed TviTeul moqalaqesac. rogorc 

mTeli sazogadoeba, ise misi yoveli wevri mxolod Tav-Tavis saqmes unda 

asrulebdes, ese igi, miwaTmoqmedni da xelosnebi Tavdauzogavad unda Sromobdnen, 

raTa dovlaTiT, sursaT-sanovagiT, materialuri faseulobebiT uzrunvelyon qveyana; 

meomrebi TavdadebiT unda icavdnen samSoblos gareSe Tu Sinauri mtrebis mZlavrobisagan, 

xolo filosofosebi, zneobriv sawyisze dafuZnebuli TavianTi brZnuli 

politikiT, amqveyniuri arsebobis umaRlesi miznisken unda miuZRvodnen xalxs. magram 

erTnic, meorenic da mesamenic iZulebiT ki ar unda iqceodnen ase, aramed TavianTi 

movaleobis, pasuxismgeblobisa Tu daniSnulebis sruli SegnebiT da aqedan gamomdinare 

TviTkmayofilebiT. 

SevudaroT yovelive amas `vefxistyaosnis~ gansaxilveli strofi: 

raca visca bedman misces, dasjerdes da mas ubnobdes: 

muSa miwyiv muSakobdes, meomari gulovnobdes, 

kvla mijnursa mijnuroba uyvardes da gamoscnobdes... 

es msgavseba cota ufro Rrmaa, vidre ubralo analogia; rusTvelis triada _ mu- 

Sa, meomari, mijnuri _ ukanaskneli wevris gamoklebiT, sityva-sityviT imeorebs platonisas; 

magram damTxveva sruli da amomwuravi gaxdeba, Tu gavixsenebT, rom `nadimis~ 

mixedviT, siyvaruli, mijnuroba (e[rw~) filosofiis (`sibrZnis siyvarulis~) 

kerZo momentad gvevlineba, xolo Seyvarebuli, mijnuri, filosofosTanaa gaigivebuli. 

amitom gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom rusTveli mxolod Tavisi poeturi 

mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad axdens platonuri koncefciis sakmaod gamWvirvale 

perifrazirebas. 

Tumca aqve unda dazustdes: nu vifiqrebT, TiTqos `vefxistyaosnis~ avtori antiistoriul 

Tvalsazrisze idges, rakiRa warsulis socialur ideals Tavis Tanadroulobas 

usadagebs. saqme isaa, rom es ideali axal Rirebulebas iZens da axlebur 

sicocxles agrZelebs Sua saukuneebis evropisa da ara marto evropis socialurpolitikur 

sinamdvileSi. marTebulad SeniSnavs s. trubeckoi: `WeSmariti saxelmwifos 

platoniseuli gegma SeuZlebelia ganxorcielebuliyo Zvel saberZneTSi, magram 

zogierTi Tavisi aspeqtiT is marTlac rom winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Sua saukuneebSi 

Cven vxedavT eklesias, kerZo sakuTrebisa da ojaxisagan gandgomils RvTaebrivi 

sikeTis, zecis uzenaesi meufebis gulisTvis, meufebisa, sadac yvela adamiani 

erTiani sxeulis asoebia. evropis Suasaukuneobriv sinamdvileSi Cven vxedavT sazogadoebis 

sammag gayofasac, rac Seesabameba platonis azrs: sasuliero wodeba, RvTiuri 

WeSmaritebis erTaderT mflobelad rom acxadebs Tavs da uyoymano morCilebas 

moiTxovs saero xmlisagan; meore wodebis adgils ikaveben saero mTavrebi, raindebi 

da Tavadebi, xolo xalxis mTeli danarCeni masa Seadgens wodebas, romlis saqmianobac 

amoiwureba vaWrobiT, mewarmeobiTa da miwaTmoqmedebiT...~ 6 

prologis momdevno (meTormete) strofis pirvelive striqoni erTxel kidev Segvaxsenebs 

platonizms, magram aq rusTveli kvers ki aRar ukravs da eTanxmeba, aramed 

mkveTrad upirispirdeba berZen moazrovnes: `Sairoba pirveladve sibrZnisaa erTi dargi~... 

rogorc vxedavT, `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris mier poezia (Sairoba) sibrZnis erT 

dargadaa miCneuli. sxva azrisa iyo platoni. gavixsenoT misi didi maswavleblis 

sityvebi `sokrates apologiaSi~: `saxelmwifo moRvaweebis Semdeg me mivadeqi poetebs 

_ tragikosebs, diTirambistebs da sxva danarCenTac, _ raTa aq mainc memxilebina Cemi 

Tavi da davrwmunebuliyavi, rom maTze uvici var. me... viRebdi im nawarmoebebs, romlebic 

maT, Cemi azriT, yvelaze ukeT daxvewili da damuSavebuli hqondaT, da, amas- 

Tanave, vcdilobdi, gamego, risi Tqma surdaT am qmnilebebiT, raTa amrigad cota ram 

mainc meswavla maTgan. me mrcxvenia, kacno, simarTlis Tqmisa, magram meti gza ar 

6 С. Трубецкой, Курс истории древней философии, ч. II, М., 1912. стр. 59-60. 

224

aris, saTqmeli unda iTqvas: erTi sityviT, TiTqmis yvela iq myofi ukeT axsnida am 

poetebis qmnilebebs, vidre TviT maTi Semoqmedni, da me mokle xanSi davrwmundi, rom 

poetebi sibrZniT ki ar qmnian mas, rasac qmnian (o{ti ouj sofiva/ poiei`n a} poiei`n), aramed 

erTgvari bunebrivi unarisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT, rogorc 

RmrTivSTagonebuli misnebi da winaswarmetyvelni, romelnic bevr mSvenier rasme 

gvicxadeben sityviT, magram TviTon ki ar ician, ras gvicxadeben~. 7 

vidre winamdebare fragmentis azrTan dakavSirebiT platonis pozicias gangimartavdeT, 

gvinda aqve movitanoT `vefxistyaosnis~ prologis meeqvse strofis pirveli 

striqoni _ àw ena minda gamoTqmad, guli da xelovaneba~, _ romliTac rusTveli 

aseve mkveTrad upirispirdeba poeturi Semoqmedebis, an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, 

SemoqmedebiTi aqtis platoniseul interpretacias. saqme exeba poeturi zeSTagonebis 

(inspiraciis) platonur aRqmas. rac Cvens mier TiTqmis sami aTeuli wlis winaT iqna 

ganxiluli da gaanalizebuli dialog ìonis~ winasityvaobaSi, romlis daskvniT 

nawilsac _swored platonis poziciis axsnisa da garkvevis mizniT, _ aqve vTavazobT 

mkiTxvels: 

`...ionis~ yvelaze mkafiod gamokveTili koncefcia RvTaebrivi (muzebismieri zeS- 

Tagonebis koncefciaa, romelsac platoni uSualod didi berZeni poetebisagan (homerosi, 

hesiode, pindare da sxv.) sesxulobs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom koncefcia, 

rogorc Cans, platonze ufro adre filosofiurad daafuZna misma ufrosma Tanamedrovem 

demokritem (460-370 Zv. w. a.). ragind ucnauric unda Candes, idealisti da materialisti, 

am mxriv absoluturad erTsulovanni arian: 

`xSirad msmenia, rom aravis ar SeuZlia iyos didi poeti (rogorc amboben, es demokritesa 

da platonis TxzulebebSia naTqvami) sulieri gznebisa da zeSTagonebis _ 

am erTgvari siSmagis gareSe~... 8 `kerZod, demokrite ambobs, rom siSmagis gareSe 

warmoudgenelia romelic gnebavT didi poeti; da, amasve amtkicebs platonic~... 9 `demokrite 

fiqrobs, rom genia (ingenium) ufro svebednieria, vidre ubadruki xelovneba, 

da helikonidan aZevebs yvela saRad moazrovne poets~. 10 

mxolod egaa, platonis azri uCveulo masStaburobas aniWebs Tavdapirvelad ber- 

Znuli poeziis wiaRSi Casaxul am primitiul ideas, romlis mixedviTac, poeti sxva 

ara aris ra, Tu ara, Tanamedrove teqnikuri terminiT rom vTqvaT, RvTaebis ubralo 

`rupori~. `didi epikosi poetebi sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara (oujk ejk tevcnh~), 

zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT Txzaven TavianT mSvenier poemebs. igive 

iTqmis lirikos poetTa mimarT: RvTiuri siSmagiT cnobamixdili da aRtkinebiT 

mrokavi koribantebis msgavsad, isinic cnobamixdilobis Jams qmnian TavianT momxiblav 

leqsebs... imitomac arTmevT RmerTi gonebas da Tavis msaxurebad, qurumebad da 

misnebad aqcevs maT, raTa Cven _ maTma msmenelebma _ vicodeT, rom isini, ucnoboni 

da ugononi, ki ar qmnian am didebul qmnilebebs, aramed TviT RmerTi metyvelebs ma- 

Ti piriT da, amrigad, Tavis xmas gvawvdens Cven~. 11 

ìonis~ avtoris filosofiuri da esTetikuri Sexedulebebis evolucia ar Sexebia 

poeturi inspiraciis platonuri gagebis arss, romelic, zogierTi umniSvnelo 

modifikaciis garda, arsebiTad ucvleli darCa misi xangrZlivi SemoqmedebiTi karieris 

dasasrulamde, rac aSkara gaxdeba CvenTvis, Tu davimowmebT saTanado adgilebs 

filosofiis rogorc adrindeli, ise SemoqmedebiTi simwifisa Tu siberisdroindeli 

qmnilebebidan: 

`...aris siSmagis mesame saxe, romelic muzebisgan iRebs dasabams. roca is eufleba 

faqiz da ubiwo suls, aRviZebs da bakquri eqstaziT aRavsebs mas, xolo sulis es 

7 platoni, sokrates apologia, 22 d.c.. 

8 ciceroni, De orat, II, 46, 149. 

9 ciceroni, De divin., I, 30, 80. 

10 horaciusi, De arte poet., 295-297. 

11 ìoni~, 533 c -534 a, 534 cd. 

225

eqstazi poetur simRerebad da sagaloblebad iRvreba, romlebic adideben winaparTa 

sagmiro saqmeebs da sikeTis siyvaruls unergaven STamomavlobas. magram vinc muzebismieri 

siSmagisa da zeSTagonebisTvis daxSuli suliT daapirebs wminda bWis Sevlas, 

visac hgonia, rom martooden daxvewili xelovnebis wyalobiT moipovebs WeSmariti 

poetis saxels, misTvis samudamod miuRweveli darCeba srulyofileba, radgan 

Smagis STagonebuli sityva yovelTvis daCrdilavs uSmagos civsa da usulo qmnilebebs~... 

12 `ZvelTagan uTqvamT: roca poeti muzebis samfexze jdeba, Tavis Wkuaze aRar 

ariso maSin~. 13 . 

Cven vxedavT, rom platoni daJinebiT avlebs paralels, erTis mxriv, poetsa, xolo 

meoris mxriv, qurums, winaswarmetyvelsa Tu misans Soris da, amrigad, erTgvar 

mediumad gvisaxavs poets, xolo SemoqmedebiT aqts da SemoqmedebiT process mediumis 

transTan aigivebs. samyaros poeturi xilvisa da poeturi warmosaxvis erTaderTi 

wyaro, platonis azriT, esaa zedrouli da zebunebrivi imperativuli sawyisi _ 

RvTaeba, RmerTi, romlis usasrulo neba da uzenaesi goneba mTlianad eufleba, 

mTlianad Trgunavs poetis sasrul nebasa Tu gonebas da, amrigad, Tavis pasiur da 

morCil instrumentad aqcevs mas. magram SemoqmedebiTi aqtisa da poeturi zeSTagonebis 

amgvari interpretacia aSkarad calmxrivi da tendenciuri, metic, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, arasworia. Tavisi idealisturi filosofiis metafizikuri wanamZRvrebidan 

rom gamodis, platons aviwydeba dasvas savsebiT martivi da bunebrivi kiTxva: iqneb 

am zeSTagonebis wyaro transcendenturi sawyisi ki ar aris, aramed Semoqmedis pozitiuri 

bunebrivi niWi, talanti, misi uCveulo grZnobeloba da naTelmxilveli, maxvili 

azri, warmosaxvis misi ubadlo unari da sulieri gzneba, erTis sityviT, misi 

specifikuri inteleqtualuri da emociuri organizacia, rac aserigad ganasxvavebs 

WeSmarit Semoqmeds Cveulebrivi mokvdavisagan, xolo yovelive es _ titanuri Zalisxmevis 

unarsa da srulyofilebis dauokebel wyurvilTan SeerTebuli. 

ìnspiracia, _ wers Cveni saukunis erT-erTi udidesi poeti, _ pozitiurad rom 

vTqvaT, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara momxiblavi Tviseba, romelsac mkiTxveli aniWebs 

poets: mkiTxveli Cven mogvawers im Zalmosilebisa Tu momxibvlelobis damsaxurebas, 

rasac masSi poetur qmnilebaTa kiTxva iwvevs. is eZebs da poulobs CvenSi Tavisi 

gancvifrebis gansacvifrebel mizezs... roca Zalisxmevis yvela nakvalevs, yovelgvar 

sworebas, rudunebas, tanjvas, sinanuls, daxarjuli drois odenobas, xelismocarvis 

dReTa simwares Tu gulmoyirWebis sazizRar grZnobas pirwmindad Slis da uCinos 

xdis sulis ukanaskneli miqceva Tavisi qmnilebis mimarT, zogierTi, romelic mxolod 

Sedegis srulqmnilebas xedavs, am srulqmnilebas erTgvar saswaulad Tvlis, 

rasac maT enaze inspiracia ewodeba. Aase rom, isini poetisagan erTgvar momentalur 

mediums (médium momentané) qmnian. vinmes rom TavSesaqcevad, mkacri TanmimdevrobiT 

ganeviTarebina moZRvreba wminda inspiraciis Sesaxeb, friad ucnaur daskvnamde mividoda. 

ase magaliTad, is naxavda, rom poets, romelic mxolod imiT ifargleba, rom 

sxvebs gadascems imas, rasac iRebs, da ucnobebs umJRavnebs imas, rasac ucnobisve 

wyalobiT eziara Tavad, _ sulac ar sWirdeba esmodes is, rasac wers, rakiRa idumali 

xmis mbrZaneblur karnaxs emorCileba. mas SeeZlo daewera leqsebi misTvis sruliad 

ucnob enaze...~ 14 

magram platoni `TavSeqcevis~ mizniT ki ara, mTeli seriozulobiT aviTarebs moZ- 

Rvrebas wminda inspiraciis Sesaxeb da, amrigad, pol valeris Tqmisa ar iyos, axali 

drois adamianisaTvis sakmaod ucnaur daskvnamdec midis. misi azriT, xelovneba araviTar 

rols ar asrulebs mxatvruli Semoqmedebis procesSi, vinaidan WeSmariti poetebi 

`sakuTari xelovnebis ki ara, zeSTagonebisa da RvTiuri siSmagis wyalobiT 

qmnian TavianT mSvenier poemebs~. poezia mecniereba ar aris, radgan, jer erTi, arsad 

12 `fedrosi~, 245 a. 

13 `kanonebi~, IV, 179 c. 

14 P. Valery, Poesie et penseve abstraite, - Oeuvrevs, t. 1, 1962, p, 1321; 1335. 

226

naxula da arc gagonila, rom vinmes eswavlos, anda sxvisTvis eswavlebinos igi, da, 

meorec, mecnierebis (filosofiis) mizani obieqturi WeSmaritebis wvdomaa, maSin rodesac 

poeziisaTvis (`mibaZvisaTvis~) amgvari mizani ara marto ucxoa, aramed, saerTod, 

warmoudgenelic. 15 magram is arc xelovnebaa, vinaidan yovel xelovnebas Tavisi 

sakuTari wesebi aqvs, xolo vin SeZlebs xelovnuri wesebis artaxebSi moamwyvdios 

zeSTagoneba? vin SeZlebs wesebs daumorCilos poetis _ muzebis am eqos, `RmerTebis 

mTargmnelisa~ da `msubuqi, frTaSesxmuli da wminda arsis~ suli? 

Tumca isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom es iyo platonis reaqcia sofisturi individualizmisa 

da xelovnebis pirwmindad teqnikuri, vulgarul-meqanisturi gagebis winaaRmdeg, 

romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos yvelas SeuZlia daeuflos ara marto ritorikul, 

aramed poetur xelovnebasac: saWiroa mxolod Seicno, gaicxado da SemoqmedebiT 

praqtikaSi gaiTvaliswino misi moTxovnebi da am moTxovnebis ganxorcielebisaTvis 

aucilebeli pirobebi. yovelive es, sofisturi moZRvrebis mixedviT, savsebiT sakmarisia 

xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad. 16 magram saqme isaa, rom platonis mZafr 

siZulvils sofisturi doqtrinis mimarT filosofosi meore ukiduresobamde, ker- 

Zod, SemoqmedebiT procesSi xelovnebis rolis srul ignorirebamde, iseve, rogorc 

Semoqmedis subieqturi nebis Tavisuflebisa da misi sulieri evoluciis uaryofamde 

mihyavs. 17 amitomaa, rom momdevno Taobebma Tu saukuneebma mxolod nawilobriv gaiziares 

platonis koncefcia poeziisa da poeturi zeSTagonebis Sesaxeb. ukve aristotele 

Tavisi `poetikiT~ ilaSqrebs maswavleblis moZRvrebis zogierTi aspeqtis winaaRmdeg, 

18 xolo I saukunis (ax. w.a.) brwyinvale kritikuli traqtatis_ àmaRlebulisaTvis~ 

anonimi avtori, visi msoflmxedvelobac da msoflSegrZnebac, upirveles 

yovlisa, platonuri filosofiiTaa ganpirobebuli, am mxriv, aSkarad ar iziarebs 

Tavisi sulieri moZRvris Tvalsazriss da xelovnebas mxatvruli Semoqmedebis iseTsave 

aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs, rogorc bunebiT Tandayolil niWierebas. 19 igive 

iTqmis renesansis epoqis did humanistTa da xelovnebis TeoretikosTa mimarT. 20 xolo 

rodesac Cveni udidesi erovnuli poeti, maTze gacilebiT ufro adre, Tavisi poemis 

SesavalSi wers: àw ena minda gamoTqmad, guli da xelovaneba~, _ Tavisi racionalisturi 

poetikiT is arsebiTad upirispirdeba platonis mistiur moZRvrebas RvTaebismieri 

inspiraciis Sesaxeb. 

maSasadame, platonis koncefciiT, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis safuZveli Tu pirvelsawyisi 

Tavisi bunebiT absoluturad irracionaluria, vinaidan misi gaigiveba arc 

codnasTan SeiZleba, arc xelovnebasTan, arc sibrZnesa Tu ganswavlasTan. es enigmuri 

fenomeni _ RvTaebrivi siSmage Tu zeSTagoneba araviTar zemoqmedebas ar eqvemdebareba. 

amdenad, mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aqti alogikuri aqtia, romlis axsna aravis, 

TviT Semoqmedsac ar SeuZlia, 21 da Tu ramesTan mainc SeiZleba misi Sedareba, 

mxolod sizmarTan an zmanebasTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom platoni, am mxriv, gankerZoebiT 

rodi dgas did filosofosTa xomlSi. ai, ras wers, magaliTad, emanuel kanti: 

`veraviTari homerosi anda vilandi ver agvixsnis, rogor ibadebian da erTdebian mis 

TavSi fantaziiT savse da, amasTan, azriT mdidari ideebi, vinaidan man TviTonac ar 

icis da, maSasadame, arc SeuZlia vinmes aswavlos es~. 22 

magram aq Zveli Tu axali drois yvela filosofosis koncefciaze ufro didi 

mniSvneloba eniWeba sakuTriv poetis azrs da mis pirad cdas. mravali magaliTidan 

15 ix. `saxelmwifo~, III, 401; X, 605, 607, `kanonebi~, 801 da sxv. 

16 Sdr. `fedrosi~, 268 c-269 a Sdr. agreTve М. Вундт, Греческое мировоззрение. Сб., 1916, стр. 129-130. 

17 ix. В. Асмус, Платон – философ-художник античного мира, _ Платон, Избр. Диал., М., 1965, стр. 39-40. 

18 

`poetika~, XVII, 1455 a. 

19 

àmaRlebulisaTvis~, T. II. 

20 

ix. К. Гильберт, Г. Кун, История эстетики, М., 1960, стр. 180-218. 

21 Sdr. zemoT citirebuli fragmenti `sokrates apologiidan~. 

22 И. Кант, Критика способности суждения, _ Соч. в шести томах, т. 5, М., 1966, стр. 325. Sdr. Ф. Ницше, 

Происхождение трагедии, М., 1900. стр. 63-64 (Sileris Sesaxeb). 

227

SevCerdebi mxolod erTze. movitan oriode fragments pol valeris zemoT ukve 

citirebul brwyinvale essedan. analizis es WeSmariti genia, romelsac SeuZlia pirdapir 

maTematikuri sizustiT mouZebnos adeqvaturi sityvieri gamoxatuleba adamianis 

sulis bevr uintimuressa da uidumales moZraobas, bevr TiTqmis usaxo da usaxelo 

refleqss, _ Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misTvis sruliad uCveulo àmpluaSi~ 

gvevlineba, roca SemoqmedebiT aqts exeba saqme: 

`...me ar vici, ra Zala avsebs zogierTi arsebis zogierT moments, 23 Zala, romelic 

amartivebs sagnebs da dauZlevel siZneleebs adamianis Zalebis Tanazomads xdis~... 

xolo cota qvemoT ase agrZelebs: ìqneb Tqven sakmaod ucnauri geCvenebaT poetisa 

da poemis Cemeuli koncefcia? magram ecadeT warmoidginoT, ra xdeba kacSi, romelic 

erT patara gonivrul frazas warmoTqvams, da gazomeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa 

imisTvis, rom poetis win gaSlili sufTa furceli kitsisa Tu bodleris leqsiT 

Seivsos~... 24 

aqve unda ganvixiloT `vefxistyaosnis~ kidev erTi (175) strofi, sadac rusTvelis 

gansacvifrebeli filologiur-filosofiuri erudiciis wyalobiT kvlav xvdeba er- 

TmaneTs ori didi saxeli _ platoni da fsevdo-dionise areopageli: 

am saqmesa memowmebis dionosi, brZeni ezros: 

sabraloa, odes vardi daeTrTvilos, dacaezros... 

`dionosi brZeni~ dionise areopagelia, magram vin aris èzros~? zogierTi rus- 

Tvelologis azriT, aq unda igulisxmebodes Zveli aRTqmis èzras wignebis~ (I, II, 

III) avtori. am wignebidan marTlmadidebloba kanonikurad cnobs mxolod pirvels, 

danarCeni ori ki arakanonikuradaa miCneuli. 25 `bibliuri sazogadoebis~ dakveTiT, 

yvela sxva arakanonikur wignTan erTad, Cven TviTon vTargmneT berZnulidan `meore~ 

da `mesame ezra~, `pirvels~ ki safuZvlianad gavecaniT Targmnis procesSi, da dabejiTebiT 

SegviZlia giTxraT, rom arc erT maTgans saerTo ara aqvs ra `vardis daTrTvilvasa 

Tu dazrobasTan~. rusTvelologebi eyrdnobian erT patara, astronomiul-astrologiuri 

xasiaTis apokriful Zegls `kalandaÁ ezra winaswarmetuyuelisaÁ~, 

romelic k. kekeliZis mixedviT, qarTulad uTargmnia ioane petriws. berZnulad 

mas ewodeba `Tou` profhvtou jEsdra Diavgnwsi~~ (`winaswarmetyvel ezras prognozi~). ras 

emyareba rusTvelologTa varaudi? Mmxolod da mxolod imas, rom, rogorc k. 

kekeliZe wers, àq garkveulia amindi da mosavali imisda mixedviT, Tu Svideulis 

romel dRes dadgeba ianvari ama Tu im wels~. 26 pirdapir unda iTqvas: Zalze saeWvo 

da arasaimedo safuZvelia. rusTvelologebi TviTonve grZnoben amas, rakiRa sxva 

mimarTebiTac cdiloben èzrosis~ identifikacias, romelsac XI-XII s. espaneTSi 

mcxovreb or sxvadasxva ebrael poetTan _ moSe ben iakob ibn ezrasa (1055-1140 w.) Tu 

abraham ben meir ibn ezrasTan(1092_1167w.) aigiveben, rac aranakleb saeWvo Cans. 

rusTvels, Tavisi drois erT-erT uganaTlebules poets, kidevac rom scodnoda 

isini, nuTu XII s. saqarTveloSi es ebraeli poetebi imdenad popularulni da sayovelTaod 

cnobilni iyvnen, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ avtors Tamamad SeeZlo dionise areopagelis 

gverdiT moexseniebina an erTi da an meore? egec ar iyos, berZnulSi formaucvleli 

ebrauli sakuTari saxeli èzdra~, èzra~-d rom gadmoiRo qarTulma, ratom 

unda eqcia monstruozul, èzros~-ad? riTmis gulisTvis? Znelia moiZebnos am 

kiTxvebis sarwmuno da damajerebeli pasuxi. 

rogorc Cans, Cveni varaudi ufro marTebuli unda iyos: èzrosi~ igivea, rac ber- 

Znuli panTeonis RvTaebis _ erosis ( [Erw~) _ siyvarulis RmerTisa da TviT siyva- 

23 igulisxmeba Semoqmedi da SemoqmedebiTi aqti (l’execution d’une oeuvre poétique). 

24 iqve, gv. 1338; 1339... (ix. platoni, ioni. didi hipia. menoni, Tb., 1974, gv. 17-22). 

25 maT Sesaxeb ix. ganmartebiTi statiebi rusuli bibliis gamocemaSi _ Толковая библия, или 

комментарий на все книги Ветхаго и Новаго Завета, издание преемников А. С. Лопухина, Сб., 1904-1913. 

Второе издание – Институт перевода библии, Стокгольм, 1987, т. I. стр. 196-202; 290-293; т. II, стр. 217-222. 

26 k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1951, gv. 271; 428. 

228

ulis (e[rw~) saxeli. Tavis dialogSi `kratile~, romelic ZiriTadad sityvebis 

etimologias eZRvneba, platoni wers: siyvaruls imitom ewodeba `siyvaruli~, rom 

Tvalebis gziT (dia; tw`n ojmmavtwn) Semoedineba (ejsrei`) sulSi da swored am zmnuri 

formidan (ejsrei`) iRebs Tavis saxelsac _ (è[sro~~); uwin am sityvas ò mikroniT~ (o) 

vwerdiT, dRes ki ò megam~ (w) Secvala igio. 27 aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom èsros~ 

(e[sro~) bizantiur berZnulSi swored ise gamoiTqmoda, rogorc `vefxistyaosanSia~ 

fiqsirebuli _ èzros~. èzros~ (anu, rac igivea, èros~) uSualod ukavSirdeba 

dionise areopagelis saxels. magram amis Taobaze qvemoT mogaxsenebT. manamde ki 

cota xniT unda gadavideT saukuneebis siRrmeSi. 

cnobilia, rom romis imperiis mosaxleobis Cagrulma umravlesobam _ plebsma _ 

gacilebiT ufro adre miiRo da aRiara qristianoba, vidre imperatori konstantine 

didi 313 w. milanis ediqtiT legitimur saxelmwifo religiad gamoacxadebda mas. 

rac Seexeba nobilitets, miT umetes, saberZneTisa da romis did filosofiur skolebSi 

aRzrdil sulier aristokratias, misTvis es procesi gacilebiT ufro mZime 

da mtkivneuli aRmoCnda. vecdebiT ramdenime magaliTiT SemovifargloT. Teoriuli 

azris iseTma gigantebma, rogorebic iyvnen plotini (205-270 w.) da prokle diadoxosi 

(410-485 w.) saerTod ver miiRes qristianoba. sxvaTa Soris, plotinsa da mis megobars 

did qristian RvTismetyvels origenes (185-254 w.) aleqsandriaSi erTi da igive maswavlebeli 

hyavdaT _ neoplatonisti amonios sakasi. erTi da igive maswavlebeli, saxelganTqmuli 

berZeni oratori da qristianTa mZlavrobisagan Zveli berZnuli religiis 

gulmxurvale damcveli _ libaniosi (314-393 w.) aswavlida basili didsac 

(daaxl. 330-379 w.) ioane oqropirsac (daaxl. 344-407 w.) da iuliane apostatasac (332- 

363 w.); pirveli ori marTlamdidebluri Teologiis mnaTobi gaxda, mesame _ qristes 

sjulisagan gandgomili imperatori, Tavisi xanmokle mbrZaneblobis (361-363 w.) manZilze 

RvTis risxvad rom moevlina qristianobas da Seecada kvlav aeRorZinebina 

berZnuli paganizmi... analogiuri suraTia laTinurenovan samyaroSic: didi sulieri 

tanjvis fasad miikvlevs gzas qristianobisaken marius viqtorinusi (gard. 363 w.), 

laTinurad rom Targmna platoni da plotini. aranakleb ewameba da antikuri kulturisadmi 

vnebiani siyvarulis gamo daundobel TviTgvemas eZleva bibliis laTinur 

enaze mTargmneli wminda hieronime (347-420 w.): rakiRa TavdaviwyebiT miyvars ciceroni, 

angelozebi ise sastikad mamaTraxeben mamazecieris winaSe, rom mTel tans misisxlianebeno. 

28 ra aris netari avgustines (354-430 w.) saxelganTqmuli àRsarebani~, Tu 

ara gulisSemZvreli aRwera wamebis gzisa, romliTac misi avtori nabij-nabij, bor- 

ZikiT, sinanuliTa da yoymaniT, magram mainc ganuxrelad miiwevs CvenTvis jvarcmuli 

RmerTisken?... 

odesRac devnili da represirebuli qristianoba axla TviTon xdeba mdevneli, 

daundoblad ebrZvis ukve dasaRupad ganwirul antikur kulturas, saukuneebiT ganmtkicebul 

mis avtoritets da yovelnairad cdilobs adamianTa Segnebidan Zirfesvianad 

aRmofxvras igi. `fuWi da macTuri xilvebi~, `cru arakebi~, _ ai, ra aris netari 

avgustinesaTvis homerosisa da vergiliusis poemebi. 29 `poetebi saSiSni arian, imitom, 

rom maTi tkbilxmiani simRerebi madlisagan garemiaqceven suls~, _ wers laqtanciusi. 

30 ùcnauri siSlege~, ùxamsi siamovneba~, _ ase aRiqvamda igive netari avgustine 

Teatralur sanaxaobebs da antikuri musikis mosmeniT moniWebul sitkboebas, 31 tertuliane 

ki amtkicebda, Teatralur xelovnebas vnebisa da Jinis ori demoni, ori eSmakeuli 

_ venera da baxusi _ mfarvelobso. 32 ganukiTxavad nadgurdeba Zveli xuroTmoZRvrebisa 

Tu saxviTi xelovnebis sworupovari Sedevrebi. ingreva is, rac TviT 

27 `kratile~, 420 ab. 

28 werilebi, XXII. 

29 àRsarebani~, II, 13, 2. 

30 cit. wignebidan – К. Гилберт, Г. Кун , История эстетики, М., 1960 стр. 141. 

31 àRsarebani~, II, 2, `RvTis qalaqisaTvis~, XVII, 14. 

32 ix. k. gilberti, h. kuni, dasax. naSr., gv. 139. 

229

arbarosTa msaxvral xelsac ki gadaurCa. nangrevebs qristianuli taZrebis asagebad 

iyeneben ara marto romSi, aramed gemebiT ezidebian sazRvargareTac. ase grZeldeba 

didxans, aswleulebis manZilze. XI s. agebuli pizisa da lukis kaTedralebi 

(es ukanaskneli 1065 wels akurTxa papma aleqsandre II-m) romauli kolonebiTaa Semkuli. 

karlos didma uamravi qandakeba gazida romidan Aix-de Chappelle-is sakaTedro 

taZrisaTvis imperators arc vestminsteris saabato CamorCa. 1360 wlis 5 maiss papis 

rezidencia (Saint-Siège) gankargulebas iZleva `sawrafod gamoZebnon marmarilos ramdenime 

Zegli da wm. mociqulTa qandakebebad gadaakeTon eklesiis niSebSi dasadgmelad~, 

da a.S. da a.S. 33 

`gadakeTebis~ am process verc ena ascda. qristianobas berZnul da laTinur sa0myaroSi 

daxvda mzamzareuli, mkafiod Camoyalibebuli da am enebze metyvelTa Tu 

moazrovneTa cnobierebaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologia, 

romelic yovelTvis rodi Seesabameboda axali sarwmunoebis moTxovnebs. uwinares 

yovlisa, es exeba qristianobisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone iseT 

terminebs, rogoricaa àrsi~ (o[n; ens), àrseba~ (oujsiva; essentia), `hipostasi~ (uJpo-vstasi~; 

substantia), `piri~ (provswpon; persona) da sxv. `saero filosofiisaTvis, _ werda 

Teodore kvireli,_ ar arsebobs araviTari gansxvaveba oujsiva-sa da uJpov-stasi~-s 

Soris, radganac oujsiva aRniSnavs imas, rac aris, uJpovstasi~ ki imas, rac arsebobs. 

magram wminda mamaTa moZRvrebiT, oujsiva-sa da uJpovstasi~-s Soris iseTive gansxvavebaa, 

rogoric zogadsa da kerZos Soris. 34 

`wmida mamebis genialoba, _ SeniSnavs amasTan dakavSirebiT cnobili rusi RvTismetyveli 

vl. loski, _ imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini sargeblobdnen orive am sinonimiT, 

raTa RmerTSi erTmaneTisagan ganesxvavebinaT zogadi _ oujsiva _ substancia, anu 

arseba, da kerZo _ hipostasi anu piri. rac Seexeba termins persona (berZ. prov-swpon), 

warmatebiT rom sargeblobda upiratesad dasavleTSi, man aRmosavleli mamebis 

mxriv cxare kamaTi gamoiwvia. da marTlac, es sityva, romelsac sruliadac ar 

hqonda `pirovnebis~ dRevandeli mniSvneloba (magaliTad, àdamianis pirovneba~), 

umal individis garegnul iers, Sexedulebasa Tu `niRabs~, an kidev msaxiobis rols 

aRniSnavda. wm. basili didi am sityvis misadagebas wmida samebisadmi aRiqvamda dasavluri 

azrisaTvis niSneul tendenciad, ramac erTxel ukve iCina Tavi savelianobaSi, 

romelic mamis, Zisa da suli wmidisagan erTiani substanciis sam modalobas qmnida. 

TavianTi mxriv, dasavlel Teologebs termini uJpovstasi~, rasac isini substantia-d 

Targmnidnen, triTeizmisa da ase gansajeT, arianobis gamoxatulebadac ki miaCndaT. 

bolos da bolos, gaugebroba Tavidan acilebul iqna: termini `hipostasi~ dasavleT- 

Si gadavida da `pirovnebas~ Tavisi konkretuli mniSvneloba mieniWa, xolo termini 

`piri~ anu `provswpon miRebul da saTanadod ganmartebul iqna dasavleTSi~. 35 

zemoxsenebul terminebTan erTad bevrma berZnulma sityvam Seicvala mniSvneloba, 

bevric axali SinaarsiT gamdidrda, rogorc, magaliTad, `logosi~ (lovgo~) berZnuli 

leqsikis mSveneba, antikuri sulierebis gvirgvini, ioanes saxarebaSi `qristes~ 

sinonimad rom iqca. samagierod dakninda da TandaTanobiT daiwrita `suli~ (yuchv) 

da mis adgilas `sunTqva~ Tu `qaris qrola~ _ `pnevma~ (pneu`ma) mogvevlina. zog 

sityvas gacilebiT ufro tragikuli bedi xvda wilad. aviRoT Tundac `demoni~ 

(daivmwn) _ homerosis mixedviT `RvTaeba~, `RmerTi~ (qeov~), ufro gvian, daaxloebiT 

iseTsave adgils rom daiWers berZnuli panTeonis hierarqiul sistemaSi, ra adgilic 

uWiravs qristianul religiaSi àngelozs~ (a[ggelo~ _ `macne~). magram swored qristianoba, 

aRmosavleTiT axlad movlenili religia, diametralurad Secvlis `demonis~ 

mniSvnelobas da mas lamis `satanis~ sinonimad aqcevs. odiozuri sityvebis regi- 

33 E. Rodocanachi, Les monuments de Rome aprevs la chute de l’Empire, - Rome, M., 1938, p. 8-9. 

34 Dialogus I, Immutabilis – PC, t. 83,col.33.AB. 

35 Вл. Лосский, Очерк мистического богословия восточной церкви, - Мистическое богословие, Киев, 1991, стр. 

128. 

230

strSi eqceva siyvarulis didi RvTaebac _ èrosi~ ([Erw~), uZveles RmerTTa (qaosi, 

gea, tartarosi) xomlSi Seracxili jer kidev hesiodes mier. àxal aRTqmaSi~ da, mis 

kvaldakval, mTel qristologiur literaturaSi sabolood qreba èrosis~ (e[rw~ _ 

`siyvaruli~) xseneba, da mis adgils meore berZnuli sityva àgape~ (ajgavph) imkvidrebs, 

romelic amieridan `sulier siyvaruls~ aRniSnavs, maSin rodesac èross~ `xorcieli 

siyvarulis~ mniSvnelobaRa rCeba. 

ai, swored amnair kulturul da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, lingvistur atmosferoSi 

iqmneba qristianuli Teologiis diadi Zegli _ dionise areopagelis `Peri; tw`n 

qeivwn ojnomavtwn~ (`saRmrTo saxelTaTvis~), romlis meoTxe (yvelaze vrce-li) Tavis 

saTauria _ `Peri; ajgaqou`, fwtov~, kalou`, e[rwto~, ejkstavsew~, zhvlou, kai; o{ti to; kako;n ou[te 

ejx o[nto~, ou[te ejn toi`~ ou\si~ (`sike-Tis, sinaTlis, mSvenierebis, trfobis, 36 eqstazis, 

Surisa da imisaTvis, rom boroteba arc arsia, arc arsisganaa da arc arsTa Soris~). 

Cvens mizans ar Seadgens arc mTeli meoTxe Tavis da arc zemoT CamoTvlili 

saRmrTo saxelTa filosofiur-Teologiuri analizi. vityviT mxolod, rom dionise 

areopageli gansacvifrebeli siTamamiT, lamis mkrexelobas rom uaxlovdeba, kvlav 

Tavis odindel mniSvnelobas unarCunebs e[rw~-s da mas ajgavph-s srulfasovan 

azrobriv adeqvatad miiCnevs. es saWiroa RmerTis rogorc absoluturi sikeTisa da 

mSvenierebis miseuli koncefciis mTeli sisruliT warmosaCenad. cnobili rusi 

mecnieris aleqsandre briliantovis marTebuli SeniSvniT, `абсолютное благо является в 

своем обнаружении как абсолютно прекрасное и как красота, - так как все прекрасное лишь заимствует 

красоту от него, само же оно ни от кого не заимствует… Как абсолютно прекрасное, оно есть предмет 

любви (ajgaphto;n kai; ajgavph), так как само любит все и от него исходит всякая любовь. И оно есть 

предмет не просто любви, но любви в сильнейшей степени, предмет страстного влечения, и само любит 

все такою именно любовью (ejrasto;n kai; e[rw~) ~. 37 

amitomacaa, rom dionise areopageli verasdidebiT ver eleva am sityvas (e[rw~), 

Tumca sifrTxilisa da, rogorc Cans, Tavis dazRvevis mizniTac, saRmrTo werilis 

avtoritets iSveliebs Tavisi poziciis gasamagreblad: `mSveniereba da sikeTe yvelasTvis 

sawadelia, satrfialo (ejrastovn) da sayvareli (ajgaphtovn) ... magram nura-vin 

ifiqrebs, TiTqos Cven saRmrTo werilis sapirispirod avirCieT trfobis (tou` e[rwto~) 

saxeli. radganac, vfiqrobT, angariSs uwevde mxolod sityvis garegan xmierebas da 

ara mis Sinagan azrs, _ es imაT ki ar Sehferis, vinc RmerTis wvdomas cdilobs, 

aramed mxolod briyvTa da umecarTaTvisaa niSneuli, martooden sityvis xმierebas 

rom aqceven yuradRebas, naTqvamis mniSvneloba ki gaugebari rCeba maTTvis... da mainc, 

rom aravis moeCvenos, TiTqos Cven ugulebelvyofdeT saRmrTo werils, dae, trfobis 

saxelis uarmyofelni (oiJ th;n e[rwto~ ejpwnumivan diabavllonte~) daukvirdnen, ras ambobs 

saRmrTo werili: ètrfode (ejravsqhti) mas, da is dagifaravs~... 38 maS, nu SegvakrTobs 

es sityva _ `trfoba~; veraviTari aRSfoTeba ver gvaiZulebs xeli aviRoT masze... 

imaTTvis, vinc gamowvlilviT swavlobs saRmrTo moZRvrebas, `siyvarulisa~ da 

`trfobis~ saxelebi (to; th`~ ajgavph~ kai; tou` e[-rwto~ o[noma) igiveobrivni arian~. 39 

amao aRmoCnda yvelaferi. dionise areopagelis udidesi avtoritetis miuxedavad, 

èrosi~, rogorc mogaxseneT, sabolood uaryo mTelma qristologiurma literაturam, 

raSiac gadamwyveti roli unda Seesrulebina im garemoebas, rom e[rw~ martooden 

`siyvaruls~ ki ara, warmarTulი panTeonis erT-erT RvTaebasac ([Erw~) erqva. 

`sulieri siyvarulis~ aRmniSvnelad iqca àgape~, maSin rodesac èross~ `xorcieli 

siyvarulis~ mniSvnelobaRa SerCa. yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, albaT, savsebiT 

36 efrem mcire e[rw~-s (naT. e[rwto~) Targmnis `trfialebad~ Cven mis mier gakvalul gzas mivdevT. 

37 А. Бриллиантов, Влияние восточного богословия на западное в произведениях Иоанна Скота Эригены, ССб., 

1898, стр. 153. 

38 

ìgavni solomonisa~, IV, 6. 

39 Peri; tw`n qeivwn ojnomavtwn, IV, 10; 11; 12; 13. 

231

unebrivad unda migvaCndes, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ gansaxilvel striqonSi dionise 

areopagelis saxels swored èrosi~ ukavSirdeba, Tumca aq misi mniSvneloba Zireulad 

gansxvavdeba am sityvis areopagituli gagebisagan, radganac mTeli poema upiratesad 

xorcieli siyvarulisadmia miZRvnili (`vTqvne xelobani qvenani, romelni xorcTa 

xvdebian~). magram rusTvelma Cvenze ukeT icis, ra amreziT da aTvalwunebiTac 

aRiqvamen am sityvas, da `SefarviT Tqmis~ es didostati èrosis~ nacvlad mis naklebad 

cnobil platoniseul variants irCevs _ èzros~. ase rom, azri striqonisa _ 

àm saqmesa memowmebis dionosi brZeni, ezros~ _ Semdegnairad unda gvesmodes: àm saqmes 

mimowmebs brZeni dionise, siyvarulo~. aseTia Cveni varaudi, misi gaziareba Tu 

argaziareba ki mkiTxvelis saqmea... 

`vefxistyaosanTan~ mimarTebiT Cvens gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs `timeosis~ 

fsiqologiuri Teoriis kidev erTi momenti, romlis Tanaxmadac, individualur sulebad 

danawilebamde adamianuri suli kacobriobis ganuyofel koleqtiur სulad gvevlineba, 

romelic samyaros sulis erTgvari paraleluri korelatia, mxolod gacilebiT 

nakleb srulqmnili. demiurgosi jer erTi mTlian arsada qmnis da mxolod 

Semdeg anawevrebs am koლექtiur suls: TviToeul nawils Tavis wilxvdomil varskvlavs 

miuCens ciur savaned, ase rom, adamianSi gansxeulebisას sulebi varskvlaveTidan 

Camodian am qveynad, da Tu Rirseulad galies wuTisofeli, kvlav TavianT wilxvdomil 

varskvlavebs ubrundebian, raTa miწieri simwrisa da vaebisagan Tavdaxsnilebma 

varskvlavebze gaagrZelon TavianTi netari da vnebaTagan aumRvreveli sicocxle: 

demiurgosi `Semdeg miubrunda imave WurWels, romelSic erTmaneTs Seuzava samyaros 

sulis Semadgeneli nawilebi. uwindeli nazavis mTeli naSTi da narCeni Caasxa 

Sig da daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc uwin, kvlav erTmaneTs Seuria isini, magram am axali 

nazavis siwminde ukve meoreuli Tu mesameuli iyo. 40 Semdeg am nazavidan gamohyo 

imdenive suli, ramdenic aris varskvlavi, da mTel caze Camoariga isini, ase rom, 

TviTeul suls TiTo varskvlavi xvda wilad. varskvlavebze, rogorc ciur etlebze, 

rom dasxa isini, samyaros buneba uCvena da bedisweris kanonebi gaando maT: pirveli 

dabadeba erTnairad iqneba dadgenili yvela sulisTvis, raTa mis mier arcerTi ar 

iqnes damcirebuli, xolo mTels caze mimofantulma da TviTeuli maTganis wilxvdomil 

varskvlavze _ drois am saWurvelze damkvidrebulma sulebma dasabami miscen 

suldgmulTa Soris yvelaze RvTismosav cocxal arsebaTa modgmas _ adamianTa modgmas... 

rodesac sulebi, aucileblobis ZaliT, sxeulebSi damkvidrdebian, xolo yoveli 

sxeuli iZulebuli iqneba raRaca miiRos da raRaca gamoyos, garduvali gaxdeba, 

jer erTi, is, rom sulebSi Caisaxos TviTeuli maTganisaTvis aucilebeli, Tavsmoxveuli 

STabeWdilebebiT ganpirobebuli SegrZneba, meorec, is, rom maTSi daibados 

gancxromasa da tanjvasTan wilnayari siyvaruli, bolos ki _ SiSi, mrisxaneba da 

misTanani, an maTive sapirispiro yvela sxva vneba. Tu sulebi am vnebaTa daurvebasa 

da daZlevas SeZleben, samarTliani iqneba maTi sicocxle. xolo Tu piriqiT, zemoxsenebuli 

vnebebi TviTonve sZleven sulebs, maTi sicocxle usamarTlod Seiracxeba. 

vinc Rirseulad galevs misTvis mizomil dros, Tavisi wilxvdomiლი varskvlavis savanes 

daubrundeba, sadac netari da misTvis Cveuli sicocxliT icocxlebs~. 41 

`timeosis~ am momxiblavma pasaJma, romlis mixedviTac, sulebi cis Tavanze grZneulad 

mocimcime varskvlavebidan eSvebian dedamiwaze, raTa aq adamianebad gansxeuldnen, 

sikvdilis Semdeg ki kvlav TavianT wilxvdomil varskvlavebs ubrundebian _ 

Tanabrad SesZra dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis ori didi poetis _ dantesa da rus- 

40 `mkiTxvelis sayuradRebod unda iTqvas, rom aq saqme exeba pirwmindad simbolur qmediTobas 

da qmnadobas, ase rom `WurWelic~, `Semadgeneli nawilebic~, `nazavic~, `meoreuli Tu 

mesameuli sowmindec~, rasac `timeosidan~ moxmobil citataSi vxvdebiT, mxolod da 

mxolod alegoriuli terminebia. 

41 `timeosi~, 41 d -42 b. 

232

Tvelis warmosaxva; platonis ukvdavma dialogma TiTqos erTad Sehyara da erTmaneTs 

Seaxvedra ori poeturi genia... `samoTxis~ IV simReraSi beatriCe am sityvebiT 

mimarTavs dantes, aq _ mTvaris caze rom ixila netarTa sulebi, ramac poets sulTa 

kosmiuri wrebrunvis `timeosiseuli~ koncefcia gaaxsena: 

Ancor di dubitar ti dà cagione 

parer tomarsi l’anine alle stelle, 

secondo la sentenza di Platone. 42 

(imasac daueWvebixar, xom ar ubrundebian sulebi 

varskvlavebs, Tanaxmad platonis moZRvrebisa). 

cota qvemoT ki ase ganagrZobs: 

Quel che Timeo 43 dell’anime argomenta 

non e simile a cio che qui si vede, 

pero che, come dice, par che senta. 

Dice che l’anima alla sua stella riede, 

credendo quella quindi esser decisa 

quando natura per forma la diede. 44 

(rasac timeosi sulebis Sesaxeb amtkicebs, imas 

rodi hgavs, rac aq SeiZleba ixilo; rakiRa, etyoba, 

TviTonve sjera sakuTari sityvebi: rom 

suli Tavissave varskvlavs ubrundeba, romelsac 

moswyda, mas Semdeg, rac bunebam formad 

airCia igi). 

Tavisi orTodoqsuli qriatianuli mrwamsidan gamomdinare, beatriCe gadaWriT 

uaryofs sulTa migraciis `timeosiseul~ koncefcias:L `Questo principio, male inteso, torse 

gia tutto il mondo quasi~... 45 (~am principis mcdarad gagebam odesRac swor gzas aacdina Ti- 

Tqmis mTeli samyaro~...). sul sxvagvarad aRiqvams `timeosis~ amave pasaJs nestan-darejani 

Tavis gulisSemZvrel werilSi mijnurisadmi (`wigni nestan-darejanisa sayvarelTana~). 

beatriCes xma vercxlis zariviT rekavs zeciuri samoTxidan, nestanisa ki 

qajeTis cixidan _ am miwiszeda jojoxeTidan Cagvesmis yurSi. qvesknelis sulTa 

sabralo tyve, bedisweris ukuRmarTobiT SeZrwunebuli da sasomixdili qalwuli 

sikvdilsRa mouxmobs meoxad da mxolod im qveynad moelis Tavisi sanukvari ocnebis 

asrulebas, rac SeuZlebeli Seiqna misTvis codvil miwaze (es iseTive sasowarkveTili 

kivilia unegeSo sulisa, Semzarav qviTinad rom aRmoxdeba mkerdidan meore qalwuls 

_ verdis aidas, sakuTari siyvarulis sabralo msxverpls: `Tutto è finito sulla terra 

per noi~ 46 _ `yvelaferi damTavrda CvenTvis dedamiwaze~). 

RmerTsa Semvedre, nuTu kvla damxsnas soflisa Sromasa, 

cecxlsa, wyalsa da miwasa, haerTa Tana Zromasa, 

momces frTeni da aRvfrinde, mivxvde mas Cemsa ndomasa, 

dRisiT da RamiT vxedvide mzisa elvare krTomasa. 

Tavisi tragikuli paTosiT es sityvebi Cven kvlav verdis genialuri operis mTavari 

gmiris ukanasknel arias mogvagonebs: 

Vedi?... di morte l’angelo 

Radiante a noi si appressa… 

Ne adduce a eterni gaudii 

Sovra I suoi vanni d’or. 

42 Dante Alighieri, La Divina Commedia, a cura di Daniele Mattalia, III, Paradiso, Milano, 1975, p. 70, v. 22-24. 

43 platonis `timeosis~ mTavari gmiri. 

44 ibid., p. 73, v. 49-53. 

45 ibid., p. 74, v. 61-62. 

46 ix. Aida, Opera in quattro atti di Antonio Cislanzoni, musica Ciuseppe Verdi, milano, s.a., p.40. 

233

Su noi già il ciel dischiudesi… 

Ivi ogni affano cessa… 

Ivi comincia l’estasi 

D’un immortale amor. 47 

(`xedav?... gviaxlovdeba sikvdilis sxivosani angelozi, da Tavisi oqros frTebiT 

migviZRvis maradiuli netarebisaken. Cvens zemoT ukve ixsneba zeca, sadac mTavrdeba 

yovelgvari tanjva-vaeba, da iwyeba eqstazi ukvdavi siyvarulisa~). 

magram kvlav mivubrundeT `vefxistyaosans~. nestanis werilis zemoT citirebul 

sityvebs uSualod mosdevs strofi, romelic gviCvenebs, raoden kargad icnobda 

rusTveli varskvlavebidan dedamiwaze da, piriqiT, dedamiwidan varskvlavebis mimarT 

sulTa migraciis platoniseul koncefcias: 

mze uSenod ver iqmnebis, raTgan Sen xar misi wili, 

ganaRamca mas eaxel misi etli, ar Tu wbili! 

muna gnaxo, manve gsaxo, gaminaTlo guli Crdili; 

Tu sicocxle mware mqonda, sikvdilimca mqonda tkbili! 48 

cnobilia, rom aq ètli~ astronomiuli terminia da zodiaqos Tanavarskvlaveds 

niSnavs (Sdr. ètlis cvaleba mzisagan, Sejdoma saratanisa~. 49 sulxan-saba orbelianis 

mixedviT, `gareSeTa wignTa etlad aRuweriaT 12 zodiani da Svidni cTomilni 

varskvlavni~, 50 xolo TviT zodiaqo Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli didi qarTveli 

leqsikografis mier: `zodiaqo _ eseni arian saxeni da niSanni saxeTa maTTani da romelTa 

TTuesa miiTualavs mze maTi: verZi TTuesa martsa 20 miiTualavs mzesa. kuro 

aprilsa 20. marCbivi maissa 21. kirCxibi ivnissa 22. lomi ivlissa 23. qalwuli agvistosa 

23~ 51 da a.S. 

ki magram, ratomaa tarieli mzis ètli~? ratom ver iqneba mze umisod? saqme isaa, 

rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ tarielis mudmivi epiTetia `lomi~: `Savi cxeni sadaviTa hyva 

lomsa da viTa gmirsa~, `Zalad lomsa, Tvalad mzesa, tanad vgvandi edems zrdilsa~; 

`siciliT miTxra: wamovle, mogelis lomsa mTvareo~; àw Sevebi xataelTa, mun gamov- 

Cnde lomi qvelad~; `lomman mivmarTe xataeTs, vervin mizraxavs mxdlobasa~; `misTvis 

gaWrili minaxavs, wevs lomi fernamkrTali sad~; àvTandil mkerdsa daasxa mas lomsa 

sisxli lomisa~; `raTgan mihxvda dakarguli lomi mzesa waxdomilsa~ 52 da sxv. 

amitomaa, rom nestanis Rrma rwmeniT, misi lomi mijnuri odesme Tavis wilxvdomil 

lomis zodiaqos daubrundeba, romelic sulxan-saba orbelianis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 

ìvlissa 23 miiTualavs mzesa~. 

xolo Tavis Tavze nestani ambobs: `muna gnaxo, mandve gsaxo, gaminaTlo guli Crdili~. 

ras niSnavs es `muna gnaxo~? `mun~ xom varskvlaveTia, zodiaqoTa ciuri rkali?... 

nestanis mTeli sicocxle, im sabediswero dRidan moyolebuli, roca davaris 

brZanebiT kidobanSi Casves da zRvis talRebSi ukres Tavi, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara 

Tavganwiruli brZola Tavisi siwmindisa da siqalwulis gadasarCenad, raTa am qveynad 

Tu ara, saukuno soflad mainc umankod da pirnaTlad warudges Tavis uebro mijnurs. 

`vefxistyaosnis~ or Tavs erTi da igive saTauri aqvs: `wigni nestan-darejanisa 

sayvarelsa Tana~ da `wigni nestan-darejanisa sayvarelTana~. pirvels wers jer 

kidev bedis nebieri mefis asuli, meores ki qajeTis cixeSi gamomwyvdeuli, bedisweris 

simuxTliTa da sisastikiT sasomixdili da sawuTrogaarmebuli sabralo tyve, 

magram urRvevi fici erTgulebisa, pirvel werilSi rom aRuTqva mijnurs: `Senman 

47 ibid., p. 39. 

48 `vefxistyaosani~, 1300. 


50 `sityvis kona~, Tb., 1949, gv. 191. 

51 iqve, gv. 225. 

52 Sesabamisad: 831; 329 3; 405 4; 413 4; 418 3; 1260 3; 1347 1; 1453 3. 

234

mzeman, Tavi Cemi arvis marTebs uSenosa~, 53 _ ucvlelad, sityva-sityviT meordeba qajeTis 

cixidan gamogzavnil ustarSic: 

Senman mzeman, uSenosa arvis mixvdes mTvare Seni, 

Senman mzeman, vervis mixvdes, mo-ca-viden samni mzeni! 

aqaT Tavsa gardaviqcev, axlos maxlvan didni kldeni, 

suli Cemi Seivedre, zeciT momxvden nuTu frTeni. 54 

amrigad, nestani, uwinares yovlisa, umanko qalwulia. qalwuli par excellence. „qalwuli~ 

ki `lomis~ mezobeli zodiaqoa, romelic àgvistosa 23 miiTualavs mzesa~. bedis 

sisastikiTa da kacTa siaviT am qveynad gayril mijnurT mxolod cis siwminde 

Tu Segvawyvilebs, Cvens wilxvdomil lomisa da qalwulis Tanavarskvlavedebze davanebulT, 

da cxovelmyofeli mze SegvaerTebs Tavisi maradiuli brunviT, _ am naTeli 

mrwamsiTaa STagonebuli strofis daskvniTi sityvebi: `Tu sicocxle mware mqonda, 

sikvdilimca mqonda tkbili~: amrigad, dedaazrad rom iRebs sulTa kosmiuri 

wrebrunvis (varskvlavebi _ dedamiwa, dedamiwa _ varskvlavebi) platoniseul koncefcias, 

rusTveli qmnis brwyinvale poetur metaforas, romlis badalic iSviaTad Tu 

moiZebneba msoflio poeziaSi. 55 


54 iqve, 1298. 

55 ix. àntikuri civilizaciis gvirgvini~ _ platoni, timeosi, Tb., 1994, gv. 262-264. 

235

usTavelis esTetika 

(nawyvetebi) 

236 

giorgi nadiraZe 

imisaTvis, rom naTeli gaxdes vefxistyaosanSi gansaxierebuli mSvenierebis sazRvrebi, 

kargi iqneba, Tu mivmarTavT antikisa da italiuri renesansis paralelebs. 

antikuri kulturis esTetikuri idealia amqveyniuri sisxlsavse cxovreba. klasikuri 

formis WeSmariti silamazisa da xelovnebis centralur punqtsa da Sinaars, 

ambobs hegeli, Seadgenda mxolod is, rac a d a m i a n u r i iyo. es aris berZen da romael 

xelovanTa udavo damsaxureba, romlis mniSvneloba didad scildeba xelovnebis 

sferoebs. 

magram dasavleT-evropuli renesansis epoqas xelaxla mouxda aRmoeCina adamianis 

silamaze, romelic Sua saukuneebSi gariyuli iyo Teologiuri azris mier. 

italiuri renesansis, kerZod, CinkveCentos erT-erT Taviseburebas cnobili xelovnebaTmcodne 

hainrix violflini imaSi xedavs, rom axla adamians da adamianurs 

xelovneba ganixilavs rogorc samyaros umaRles esTetikur fenomens. aravis ar gamouxatavs 

es idea ise mkveTrad, rogorc miqelanjelos. `man pirvelma, _ wers violflini, 

_ gamoTqva debuleba, romelsac mniSvneloba hqonda mTeli saukunisaTvis, 

rom adamianis formaTa silamazis gareSe ar arsebobs kidev sxva 

r a i m e s i l a m a z e ~. SexedeT siqstes kapelis mxatvrobas! àq ar moipoveba arc erTi 

kuTxe ubralo ornamentiT, yvelgan mxolod da mxolod adamianis sxeulebia~. leonardo 

da vinCisagan gansxvavebiT, miqelanjelos `samyaro gansakuTrebulia, i g i S e - 

dgeba mZlavri adamianebis jiSisagan~. 

miqelanjelos Tvalsazriss me vuwodebdi esTetikur antropocentrizms. rogorc 

violflinis dakvirvebidan Cans, igi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli mTeli italiuri renesansisaTvis, 

magram, vityodiT Cven, savsebiT kanonzomieri Tvalsazrisia im epoqis 

kulturaSi, rodesac maZiebeli inteleqtis mTeli interesi mkveTrad Semotrialda 

adamianisaken. humanisturi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis adamiani da samyaro TanafardobiT 

da tolmniSvnelovan cnebebs rodi warmoadgenen. maT Soris svamdnen ara tolobis, 

aramed daqvemdebarebis niSans. samyaros mTel mniSvnelobas imaSi xedavdnen, 

rom igi unda gadaqceuliyo adamianis nebisyofis obieqtad da adamianis siamovnebaTa 

wyarod. aqedan bunebrivad da advilad SeiZleba ganviTarebuliyo esTetikuri antropocentrizmis 

ukiduresi Tvalsazrisi, romelic SesamCnevad Zlierdeba italiis xelovnebaSi 

XV s. damlevsa da XVI s. damdegs da umaRles wertils aRwevs miqelanjelos 

SemoqmedebaSi. miqelanjelos esTetikur samefoSi mbrZaneblobs mxolod adamiani. 

samyaros mravalferovani silamaze, adamianis qveviT ganlagebul safexurebze 

warmodgenili organizmebis, iseve rogorc mTeli usulo bunebis silamaze misi esTetikuri 

interesis gareSe dgas. 

leonardo da vinCis Sedareba miqelanjelosTan Tvalwin gviSlis axal esTetikur 

sferos. am or ukvdav genioss ar esmodaT da arc uyvardaT erTmaneTi. TviTeuli 

maTgani Tavis sakuTar esTetikur samefoSi cxovrobda. 

italiuri renesansis arc erT moRvawes ar gamoumJRavnebia bunebis siyvaruli ise 

yovlisSemcvelad da iseTi mZlavri Sinagani vnebiT, rogorc leonardo da vinCis. 

aseve usazRvro da grZnobieri iyo misi esTetikuri TvalTaxedva. mSveniereba, leonardos 

azriT, ganfenilia mTels sinamdvileze, misi formebi iseve auracxelia, rogorc 

fizikuri movlenebisa da fsiqiuri gancdebis mravalferovneba. 

leonardos kolosaluri mxatvruli memkvidreoba aWrelebulia CanaxatebiT, monaxazebiT, 

sqemebiT mravalferovans Temebze. aq aris peizaJebic, adamianebic, nivTebic, 

saganTa calkeuli nawilebic. yvelaferSi gamosWvivis maxvili yuradReba bunebisadmi 

da esTetikuri Zieba yvelaferSi. leonardos stili xasiaTdeba detalebis guldasmiTi 

amoweriT. Tanamedroveni aRtacebulni iyvnen misi ferweris sinatifiT. erT-

xel, gviambobs vazari, _ `leonardom dawera wyliT savse sura, romelSic ramdenime 

yvavili iyo Cadebuli. gansacvifrebeli simarTlis garda, suraze ise iyo gamosaxuli 

wylis gaorTqlianeba, rom cocxalze cocxali Canda~. 

amrigad, msoflio rogorc esTetikuri fenomeni italiuri renesansis or did xelovans 

warmodgenili aqvs ori, erTi meorisagan gansxvavebulia aspeqtiT. erTisTvis 

mSveniereba koncentrirebulia titanuri adamianis saxeSi, meorisTvis igi Tanabrad 

aris ganfenili samyaroSi da zogjer mcireSi meti mimzidvelobaa, vidre diadSi. 

leonardom aRmoaCina miniaturulisa da intimuris esTetika. 

davakvirdeT am fonze rusTavels. gana ar mogvagonebs misi qmnileba miqelanjelos 

esTetikur samyaros? vefxistyaosani _ es xom siqstes kapelis qar- 

Tuli plafonia, poeziis saSualebebiT gaSlili epiur tiloze. 

rogorc miqelanjelos plafoni gvajadoebs Tavisi monumenturi bibliuri figurebiT, 

mociqulebiT, winaswarmetyvelebiT, sibilebiT, monebiT, aseve rusTavelis poema 

itacebs mkiTxvels, uwinares yovlisa, RvTaebrivi ZaliTa da vnebebiT aRWurvili 

gmirebiT. orive xelovanis wamodgeniT, amqveyniur sinamdvileSi adamianis silamaze 

umaRlesia da yvelaze momxibvleli (988, 3-4). 

gavixsenoT agreTve erTi kargad cnobili adgili vefxistyaosnidan, sadac avTandilis 

bagiT laparakobs TviTon rusTaveli adamianis prioritetze ùsulo~, ùasako~, 

ùsityvo~ da àra cnobieri~ sagnis winaSe. ambavi exeba nestanisagan saCuqrad mi- 

Rebul samxres. es iyo yvelaze Zvirfasi nivTi tarielisaTvis, amas daukavSirda mis 

mier gancdili siyvarulis mTeli sitkboeba da simware, igi gadaiqca ubedurebaSi 

myofi nestanis simbolod da indoeli Wabukis erTaderT nugeSad (896, 2-3). da mainc, 

rusTavelis azriT, igi araferia adamianTan SedarebiT: `sjobs asmaTisa ar-leva maga 

samxrisa levasa~. (897, 3). 

advili warmosadgenia, ra farTo daskvnebis saSualebas iZleva avTandilis aRniSnuli 

monologi. masSi Cans filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobac, humanisturi socialuri 

Sexedulebanic, esTetikuri koncefciac. 

filosofiuri msoflmxedveloba warmodgenilia aseTi diskursiuli formiT: niv- 

Ti (e. i. mTeli organuli da araorganuli buneba) imitom unda daemorCilos adamians, 

rom es ukanaskneli kosmiuri Semoqmedebis yvelaze srulqmnili nayofia. adamiani 

unda CaiTvalos im umaRlesi formebis dagvirgvinebad da erTgvar damTavrebad, sai- 

Tkenac miiswrafvis bunebis dialeqtikuri moZraoba. da marTlac, adamianis saxiT buneba 

hqmnis cnobierebas, ese igi poulobs sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. 

sxva azri ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes im negatiur niSnebs, romliTac rusTaveli 

axasiaTebs nivTs: ùasako da usulo, ar sityvieri, cnobili~ (898, 1-2). rusTavelma 

kargad icis, ra Zalas warmoadgens cnobierebis, Semecnebis, codnis niWiereba. es 

aris is, rac adamians aqcevs sinamdvilis hegemonad. maSasadame, Cven safuZveli gvaqvs 

vTqvaT, rom buneba Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurze iZulebuli xdeba daemorCilos 

imas, rac TviTon misi Semoqmedebis nayofs warmoadgens. 

am striqonebidan Cven gvesmis maRali humanisturi msoflmxedvelobis xmebic. Tu 

adamiani aris `mjobi yovlisa soflisa~, cxadia, pirvel rigSi swored is imsaxurebs 

siyvarulsa da movla-patronobas, amasTan misdami siyvaruli unda iyos wminda, uangaro, 

Tavisufali yovelgvari nivTieri interesebisagan. 

dasasrul, es striqonebi saSualebas gvaZleven CvenTvis sayuradRebo esTetikuri 

daskvnac gamoviyvanoT. Tu adamiani diadi kosmiuri Semoqmedebis yvelaze srulqmnili 

nayofia, ueWvelia, igi unda viazroT imave dros iseT arsebad, romelSiac samyaros 

mSvenierebam moaxdina mTeli Tavisi SesaZleblobis koncentrireba. sxvanairad 

rom warmogvedgina saqme, maSin miviRebdiT, rom bunebam Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi ganvi- 

Tarebis umaRles safexurze gamoTiSa mxolod mSveniereba; k o s m i u r i s i m f o n i a 

darRveuli aRmoCndeboda misi Semadgeneli xmebis disharmoniuli 

gaTiSviT. 

237

vefxistyaosnis centraluri saxeebi, rogorc es vnaxeT wina TavSi, iwveven esTetikur 

gancvifrebasa da aRtacebas. maT Sehxarian, maTi cqeriT tkbebian ise, TiTqos 

isini maRali ostatobiT Sesrulebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebebi iyvnen da ara Cveulebrivi 

adamianebi. 

rusTavelisTvis damaxasiaTebelia adamianis gaRmerTeba. am mxriv metad sagulisxmoa 

vefxistyaosnis ori taepi; erTi maTgani warmoadgens RvTaebis, xolo meore adamianis 

panegiriks; orive _ RvTaebac da adamianic _ Casmulia erT poetur CarCoSi, 

moqargulia erTi ZafiT, erTgvari ornamentebiT. RvTaebaze poeti ambobs: `gaqo, viT 

gaqo, ra gaqo, ar saqebelo smeniTa!~ (917, 3). da amas ambobs poeti TiTqmis maSinve, 

roca man ukve warmosTqva msgavsi qeba Tavisi RmerTisdari gmirebisa: `ver migia qeba 

maTi, vera qeba saqebari~ (901, 2). 

amrigad, Tu Tavs movuyriT yvelafer imas, rac iTqva, Cven erT udavo daskvnas gavakeTebT: 

rusTavelis esTetikuri samyaros centrs warmoadgens adam 

i a n i . masSi da mxolod masSi aris koncentrirebuli esTetikuri srulqmnilebis 

umaRlesi SesaZleblobani. aseTia is saerTo wertili, romelSiac erTimeores xvdebian 

renesansis epoqis ori genialuri xelovani _ vefxistyaosnisa da siqstes kapelis 

plafonis Semoqmedni. 

magram sakmarisia erTi Tvalis gadavlebac vefxistyaosanze, raTa davrwmundeT, 

rom rusTaveli dajildoebulia faqizi esTetikuri grZnobiT bunebis silamazeTa 

mimarTac. rusTavelisTvis mSveniereba, vwerdiT Cven zeviT, ganfenilia mTels samyaroze, 

Caqsovilia mis yovel sagansa da movlenaSi, igi mravalferovania ara marto 

SemecnebiTi gonebisaTvis, aramed esTetikuri grZnobisTvisac. rusTaveli aRtacebulia 

astraluri peizaJebis, Zvirfasi qvebis, mcenareTa da cxovelTa mSvenierebiT. 

lamazia ara marto adamiani, lamazia vardi, saro, alva, lali, minanqari, vefxi, lomi, 

mze, mTvare, varskvlavebiT moWedili ca. 

rusTaveli faqizad grZnobs, rom mSveniereba mravalferovania, rom igi vrceli 

bunebis wiaRidan aTasi TvaliT imzireba Cvensken. mas uyvars bunebis yoveli nivTi 

da movlena, rogorc esTetikuri fenomenebi, uyvars maTi naxazoba da koloriti, sinaTlisa 

da Crdilis TamaSi, qsovilebis ostaturi naySebi, ornamentebi, inkrustaciebi, 

Zvirfasi qvebis kaSkaSi, kanis xaverdovanoba, surnelebani. rusTaveli faqizad 

grZnobs S e g r Z n e b a T a s i l a m a z e s , mcire sidideebis silamazes, romelsac esTetikur 

traqtatebSi uwodeben siturfes. 

rusTavels uyvars TviTon sityva `siturfe~: 

misive hmetobs yovelsa suli da t u r f a feroba. (37, 3). 

brolisa velsa s t u r f o b d e s giSrisa mun sayenia. (193, 4). 

Sigan vwev didTa darbazTa t u r f i T a sagebeliTa. (349, 1). 

edgnes t u r f a n i karavni moedans Camodgomilsa. (466, 1). 

dRes erTmanerTi ginaxavs da t u r f a d mogwonebia. (492, 3). 

ewera: vnaxe s i t u r f e wyal-javarisa Senisa. (493, 2). 

xelman Senni ganvicaden s i n a t i f e -s i t u r f e n i . (503, 3). 

vnaxe, Zowsa margaliti gare t u r f a d moemazra. (536, 3). 

mun broli da vard-giSeri g a e t u r f a sinazesa. (585, 2). 

vefxistyaosanSi Warbad aris warmodgenili mxedvelobiTi (Suqi, Zvirfasi qvebi, 

yvavilebi, koloriti, ornamentebi) da smeniTi (upiratesad metyveleba) movlenebis 

siturfeni. 

poema pirdapir TvalismomWrelad brwyinavs cis mnaTobebis elvarebiT, Zvirfasi 

qvebis kaSkaSiT, ferad-feradi yvavilebis mdidari koloritiT. Tu aviRebT masSi uxvad 

mimobneul Zvirfas qvebs da kargad davakvirdebiT, Cven SevniSnavT maTi gamoyenebis 

uaRresad Tavisebur mxatvrul kanonzomierebas (amaze qveviT), da maSin igi iseT 

STabeWdilebas datovebs, TiTqos Cven winaSe aRmarTuli iyos mozaikuri suraTebis 

mTeli galerea. 

238

smeniTi SegrZnebebis siturfeTa sferoSi rusTaveli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas 

aqcevs adamianis xmis sasiamovno tembrs, romelic mJRavndeba simReraSi da metyvelebaSi. 

avTandili SesaniSnavad mReris. misi xmis tembri tkbili da momxiblavia. rostevani 

ase igonebs mas: `veRar vismen xmasa Sensa, sasmenelad me mas rulsa~. (823, 3). 

magram rusTavelis gmirebi marto simReraSi rodi arian esoden mimzidvelni. isini 

aseve lamazad tirian da icinian: gavixsenoT atirebuli nestani (`Sina Sevidi, mas 

wina edgis cremlisa gubebi~... da sxva; 1146), tarieli (`tariel moTqva tiriliT sityva 

natifi, mWevrebi~, 1336, 1), TinaTini (`qali tirs da cremlsa afrqvevs, hxris yornisa 

bolo frTaTa~, 46, 4), avTandili (àvTandil dajda tirilad, tirs xmiTa SvenieriTa~... 

da sxva, 1342), fridoni (1009, 1). 

egreT wodebuli dabali grZnobebis siturfes umniSvnelo adgili ukavia poemaSi 

mxedvelobiT da smeniT SegrZnebebTan SedarebiT, Tumca ueWvelia isic, rom vardis 

metafora, romelsac esoden xSirad vxvdebiT poemaSi da romelic asuraTebs Rawvebsa 

da bageebs, emyareba, albaT, ara marto Tvalis SegrZnebaTa asociaciebs, aramed 

mxedvelobaSi unda iyos miRebuli agreTve vardis furcelTa xaverdovanoba, es ki 

ganekuTvneba ukve SexebiTi SegrZnebebis sferos. 

magram, ra SesaniSnavia poemis erTaderTi striqoni, romelSiac gamoxatulia gemos 

SegrZnebiT gamowveuli esTetikuri siamovneba! Tamaris mWvretelTa Sesaxeb poeti 

ambobs, rom maTi sitkboebis gancda SeiZleba SevadaroT egvipturi yandis mirTmevas: 

misTa mWvretelTa yandisa mirTma xams marT, mi, Serisa. (3, 4 10 ) 

es lamazi asociacia, romelSic naTlad igrZnoba aRmosavluri gancxroma, gamoiwvevda 

SegrZnebaTa esTetikis iseTi Tavgamodebuli damcvelebis aRtacebas, rogoric 

iyvnen ingliseli poeti jon kitsi, an frangi esTetikosi Jan mari guio. 

am striqonis gverdiT unda davayenoT rusTavelis meore ubrwyinvalesi esTetikuri 

saxe, sadac gemovnebis silamaze gadatanilia ukve xmaze: 

xma Saqris-ferad gauxda vardsa, xSir-xSirad pobilsa. (1335, 4). 

magram am saxeebma ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom rusTavelis esTetikas raime aqvs 

saerTo sensualistur esTetikasTan. am ukanasknelis mkveTr warmomadgenlad unda 

CagveTvala, magaliTad, kitsi. 

jon kitsi dajildoebuli iyo uaRresad faqizi SegrZnebebis unariT. misi sensoruli 

aparatis simaxvile ukidures sazRvars aRwevda. àh, raoden ukeTesia SegrZnebaTa 

sicocxle, vidre azrebis sicocxle!~ _ ambobda igi. `man Tavisi cxovrebis didi 

nawili, _ wers georg brandesi, _ marTlac gaatara sensorul STabeWdilebebSi, 

im siamovnebasa da tanjvaSi, romelTac grZnobebi gvaniWeben... amitomac ar unda 

gagvikvirdes, rom mis leqsebSi Cven xSirad SevxvdebiT am sferoebidan aRebul saxeebs... 

yovelgvari bgeris, sunis, gemosa da SexebisaTvis mas gaaCnda sityvaTa iseTi 

udidesi maragi, romelic iSviaTad gvxvdeba masze gacilebiT did poetebTan. aqedan 

Cans, rom igi dabadebulia iseTi midrekilebebiT, rom, Tu isini ganviTardebodnen da 

Camoyalibdebodnen, uTuod Seqmnidnen bunebis yovelgvari silamazis aRqmisa da gamosaxvis 

araCveulebriv niWierebas~. 

ai wminda da yovelmxrivi sensualizmis nimuSi esTetikaSi. es erTi magaliTic 

sakmarisia, raTa davrwmundeT imaSi, raoden SeuTavsebelia yovelive es vefxistyaosnis 

avtoris esTetikur koncefciasTan. 

Cven ukve viciT, rom rusTavelisTvis àzrebis sicocxle~ ufro Zvirfasia, vidre 

`SegrZnebebis sicocxle~. 

magram, meore mxriv, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, rusTaveli dajildoebulia agreTve SegrZnebaTa 

silamazis faqizi grZnobiT. 

gana SeiZleba sxvagvari yofiliyo iseTi poetis esTetikuri TvalTaxedva, romelsac 

mTeli arsebiT uyvarda miwa, sicocxle, adamiani? 

siturfes Semoaqvs xelovnebaSi miwis surneleba da grZnobaTa sixaruli. sicocxlis 

savseoba warmoudgenelia siturfis gareSe. umisod ar arsebobs realisturi 

239

stilis xelovneba. mas sdevnian esTetikidan mxolod idealistebi, romelTac mSveniereba 

warmoudgeniaT rogorc martooden zemiwieri samyaro. 

rusTavels uyvars siturfe, magram misi esTetika mainc mkveTrad antisensualisturia. 

ratom? imitom, rom SegrZnebaTa silamaze emorCileba sulis gamakeTilSobilebel 

Zalas, dawmendilia da amaRlebuli. 

aviRoT vefxistyaosnis gmirTa satrfialo urTierToba. masSi ar moipoveba uxeSi 

avxorcobis arc erTi Strixi. maTi siyvaruli ubadloa zneobrivi siwmindiT, Tavda- 

WerilobiT da koreqtobiT. amasTan igi uaRresad gulwrfelia da moklebuli preciozobis 

yovelgvar nasaxs. arc TinaTins, arc nestans ar eTakilebaT Tavisi intimuri 

grZnobebi gauziaron mijnurebs, da ra momxibvlelni arian isini am wuTSi! maT sityvebSi 

gamosWvivis bavSvuri siwminde da rwmena Tavisi gancdebis simarTlesa da ucodvelobisadmi, 

rwmena, romelic Sexamebulia Tavisufali azris SegnebasTan. 

uxeS erotiul vnebebs, Cven SevxvdebiT mxolod fatmanis buduarSi da mets arsad. 

magram Zneli ar aris mivuxvdeT poetis nagulvebs. pikanturi naturalisturi 

detalebi, romelTac ganuyrelad Tan axlavs poetis ironia, ar toveben eWvs imaSi, 

rom rusTaveli isaxavda moralur mizans _ eCvenebina CvenTvis adamianis cxoveluri 

buneba daufaravi, gaSiSvlebuli saxiT da amiT gamoewvia Cveni zizRi misdami. 

davakvirdeT, ra wminda da amaRlebul grZnobebs amJRavnebs rusTaveli, roca is 

exeba mamakacuri TvalisTvis erTob macdunebel moments _ Tavisi idealuri mandilosnebis 

garegnobas. maTi momxibvleli Sesaxedaobis aRwera arasodes ar scildeba 

mkacri zneobis sazRvrebs, arasodes ar iwvevs raime tlanq asociacebs. poeti kmayofildeba 

pirisaxis siturfiT da tanadobis zogadi konturebiT. mxolod erT alagas 

(TinaTinis strofSi) gaielvebs TavSekavebuli miTiTeba `gaZrcvil tanze~: 

gaZrcvilsa tansa emosnes yaryumni usapironi, 

eburnes moSliT rideni, fasisa Tqmad saWironi, 

hSvenodes Savni wamwamni, gulisa gasagmironi 

mas TeTrsa yelsa exvivnes grZlad Tmani ar uxSironi. (123). 

brwyinvale tanCacmulobis aRweriloba, romelsac vefxistyaosanSi mxolod esTetikuri 

funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli, rusTavelis erT-erTi sayvareli xerxia, roca mas 

surs Seqmnas Tavisi gmirebis skulpturuli saxeebi. aseTi strofebi da taepebi gabneulia 

mTeli poemis sivrceze. am adgilebSi Cven yovelTvis vgrZnobT, rom es Zvirfasi 

abreSumeuli da stavra mkvrivad ekvris sxeulis klasikur proporciebs, goeTes 

sityviT rom vTqvaT, warmoadgens `sxeulis eqos~. maS ras unda niSnavdes esoden 

xSiri miTiTeba gmirTa tanadobaze, rasac rusTaveli Cveulebriv lerwmisa da alvis 

metaforebiT gvixatavs, Tu ara imas, rom, mxatvar sizeranisa ar iyos, maTi tanisamosis 

naoWebi iseve aCenen sxeuls, rogorc pirisaxis naoWebi da mimika gamoxataven suls. 

ra Tqma unda, aseT tanisamoss araferi aqvs saerTo Sua saukuneebis tansaburvelTan, 

romelsac vpoulobT bizantiur freskebSi da goTikuri taZrebis niSebSi. aq 

igi faravs codvil sxeuls, maSin rodesac rusTavelis tanCacmuloba amJRavnebs 

sxeulis RvTaebriv figuras. 

magram isev da isev: ramdeni TavdaWera, koreqtoba da zeSTagonebaa gmirebis plastikur 

garegnobaSi! 

miuxedavad amisa, vis SeuZlia Tqvas, rom am idealuri gmirebis siyvaruli moklebuli 

iyos miwier emociebs? ara, igi mxolod amaRlebulia, gakeTilSobilebuli da 

gafaqizebulia. amitom maTi siyvaruli, brandesis sityviT rom vTqvaT, èrTsa da imave 

dros metad usxeulocaa da metad avxorcic~. 

Cven axla SegviZlia SevajamoT Cveni msjeloba m S v e n i e r e b i s s a z R v r e b i s 

Sesaxeb rusTavelis esTetikaSi. mas udavod uvrcelesi masStabebi axasiaTebs. pirdapir 

unda iTqvas, rom igi emTxveva arsebuli sinamdvilis sazRvrebs. 

Cven vipoveT Semxvedri wertilebi rusTavelisa da miqelanjelos esTetikur msoflSegrZnebaTa 

Soris. vefxistyaosani, vwerdiT Cven, siqstes kapelis qarTuli plafonia, 

epiur tiloze gaSlili poeziis saSualebebiT. 

240

magram Semdgomma msjelobam gvaCvena, rom poemaSi SesamCnevad win wamoweulia niv- 

Tisa da bunebis esTetikac. rusTaveli faqizad grZnobs `mcire sidideebis~ silamazes, 

aRiqvams koloritsa da naxazobas, sinaTlisa da Crdilis TamaSs, rogorc fermweri 

garegan formebs, rogorc moqandake, bgerebs, rogorc musikosi. am mxriv 

rusTaveli unda davayenoT ara miqelanjelos gverdiT, romlis esTetikuri samyaro, 

rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, Semofarglulia àdamianTa mZlavri jiSiT~, aramed leonardo 

da vinCis gverdiT. àRorZinebis arc erTi xelovani, _ wers violflini _ ar 

yofila ise gulisxmieri msoflio silamazis mimarT, rogorc leonardo~. es azri 

sruli safuZvlianobiT SegviZlia gavimeoroT vefxistyaosnis Sesaxebac. amitom ar 

SevcdebiT, Tu rusTavelis esTetikur koncefcias kacTaTvis mocemul sinamdvileze 

aseTi saxiT warmovidgenT: ori didi italieli xelovanis _ leonardos 

da miqelanjelos _ TvalTaxedvani unda CaiTvalos am koncefciis 

momentebad, romelSiac isini hpoveben Serigebas da gaerTmTlianebis 

princips. 

vfiqrob, Cven davrwmundiT imaSic, rom rusTavelis esTetikur samyaros axasiaTebs 

mwyobri arqiteqtonika. misi centria adamiani, xolo buneba _ periferiuli esTetikuri 

sferoebis are. Tavis mniSvnelovan nawilSi es ukanaskneli moklebulia 

damoukideblobas. misi esTetikuri Rirebuleba funqcionaluria da 

ara TavisTavadi. igi xan fonia, xan CarCo, xan saRebavebis rezervuari 

personaJebis portretebisaTvis. 

mSveniereba, marTlac, ganfenilia mTels samyaroze. igi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT 

yvelgan da yvelaferSi. rusTaveli da leonardo da vinCi mudam eZebdnen da poulobdnen 

mis yvelaze ufaqizes formebs. bunebis mSvenierebaTa am mravalferovan 

gamovlinebas ar cnobda arc ukvdavi miqelanjelo, romelmac pirvelad gamoTqva 

mTeli saukunisaTvis mniSvnelobis mqone debuleba, rom àdamianis formaTa silamazis 

gareSe ar arsebobs sxva araviTari silamaze~ (violflini). 

magram rusTaveli gvarwmunebs, rom samyaroSi ganfenili mSveniereba ierarqiulia 

esTetikuri srulqmnilebis TvalsazrisiT. da am esTetikuri ierarqiis umaRlesi safexuri 

ganekuTvneba adamians. igi warmoadgens im centrs, saiTkenac miemarTeba samyaros 

ganviTarebis yvela xazi, igi yvela srulqmnilebis centria, maT Soris esTetikuri 

srulqmnilebisac. samyaros erToblivi, ganuyofeli winsvla umaRlesi formebisaken 

arsad ar irRveva, igi harmoniulad mwyobria, e. i. warmoadgens kosmoss, rogorc 

ityodnen berZnebi. 

mSveniereba, marTlac, SeiZleba SevadaroT mzis macocxlebel sxivebs, igi Tanabrad 

moefineba yvelafers, rac mocemulia adamianisTvis amqveyniur sinamdvileSi, magram 

Tanabrad rodi aisarkeba yvela mis nawilSi. 

magram rusTavelis gmirTa momxibvlelobis yvelaze mZlavr wyaros maTi s u l i s 

axovaneba warmoadgens. saerTod mSvenierebis mwvervals adamiani 

aRwevs mxolod umaRles fsiqiur movlenebSi, azrovnebis aqtebSi, 

Rrma emociebSi, Tavganwirul siyvarulSi, patriotul da 

zneobriv RvawlSi, gmirobasa da megobrobaSi. vefxistyaosani mTlianad 

am azris damamtkicebel saukeTeso mxatvrul nawarmoebs warmoadgens. 

241

ogor SeviswavloT da rogor vaswavloT rusTveli 

242 

elguja xinTibiZe 

SoTa rusTveli XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis saqarTvelos samefo karis poetia. uSualo 

biografiuli cnobebi poetis Sesaxeb ar Senaxula. misi vinaoba (rusTveli) dadasturebulia 

poemis prologSi, xolo saxeli, SoTa, mxolod XVII saukunis dasawyisisa 

da Semdgomi drois qarTul literaturul wyaroebSi. poema dawerili unda 

iyos Tamar mefisa da daviT soslanis zeobis xanaSi, daaxloebiT 1189_1207 wlebSi. 

rusTvelis vinaobis Taobaze Seqmnil mraval xalxur gadmocemasa da mecnierul varaudTa 

Soris dReisaTvis ufro popularulia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis Tanaxmadac 

vefxistyaosnis avtori aris ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris kedelze gamoxatuli 

da saaRape wignSi moxsenebuli meWurWleTuxucesi SoTa rusTveli. monastris 

gumbaTis qveS erT-erT centralur svetze gamoxatuli wm. maqsime aRmsareblisa 

da wm. iovane damaskelis freskaTa Soris Caxatulia locvad xelapyrobili didgvarovani 

moxuci eriskacis portreti, warweriT: `rusTveli~. suraTze zemodan miwerilia: 

àmisa damxatavsa SoTas Seundves RmerTman. amin~. monasterSive Semonaxulia saaRape 

wigni, romelSic sxva mosaxsenebelTa Soris ikiTxeba: àmasve orSabaTsa aRapi 

SoTaÁsa meWurWleTuxucesisa...~ freskac da saaRape wignis Canaweric XIII saukunis 

pirvel naxevarSi Sesrulebuladaa miCneuli.… 

vefxistyaosani lirikuli pasaJebis Semcveli epikuri Txzulebaa. poemis siuJeti 

arabeTsa da indoeTSi viTardeba. es ori ambavi kompoziciurad gamTlianebulia. mTlianoba 

ki miRweulia erTmaneTisagan organulad gamomdinare siuJeturi rkalebiT 

imgvarad, rom erT siuJetur rkalSi meorea Casmuli, meoreSi _ mesame da ase Semdeg. 

poemis kompoziciaSi ar Cans siuJetis ganviTarebis am sistemidan, ZiriTadi xazidan, 

arcerTi gadaxveva. msgavsad renesansuli epoqis literaturis saerTo specifikisa, 

yvela mimoxvra vefxistyaosnis siuJetSi mkacradaa motivirebuli da avtoris Canafiqrs 

damorCilebuli. siuJetis ganviTarebis yvela epizodi poemis kompoziciaSi 

Semodis mxolod im moculobiT, riTac aucilebelia siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis. 

arc erTi epizodis ganaxleba da gagrZeleba siuJetis sxva monakveTSi ar xdeba. epizoduri 

ambebi TavianTi SesaZlebeli saintereso gagrZelebebiT poemaSi ganviTarebis 

gareSe ixurebian. rusTveli yveba mxolod imas, rac siuJetis ZiriTadi rgolis 

moZraobisTvis aris aucilebeli. vefxistyaosnis kompozicia aSkarad amyarebs mimar- 

Tebas epikuri stilis klasikur modelTan, romelic jer kidev homerosis poemebSia 

gamokveTili da aristoteles mier `poetikaSi~ gaanalizebuli: rusTveli mokled 

mogviTxrobs qronologiurad xangrZliv ambavs; detlurad, vrclad mxolod calkeul 

epizodebs gadmoscems. mokled gadmocemuli grZeli ambis da vrclad aRwerili 

umTavresi epizodebis mTlianoba ZiriTadi ambis TxrobaSi CarTuli personaJTa mogonebebiTa 

da naambobiT regulirdeba. rogorc irkveva, epikuri metyvelebis am specifikur 

stilze rusTveli prologSic msjelobs. 

poemis siuJeti qarTul realobasTan misadagebul aRmosavluri tipis qargazea 

gaSlili, razedac TviTon avtoric miuTiTebs: èse ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad na- 

Targmanebi, vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi...~ rusTvelis umTavresi Seyvarebuli wyvilis 

Tavgadasavali – indoeTis samefo karis intrigis Sedegad dakarguli satrfos Zebna 

tarielis da misi megobris avTandilis mier; gatacebulis kvalze miniSneba Sem- 

TxveviT gacnobili mesame megobris mefe fridonis mier; sami megobris mier fridonis 

meomrebis TavdadebiT qajeTSi gamomwyvdeuli nestanis ganTavisufleba – tipuri 

aRmosavluri narativia, romlis erTi arqetipi uZveles indur eposSi `ramaianaSic~ 

Cans: indoeTis mefis Ze rama samefo karis intrigis gamo udabur tyeSia gadaxvewili 

da Tavis megobarTan erTad eZebs gatacebul usayvarles meuRles sitas. igi am xetialSi 

Sexvdeba, daumegobrdeba da brZolaSi daexmareba erT mefes, romelsac dauna-

xavs, Tu rogor mihyavda gatacebuli sita demons. sami megobari am mefis laSqriT 

demonebis samefoSi datyvevebul sitas gaaTavisuflebs. 

aRmosavlur surnels vefxistyaosnis narativi siuJetis calkeul komponentebSic 

inarCunebs. bavSvobaSi erTad aRzrdis Semdeg nestanis pirveli xilviT tarielis 

dabnedis uSualo paralelia `visramianSi~: raminis dabneda visis danaxvisas. siyvaruliT 

gaxelebuli tarielis mier Tavisi ambis mboba avTandilisTvis da am ukanasknelis 

mier mijnuris daxmarebisTvis Tavdadebis gadawyveta leilis da majnunis 

siyvarulis aRmosavleTSi popularuli ambidan majnunisa da raind navfalis damegobrebis 

scenasTan amJRavnebs mimarTebas. 

aRmosavluri tipis ambavs rusTveli XII saukunis qarTuli samefo karis istoriis 

alegoriul datvirTvas SesZens; masSi taxtis memkvidreobis problemis originalur 

gadawyvetas Semoitans – ori memkvidris mtrobis nacvlad maT siyvaruls iqadagebs; 

moyvasis siyvarulis qristianul Tezas adamianuri siyvarulis renesansul 

idealad gadaiazrebs; aRmosavluri narativis zRaprul mdinarebaSi antikur filosofias 

Cadebs; satrfos Zebnis usasrulo xetials borotis arseboba-ararsebobis 

Teologiuri Tezis Ziebad aqcevs da yvelafers erTad qarTuli poemis originalur 

siuJetad gardaqmnis. 

am siuJetze afuZnebs rusTveli Tavis uTvalavferebian poetur Senobas. ai, misi 

principuli, Tumca calkeuli komponentebi: adamiani, Semkuli adamianobis saukeTeso 

gamovlinebebiT, yvela umaRlesi moralur-fizikuri RirsebiT _ Tvalad turfa, mxne 

da vaJkaci, asakiT yrma, brZeni da ritori, uxvi, damTmobi da moazrovne-Semmecnebeli. 

adamiani, zecas Tvalmipyrobili _ RvTaebrivi azris, uzenaesis neba-survilis mWvreteli. 

varskvlavebiT moWedili zeca, miwyiv mbrunavi Tanavarskvlavedebi da maTSi 

dausrulebliv moxetiale mnaTobebi, xan wyromiT mziralni, xan sitkbosa da sikeTis 

gadmomfrqvevni _ RvTaebriv gonebaTa jaWvis xiluli daboloebani, RvTaebrivi Canafiqris 

mauwyebelni. uzenaesi, yovlisSemZle, uflebaTa ufali, yovelTaTvis tkbilad 

mxedi. da isev adamiani, gmiri, bednierebisaTvis mebrZoli, amqveyniuri borotebis 

mZleveli, Semkuli adamianur emociaTa uwmindesi da RvTaebrivi fenomeniT – siyvaruliTa 

da megobrobiT, rogorc adamianuri arsis umaRlesi gamovlinebiT. 

adamiani, romelic rusTvels Semoyavs poemaSi, yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi kuTxiT 

danaxuli, erTi principiT daxatuli ar aris. mkveTrad gansxvavdebian erTi mxriv 

cxovrebiseuli personaJebi (fatmani, useni, vezirebi, vaWrebi, msaxurebi), romlebic 

maTTan dakavSirebul epizodebiTurT nawarmoebis mxolod calkeul detalebs avseben, 

da meore mxriv idealuri gmirebi – ara cxovrebidan aRebulni, realur-naturalurad 

arsebulni, aramed poetis fantaziiT Seqmnilni da amdenad idealurni _ ideaSi 

arsebulni. amgvari idealuri tipaJi iqmneba cxovrebiseuli personis safuZvelze 

avtoriseuli pirobiTobisa da hiperbolizebis principiT. pirobiTobaa is, rom 

personaJi poemaSi Semoyvanilia mxolod im niSniT da im motiviT, ris gamosaxatavadacaa 

igi gamiznuli da misi Tavgadasavali mkacradaa SezRuduli mxolod im epizodebiT, 

rac aucilebelia nawarmoebis siuJetis procesisaTvis. ase magaliTad, asmaTi 

erTguli msaxuri qalis idealia; misi xasiaTis Tu emociis arcerTi sxva gamovlineba 

poemaSi ar Cans. arc fridonis an Sermadinis cxovrebis arcerTi epizodi ar Cans 

poemaSi, romelic siuJetis ganviTarebis mkacrad motivirebuli xazidan iqneba gadaxrili. 

adamianis danaxva mxolod dadebiTi kuTxiT da am dadebiTis hiperbolizeba 

msoflmxedvelobrivi ganacxadia tradiciul realobaTa gadasafaseblad. idealuri 

adamianis dayeneba sakuTari poeturi samyaros centrSi aris gamoxatuleba 

rusTvelis swrafvisa axali azrovnebisaken, romelic axal epoqas moaqvs. ase iqmneba 

axali sinamdvile, axali realoba, poetiseuli samyaro. poeti eZebs farul niuansebs 

gmiris sulier samyaroSi, xedavs pirovnebiseul Widils sakuTar mesTan da nacvlad 

moTxrobili ambis garegnuli, fabuluri mxarisa, literaturuli interesis 

gadatanas cdilobs personaJis fsiqikaze. 

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personaJis emocia, amaRlebulis esTetikuri gancda araa mxolod nawarmoebis 

gmiris maxasiaTebeli komponenti, mxatvruli saxis samkauli. igi vefxistyaosnis mxatvruli 

samyaros msoflmxedvelobiTi mTlianobis arsebiTi RerZia. masze brunavs is 

axali renesansuli azrovneba, romelic ukompromisod Semoaqvs poets. nestanis xilviT 

tarielis myisieri dabneda, tarielis, avTandilis da fridonis erTmaneTis pirvelive 

xilviT damegobreba araa zRaprulis narativi, ambis ubralo mboba. igi adamianis 

fsiqikis niuansebze agebuli organuli mTlianobaa. amaRlebulis, mSvenieris 

xilvis hiperbolizebaa fundamenti im didi siyvarulis da megobrobis, romelic 

rusTvels axal filosofiad, axal msoflmxedvelobad moaqvs. rogorc tarieli moixibla 

nestanis xilviT, aseve pirveli SexvedrisTanave moewonaT erTmaneTi vefxistyaosnis 

moymeebs. `Semomxedna, movewoneo,~ _ ase aRuwers avTandils tarieli fridonTan 

pirvel Sexvedras. am mowonebasac Tavisi mxatvruli safuZveli aqvs. igi araa 

mxolod TvaliT xiluli silamazis mowoneba; uwinaresad amaRlebulis xilvaa da 

masze aRmocenebuli mSvenieris esTetikuri gancda gadaizrdeba im megobrobasa da 

siyvarulSi, romelic rusTvelis axali msoflmxedvelobiTi kredoa. 

sawuTros simuxTliT sasowarkveTili tarieli, romelic adamianebs gaurboda, 

xolo misi vinaobis Setyobis msurvelT sasikvdilod imetebda, amaRlebulma sanaxaobam 

gamoafxizla da es amaRlebuli esTetikurad mSvenieris xilvaa: adamianTa simuxTlisgan 

tarieliviT ganwiruli, gulad da misandob meomarTa damkargavi da masaviT 

suliT dakodili, gamwarebuli raindis qadili zecas wvdeboda: 

zaxili mesma. Sevxeden, moyme amayad yioda, 

Semoirbevda zRvis pir-pir, mas Ture wyluli stkioda: 

xrmlisa natexi dasvrili aqvs, sisxli Camosdioda, 

mterTa eqadda, wyreboda, igineboda, Cioda... 

tarieli SeakrTo naxulma suraTma, miizida `gaficxebulma da mwyralma~ moymem: 

`SevsTvale: dadeg, miCvene, lomsa vin gawyens, romeli?~ 

avTandilis maRalma samonadireo xelovnebam da raindulma ierma fridonis mTeli 

laSqari moxibla: 

igi ra naxes mesrolni srolasa moeSlebodes, 

alya daSales, movides, moexveodes, bndebodes, 

iqiT da aqaT uvlides, zogni ukana hyvebodes, 

verca hkadrebdes: `vin xaro~, verca ras eubnebodes. 

es esTetikuri safuZveli aqvs avTandilis pirvelive xilviT fridonis moxiblvas 

da maT damegobrebas: `TviT usaxod fridons yma da moewona ymasa fridon~ mxatvruli 

metyvelebis es stili ukve renesansuli azrovnebis donea. 

adamianuri netarebis umaRles saxed da amdenad umaRlesi sikeTis eTikur kategoriad, 

Tanaxmad qristianobis moraluri koncefciisa, rusTveli miiCnevs siyvaruls. 

magram poeti cdilobs am eTikuri sistemis axlebur gadaazrebas da siyvaruli, 

romelic vefxistyaosnis poeturi samyaros centrSi dgas, RvTaebrivi amaRlebulobisa 

da Sinaarsis mqone amqveyniuri, adamianuri grZnobaa. vefxistyaosnis siyvaruli, 

rogorc koncefcia, rusTvelis epoqis _ XII saukunis qristianuli sakaro literaturis 

humanistur principebzea aRmocenebuli. poemis Seyvarebul wyvilTa tipaJis 

mxatvruli modeli efuZneba imdroindeli sparsuli epikis mijnuris saxes (satrfos 

ver miwvdomisgan gaxelebuli, velad gaWrili raindi). siyvarulis rusTveliseuli 

koncefcia maRldeba rogorc sparsuli epikis dualistur da sufistur filosofiaze, 

aseve sakaro poeziis normirebul pirobiTobaze. vefxistyaosnis siyvaruli 

adamianis bunebrivi grZnobaa da Tavisufalia evropuli kurtuazuli siyvarulis 

savaldebulo da normirebuli pirobiTobisagan. erovnuli cnobierebis Tanaxmad, 

qarTveli poeti Seyvarebul wyvilTa urTierTswrafvis ideals amqveyniur SeerTeba- 

Si, SeuRlebaSi xedavs. amiT ki siyvarulis sakuTar koncefcias axamebs qristianuli 

mistikis umaRles idealTan: qorwili _ individualuri sulis SeuRleba qristesTan 

_ RvTaebrivi harmoniis zRvruli netarebaa. rusTveliseuli siyvarulis koncefciis 

244

es amaRleba imaSic gamoixateba, rom igi asaxavs, Tavisi Semoqmedebis sagnad aqcevs, 

ara TavisTavad siyvaruls rogorc personificirebul ideas, ara imdenad siyvarulis 

obieqts _ qals, ramdenadac Seyvarebul personaJs, subieqts, mis fsiqologiur 

gancdebs da sulier Tu inteleqtualur amaRlebas. amdenad, vefxistyaosnis siyvaruli 

amqveyniur-adamianuria, misi simbolur-transcedentulad gadaazrebis gareSe. 

ufro metic, rusTvelis koncefciiT amqveyniuri, adamianuri siyvaruli TavisTavad 

ukve RvTaebrivi siyvarulia. vefxistyaosnis siyvaruls ar zRudavs amqveyniur-imqveyniuris 

zRvari, igi maRla dgas sikvdil-sicocxlis misteriaze. tarieli miiCnevs, 

rom nestani aRaraa cocxali, magram maTi siyvaruli isev cocxalia. mas Tavis warmosaxvaSi 

im qveynad miaqvs es siyvaruli da siyvarulis imqveyniur zeimSi darwmunebulia. 

da rac ufro arsebiTia, rusTvelis rwmeniT, nestanis imqveyniuri xilva, imqveyniuri 

siyvaruli adamianuri, amqveyniuri Sinaarsis iqneba: 

sayvarelman sayvareli viT ar naxos, viT gawiros! 

miske mival mxiaruli, merme igi Cemke iros, 

mivegebvi, momegebos, amitirdes, amatiros... 

adamianuri siyvarulis amgvari gadaazrebis procesi Cans gviandeli Suasaukuneebis 

evropul literaturaSic. daaxloebiT amgvaradve maRldeba dante aligieriseuli 

siyvarulis koncefcia trubadurul samijnuro lirikaze. rogorc miuTiTeben, 

dantesTan aSkaraa, rom realuri qalis adamianuri siyvaruli pirveli safexuria da, 

amdenad, nawilia RvTaebrivi siyvarulisa. siyvarulis gadaazrebis es procesi renesansis 

uSualod winare evropul literaturaSi grZeldeba da petrarkasTan ukve 

adamianuri siyvaruli misi uSualo araalegoriuli gaazrebiT RvTaebrivi siyvarulia. 

rusTveliseuli siyvarulis koncefcia Suasaukuneobrivi da renesansuli idealebis 

harmoniiT Sendeba. am harmoniaSi renesansuli Suasaukuneobrivis bazaze Semodis. 

ufro metic, rusTveli aSkarad cdilobs adamianuri siyvarulis Teza qristianuli 

religiis koncefciaSi Casvas. amis safuZvels mas aZlevs saxarebiseuli debulebebi 

(maT. 22, 37-40; mark. 12, 30-31; luk. 10,27): giyvardes ufali _ esaa pirveli da 

udidesi mcneba; meore, amis msgavsi mcnebaa: giyvardes moyvasi Seni; am or mcnebazea 

damokidebuli mTeli rjuli da winaswarmetyvelni. am Teologiur wanamZRvars emyareba 

rusTveliseuli mijnurobis koncefcia, romelic vefxistyaosnis prologSi 

Teoriuladaa Camoyalibebuli: RvTaebriv mcnebaTa Soris siyvaruli aris pirveli 

da udidesi mcneba. igi, radganac RvTaebrivia, miuwvdomel-miuxvedrelicaa da gamou- 

Tqmelic. amitom vityvi mis amqveyniur gamovlinebaze, romelic misive mibaZvaa (Tu 

igi siZvaSi ar gadadis da inarCunebs RvTaebriv siwrfoebas da aRmafrenas). qristianuli 

religiis siyvarulis koncefciis amgvar komentirebas axal aRTqmaSi sxva da 

arsebiTi sayrdeni debulebac aqvs (1 ioane, 4,8): `RmerTi arasada vis uxilavs. ukueTu 

viyuarebodiT urTierTas, RmerTi Cuen Soris hgies da siyuaruli misi Cuen Soris 

aRsrulebul ars~. 

rusTveliseuli siyvaruli Zalian farTo grZnobaa, romelic garkveuli kuTxiT 

moicavs sakuTriv mijnurobasac da megobrobasac. vefxistyaosanSi Caqsovilia megobrobis 

axleburi, originaluri, avtoriseuli koncefcia, romlis CamoyalibebaSi oTxi 

ZiriTadi faqtori dominirebs. esenia: xalxuri Zmadnaficobis tradiciiT gamoxatuli 

qarTuli erovnuli Zirebi, qristianuli eTikis qarTuli tradiciiT motanili 

moyvasis siyvarulis idea, rusTvelis droindeli feodaluri da samxedro aristokratiis 

rainduli eTika, antikuri filosofiidan gviandeli Suasaukuneebisa da renesansis 

epoqaSi namemkvidrevi aristoteles moZRvreba megobrobaze. 

vefxistyaosanSi Tavisi asaxva upovia XI-XII saukuneTa qarTuli saxelmwifos 

socialuri yofis instituts, romelsac patronymobas uwodeben. poetis azriT, saxelmwifoebrivi 

wyobis umaRles principad centralizebuli monarqiaa miCneuli. amas- 

Tan, poeti aviTarebs qalis Tayvaniscemis princips, mxars uWers taxtze mefis asulis 

asvlis SesaZleblobas, damoukideblobas aniWebs qaliSvils satrfos SerCevaSi 

da mefis ojaxSi memkvidre asulisa da Zis inteleqtualur da uflebriv Tanasworo- 

245

as qadagebs. rusTveli msoflmxedvelobiTi problematikiT gviandel Suasaukuneebs 

ukavSirdeba, xolo am problemebis gadawyvetis siRrmiTa da TaviseburebebiT renesansuli 

epoqis azrovnebis doneze dgas. poetis religia qristianobaa. rusTveli XII 

saukunis qristianuli qarTuli saxelmwifos mkvidri da apologetia,. aRiarebs Rmer- 

Tis arsebobasa da sulis ukvdavebas, icnobs da eyrdnoba qristianobis pirvel-wyaros 

_ biblias, ironiiT ucqeris mahmadian RvTismsaxurT. misTvis nacnobia qristianuli 

ritualuri praqtika, pavle mociqulis sibrZne, RvTismoSiSebis saTnoebis qristologiuri 

interpretireba... poeti xSirad esesxeba bibliur saxeebs. iTvaliswinebs 

qristianuli mistikis ZiriTad principebs (aRdgoma, siZis mosvla, mistikuri qorwi-li) 

da icnobs qritianuli sqolastikis arsebiT problemebs (moZRvreba bunebis saganTa 

oTx sawyis elementze da Teoria yoveli arsebis oTx mizezze). aviTarebs qar- 

Tuli himnografiis mdidarsa da maRalmxatvrul tradiciebs. iyenebs qarTuli sasuliero 

mwerlobis saRvTismetyvelo terminologias. frazeologiuradac ki exmianeba 

qarTul himnografias da patristikul literaturas (ioane minCxis sagaloblebi; 

`sibrZne balavarisi~; basili didis `swavlanis~ da grigol didis `dialoRonis~ ef- 

Tvime aToneliseuli Targmanebi). qristianul dogmatikasTan mis damokidebulebaSi 

igrZnoba gaTvaliswineba im maRalganviTarebuli sqolastikis miRwevebisa, romlebic 

am periodis ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis TvalSi rogorc bizantiaSi, aseve dasavleT 

evropaSi qristianuli moZRvrebis filosofiad iTvleboda da romelsac qarTul 

enaze gza gauxsna ioane petriwma. poemaSi araa naxsenebi qristianuli dogmatikis 

is postulatebi, romelTa gonebiT, logikuri azrovnebiT dasabuTebidan XII-XIII 

saukuneebis sqolastika Tavs ikavebda. poetis religiuri poziciis amgvarad koreqtireba 

upirvelesad misi epoqis socialuri atmosferoTi da msoflSegrZnebiTaa 

ganpirobebuli. esaa tolerantizmi, romelic XII saukunis rogorc evropuli, aseve 

arabuli azrovnebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. poemis sami sxvadasxva qveynis gmirTa 

religiuri gancda erTnairia. maT arc salaparako ena acalkevebT. taxtis memkvidreoba 

ar izRudeba genderuli principiT: `lekvi lomisa sworia, Zu iyos, Tunda xvadia~. 

am tolerantobis safuZveli aris adamiani; adamianis mier adamianis siyvaruli; 

siyvaruliT harmonirebuli amqveyniuroba. 

biblia da sasuliero mwerloba ar aris rusTvelis erTaderTi saazrovno wyaro. 

misi Semoqmedeba warmoaCens axali tipis sazogadoebriv-filosofiuri azris imgvar 

impulsebs, romelTac renesansis epoqis evropul sinamdvileSi humanisturi, platonisturi 

da aristotelianuri moZraobebi ewoda. am periodis humanizmis ZiriTadi 

principebidan vefxistyaosanSi igrZnoba miswrafeba antikuri sibrZnis Tu azrovnebis 

antikuri modelebisaken da adamianis privilegiisa Tu Rirsebis gamokveTa. amave epoqis 

platonizmis ideebTan rusTvels aaxlovebs emfaza Semecnebaze, anu siyvarulisa 

da megobrobis adamianuri Semecnebis umaRles formebad gaazreba da religiur-filosofiuri 

toleransi, anu Semwynarebloba. vefxistyaosanSi SeiniSneba amave epoqis 

aristotelizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi momentebic: moraluri srulqmnilebis 

idealis dayeneba adamianuri filosofiis centrSi da amqveyniuri yofis Tavis- 

Tavadi Rirebuleba, anu eTikuri qcevis normebis damoukidebloba momavlisadmi imedsa 

da SiSze. 

Tavisi epoqis inteleqtualur miswrafebebs rusTveli miyavs uSualod Zvel ber- 

Znul filosofiamde. mis msoflmxedvelobas aSkarad atyvia erTi mxriv antikuri 

(rogorc platonis, aseve aristoteles) filosofiis da meore mxriv neoplatonuri 

(kerZod Ffsevdo dionise areopagelis) mistikis Rrmad gaazreba da ganviTareba. 

poemaSi did berZen filosofosze uSualo miTiTebiT moyvanilia platonis filosofiuri 

debuleba eTikuri mankis gamo adamianis amqveyniur da SemdgomSi misi sulis 

imqveyniur tanjvaze: 

me sityvasa erTsa gkadreb, platonisgan swavla-Tqmulsa: 

`sicrue da orpiroba avnebs xorcsa, merme sulsa~. 

246

usTveli Tanmimdevrulad gadmoscems platonis Tvalsazriss eTikuri mankis – 

usamarTlobis Taobaze (`poliTeia~, II da X): usamarTloba, zneobrivi manki, romelsac 

saTaveSi sicrue udgas, vnebs adamians Tavdapirvelad mis amqveyniur cxovrebaSi, 

xorciel arsebobaSi; xolo Semdeg avnebs igi pirovnebis suls mis zeciur samyofelSic. 

rusTveli ocnebobs RvTaebrivi harmoniiT mowesrigebul amqveyniur yofaze. 

vefxistyaosnis ideur-msoflmxedvelobiTi samyaro RvTaebrivi harmoniis da samarTlianobis 

amqveyniur yofaSi gamovlenasa da damkvidrebas wamoswevs wina planze da 

amave dros igi inarCunebs imave samarTlianobis imqveyniur, samaradiso yofaSi arsebobis 

rwmenas. swored amisTvis sWirdeba mas kategoriulad mtkice Teza – zneobrivi 

mankis gamo adamiani daisjeba ara mxolod saiqioSi, aramed am qveynadac. am Tezis 

deklamirebas igi poulobs platonTan. 

aristoteluri vefxistyaosanSi upiratesad ikveTeba eTikis da poetikis sferoebSi. 

poemaSi Cans ganviTareba da axleburad gaazreba aristoteleseuli megobrobis 

koncefciisa da sulis raobis definiciisa. rusTvelis originaluri – epoqiseuli 

socialuri da kulturuli, aseve erovnuli specifikuri postulatebidan aRmocenebuli 

– megobrobis koncefcia principul mimarTebebs amyarebs aristoteles eTikur 

sistemasTan: megobroba yvelaze ufro aucilebelia cxovrebisaTvis; umaRlesi forma 

megobrobisa zneobrivad srulqmnili individebis megobrobaa, raSiac arsebiTi mniSvneloba 

aqvs erTnair aRzrdas, erTnair socialur mdgomareobas; WeSmariti megobari 

yvela adamianur sikeTes tovebs, raTa megobars argos. rusTveli mxatvruli saxeebiT 

asxams xorcs aristoteles principul pozicias imis Taobaze, rom megobrobis 

safuZveli siyvarulia, romelic mowonebiT iwyeba. vefxistyaosanSi formulirebulia 

WeSmariti megobrobis gamovlenis sami mimarTuleba, romlebic aristoteleseuli megobrobis 

koncefciis ZiriTadi principebia: 

sami aris moyvrisagan moyvrobisa gamoCena: 

pirvel ndoma siaxlisa, siSorisa ver moTmena, 

micema da aras Suri, Cuqebisa ar mowyena, 

gavlena da moxmareba, misad rgebad velTa rbena. 

rusTveli XII-XIII saukuneebis qristianuli da arabuli sqolastikis kvaldakval 

(...averoesi, Toma akvineli...), eyrdnoba aristoteleseul sulis metafizikur definicias 

(suli aris tanis anu sxeulis saxe anu gaformeba, dasruleba, entelexia - `saxe 

yovlisa tanisa~) da Semoitans mas Teologiur TezaSi – RmerTis Seqmnilia yoveli 

suli. am Teologiur da filosofiur postulatebze dayrdnobiT avedrebs igi 

RmerTs sakuTar suls: 

he RmerTo erTo, Sen Sehqmen saxe yovlisa tanisa, 

Sen damifare, Zleva mec daTrgunvad me satanisa, 

momec mijnurTa survili, sikvdidmde gasatanisa, 

codvaTa Sesubuqeba, mun Tana wasatanisa. 

aristoteles eTikur ideals rusTveli mihyavs adamianis moralur-fizikuri srulqmnilebis 

apoTeozamde: 

mijnursa Tvalad siturfe hmarTebs marT viTa mzeoba, 

sibrZne, siuxve, simdidre, siyme da mocaleoba, 

ena, goneba, daTmoba, mZleTa mebrZolTa mZleoba. 

adamianuri srulqmnilebis es ideali aristoteluri eTikuri filosofiis im 

Tezas emyareba, romelsac `saukeTeso saSuali~ hqvia. vefxistyaosnis Tanaxmad, yoveli 

moqmedeba, iseve rogorc yoveli Tviseba, saukeTesoa, roca saSualia or ukiduresobas 

Soris. magaliTad, siuxve saSualia mflangvelobisa (`saboZvar-xSiroba~) da 

siZunwes Soris da a. S. 

dionise areopageli poemaSi dasaxelebulia. uzenaes arsebaze msjelobisas gamoyenebulia 

areopagituli meTodi _ katafatika-apofatika. moyvanilia areopagelis debuleba 

keTilisa da borotis urTierTmimarTebaze, kerZod borotis substanciurad 

ar arsebobaze. es ukanaskneli Tezisi ki vefxistyaosnis siuJetis ganviTarebis fi- 

247

losofiuri motivirebacaa. da rac arsebiTia, Tanaxmad axali epoqis interesisa analitikuri 

da praqtikuli kvlevisadmi, borotis ar arsebobis Teza poemaSi aris ara 

mxolod Teologiur-metafizikuri gansjis, aramed praqtikul-eqsperimentuli Ziebis 

sagani: nadirobisas naxuli ucnauri ucxo moyme da misi saswaulebrivi gaqroba rostevanma 

boroti Zalis mosvlad CaTvala. TinaTini Teologiuri argumentiT umtkicebs 

mamas sapirispiros: keTili Semoqmedi RmerTi borots ar Seqmnidao (`borotimca 

rad Seeqmna keTilisa Semoqmedsa!~). magram am TvalsazrisSi dasarwmuneblad praqtikul 

Ziebas wamoiwyebs – ucxo moymis saZebrad xangrZlivi vadiT agzavnis avTandils 

da ambobs: `vera hpoveb, davijereb, iyo Ture uCinari~. 

amgvarad, rusTvelis filosofiur msoflmxedvelobaSi Cans Taviseburi sinTezi 

areopagelidan momdinare neoplatonizmisa da gviandel SuasaukuneebSi aristotelianuris 

saxeliT cnobili metafizikuri azrovnebisa da misi maRalganviTarebuli 

qristianuli Teologiis bazaze gaazreba. am TaviseburebiTac Cans, rom poetis msoflmxedvelobaSi 

renesansuli horizontebi ikveTeba da mis paralelad evropul 

literaturaSi isev dante aligieri warmoCindeba. amqveyniuri realobis faseulobaSi 

darwmuneba, adamianuri samyaros silamazis WeSmariti Semecneba, adamianuri gonebis, 

inteleqtisadmi ndobis gamocxadeba rusTvelis SemoqmedebaSi uSualod da winaaRmdegobis 

gareSe erwymis tradiciul qristianul ideals _ sulis ukvdavebis, keTili 

da mowyale Semoqmedis maradiulobisa da sikvdilis Semdeg am usasrulo RvTaebasTan 

Serwymis rwmenas. esec renesansuli ideebis pirveli afeTqebis Taviseburebaa, 

rac imas niSnavs, rom rusTvelTan tradiciuli Suasaukuneobrivi idealebi, qristianuli 

rwmenis ZiriTadi postulatebi harmoniulad erwymis amqveyniuri realobis 

faseulobis renesansul ideals. vefxistyaosnis msoflmxedveloba Suasaukuneobrivisa 

da renesansulis harmoniaa. amgvari darwmuneba ormag _ adamianur da RvTaebriv 

_ idealSi Sinagani sidiadisa da simSvidis Rrma gancdiT unda yofiliyo garemoculi. 

es msoflmxedvelobiTi Taviseburebac unda ganapirobebdes im did poeturobas, 

rasac vefxistyaosani dRemde inarCunebs. vefxistyaosani misi Tanamedrove da 

uSualod momdevno Tu winamorbedi didi literaturuli qmnilebebidan erT-erTi 

pirvelTagania, romelic yvelaze meti gaazrebiTa da TanmimdevrobiT gamokveTs axal 

msoflSegrZnebas _ Suasaukuneebis transcendentul msoflmxedvelobaSi moazrebul 

romantikuli Seferilobis realistur xedvas. rusTveli Cveni Tanamedrove epoqiseuli 

azrovnebis axalgazrdobaa. igi, cxovrebiseul silamazes, siZlieres da umaRles 

sulier-emociur idealebs mindobili, ocnebobs adamianis bednierebaze da am 

bednierebas, saukuno sasufevelTan erTad, sikeTis amqveyniur zeimSi da adamianis mier 

adamianis siyvarulSi xedavs. 

vefxistyaosnis poetikuri samyaro uSualod agrZelebs da aviTarebs erTi mxriv, 

qarTuli xalxuri poeziisa da, meore mxriv, mdidari qarTuli sasuliero literaturis 

_ himnografiis tradiciebs. amave dros igi sazrdoobs aRmosavluri, sparsul-arabuli 

epikisa da lirikis mdidari tradiciebiT. rusTvelis esTetikuri fenomeni 

upiratesad hiperboluri da simboluri poeturi saxeebiT iqmneba (astraluri 

simbolika, cxovelTa samyaros simbolika, Zvirfas, patiosan qvaTa da mcenareTa samyaros 

simbolika). poeturi semantikidan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania metaforuli 

metyveleba, agreTve ganmeoreba, paralelizmi, epiTeti. rusTvels tradiciul poetikaSi 

Seaqvs sakuTari xelwera. gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia igi poeturi leqsikis 

(arsebiTi saxelisagan zmnuri da zedsarTavuli formebis warmoeba: `mze aRar mzeobs~, 

èna enda~, `disaganca ufro desi~) da poeturi sintaqsis sferoSi (moqmedebis eqspresiulobis 

gamosaxatavad zmnuri formebis siuxve da makavSirebel sityvaTa Semcireba: 

`mterTa eqadda, wyreboda, igineboda, Cioda~). vefxistyaosani qarTuli poetikis 

normad iTvleba leqsTwyobis sferoSic. Suasaukuneebis epikuri stilisagan 

gansxvavebiT, aq moxsnilia monotonuroba, rac miiRweva rusTveluri poeturi sazomis 

_ Sairis ori variantis monacvleobiT. am saleqso formis sawyisebi dasturdeba 

ara mxolod qarTul xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi, aramed TviT literaturul tra- 

248

diciaSi jer kidev IX saukunidan. rusTvelTan igi srulyofis zenits aRwevs. maRali 

Sairi _ 16 marcvliani striqonis TiToeuli naxevartaepi cezurebiT dayofilia 4 

marcvlian muxlad (4/4//4/4) _ ufro eqspresiuli ritmiT xasiaTdeba, xolo dabali 

Sairi (3/5//3/5; 5/3//5/3) Tavisi SedarebiT dinji ritmikiT upiratesad epikur mbobasa da 

filosofiur sentenciebs miesadageba. SeniSnulia, rom rusTveliseuli maRali Sairis 

simetriuli strofebi dabali Sairis asimetriuli strofebiT Senacvlebisas 

gadadis maqsimaluri harmoniis anu e.w. oqros kveTis SefardebaSi: naxevartaepis marcvalTa 

raodenoba _ 8 iseT mimarTebaSia did ritmul monakveTSi marcvalTa raodenobasTan 

– 5, rogorc es ukanaskneli marcvalTa raodenobasTan mcire monakveTSi _ 

3) .rusTveluri Sairis TiToeuli strofi oTxi striqonisagan Sedgeba, romlebic 

erTmaneTTanaa SeriTmuli. riTma upiratesad or da sammarcvliania, Tumca gvxvdeba 

oTx da xuTmarcvliani riTmebic. vefxistyaosanma popularoba qarTul sazogadoebaSi, 

rogorc Cans, sakmaod adre moipova. XIV saukunidan moyolebuli qarTul 

xelnawerTa aSiebze ukve vxvdebiT poemis calkeul taepTa minawerebs; rac qarTvel 

samRvdeloTa mier poemiseuli nawyvetebis zepir citirebazec metyvelebs. qarTuli 

sazogadoebrivi yofis garkveul periodSi sagulvebelia erTgvari moZraoba poemis 

winaaRmdeg, rac savaraudebelia XVI saukunis evropaSi arsebuli qristianuli radikalizmis 

erTgvari gamoZaxilic iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, poemis Cvenamde moRweuli 

Zveli xelnawerebi mxolod XVII saukuniT TariRdeba da erTi redaqciisaa, erTi 

gadamuSavebidan momdinareobs. igi Seicavs danarT Sesaval strofs, romelic poemas 

sasuliero literaturidan gansxvavebul saero nawarmoebad warmoadgens da mkiTxvels 

misi msoflxedvidan gamijvnas urCevs. magram amave dros misi, rogorc saerTo 

nawarmoebis, wakiTxvis Tu gavrcelebis uflebasac iZleva. yvela Zveli xelnaweri 

Seicavs e.w. vrceli redaqciis teqsts. poemis pirvel beWdur, 1712 wlis, gamocemaSi 

dastambulia e.w. mokle redaqciis teqsti, romelic vrceli redaqciis kritikuli gadamuSavebiT 

unda iyos miRebuli. mokle redaqcias vrcelTan SedarebiT dasasrulSi 

aklia 3 didi ambavi, romelTac gagrZelebebs uwodeben. isini rusTvelis xelidan gamosuli 

ar unda iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvenamde moRweuli saxiT. amaze metyvelebs 

mkveTri gansxvaveba vefxistyaosnisa da e.w. gagrZelebaTa mxatvruli struqturebisa: 

sxvaoba msoflmxedvelobiT sistemaSi, darRveva vefxistyaosnis kompoziciis stilisa, 

personaJTa xatvis pirobiTobis mxatvruli struqturis moSla. vefxistyaosnis 

gavrceleba saqarTvelos sazRvars gareT XIX saukunidan iwyeba; rac erTgvarad qar- 

Tuli sazogadoebis mier sakuTari kulturis da erovnuli meobis yvelaze didi fenomenis 

evropul sivrceSi gatanisaTvis ZalisxmeviTaa ganpirobebuli. evropaSi gamoqveynebuli 

vefxistyaosnis pirveli Targmanebia: polonuri (kazimir lapCinskisa, 

1863w. varSava), germanuli (artur laistisa, 1889w.drezdeni, laipcigi), inglisuri (marjori 

uordropisa, 1912w. londoni). dResdReobiT rusTvelis poema Targmnilia msoflios 

mraval enaze da zogierT maTganze _ ramdenimejer. 

rogorc irkveva, vefxistyaosnis ambis evropaSi gatanis mcdeloba adrec yofila. 

rusTvelis poemis mTavari Seyvarebuli wyvilis ambavi siuJetur wyarodaa gamoyenebuli 

Seqspiris Tanamedrove inglisel dramaturgTa _ fransis bomontisa da jon 

fletCeris mier. XVII saukunis pirveli aTeulis dasasruls inglisis samefo Teatris 

scenaze gamoCnda ori piesa _ `filasteri~ da `mefe da ara mefe,~ romlebic mTeli 

saukunis manZilze didi popularobiT sargebloben. im saukunis axali dramaturguli 

Janris _ tragikomediis formirebaSi yvelaze metad mniSvnelovani bomontisa 

da fletCeris es ori Txzulebaa. orive maTganis fabula nestanisa da tarielis romantikuli 

istoriis ZiriTadi siuJeturi koordinatebis safuZvelzea agebuli, rac 

aseve mJRavndeba inglisuri piesebis calkeuli epizodebis rusTvelis poemasTan mimarTebiTac. 

vefxistyaosani qarTuli fenomenis umaRles gamovlinebad rCeba dRevandel saqarTveloSic. 

249

avTandilis galoba 

250 


siyvarulis fenomeni rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ farTo SinaarsiT moiazreba. 

poemis prologSivea naTqvami, rom `mijnuroba aris turfa, sacodnelad Zneli gvari~. 

es niSnavs: siyvaruli mSvenierebaa, Sesamecneblad, logikuri gansjiT Znelad sawvdomi. 

poemis mravali pasaJi metyvelebs am Teoriuli wanamZRvaris WeSmaritebaze, Rrma 

azrze. gamorCeul yuradRebas, am TvalsazrisiT, imsaxurebs nawarmoebis is Tavi, 

romelsac hqvia `wasvla avTandilisagan fridonisasa~. avTandilma sul axlaxans meored 

daagdo samSoblo, saTayvanebeli satrfo (TinaTini), mSobeliviT `tkbili~ mefe-patroni 

da Zmadnaficis (tarielis) gadakarguli satrfos kvalis misagnebad miemgzavreba. 

sxvaTa siyvarulis gadasarCenad Tavis satrfosTan xelmeored ganSorebuls 

TinaTinis mogoneba da monatreba cremlian locva-galobas aRavleninebs Svidi 

mnaTobisadmi: mzisa da zualisadmi, muSTarisa, marixisa da aspirozisadmi, otaridisa 

da mTvarisadmi. raindi ciur sxeulebs SesTxovs, maT daamowmon raindis didi siyvaruli, 

TinaTins ùTxran~, `gaagonon~ amis Sesaxeb, Seewion, àrgon ra~ Seyvarebul 

Wabuks. am epizodSi mnaTobTa raobisa da maTdami aRvlenili galobis Sinaarsis Cveneuli 

interpretacia aseTia. 

avTandilis galobaSi xorcSesxmulia universumis (kosmosis) Sinagani harmonia 

RmerTsa, adamiansa da bunebas Soris. raindis intimuri samyaros siRrmeebidan daZruli 

energia universalur xasiaTs iRebs, adamians, bunebas da RmerTs siyvarulis 

duRabiT erTmaneTTan Seanawevrebs. avTandilis galoba im msoflSegrZnebis wiaRidan 

moedineba, romelsac RmerTi siyvarulad gaucxadda, adamiani xatad da msgavsad uflisa 

daesaxa, xolo xatobisa da msgavsebis wvdomis niWad nebis Tavisuflebis madli 

mieboZa. sruliad Tavisufali avTandili egoizmis artaxebs dawyvets, `TamaSad 

da mRerad~ gadaaqcevs nestan-tarielis bednierebisaTvis wvneul jojoxeTs: polarulad 

sapirispiro sawyisTa am WidilSi arabi raindi Tavis axal lamaz `mes~ xatavs. 

igi Semoqmedia, siyvarulisaTvis jvarcmulisagan, jvarcmiT zecad amaRlebulisganaa 

nasazrdoebi misi paTosi. xom gvmoZRvravs wm. ioane RvTismetyveli: ùfroÁsi 

amisa siyuaruli aravisa aqus, raÁTa suli TÂsi dasdvas megobarTa TÂsTaTÂs~ 

(iovane 15,13). am mcnebis erTgulebisaTvis iRvwis avTandili. 

tanjva-sikvdils xom sakraluri, gamwmend-ganmaRmrTobeli Zala da madli aqvs, 

qristianuli TvalTaxedviT. es Zala da madli amoqmedebs avTandils. aq araferia gasakviri, 

amaze sakmaod cxadad migvaniSna `vefxistyaosnis~ avtorma poemis prologSi: 

`mijnuroba pirveli~,_ ambobs igi,_ aris RvTis siyvaruli, `saqme sazeo, momcemi 

aRmafrenaTa~. viTarca trfoba zedroul-zesivrculisadmi, igi eniT gamouTqmelia, 

smeniT mouxelTebelia (`yurnica davaldebian~). me am wignSi `vTqven xelobani qvenani, 

romelni xorcTa xvdebian, marT masve hbaZven, Tu odes ar siZven, SoriT bndebian~. 

garkveviTaa naTqvami, rom nestan-tarielisa da TinaTin-avTandilis mijnuroba iseTi 

miwieri gancdaa, romelic uzenaesi `gvaris~ trfobas, àRmamfreni~ Zalis momniWebels 

èbaZebao~. avTandilis galoba àRmamfreni~ sulis RaRadisia, musikis eniT ametyvelebuli, 

simReris gviristiT rom Seaqsovs erTmaneTs RmerTs, kacsa da bunebas. 

netari avgustine erTob sagulisxmod akavSirebs erTmaneTTan siyvarulisa da 

musikis fenomenebs: `siyvaruli TviTonaa xma mimarTuli RvTaebisaken, Tavad siyvarulia 

axali simRera. ismine, ra aris axali simRera. ufali ambobs: `mcnebasa axalsa 

migcem Tquen, raÁTa iyuarebodiT urTierTas~ (ioane, 13,34). e. i. mTeli dedamiwa mReris 

axal simReras, mTel dedamiwaze Sendeba saxli. `mTeli dedamiwa aris saxli 

RvTisa~ (`ganmarteba 95-e fsalmunisa~). SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom avTandilis galobis 

aqtSic siyvarulisa da simReris ZaliT mTlianobad iWvriteba RmerTi, adamiani da 

samyaro.

ìs, visac uyvars, Tanamonawileobs sayvarel arsebaSi; arsebuli Tanamonawileobs 

arsSi~, romelic xdis mas (arsi _ arsebuls, myofs dro-sivrceSi._ g. f.) imad, radac 

igi gvevlineba arsebobis pirobebSi. qristiani Tanamonawileobs axal yofierebaSi, 

rogorc igi Tavis Tavs avlens ieso qristeSi~ (Пауль Тиллих, Систематическая теология). 

àrsebuli Tanamonawileobs arsSi~,_ es msoflSegrZneba avTandilis galobis ideuri 

Sinaarsisa da formis xerxemalia. yvelaferi arsebuli da myofi, arsebobs da 

myofobs imdenad, ramdenadac maTSi myofobs RmerTi, romelic `siyvaruli ars~. 

siyvarulis avTandiliseulma sagalobelma mnaTobebSic SeaRwia da isini Tanagrnobisa 

da TanadgomisaTvis SemarTa: 

aha, mmowmoben varskvlavni, Svidnive memowmebian: 

mze, otaridi, muSTari da zual CemTvis bndebian, 

mTvare, aspiroz, marixi movlen da mowmad myvebian, 

mas gaagonen, ranica cecxlni uSretni mdebian. 

wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli gvaswavlis: adamiani mowodebulia imisaTvis, raTa `siyvaruliT 

SeaerTos Seqmnili buneba bunebas Seuqmnels, madlis moxveWiT mTlianobad 

da igiveobad moavlinebs maT~ [àmbigua~]. àdamianis sicocxle aris siyvaruli~,_ ambobs 

e. svedenborgi (Э. Сведенборг, Мудрость Ангельская о божественной любви и божественной 

мудрости). `XI saukunis espaneli ucnobi poeti gvetyvis: `siyvarulisTvis Semqmna 

ufalma~ (m. gigineiSvili, dideba Senda!). am sibrZnis saTave pavle mociqulis naazrevSia: 

`me ki aRara vcocxlob, aramed qriste cocxlobs CemSi~ (gal. 2,20). suli 

siyvarulisa, RvTaebrivi suli galobs mulRazanzaris velze da ganwonis da Seaer- 

Txmebs mTel universums. 

amqveyniuri sinamdvilis wiaRSi, wminda werilis mixedviT, aris potenciali imisa, 

rom Seqmnili Semqmnels miuaxlovdes, SeerTos kidec, horizontaluri xazi, rogoradac 

xatovnad miwier sinamdviles warmoidgenen, gadaejvaredinos vertikalurs, ltolvas 

pirvelmizezisaken. roca am Tvalsazriss anviTareben, wminda mamebis STagonebas 

asazrdoebs `gamoslvaTa~ wignis is pasaJi, sadac Seuwveli mayvlis buCqidan 

masTan Sexmianebul `RmerTs abrahamisa, RmerTs isaakisa da RmerTs iakobisa~ mose 

SesTxovs, auwyos saxeli Tvisi, xolo ufali upasuxebs: `me var, romeli var~ (3,14). 

am epizodSi nagulvebi Sinaarsis siRrme zmnis (`yofna~) ganmeorebiT ufro ikveTeba 

frazis uSualo gagrZelebaSi: `da Tqua: esre arqu ZeTa israelisaTa: `romel ars~, 

momavlina me Tquenda~. RmerTi Tavis Tavs saxelsdebs àrsebulad~,_ `romel ars~. 

igi ar aris raRac Tu viRac, aseTi Tu iseTi, aramed arsebuli, myofi, misi arsi em- 

Txveva mis arsebobas. netari avgustine ityvis: ufali aris `pirveli da uzenaesi 

arsi, romlisaganac arsebobs yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, ramdenadac igi arsebobs; 

vinaidan yvelaferi, rac arsebobs, ramdenadac igi arsebobs, aris sikeTe~ (`WeSmariti 

sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb~). `romeli saxeli esatyviseba RmerTs yvelaze ufro? _ svams 

kiTxvas wm. ioane damaskeli da iqve upasuxebs, _ saxeli `myofi~, romliTac ufalma 

TviTon aRniSna Tavisi Tavi, roca saubrobda mosesTan...~ (`marTlmadidebluri sarwmunoebis 

zedmiwevniTi gadmocema~). ideali siyvaruliT gamTlianebuli universumisa, 

avTandilis galobaSi rom ikveTeba, yvelaze ufro (ra Tqma unda, bibliis Semdgom) 

swored fsevdo-dionise areopagelis naazreviTaa STagonebuli (aki erTgan poeti 

TviTve imowmebs `brZeni divnosis~ avtoritets). 

RvTisagan gadmoRvril sikeTesa da mSvenierebasTan wilnayarobis madls TviT 

ufali sZRvnis misganve SeqmnilT. àm mSvenierSi,_ RmerTze ambobs wminda mama,_ yvela 

arsebuli hpovebs yofierebas, siyvaruls, Tanxmobas da urTierTobas. mSvenieris 

wyalobiT yvelaferi erTiandeba, vinaidan mSvenieri sakuTari silamazisken mimzidvelobis 

wyalobiT Tavis TavSi moicavs arsebulis mTel erTobas, gvevlineba ra sawyisad, 

SemoqmedebiT da mamoZravebel mizezad yvela arsebulisa, da agreTve siyvarulis 

sagnad, swrafvaTa zRvrad~ (`saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~). 

samyaros ierarqiuli kibis yvela safexurs uyvars erTmaneTi, dabla mdgomT maRla 

mdgomni, TanamodaseT_ RirsebiT sworni, maRla mdgomT_ dabla mdgomni. TviT 

251

dambadebeli usazRvro trfialebiT emsWvalvis yvela arsebuls, `gamudmebiT zrunavs 

maTze, ifaravs da Tavisken izidavs~ (iqve). 

`brZeni divnosis~ aq moxmobil naazrevSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, ukve ilandeba avTandilis 

galobis dedaazri. magram yvelaze adre fsevdo-dionises naazrevs exmianeba 

wm. maqsime aRmsarebeli. is sawyisi Zala, romliTac ufali erTmaneTTan aduRabebs 

ùTvalavi feriT~ (rusTaveli) gaSlil samyaros, aris `maTSi CaTesili logosebi~, 

nivTieri arsebobis RvTaebrivi safuZveli, uzenaesiseuli Canafiqri Seqmnilze. logosi 

Seurevnelad da ganuyoflad amyofebs Tavis SigniT da erTmaneTTan yvela qmnilebas 

(`mistagogia~). yovlis erTmyofeli am saRvTo amocanis realizatorad RvTisganve 

daniSnulia adamiani, swored amitomaa Cafiqrebuli igi mikrokosmosad, samyaros 

saxed (iqve). swored adamiani gvevlineba samyaros xsnis mediatorad, swored misi 

meSveobiT miemarTeba yoveli qmnili Tavisi logosisaken, Tavisi pirvelsaxisaken 

(I. Thunberg, Microcosmos and Mediators). 

maSinve, roca adamianuri buneba macxovarma SeuerTa RvTaebrivs, iwyeba adamianuri 

bunebis da mTeli kosmosis gamsWvalva RvTaebrivi energiiT,_ gvmoZRvravs ioane 

damaskeli (dasaxelebuli naSromi). 

xolo XV s-Si nikoloz kuzaneli ityvis: `swored adamianuri buneba... amaRldeboda 

ra maqsimalurTan SeerTebis donemde, amitom aRmoCndeboda sisavsed yvela srulqmnilebisa 

da universumisa mTlianad da yoveli calkeuli sagnisa; ase rom, yvelaferi 

adamianis gziT miaRwevda Tavis umaRles safexurs~ (Н. Кузанский, О учёном незнании). 

evg. trubeckoi wignSi `sicocxlis sazrisi~ ambobs: àdamiani samyaroSi gvevlineba 

Suamdgomlad, gamtareblad, romlis meSveobiTac samyaroSi SeaRwevs is Zala, 

rac yvelafers aaRorZinebs~. an kidev, èvangeluri Txrobis dasawyisSive gvaqvs mi- 

TiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom sacdurze misi (macxovris. _ g. f.) gamarjveba aris dasawyisi 

yvela qmnilebis mTlianobis aRdginebisa, codviT dacemam rom daangria. udabnoSi 

qristes irgvliv Tavs iyrian miwiernic da zeciernic. `da iyo mÃecTa Tana, da angelozni 

hmsaxurebdes mas~ (mark., 1,13) (Евг. Трубецкой, Смысл жизни). 

jer kidev rodis fsevdo-dionise areopageli gvmoZRvravda, rom yovlis erTmyofeli 

Zlevamosileba uflisa `ganefineba adamianebzec, cxovelebzec, mcenareebzec 

da, saerTod, erTianad mTel bunebaze...~ (`saRmrToTa saxelTaTvis~). 

Seyvarebuli avTandilis sulis siRrmeebidan daZruli energia saRvTo mijnurobasTan 

(`mijnuroba pirvelTan~) xdeba wilnayari, bunebis kanonebis gadamlaxveli 

Seiqneba: 

ra esmodis mRera ymisa, smenad mxecni movidian, 

misve xmisa sitkbosagan wyliT qvanica gamosxdian, 

ismendian, gahkvirdian, ra atirdis, atirdian; 

imRers leqsTa sabraloTa, Rvarisaebr cremli sdian. 

movidian Sesamkoblad qveyniT yvela sulierni, 

tyiT nadirni, wyalSiT Tevzni, zRviT niangni, ciT mfrinvelni, 

indo-arab-saberZneTiT, maSriyiT da maRribelni. 

rusni, sparsni, mofrangeni da misreTiT megviptelni. 

Tavad siyvaruli mReris am sivrceSi. TviT ufali, romelic `siyvaruli ars~, Tu 

saRvTo madli musikis eniT gacxaddeba aq da am madlis ZaliT uqmdeba ara mxolod 

sivrculi samanebi, aramed adamianze dabla mdgom arsebaTa bunebrivi SezRudulobani. 

mTel mzisqveSeTs miswvdenia siyvarulis sagalobeli, miswvdenia da moukrebia. 

nadir-frinvelT, zRvis binadarT, usulo sagnebsac suli CadgmiaT, adamianuri 

grZnoba-gancda, Tanadgomisa da Tanalmobis niWi gaRviZebiaT. 

qriste modis, gvmoZRvravs wm. makari megvipteli, raTa aRudginos kacs `pirveladi 

silamaze~ (homilia V); qristianoba aris `movlineba axali da mSvenieri adamianisa~ 

(homilia XIV). aseTi àxali da mSvenieri adamiania~ avTandili, romelic àxal sim- 

Reras~, siyvaruls galobs, mTel dedamiwas rom esmis, yvela qmnilebis yofnis 

252

saZirkvlamde rom uwevs da erTmaneTTan SeaduRebs, universumad aqcevs siyvarulis _ 

kosmiuri musikis duRabiT. ase rom, uflebamosilni varT, avTandilis simRerazec 

gavavrceloT netari avgustines es sityvebi: `siyvaruli TviTonaa xma mimarTuli 

RvTaebisaken, TviT siyvarulia axali galoba~ (`ganmarteba 95-e fsalmunisa~). 

SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom siyvarulisa da simReris mSvenierebis winaSe 

ugrZnobeli arc iseTi tlu da erTob uSno arseba ar darCenila, rogoric niangia. 

avTandilis `xmisa sitkbosagan~ wylidan qvanic (materialurobiT gamorCeulad dam- 

Zimebulni da qvedazidulni) daZrulan, maTac Tanamlmobeli cremli sdiT. `cremlni 

gamovaln sinedlisagan gvamisao~, gvaswavlis wm. ioane oqropiri. ufals qvisTvisac 

uboZebia Tavisi upiratesoba yofnisa (`me var, romeli var~). yovlis SemqmnelTan 

Tanayofnis dvrita qvaSic gaucxovelebia zecas miwevnil sagalobels siyvarulisa. 

wm. basili kesarieli ityvis: `fsalmunTa galoba cremlebs qvis gulidanac ki gamoswuravs~ 

(`fsalmunTa ganmartebani~). uflisaken SesaSuri ZalisxmeviT mltolveli 

pirovnebis mSvenierebam qvebic pirovnuli cnobierebis SuqTan gaxada wilnayari, 

wylidan `gamosxa~, raTa adamiansa da cas Sehxedon, miayuradon (arafers ar cvlis 

is garemoeba, rom moxmobili monakveTis meore strofi zogierT rusTvelologs 

interpolaciad miaCnia. pirvel strofSi idea ukve mwvervalamdea aziduli da gamokveTili, 

raki qvanic ki atirebulan. Tu rusTvelis avtoroba saeWvoa, is mainc ueWvelia, 

rom interpolatori didi erudtia, erTob faqizad da zustad misawvdenia 

rusTvelis gulisnadebs). 

avTandilis galobis epizodi namdvilad aris sinTezi wminda poeziisa da wminda 

religiisa. wignSi àdamianis fenomeni~ pier teiar de Sardenisa, romlis erT Tavs 

hqvia _ `siyvaruli energia~, naTqvamia: siyvaruli sxvadasxva formiTa da xarisxiT 

niSneulia organizebuli materiis yvela formisaTvis. advili Sesacnobia igi ZuZumwovarTa 

Soris. sicocxlis xis ufro dabal safexurze igi erTob bundovandeba, 

mouxelTebelia. magram molekulis warmoqmnis viTarebaSi `rom ar arsebobdes 

Sinagani swrafva mTlianobisken, ise siyvaruli fizikurad ver daCndeboda zeviT, 

CvenSi~, adamianSi. `raTa damajereblad davadasturoT siyvarulis arseboba CvenSi, 

Cven unda vvaraudobdeT, mivyvebiT ra saerTo wess, mis arsebobas Canasaxovani saxiT 

mainc, yvelaferSi, rac arsebobs... raTa samyaro mivides Tavis sisrulemde siyvarulis 

ZalTa zemoqmedebiT, samyaros fragmentebi eZeben erTmaneTs. da aq ar aris 

araviTari metafora da mniSvnelovnad meti Sinaarsia, vidre poeziaSi~. raTa kosmiuri 

energiis wyaro vipovoT, saWiroa, Tu sagnebs aqvT TavianTi Sinagani mxare, 

`CaveSvaT~ sulier mizidulobaTa Sinagan an radialur zonaSi. yvela Tavisi niuansis 

mixedviT, siyvaruli sxva araferia, Tu ara uSualo kvali imisa, rac Tavis Tav- 

Tan universumis fsiqologiurma konvergenciam (miaxloebam. _ g. f.) datova element- 

Si~ (Пьер Теяр де Шарден, Феномен человека). 

rom mTeli universumi myofobs TviTeul individSi da miiwvdomeba misganve, am 

TvalTaxedvas filosofiur-religiuri argumentebiT amagrebs p. tilixic. igi ambobs: 

`calkeuli foTolo Tanamonawileobs im bunebriv struqturebsa da ZalebSi, romlebic 

zemoqmedeben maszec da misi meSveobiTac... Tu adamianze vimsjelebT kosmosis 

TvalsazrisiT, maSin igi Tanamonawileobs universumSi, Tanamonawileobs yvelaze Soreul 

varskvlavebSi da yvelaze Soreul warsulSi~. es Tanamonawileoba ki èfuZneba 

eross, im elementebis gamamTlianebels, romlebic arsebiTad erTmaneTs ekuTvnian~ 

(Пауль Тиллих, Систематическая теология). 

kosmiur simfoniad gacxadebuli siyvarulis meSveobiT pirovneba avTandili iaxlovebs 

mTel kosmoss, mis mravalsaxovan binadarTa personalizacias axdens da maT- 

Tan erTad uaxlovdeba ufals (àrsebuli Tanamonawileobs arsSi~). miwieri pirovneba 

pirovnuli absolutisaken miuZRvis pirovnuli cnobierebiT gamdidrebul-gacxovelebul 

kosmoss. p. teiari amgvar tendenciaze ityvis: `dae, universumma SemdgomSi 

SeiZinos saxe da guli, dae, igi, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, personificirebuli gaxdes 

CvenTvis~. 

253

avTandili Teurgia, xelovania, mTel kosmoss sZens igi adamianur saxes da Caudgams 

siyvaruliTa da TanalmobiT mfeTqav guls (qvasac ki). araorganizebuli bunebac 

ki Tavisufldeba materiis simZimisagan, adamianuri Tanadgomis madls eziareba. 

adamianis Sinagani samyaro ki araa `gatanili gareT da gasagnebuli~, rogorc SeiZleba 

mogveCvenos, aramed, piriqiT, buneba da saganT samyaroa gaadamianurebuli, personificirebuli. 

avTandilis galobis epizodSi adamianis mimarTeba samyarosTan principulad upirispirdeba 

klasikuri antikuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis niSneul gagebas: ìmis nacvlad, 

rom moxdes adamianis `deindividualizacia~, `kosmizacia~ da, amgvarad, igi 

gaiTqvifos erTgvar upirovno RvTaebriobaSi,_ ityvis qristianul anTropologiaze 

msjelobisas vl. loski,_ pirovnul RmerTTan urTierTobis absoluturad pirovnulma 

xasiaTma unda misces mas SesaZlebloba, rom moaxdinos samyaros `personalizacia~. 

ukve adamiani ki ar gadarCeba samyaros meSveobiT, aramed samyaro _ adamianiT, 

imitom, rom adamiani aris hipostasi mTeli samyarosi, romelic wilnayaria mis 

bunebasTan. da dedamiwa iZens Tavis pirovnul, hipostasur sazriss adamianSi. adamiani 

samyarosaTvis aris misi sasoeba madlsa da RmerTTan SeerTebaze... samyaro mihyveba 

adamians, imitom, rom igi (samyaro. g. f.) TiTqos aris adamianis buneba; misTvis 

SeiZleboda ànTroposfero~ gvewodebina... ase rom, Cven pasuxs vagebT samyarosaTvis. 

Cven varT is sityva, is logosi, romliTac igi Tavis Tavs gamoTqvams, da mxolod 

Cvenzea damokidebuli _ RvTismgmoblobs igi Tu iloceba. mxolod Cveni meSveobiT 

kosmosi, viTarca gagrZeleba Cveni sxeulisa, SeZlebs eziaros madls~ (Вл. Лосский, 

Догматическое богословие). 

pirvelmizezis umaRlesi upiratesoba _ yofna, Sesaqmis Jams yvela qmnilebisadmi 

madlad boZebuli, xolo mere pirvelcodviT damcrobili da gaxunebuli, avTandilis 

galobis aqtSi mtvers da Jangs gadaiyris, dvrita iRviZebs, RvTis xatad dabadebuli 

kaci da gaadamianurebuli buneba zecisken daiZrebian. avTandili namdvilad 

aris ìs sityva, is logosi~, romliTac samyaro, viTarca RvTisagan nakurTxi yofiereba, 

`Tavis Tavs gamoTqvams~. arabi raindis Rvawlis madliT `samyaro iloceba~, 

xdeba adamianis miRma arsebul qmnilebaTa gaadamianureba, personifikacia. 

254

`vefxistyaosnis~ epoqa 

visramiani 

255 

aleqsandre baramiZe 

visramianis dedani sparsul enaze daiwera me-11 saukunis Sua wlebis miwurulSi. 

misi avtoria faxrudin gorganeli. visramiani qarTulad Camoyalibda ara ugvianes 

me-12 saukunis meore naxevrisa. rusTveli am Txzulebas albaT qarTulad icnobda 

da qarTulad aRiqvamda. amitomac visramians Cven ganvixilavT, rogorc `vefxistyaosnis~ 

winamorbeds qarTul mwerlobaSi. rusTveli ramdenimejer asaxelebs visramianis 

gmirebs – vissa da ramins: 

igi Wiri ar unaxavs ar ramins da arca vissa (183, 3). 

fatmans hkvlida umisoba, raminisa viTa vissa (1080, 4). 

nu eWv mijnurad maTebrsa, nuca Tu ramins da vissa (1543, 4). 

`visramiani~ siyvarulis qebaTa-qebaa. es Txzuleba siyvaruls aRiarebs adamianis 

cxovrebis damamSvenebel movlenad da misi arsebobis gamamarTlebel garemoebad, 

`vinc mijnuri araa, arca kaciao~, acxadebs `visramianis~ avtori. magram siyvarulic 

aris da siyvarulic. `visramianSi~ asaxulia erotikuli, xorcieli siyvarulis 

grZnoba. vissa da ramins urTierTisadmi izidavda, uwinares yovlisa, SiSveli xorcieli 

Jini, dauokebeli sqesobrivi wadili. sagulisxmoa, rom visisa da raminis pirvelive 

Sexvedra maTi sqesobrivi kavSiriT dasrulda, nestanisa da tarielis pirveli 

Seyra ki didebuli usityvo sceniT dagvirgvinda. siyvarulma gardaqmna da sxva xasiaTi 

misca visisa da raminis cxovrebas. Tu vefxistyaosnis mixedviT, siyvaruli xdeba 

mamacobisa da gmirobis wyarod, igi frTebs asxams am grZnobis matareblebs sasaxelo 

saqveyno moRvaweobisaTvis, aRamaRlebs maT, `visramianis~ siyvaruli kacs aZabunebs, 

amdablebs, uClungebs sazogadoebrivi movaleobis grZnobas, uRvivebs egoistur 

instinqtebs, xdis gulisTqmis monad. SesaniSnavi raindi iyo ufliswuli ramini, yvela 

samamaco TvisebebiT uxvad dajildoebuli, saxelis maZiebeli znesruli Wabuki. 

magram igi siyvarulma daasneula da daaZabuna. ramini CamoSorda tol-megobrebsa da 

saqveyno saqmeebs. visisTan ganmartoeba irCia. mianeba Tavi asparezobasa da nadirobas, 

laSqrobas Tavs aridebda, brZolis velidan samarcxvinod ipareboda, rom visisaken 

gaSurebuliyo. avadmyofobis momizezebiT Tavs ilaCrebda. ramini sicrues SeeCvia, 

sityvisa da ficis gamtexi gaxda, aRarc cbierobasa da mliqvnelobas Takilobda, 

xelmwife-Zmas yovel fexis nabijze atyuebda, sasacilo mdgomareobaSi ayenebda. 

saqveynod Tavs sWrida; visis kalTas amoefara da yvelas zurgi Seaqcia, saxeli da 

pativi daiviwya, daiviwya movaleobani ojaxis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe. 

maxlobelni da keTilismyofelni ramins afrTxilebdnen, eubnebodnen: `sxvani xelmwifeni, 

Senni sworni, xelmwifobasa da didebasa eZeben da Sen miwyiT vissa da ZiZasa 

eZeb; wagiRia TavisaTvis piriswyali. vidremdisia Seni avqceoba?.. ra aris eseTi eSma, 

romel esre dauZabunebixar, sakicxad gauxdixar?~ raminma TiTqo yuri miugdo sazogadoebis 

guliswyromas da gamosworeba scada, viss CamoSorda, Soreuli gorabis 

provinciaSi gadasaxlda, warmatebiT mihyo xeli qveynis marTva-gamgeblobas. viTomc 

gulidan amoirecxa Zveli, saCoTiro siyvarulis Jangi, cxovrebis Rirseuli Tanamgzavri 

ipova da colad SeirTo. namdvilad ki ramini `gaZRa~ Tavisi siyvaruliT, Zveli 

sakerpo umizezod Seuracxyo, `RmerTi, sjuli, fici~ gawira, mxolod unayofod 

gardasrul dros mistiroda, `vai cudad wasrulno dReno Cemno~-o, gaiZaxoda. ramini 

verc axalma siyvarulma gankurna, kvlav `miseburad gaZRa~. axali siyvaruli daiviwya 

da Zvels daubrunda. sinanulis momentSic ver gamoiCina saWiro keTilSobileba. 

viss daumsaxureblad gulgriloba daswama da amiT scada Tavisi moRalaturi saqcielis 

gamarTleba, Tavisi danaSauli viss gadaabrala, usircxvilod SeuTvala: `mterobisa 

eSma pirvel Sen uxme, odes kide gamaZe, mogewyine adre da aRar SegeZlo Cemi

siaxle, Sen Semagulvane Secodebisa SemarTebasa... samkvidro darbazi avage Seni siyvarulisa, 

magra mas pirvel Sen dauwye rRvevao~. 

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom visis ZiZis guli rom moego da Tavisi zraxvebis brma iaraRad 

gaexada, raminma masTan Taviseburi `siyvarulis~ qseli gaaba. `visramianis~ 

avtoris daxasiaTebiT ki ZiZa yofila sircxvilisgan garecxili, garyvnili diaci 

(`yovlisa faTerakisa da unasisa moqmedi~, `yovlisa bozobisa da eSmakobisa dasawyisi~, 

ùsircxvilo... mxiblavi, grZneulTa winamZRvari, bozi da maWankali~). ara, ramini 

arafriT hgavs tariels, ise rogorc `visramianis~ ZiZa arafriT hgavs nestanis 

aRmzrdel faqizsa da saTno asmaTs. 

Tavis gmir qals, viss, gorganeli poeti didi simpaTiiT gvixatavs. viss wrfeli, 

Rrma, uangaro siyvaruliT uyvarda ramini. visma Tavisi ymawvilqaloba, saxeli, pativi, 

dideba – yvelaferi umsxverpla ramins. visi mzad iyo Tavi gaewira mijnurisaTvis. 

mijnurma mas umagaliTod umuxTla, uRalata, miatova, coli SeirTo, miwasTan 

gaaswora misi adamianuri Rirseba. arc es akmara. saSineli gamwiraobis weriliT muxanaTobis 

ambavi miaxara. raminma ar daindo da ar Seibrala misdami siyvaruliT galeuli, 

dasneulebuli, sikvdilis pirad miwevnili, misi maTayvanebeli qali. dascina, 

Seuracxyo, saqveynod Searcxvina. WeSmaritad didi moyvaruli gulis patrons SeeZlo 

amis Semdeg mainc bejiTad eTqva: `me guli arca egre metyvis Sensa wyevasa... aw 

ufro megonebi, aw ufro miyvar da. raca avi giqmnia, ver dagayvedrebo~. 

es yvelaferi asea, magram miseburi siyvarulis gareT visisaTvis ar arsebobda 

araviTari wmidaTa-wmida. visic angariSs ar uwevda sazogadoebriv azrs, ojaxs, saqveyno 

saqmes, saxelmwifoebriv interesebs. mas aklda qaluri kdemamosileba. misTvis 

arsebobda mxolod sakuTari gulisTqma, Jiniani guliswadili. swored amis gamoa, 

rom gorganeli poeti qals usrul arsebad da gulisTqmis monad Tvlis. gulisTqmisadmi 

brmad miyolam viss daukarga qaluri Rirseba, Tavmoyvareobisa da pativmoyvareobis 

grZnoba CauxSo, gaxada pirmoTne, cbieri, matyuara, ficis gamtexi... verc imas 

daviviwyebT, rom adre viss TiTqo TavdaviwyebiT uyvarda viro. raminis gacnobis Semdeg 

ki viro ara Tu daiviwya, aramed raRac zoologiuri mZulvarebiT SeiZula. raminis 

daZabunebis saqmeSi visma TiTqmis gadamwyveti roli Seasrula. viss arafriT gamoumJRavnebia 

inteleqtualuri Tvisebani, xolo moraluri Rirsebis TvalsazrisiT 

sakmaod saCoTiro pirovnebas warmoadgenda. vefxistyaosnis personaJebidan viss fatmani 

Tu daumSvenebs gverds. qalisadmi damokidebulebis sakiTxSi, visramianisagan 

gansxvavebiT, vefxistyaosani aviTarebs diametrulad sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas. 

aseve diametrulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan visramiansa da vefxistyaosanSi asaxuli 

siyvaruli. visramianis mixedviT, siyvaruli mdabio xorcieli Jinia mxolod, 

vefxistyaosniT ki – adamianis gamakeTilSobilebeli, amamaRlebeli da zneobrivad 

gamafaqizebeli grZnoba. visramians SeeZlo daeinteresebina rusTaveli siyvarulis 

Rrma mgrZnobelobiT, siyvarulis grZnobis fsiqologiuri analiziT, siyvarulis `Wiris~ 

Zalis asaxviT. orive Zegli, visramiani da vefxistyaosani, gamsWvalulia sicocxlis 

siyvarulis grZnobiT. 

aris erTi garemoeba, romliTac ramdenadme SesaZlebeli xdeba visramianis moraluri 

koncefciis gamarTleba. beberma moabadma moindoma axalgazrda qalis dasakuTreba. 

raRac arabunebrivi iyo norCi visisa da xandazmuli Sahi moabadis SeuRleba, 

isic ZaldatanebiT. Sahma daarRvia bunebis kanonebi, beberma kacma ymawvilkacoba 

moindoma. xolo visramianis avtoris sityviT, `ymawvilkacobis moCeme yovel berikacs 

wuTisofeli wilad argunebs Sercxvenasa da Tavis moWras~ (teqstis es adgili visramianis 

qarTul redaqcias ar Semounaxavs). ramini gonivrulad arigebda moabads: 

ùaresi saqme Seni da visisi ese aris, romel Sen beri xar da igi yrma. Tu colsa 

SeirTav, sxva vinme SeirTe. yrmisaTvisa yrma Tqmula da berisaTvis beri~. bunebam mkacrad 

dasaja moabadis mkrexeloba: moabadisadmi bunebrivma siZulvilma gamosavali 

hpova raminisadmi siyvarulSi, axalgazrdobis moCeme bebrucunas marTlac wilad 

xvda Sercxvena da Tavis moWra. gorganeli poeti fatalizmis ideis momizezebiTac 

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cdilobs Tavisi gmirebis zneobrivi siduxWiris tvirTis Semsubuqebas, aqao da visi da 

ramini bedisweris ganaCens emorCilebodnen, amitomac `vis-ramins yvedreba ar undao~. 

saerTod, gorganeli da rusTaveli siyvarulis principulad gansxvavebul ideurmoralur 

daxasiaTebas gvTavazoben da diametrulad gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT 

ganixilaven mas. iustine abulaZe sworad msjelobs: `rusTaveli TiTqo (ganzrax) 

scdilobso daxatos visramianSi gamoyvanilis siyvarulisagan gansxvavebuli siyvaruli~. 

mainc visramiansa da vefxistyaosans aqvs zogi ram saerTo enobrivsa da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTs 

(mxatvruli metyvelebis) sferoSi. orive ZeglisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia 

ornamentuli stili, metaforuli saxeobrivi sistema. gansakuTrebiT 

yuradRebas iqcevs orive Zeglis midrekileba azris aforistuli ganzogadebiT gadmocemisadmi. 

moviyvanT ramdenime sanimuSo parallels: 

1. RoniTa ... xvreliTagan gvelsa gamoiyvaneben (visramiani, gv. 59) 

gvelsa xvreliT amoiyvans ena tkbilad moubari (901, 4). 

2. kacisaTvis ukeTesi saqme aris saxelisa Zebna (visramiani, 47) 

sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa (799, 4). 

3. dasturobiT icode, kargisa qmna ar waxdebis (visramiani, 260) 

kargi saqme kacTa zeda azom Turme ar waxdebis (432, 1). 

4. usargebloa cudi daRreja (visramiani, 156) 

SiSi ver gixsnis sikvdilsa, cudniRa daRrejania (1603, 4). 

5. odesca Citi qorad Seiqmnebis, maSin ramin avsa znesa daagdebs, 

(visramiani, 101) 

ege agre ar iqmnebis, viTa Citni ar gaqorden (745, 4). 

visramianis avtoric did yuradRebas aqcevs Tavisi gmirebis Sinagani, sulieri 

cxovrebis analizs, siyvarulis gancdebis fsiqologiur daxasiaTeba. 

mexotbeni 

rusTvelis epoqaSi Zlier ganviTarda sakaro saxotbo poezia. gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos 

samefo kari Tavisi interesebis kvalobaze mfarvelobas uwevda mwerlobas. 

samefo kari izidavda qveynis gamoCenil poetebs, mwignobrebs, istorikosebs da 

a. S. karis poets evaleboda sakaro cxovrebis Sesaferisi wesiT asaxva, sadResaswaulo-sazeimo 

Sekrebebze leqsebis kiTxva, mefe-patronisa da misi wris `Sesxma-mkobani, 

musikobani~. karis poeti SezRuduli iyo Tavisi oficialuri mdgomareobiT, es garemoeba 

garkveul daRs asvamda mis SemoqmedebiTs saqmianobas. gazviadeba da gadaWarbeba, 

hiperbolizacia aseT SemTxvevaSi sruliad bunebrivi movlena iyo. Sinaarsobrivi 

gansazRvruloba sakaro poets iZulebuls xdida ufro metad ezruna Tavisi nawarmoebis 

garegnul mxareze. amis gamo sakaro Txzulebas, Cveulebriv, axasiaTebs 

formis sirTule, enawylianoba, stilis maRalfardovneba, sazeimo kilo. samwuxarod, 

me-12 saukunis mdidari sakaro poeziidan Cven mogvepoveba mxolod ori, sakmaod 

mozrdili saxotbo Zegli – erTia àbdulmesiani~, vrceli anu `grZeli~ saxotbo poema 

da meore saxotbo leqsebis Taviseburi krebuli _ `Tamariani~. pirvelis avtori 

dasaxelebulia fsevdorusTvelur strofSi: àbdulmesia (uqia) SavTelsa~. am teqstSi 

naqebia TviTon SavTelis leqsi (`leqsi mas uqes romelsa~). `Tamariani~ miewereba 

CaxruxaZes. ornive, SavTeli da CaxruxaZe, Tanamedroveni, SesaZlebelia ufrosi 

Tanamedroveni unda yofiliyvnen rusTvelisa, isini moRvaweobdnen Tamaris karze. SavTelisa 

da CaxruxaZis Txzulebebs saxotbo poeziis specifikuri niSandoblivi Tvisebebis 

gamoxatvis miuxedavad, mkafiod aRubeWdavs imdroindeli ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis 

erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideologia. 

leili da majnuni 

yaiss yrmobidanve Zlieri siyvaruliT Seuyvarda patara leili, misive toli. yaiss, 

ase vTqvaT, dedis rZesTan erTad Cahyva siyvarulis Tesli. am Tesls mxolod 

sikvdili Tu amoagdebda. yaisi ise gaxelda siyvarulis gamo, rom mas uwodes majnu- 

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ni, rac niSnavs giJs, Smags. roca Smagi yaisi quCa-quCa Tu mindor-mindor dawanwalebda, 

mas ukan aedevnebodnen xolme bavSvebi da gamojavrebiT eZaxdnen `majnun, majnuno~. 

yaisi iyo didebuli ojaxis Svili, romelsac siyvarulma goneba Seuryia, azrovneba 

dauClunga da bolos da bolos TiTqmis giJad aqcia. majnunma miatova sacxovrebeli 

bina, udabnoSi mxecebTan dasadgurda da salosur cxovrebas Seudga. aseT 

yofaSi igi ipova saxelovanma raindma naufalma, Seibrala da Semweoba aRuTqva. naufalma 

brZola gaumarTa leilis mamas. majnuni am brZolaSi monawileobas ar iRebda, 

is ganze idga da Sewuxebuli loculobda, RmerTs sTxovda mowinaaRmdege mxaris 

gamarjvebas. majnuns is adardebda, vaiTu omma leilis mamis banaks ziani miayenos da 

leilis ojaxs es sawyenad darCeso. gaimarjva naufalma. leilis damarcxebuli mama 

arasgziT ar daTanxmda majnunis siZobaze. ukanasknel monas mivcem Cems qals colad, 

oRond ara Wkuaze SeSlil kacso. ukeTesia ZaRlebma daglijon leilis sxeuli, 

vidre is majnunma Sebilwoso, ambobda gulmokluli mama. mamis sityvebma imoqmeda 

keTilSobil naufalze, igi gascilda saomar banaks. majnuns wadili ar Seusrulda. 

igi kvlav martod darCa. majnuni da leili uimedobam galia. 

mSoblebma leili ZaliT miaTxoves colad erT mdidar kacs. leilim imdeni moaxerxa, 

rom kanonier qmarTan sameuRleo kavSiri aicdina da bolomde SeinarCuna qalwulobrivi 

umankoeba. dauokebeli Jinis simwaris gamo leilis meuRle male gardaicvala. 

leilim grZnobieri werili miswera majnuns. aseTive grZnobieri pasuxi miiRo. 

leili dardisagan daavadmyofda, misma nazma bunebam ver aitana gayrilobis Wiri 

da mokvda. majnunma Tavi daakla leilis saflavs. Tu leilis da majnunis siyvaruli 

uiRblo gamodga am qveyanaze, samagierod, erTgulebisaTvis maT daimsaxures 

saimqveyno netareba. 

xosrovSiriniani 

ufro rTuli da daxlarTulia `xosrovSirinianis~ (`xosrovi da Sirinis~) siu- 

Jeti. am poemis xosrovi istoriuli piria, iranis ganTqmuli mefe me-6-7 saukuneTa mijnisa 

(gardaicvala 628 wels). ZveliAlegenduri gadmocemebiT, xosrovs uyvarda Ti- 

Tqo somxeTis mefis mSvenieri asuli Sirini (rac sparsulad niSnavs tkbils). xosrovs 

daaxloebuli hyavda erTi mxatvari, saxelad Safuri, romelmac mas mouTxro 

Sirinis zRapruli silamazis ambavi. xosrovi iyo saucxoo warmosadegi vaJkaci, bunebiT 

keTili, magram Tavneba, fuqsavati, vnebaTa Relvas ayolili da didi haramxanis 

patroni (or aTasamde sefeqali da mona-mxevali amSvenebda mis saqaleboso). dedaTa 

moyvaruli xosrovi SeaSfoTa Safuris naambobma. xosrovma Safurs daavala, nebiT 

Tu ZaliT mieyvana masTan mzeTunaxavi. Safuri gaeSura somxeTSi, man Sirins warudgina 

mis mierve didi ostatobiT daxatuli xosrovis suraTi. suraTma moajadova qali. 

is gamijnurda. siyvaruliT Sepyrobili Sirini gaiWra eranisaken. ise moxda, rom 

eranidan somxeTisaken gamoWriliyo xosrovi. isini gzad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs, erTmaneTi 

ver icnes (Tumca eWvi ki aReZraT) da gascildnen. Sirins xosrovi ar daxvda 

eranSi, xosrovma somxeTSi veRar ixila trfobis sagani. 

saqme isev Safurma moagvara. nadirobis dros Seyvarebulni pirispir Seiyarnen. 

gulma dasZlia maT, grZnoba dakarges... mosulierebulma xosrovma moindoma avxorculi 

wadilis Sesruleba. Sirinma es iukadrisa. Sirins gadawyvetili hqonda xosrovs 

Sehyroda mxolod rogorc kanonier meuRles. Seyvarebulni momduravad gaiyarnen. 

Sirini ver Zlebs somxeTSi, gadadis eranSi da iq erT mTian adgilas agebul cixe-koSkSi 

Caiketeba. es cixe-koSki aago arqiteqtorma farhadma, mSvenierma da goliaTma 

vaJkacma. farhadma rainduli siyvaruliT Seiyvara Sirini. Sirins ebraleboda 

farhadi, pativiT epyroboda, magram misi guli ukve daepyro xosrovs... 

xosrovma SirinTan Jini ver moikla, is saberZneTSi wavida, keisrisagan gamoiTxova 

Semweoba ajanyebuli bahram Cubinis winaaRmdeg da colad SeirTo bizantiis mefis 

asuli, amayi da kadnieri, uflebamoyvaruli mariami. mariamma daimorCila xosrovi 

saxelmwifoebrivi saqmianobis dargSi, magram Sahis grZnobebs is ver daeufla. mari- 

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amma ver daucxro xosrovs vnebebi. xosrovi kvlav SiriniT iyo gatacebuli. xosrovs…piroba 

mieca keisrisaTvis, rom misi asuli, mariami, iqneboda eranis namdvili 

dedofali, Sahis kanonieri meuRle da taxtis memkvidris deda. xosrovi Sirins ver 

SeirTavda, siyvarulis grZnoba ki misZaleboda. aseT viTarebaSi is Safuris piriT 

Sirins sTavazobs xarWobis pativs. Sirini aRaSfoTa am damamcirebelma mociqulobam, 

magram Zvel siyvaruls mainc ver uRalata. 

cota ar iyos, xosrovis saqme garTulda. misi azriT, farhadi garkveul adgils 

iWerda Sirinis gulSi, es axirebuli metoqe saxifaTo xdeboda. xosrovma gadawyvita, 

rogorme Tavidan CamoeSorebina igi. ra gzas ar mimarTavda da ras, bolos mzakvruli 

xerxi moigona: farhads daavala uzarmazari bisuTunis mTis gakveTa da gzis gayvana. 

Tu arqiteqtori amas SeZlebda, maSin Sahi xels iRebda Sirinis siyvarulze, Sirini 

farhads darCeboda, xolo Tu farhadi damarcxdeboda (pirobas ver srulyofda), 

Sirinze uars ityoda. xosrovs imedi hqonda, rom dauZleveli aRmoCndeboda davalebis 

Sesruleba da farhads gaawbilebda. farhadi daeTanxma Sahis pirobas. is 

TavgamodebiT Seudga saqmes. weraqviT xelSi eZgera mTas... didxans gagrZelda sali 

kldisa da grZnobieri kacis samkvdro-sasicocxlo Widili. adamianma Tavisi gaitana. 

siyvarulis cecxliT agznebulma farhadma gadalaxa gadaulaxavi, sZlia dauZleveli. 

farhadis mklavebma gatexa bunebis sikerpe. farhadma daimorCila bisuTunis 

kldeebi. gza gaWra. triumful dasasruls uaxlovdeboda farhadis brZola.Aman Sea- 

Sina da SeaSfoTa xosrovi. sacaa farhadi Tavisas moiTxovda, da veragma Sahma gamoigona 

axali, umagaliTod mzakvruli xerxi: vigindara kacis meSveobiT farhads cru 

ambavi Seatyobina, viTomc Sirini moulodnelad gardaicvala. amas ki veRar gauZlo 

devgmiris gulma. farhadma weraqvi ufskrulSi gadaisrola da TviTonac iqiTken 

ugrZnoblad gadaiCexa. 

farhadis sikvdiliT gaxarebulma xosrovma Sirins miswera `samZimris~ werili, 

romelSiac `gveli da sawamlavi meti iyo, vidre sasiyvarulo sityvebi~. ase dascina 

xosrovma Sirins, ase upasuxa Sahma keTilSobili farhadis mSvenier grZnobebs. 

xosrovi fiqrobda, rom amieridan sabolood daisakuTrebda Sirins. gardaicvala 

mariamic. Sirinmac scada xosrovis dageslva `samZimris wigniT~. magram es mxolod 

nawilobriv SesZlo. TiTqo yvelaferi ise moewyo, rom unda SeuRlebuliyvnen Zveli 

mijnurni. arc farhadi eRobeboda maT win da arc mariami. xosrovi Zveleburad iyo 

miziduli Sirinisadmi, winandeburad swyuroda mas Sirinis xorciT datkboba. magram 

xosrovma kvlav xarWad iTxova mefis asuli, amitomac kvlav xelcarieli darCa. xosrovi 

axla ispahanSi wavida. colad SeirTo iqauri mzeTunaxavi Seqeri. bevri sitkbo 

igema misgan, trfobiT mainc ver dakmayofilda, Jini ver moikla. isev Sirini enatreboda, 

isev Sirinis sxeulze ocnebobda. 

sxva gamosavali rom ver ipova, xosrovi bolos da bolos daTanxmda kanonier dedoflad 

moeyvana Sirini. ai, daniSnes saqorwilo dRe. wlebis manZilze umanko qalwulobrivi 

gatacebiT ocnebobda am dReze mefis qali. Sirini xosrovs Seexvewa, qorwinebis 

dRes ar damTvraliyo, pirnaTlad warmdgariyo patarZlis winaSe da fxizlad 

daecala wminda `sasumeli~. rjulze umtkicesi ficiT aRuTqva xosrovma Sirins, 

rom daniSnul dRes is dedofals eaxleboda, rogorc Rirseuli mefe da meuRle. 

qorwinebis dRea. koxtad morTuli Sirini sapatarZlo darbazSi elis sanetaro 

mijnur-qmars. dro gadavida. patarZals daetyo cxadi mRelvareba... magram, ai, sasi- 

Zoc gaCnda. oTxma zangma Zlivs moiyvana galeSili xosrovi, saqorwino sarecelze 

miasvenes ugrZnobo mefe da swrafad gauCinardnen. guli moukvda Sirins. mas ukanaskneli 

imedi gaucruvda, qorwinebis dRec ki daSxamda. magram Sirinma icoda samagieros 

zRveva... mas hyavda erTi gamzrdeli, metad gonji sanaxaobisa, Tavze oriode 

balnis patroni, kbilebCacvenili bebrucuna, kuziani mudregi. Sirinma ixmo gamzrdeli 

da mefes miuwvina. TviTon ganSorda... 

mainc Camovarda mSvidoba meuRleTa Soris. xosrovi marTlac datkba Sirinis siaxloviT. 

oRond saxelmwifo saqmeebs veRar gauZRva. Seiqmna miTqma-moTqma. Siruem, 

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xosrovis Svilma mariamisagan, mefe-mama Seipyro da cixeSi gamoamwyvdia. Sirues undoda 

Tavisi dedinacvlis, Sirinis, colad SerTva. xosrovi da Sirini sapyrobileSi 

imyofebodnen. erTs sabediswero Rames mravali Ramis uZinar Sirins CasZineboda mZime 

ZiliT. Sirue SeiWra mefis sadgomSi da RviZlL mamas maxvili aZgera gulSi. xosrovi 

sisxlisagan icleboda. mas gverdiT hyavda sayvareli meuRle. sisxlis morevi dadga 

maT sarecelze. xosrovi tkivilebisa da wyurvilisagan uzomod itanjeboda. mas enatreboda 

Sirinis xma da wveTi wyali. Sirini mainc ar gaaRviZa, daRlil-daqancul 

mijnurs ar SeukrTo Zili... roca Sirinma gaiRviZa, xosrovi ukve aRar sunTqavda. 

Siruem iTxova daqvrivebuli dedoflis xeli. usazRvro zizRi igrZno Sirinma gerisadmi, 

magram garegnulad ar daimCnia. gamoiTxova qmris dasaflavebis nebarTva 

mamapapeuli wesiT. samgloviaro procesia unda daZruliyo xosrovis cxedris wasasveneblad, 

roca ucnaurad morTuli Sirini gamocxadda, saxe fer-umariliT Seecxo, 

Zvirfas tansacmelSi mokazmuliyo, metad ucnaurad eWira Tavi, koxtaobda, imanWeboda, 

icinoda, zogi fiqrobda, Sirini Wkuaze Secdao. Sirues ki egona, rom Sirini 

urigdeboda Tavis beds, eTxoveboda warsuls. sasaflaos rom miaRwies, Sirini ganmartovda 

meuRlis neStTan akldamaSi. karebi Caiketa. ficari axada kubos, Rilebi 

dauxsna xosrovis tansacmels, mosZebna Wrilobebi, Tavisi tani daakra xosrovis gayinul 

sxeuls, maxvili ica gulSi da zed daakvda Tavis meuRles. 

roca akldamis karebi gamotexes, ori erTad Sekrul-SenivTuli gvami ipoves... 

axla SevudaroT majnuni da tarieli, leili da nestani. sizustisaTvis moviyvanT 

azerbaijaneli mecnieris prof. miqel rafilis azrs majnunis mxatvruli saxis Taobaze. 

rafilis sityviT: `Любовь разбила волю Кейса, смяла его жизнь, отрезала ему крылья, 

лишила его навеки покоя и радости~; `он (т. е. Меджнун) безумен~; `он безумствует бурно и мятежно, и, 

казалось бы, действительно находится на грани потери полного сознания~. 

marTlac, siyvarulma mouspo nebisyofis Zala, siyvarulma gaTela majnuni da 

frTebi SeaWra mis cxovrebas, siyvarulma majnuni miiyvana namdvil sigiJemdis. tariels, 

piriqiT, siyvarulma frTebi Seasxa, tarieli siyvarulma aamaRla, gaakaJa, siyvaruli 

gaxda tarielisaTvis saarako mamacobisa da gmirobis stimulad. 

nestan-darejani qajeTis cixeSi iyo gamomwyvdeuli. saWiro iyo misi gamoxsna. tariels 

exmarebodnen misi erTguli megobrebi. megobrul daxmarebas uwevda majnuns 

naufalic. leilis xelis mosapoveblad ibrZoda mxolod naufali. majnuni ganze 

iyo gamdgari. is Soridan Sehyurebda brZolis vels, SiSsa da Zrwolas Seepyro, loculobda, 

loculobda mtris mxaris gamarjvebisaTvis. majnuni mzad iyo Tavs dasxmoda 

Tavis keTilismyofel megobars, magram sxvebisa rcxvenoda. majnuni tirils iwyebda, 

leilis mamis banakSi rom dacemul meomars Tvals Seaswrebda. tarieli? tarielis 

vaJkacuri yiJini Tavzars scemda qajeTis laSqars. tarieli iyo meTauri da 

sulisCamdgmeli nestanis ganTavisuflebisaTvis warmoebuli brZolisa qajeTis cixis 

kedlebTan da qajeTis cixis SigniT. avTandili da fridoni saxelovnad ibrZodnen 

tarielis winamZRolobiT, tarielis rainduli gegmis mixedviT. 

vfiqrobT, araviTar analogias aq adgili ar aqvs. Tu Soreuli analogiis raime 

niSanwyali SeiniSneba, is sruliad garkveviT laparakobs vefxistyaosnis sasargeblod. 

majnuni Tvals ver gausworebs tariels. tarieli mZleTa-mZle da uZleveli 

gmiria, adamianuri sicocxlisa da siyvarulisaTvis Tavgamodebuli mebrZoli, gonieri 

saxelmwifo moRvawe da keTilSobili mamuliSvili, zrdili raindi. majnuni Sesabralisi 

salosia, cxovrebisaTvis rom zurgi Seuqcevia, gaWrila da mxecebTan dasadgurebula. 

tarielisa da majnunis Sedarebis uxerxulobas grZnoben Tanamedrove 

obieqturi mkvlevarni. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom nizamis Semoqmedebis erTi saukeTeso 

mcodne, zemoT dasaxelebuli profesori m. rafili sayveduriT wers: `Конечно, совершенно 

неверно отождествлять образ Кейса с образом создателя этого величественного романа (т. е. 

`Лейли и Меджнун~ – А. Б.). И совершенно не правы те, которые неумело противопоставляли любовь 

Меджнуна любви Тариеля и на основании этого неверного противопоставления старались видеть в 

Низами пассивного мыслятеля, суфия и аскета. Низами был полон самой глубокой любви к земной 

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жизни и был защитником активного, действенного начала. Весь роман полон жизнеутвердающей силы~. 

m. rafili marTalia. majnunisa da tarielis Sepirispireba sruliad uimedo saqmea. 

piradad Cven ar vcdilobT salosi majnunis saxis gaigivebas am saxis Semqmnel didebul 

poetTan, oRondac damajerebeli araa, TiTqo `leilmajnuniani~ `полон огромной 

жизнеутвердающей силы~.. m. rafili, mehTi huseini da zogierTi sxvac majnunis saqciels 

(TanagrZnobiT rom epyroboda mowinaaRmdegis mxares da TviTon brZolaSi ar iRebda 

monawileobas) Tvlian humanizmis gamoxatulebad. mcdari Tvalsazrisia. aseTi humanizmi 

borotebis mimarT winaaRmdegobis gauwevlobis qadagebaa, mtris siyvarulis 

idealizaciaa. majnunis humanizmi ar exmaureba vefxistyaosnis humanizms. rodesac saqmem 

moiTxova, saTnoebiT savse nestanic ki ar moerida mamis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas. 

politikurma da saxelmwifoebrivma interesebma gamoiwvia personalurad udanaSaulo 

xvarazmSahis Zis sikvdili. magram, nestanis Tqmisa ar iyos, `qmna marTlisa samarTlisa 

xesa Seiqms xmelsa nedlad~. xvarazmSahis Svilis CamoSorebam sabolood gakafa 

gza sikeTisaken. saboloo mizans Seewira agreTve personalurad udanaSaulo 

WaSnagiric. aseTia rusTavelis humanizmis erTi momenti. 

sul sxvaa nestani. nestani ar malavda siyvarulis grZnobis moZalebas, is gamotexilad 

swerda tariels: ùSenod Cemi sicocxle, vame, ra didi bralia~. magram 

rusTvelis gmiri qali ar damorCilebia gulisTqmas, vnebaTaRelvas. mtkice nebisyofis 

patronma nestanma piraduli gancdebi daimorCila, uaryo TavdaxsnisaTvis saWiro 

msxverpli, Tavis saTayvanebel mijnurs mouwoda, dauyovnebliv gabrunebuliyo 

samSobloSi, dabruneboda sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, daxmareboda gansacdelSi myof 

mamulsa da saxelmwifos. 

rusTveli optimisturi msoflmxedvelobis gamomxatveli geniosi poetia, nestani 

ki – am msoflmxedvelobis niadagze Seqmnili ukvdavi mxatvruli saxe. leili ise miagavs 

nestans, rogorc majnuni tariels. oriode sityva `xosrovSirinianis~ gamo. 

`xosrovSiriniani~ sxva aspeqtis Txzulebaa. Tu `leilmajnuniani~ aidealebs, cota 

ar iyos, ganyenebuli, mistikuri ieris mqone da ramdenadme usicocxlo, sufistur 

sulier trfobas, `xosrovSirinianSi~ Warbobs xorcieli gatacebis, SiSveli erotikis, 

daucxromeli vnebaTa Relvis motivebi. 

dauokebeli xorcieli Jini amoqmedebda poemis mTavar gmir xosrovs. xosrovis Sesaxeb 

SeiZleba mokled movWraT. TviTon nizami ganjelis daxasiaTebiT, igi iyo 

autaneli, veragi, ulmobeli, SurismaZiebeli, despoti, saSineli egoisti, avxorci. es 

– Sinagani TvisebebiT. garegnulad ki – warmosadegi, tanadi, axovani, sabolood – 

ganebivrebuli, Wirveuli, mtarvali Sahi. 

xosrovma araerTgzis daamcira Sirini, Seuracxyo, misi wmidaTa- wmida grZnobebi, 

bevri aCivla da bevri atira. amasTan, viRac ucnauri WkvaTamyofelis sityvebi moi- 

Svelia, cols rom awyenineb da gaaguliseb, Semdeg joxi unda uTaqo, es iqnebao wyenis 

pasuxi da uebari saSualeba damSvidebisaTvis. am `sibrZniT~ xelmZRvanelobda 

xolme xosrovi praqtikulad. 

xosrovisaTvis sulis siwminde ar arsebobda. is Tayvans scemda mxolod Tavis 

Tavs, mxolod Tavis gaumaZRar guls endoboda da, mxolod avxorcul Jins iyo miyolili. 

didi haramxanis patroni (rogorc vTqviT, ori aTasi kekluci sefe-qali da 

mona-mxevali hyavda mas sadedoSi datyvevebuli, meuRle bizantiis mefis asulis 

mariamisa, Tanamecxedre ispahaneli mzeTunaxavis Seqerisa da gatacebiT motrfiale 

Sirinisa. xosrovs izidavda Sirinis lamazi sxeuli, sandomiani tani. avxorculi 

wadilis SesrulebisaTvis mas gverdSi udga da exmareboda Safuri. 

xosrovisa da Safuris urTierTobas, maT `megobrobas~ adarebdnen tarielisa da 

avTandilis megobrobas. poemis mixedviT, Safurs zogjer marTlac ewodeba xosrovis 

megobari. namdvilad ki Safuri iyo xosrovis Tayvanismcemeli msaxuri. Safurma kargad 

icoda xosrovis gulis wadili, misi bilwi zraxvebi. àn ZaliT an xerxiT, an nebayoflobiT 

Cemi gaxadeo Sirini~, daavala xosrovma Safurs. am davalebis SesrulebisaTvis 

zrunvas Seewira Safuris mTeli moRvaweoba. gaiZvera maWanklis xerxiano- 

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iT moindoma man Sirinis monadireba, mefis amay suls utifrad SesTavaza Sahis xar- 

Woba, arc Sercxvenia, arc warbi Serxevia. gaqnili enis patroni, cbieri, pirferi da 

mliqvneli, amasTan mSiSara da mxdali, ZaRlurad erTguli da laquca. nasufralis 

moimede Safuri iyo Rirseuli msaxuri Tavisi mtarvali mbrZanebeli patronisa. 

aseTi iyo Sahisa da kariskacis, Tu Sinaymis megobroba. tarielisa da avTandilis 

urTierTobas ki emyareboda da adiadebda Tanaswori socialuri rangis keTilSobil 

raindTa uryevi siyvarulisa da WeSmariti Zmobis maRali grZnoba. 

nizami ganjelis yvelaze naTeli da simpaTiuri personaJia Sirini. SeiZleba 

sruliad ar iyos SemTxveviTi, rom es iyo qristiani, kavkasiis mkvidri, erovnebiT 

TiTqo somexi, miqel rafili mas Tvlis azerbaijanelad. mecnierTa erTi rigis azriT, 

Sirinis mxatvruli saxe Cagonebulia TamariT. sagulisxmoa, rom `xosrovSirinianis~ 

mixedviT, Sirinis mamidis banu Samiras (da Semdgom TviTon Sirinis) samflobeloSi 

Sedioda saqarTvelo. banu Samira drodadro mgzavrobda, nadirobda da dros 

atarebda afxazeTSi (saqarTveloSi). rogoradac unda iyos, prof. e. berTelsis 

sityviT `Создать образ Ширин ему (т. е. Низами) в значительной степени помогла близость к 

христянским кругам. При смешанном характере населения Ганджи и ее близости к Грузии поэт не мог 

не знать о том, что женщина там была свободна и не подвергалась тому унижению, которое было 

обычно в стране мусульман~.. 

erTi sityviT, Sirinis poeturad mimzidveli, Rrmad ideuri adamianuri saxe an 

konkretulad Tamaris, an sazogadod, qarTveli qalis analogiiT aris Seqmnili. Sirini 

gamoxatavda Cveni qveynis mandilosanTan zneobriv sifaqizesa da Tavisuflebismoyvareobas. 

mSvenieri Sirinis bunebas adiadebs misi uaRresi principuloba da 

maRalzneobrivi siyvarulis erTguleba. Sirini ar mihyva da ar daemorCila xosrovis 

avxorcul wadils. is xosrovs dauaxlovda mxolod rogorc meuRle, rogorc 

dedofali, am mxriT Sirins araferi uTqvams saerTo iranuli tipis sulwasul, 

unebisyofo, inertul anda qvena grZnobebis mona diacTan. Sirini iyo didad gonieri 

mandilosani, saxelmwifoebrivi Wkuis patroni, gulisxmieri da gul-Sematkivari qve- 

Sevrdomebis mimarT. Taosani, dauzareli da energiuli politikuri moRvawe. Sirini 

saxelmwifoebriv sibrZnes aswavlida iranis mbrZanebels; sxvaTa Soris, aqezebda da 

amxnevebda mas meamboxe bahram Cubinis winaaRmdeg. 

yovelive amasTan gecemaT Sirinis xasiaTis saCoTiro mxareebic. Sirins aklda qaluri 

Tavmoyvareobisa da pativmoyvareobis amamaRlebeli grZnoba. igi yovelTvis 

ver inarCunebda sulier wonasworobas, simtkicesa da TavdaWerilobas. arsebiTad Sirini 

iyo sabediswero siyvarulis brma mona. ramdenjer uRalata Sirins xosrovma, 

ramdenjer Seuracxyo misi qaluri Rirseba, ramdenjer akadra damamcirebeli sityva 

da winadadeba. xosrovma ukanaskneli survilic ar Seusrula Sirins, qorwinebis 

dRec gaumwara, sapatarZlo sarecelic Seugina. uzomod Seyvarebulma qalma mainc 

yvelaferi aitana, yvelaferi daiTmina, yvelaferi apatia Tavis mijnurs. Sirins dauZleveli 

siyvaruliT uyvarda xosrovi. SeiZleba Tqvan, am dauZlevelma grZnobam gansazRvra 

Sirinis moqmedebao. ar vdavob: SesaZlebelia, swored asec iyos. magram 

ramdenadac saqme Seexeba SoTa rusTavels, igi sxvagvar Tavlsazriss aviTarebs. 

sxvagvari iyo nestan-darejanis buneba. nestansac uzomod uyvarda tarieli, nestanic 

uzomod erTguli iyo Tavisi mijnurisa, nestans Seswevda namdvili Tavdaviwyebisa 

da Tavganwirulobis Zala. kdemamosili, nazi da TavdaWerili nestani imave dros Zu 

vefxvis bunebis mqone qali. nestani ver dauSvebda Tavisi Rirsebis damcirebas, Tavmoyvareobis 

Selaxvas, siyvarulis sakiTxSi yoymans, miT umetes, orgulobasa da Ralats. 

sakmarisi iyo nestanis odnavi daeWveba tarielis erTgulebaSi, rom Seubraleblad 

dasxmoda Tavs mijnurs da mas damuqreboda argagonili simkacriT. 

ganmacvifrebeli iyo nestanis Tavmoyvareobis grZnoba, nestanis principuli qaluri 

siamaye, sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis Segneba da dafaseba. nestani ver apatiebda 

mijnurs cru da moqargul sityvas, mrude azrs da ficis gatexas. xarWobis Sekadrebis 

SesaZlebloba xom srulebiT gamoricxulia. aseTi rame eucxoeba vefxistya- 

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osnis avtoris ideaTa samyaros. Sirinisa da nestanis xasiaTebis moxseniebuli sxvaoba, 

ase Tu ise, gamoxatavs, am saxeTa Semqmneli avtorebis msoflmxedvelobrivi sxvaobis 

mxares. 

mainc gansakuTrebulia `xosrov da Sirinis~ tragikuli apoTeozi. poemaSi araCveulebrivi 

mxatvruli siZlieriT aris aRwerili xosrovis mkvlelobis ambavi. sikvdilis 

Jams xosrovma gamoamJRavna, rogorc Cans, mis arsebaSi potenciurad Casaxuli, 

oRond mTvlemare, keTilSobiluri adamianuri grZnobebi. nizamis TvalsazrisiT, namdvilma 

siyvarulma gardaqmna xosrovis xasiaTi, xosrovi axlad daibada. siyvarulma 

mas axali suli Cabera. marTalia, es moxda gvian, xosrovi maSin sikvdilis agonias 

ganicdida. magram es araa arsebiTi. siyvarulis gardamqmnelma Zalam sabolood Tavisi 

gaitana, xosrovi mokvda, rogorc TanagrZnobisa da sibralulis Rirsi adamiani. 

didi ideurobiT aris aRbeWdili `xosrov da Sirinis~ es tragikuli apoTeozi. 

sikvdilma samudamod SeaerTa da SeaduRa ori mosiyvarelu guli. sikvdilma ukvdavyo 

siyvarulis maradisoba. sikvdiliTvea ukvdavyofili leilisa da majnunis siyvarulic. 

ase esaxeba siyvarulis buneba nizami ganjels. vefxistyaosanSi sxvagvari 

apoTeozia. rusTvelma siyvarulis ukvdaveba sicocxliT daagvirgvina. vefxistyaosnis 

personaJebma amqveyniuri bedniereba daimsaxures sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo ke- 

Tili saqmiTa da didi siyvaruliT. 

rogorc viciT, rusTveli emijneba siyvarulis ukiduresobis formebs, erTi mxriT, 

ganyenebul, usagno, mistikur sazeo trfialebas, meore mxriT, vulgarul, mdabio, 

xorciel Jinianobas. 

nizami ganjelis mier asaxuli siyvaruli sazeo movlenaa. amqveyniuri erTgulebisaTvis 

leilim da manjnunma moipoves saimqyveyno netareba. netareba daimsaxures 

xosrovma da Sirinmac. usagnod darCa mxolod farhadi. nizamim gaimeta da erTgvarad 

gawira es keTilSobili mijnuri. farhads arc am qveyanaze hqonda iRbliani cxovreba 

da arc saiqioSi moeloda bedis gaRimebas. Sirini xosrovis wili iyo aqac da 

iqac. amitomac logikurad ufro marTebulad moiqca didi uzbeki poeti navoi, romelmac 

Sirini xosrovs ar SeauRla da saimqveyno cxovrebisaTvis igi farhads dautova. 

Tumca mistikur-sufistur rkals verc navoi ascda. 

SoTa rusTvelisaTvis sruliad ucxoa misticizmi. rusTvelis gmirebi cxovroben 

da ibrZvian saamqveyno idealebisaTvis, saamqveyno siyvarulisaTvis. saarako dabrkolebaTa 

Zlevis gziT rusTvelis gmirebma aq, dedamiwaze, miaRwies adamianuri idealebis 

ganxorcielebas. rusTvelis siyvaruli dedamiwaze zeimobs Tavis gamarjvebas. 

nizamis siyvaruli ki saimqveyno zRvevis momlodinea. 

aseTia nizamisa da rusTvelis mier asaxul mijnurobaTa nairsaxeoba. amasTan dakavSirebiT 

unda movigonoT vefxistyaosnis cnobili rusi mTargmnelis k. balmontis 

mosazreba CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis Taobaze. balmontis sityviT, dante da msoflios 

zogi sxva didi poeti-moazrovne sikvdiliT amtkiceben siyvarulis ukvdavebas. 

xolo `смерть, как художественный прием, есть легкое колдование~, SeniSnavs is da ganagrZobs: 

`Руставели выше этих поэтов, ибо в своих волшебствах он колдует жизнью. Проведя своих любящих 

через всевозможные питки, он им дает в жизни засиять таким блеском, что умереть они уже не могут 

никогда. В этом... преимущество Грузинского гения над его Европейскими современниками и певцами 

позднейшими~. `Витязь в тигровой шкуре~ – ambobs balmonti – `лучшая поэма любви, какая 

когда-либо была создана в Европе~. 

k. balmonts kargad aqvs SeniSnuli da Sefasebuli rusTvelis siyvarulis ideis 

Tavisebureba. vgoneb, balmonti ar icnobda nizamis, Torem saeWvo araa, rom igi did 

azerbaijanul poetsac miaqcevda im moazrovneTa wreSi, romelnic siyvarulis gagebis 

mxriT upirispirdebian rusTvelis pozicias. 

Sahname 

firdousis (934-1025) `Sahname~ sagmiro-safalavno eposis Zeglia. amaSi mxolod calkeuli 

epizodebis saxiT aris CarTuli samijnuro ambebi (zaalisa da rubadabes am- 

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avi, beJanis da maniJes ambavi da sxv.) `Sahname~ da vefxistyaosani Janrobrivad sxvadasxva 

tipis nawarmoebebia. sxvadasxvaa isini Sinaarsobrivadac. `Sahname~ qarTulad 

niSnavs `mefeTa wigns~. marTlac, aq moTxrobilia iranel mefeTa Tavgadasavali mi- 

Turi periodidan Cveni welTaRricxvis me-7 saukunemde (iranSi arab-muslimanTa batonobis 

damyarebamde). Janrobriv-Sinaarsobrivi sxvadasxvaobis miuxedavad, am or 

Txzulebas Soris mainc SeiniSneba zogierTi msgavseba. magaliTad, `Sahnames~ umTavresi 

falavani rostomi tarielis msgavsad vefxvis tyavs atarebda samoselad. `SahnameTi~ 

vefxvis tyavi niSania gmirobisa da mamacobisa. vefxistyaosniT ki vefxvis tyavis 

simbolika principulad gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea. mSvenieri vefxvis 

saxe tariels agonebda nestans (`rome vefxi Svenieri saxed misad damisaxavs, amad miyvars 

tyavi misi, kabad Cemad mominaxavs~), vefxvis tyavis samosiT tarieli TiTqo xorcielad 

ukavSirdeboda nestans, xolo sulierad xom misgan mudmiv ganuyreli iyo. 

rostomi da avTandili sagmiro-safalavno moRvaweobisas saSualebad iyenebdnen xerxs. 

rostomma vaWris tansacmeli gadaicva da ucxoel sovdagrad SeniRbuli ewvia 

Turamis qveyanas, rom gamoexsna tyveobaSi myofi beJani. avTandili jer iyo da va- 

WarTuxucesis rolSi moevlina gulanSaros, vaWrulad gadacmuli apirebda qajeTis 

cixeSi Separvas nestanis gasaTavisufleblad. unda SevniSnoT, rom vaWrad gadacmis 

motivi moaruli motivia, romelic farTod aris gavrcelebuli msoflio literaturaSi. 

misi erTi varianti cnobilia `balavris sibrZniT~, romelic qarTulad Camoyalibda 

ara ugvianes me-9-10 saukuneebisa (vaWrad gadacmulma balavarma moaxerxa iodasafis 

sasaxleSi SeRweva da ufliswulTan ganmartoeba qristianuli moZRvrebis 

saqadageblad). vefxistyaosnisagan gansxvavebiT `Sahname~ aris uaRresad zRaprulfantastikuri 

xasiaTis nawarmoebi, sadac did rols asruleben avi sulebi da jadosnuri 

Zalebi. amisda miuxedavad, iranul eposSic garkveulad ganviTarebulia ise- 

Ti ideebi, romlebic niSandoblivia vefxistyaosnisaTvis (vaJkacobis idealizacia, 

qveynis gaerTianebisa da patronebisadmi – mefeebisadmi – morCilebis qadageba, sam- 

Soblos siyvaruli da mtrebis winaaRmdeg daundobeli brZolis saWiroeba, keTili 

da boroti Zalebis brZola da a. S.). oRond es motivebi sxvadasxvagvarad da sxvadasxva 

siuJetur-Sinaarsobriv masalazea gaSlili Sahnamesa da vefxistyaosanSi. sanimu- 

Sod SeiZleba SevCerdeT keTilisa da boroti Zalebis brZolis ideaze. es idea asaxuli 

aqvs Zveli da axali drois ara erT gamoCenil msoflio mwerals rogorc aRmosavleTSi, 

ise dasavleTSi. vefxistyaosnis mixedviT keTili Zalebis daucxromeli 

brZolis Sedegad qajeTis cixeSi (borotebis samyaroSi) gamomwyvdeuli nestani (sikeTis 

simbolo) ganTavisuflda, `borotsa sZlia keTilman, arseba misi grZelia~. 

rusTveli aviTarebs borotze keTilis gamarjvebis optimistur Tvalsazriss. `SahnameSi~ 

(`Sahnames~ pirvel nawilSi) borot Zalas arsebiTad asaxierebs Turamis mxare, 

keTils – irani. uTavbolo omebi mimdinareobs sisxlisZiebisa da SurisZiebis niadagze. 

ufliswulma Turma veragulad mokla Tavisi umcrosi Zma, keTili da saTno ireji. 

amis gamo iranelebma Suri iZies (sisxli iZies) Turanelebze. erTxans mSvidoba 

damyarda. magram Turanelma afrasiobma kvlav muxanaTurad daRvara keTilSobili 

iraneli ufliswulis siaoSis marTali sisxli. axali, xangrZlivi brZolebis lozungad 

iqca SurisZieba siaoSisaTvis. `Sahnames~ bolo nawilSi moTxrobilia ahrimanis 

(boroti RmerTis) saSineli naSieris muslimani dampyroblebis ZalmomreobiTi 

batonobis damyareba iranis qveyanaSi. firdousi imiT amTavrebs Tavis uzarmazar poemas, 

rom gamarjveba rCeba borot Zalebs (borot dampyroblebs). es pesimisturi idea 

mkafiod gamosWvivis `Sahnamedan~. SurisZiebis motivi Tavidan bolomde gasdevs firdousis 

poemas, am poemis siuJetis magistralur xazs. rusTvelisaTvis ucxoa Suris- 

Ziebis (sisxlisZiebis) motivi, am motivs aviTareben mxolod vefxistyaosnis interpolatorebi 

da gamgrZeleblebi. 

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SoTa rusTvelis winamorbedni da Tanamedroveni qarTulsa da 

msoflioli teraturaSi 

SoTa rusTvels TanamoZmeni hyavda dasavleT samyaroSic. SeumCneveli ar darCenila 

`vefxistyaosnis~ zogi motivis msgavseba Sua saukuneebis evropul literaturaSi. 

amis Taobaze seriozulad werda artur zutneri 1884 wels gamoqveynebul narkvev- 

Si. Tavis mxriT, n. mari erTgvari gakvirvebiT SeniSnavda Tavis ganTqmul rusTvelologiur 

gamokvlevaSi (`Култь женщины и рыцарство в поэме~), `Любопытно именно то, что сродные, 

иногда до тождества схожие черты наблюдаются в литературах стран, не имевших, казалось бы, 

возможности взаимно общаться~. 

amJamad sakmarisad aris dagrovili iseTi specialuri literatura, romelic miznad 

isaxavs gaarkvios vefxistyaosnis mimarTeba rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri 

msoflios mwerlobisadmi. SesaZlebeli xdeba erTgvari daskvnebis gakeTebac. 

vefxistyaosani rom konkretul niadagze SevupirispiroT msoflio literaturis nimuSebs, 

uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT misi asaki (warmoSobis dro), 

Tematikur-Janrobrivi da Sinaarsobriv-ideuri xasiaTi, agreTve Sesaferisi istoriul-kulturuli 

da istoriul-socialuri garemo. amdenad, Cveni yuradRebis sagani 

unda gaxdes dasavleT evropis literaturidan sagmiro-saraindo poezia (`simRera 

rolandze~, `simRera sidze~, `simRera nibelungebze~) da saraindo romanebi e. w. mrgvali 

magidisa (sanimuSod, `parsevali~ an `parcifali~, `lanseloti anu urmis raindi~). 

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs `wigni tristanisa da izoldasi~. rusuli literaturis 

istoriidan `vefxistyaosnis~ moasakea àmbavi igoris laSqrobisa~. 

SepirispirebisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, met safuZvels iZleva aRmosavleTis literaturuli 

samyaro. dasavleT evropis literaturul cxovrebasTan me-11-12 saukuneebSi 

Cvens qveyanas uSualo kavSiri ar hqonia, magram, rogorc viciT, mainc SeiniSneba rigi 

saerTo movlena. amis cxadsayoflad da garkveuli daskvnebis gamosatanad Zalian 

mokled gavarCevT ramdenime sanimuSo Sesaferis poetur Zegls. 

parcifali 

poema iwyeba parcifalis mamis gaxmuretis Tavgadasavlis aRweriT. gaxmureti iyo 

anJus mflobelis Svili, SesaniSnavi raindi, saraindo-savaJkaco qmedobisaTvis igi 

gaemgzavra baRdadSi, eaxla iqaur mflobels baruxs, sarwmunoebiT mahmadians. Sveloda 

omebSi. baRdadidan gaxmureti gadavida mavrebis qveyanaSi, daexmara dedofal 

belakanes (Konigin Belakane), coladac SeirTo. orsuli dedofali miatova (misi ùrwmunoeba~ 

moimizeza) da espaneTSi gardaixvewa. iq mefobda dedofali herceloidi 

(herceloide). bevri sagmiro saqme Seasrula. moipova dedofal herceloidis xeli. 

qorwilis Semdeg did dros ar gaevlo, rom baruxisagan mociquli mouvida, sTxovda 

daxmarebas. dauyovnebliv gaeSura. male daiRupa omSi. damwuxrebul herceloides sanugeSod 

mieca vaJiSvili – momavali didebuli raindi parcifali. SvilisaTvis rom 

raindobasTan dakavSirebuli xifaTi aecilebina, dedofali tyeSi dasaxlda, ymawvilTan 

akrZaluli iyo raindis xseneba. erTxel is SemTxveviT mainc waawyda moxetiale 

raindebs, Zalze moewona. imaTgan gaigo, rom saraindo zneobaSi daxelovneba SeiZleboda 

mefe arturis karze. dedis Zlieri winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, gaiWra, ewvia 

arturs, Wabuki parcifali sasacilo iyo axirebuli CacmulobiT (dedam gangeb 

morTo ase), mouxeSaobiTa da gulubryvilo qceviT, magram yuradRebas ipyrobda momxiblavi 

garegnobiT. keTilSobileba etyoboda da didi ZalRonis patroni Canda. arturis 

karze igi gawafes. parcifali Seudga saraindo saxelis mosapoveblad saWiro 

mgzavrobas. saraindo saqmeebs asrulebda `mandilosnis samsaxuris~ wesiT. parcifalma 

mtrebisagan ixsna mSvenieri kondviramuris (Kondwiramur) qveyana, TviTon kondviramuri 

colad SeirTo. raindi ocnebobda gralis mopovebaze. SedarebiT advilad 

moxvda kidevac gralis sasaxleSi. Zlier ganaTebulsa da saucxood morTul darbazSi 

aRmoCnda. Semoiyvanes sasaxlis patroni anfortasi, romelic mZime avadmyofo- 

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isagan itanjeboda. sneulma maspinZelma stumari mainc moridebiT moikiTxa. erTba- 

Sad gaisma Semzaravi kvnesis xma. sarangma Semoitana Subi, imis wveridan mowveTda sisxli. 

Seiqmna xmauri, CoCqoli, qviTini. amoatares sakvirvelebaTa-sakvirveleba – grali. 

daasvenes avadmyofis win. parcifali gaocebuli Sehyurebda yovelives, ena ar 

dauZravs, dumda (arturis karze misma gamwafvelma keTilma gurnemancma aswavla laparakis 

morideba). Turme avadmyofs rom Sesityveboda da misi sneulebis Taobaze sityva 

Camoegdo, ubedurs samudamod ixsnida gansacdelisagan, aafortasi ganikurneboda. 

parcifals mosasveneblad miuCines calke darbazi. SfoTiani Rame gaatara. diliT 

sawolidan rom adga, veravin ipova, irgvliv sicariele sufevda. danaRvlianebuli 

ganSorda sasaxles, male darwmunda SecdomaSi, magram sinanuli gvianRa iyo. Semdeg 

parcifalma bevri samamaco saqme Caidina, sworupovari falavani-raindis saxeli 

moipova, magram gralze ocnebas ver eleoda. parcifals, sxvaTa Soris, Serkineba mouxda 

Tavis `warmarT~ naxevarZmasTan, bumberaz feirafisTan, romelic qristianul 

rjulze moaqcia da monaTla. zneobriv-sarwmunoebrivad imdenad gafaqizda da amaRlda 

parcifali, rom mas RvTaebrivi ganCinebis wyalobiT sabolood ergo grali. gaxelmwifda. 

gralis sasaxlis patroni gaxda. gankurna anfortasi. ukanaskneli ise 

damSvenda, rom parcifalis silamazec ki daCrdila, daemsgavsa daviT winaswarmetyvelis 

silamaziT ganTqmul Svil abesaloms. anfortasma gadawyvita cxovrebis dar- 

Cenili dReni sulieri cxovrebisa da gralis samsaxurisaTvis Seewira. parcifals 

kondviramurisagan hyavda ori vaJi (tyupebi). erTma maTganma, loengrinma, saamqveyno 

cxovrebas zurgi Seaqcia. mamam mas daumkvidra gralis sasaxle. 

moyvanili mokle Sinaarsidanac sakmirisi sicxadiT Cans `parcifalis~ saerTo 

xasiaTi. poemis mixedviT, gmirebs amoZravebT an rainduli saxelis moxveWis TviTmiznuri 

misawrafebani, anda sarwmunoebriv-mistikuri midrekilebani, poemis mTavari 

gmiris, parcifalisaTvis ucnobia namdvili samijnuro Tavgadasavali, bunebrivad aR- 

Zruli samijnuro gancdebi, grZnobaTa Widili, sulieri konfliqtebi, dramatizmi. 

parcifalisa da kondviramuris saxeebis gamosakveTad volfram eSenbaxeli ver iyenebs 

personaJTa fsiqologiuri daxasiaTebis xerxebs. `gamijnureba~ da colis Ser- 

Tva, Cveulebriv, SemTxveviTs garemoebas ukavSirdeba. rogorc wesi, colis moyvanis 

uflebas raindi imsaxurebs Tavisi vaJkacuri saqmianobiT (am mxriT, `parcifali~ 

erTgvarad emsgavseba àmirandarejanians~). 

marTalia, `parcifali~ kompoziciurad rTuli, rTul-planiani nawarmoebia. mTavar 

siuJetur ambavs (parcifalis Tavgadasavals) enaskveba rigi Senakadi ambavi. maT 

Soris gamoirCeva gavanis vrceli saraindo-samijnuro epizodi. gavanis ambavi parcifalis 

ambis sapirispirod aris mofiqrebuli. ramdenadme miamitsa da mouqnels, magram 

znefaqizsa da Rrmad morwmune parcifals garkveulad upirispirdeba galanturi, 

oRond msubuqi yofaqcevis gavani. gavanma didad gaiTqva saxeli saraindo moRvaweobis 

asparezze, bevr saxifaTo SerkinebaSi gaimarjva, bevri kekluci mandilosnis 

guli moigo, magram gralis mopovebis pativi ver daimsaxura. amisaTvis mas ar hyofnida 

sarwmunoebrivi grZnobis siRrme da zneobrivi sisrule. 

did yuradRebas iqcevs sigunes (Sigune) ambavi. sigune iyo parcifalis axlo naTesavi 

qali, romelic msxverplad Seewira udrood daRupuli misi raindi satrfos 

gamoglovebas. mWmunvare sigune asaxierebs Rrmad mgrZnobiare, nazs da erTgul, magram 

ramdenadme usicocxlosa da TiTqo ara miwieri vnebaTaRelvisaTvis Seqmnil Seyvarebul 

qals. sigunes ambavs aRbeWdili aqvs mistikuri ieri. 

eSenbaxelis msoflmxedvelobas Zlier zRudavs qriatianul-sarwmunoebrivi aRmsarebloba. 

uaRresobamdis zRaprul-fantastikuria da mistikuri gralis sasaxlis 

mTeli istoria. jadosnuri gralis, viTomda saqristiano am reliqviis Ziebas ewireba 

parcifalis umTavresi safalavno-saraindo moRvaweoba. parcifali samisionero 

saqmianobasac eweoda. man daamarcxa da qristianul rjulze moaqcia, monaTla, misi 

`warmarTi~ (mahmadiani) naxevarZma feirafisi. sagulismoa, rom parcifalis mamam Ti- 

Tqo sarwmunoebrivi sxvaobis gamo miatova Tavisi pirveli coli, Tumca `warmarTi~ 

266

meuRle mzad iyo mieRo qmris rjuli. materialuri cxovrebis uaryofa, asketikuri 

gandegiloba da saqristiano cru-reliqviis samsaxuri poema `parcifaliT~ miCneulia 

saidealo-samadlo saqmed. 

lanseloti 

tipiuri satrfialo-saraindo romania kretien de truas (me-12 saukunis meore naxevari) 

`lanseloti anu urmis raindi~ (Tavisi Txzuleba kretiens darCa daumTavrebeli. 

igi sxvam daasrula). ganTqmuli saqveyno raindi lanseloti gaumijnurda mefe 

arturis mSvenier meuRles ganievras (Ganievre). 

kopwia da grZnobieri dedofali jer qmris Zmiswuls yvarobda, Semdeg lanselots 

miuZRvna Tavisi guli. lanselotma Tavisi uwindeli satrfo, axalgazrda qvrivi, 

miatova da dedoflis Tayvanismcemeli gaxda. tyeSi moseirne dedofali gaitaca masze 

Seyvarebulma mTavris Svilma meleaganma (Meleagans). lanseloti daedevna gamtacebels. 

igi iZulebuli Seiqna emgzavra qondriskacis urmiT (rac raindis Rirsebas 

amcirebda). lanselotma daamarcxa (da sabolood mokla kidevac) Tavisi moqiSpe, 

dedofali daisakuTra da misi siaxloviT datkba, Tumca bevri dabrkolebis gadalaxva 

dasWirda, karga xans patimrad iyo meleaganis mamulSi. sapyrobilidan gamoapara 

meleaganis dam. 

poemis finali mainc sarwmunoebriv-mistikuria. aqac scenaze gamodis graali (igive 

graali)...…kretein de truas mier asaxuli siyvaruli kurtuaziulia, maneruli, 

sxvadasxva pirobiTobiT SezRuduli da gansazRvruli. es siyvaruli ver daiqadnis 

zneobrivi cxovrebis damamSvenebeli da gamafaqizebeli TvisebebiT: dedofali ganievra 

Wirveuli da pranWia, mokekluce mandilosania, pativmoyvare da uflebamoyvare, 

romlisTvisac ucxoa qaluri kdemamosileba da mokrZaleba. igi ar Takilobda pirfer 

Tayvanismcemlebs, Tumca sruli TanagrZnoba lanselots gauwia. magram satrfos 

erTgulebaSi rom darwmunebuliyo da raindis monuri morCileba daedasturebina, 

igi zogjer sasacilo (da samarcxvino) mdgomareobaSi ayenebda Tavis rCeuls, lanselotic 

iZulebuli xdeboda udrtvinvelad da warbSeuxrelad Seesrulebina Wirveuli 

dedoflis axirebani. lanseloti yurmoWrili mona-msaxuri iyo Tavisi haerovani 

qalbatonisa. 

Tavisi mxriT, lanselotma advilad daTmo erTguli satrfo, rodesac dedoflis 

mijnuri gaxda. koxta dedoflis mijnuroba, ra Tqma unda, sapatio iyo da Tavmosawoni 

raindisaTvis. tipiuria, rom raindi gaumijnurda qmrian mandilosans (adrec 

igi qvriv qals hyvarobda). 

`mrgvali magidis~ meufe arturi poemiT asaxierebs unebisyofo, uTavmoyvareo, gulubryvilo 

kacs, romelic asrulebs gawbilebuli, rqosani meuRlis sasacilo rols. 

arturi dedofalma jer qmris Zmiswulze gacvala, Semdeg lanselotze. brmad 

da avadmyofurad Seyvarebulma qmarma yvelaferi apatia Tavis orgul cols. 

rusTvelisa da kretien de truas warmosaxul mijnurobas `Sua uzis didi zRvari~. 

uazro iqneboda mijnurobis am ori saxeobis Sesapirispireblad sityvis gagrZeleba. 

vityviT mxolod, rom _ rogorc ukve SevniSneT _ verc `lanseloti~ acda graalis 

mistikuri ambis zemoqmedebas. albaT es (Tu sxva) garemoeba aqvs mxedvelobaSi 

safrangeTis Tanamedrove gamoCenil mweral lui aragons, rodesac ambobs: `vefxistyaosani 

Sua saukuneebis yvelaze SesaniSnavi qmnilebaa. dasavleT evropis imave epoqis 

didi poemebisagan gansxvavebiT, igi Tavisufalia yovelgvari mistikisagan da, aRorZinebis 

epoqis qmnilebaTa msgavsad, qristianul moZRvrebaze maRla dgas... saqarTvelom 

warmoSva Tavisi dante, maSin roca Cven kretien de truamde Zlivs mivaRwieT~. 

tristan da izolda (izolde) 

mRelvare da daucxromeli, oRond tragikuli siyvarulis warmtaci ambavi moTxrobilia 

`tristanisa da izoldas wignSi~.Ees romani arsebiTad warmoadgens dasavleT 

evropis garkveul socialur sinamdvilesTan Sexamebuli `visramianis~ qristia- 

267

nizebul redaqcias. aq TiTqmis mTlianad aris daculi `visramianis~ siuJeturi sqema, 

oRond gansxvavebulia finali. Tumca raminis msgavsad tristanmac droebiT TiTqos 

daiviwya Tavisi trfobis sagani da coli SeirTo (qristianuli wesiT jvari daiwera 

TeTrxelebian izoldaze, Tumca meuRleoba ar gauwevia), magram Zveli siyvarulis 

grZnoba mas odnavac ar ganelebia gulSi da wuTisofels gamoesalma rogorc 

am siyvarulis erTguli msaxuri. tristanTan erTad suli ganuteva izoldamac. `visramianis~ 

Seyvarebulebi (visi da ramini) bolos da bolos SeuRldnen da bednierad 

daasrules amqveyniuri cxovreba. `tristan da izoldaSi~ siyvaruli ufro gafaqizebulia, 

haerovnebis SaravandediT aris mosili da moklebulia `visramianisTvis~ 

damaxasiaTebel SiSvel erotiulobas. tristani, nawilobriv izoldac, mefe markTan 

urTierTobaSi iCenen did mokrZalebas, pativiscemiT epyrobian keTilsa da sulgrZel 

mefes. amiT isini ar hgvanan raminsa da viss. saerTod, `tristan da izoldas~ 

dadebiT personaJTa wre darbaisluri da keTilSobiluria. rogorc vTqviT, romans 

SerTvia qristianul-keTilSobiluri motivebi. aqa-iq SeiniSneba Suasaukuneobrivi 

crumorwmuneobis elementebic (magaliTad, gankiTxva gaxurebuli SanTiT). 

rogorc `tristan da izoldas~, ise `visramianis~ siyvaruli, sazogadoebrivi zneobis 

TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia ar yofiliyo sacilobeli, tristani da ramini namdvilad 

mainc Ralatobdnen maT moyvarulsa da keTilismyofel maxlobel naTesavebs 

(tristani biZas, ramini Zmas) da imaT colebTan iWerdnen intimur kavSirs. TavianTi 

mxriT, qmrebis aSkarad moRalatis rolSi gamodian maTi colebi (izolda da visi), 

sagulisxmoa, rom arc izoldas da arc viss arasodes ugrZvniaT sindisis gulwrfeli 

qenjna. nazi izolda guldamSvidebiT asrulebda ori qmris meuRlis movaleobas 

(`visramianiT~ visma ZiZis daxmarebiT TilismiT Sekra kanonieri qmris mamakacoba). 

zneobrivad aseTi saTakilo siyvaruli imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom tristanma 

da izoldam viTomc sabediswero siyvarulis samsala Sesves, ris gamoc maT neba 

aRekveTaT, isini uZlurni aRmoCndnen winaaRmdegoba gaewiaT bedis ganaCenisaTvis. 

`visramianis~ gmirebis siyvarulic TiTqo RvTis ganCinebiT Caisaxa. man gansazRvra 

visisa da raminis daucxromeli siyvarulis Zala. orive romaniT (ufro xazgasmulad 

`visramianiT~) qalwulebi miaTxoves maTi asakisaTvis Seuferebel moxucebs, 

qalwulebis guli ki bunebrivad miizides axalgazrda mSvenierma Wabukebma. sxvadasxva 

motivebis momizezebiT, avtorebi cdiloben mkiTxveli sazogadoebis winaSe gaamarTlon 

siyvarulis snebiT Sepyrobili maTi ubeduri gmirebi. magram mijnurebis 

saqcielis aseTi Tavgamodebuli dacvis saWiroeba poetebis mxriT, ukve imaze miuTi- 

Tebs, rom TviTon es saqcieli marTlac saCoTiro unda yofiliyo sazogadoebrivi 

zneobis TvalsazrisiT. 

k. balmontis moazrebiT `tristan da izolda~ erTaderTi Txzulebaa evropul 

literaturaSi, romelsac SeiZleba SeuerTdes `qarTveli mgosnis Seudarebeli poema~. 

marTlac-da namdvili adamianuri siyvarulis stiqia araCveulebrivi ZaliTaa 

asaxuli bretonul moTxrobaSi. oRond, `tristan da izoldas~ Zlieri siyvaruli 

Sorsaa ufaqizesi siyvarulis im amamaRlebeli grZnobisagan, rasac rusTvelma um- 

Rera. meorec: tristanisa da izoldas siyvaruli jadosnuri garemoebiT gaikvanZa 

(rogorc viciT, tristanma da izoldam SemTxveviT siyvarulis samsala Sesves). amitomac, 

`tristan da izoldas~ personaJebis moqmedebas gansazRvravda bedisweris brma 

kanoni da ara maTi piraduli neba-survili. tarielisa da nestanis siyvaruli ki bunebriv 

pirobebSi Caisaxa da bunebriv niadagze aRmocenda. vefxistyaosnis gmirebis 

moqmedebas arc RvTaebrivi Zala warmarTavs da arc bedisweris ganCineba. vefxistyaosnis 

personaJebis pirovnuli Tavisufleba maT siyvaruls aZlevs renesansul xasiaTs. 

tristanisa da izoldas mijnuroba garegnulad mainc, ramdenadme Selamazebuli 

formis miuxedavad, arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba `visramianiT~ asaxuli mijnurobisagan. 

`visramianisa~ da `vefxistyaosnis~ mijnuroba Cven ukve SevupirispireT erTmaneTs da 

aq aRar gavimeorebT. 

268

nibelungebi 

`nibelungebis~ CvenTvis saintereso redaqcia (Tqmuleba an simRera nibelungebze) 

literaturulad Camoyalibda me-13 saukunis dasawyisSi. es redaqcia mniSvnelovnad 

uaxlovdeba kurtuaziuli romanis tips, Tumca mas sakmaod aqvs SenarCunebuli ufro 

adreuli periodis feodaluri eposis xasiaTi. `nibelungebSi~ mTavari yuradReba eqceva 

saraindo-sabrZolosa da saraindo-sapatronymo urTierTobis ambebs. am Txzulebis 

siuJetur RerZs namdvilad Seadgens veragulad mokluli zigfridis qvrivis, 

mSvenieri krimhildes saSineli SurisZieba sayvareli qmris sisxlis sazRvevad. krimhildesadmi 

SuriT gamsWvalulma brunhildem (krimhildes rZalma, krimhildes Zmis 

mefe gunteris meuRlem) mamac rainds hagens moRalaturad moakvlevina keTilzniani 

raindi zigfridi (zigfridis mkvlelobaSi wili edo mefe gunters, agreTve imis 

bevr moymes). unugeSo krimhilde erTxans gulSi iklavda boRmas da SurisZiebisaTvis 

emzadeboda. swored am mizeziT daTanxmda igi miTxoveboda mefe etcels (atilas). 

krimhilde fiqrobda: ègeb Zvirfas qmris mkvlelebs me mivuzRo magierio~ (1259, 7-8). 

krimhildem TavisTan miipatiJa Zmebi da maTi raindebi, magram keTili stumrobis nacvlad 

mouwyo umagaliTo xocva-Jleta. SurisZiebis grZnobiT gabruebulma dedofalma 

moRalate hagens piradad gauCexa Tavi zigfridis xmliT. etcelis erTma raind- 

Taganma veRar Seikava Tavi da dedofalsac gaugmira guli. 

siyvaruli Zalian mkrTalad aris asaxuli `nibelungebSi~. siyvarulis grZnobis 

analizs am poemis ucnobi avtori ar mimarTavs, samagierod, is gatacebiT umReris 

meuRleobrivi erTgulebis gamovlinebas da meuRleobrivi bednierebis idilias. oRond 

mosiyvarule meuRle-qalis gaborotebul SurisZiebas sazRvari ara aqvs. Suris- 

Ziebis cecxliT agznebulma krimhildem wonsaworoba dahkarga, winaswar mofiqrebuli 

jojoxeTuri gegmiT man imsxverpla didZali udanaSaulo piri. poemis mixedviT, 

SurisZieba miCneulia iseT yovlismomcvel brma stiqiur grZnobad, romelic SeiZleba 

gadaizardos umagaliTo danaSaulebriv saqmianobaSi. krimhildes sikvdili raindis 

xeliT msjavria im SemaZrwunebeli moqmedebisaTvis, rac saerTod keTilma da 

znefaqizma qalma Caidina SurisZiebiT Smagobis viTarebaSi. 

Tu `nibelungebis~ centralur gmir qals krimhildes SurisZiebis grZnoba amoZravebda 

(SurisZiebis gamo man daiviwya stumarTmoyvareoba, movaleoba ojaxis, na- 

Tesavebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe; krimhildem sakuTari Svilic ki ar daindo, rom 

ganexorcielebina Tavisi saSurisZiebo ganzraxvani), `vefxistyaosnis~ centralur 

gmir qals – nestans, asuldgmulebda amaRlebuli siyvaruli, didi adamianuri sulgrZeloba 

da samSoblo qveynisadmi movaleobis moqalaqeobrivi Segneba. SurisZiebiT 

mTvral krimhildes sisxli wyuroda, igi araviTar msxverpls ar erideboda. nestani 

ki, rodesac iZulebuli gaxda tarielisaTvis erCia xvarazmSahis Zmis mokvla, sagangebod 

afrTxilebda mas (542, 2-3): 

didsa sisxlsa ver Segaqmnev, ver viqmnebi Sua kedlad; 

ra movides, siZe mokal, misTa spaTa auwyvedlad. 

simRera rolandze 

gmirobisa da samSoblos siyvarulis warmtaci himnia franguli sagmiro-saraindo 

poema `simRera rolandze~, romelic SeuTxzavs me-11 saukunis gasulis ucnob truvers. 

ukve SeniSnulia, rom am poemis personaJebis, rolandis da olivies megobroba 

ramdenadme mogvagonebs rusTvelis tarielisa da avTandilis megobrobas, Tumca `vefxistyaosnis~ 

gmirTa Zmoba-megobroba gansxvavebulma garemoebam Seapiroba da mas sxvagvari 

xasiaTi da mimarTuleba mieca. mainc, vaJkacuri pirdapirobiT, SemmarTeblobi- 

Ta da erTgvari ganusjelobiT mamaci rolandi hgavs tariels, xolo TavdaWerilobiT, 

ganmsjelobiTa da SemagoneblobiTi tendenciebiT olivie ufro avTandiliseburi 

xasiaTis Tvisebebs gamoxatavs. bevr rameSi hgvanan erTmaneTs mefe karlosi da mefe 

rostevani. `vefxistyaosansa~ da simReras rolandze erTmaneTTan aaxloebs savaJ- 

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kaco-sagmiro da sapatronymo idealebi, amasTan samSoblo qveynis siyvarulis mxurvale 

grZnoba. `vefxistyaosnis~ ganTqmul aforizms `sjobs sicocxlesa nazraxsa sikvdili 

saxelovani~ Soridan exmaureba `rolandis~ aforizmi: `magram brZolaSi sikvdili 

sjobs, vidre Sercxvena~. 

`vefxistyaosnisagan~ gansxvavebiT, franguli poemis niSandobliv Tvisebas Seadgens 

saqristiano-sarwmunoebrivi motivis didi xvedriTi wona. sarwmunoebrivi momenti 

Zlier etyoba `rolandze simReris~ mTel Sinaarssa da ideur-SemecnebiTs mxares. 

rolandi da olivie iRupebian samSoblo qveynisa da qristianobis samsaxuris dros 

muslimanuri mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. 

frangi truverisaTvis ucxo Cans samijnuro ganwyobilebani. aseT ganwyobilebebs 

adgili ver upovnia `rolandis simReraSi~. rolandis sacoles qalwul aldas saxe 

Zalian mkrTalad TinaTinobs poemaSi. momakvdav rolands cxadliv agondeba mis mier 

dapyrobili qveynebi, misi Zvirfasi samSoblo safrangeTi, sayvareli aRmzrdeli da 

patroni, naTesavebi... aldas Sesaxeb ki sruli dumilia. 

Tu `rolandis~ mixedviT, vaJkacobis stimulad xdeba samSoblos siyvaruli da 

sarwmunoebrivi gzneba, vefxistyaosnis mixedviT, raindebis gmirul saqmianobas fr- 

Tebs asxams samSoblos siyvarulsa da sazogadoebriv movaleobaTa SegnebasTan er- 

Tad maRalzneobrivi samijnuro grZnoba. vefxistyaosnis qal-personaJebTan SedarebiT, 

ra Tqma unda, sruliad usicocxloa da usaxuria qalwuli alda. 

simRera sidze 

simRera sidze espanuri nacionaluri eposis SesaniSnavi Zeglia, romelic literaturulad 

Camoyalibda 1140 – 1150 wlebs Sua. aq asaxulia espaneTis me-11 saukunis 

meore naxevris namdvili istoriuli ambebi. TviTon sidi istoriuli piria, mas erqva 

rodrigo dias (sidi zedwodebaa, warmodgeba seid-isagan), unda dabadebuliyo daaxloebiT 

1040 wels, gardacvlila me-11 saukunis miwurulSi, 1099 wels. Tumca `simReraSi~ 

sidi idealizebulia, magram igi mainc Zalian hgavs Tavis istoriul prototips. 

saerTod, simRera sidze `Более точна в конкретно-историческом отношении, чем какойлибо 

иной из известных нам образцов западноевропейского эпоса~. 

realisturi elferi aRbeWdili aqvs poemis yvela epizods. rogorc istoriuli 

piri da rogorc `simReris~ personaJi, sidi monawileobda espaneTis mefe-mTavarTa 

mraval saSinao omSi, gansakuTrebiT gaiTqva man saxeli muslimanebis winaaRmdeg 

warmoebuli gmiruli brZolebiT. sidi iyo espaneTis didi erovnuli gmiri, samSoblo-qveynis 

damoukideblobisa da TviTmyofobisaTvis Tavganwiruli mebrZoli Sinaur 

da gareSe mtrebTan. heroika da patriotuli suliskveTeba msWvalavs `simReras 

sidze~. poemisaTvis sagrZnobia antiarabuli, antimuslimanuri tendenciebi, magram 

mas eucxoeba fanatizmi da religiuri egzaltacia. `simReras~ amkobs sidis meuRlis 

dona ximenas mSvidi, ojaxisa da qmris moyvaruli da erTguli qalis momxiblavi saxe. 

poemisaTvis ucnobia mijnurobis niSanwyali. 

270

sityvis kona da saganTsamyaro 

271 

guram ramiSvili 

meCvidmete-meTvramete saukuneTa mijnaze Seiqmna sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZnesicruisa~, 

`swavlani~, `sityvis kona~ da es Rrma mizezebma ganapiroba _ qarTvelTa 

zneobrivad gadagvarebis safrTxe im xanaSi sruliad aSkara gaxda. erovnuli 

religia Seejaxa cxovrebis keTilad mowyobis maSindel biologiur instinqtebs da 

religiis Senobamac ryeva daiwyo. 

sulxan-saba orbelianma adreve Tavs idva didi misia: igi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis 

swored iseT saZirkvels miadga, romlis cxadyofac sruliad aucilebeli iyo 

Cveni xalxis TviTcnobierebis gansamtkiceblad da kulturis mkvidri Senobis asagebad 

axal, mZime viTarebaSi. es saZirkveli iyo dedaena, romlis SesaZleblobaTa gamosavlenadac 

daiwera `sityvis kona~. es samuSao swored xalxis cnobierebis enobrivi 

saTaveebis aRdgeniT unda dawyebuliyo. sabam gagviRo da Tavadve SegviZRva kidec 

im saidumlo karSi, saidanac erTaderTi da uSecdomo misasvlelia dedaenisa 

da, aqedan gamomdinare, erovnuli fsiqikis siRrmeebisken. misi mizani, ra Tqma unda, 

isic iyo, rom srulad aRenusxa qarTuli enis sityvieri maragi. magram es leqsikoni, 

Tavisi ganxorcielebis wesiT, sxva, ufro Rrma amocanas wyvets, vidre martooden 

sityvaTa Sekrebaa. 

Cven gvaocebs sityvis ganmartebis is wesi, rac ase iSviaTia da rac Zalian Znelia 

meTodad Camoayalibos im mkvlevarma, vinc ara mxolod moklebulia dedaenobriv 

alRos, aramed, rac mTavaria, imis gagebas, rom ena ar aris mxolod raimes Setyobinebis 

martivi iaraRi (aseTi iaraRi cxovelebsac aqvT), aramed igi aris, upirveles 

yovlisa, saganTxedvis wesi. mogvianebiT ase ityvis erTi didi dasavleTeli moazrovne: 

`yoveli ena xalxis msoflxedvaao~. magram es ukve Tqva sabam ara aseTi Teoriuli 

gancxadebiT, aramed (rac ufro mniSvnelovania) Tavisi leqsikoniT, romelic 

aris saxelmZRvanelo wigni qarTveli kacis enobrivi saganTxedvisa. amis mZafri 

SegrZneba uTuod hqonda erT-erT mis Tanamedroves, roca uTqvams: `Tu visme gwadis 

es wigni, egre gmatsT, viTa rusTvelsa~. amas ver ityodnen, igi rom mxolod leqsikoni 

yofiliyo da sxva araferi (gavixsenoT, rom ufro meti raodenobis xelnaweri 

cali arsebobs `sityvis konisa~, vidre TviT `vefxistyaosni-sa~!). 

qarTul sityvas rom aseTi didi misia dahkisreboda _ yofiliyo enobrivi msoflxedvis 

maSenebeli _ mas unda ecocxla leqsikonSic. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi aseT Zalas 

kargavda. sabam SeZlo TiTqmis SeuZlebeli _ metyvelebisagan àmokveTilsa~ da 

wignSi `gadanergil~ sityvas cxovelmyofeloba SeunarCuna, SeunarCuna sicocxle imgvarad, 

rom, Tu saWiro gaxda, ukan, metyvelebaSi `gadanergvisas~ igi isev ixarebs. 

rogor aRwevs saba amas? iqneb im sagnis zedmiwevniTi aRweriT, romelsac saTanado 

sityva aRniSnavs? ara, sabas leqsikonSi didTagan didi umravlesoba sityvebisa 

sagans pirdapir arc mihyveba; magram swored saganTa samyaroSi sabaseburad ganmartebul 

sityvebze ukeTesi gzis gamkvlevi Zneli warmosadgenia. 

dedaenis sityva saganze marjved morgebis wesia, magram mTeli saidumloeba is 

aris, rom morgebis es wesi yovelTvis sagniT ki ar aris nakarnaxevi, aramed, uwinares 

yovlisa, dedaenis kanonebiT, enaSi mniSvnelobaTa Tavmoyris iseTi unikaluri wesebiT, 

rasac mxolod gamaxvilebuli dedaenobrivi alRoTi SeiZleba mivwvdeT. amaSi 

gasawvrTnelad da dasaxelovneblad bevr SemTxvevaSi isev sabas unda mivmarToT. 

saba enidan amosvliT gascqeris saganTa sinamdviles da amiT arRvevs adamianis im 

Cveulebriv pozicias, roca mxolod sagnis cxadi mocemulobidan amodian. marTlac, 

Tu enas garedan, saganTa samyarodan SemovxedavT, maSin igi arcTu ise mniSvnelovnad 

mogveCveneba; maSin sityvebic sxva araferi iqneba, Tu ara mza saxiT mocemul 

saganTa ubralo aRmniSvnelebi, maTi mxolod bgeriTi etiketebi. magram sakmarisia 

enis SigniT `SevixedoT~ ise, rogorc amas saba gvaswavlis da Semdgom aqedan `gamov-

xedoT~ samyaros, rom maSinve vigrZnobT: sityva mza sagnis martivi asli ki ar aris, 

aramed am sagnis Taviseburad xedvisa da mopovebis wesia. amis gaazreba ki mTlianad 

cvlis Cvens damokidebulebas enis mimarT: ukve mowiwebiTa da siyvaruliT vekidebiT 

im fenomens, romelsac `dedaenas~ veZaxiT _ Turme samyaro mis prizmaSi gadatexili 

da misiT moniSnuli gveZleva. sabam ganamtkica Cveni aseTi pozicia dedaenis mimarT. 

da mainc: rogor gamoiyureba `sityvis konidan~ saganTsamyaro? sagnebi, mogexsenebaT, 

is aris, rac TvaliT dasanaxia da yuriT gasagoni, rasac vexebiT, viynosavT, 

gemos gavusinjavT, mokled, rasac guliT vigrZnobT an gonebiT mivwvdebiT. Cveulebriv, 

iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom Tu gveqneba Tvali, yuri, guli da goneba, 

saganTan misasvleli yvela gzac da saSualebac xelT gvqonia. ar yofila Turme 

mTlad ese! am bolo xanebSi yuradReba miapyres im uxilav arxs, saidanac xdeba, 

agreTve, sagnis SemoRweva Cvens cnobierebaSi da razedac Turme damokidebuli 

yofila igive Cveni Tvalic, yuric, gulica da gonebac. es aris enis arxi, ufro 

sworad _ dedaenisa. am aRmoCenam gza gauxsna sxva mniSvnelovan Teoriul aRmoCenebs 

adamianis mier msoflSecnobis did sferoebSi. am Teoriul aRmoCenamde didi xniT 

adre sabam praqtikulad miakvlia amasve da Tu mis leqsikonSi SesagrZnobi sagani 

uSualod SeigrZnoba, dasanaxi sagani ase naTlad Cans, gonebiT sawvdomi ase kargad 

`naTdeba~, es swored imitom, rom man dedaenis faruli da uZlieresi zemoqmedebis 

velSi mogvaxvedra da amiT ufro mZafrad aRgvaqmevina saganTa samyaro. 

Tu sityvas sabas leqsikonSi amodena Zala aqvs, es swored enis mTlianobrivad 

wvdomis gamoa; aq sityva sxva sityvaTa raRac grovidan amokveTili usicocxlo er- 

Teuli ki ar aris, aramed sasicocxlo kavSirebidan iseTnairad aris amotanili, rom 

misi warmoTqma da ganmeoreba mTeli enis eqos gamoscems. amis SesaniSnavi dadasturebaa 

Tundac erTi aseTi magaliTi `sityvis konidan~: 

mzera _ mzeraca esreT ganiyofebian; 

xedva ars ra TvaliT keTilad xedvides; 

Cena ars ra akldes da mcired xedvides; 

mzera ars ra SoriT xedvides; 

Wvreta ars ra xangrZliT dakvirvebiT umzerdes rasme; 

cqera ars garCeviT xilvisTvis axlore dacqeriT Tvali daapyras. 

gamoWvreta _ sarkmliT ixedvis; 

gamoWyeta _ Tvalis Zlier gaxileba; 

aq aris gvarisa da saxis logikaSi cnobili damokidebuleba: erT-erTi maTgani 

magaliTad, `mzera~ pirobiTad aris aRebuli sayrden sityvad, magram igi ar aris 

gvareobiTi cneba da sxvebi ki _ misi qvesaxeobani. es sityvebi rom gangvemarta mxolod 

im zogadi mniSvnelobis mixedviT, rac maT aerTianebT, e. i. im mniSvnelobiT, 

riTac igi, `mzera~, gansxvavdeba, vTqvaT, `smenisgan~, qarTuli enis monawileobis 

veraviTar kvals ver aRmovaCendiT. es iqneboda universaluri enis pozicia. magram 

aseTi zogadi ena ar arsebobs; arseboben mxolod calkeuli enebi da maT Soris _ 

qarTuli ena. am Svid sityvaSi, ise rogorc sxva amgvar sityvaTa jgufebSi, moCans 

qarTuli enobrivi msoflxedvis monakveTebi. 

sabas uTqvams, me qarTulisgan kide sxva ena ara vicodio. marTlac, iseTi codna, 

rogoric mas qarTuli enisa hqonda _ e. i. codna ara mxolod sityvebisa, aramed, 

rac mTavaria, sityvebSi moqceuli dedaenobrivi msoflgancdisa, Tanac wvdomis ase- 

Ti utyuari alRo _ kacs rom ori an meti enis mimarT hqondes, Znelad warmosadgenia. 

roca saba brZanebs _ sxva ena ara vicodio _ igi swored aseT codnas gulisxmobs 

da ara sxvagvars; amis mSvenieri sabuTia misive uzado `sityvis kona,~ romelic 

mTels gareenobriv samyaros moicavs qarTuli TvalTaxedviT. 

es aris qarTuli enis pozicia da ara sagnisa. zogierTi ityvis, enas ra pozicia 

unda hqondes, pozicia adamians aqvs, Tumca ise ki ara, rom TiTqos jer moeazrebinos 

igi da Semdeg gamoeTqvas. es mcdari azria! mxolod Tqmis aqtSi rodi monawileobs 

ena, mxolod aq ki ar iCens igi Tavs, aramed maSinac (da es aris mTavari!), roca me- 

272

tyveli saganTa aRqmis procesSia. `buCqi~, `kenWi~, `notio~, `zanti~ _ aq ukve aris 

enobrivad agebuli klasebi, romlebic gare samyarosTan enobrivi koleqtivis xangr- 

Zliv urTierTobaSi Camoyalibda istoriulad, romelTac TandaTanobiT viTvisebT 

bavSvobidan da met wil SemTxvevaSi enis am pozicias saganTa mimarT gaucnobiereblad 

mivyvebiT. 

amgvarad, sulxan-saba orbelianis `sityvis kona~ ara marto aRnusxavs da ganmartavs 

leqsikur erTeulebs, aramed migviTiTebs qarTulis enobriv poziciaze ama Tu 

im konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rac naTelyofs sityvebSi moqceuli dedaenobrivi msoflgancdis 

Taviseburebas. 

273

xibli arakad Tqmisa 

274 

vaxtang goguaZe 

movlenisadmi esTetikuri mimarTeba mimzidvelobas niSnavs da ara miZalebas. roca 

igav-arakis esTetikur bunebas vixilavT, ai, sworad am mimzidvel ZalTa idumalebas 

unda SevexoT. garda amisa, igavarakuli warmodgena, asaxvis amgvari forma 

Zalze RrmaSinaarsiani kuTxiT gaiazrebs sinamdviles. 

idumalebis wvdomis wyurviliT momarTulma adamianma odiTganve igrZno, rom samyaros 

WeSmariti saxe mxolod gamofenili niSnebiT, oden TvalnaTel suraTad ar 

aris mocemuli. amitomac ecada igi raRac sxva niSnebiT, simboloebiT amoexsna azri 

qveynierebisa... 

xibli sulxaniseuli qmnilebisa swored mis moqnil, sxart, sfinqsur orazrovnebaSia. 

TviT saTaurSive mogvca mweralma mxatvruli gamocana. gana SeiZleba WaobSi 

ankara wyals davewafoT? gana SeiZleba iseT ukeTur adamianur TvisebaSi, rogoricaa 

sicrue, raime sikeTe vipovoT da Tanac iseTi, rogoricaa sibrZne? es saTauric, 

SeiZleba iTqvas, usiuJeto igavia. 

sulxaniseuli `sicrue~ iseTsave siZneles gulisxmobs sibrZnis misaRebad, rogorsac 

rableseuli Zvali, saidanac ZaRlma tvini unda amoiRos. 

swored sfinqsuri orazrovnebis SesaniSnavi nimuSia patara ufliswulis sedraqiseuli 

dalocva, romelic, erTi SexedviT, amouxsnelad, pirdapiri saxiT, SesaZloa, 

Cvenc imgvarad mogveCvenos, rogoradac is ruqam gaigo: 

`_ mefeo, RmerTman gicocxlos da, bedniermca ars Ze Seni ese da kurTxeul amieriTgan 

ukunisamde, da mieces amas gulisxmieroba virisa, erTguloba ZaRlisa da Zali 

jinWvelisa~. 

es dalocva (rogorc Cveulebriv msmenels, mkiTxvels) ruqas wyevlad moeCveneba. 

ganmartebis Semdeg ki igi momxibvleli locva aRmoCndeba; ai, formisa da Sinaarsis 

kontrastulobis mxatvruli TamaSi, misi mimzidvelobis andamati. 

`sibrZne sicruisa~ Wkuis moqnilobis, Wkuis varjiSisa da paeqrobis momxibvlel 

suraTebs gvaZlevs. yvelaferi es mxatvrulad saintereso orazrovan gamocanebs emyareba. 

gavixsenoT aseTi epizodi: mefe finezs Tavisi pirmSo moenatra, karga xania 

ar minaxavs, `viTaris swavlis patronia, maCveneo~, _ sTxova leons. mefem oTxgzis 

gaugzavna sxvadasxva profesiis adamianebi mapatiJeblad ufliswuls: xelargnosani, 

darbazTuxucesi, mestumreTuxucesi, vaziri. bolos molare awvia, jumberic `...dajda 

spilosa zeda da movida. Camoxda spilodam, sartyeli Semoixsna, spilosa zeda daagdo 

da calis xeliT miwa aiRo da calis xeliT qva da mamas miarTva, Tayvani sca da 

xels akoca~. 

mefem saTiTaod hkiTxa mizezi, ratom gauwbila mociquloba yvelas, garda molarisa. 

jumberma sxartad auxsna mefes yoveli. molares ki imitom gamovyevio, rom `me 

var Seni saunje, me Seni ganZi, Seni lari~. 

aseve saintereso gamocanebs Seicavs ufliswulis mier axsna imisa, Tu ratom 

movida igi spiloTi, sartyeli rad miagdo `spilosa zeda~, qva da miwa ratom miubo- 

Za mefes. 

amgvari sfinqsuri, orazrovani gamoTqmebis gamocnobis momxibvleloba yovel nabijze 

gvxvdeba TxzulebaSi. magram amgvari azrovneba _ rogorc gonebamaxvilobis, 

Wkuis moZraobis xibli _ naCvenebia aRzrdis pedagogiur praqtikaSi, e. i. Tqmis, sityvis 

garda, adamianTa moqmedebac, aRzrdis gzac garkveul orazrovnebas, Tu SeiZleba 

iTqvas, ymawvilze zemoqmedebis `politikas~ saWiroebs. 

sulxan-saba orbelianiseuli aRzrdis meTodi warmtacia, sainteresoa, SeniRbulia, 

e. i. is araa winaswar cnobili rezultati, mas amocnoba sWirdeba. 

leoni, cxadia, aRsazrdels ar umxels Tavis Canafiqrs. man usamarTlod scema 

ufliswuls. Tu ufliswuls ecodineba, rom esaa ara usamarTlo Seuracxyofa,

aramed, ubralod, aucilebeli, sasikeTo cema, dasjis aqti, cxadia, socialur simwares, 

mdabiorTan gamTanabrebel damamcirebel simwares, ver ganacdevinebs mas. maSin 

cemas azric aRar eqneba, dakargavs socialur aspeqtze _ rogorc adamianuri urTierTobis 

garkveul saxeze _ dafiqrebis Sinaarss. e. i. pedagogikuri procesi Turme 

aRzrdis garkveul politikas, arapirdapir, `SeniRbul~ xerxebs moiTxovs. pirdapiri 

da martivi, SeuniRbavi xerxia qadageba, roca aRsazrdels pirdapir samoqmedo, qcevis 

sworxazovan gegmas vaZlevT. am qadagebasac Tavisi adgili aqvs, magram igi nakleb 

sainteresoa. sainteresoa, mxatvrul-siuJetur qmnilebasaviT warmtacia im aRmzrdelis 

gegma, romelic Segirdis wvrTnis procesis saboloo Sedegs erTgvar 

saidumloebad inaxavs. Tu aRsazrdels am programis saboloo Sedegi ecodineba, 

aRzrdis procesi iseTive uintereso gaxdeba, rogorc deteqtiuri, mZafri siuJetis 

mqone nawarmoebi, romlis finalic winaswar gvauwyes. 

leonis mier jumberis wvrTnis procesi Tavidan bolomde gamocanaa. aq, saWadrako 

terminologia rom moviSvelioT, mosalodnel, TvalSisacem svlas ar akeTeben: 

leoni aRsazrdelad xels hkidebs socialuri gagebiT ara ubralo yrmas, aramed 

ufliswuls. rogoria winaswari molodini? mefiswuls, momaval mefes, gansakuTrebuli 

moridebiT moepyroba mwvrTneli. moxda piriqiT, gansakuTrebuli mourideblobiT 

eqceva igi mas. mTeli am procesis saboloo mizani mxolod mwvrTnels esmis. ver 

mixvda mas mefe, Tundac imitom, rom erTaderTi nanatri Ze Znelia warmoidginos 

erTgvari pedagogiuri eqsperimentis obieqtad. 

maSasadame, wvrTnis procesi Tavisi mizanswrafulobiT aris uaRresad realisturi, 

jansaRi, xolo formis TvalsazrisiT _ orazrovani, mxatvrul samyarosaviT 

Semaqcevari, gamosacnobi, saintereso. erTi sityviT, aRmzrdeli igavTmweraliviT unda 

iqceodes: ukuRma naTqvam-namoqmedari waRma unda gavigoT da piriqiT. eSxi sibrZnis 

wvdomisa gamocnobaSia. 

`sibrZne sicruisaSi~ asaxvis saganSivea mocemuli igavuroba; aRsazrdelisadmi 

aseTi `politika~ gatarebulia daviT guramiSvilis didaqtikaSic. daviTsac uyvars 

iribulad Tqma, poeturi mizandasaxulobis SeniRbva. 

istoriulad, xSirad ukavSireben erTmaneTs igavsa da politikas. politikaSic 

sityva, misi niuansebi ganuzomlad did pirobiTobas iZenen, igi xSirad iribulad midis 

samiznisaken. rogorc didia Zala diplomatis sityvisa, aseve didia Zala sityvis 

diplomatiisa. 

keTili mefe finezi mravalgvar saqmeTa mcodnedaa warmodgenili. samefo kars axvevia 

rogorc keTili, aseve veragi vezirebic. icis mefem saWurisis fiziologiur-fsiqologiur-zneobrivi 

arsi. magram mefes xSirad Wkviani kaci urCevnia keTils. `_ karTa 

SenTa avsa kacsa nu daadgen...~ _ eubneba ruqa mefes (avkacs xom mudam sxvebi hgonia 

avi) da pasuxmac ar daayovna: `_ Tumca avi kaci ar davayeno, pirvel Sen unda gaga- 

Zo...~ ase rom, aq naCvenebia politikur-diplomatiuri azris uaRresad daxvewili suraTi. 

diplomatia gulisxmobs azris gaTamaSebis, gamocanis Seqmnis moments. aq didi 

gasaqani aqvs orazrovnad Tqmis aucileblobas. 

xSirad miuTiTeben ama Tu im igavTmwerlis mier igavuri xerxis gamoyenebis politikur 

aucileblobaze _ rom mwerals ar SeeZlo pirdapir gamoexata Tavisi Sexedulebebi 

tiraniis pirobebSi. es azri xSirad gvesmis sulxan-saba orbelianis mimar- 

Tac. vfiqrobT, igi mxolod ramdenadmea swori da ai, ratom. sulxan-saba orbeliani 

iseTi Sinagani momadlebiT flobda igavuri xatvis xelovnebas, rom igi, rac unda 

SeuzRudavi pirobebi hqonoda azris pirdapiri gamoxatvisaTvis, mainc ver ityoda uars 

am mxatvrul fenomenze. mxatvruli sityvis xibli mis xveulebaSic Zevs. ase rom, 

sulxan-saba orbelianis `sibrZne sicruisas~ Janrobriv-stiluri saxe politikurma 

aucileblobam ki ara, TviT Semoqmedis talantis Taviseburebam da xelovnebis arsis 

specifikam ganapiroba. 

275

sulxan-sabas zneobrivi mrwamsis gagebisaTvis 

276 

elizbar javeliZe 

saerTod, sulxan-saba orbelians aRzrdis sistemis Taviseburebad miaCnia Semdegi 

momentebi: 

1. garkveuli mosazrebiT finezi Tavisi Svilis aRmzrdels sasaxlis gareT eZebs. 

2.Aamas akeTebs imitom, rom mas surs, iseTi aRmzrdeli monaxos, romelic 

SeuboWavia sasaxlis zne-CveulebebiT da moraliT, Tavisufalia Tavis SemoqmedebaSi. 

kaci, romelic mowodebiT aris aRmzrdeli da xalxis wiaRidanaa gamosuli, ugvartomoa 

da uCinari. 

3. ufliswuli izrdeba sasaxlis gareT mkacr pirobebSi, ded-mamis yoveldRiur 

mzrunvelobas moklebuli. is izrdeba im meTodiT, romelic aris `spartanuli sistema 

aRzrdisa, rac dafuZnebulia fizikuri wvrTnis upiratesobaze. es fizikuri 

wvrTna gulisxmobs ara Cveulebriv varjiSs, ara nebivrad kunTebis galaRebas, aramed 

susxsa da mkacr pirobebSi sxeulis gamobrZmedas~. 

vfiqrobT, rom samive es mosazreba dazustebas da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, gadasinjvasac 

moiTxovs, da ai, ratom: 

jer erTi, mefe rom sasaxlis gareT aRmzrdels eZebs, es rodi niSnavs imas, TiTqos 

mas surs monaxos iseTi aRmzrdeli, romelic sasaxlis zne-CveulebiT da moraliT 

SeuboWavia da moqmedebis sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. piriqiT, mefiswulis aRmzrdels 

kargad unda scodnoda sasaxlis Cveulebebi da morali, ris Cinebul codnas 

amJRavnebs leonic. meorec, bavSvi rom sasaxlis gareT izrdeba, mSoblebis uSualo 

meTvalyureobis gareSe, ar niSnavs raime gansakuTrebuls da uCveulos. aRzrdis ase- 

Ti instituti odiTganve arsebobda rogorc dasavleTSi, aseve aRmosavleTSi da gansakuTrebiT 

gavrcelebuli iyo kavkasiaSi. 

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, kavkasiaSi gavrcelebuli iyo aRzrdis 

sistema, aTalikis saxeliT cnobilia: kavkasiel mTielTa Soris, gansakuTrebiT 

ki maRal fenaSi, SemoRebuli iyo bavSvis gaZiZavebis wesi. bavSvi 15 wlamde sxvagan 

izrdeboda ise, rom mSoblebi mas ar naxulobdnen. es wesi Zalze Zveli Cans. zogierTi 

mecnieris azriT, misi saTave gvarovnul sazogadoebaSi unda veZeboT. marTalia, 

aRzrdis institutma droTa ganmavlobaSi ganicada garkveuli cvlilebani, magram 

gaZiZavebis wesi mainc myarad arsebobda saukuneebis manZilze saqarTveloSi. 

sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT am faqtze aSkarad metyvelebs qarTuli saistorio wyaroebis 

(juanSris Txzuleba, qarTlis cxovreba) Tu literaturuli Zeglebi (vefxistyaosani). 

ase rom, am instituts, romelic saqarTveloSi odiTganve arsebobda, saba 

kargad icnobda. amitomac nawarmoebSi asaxuli aRzrdis es sistema savsebiT bunebrivi 

Cans Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosTvis da ar miuTiTebs sabas aRzrdis meTodis 

raime specifikurobaze. mesamec, nawarmoebSi arsad ar aris Tqmuli, rom leoni xalxis 

wiaRidan aris gamosuli da ugvartomoa. leonis sityvebi: `me ar vici, sadauri 

var... es vici, me leon mqvian, mamaCemi dedis Cemisa Cemzed orulobasa momkvdara da 

dedaCemi Cemsa Sobasa da me aqa-iq svliTa gavzrdilvar~ ar miuTiTebs leonis socialur 

warmoSobas. piriqiT, mwerals surs igi am diferenciaciis miRma mdgar, gangebiT 

movlenil pirovnebad warmoaCinos; amaze aSkarad metyvelebs sizmrad xilvisa 

da suraTis gadacemis motivic. saerTod, aseTi gasaidumloebuli pirovnebis movlineba 

aRmzrdelis Tu sxva rangis rolSi gavrcelebuli motivia folklorisa da Sua 

saukuneebis literaturul samyaroSi. 

dabolos, ramdenad esadageba sabas aRzrdis meTodi spartanuli aRzrdis sistemas? 

saTanado literaturaSi ukve aRniSnulia, rom `sibrZne sicruisas~ aRzrdis me- 

Todi yvelaze naklebad hgavs spartanuls da uaxlovdeba aRzrdis im wess, romelic 

friad Seqebulia qsenofontes, herodotes, platonis, montenis, hegelisa da sxvebis 

mier~. marTlac, `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ aRwerili aRzrdis wesi ar aris spartanuli,

magram is ar hgavs arc aRzrdis im wess (e. i. sparsuls _ e. j.), romelic Seqebuli 

aqvT qsenofontes, herodotes, platons, motens, hegels da sxv. 

axla oriode sityviT unda Sevexo rogorc spartanuli, aseve sparsuli aRzrdis 

institutebs. gadmocemiT, spartis saxelmwifos kanonebi Seqmna IX s. C. w-mde miTiurma 

pirovnebam likurgem, romlis saxelic niSnavs `mglebis ganmdevns~. am kanonebis 

da tradiciebis mixedviT, spartelebs miwis damuSaveba ekrZalebodaT, radgan maTTvis 

aseTi samuSao Zalze damamcirebeli iyo. amave dros isini yovelTvis mzad unda 

yofiliyvnen sabrZolvelad. roca vaJi ibadeboda, igi mamas mihyavda Tavisi gvaris 

uxucesTan; Tuki is janmrTeli iyo, mamas ubrunebdnen, Tu – susti, xramSi agdebdnen. 

Svidi wlis asakSi bavSvebi mihyavdaT daxurul saswavlebelSi da yofdnen sxvadasxva 

jgufebad. maT wera-kiTxvasac aswavlidnen, magram es meorexarisxovan saqmed 

iTvleboda. mTavari iyo fizikurad gakaJebuliyvnen, dauflebodnen omis xelovnebas, 

yofiliyvnen tkivilis amtanebi, uSiSrebi, mamacebi, morCilebi, wesrigis moyvarulni 

da gamarjvebis mecnierebas dauflebulni. amitomac, rogorc aRniSnaven, spartaSi 

àr laybobdnen kulturul-mecnierul ganaTlebaze, erTaderTi mizani iyo, moemzadebinaT 

kargi jariskaci, romelic mTlianad saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda~. 12 wlamde 

bavSvebi SiSvel-titveli izrdebodnen WuWySi. oci wlisas hqondaT ufleba coli moeyvanaT, 

magram 30 wlamde mamakacTa saxlSi unda ecxovraT. 30 wlis Semdeg isini ukve 

srulyofil moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen da xdebodnen saerTo sufris monawileni. 

plutarqe gadmogvcems, rom `likurges ar moswonda, roca bavSvebi calkeul adamianebs 

ekuTvnodnen; isini saerTo unda yofiliyvnen saerTo bednierebisaTvis. amis 

gamo mas surda agreTve, rom isini, vinc moqalaqeebi unda gamxdariyvnen, yovel kacs 

ki ar Seeqmna, aramed mxolod yvelaze Rirseul adamians~. amitomac kanonierad iTvleboda 

sxvisi colis Seyvareba da masTan saRi Svilebis gaCena; spartaSi qalebic 

iseve iwvrTnebodnen, rogorc vaJebi. is ki ara, qalebi da vaJebi SiSvlad erTad varjiSobdnen 

da ikaJebdnen sxeuls. mowafeebs xSirad aswavlidnen qurdobas da, Tu qurdobis 

dros daiWerdnen sjidnen im ubralo mizeziT, rom maT saqmeSi Tavi ver gamoiCines. 

yovelive aman ganapiroba spartaze da spartelebze urTierTgamomricxavi 

mravali azri Tu gadmocema.magram, amjerad, CvenTvis erTi ram naTelia, rom socialur-politikuri 

wyobiT, moralur-eTikuri kanonebiT da, rac mTavari, aRzrdis sistemiT 

spartanuli wesi aRzrdisa savsebiT gansxvavebulia qarTuli sinamdvilisagan. 

axla oriod sityva imis Taobaze, Tu rogori iyo sparsuli aRzrdis instituti, 

romelic Seqebulia Zvel filosofosTa TxzulebebSi da romelTanac, erTi SexedviT, 

ufro axlosaa sabas aRzrdis meTodi. 

rogorc samecniero literaturaSi kargad aris cnobili, sasanur iranSi ukve Camoyalibda 

aRzrdis instituti, romelsac SemuSavebuli hqonda Taviseburi meTodebi. 

am sakiTxebis Seswavlas CvenSi ukve mieZRvna specialuri gamokvleva (T. CxeiZe), amitom 

Cven mokled SevexebiT am institutis zogierT wess: 

sparsuli aRzrdis sistemas, rogorc spartanulisas, safuZvlad edo ZiriTadad 

samxedro Tvalsazrisi. maT surdaT axalgazrda rac SeiZleba kargi mxedari da mebrZoli 

aRzrdiliyo. maTi aRzrdac da wvrTnac bavSobidanve iwyeboda. 5-7 wlis biWebs 

aTavsebdnen calke skolaSi, isini izrdebodnen mkacr pirobebSi, yovelgvar komforts 

moklebulni, itandnen sicives, wvimas, sicxes, mwyemsavdnen saqonels. 16-17 

wlis Semdgom biWebi ukve sxvagvarad swavlobdnen. isini gadiodnen samxedro da 

sportul wvrTnas. iyofodnen jguf-jgufad, ebrZodnen urTierTs, uciloblad swavlobdnen 

nadirobas. rogorc irkveva, aq isini euflebodnen agreTve mWevrmetyvelebas, 

Seiswavlidnen literaturas da religiis sakiTxebs. magram ZiriTadad mainc isini 

unda gawafuliyvnen cxenosnobaSi, mSvild-isris tyorcnaSi, qamandis xmarebaSi, 

nadirobasa da Cognis TamaSSi. 

sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. zemoTqmulidanac aSkaraa, sparsuli aRzrdis ZiriTadi 

mizanic fizikurad Zlieri mamris aRzrda iyo, vinc Semdgom qveyanas samxedro samsaxurs 

gauwevda. aqve unda davZinoT, rom sparsulma sinamdvilem icis gaZiZavebis 

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adaTic. axaldabadebul vaJs aZleven sxva, ufro dabal safexurze mdgar pirs gasazrdelad. 

aRmzrdelsa da aRsazrdels Soris myardeba naTesaurze ufro mWidro kav- 

Siri, urTierTpativiscema da siyvaruli. 

aqvs Tu ara sabas aRzrdis meTods raime kavSiri an msgavseba zemoT aRweril aRzrdis 

institutebTan? erTi SexedviT, TiTqos aqvs. magram es moCvenebiTi msgavseba 

maSinve qreba, roca Rrmad vukvirdebiT saqmis viTarebas: sabasTvis mTavari iyo adamianis 

ara fizikuri srulyofa, sxeulis sijansaRe, romelic aris ZiriTadi spartanuli 

Tu sparsuli aRzrdis institutebisaTvis, aramed sulieri srulyofa, zneobrivi 

daxvewa kacisa. aqedan aSkaraa, rom sulxan-sabas aRzrdis meTodi ara Tu msgavsia 

spartanuli Tu sparsuli aRzrdis institutebSi gabatonebuli wesebisa, aramed 

mkveTrad gansxvavdeba maTgan. da, rac mTavaria, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba sabas aRzrdis 

mizani da, saerTod misi Sexeduleba adamianis daniSnulebaze zemoxsenebuli aRzrdis 

institutebis zneobriv-eTikuri kodeqsebisagan. 

sulxan-saba orbelianis aRzrdis meTodi naklebad gulisxmobs sxeulis gakaJebas 

– aRmzrdels ufro is surs, rom sxeulis gvemiT gaaZlieros adamianis sulieri Tvisebebi. 

es gaxlavT moralur-religiuri principi, romelic, zogadad, safuZvlad edo 

Sua saukuneebSi aRzrdis sistemas, da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom igi sulxan-sabas 

msoflmxedvelobaSi mniSvnelovan da warmmarTvel adgils iWers. aba davakvirdeT: 

aRmzrdeli (leoni) dajda nadimad, aRsazrdeli (jumberi) ki mwded daiyena: àrc 

dasva da arc aWama, fexze dgomiT da SimSiliT esreT uRono iqmna, qve daeca da Sewuxda~. 

nadirobis dros aRmzrdeli bedaurs moaxta, aRsazrdels ki `qori xelTa 

Seusva, ucxenod win waimZRvana, saRamomdis arbenina~. meore dRes ki mwevrebiT mTa 

da gora moarbenina. jumbers fexsacmeli Semoacvda, fexebi dauskda, sisxli sdioda. 

mere Sikrikad gaiZRvana. daqanculi aRsazrdeli `mal-male daecemodis~, magram leoni 

ar eSveboda, kvlavac aiZulebda sirbils. dabolos, aRmzrdelma umizezod gajoxa 

jumberi da `didad hgvema~. savsebiT aSkaraa, rom im xerxiT, romelsac leoni 

mimarTavs, jumberis Cveulebrivi gakaJeba ukana rigSi eqceva sulis wrTobasTan SedarebiT. 

aRmzrdels surs swored sxeulebrivi tanjva miayenos Tavis aRsazrdels, 

raTa sulierad daxvewos igi. asketur-mistikur varjiSebs safuZvlad swored es momenti 

edo – sxeulis daTrgunviT maT surdaT sulieri aRtyinebisaTvis mieRwiaT. saerTod, 

Sua saukuneebSi mistikur ordenebSi gavrcelebuli iyo aseTi wesi: vidre 

adamiani wlebis ganmavlobaSi ar Seasrulebda `damamcirebel~ fizikuri rigis samu- 

Saoebs (mag., wylis da SeSis zidva, samzareuloSi WurWlis recxva, ezos da sapirfareSos 

dasufTaveba da sxv.), Zmobis wevrad ar miiRebdnen. am adaTis arsi ki is gaxldaT, 

rom adamians, upirveles yovlisa, unda daeTrguna is siamaye, romelsac sxeulebrivi 

da fizikuri simrTele warmoSobda masSi. 

amgvarad, Cveni azriT, Sua saukuneebis religiur azrovnebaSi arsebuli Teza, 

romlis mixedviTac sxeulis gvema sulierad afaqizebs da zneobrivad srulyofs 

adamians, udevs safuZvlad leonis (e. i. sabas) aRzrdas. magram sabasTan es Teza mxolod 

religiur aspeqtSi ar aris mocemuli, igi xalxuri sibrZnis prizmaSia gardatexili 

da praqtikul xasiaTs iZens, rac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ase warmoCndeba: 

visac Tavad ar ugemia tanjva, sxvis wuxils ver gaigebs. 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sulxan-saba orbelianis azriT, mxolod samarTlian 

mefes xelewifeba socialuri Tu zneobrivi saWirboroto sakiTxebis gadaWra. magram, 

misi Rrma rwmeniT, ideuri da samarTliani mefobisaTvis sakmarisi rodi iyo kargi 

mxedarTmTavari da meomari; idealuri xelmwife zneobrivad, sulierad srulyofili, 

keTili mwyemsia, romelic gaugebs Tavisi samwysos yvela suldgmuls. Tu rusTavelisTvis 

srulyofili adamiani kargi ymaa, romelic fizikurad unakloa, tanadi, 

axovani, lamazi da momxibvleli, Tanac mardia, moqnili, guladi da kargi meomari, 

amasTanave – Cinebuli monadire, Cognis moTamaSe (cxadia, amave dros zneobrivad da 

inteleqtualurad srulyofili), sabas eTikur-zneobriv sistemaSi mTavaria adamianis 

Sinagani sulieri sifaqize da srulyofa, xolo danarCeni – meorexarisxovani da 

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naklebi mniSvnelobis mqone. yovel SemTxvevaSi, sxvagvari daskvnis gamotanis uflebas 

ar gvaZlevs `sibrZne sicruisaSi~ gaSuqebuli eTikuri problemebi. 

saerTod fiqrobdnen, rom `sibrZne-sicruisa~ mamxilebeli toniT dawerili nawarmoebia, 

romelic daundoblad kicxavs ara marto movlenebs da Tvisebebs, aramed pirovnebebs, 

romlebic moqceulni arian sazogadoebis SedarebiT maRal safexurze da 

xelT aqvT sadaveebi politikuri mmarTvelobisa. ufro metic, sulxan-sabas warmogvidgenen 

mwerlad, romelic gmobs despot da fuqsavat xelisuflebas, romelsac 

sruliad daviwynia xalxis interesebi da qveynis marTvis sadaveebi gadaucia garyvnili 

da gaqnili mrCevel-moxeleebisaTvis; fiqroben, rom mwerali akritikebs 

agreTve ufro wvrili moxeleebis gaiZverobas, usamarTlobas, xalxis usulgulo 

yvlefas, rbeva-awiokebas. gansakuTrebuli mZulvarebiT ki gvixatavs umecar, CerCet, 

briyv da meqrTame mosamarTleebs; is ar indobs arc samRvdeloebis farisevlobas da 

msunagobas, berad Sedgomis pirferobas da a. S. erTi sityviT sulxan-saba warmogvidgeba 

socialuri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg amxedrebul mwerlad, romelic muStmoRerebiT 

emuqreba da kicxavs maRal safexurze mokalaTebul moxeleebs. 

vfiqrobT, aq erTgvar gadaWarbebasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tumca sulxan-saba orbelianis 

TvalsawierSi socialuri sakiTxebic Sedis, magram isini mwerlis msoflgancdaSi 

meore planze arian warmoCenilni. marTalia, Tavad nawarmoebis kompoziciuri struqtura, 

Tematikuri Tu semantikuri are dialeqtikuri principiT viTardeba: sulxan-saba 

orbelianisaTvis samyaro kontrastul ferTa Sexamebaa, ufro sworad, borotisa 

da keTilis brZolaa Savisa da TeTris mkveTr fonze, rac TavisTavad qmnis urTierTdapirispirebul 

wyvilebs: keTili – boroti, sibrZne – sicrue, mefe – mwyemsi, 

erTguli – orguli, mdidari – Raribi, maZRari – mSieri, Zlieri – susti, sixaruli 

– mwuxareba, ampartavani – Tavmdabali, gonieri – ugunuri, alali – Suriani, Rame – 

dRe, dari – avdari da sxv. aseTi kontrastuli wyvilebis semantika ukve TavisTavad 

gulisxmobs socialur simaxviles. magram, Tu mwerlis msoflgancdis arsebiT Sreebs 

gaviTvaliswinebT, maSin aSkara gaxdeba, rom mwerals es sawinaaRmdego wyvilebi 

sWirdeba imdenad ara usamarTlo socialuri suraTis dasaxatavad, ramdenadac adamianis 

bneli da naTeli mxareebis warmosaCenad. saba orbeliani, upirveles yovlisa, 

moralistia, romelic fiqrobs, rom adamianis moralur-zneobrivi srulyofiT SeiZleba 

gadawydes rogorc socialur-politikuri, aseve erovnuli problemac. amitomac 

sulxan-saba dascinis ara calkeul konkretul pirovnebas da arc gansakuTrebulad 

romelime socialur fenas, aramed zogadad adamianis ama Tu im uaryofiT Tvisebebs. 

umetesi misi igavebic swored am dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis alegoriuli 

gardasaxvaa. Tumca igavis interpretaciis amplituda SedarebiT didia, marTebuli 

gagebis obieqtur zRvars araa moklebuli. ar SeiZleba yvelgan socialuri usamarTlobis 

suraTebi davinaxoT da gavakeToT daskvna, TiTqos arakSi `Txa da mela~, 

avtorma amxila gaiZvera maCivrebis, msunagi Suakacebis, cilismwamebeli mowmeebisa 

da moZalade mosamarTleebis SeTanxmebuli saqmianoba uwyinari, mSvidi, patiosani da 

gamrjeli mSromelis mimarT~. jer erTi, Tu alegoriul planze vamaxvilebT yurad- 

Rebas, unda aRvniSnoT, rom mela gaiZverobis da eSmakobis simboloa, mgeli – sixarbis, 

ZaRli – erTgulebis, Txa ki – gulubryvilobisa (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Txa mSromeli 

da patiosani kacis simbolo arasodes yofila). meorec, am igavSi dagmobilia 

zogadad gautanloba, gaumaZRroba, gaiZveroba da gatarebulia is azri, rom simarTle 

Zlevs veragobas, gamWriaxoba – eSmakobas. Ees aris da es. 

erTi sityviT, sulxan-saba orbeliani mweralia, romelsac ainteresebs, upirveles 

yovlisa, adamianis zneobriv-moraluri mxare, amitom misi `sibrZne-sicruisa~ erTgvari 

sarkea, sadac adamianis dadebiT-uaryofiTi mxareebi airekleba. es sarke ki, mwerlis 

Rrma rwmeniT, xels uwyobda, adamianis sulier srulyofas, masSi keTili sawyisis, 

naTeli feris gabatonebas. 

mainc ra Tvisebebia dagmobili da ra – Seqebuli sabas moralur-zneobriv sistemaSi? 

saba gmobs: siaves, borotebas, sixarbes, siZunwes, momxveWelobas, ampartavno- 

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as, yoyloCinobas, umadurobas, flidobas, SuRls, gautanlobas, veragobas, ugunurebas, 

kacTmoZuleobas, ybedobas, usamarTlobas da sxv. 

mwerali adidebs: sikeTes, gulkeTilobas, siuxves, mcirediT kmayofilebas, Tavmdablobas, 

madlierebas, gulwrfelobas, sxvisi sikeTiT gaxarebas, erTgulebas, gamtanobas, 

gonierebas, kacTmoyvareobas, dumils, samarTlianobas, qvelmoqedebas da 

sxv. aSkaraa, rom rodesac saba gmobs Tu adidebs zemoxsenebul moralur eTikur modusebs, 

igi uSualod eyrdnoba qristianul morals. sxvagvarad es SeuZlebelic iyo. 

dabolos, isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom sulxan-sabas am nawarmoebs dResac ar daukargavs 

emociuri datvirTvis Zala mxatvruli Tu msoflmxedvelobrivi TvalsazrisiT. 

piriqiT, is raRac saocari simZafriT esityveba dRevandelobas; es, albaT, imitomac, 

rom mwerali iseT adamianur Tvisebebze saubrobs, romlebic adamidan moyolebuli 

yvela epoqis da droebis kacTaTvis ucxo ar yofila da, amdenad, zogadsakacobrio 

masStabebis mniSvnelobas iZenen. Seqspiris ukvdavebis erTi saidumloebac 

is aris, rom zogad adamianuri xasiaTebi Seqmna da zogadsakacobrio problemebi wamoWra. 

siyvaruli da eWvi yvela droebis da erovnebis kacisTvis Cveuli da bunebrivi 

grZnobaa. amitomacaa, rom masze odiTganve werdnen, weren da yovelTvis daweren. 

sixarbe, siZunwe, ampartavnoba, yeyeCoba, baqioba, fulisadmi siyvaruli iseTi adamianuri 

naklovanebebia, romelTa aRmosafxvrelad ibrZoda saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi mowinave 

azrovneba. samwuxarod, am naklisagan Tavisufali araa dResac Cveni sazogadoebis 

umetesi nawili; amitomacaa, rom sabas ironias axlac ar daukargavs ganmwmendi 

Zala da aranaklebi simZafriT aRiqmeba, vidre odesme. 

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daviT guramiSvilis msoflSegrZnebisaTvis 

281 


`daviTianis~ pirvelsave strofSi naTladaa gacxadebuli, ra daniSnulebas ganu- 

Cinebda daviT guramiSvili Tavis wigns da, albaT, saerTod, poezias: 

...xilad vsTqvi sityva RvTisa da Ze kacTa norCis mgvanado; 

cxovrebis wyaros uxsene xe cxovrebisa Rarado, 

amad vsTqvi jvarzed vnebuli, cremlni idinoT Rvarado. 

`sityva RvTisa da Ze kacTa~, `cxovrebis wyaro~ da `jvarzed vnebuli~ rom qristea, 

amas ganmartebac ar sWirdeba. rom àsakiT CCvili~ qristes sulSi axalmozard 

Stoze (norCi, morCi) didebuli nayofi mwifdeboda `mosarxevelad~, amas poeti sxva 

leqsSi (ùkvdavebis wyaros igavi~) ityvis ase: `mas morCsa sikvdilT momkvleli zed 

erTi xili ebada~. xolo meoregan (òdes daviT guramisSvili kistrinis omSi cxeni- 

TurT liaSi daefla~) ieso macxovars daviTi mimarTavs: `Cemi cremli zed idine, cxovrebis 

wylis Raro~. 

`daviTianis~ avtors miaCnda, rom poeziam RmerTi unda `gamoTqvas~, ìgavT xis~ 

(ase uwodebs igi poetur nawarmoebs) `xilma~ zecisken unda waiyvanos miwieri: 

odesac brZenman ritorman SoTam rgo igavT xe velad, 

fesv Rrma-yo, Storni uCina, zed xili moiweoda. 

orgziTve nayofs moscemda, visganac moirxeoda... 

poeziis, ìgavT xis~, fesvTa `Rrmaoba~ imas unda niSnavdes, rom igi saRvTo sibr- 

ZnisaTvis xsnis Cveni sulis kars, mSvenierisa da keTilisaken migvaswrafebs, `pirveladve 

sibrZnisaa erTi dargi, saRmrTo, saRmrTod gasagoni~. aki am ukanaskneli sityvebis 

avtori gangvimartavda: poezia Cveni miwieri cxovrebis gaukeTesebasac Seeweva 

(àqac eamebis~), raki sikeTisaken migvaqcevs, moyvasis Tanadgomisaken gvibiZgebs, sazogadoebriv 

harmonias exmareba. esa aqvs mxedvelobaSi guramiSvls, roca ityvis: òrgziTve 

nayofs moscemdao~. TviTon me, igavuradve ambobs daviTi, imisTvis vrgav poeziis 

xes, rom `...aRvlian zed yrmani dasarxevelad. yrmaT Sevavedre es wignio~. `daviTiani~ 

suliT jansaRi axalgazrda Taobis gasawvrTnelad gamiznuli wignia. igi 

mokvdavs ukvdavebisaken mimavali gzis gagnebaSi Seeweva. mis leqsebs RvTis mSvenierebis 

sinaTle moaqvs CvenTan, raTa Cvens gulebSi moyvasis, mamulis siyvarulis cecxli 

gaaRvivos, wuTisoflis amaoebaze gamarjvebis imedi gvarwmunos. 

amitom uZRvis patriotul Temaze daweril `qarTlis Wirs ormagi karibWe – didaqtikuri 

da saRvTismetyvelo. es ukanaskneli Sedgeba xuTi leqsisagan: ùkvdavebis 

wyaros igavi~, `jvarcmis ambavi~, `tirili RvTismSoblisa~, `moTqma xmiTa Tav-bolo 

erTi~, ùkvdavebis wyaros igavT axsna~. am rkals SeiZleba pirveli leqsis saxeli – 

ùkvdavebis wyaros igavi~ – ewodos. ùkvdavebis wyaro~ TviT gankacebuli ufalia. 

xuTsave leqss erTi fabuluri qarga aqvs xerxemlad da erTi gamWoli idea kravs: 

dro-sivrcul, bunebriv dasazRvrulobaSi Camosuli macxovari am dasazRvrulobidan 

momdinare SeWirvebaT, TviT sikvdilsac daiTmens, irgunebs, raTa Cven, mokvdavT, 

gvarwmunos, rom mxolod WirTa TmeniT, qvedamzidvel da egoistur interesebze gamarjvebiT, 

siyvarulis niWiT davusxltebiT absoluturi mniSvnelobis sikvdils da 

miveaxlebiT maradisobas. amis Cvenda sarwmuneblad moivlina miwaze `sixaruli soflisa~ 

(qriste) da gagviazriana soflad yofna. am ideis konteqstSia naTqvami: `Zed 

sixaruli soflisa qalwuls mariams exara~ (ùkvadavebis wyaros igavi~); an: `mas 

morCsa sikvdilT momkvleli zed erTi xili ebada~ (iqve). 

`jvarcmis ambavi~ ukve sikvdiliT sikvdilis mokvlis saxarebiseuli epizodis poeturi 

gardasaxvaa. mesame leqsi Zis `wylurebis cecxliT daguli, danavlebuli~ mariamis 

godebaa. xolo godebis wyvdiadTan kvlav mTeli rkalis gamWoli sinaTle gamoaSuqebs: 

`sofels uxaris, miiRebs aw ganTavisuflebasa~. aq Tavisuflebis wminda 

weriliseuli koncefcia igulisxmeba, romelic yvelaze srulad pavle mociqulis

wignebSia gamokveTili. WeSmarit Tavisuflebad moiazreba ara aSveba TviTnebobisa, 

aramed nebelobis ZaliT wvdomili mozRudva an sulac aRkveTa qvedamzidveli survilebisa 

Tu egoisturi instinqtebisa. adamiani Tavisufalia `kanonisa~ da iZulebis 

borkilebisagan, ramdenadac igi `mokuda codvisaTÂs... Zueli igi kaci Cueni mis Tana 

(qristesTan erTad. g. f.). juars ecva, raÁTa arRara vhmonebdeT Cuen codvasa~ (rom. 

6,6-11). ai, ra da ratom ùxaria sofels~: uxaria, radgan qristes madliTa da mis 

RvawlTan SenivTebuli ZalisxmeviT kaci axlad ibadeba, Tavisi saukeTeso, ukvdavebasTan 

wilnayari `mes~ Semoqmedi xdeba uzenaesi Semoqmedis gverdiT (`Semoqmedis~ am 

specifikur Sinaarsze `daviTianSi~ qvemoT visaubrebT). amaze mianiSnebs mociquli: 

`...egreca Cuen ganaxlebiTa cxorebisaÁTa vidodiT~ (rom. 6,4). tanjva-sikvdilze macxovris 

gamarjevbiT `sofelma~ irwmuna, rom `sada suli uflisaÁ, mun aznaurebaÁ 

(Tavisufleba. – g. f.) ars~ (2 korinT. 3,17). `sofelma~ WeSmariteba Seicno da amis kvalobaze, 

gaxda kaci mbrZanebeli Tavisi mdabali `mesi~, Tavis ufali (`scnaT WeSmariti 

da WeSmaritebaman gangaTavisuflnes Tquen~. iov. 8, ,32). 

sxva ambavia, rom rwmenis, Tavisuflebis am gzaze yoveli nabiji tanjvis safasu-rad 

gadaidgmeba. `qristes RvTaebrivi dideba realobad moiazreba ara misi adamianobis 

damcrobis miRma, aramed am damcrobis SigniT~ (s. averincevi, adreqristianuli 

literaturis saTaveebi da ganviTareba, msoflio literaturis istoria (cxra tomad), 

t. 1, m. 1983, gv. 506). tanjva-sikvdilis fenomens sakraluris, mSvenieris mniSvneloba 

aqvs qristianul msoflgagebaSi, ukvdavebas, ufals mxolod am gziT miveaxlebiT. 

`RvTismSoblis tirilis~ guramiSviliseul epizodSi naTqvamia, rom qriste, 

swored miwier SeWirvebaTa zeda amaRlebiT gaxda CvenTvis `gamRebi samoTxis karT 

razisao~. 

rom adamianis miwier bunebaSive, viTarca `xatSi RvTisa~, àkumulirebulia~ ufalTan, 

maradisobasTan miaxlebis potencia da igi miwierzeve batonoba-gamarjvebiT 

miiRweva, am perspeqtivis realizaciis esTetikurad gamaognebel suraTs vWvretT 

saRvTismtyvelo rkalis meoTxe leqsSi `moTqma xmiTa Tav-bolo erTi”: 

vai, ra kargi saCino ra avad migiCnieso! 

brali ver gpoes, dagsajes, pilate mogisieso; 

bralobis sisxli Tavzeda SviliTurT gardinTxieso. 

dideba moTminebasa Sensa, ufalo ieso!.. 

xel-dabanilTa SoltiT gces, msxverpls sisxli Seurieso; 

dagadges eklis gvirgvini, golgoTas migiwvieso.. 

vai, ra kargi saCino, ra avad migiCnieso! 

mogkles ubralo braliTa, qveyana Searyieso; 

mze daabneles, mTvareca, varskvlavni daafrqvieso... 

hqmen sulgrZeleba maTzeda da dasTme Sen CvenTvis eso!.. 

dideba moTminebasa Sensa, ufalo ieso! 

miwisa da adamianis ukidegano siyvarulis sinaTle modis am striqonebidan. igi 

`moTminebis~, `daTmobis~, `sulgrZelebis~ saTnoebis motivebzea amoqarguli qarTuli 

sityvis meSveobiT. am TvalSeudgami sinaTlis naperwkali, gvaswavlis daviT guramiSvili, 

ufalma maSinve CaTesa Cveni miwieri bunebis wiaRSi, roca `xatad da msgavsad~ 

RvTisa gagvaCina, xolo misma Zem WirTaTmenis niWiT naperwkali mzed gadaaqcia, wu- 

Tisoflis bindisgvaroba gagviCaxCaxa, am bindisgvarobaSive gvapovnina arsebobis 

sazrisi da gza maradisobisaken. 

ai, ra `xiliT~ surs gaumaspinZldes `daviTianis~ avtors Tavis TanamedroveT, roca 

am wignis weras Seudgeba. kacs, romelsac qarTl-kaxeTis daqcevis Wvreta àJrJolebs 

da tanSi zaravs~, ganuzraxavs, samSoblos iavarqmnis mizezT-mizezi gaeTvaliswinebina 

TanamemuleTaTvis: _ RmerTs, siyvarulisa da `cxovrebis wyaros~ davcildiT 

da kacobac aman wagvixdina, qveyanac amitom gvengreva Tavzeo. ra sakiTxzec 

ar unda saubrobdes, yvelgan, `daviTianis~ yvela furcelsa da yvela nakvTSi, ilandeba 

macxovris xati, xolo `qarTlis Wiris~ win wamZRvarebuli rkali konceftual- 

282

uri orientaciis warmomCeni karibWea, wignis religiur-filosofiuri, eTikuri da es- 

Tetikuri fundamentia. am fundamentze migviTiTebs, Cvenis azriT, `daviTianis~ Sesavlis 

pirvel strofSi zedized sami variantiT miTiTeba: am wignSi `vsTqven jvarzed 

vnebulio~ (amitom vfiqrobT, rom ver gamarTldeba sxva leqsis pirvel adgilze gadmotana). 

rkals xuravs sagulisxmod dasaTaurebuli leqsi (mexuTe) _ ùkvdavebis wyaros 

igavT axsna~. wina oTxive leqsi ùkvdavebis wyarosTan~, macxovarTan misasvlel gzas 

kafavs, mexuTe ki ajamebs. pirveli striqoni ase ikiTxeba: `man ucnaurman sacnoblad 

Tavisa Cena ineba~. ùcnaurSi~ (SeucnobelSi) avtori mama-RmerTs gulisxmobs da mere 

ambobs, rom `Tavi iCina~ qristes, `cxovrebis wyaros~, movlinebiT. aq sxva Strixebis 

moxmobiT da ukve moxmobilTa axleburi gadaazrebiT Sejamdeba macxovris Rvawli 

kacTa modgmis winaSe: 

Caudga suli ukvdavi, misca aRdgomis Zalebi... 

Zem xorciT mokla kaceba, cxovel qmna suli mRvTovani, 

adams samoTxiT ganZebuls miT munve mourTo vani. 

ramdenime strofi eZRvneba imis warmoCenas, ra lamazad da sasixarulod `mour- 

To~ da moulamaza ufalma adamsa da mis STamomavlebs es qveyana. `man ucnaurman 

sacnoblad Tavisa Cena ineba~ kidev mravalmxriv: `RvTisgan nivTobs yoveli nivTi, xiluli 

da uxilveli~, _ ityvis poeti da CamoTvlis bibliuri `Sesaqmis~ nayofiT (àngelozni, 

ca, qveyana... zRva, xmeleTi, xe balaxni... mfrinvel, Tevzni... mze da mTvare... 

zamTar, zafxul... wyali, miwa, kaci...~). 

rogorc vxedavT, Cvens winaSea qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis qrestomaTiuli didebuleba: 

RmerTi transcendenturia, Seucnobelia da imavdroulad igi amouwuravad 

imanenturia, yovel qmnilSi gacxaddeba, airekleba. mexuTe leqsis mravali strofi 

swored samyaroSi RvTis Cenis, RvTivgamocxadebulobis (Teofanurobis principi, wm. 

maqsime aRmsareblisa da wm. grigol palamas wignebSi rom gamoikveTa) poeturi Sesxmaa. 

Sesxmas ki ajamebs es striqonebi: 

RmerTman qveynad rac mohfina, yvela CvenTvis ganaCina.. 

Wiac CvenTvis amuSaka, WiWnauri aparkina, 

Cvenca gvmarTebs RmerTs dauTmoT, swavlad gvemiT rac gvatkina. 

rogorc vnaxeT, am rkalis xuTive leqsi imas gvaswavlis, Cvenis siyvarulisTvis, 

ukvdavebasTan mokvdavTa misaaxleblad ra daiTmina ufalma. bunebrivad ismeba kiTxva: 

Cven ra `gvmarTebs~, ra gvevaleba RmrTis mimarT. da, ra Tqma unda, siyvarulis 

wil siyvaruli, rwmena gvmarTebs uflisa. Cvendami siyvaruliTvea ganpirobebuli isic, 

rom RmerTi SeWirveba-tkivils SegvamTxvevs: `gvemiTa~ da `tkiviliT~ migvaqcevs 

`swavlad~ ukvdavebis gzisa, amiT gvikaJebs nebelobas miwierebis dasaZlevad. Tavadac 

xom amnairad mokla sikvdili. 

ase mivadgebiT WeSmariti rwmenis raobis, religiuri cnobierebis Sinaarsisa da 

formis problemas. saRvTismetyvelo-didaqtikuri orientaciiT ase gajerebul karibWes 

`daviTianisa~ xuravs swavleba imisa, ra aris namdvili rwmena, religiuri msoflgancda: 

vidgeT, vijdeT, anu viwveT, xansa cudad ar davzmideT; 

vstirodeT, Tu vicinodeT; vleqsobdeT, Tu anu vzmideT, 

RmerTs vaqebdeT, RmerTs vamkobdeT, RmerTs didebas SevasxamdeT, 

RmerTs mivcemdeT madlobasa, purs vWamdeT, Tu wyalsa vsmideT! 

erTi SexedviT, am ubralo msjelobaSi erTob Rrma religiur-filosofiuri swavlebaa 

gacxadebuli: rwmena aris arsebobis imgvari wesi Tu forma, roca Cven vcxovrobT 

transcendenciis TandaswrebiT. mivmarToT axali drois avtoritetul gansjaT. 

`rwmenis sinamdvile aris sicocxle miqceuli upirobo yofierebisken imisa, rac 

ìrwmunes~, e. i. risi arsebobac upirobod ivaraudeba~ (martin buberi, rwmenis ori 

saxe, moskovi, 1995, gv. 358). ùpirobo~ aq niSnavs imas, rac cnobierebis Sinaarss religiurad 

xdis: RmerTTan mimarTeba religiad ver CaiTvleba, Tu misi siyvaruli 

283

ganpirobebulia raimegvari motiviT, dasazRvrulia, nawilobrivia. wminda werilSi 

transcendenturisadmi amgvari mimarTeba asea gamoTqmuli: `Seiyuaro ufali Seni yovliTa 

guliTa SeniTa da yovliTa suliTa SeniTa da yovliTa gonebiTa SeniTa~ 

(maTe, 22,7; mark., 12,30; luka, 10,27). 

msgavsi TvalTxedva amoikiTxeba paul tilixis msjelobaSi: `religia – es aris 

mdgomareoba zRvruli dainteresebisa imiT, rac aris da unda iyos Cveni zRvruli 

interesi... xolo RmerTi – saxelia, romelic aRniSnavs am interesis Sinaarss~ (kulturis 

Teologia, m., 1995, gv. 264). meoce saukunis orive didi Teologi da kulturologi 

gasagebi mizezebis gamo ikavebs Tavs transcendenturis arsisa da religiis 

raobis mecnierul-logikuri gansazRvrebisagan. amis nacvlad isini gvTavazoben egzistencialuri 

orientaciis gansjaT. am gansjaTa mixedviT, cxovreba transcendenciis 

TandaswrebiT (e. i. religia) erT-erTi, Tundac gansakuTrebuli funqcia ki ar 

aris adamianisa, aramed fundamenti yvela sxva funqciisa da moicavs Cveni cxovrebis 

yovel moments, adamianur qmedebaTa mTel sivrces, yvela sferos, ubans. amis 

kvalobaze, p. tilixi ityvis: fermkrTaldeba zRvari sakralur da sekularul sferoTa 

Soris: `samyaro – taZaria RvTisa. Sromis yvela dRe – uflis dRea, yvela vax- 

Sami – uflismieri seroba, yvela garja – RvTaebrivi daniSnulebis aRsruleba, yvela 

sixaruli – sixaruli RmerTTan Tanayofnisa~ (iqve). rogorc vxedavT, egzistencialuri 

filosofiis eniT p. tilixi imasve ganmartavs, rasac ori saukunenaxevris 

win poeziis eniT gvaswavlida didi qarTveli poeti. 

jer kidev rodis netari avgustine gvmoZRvravda. àra mxolod xmiT aRuvline 

Sesxma RmerTs, aramed saqmeni Senni Seuwone Sensave xmas. Tu Sen xmiT ugalob da er- 

Txel daCumdebi, maSin Seni cxovrebiT igalobe ise, rom arasodes dumde~ (95-e fsalmunis 

ganmarteba). roca Sen Wam da svam, igalobe fsalmuni ara sufruli simRerebis 

tkbili bgerebiT, aramed TavSekavebulobiT kvebisa da smis Jams. sarecelzedac aRavline 

fsalmunebi, wesi da kanoni daicavi colTan urTierTobaSic~ (146-e fsalmunis 

ganmarteba). usulo sagnebic ki swiraven madlobas dambadebels Tavisi silamaziT, 

gvmoZRvravs didi ganmanaTlebeli. 

Cveni Tanamedrove moRvawe, inglisis marlTmadidebeli eparqiis mRvdelmTavaric, 

ganmartavs, rom rwmenis kvalobaze, adamians `moTxovnileba aqvs madloba uZRvnas 

RmerTs~. Uuzenaesisa da WeSmariti morwmunis urTierTmimarTeba dialoguria. `qristianuli 

RmerTis dogmatis gageba SeuZlebelia pirovnuli urTierTobis, mimarTebis, 

damokidebulebis gareSe. saRvTismetyvelo terminologiiT, RmerTi, rogorc gaziarebuli 

siyvaruli, aRiniSneba sityviT – `perixoresis~ – urTierTgaWolva~ (episkoposi 

kaliste (ueari), `RmerTi siyuarul ars~, gv.6). 

`daviTianis~ am strofSi avtoris anTropologiuri da kulturologiuri koncefciac 

amoikiTxeba. popularuli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, religia substanciaa, Sinaarsia 

kulturisa, xolo kultura formaa religiisa. moxmobili strofis zogadkulturologiuri 

idea odnav xatovnad ase SeiZleba SevajamoT: kultura aris miwa 

(Cveni bunebrivi sinamdvile) RvTis madliTa da TanadgomiT zecis (RvTaebis) msgavsad 

gardaqmnili adamianis mier. yvelaze ubralo qmedebasa Tu qcevaSi SeiZleba gakrTes 

RvTaebrivis Suqi, yvelaferi imazea damokidebuli, ragvaris grZnobiT, ganwyobilebiT 

vakeTebT raRacas. roca, magaliTad, Cveulebrivi xorcieli sawadelis dakmayofilebis 

aqts locvisa Tu kurTxevis Jesti, madlierebisa Tu krZalvis gancda 

miacilebs imis mimarT, vinc miwieri sixarulis amdeni wyaro aRmogvicena (`Cven kac- 

Ta mogvca qveyana, gvaqvs uTvalavi feriTa~), cxadia, religiuri msoflgancda `muSaobs~. 

miwierebis zeciuris Semsgavsebulad gardaqmnis, rafinirebis es aqti Tavisuflebis, 

kulturis sinamdvilea. 

* * * 

daviT guramiSvilma jojoxeTuri gzebiT iara, cxovreba av dedinacvlad eqca. me 

varo, _ godebs poeti, _ 

284

uSrto da unayofo, viT guli ganxmari, 

uZeo, uasulo, ararad saxamari. 

sawuTros soflisgan bevris gziT vnebuli, 

mravals gansacdelsa Sina Seyvanebuli, 

sxvis qveynad samkvidros qveyniT gamoZebuli... 

sul bnelia, rasac elavso... 

soflis samduravis es uaRresad pirquSi suraTi da naRvliani kilo sicocxlis 

saxeliT da yofnis sazrisis poziciebidan aris wamowyebuli. amiT sxvaobs guramiSvili 

XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTuli poeziis hangTagan da wminda werilis msofl- 

SegrZnebas ebjineba. misi sayrdeni imgvari religiuri cnobierebaa, `romelsa usasoÁ 

igi sasoebiT hrwmena~ (rom. 4-18). `daviTianis~ calkeuli monakveTebisaTvis niSneuli 

cxadi skefsisis miuxedavad, mTeli wigni amxedrebuli suliTa da moqalaqeobrivi 

Rvwis paTosiT SemarTuli pirovnebiTaa ganaTebuli. mama pavle florenski ityvis: 

`WeSmariteba – pirovnebaa, istoriulad rom moavlinebs Tavis Tavs, da ara ganyenebuli 

principi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, WeSmariteba sagnobrivi araa, aramed pirovnulia~ 

(`WeSmaritebis sveti da dafuZneba~, moskovi, 2003, gv. 445). guramiSviliseuli 

skefsisi wminda wylis qristianuli fenomenia da skefsisis Sewynarebas da mis dajabvnas 

gulisxmobs. wuTisoflis `bindismagvarobam~, muxTlobam sinamdvile araraobad 

aqcia, bedisweram yvela gza gadaketa, arsebobasa da moqmedebas TiTqos azri 

daekarga. aseT pirobebSi guramiSvilis axovani suli aRimarTeba `bedis samZRvris~ 

gadasalaxavad, gancdilisa da nafiqris daviwyebis burusidan gamosataceblad, moZmeTaTvis 

win wasamZRvareblad: 

mSvilds momiwiva muxTalma, 

isari gulSi mamaso, 

ar momca Ze, arc asuli, 

arvin meZaxis `mamaso~. 

davjeq da leqsva daviwye, 

vsTqvi Tu: viSvileb amaso... 

me rac vSobe, Svilad vsjervar, 

es Tu mzrdelman gamizarda, 

vzrdi momRerlad, me Tu Cemi 

simRera ar gamizarda. 

araraobad qceuli obieqturi sinamdvilis, cxovrebis wiaRSi da sanacvlod misa, 

poeti WeSmariti qristianis, martvilisaTvis niSneuli Sinagani SemarTebis ZaliT qmnis 

axal, romantikul sinamdviles – cxovrebas xelovnebaSi da xelovnebis gziT: 

ìmas Svilad vervina sjobs, daviT vinc Zed moigera, vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila, mteri 

amiT moigerao~. es `mteri~ sustTaTvis Cveuli fatalisturi gancdaa yofnis amaoebisa. 

es `mteri~ is sikvdilia, romelic macxovarma jvarcmiT mokla, xolo daviTma 

xelSi celmomarjvebuli, `mWle kacis~ saxiT daxata `daviTianis~ leqsSi. axla 

moxmobili striqonis am monakveTs mivapyroT yuradReba: `vinc gamoTqva, is iSvila...~ 

mosalodneli iyo, enobrivad TiTqos ufro gamarTulad ase daewera: `rac gamoTqva, 

is iSvilao~, dawera ki: `vinc gamoTqvao~. `daviTiani~ erTxorci da erTsulia guramiSvilisa 

da ara mxolod wigni; is sulieri arsebaa, pirovnebaa, romelic Tanamdgomelad 

eqmneba adamianebs, raTa wuTisoflis amaoebis gancdaze gaimarjvon, WeSmariti 

yofnis sazrisi gaicxadon. WeSmariti xelovnebis qmnilebas v. kandinski `cocxal 

arsebad~ miiCnevda. gamoeyofa ra xelovans, amtkicebda igi, aseTi nawarmoebi èziareba 

TviTmyof sicocxles, iqceva pirovnebad, damoukideblad, sulierebiT msunTqav 

subieqtad~ (`sulierebis Sesaxeb xelovnebaSi~. aseve fiqrobda p.Hflorenski). `davi- 

Tianis~ gmiri, karl iaspersis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `gadaabijebs Tavisi miwieri 

myofobisa da samyaros sazRvrebs, maT safuZvlebamde aRwevs, miiswrafvis iqeTken, sadac 

mas Tavis sawyisTa rwmena eufleba, da am dros igi TiTqos Sesaqmis aqtSi monawileobs~ 

(karl iaspersi, istoriis sazrisi da daniSnuleba, moskovi, 1994, gv. 455). 

285

`daviTianis~ avtori skefsisis Semwynarebeli kacia, ùsasoÁ igi sasoebiT hrwmena~, 

Tavis axal `mes~ Zerwavs, `TiTqos Sesaqmis aqtSi monawileobs~, did RvTismetyvelTa 

im swavlebas emowmeba, romelic ganmartavs, rom ufliseuli Sesaqme erTjeradi 

aqti ar aris, maradisobaSi grZeldeba. ufalTan amgvari TanaSemoqmedebis pa- 

Tosi odiTganve mosdevs marTlmadideblur msoflgancdas; im droidan mainc mohyveba, 

ra droidanac miaCndaT rom asketuri Rvwa axali, `lamazi~ adamianis gamokveTas 

emsaxurebao, xolo im wignebs, romliTac ber-monazvnebi askezis gzaze iwvrTnebodnen, 

`filokaliebi~ (silamazis-moyvareobis saxelmZRvaneloebi) ewodeboda. gavixsenoT, 

ras ambobs macxovarze daviT guramiSvili: 

sxvas ukeTess vis viSovni silamaziT srulsa? 

Cemis siyvarulisaTvis scemes xelSekrulsa... 

`daviTianis~ avtoris cxovrebis gza RvTis TanaSemoqmedebis principiT warimarTeba. 

arsebobis amgvar wessa Tu sazriss n. berdiaevi `Teurgias~ uwodebs da miuTi- 

Tebs, rom aseTi Semoqmedeba kulturis sferodan TviT yofierebis wiaRSi gadaiRvreba, 

Teurgiad iqceva, axal realobas amkvidrebs. `Teurgia kulturas ki ar qmnis, 

aramed – axal yofierebas, Teurgia – xelovnebaa, sxva samyaros qmnis, sxva yofierebas, 

sxvagvar sicocxles, silamazes yofnad aqcevs... Teurgia aris kacis moqmedeba 

ufalTan erTad, _ RvTaebrivi qmedeba, RmerTkacobrivi Semoqmedeba~ (`Semoqmedebis 

sazrisi~, moskovi, 1916, gv. 283). 

yvela sxva wyurvils `daviTianSi~ sicocxlis wyurvili jabnis, lamazi sicocxlis 

didi wyurvili. Cvenc aseTive paTosiT gvavsebs. `daviTiani~ sulieri mxedrobis 

gakveTilebs gvaZlevs, gvaswavlis, wavarTvaT bedisweras da bunebriv aucileblobas, 

erTxel da samudamod moxazul sazRvrebSi Cveni CaWedvis mowadines, Cvenze batonobis, 

Zalmomreobis Zala da unari. 

286

daviT guramiSvili 

287 


himnografiuli poeziis zemoqmedebam axali ZaliT ifeTqa e. w. aRorZinebis epoqa- 

Si. ufro metic, Tu sasuliero poeziis gavlena klasikuri xanis mwerlobaze ufro 

mxatvruli formis aspeqtSi gamovlinda, aRorZinebis epoqis mwerlobaSi igi ufro 

Rrma sulier SreebSi SeiWra. amas rasakvirvelia, hqonda Tavisi socialur-politikuri 

Tu sxva xasiaTis mizezebi, magram amis dawvrilebiT ganxilva amJamad Sors wagviyvanda. 

sxva sasuliero problematikasTan erTad, rogorc es ukve SeniSnulia Cvens samecniero 

literaturaSi, swored am xanebSi safuZvlianad SemuSavda e. w. mistikur-alegoriuli 

xasiaTis poezia, romlis yvelaze ufro tipiuri warmomadgenlebi vaxtang 

meeqvse da daviT guramiSvilia. 

Cven aq ar SevCerdebiT vaxtang VI poeziis amgvar xasiaTze, mxolod gavixsenebT 

im cnobil garemoebas, rom vaxtangma `vefxistyaosnis~ ideuri koncefciac siyvarulis 

mistikur-alegoriul Teorias dauqvemdebara. aq, sxvaTa Soris, unda SevniSnoT, 

rom SoTa rusTavelis poemaze aseTsave Sexedulebas iziarebda d. guramiSvilic, roca 

Tavis did winamorbeds sasuliero da saero sibrZnis salarod Tvlida (òrgziTve 

nayofs miscemda, visganac moirxeodao~ – gv. 22, strofi 4). 

guramiSvilis sasuliero xasiaTis leqsi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, klasikuri qar- 

Tuli himnografiis sruliad axali saxesxvaobaa. pirvel rigSi amas gansakuTrebiT 

gvagrZnobienebs enobrivi faqtura, romelSic ase mZlavradaa SeWrili ubralo xalxuri 

yofis gamomxatveli elementebi da folkloruli nakadi. magram Sinaarsobrivad 

misi leqsebi metad axlo midian Zvel himnografiasTan. guramiSvilis am leqsebis 

personaJi cisken sasoebiT mzirali adamiania, romelsac upirveles sikeTed RvTaebasTan 

miaxloeba miaCnia. Cven zeviT Segnebulad ar CamovTvaleT is epiTetebi, romlebic 

gamoiyena Zvelma himnografiam RvTis srulyofili gamosaxvisaTvis, radgan guramiSvilTan 

kidev erTxel mogvixdeboda maTi gameoreba. vin aris guramiSvilis erTerT 

saxelganTqmul himnSi (ka, odes datyoebulman urjulos qveyanas sayvarlis saxe 

da suraTi veRara naxa, imisi moTqma daviTisagan) moxsenebuli: `Cemo saesavo, tkbilo 

cxovrebisa wyaro~? axali aRTqmis da himnografiis ubralo gacnoba am gamoTqmis 

mraval paralels aRmogviCenda: tkbili cxovrebis wyaro qriste-RmerTia, romelic 

maradi da tkbili cxovrebis gansaxierebaa. imave leqsSi mravalferovan simboloepi- 

Tetebs mimarTavs poeti qristes Sesaferi gamosaxvisaTvis: qriste – umanko tredi, 

gvriti, romelmac veragobas usazRvro saTnoeba daupirispira, qriste – ucnauri mze 

e. i. romlis Secnoba adamianis gonebas ar ZaluZs da igi mze, TviT poetisave sityvebiT 

rom vTqvaT, upirispirdeba materialurs – `sacnaur mzes~, TinaTins, romelic 

amave dros ùcnauri mzis~ gamosxivebaa. qriste – `naTelia~, `mzea~ (ucnauri mze), maradi 

dRe, gamouTqmeli naTeli, qristes mravali sxva saxelic moepoveba: igi `mexia~, 

`quxilis isari~ da a. S. qristianuli simbolika aZlevs poets masalas, rom aseTi 

mSvenieri simbolo-metaforiiT gangvacdevinos qristes Zlierebis, RvTaebrivi bunebis 

sidiade: `gamouTqmelad naTqvamo, mTiT lodo gamokveTilo~ (str. 417, Sdr. `vidre 

ara gamoekveTa lodi mTisagan~, danielis winaswarm. 11, 34, sadac qristes movlenaa 

ganCinebuli). guramiSvilis himni datvirTulia qristianuli katafatikiT (RmerTi 

dadebiTs cnebebSi: naTeli, yovlad Zlieri da a. S.) da apofatikiT (uaryofiTi cnebebiT 

gamoxatva: ucnauri, gamouTqmeli da a. S.). 

ufro metic, guramiSvili Tavis mxriv amdidrebs da axali cnebebi Seaqvs aRniSnul 

simbolur saxeTa salaroSi. magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis 

Seswavlis magaliTze gamoirkva, rom `daviTianSi~ xSirad gamoyenebuli mzeTa-mzis 

saxe, rogorc mama RmerTis, ufalTa-uflis sabaoTis gamomxatveli guramiSvilma 

pirvelma Semoitana sasuliero xasiaTis himnebSi. Cvenis azriT, igi ueWvelad xalxu-

i poeziis saunjidan unda iyos amoziduli, aki TviTon guramiSvilic acxadebs, rom 

saxes garegnuli msgavseba aqvs xalxur metyvelebaSi, folklorSi gavrcelebul 

saxe-gamoTqmasTan `qalTa mze~, mzeTa-mzes rusTvelic axsenebs ramdenime adgilas, 

magram masSi arsad aris Cadebuli aRniSnuli mistiuri Sinaarsi. 

mzeTa-mze guramiSvilis usayvarlesi mistiuri saxea da poeti ara erTgzis mimar- 

Tvas mis varirebas. warmaTuli himnebis siZliere SeigrZnoba guramiSvilis sityvebSi: 

sjobs vetrfialo mzeTa-mzes, mzisaTvis Tavi vaxelo, 

naTlisa gavxde mijnuri, radgan Tvalebsa vaxelo, 

mis ukeTesi moyvare, sad vpovo, sada vaxelo? 

mze miwyens, Tu mzis sanacvlod TinaTins xeli vaxelo. 

(str. 340) 

ganTiadisa varskvlavo, mis mzeTa-mzisa mTiebo, 

vikavrgvi bnelis RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo. 

(str. 346) 

mzeTa-mze aq ufalTa-ufali, mama RmerTia, romlis trfialeba aqvs gulSi dasaxuli: 

sjobs mas vetrfode da mzisTvis e. i. qriste-RmerTisaTvis xelad viqve, viyo gagiJebuli; 

sanamdi suli midges (Tvalebs ver vaxel), naTlis (qristes) mijnuri minda 

viyo; masze ukeTesi moyvare, sad unda vpovo (vaxelo), Tanac igi mze (qriste) miwyens, 

mis sanacvlod TinaTins (materialur, amqveyniur mzes) mivuaxlovde (xeli vaxlo)..., 

ganTiadis varskvlavo, ciskaro, mzeTa-mzis mnaTobo, amqveyniur wyvdiadSi (bneli Rame) 

vikargebi da mixseni Sen, maradiulo dRev anu Cemo RvTaebav. erTmaneTze mSvenier 

saxe-simboloebs, metaforebs ipovis kaci guramiSvilis sasuliero xasiaTis himnebSi, 

magram maTi mxatvruli Rirsebani Cven sxva TvaliT unda ganvsajoT. 

guramiSvilis mistiuri xilva da zecisaken mimarTuli RaRadisi araa mxolod egzaltirebuli 

Wvreta mistiuri qveynisa an cda masTan siaxloviT sakuTari Tavis 

gaqrobisa; guramiSvilis himni adamianis mwuxare simReraa. masSi gamosWvivis sakuTari 

ubedurebiTa da qveynis ukuRmarTobiT Sewuxebuli kacis Civili, romelsac erTaderTi 

imedi zebunebriv samyaroSi eguleba. swored es momenti aZlevs poetis himnebs 

araCveulebriv emociur JReras. TiTqos mxolod religiuri grZnobebia gamoTqmuli 

leqsSi, romelsac me aq movitan, poeturi saxeebi aSkarad sasuliero mwerlobidan 

(metwilad ki àxali aRTqmidan~) aris aRebuli, magram misi qveteqsti yvelasaTvis na- 

Telia. bedukuRmarTi cxovrebiT daqanculi poeti godebs: 

viTa cxovari gza Secdomili, 

mgelT warsatacad farexTa gare, 

egreT Sen, Tao, xar gaxdomili, 

aseTi saqme me movigvare! 

gavxdi glaxaki da davrdomili, 

Tumca sawuTros moviangare, 

var carielze me dajdomili 

saunjisagan kars gare mdgare. 

(gv. 131). 

swored am niadagze moxda guramiSvilis ideuri samyaros saboloo gamoTiSva Zveli 

himnografebis tipiur warmomadgenlebTan. guramiSvilis himnebSi ukve aRar Cans 

mimarTebis erTi ganzomileba, maSin, roca himnografis universaluri mizania mdumare 

mistiuri WvretiT umaRlesis xilva. guramiSvilis himnSi iWvis Zirmware Sxami Jonavs 

da avtori, Tumca sawuTros mimarTavs, magram es mxolod garegnulad Cans. igi 

kontrastebze agebs Tavis saTqmels mxatvrulad uZlieres striqonebSi, romelSic 

dafaruli, magram Tavisi arsebiT meamboxe suli mosCans: 

Tu xar RviZli, raRa ars Zili? 

Tu xar simaZRre, ra ars SimSili?! 

Tu xar sicocxle, ra ars sikvdili?! 

iyav erT-erTi, iwame RmerTi! 

288

wuTisoflis amaoeba da simuxTle, marTlac, Semzaravadaa warmosaxuli mis erT 

leqsSi, romelSic xalxur warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT poeti Rrma religiur ganwyobilebas 

qmnis: 

midis-modis es sofeli 

qartexilTa zRvisebr Relavs, 

ukan dasdevs dro da Jami, 

mis naqselavs qsovs da sTelavs; 

is mWle kaci cels ras aqnevs, 

rasa sTibavs, rasa scelavs?! 

amad vwunob sawuTrosa, 

sul bnelia, rasac elavs. 

aq araCveulebrivi simZafriT mosCans wminda, adamianuri tkivilebi. guramiSvilis 

poezia amqveyniur, miwier gancdebs gadmogvcems, Tumca mxatvruli elferiT misi leqsi 

sasuliero himnebs mogvagonebs. 

ar unda daviviwyoT kidev erTi niSanTviseba, romelic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs guramiSvilis 

himnebs Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poeziisagan. aq me minda mivaqcio yuradReba 

guramiSvilis poetikis erT Taviseburebas, romelsac xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad 

xsnian. 

guramiSvils, rogorc WeSmarit poets, axasiaTebs sinamdvilis, cocxal, konkretul 

ferebSi aRqmis mZlavri talanti, romlis Sedegia, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, 

`qarTlis Wiris~ WeSmaritad realisturi epizodebi. es misi poeturi bunebaa da am 

Sinagan poetur moTxovnilebas igi araCveulebrivi warmatebiT iyenebs sasuliero 

himnebSic da poeturi xerxis simaRleze ahyavs igi. igi am TvalsazrisiT himnografiis 

midernizacias axdens, aramarto (guramiSvilma) xalxuri intonaciebi Seitana 

Tavis himnebSi, aramed arsebiTi niSnebic. nacvlad poeturi abstraqciebisa, rac sasuliero 

himnTa ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa, guramiSvili cocxali, sinamdvilidan aRebuli 

konkretuli STabeWdilebebiT amdidrebs Tavis himnebs. 

rogor aris agebuli guramiSvilis himnTa umravlesoba? konkretuli faqti, ambavi 

poets axal simaRleze ahyavs da Semdeg mistiur-alegoriuli suraTiT asrulebs. 

guramiSvils aqvs erTi leqsi, sadac pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom poeti Tavis ambavs 

gviyveba: òdes daviT guramisSvili kistrinis omSi cxeniTurT liaSi daefla, imis 

monasibad RvTismSoblis Sesxma~ (leqsi me). TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia, avtori gviyveba 

meored datyvevebis ambavs, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, man imave sityvebiT elisabed 

petres asulisadmi wardgenil `CelobitnieSic~ Caswera: im bataliis dasasruls _ 

wers daviT guramiSivli _ kistrinis maxloblad mters mivdevdi da moulodnelad 

cxeniTurT WaobSi Cavefal, am dros mowinaaRmdegem damatyvevao. poeti aRadgens Tavis 

xsovnaSi am mZime dReebs da Semdeg mTel am faqtSi simbolur Sinaarss aqsovs: 

zecad gesav, erTo RmerTo, qveynad erT-ufalo, 

yovlad wmindav RvTis-mSobelo, dido dedofalo, 

codvis lias ukuvardi, Rrmad Sig davefalo. 

Tu Sen me ar aRmomiyvan, Znelad aRmovalo. 

tipiuria am TvalsazrisiT agreTve guramiSvilis erT-erTi lirikuli Sedevri 

`zubovka~. ar SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom aq leqsis mamoZravebelia cocxali 

STabeWdileba, realuri qalis trfialiT gamowveuli gancda: 

zubovkidan momavalman vnaxe erTi qali, 

metad turfa, Svenieri, masze damrCa Tvali, 

Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa asxda Savi xali, 

misman eSxman da-ca-mlewa, Semimusra Zvali. 

konkretuli da poeturad srulyofili suraTia, mZlavr, realuri silamaziT gamowveul 

gancdas aorkecebs droze moxmobili arqaulad gawyobili enobrivi tmesi: 

daca-mlewa (Sdr. rusTavelTan, str. 627). guramiSvili TandaTan dramatuli elementebiT 

aZlierebs am Sexvedras da, uceb, erTi SexedviT moulodneli gradacia rea- 

289

luri qali RvTiur Zalad iqceva, realuri siyvaruli mistikur-alegoriul trfialebaSi 

gadadis da cecxlovani vnebis nacvlad ismis msasoebeli RaRadi: 

aw Sen, Cemo sayvarelo, imyofebi sada? 

qveynad Sengan ukeTesi me aravin myvanda. 

qvesknelsa var, vera gxedav, megulvebi cada, 

geajebi, nu gamwirav, wamiyvane manda! 

`lamazi qali~ aq sawuTros, amqveyniur cTunebaTa personificirebuli saxea, xolo 

leqsis Sinaarsi cTunebaTagan Tavis daRweviT, mkacri gamocdis gziT RvTaebisaken 

swrafvas gamoxatavs (Sdr. agreTve leqsi `simRera~-i). 

himnebis didi umravlesoba aseTi poeturi xerxiTaa damuSavebuli (teqsti da qveteqsti, 

realuri da mistikuri plani) da, rogorc aRvniSneT, es misi poeziis specifikuri 

niSania. 

guramiSvilma sasuliero himnebSic cocxali, amqveyniuri nakadi Seitana da sxvanairad 

arc SeiZleba yofiliyo. guramiSvili uwinares yovlisa iyo didi poeti da 

Tavisi qveynis Svili. misma poeturma alRom sabolood gaimarjva Rrma sulier winaaRmdegobebze, 

nacvlad qristianul-mistikuri Wvretisa da maradiuli sasufevlis 

uSfoTveli molodinisa, igi cxovrebiseuli cecxliT iwvoda, Tavis qveynis tkivilebiT 

itanjeboda da qmnida sakuTari SvilebiviT sayvarel simRerebs, romlebsac 

momavalSi qarTveli kacis Wirisa da sixarulis megobrebad igulebda. 

290

daviT guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~ 

291 

revaz siraZe 

mdgrad literaturul kanonzomierebaTa arsebobas ver uaryofs is, rom mxatvruli 

Semoqmedeba iseve ukideganoa, rogorc buneba da iseve Tavisufali, rogorc zRapruli, 

fantazia. zRaparSi xom yvelaferi SesaZlebelia, SesaZlebelia isic ki, rac 

ar SeiZleba moxdes bunebaSi da swored amitomaa sakvirveli, _ rom TviT ukidegano 

fantaziac ki, _ rogorc ambobs levi strosi, _ kanonzomierebas emorCileba. esaa maqsimalurad 

gafarToebul SesaZleblobaTa kanonzomierebani. nihilizmi amgvari kanonzomierebebis 

ZiebaTa mimarT imitomac warmoiSveba, rom xSirad mxatvruli sinamdvilis 

kanonzomierebani surT meqanikur kanonebze daiyvanon da maT gauTanabron. 

sinamdvileSi saqme gvaqvs idealuris sferos kanonzomierebebTan. idealuri rom realuridan 

momdinareobs, es ar uaryofs idealuris avtonomiurobas. mxatvruli sinamdvile 

rodia empiriuli faqtebis ubralo jami. metadre, ar SeiZleba normatiuli 

xasiaTisa iyos mxatvruli samyaros kanonzomierebani. Tuki es asea, xelovneba kvdeba 

(qristianul xelovnebas axlda amisi saSiSroeba, magram man es dasZlia). i. teni werda: 

Cven vagnebT, Tu ra kanonzomiereba gamovlinebula xelovnebaSi, magram Cven ver 

vaswavliT xelovans SemoqmedebiT kanonebso (`xelovnebis filosofia~). 

xelovneba xSirad iracionaluris realurobazea agebuli. magaliTad, pirovnebis 

TviTgardasaxva fsiqologiurad axsnili movlenaa, magram xelovnebaSi es SeiZleba 

iyos mxolod warmosaxvis nayofi, poeturi swrafva, mxatvruli iluzia da, amdenad, 

iracionaluric. magram xelovnebaSi amasac, iracionalursac, Tavisi realoba aqvs 

da Tavisi kanonzomierebani. esaa swored kanonzomierebani idealurisa. 

`Ирациональность не только есть нечто закономерно мыслящее и системное наряду с рациональными 

величинами, она есть также и нечто вполне видимое, физически видимое, физически осязаемое~ 

(А. Ф. Лосев. Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство. М., 1976, с. 13). `Символ вполне 

видим и вполне осязаем, хотя в него ходят ирациональный и трансцендентальный~ (с. 14). 

saerTodac – da, metadre, xelovnebaSi – iracionaluri niSnavs ararsebuls. mxatvruli 

saxe am gzaze aseve Sors midis. igi arseboba-ararsebobis zRurblze dgas. 

sfinqsis saxe misi elementebis ubralo jami rodia. misi mxatvruloba iwyeba swored 

empiriul raobaTa iqiT, àrarsebulis arsebobaSi~. sfinqsi, viTarca mxatvruli saxe, 

is idealuri modelirebaa, romelic mxatvrul TavisTavadobas iZens iq, sadac empiriul 

sinamdviles ganesxvaveba. amis mere iwyeba misi axali sinamdvile, iracionaluri 

sinamdvile, sinamdvile xelovnebisa. raoden Seuracxyofs Cvens esTetikur TvalTaxedvas, 

Tuki vinme ityvis, rom merani an lurja cxenebi idealizebuli raSebiao (amgvari 

ànalizi~ hgavs l. gudiaSvilis cnobil naxatze gamosaxul `silamazis maZieblebs~, 

romlebsac gadauwyvetiaT sxeulis mSvenierebis saidumloebas qirurgis saWreTeliT 

miagnon). es saxeebi, sulieri swrafvis simboloebi, mxolod sulieri raobani 

SeiZleba iyvnen, isini arseboben rogorc iracionaluri ram. isini arseboba-ararsebobis 

zRvarze dganan. esenia idealisaken mimswrafi sulis simbolo, gansaxovnebuli 

meore `me~ poetisa. 

amgvar warmodgenaTa analizs udidesi sirTule axlavs. saqmes isic arTulebs, 

rom araa jerovnad yuradRebuli misi sul martivi aspeqtebic ki. magaliTad, Cveulebriv, 

TavisTavad cxad sakiTxadaa CaTvlili lirikuri gmiris cneba, romelic faqtiurad 

literaturis TeoriisaTvis erT-erTi fundamentaluri kategoria unda iyos. 

araa Seswavlili avtoris saxe sxvadasxva literaturul epoqaTa mixedviT. saWiroeba 

amis dRes ufro da ufro SeigrZnoba. ar SeiZleba daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani 

sinanulisanis~ gageba andria kritelis `didi kanonis~ lirikuli subieqtis gauTvaliswineblad. 

`Tamariani~ erT-erTi pirveli saero nawarmoebia, romelSiac `gaucxourebulia~ 

lirikuli gmiri (igulisxmeba CarTuli leqsebi). tradiciul `gabaaseba- 

Sic~ gvxvdeba poeturi `mes” martivi gardasaxva; romantikosebTan naklebad Cans poe-

turi TviTgardasaxvani, (`gind meZinos”), romlis kolorits qmnis yaraCoRelTa gancdebis 

poetizireba. misi pirdapiri gviandeli gamoZaxilia `gareubneli biWis simRerebi~. 

xolo irakli abaSiZis lirikul ciklSi `palestina, palestina~ axali iersaxiT 

gamovlinda avtoris meore poeturi `me~. esaa Tanamedrove poetTan miaxloebuli 

rusTaveli-lirikosi. s. Ciqovanis poemaSi `simRera daviT guramiSvilze~ TiTqmis ar 

xdeba lirikuli subieqtis Canacvleba, magram didad mZlavrobs `Tanagancda~. 

1. poeturi TviTgardasaxva gvxvdeba yoveli drois literaturaSi. bevris amxsneli 

TaviseburebebiT warmogvidgeba is Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. misdami interess 

gansakuTrebiT acxovelebs d. guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba. masze mcire SeniSvnebi adrec 

gamogviTqvams (r. siraZe, Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis 

sakiTxebi. 1975, gv. 145). ukve aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom d. guramiSvilisaTvis idealuri 

poetia daviT winaswarmetyveli. aq ki gvsurs vaCvenoT, rom es kerZoobiTi movlena 

araa. es imdroindeli SemoqmedebiTi procesis zogadi kanonzomierebis gamovlenaa. 

is, rac d. guramiSvilTan vlindeba, msWvalavs mTel Zvel qarTul mwerlobas da Taviseburad 

vlindeba xelovnebis sxva dargebSiac. amitom unda warmoCindes mTliani 

saxiT avtori Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. `me~ poetisa da misi gardasaxvis formebi 

Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis sakiTxicaa. magram sxva ganzomilebac aqvs; esaa: `me~ rogorc 

mxatvruli saxis èlementi~. Cven amjerad yuradRebas mivaqcevT ara TviTgardasaxvis 

`Sinagan meqanizms~, aramed mis mxatvrul realizacias, avtoris im `mes~ (an im 

meore `mes~), romelic mxatvrul saxesTan erTad moiazreba, rogorc misi struqturis 

erTi Semadgeneli nawili. sagangebo Seswavlasa da damkvidrebas iTxovs `daviTianSi~ 

lirikul subieqtTa urTierTmimarTebani. 

winaswarve SeiZleba sakiTxis amgvari zogadi formulireba: Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi 

lirikos poetebs warmodgenili hyavT xolme maTTvis idealuri avtori, romlis 

TvalTaxedviTac surT maT mogvawodon sakuTari saTqmeli. sxvagvarad: mxolod 

asaxvis saganze ki ar fiqroben, aramed imazedac, Tu rogor dainaxavda maTTvis idealuri 

poeti. is xdeba avtorTa meore poeturi `me~. aseTi poeturi TviTgardasaxviT 

iwyeba SemoqmedebiTi procesi Zvel qarTul lirikaSi (cxadia, arsebobda sxvagvari 

lirikac da es iyo misi erT-erTi, magram mravlismomcveli nakadi). es zogadi kanonzomiereba 

moqmedebs `daviTianSic~. daviT guramiSvilis mier poetur idealadaa 

dasaxuli daviT-fsalmunTa avtori; daviT guramiSvili cdilobs mis kvalobaze gamoTqvas 

Tavisi sagaloblebi. aris Tu ara es imgvari kanonzomiereba, romelic `davi- 

TianSi~ mravlis amxsneli SeiZleba gaxdes? 

jer kidev ilia WavWavaZe werda: d. guramiSvilis `sarwmunoebrivi RaRadeba daviT 

winaswarmetyvelis fsalmunobis simaRlemdeao asuli~ (III. 153). `daviTiani~ `daviTns~ 

mravalmxriv exmianeba. `daviTianSi~ Zalze xSiria daviT winaswarmetyvelis moxsenieba. 

xSiria masTan tropuli Sexvedrebi, Tu saxeobrivi reminiscenciebi. oTxi sagangebo 

Sesxma eZRvneba bibliur sagalobelTa avtors _ daviT winaswarmetyvels. 

aRsarebiTi lirikis es mamamTavari rom gzis maCvenebeli yofila d. guramiSvilisaTvis 

SemoqmedebiT procesSi, amas migviTiTebs me-11 strofi `daviTianis~ bolo 

leqsisa – àm wignis gamleqsavis sulis moxsenieba~: 

RmerTo, ismine daviTis sagalobeli, 

miwyale didis wyalobiT sawyalobeli; 

usjuloeba amxoce, ufrois ganmbane, 

da es simRera mis Tqmas, moZaxils abane. 

(`daviTiani~, 1955) 

aq imdeni Tanxvedraa, rom SeiZleba gaCndes kiTxva: romeli daviTis vedrebaa es, 

bibliurisa Tu qarTveli poetisa? rogorc Cans, orivesi, sxvagvarad – daviT gurami- 

Svilisa, pirvelsagalobelTa avtoris kvalobaze gamoTqmuli. aseve orplanianobaa 

zemore me-8-9-10 strofebSi. mxolod me-7 strofSi Cans, rom yovelive es, pirvelyovlisa, 

guramiSviliseulia: 

moixsene, ufalo, sjad Senda mosuli 

292

daviT guramisSvilis ubadruki suli, 

gvedr, xelT, ferxT sisxli Seni saswors abrad Seudev, 

ganmsubuqe mZime codvani, Seundev. 

amrigad, d. guramiSvili jer iwyebs Tavisi TaviT da Semdeg gadadis orTaves (Tavisi 

da daviT winaswarmetyvelis) saTqmelze. ai, es aris metad niSandoblivi, rac 

Semdegac mravalmxriv mJRavndeba. me-11 strofSi, rogorc davinaxeT, vedrebaa, rom 

RmerTma misgan (Tanaxmad me-7 strofisa – d. guramiSvilisagan) isminos bibliuri daviTis 

sagalobeli (`RmerTo, mismine daviTis sagalobeli~). rom swored bibliuri 

daviTi Semodis aq, amas adasturebs Semdegi striqoni: ùsjuloeba amxoce, ufrois 

ganmbane~. es 50-e fsalmunis gadmoRebaa (`miwyale me, RmerTo, didiTa wyalobiTa SeniTa 

da mravliTa mowyalebiTa SeniTa axoce uSjuloebaÁ Cemi, ufroÁs ganmbane me 

uSjuloebisa Cemisagan~). `fsalmunidan~ es motivi farTod gavrcelda himnografiaSi. 

igi meordeba daviT aRmaSeneblis nawarmoebSi `galobani sinanulisani~. sayuradReboa 

am mxriv poezia didi somexi himnografis grigol narekacisa da mravali sxva. 

d. guramiSvili RmerTs SesTxovs misgan isminos bibliuri daviTis sagalobeli 

da dasZens: `da es simRera mis Tqmas, moZaxils abaneo~. aq ukve pirdapiraa Tqmuli, 

rom misi sagalobeli im daviTis naTqvams mihyveba, rogorc bani pirvel, wamyvan xmas 

(sxvaganac, roca Zvel qarTvel poetebs CamoTvlis, Tavis Tavze ambobs: `mReren da 

mec bans Sevawyob, damgmoben amaze rasa~). magram Cvens saTqmels yvelaze metad naTelsa 

hfens `daviTianis~ sul bolo striqonebi: 

15. wamkiTxvelno, amazed Tqven nuras medaviT, 

da rom es ase vsTqvi guramisSvilman me daviT. 

16. Tqven ver dasTmobdiT CemgniT naTqvamsa, 

rac TqvengniT Tqmuli aw me daviTme, 

mis RvTis Zis mamis daviTis sexna, 

guramisSvili viyav daviT me; 

17. aman qaCalman mis Tmis navarcxni 

qoCrad movisxi Tavzeda, viTme. 

aw Tqven amazed ra ciloba gaqvT, 

ara vici ra, ras medaviT me! 

arsebiTad ase mTavrdeba `daviTiani~. 

bolo strofidan SegviZlia is azric ki amovikiTxoT, rom d. guramiSvili litonad 

ar mihyveba im pirvel daviTs, aramed surs isa Tqvas, rac mas uTqmeli darCa 

(udavod miagavs amas e. w. aRorZinebis xanis poetTa vedreba rusTavelisadmi, rom neba 

darTos mihyvnen mis naTqvams). d. guramiSvils aq sagangebod gauleqsavs TavisTavad 

cxadi ram: `sexna~ varo daviTisa, romelic iyo `mama RvTis Zisa~. magram Tavis- 

Tavad cxadi ar iyo is, rom d. guramiSvils surda masSi daenaxaT pirvelsagalobelTa 

avtoris poeturi sexnia, poeturi oreuli, Tavisi meore poeturi `me~, poeturi 

hipostazi. daviTi `RvTis Zis mama~, iyo Ze-RvTaebis pirvelwinapari, pirvelmama, 

xorcieli TvalsazrisiT. d. guramiSvils surda ziareba am genealogiur StosTan. es 

_ ki SeiZleboda mxolod sulieri gziT (saerTod, `Srtos~ gansaxovnebiT aRvsilia 

`daviTiani~). meore mxriv, TviT bibliur daviTs hyavs Tavisi sulieri Svili. es iyo 

misi sagaloblebi. sulieri Svili hyavda d. guramiSvilsac – Tavisi `daviTiani~ 

(`davjeq da leqsva daviwye, vsTqvi, Tu: viSvileb amaso~; `me uSvilom es oboli mZliv 

gavzarde didis WiriT~. magaliTebs aRar gavamravlebT, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT, 

rom amgvari gaazreba Zalze xSirad gvxvdeba `daviTianSi~). Tu imasac gavixsenebT, 

rom missive TqmiT – `yoveli wuli mSobelTa mzgavsi mzgavss emsgavsebian~, _ 

gaazrebaTa wre ufro ikvreba. sulieri Svili hgavs `mSoblis~ suls. petriwi ganmartavs 

platon-prokleseul amgvar azrs: `Tvisda xatad warmoiqmns yoveli warmomqmneli 

yovelsa TvisgniT warmoqmnilsa~ (`ganmartebai~, II, 71, 35). 

rakiRa sulierni Svilni orive daviTisa erTmaneTs hgvanan, bunebrivia, rom erTmaneTs 

emsgavsebian mamanic. aseT Sinaarss iZens sexniaTa sulieri naTesaoba. 

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2. rogorc aRvniSneT, `daviTianSi~ bibliuri daviTis oTxi Sesxmaa, sami meore wignSia 

(meore nawilSi) da erTic – bolo, meoTxe wignSi. 

pirveli qeba kvlav `daviTis rqis~ anu `Srtos~ xsenebiT iwyeba da am mxrivaa Seqebuli 

daviT winaswarmetyveli. magram Semdeg igi adgils uTmobs TviT avtors – 

daviT guramiSvils. poeti sakuTar aRsarebaze gadadis (msgavsi `sublimaciuri~ 

gadasvlebi, rogorc iTqva, didad damaxasiaTebelia mTeli `daviTianisaTvis~). Tanda- 

TanobiT ufro da ufro mJRavndeba, Tu rogor Caenacvla erTi meores: 

man damayena, wamomayena 

man mzeTa-mzeman Saravandedi, 

bnelSi mdebare gamoved gare, 

viTa davRamdi, isev gavsTendi! 

Ze mogveboZa, qvesvet-gveboZa, 

me daqceuli misgan avSendi, 

daviTs, daviTo, miZaxda, viTo, 

egreT nugeSmca da mad vaqebdi. (112). 

Cveulebriv ase iwyebs sxva leqsebsac d. guramiSvili Tavisi poeturi oreuliT 

da amTavrebs Tavisi TaviT. qeba zogadia – xolme im mizniT, rom bibliur daviTze 

naTqvami RvTaebasac ki Seeferebodes (esec cnobili gzaa: RvTaebrivi atributebiT 

adamianis gamoxatva, rac, magaliTad, mkveTrad Cans `Tamariansa~ da àbdulmesianSi~. 

maTSi Tamars miemarTeba areopagituli `saRmrTo saxeebi~). mJRavndeba poeturi swrafva, 

rom d. guramiSvilis RvTaebis Tavisebur poetur hipostazad daviT winaswarmetyveli 

iqces. igi, viTarca `mama~ RvTaebisa, mama-RvTaebis amqveyniur simbolod gaiazreba 

(miuTiTeben, rom dantes hyavda `Tavisi~ sameba: Ze-RvTaeba, RvTismSobeli da 

beatriCe. msgavsi ram SeiZleba iTqvas daviT guramiSvilze. misi samebaa: daviT winaswarmetyveli, 

Ze-RvTaeba da RvTismSobeli). `daviTianis~ avtografiul nusxaSi Car- 

Tul avtoportretze d. guramiSvili warmogvidgeba zecisken mipyrobili mavedrebeli 

mzeriT da freskulad myife taniT. Tavis bibliur sexnas igi hgavs mxolod imdenad, 

ramdenadac TviT bibliur mefesac SeeZlo gaemeorebina sibrZneni solomonisani: 

`movida Cem zeda suli sibrZnisa, wina vsaje misi ufrois skiptraTa da saydar- 

Ta~ (7, 7-8). `Я придпачел ее~. 

daviT guramiSvili aRniSnul SesxmebSiac da sxva leqsebSiac daviT winaswarmetyvels 

aTqmevinebs – xolme imas, rac mxolod qristian poets SeeZlo eTqva. amis 

saSualebas qmnida simboluri `Targmanebis~ cnobili principi, romlis safuZvelze 

Zvel aRTqmaSi da, maT Soris, fsalmunebSiac, axali aRTqmis azrebs amoikiTxavdnen. 

sayuradReboa, rom `qebaTa qebis~ ipolite romaeliseuli interpretaciis kvalobaze, 

vaxtang meeqvse saRvTo azrebs xedavda rusTvelis sruliad saero Sinaarsis Semcvel 

striqonebSi. isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom d. guramiSvilis drosac mZlavrobda 

e. w. hermenevtikuli, anu ganmartebiTi wesi azrovnebisa. es miaCndaT universalur 

gzad dafaruli sibrZnis wvdomisaTvis, umaRles sibrZnesTan miaxloebisaTvis. 

am gziT surs d. guramiSvilsac ganicados moazrovne sulis maradiuloba. TviTSemmecnebeli 

suli zedrouli unda gaxdes. waSlilia SemoqmedebiTi drois calmxrivi 

svla. mas ukusvlac ZaluZs. Semoqmedi pirovnebis `me~ ixevs ukan, warsulSi gadasaxldeba, 

raTa ukvdav sulTa ziarebiT TviT SeiZinos poeturi ukvdaveba. amgvari Sefasebani 

rodia oden metaforuli da, amdenad, pirobiTi. aseTi ganwyobilebani sruliad 

bunebrivad Tan sdevdaT imdroindel poetebs. es iyo sulis Tavisuflebis imdroindeli 

gamoxatuleba. rwmenis xanaSi ar iyo moulodneli poetur sulTa Sexvedrac 

erwmunaT TviTgansaxovneba sulier formebSi erCiaT. cnobili sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 

àq suli atarebs Tvis msubuq samosels~. sulis `samoselic~ sulia. esaa meore poeturi 

`me~: sulieri `samoseli~ SemoqmedebiTi sulisa. mxolod amgvar gancdasTan 

ziarebis Semdeg iwyeba Semoqmedeba. sxvagvarad amgvari gancdebiT SeigrZnoba SemoqmedebiTi 

STagonebis realuroba. aqve SevniSnavT: d. guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~ 

ar SeiZleba martivad gavaigivoT froidistul `me _ idealTan~, romelic vlindeba 

294

jer kidev bavSvur narcisizmSi da qvecnobierad iwvevs Tavisi Tavis saocnebo ferebSi 

warmosaxvas. d. guramiSvilis meore poetur `meSi~ gacilebiT meti cnobieria. 

rac mTavaria, igi refleqsirebulia msoflmxedvelobiTi mTeli kompleqsiT, piraduliTac 

da sazogadoebriviTac. amitom arsebiTad masTan mimarTeba iwyeba da mTavrdeba 

cnobieri formiT da ara mxolod qvecnobieriT, Tanac ramdenadme sazogadoebrivi 

cnobierebiTac (Tumca aqve aracnobieris mniSvnelobac didia, rac calke Seswavlas 

iTxovs). cnobieri impulsi Semdeg moixmobs da gzas uxsnis sulis siRrmiseul 

movlenebs. ìcan Tavi Seni~ xorcieldeba `qristianuli sokratizmis~ (e. 

Jilsoni) formiT (И. С. Кон. Открытие `Я~ , М., с. 168-183). Tanac, swored moucilebeli survili 

avtorisa, rom miuaxlovdes im meore `mes~, misgan gansxvavebulobis Segnebasac 

gvidasturebs. Tu raoden gansxvavdeba d. guramiSvili Tavisi poeturi oreulisagan, 

es Cans `pirveli Sesxmis~ Semdeg vedrebaTa ciklSi CarTuli amgvari leqsidan: 

mowyalebis karo, Sens zRurbls movekaro, 

usaxl-karo varo, viTxov, Semifaro! 

viT mowyale xaro, codvilT meoxaro, 

rac me mogiTxaro, Sen miT ganmaxaro, 

maxumr-mamasxaro, macin-maxarxaro, 

daviTis mterT xaro ZiriT amosTxaro. (116). 

sinanulis winare sagalobelTa fonze am leqsSi gamoxatuli sixaruli, bunebrivia, 

meti simkveTriT aRiqmeba. am leqsSi CarTuli vedrebisda miuxedavad, es araa 

sevda sixarulze. esaa mZlavri monatreba sixarulisa, Tanac individualur-pirovnuli 

sixarulisa da amdenad gansxvavebulia `gixarodenis~ cnobili motivisagan (Sdr. 

`RvTis-mSoblis micvalebis dRis Sesxma~: `gixarodesT angelozT dasno~). aq sixaruli 

micvalebismier sinanuls mosdevs, sinanuls, romelic ZirSive Seicavs sixarulis 

impulss, radganac daitireba maradiuli netarebisaken mimavali. `daviTianSi~ 

ufro xSiria Cveulebrivi adamianuri sicili, aRmocenebuli yofiT iumorze. iumori 

xan Cans mwuxarebis Jamsac – ki. zemomoyvanil leqsSi didi bednierebismieri sicilis 

natvraa. es ki xSiri araa arc d. guramiSvilTan da arc sxva am tipis poetTa leqsebSi. 

`meore daviTis SesxmaSiac~ erTmaneTs enacvlebian lirikuli subieqtebi da ai, 

ra azriT: daviT mefsalmunis vedrebas aRavlens d. guramiSvili (Sdr. d. guramiSvilis 

sityvebi: `RmerTo, mismine daviTis sagalobeli~. es motivi – `RmerTo, mismine 

daviTisa (winaswarmetyvelisa)~ – xSiria `daviTianSi~ da gvarwmunebs, rom daviT winaswarmetyvels 

unda gulisxmobdes TviT `swavla moswavleTas~ sityvebi: ìsmine, 

swavlis mZebnelo, mohyev daviTis mcnebasa~). 

fsalmunTa sityvebi rom sakuTar saTqmelad unda miCneuliyo, es uZvelesi literaturuli 

tradiciiT iyo Sepirobebuli. jer kidev X saukunisaTvis qarTulad Targmnili 

yofila aTanase aleqsandrielis (326 – 373 ww.) Teoriul-literaturuli mosazrebis 

Semcveli erTi statia. aq weria: `raJams vinme fsalmunebn, ara Tu viTarca 

vin sxuaÁ ganrebul arian an itanjebian, gina Tu hmadlobn da evedrebian da akurTxevn, 

aramed TvisiT gonebiT ugalobn da adidebn RmerTsa da Tvisi igi sityuai amsaxuris. 

esreT ASevracxoT, viTarca Cuen varT, romelni RmerTsa vhzraxavT~ (fsalmunis 

Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi X-XII saukuneTa xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca mzeqala 

SaniZem, I, teqsti, Tb., 1960, gv. 447). lirikis TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb aq gamoTqmulia 

friad mniSvnelovani Sexeduleba: lirikuli nawarmoebis kiTxvisas ubralod 

sxvas ki ar vTanaugrZnobT, aramed am nawarmoebis sityvebiT Cvens sakuTar gancdebs 

gamovxatavT. sxvagvarad: Cven CavenacvlebiT nawarmoebis avtors, viTarca poetur subieqts 

(r. siraZe, Zveli qarTuli Teoriul–literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi, gv. 

128). icnobda Tu ara uSualod am statias d. guramiSvili, Zneli saTqmelia (SeiZleboda 

gagvexsenebina, rom es statia e. w. `mcxeTis daviTnSi~ Sedis). magram fsalmuni 

rom mas swored amgvarad esmoda, es faqtia. udavoa isic, rom amgvari Tvalsazrisi 

aZlevda mas Tavisuflebas sakuTar saTqmelad moewodebina daviT winaswarmetyvelis 

naTqvami. oRond TviT daviT winaswarmetyvelis saTqmels xSirad TviT d. guramiSvi- 

295

li gansazRvravda da Semdeg miawerda mas fsalmunTa avtors. mesame Sesxma daviT winaswarmetyvelisa 

imdenadaa daSorebuli fsalmunTa avtors, rom SeiZleba eWvic ki 

gaCndes – es uSualod d. guramiSvilis naTqvamad xom araa mowodebuli. magram amas 

uaryofs TviT am leqsis dasawyisis konkretuli monacemebi. 

dasasrul: `meoTxe daviTis Sesxma da daviTnis qebis igavi~. d. guramiSvili wers: 

`daviTis Sesxma Sevkone, Zmas vardi vuZRven, das ia~; àw aqeT igi naTeli, vinc (!) na- 

Tlad daviTs uqia~; `daviTis baRis xili sjobs sxvaTa walkotis xilebsa~. asea warmodgenili 

daviTis (orive daviTis) `walkoti~ anu sulieri samoTxe, paradeiZo, igive, 

limonari (an arabuli `busTani~). amitom marTebulia, roca am sanatrel `baRs~ 

daviT guramiSvilis saocnebodac Seracxaven: `mis mier Seqmnili poeturi baRi, samoTxe, 

simboloebis qveyanaa da poetis mzera mimarTulia ucnauri da gamouTqmeli sikeTisaken, 

romliskenac swrafva adamianis umaRlesi da unetaresi bednierebaa~ (s. caiSvili). 

d. guramiSvili esesxeba im daviTis walkots da qmnis sakuTars, oRond aRniSnavs, 

rom `baRi daviTis baRisebr arodes aRSendebian; arc misebr xe-Ra dairgvis, 

arc ar zed moebmian~. 

daviT Sevmose xiliTa, romelic mosa xe daviT; 

mas xes moxeda ufalman keTilis mosaxedaviT. 

nu medavebiT, marideT guls laxvrad mosaxedaviT, 

is daviT kargiT mosa xiT, me daviT mosaxed aviT. (265). 

aqac da sxvaganac `daviTianSi~ xSirad ismis avtoris krZalva, rom ar Seedavon im 

daviTis mibaZvisaTvis. poeti xSirad aRniSnavs, rom mis mibaZvas cdilobs, magram es 

msgavseba usaxoao. es ukve tipiuri qristianuli krZalulebaa. magram aqac Cans sevda 

silaReze. meoTxe Sesxma ase mTavrdeba: 

amad am wignsa saxelad vuwode `daviTiani~. 

daviT Sevawyev, Sevkone, viT vardni da viT iani, 

gulsa movswyvite muwuki, meba zed avi Tiani, 

zed gulzed vibi igi xe kaciani da RvTiani. (266).O 

es strofi agvirgvinebs im azrs, rom daviTis kvalobaze svliT d. guramiSvili 

ewia sulier ganwmendas da amiT sulieri siRrme SesZina `daviTianis~ mxatvrul 

saxeebs. mTeli es strofi `daviTianis~ erT-erTi dasasrulia, an ukeT, dasasrulis 

dasawyisia. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom mravalplaniania `daviTianis~ dasasruli 

(iseve rogorc misi dasawyisi). aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, mravali dasasrulia, sxvadasxva 

motivi sxvadasxva adgilas sruldeba, sxvadasxva nakadi TandaTan dawdeba. zemomoyvanili 

strofiT sruldeba erT-erTi umTavresi nakadi: daviT-fsalmunTa avtorTan 

uSualo Sexmianeba. sruldeba misi Sesxmis motivi. amis Semdeg d. guramiSvili, Tu 

SeiZleba iTqvas, marto rCeba Tavisi sulis winaSe. daviT guramiSvili miacilebs 

Tavis Tavs samaris karamde im daviTTan erTad, Semdeg ki rCeba, TiTqosda, im ganwyobilebiT, 

rom `Cven yvelani martoni vkvdebiT~. amitomac zemore Sesxmas mosdevs Semdegi 

leqsebi: ànderZi daviT guramisSvilisa~, `mRrdelT vedreba daviT guramisSvilisa~, 

`saflavis qvazed dasaweri~, `sulis ambavi~ da àm wignis gamleqsavis sulis 

moxsenieba~. aqac Cans TanagrZnoba, magram ara – zemoaRniSnuli sulieri Serwyma. 

yvela es leqsi Seexeba mxolod uSualod mas, uSualod mis pirad `mes~, Tumca amjerad 

im meore poeturi `mes~ wyalobiT gamdidrebulsa da gaSinaarsebuls. amiT ki ikveTeba 

`daviTianis~ sul bolo nakadi, riTac is saerTod sruldeba. amitom yovelmxriv 

gamarTlebulia, rom 1955 wlis gamocemaSi (redaqtori al. baramiZe) `daviTianis~ 

dasawyisSia gadatanili xelnawerSi bolos moTavsebuli leqsi àm wignis gamleqsavis 

gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadeba~ da dasasrulad CaTvla Cvens mier zemomoyvanili 

strofi. `daviTiani~ mravali nawarmoebisagan Sedgeba, magram amave dros 

igi garkveuli struqturuli mTlianobaa da ara sxvadasxva nawarmoebTa ubralo 

krebuli. misi struqturuli mTlianobis gansazRvruli motivi naTelyofs, rom igi 

unda iwyebodes àm wignis gamleqsavis gvarisa da saxelis gamocxadebiT~ da sruldebodes 

àm wignis gamleqsavis sulis moxseniebiT~. esaa motivi TviTSemecnebisa da 

296

TviTdamkvidrebisa. manamde ki sruldeba sxva motivi, romelic agreTve mTel wigns 

gasdevs – miaxleba meore poetur `mesTan~. Semdeg, sul bolo striqonebSiac ki, 

kvlav gamoCndeba pirvel-daviTi, magram aq ukve faqtiurad rogorc sulieri raoba, 

Serwymuli daviT guramiSvilis poetur `mesTan~. ase, rom `mes~ erTmaneTTan SerwymiT, 

sruldeba `daviTiani~. sruldeba igi TviT guramiSviliT, romeli bolos poetur 

sulad moixsenieba. 

3. rogorc vTqviT, `daviTians~ struqturulad kravs sulieri TviTSemecnebis nakadi 

(`daviTiani~ sulier wiaRsvlaTa gadmocemaa ara mxolod sagaloblebSi, aramed 

TviT TxrobiT-istoriul nawilSi). erT-erT sagalobelSi (mesame wignis dasawyisi) 

naTqvamia: 

roca davkacdi, Wkvas maSin Savscdi, 

lamaz qals Savxvdi, mijnurad gavxdi. 

amaze wavxdi, mcnebas gardavxdi, 

rogorc vigeme, egreT vigveme. (163). 

rac aqaa aRniSnuli, amiTac ki zogadad saerTo SeiZleboda daenaxa Tavis cxovrebasa 

da daviT winaswarmetyvels Soris, metadre, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qali 

aq cxovrebis macdunebel mizidvelobaTa zogadi saxec SeiZleboda yofiliyo (konkretuladac 

es orive daviTis bedze aisaxa). `daviTianis~ damasrulebel leqsebs, 

kerZod, `meoTxe daviTis Sesxmas~, win uZRvis àdamis saCivari~ (igi, Tavis mxriv, 

`qacvia mwyemss~ mosdevs, rac agreTve ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi). es leqsi ase iwyeba: 

àdams hkiTxes: ratom stiri, rom swux, ra gaqvs sawuxari? rad ar gicinian piri, xar 

mwunvare, ganuxari? man Tqva...~ da amas mohyveba adamis sinanuli, rom misi braliT 

qveyanas Wiri adgas. amis Semdeg RvTisadmi vedrebaa, romelic gadadis daviT guramiSvilis 

godebaSi da ase mTavrdeba: 

daviT galad danerguli, 

var uSrto da me ufeso, 

aw momZebnes dakarguli, 

(v) vedreb qristes meufeso! (263). 

amrigad, leqsis dasawyisSi mavedrebeli subieqtia bibliuri adami, Semdeg ki mas 

enacvleba daviT guramiSvili, gamodis, rom imas, rac adamis codva-bralia, Tavis 

Tavze iRebs d. guramiSvili. adami da d. guramiSvili, viTarca lirikuli subieqti, 

am SemTxvevaSi gaigivebulni arian. es daviT guramiSvilis saxismetyvelebisaTvis 

saerTod damaxasiaTebelia. magram sakuTriv adamTan Canacvlebis cnobili safuZveli 

moepoveba: esaa pirvelcodvis motivi. yoveli adamiani naziarebiao im pirvel-codvas- 

Tan, romelic pirvel-adamianad modis, es anaTesavebs adamTan guramiSvilsac. magram 

am gzaze dgas daviT-fsalmunTa avtoric, aseve pirvel-codvis TavisTavze mtvirTveli. 

yoveli piraduli codva fermkrTaldeba pirvel-codvasTan SedarebiT (sxvagvarad: 

yoveli piraduli codva adamis modgmis codvilianobis gamovlinebaa). amazea 

agebuli 50-e fsalmuni. ase erTiandeba sami subieqti: adami – daviT winaswarmetyveli 

– d. guramiSvili. d. guramiSvilisaTvis, albaT, cnobili iqneboda, rom amasve exmianeba 

daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~. zogjer fiqrobdnen, rom daviT 

aRmaSeneblis vedreba mis konkretul codvas gulisxmobso. laura grigolaSvilma 

sabolood naTelyo, rom sinamdvileSi `galobani sinanulisani~ gulisxmobs adamianis 

Tandayolili, adamidan momdinare codvis Sendobas. es ki zogadi motivia (amasve 

exmianeba TviT n. baraTaSvilis `Cemi locva~). Tu raoden mZlavrobs `daviTianSi~ 

lirikuli subieqtis Canacvlebis tendencia, amas gviCvenebs erTi leqsic, romelsac 

kidurwerilobis msgavsad gamoyenebuli aqvs sauflo locvis sityvebi (mT. 6,9 _ 13). 

d. guramiSvili mihyveba sauflo locvas, magram mTlianad ar Tanxvdeba mas. mTavari 

isaa, rom d. guramiSvili, viTarca lirikuli subieqti, aq enacvleba TviT Ze-RvTaebas, 

sakmaod Tavisuflad epyroba esoden cnobil dogmatikur teqsts. aq sxvagvari 

orplanianobacaa: es leqsi gamouTqvams òdes daviT tyveobasa Sina moSivda da 

RmerTs puri sTxova~, magram am konkretul saTxovarTan erTad igi gulisxmobs `su- 

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lier pursac~ da saerTod, d. guramiSvilis mravalwliani, ubedurebiT aRsavse odiseas 

konkretul ambebTan erTad ar SeiZleba ar axldes sulieri qveteqsti, sulieri 

plani. amaze uSualo miTiTebani TviT `daviTianSi~ gvxvdeba. amitom misi mogzauroba 

mxolod fizikurad ki araa gasaazrebeli, masSi igulisxmeba d. guramiSvilis sulieri 

wiaRsvlanic. imis calkeuli magaliTebi ukve aRniSnulia samecniero literaturaSi. 

mTeli `daviTiani~, gansakuTrebiT misi sagaloblis tipis leqsebi, savsea msgavsebiT 

Zlispir-dasdebelis sistemasTan. rogorc cnobilia, es sistema gulisxmobs, 

rom strofebi, romlebsac dasdebelni ewodebaT, unda gaimarTos maTTvis sanimuSod 

aRebuli strofebis, anu Zlispirebis mixedviT. `daviTianSi~ amgvari ram araerTgzis 

cxadad Cans. magaliTad, SegviZlia aviRoT `meore daviTis Sesxma~. mis qvesaTaurSi 

aRniSnulia, rom igi dawerilia `rusuli simReris xmazeo~ da miTiTebulia es simRera. 

maSasadame, rusuli simRera aq Zlispiris rolSi gamodis, d. guramiSvilis `Sesxma~ 

ki – dasdebelisa. 

magram msgavseba aq gacilebiT zogadi da formaluria, vidre es himnografiis analogiur 

SemTxvevebSi gvaqvs. asevea sxva mraval leqsSiac. bevri misi sagalobeli, 

rogorc amas TviT d. guramiSvilic miuTiTebs, qarTul xalxur simRerebs mihyveba, 

magram mihyveba formis mxriv, Sinaarsobrivad ki isini himnografiuli xasiaTisaa. amisi 

cxadlivi magaliTia `sityva ese RvTisa~, romelic dawerili yofila èo, meo, qalTa 

mzeos~ sanacvlod saTqmelad~. Tu dasdebelni ZlispirT mihyveba formiTac da 

SinaarsiTac d. guramiSvilis sagalobeli `gaorebulia~: xalxuria formiT, xolo 

SinaarsiT – himnografiuli (s. caiSvili). zogadad es tendencia SeiZleba daviaxlovoT 

imave meore `mes~ sakiTxs: d. guramiSvilis sagaloblebSi Tavs iCens gamosaxvis 

òrplanianoba~. 

4. amgvarad, d. guramiSvilis mimarTeba Tavis meore poetur `mesTan` martivad aseTi 

sqemiTac SeiZleba warmovidginoT: esaa miswrafeba sulieri samyaros srulyofisaken, 

romelic xorcieldeba daviT winaswarmetyvelis sulieri SemweobiT. d. 

guramiSvilisaTvis esaa poeturi Teozisi, ganRmrToba poeziis meSveobiT (niSandoblivia, 

rom misi vedrebani SemweobisaTvis ar miemarTeba wmindanebs, rogorc Cveulebriv 

gavrcelebul qristianul mementoebSi gvxvdeba; miemarTeba imaT, visTanac 

poeturi subieqtis Canacvleba xdeba). amgvari `Teozisi~ xorcieldeba Tavisi Tavis 

damkvidrebis niSniT, Tavis TavSi RvTaebrivis SegrZnebiT da ara piruku – Tavisi sulis 

RvTaebaSi SeRweviT, masSi SemsWvalviT, masSi absoluturi gaTqvefiT. mizani 

orive SemTxvevaSi erTia, magram misi miRwevis gzebia sxvadasxva. swored gzaTa amgvar 

sxvadasxvaobas aqvs mniSvneloba. pirveli gansaxovnebis gzaa: esaa RvTaebasTan 

miaxlebis gaSualebuli gza, meore gza ki mistikuria: esaa sulis uSualo pirispirdgoma 

RvTaebis winaSe, gamomricxveli yovelgvari saxeobrivobisa. bunebrivia, rom d. 

guramiSvilisaTvis, viTarca poetisaTvis, axlobelia pirveli. 

`daviTians~ Tavidan bolomde gasdevs sulier wiaRsvlaTa gzebi. da bolos, imqveyniurobis 

winaSe pirispirmdgomi d. guramiSvilic mkveTrad avlens individualur 

TviTSegrZnebas, rogorc adre, am cxovrebaSi CarTuli, misi ganmcdeli, romelsac 

qarTlis Wiri sakuTar pirovnul tkivilad SeugrZvnia (`me ki vfarav, magram Cemi 

satkivari ara faravs, metad mwared guli mtkiva, maJrJolebs da tanSi mzaravs...~). imqveyniurobaze 

yovelive safiqrali romc aRsruldes, mainc dardad rCeba, rom `momxsenebeli 

ar mrCebis, maSfoTebs, es maRonebsao~ (16). am grZnobas ver aSorebs qristianuli 

siyvarulis gancdac, romlis arsi aseTia: 

`Подлинная сущность любви состоит в том, чтобы отказаться от сознания самого себя, забыть себя в 

другом `я~ и, однако, в этом исчезновении и забвении впервые обрести самого себя и обладать собою~ 

(Гегель). 

`Cven~ d. guramiSvilisaTvis, ase vTqvaT, `meTa~ simravlea da ara maTze zemdgomi, 

misgan ganyenebuli. zogadi `Cven~ warmodgenilia mis yvelaze metad ganmasaxovnebel 

subieqtSi, rogorc dadebiTis mxriv (`me~ Ze-RvTaebisa, `me~ daviT winaswarmetyvelisa), 

iseve uaryofiTisa (`me~ adamisa). isini yvela proeqcirebulia daviT guramiSvi- 

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lis pirovnebaze. sxvagvarad `Cven~ niSnavs `me~ da `me~ Ze-RvTaebisa~, `me~ da adami da 

a. S. e. i. `Cvenc~ erTi mravlismomcveli subieqtia, romelic simbolirebulia calkeul 

subieqtebSi saxe-simboloebis, Tu `me~ – simboloebis wyalobiT. aseTia d. guramiSvilis 

saxismetyveleba kidev erTi arsebiTi niSani. 

maSasadame, mTeli `Cven~ masSia, masSi Semodis misi yoveli iersaxe. amitom, miuxedavad 

mZlavri qristologiuri nakadisa, igi ar iTqvifeba iracionalur `CvenSi~. ufro 

zustad, d. guramiSvili imgvar sulier gzas mihyveba, romelmac gansakuTrebiT 

ganaviTara pirad-individualuri TviTSegrZneba, rac, àRsarebiTi~ Janris cnobil avtorebTan 

gamovlenila (avgustine, abeliari, paskali, ruso, lev tolstoi). aRsarebaa 

swored `daviTianis~ wamyvani sulieri ganwyobileba: CemSiao yovelive, kargic da 

avic, RvTaebrivic da qvedamzidveli biwierebac. da Tu CemSi Sevicnob ara mxolod 

RvTaebrivs, aramed biwiersac, amiT Zlierdeba RvTaebrivi. magram Tu ver vTrgunav 

biwiers, unda gulwrfelad vTqva, rom ver vTrgunav biwiers, _ amgvari aRsareba 

msWvalavs `daviTians~, misi aRsareba poeturi aRsarebaa. aqac kvlav `ganwmenda~ xdeba 

poeturi gziT, poeziis wyalobiT. idealizebulia poeturi subieqti. SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom TviT RvTaebac ki poeturi subieqtia. RvTaebis warmodgenis umaRlesi forma 

TviTSemecnebis absolutizebaa, ase vTqvaT, azrovneba TviT azrovnebaze. RvTaeba ukidures 

abstraqciaSi warmodgenili absolutia, magram mainc pirovnebaa. RvTaeba 

TviTSemecnebaa. RvTaebaa is, rac qmnis subieqts subieqtad, anu TviTSemecnebas. `Бог 

сам есть сознание, различие себя в себе~ (Гегель. Философия религии, т. 2, М., 1977, с. 201). 

amgvari msoflmxedveloba gamoricxavda pirvelsawyisis warmodgenas materialur 

raobad, ricxvad, an sxva ram Zalad, Tundac sulad, romelic ar iqneboda subieqti. 

amitom poeturi subieqtis idealizebac sruliad gasagebia, sruliad bunebrivia 

TviT RvTaebisaTvis sulieri poeturi niSnebis mikuTvneba (Tanac amas, Tumca erTgvarad 

gansxvavebuli formiT, uZvelesi tradiciebi gaaCnia. ix. Sesabamisi magaliTebi 

wignSi – r. siraZe, Zveli qarTuli Teoriul-literaturuli azrovnebis sakiTxebi, 

Tavi `xelovneba~: `soflisa Semoqmedi xelovani~ (xelnaweri A – 95,269); `xelovnisa 

naqmari ars Suenieri ese queyanai~ (A – 1101, 159); `sulsa wesi upyries xelovnisa~ (nemesios 

emeseli, bunebisaTvis kacisa, gv. 71. sxvagan kidev (`Targmanebai eklesiastisai~, 

gv. 148): àrarsisagan arsad moyvaneba~ xelovanTmoqmedebadaa Seracxuli. 

zemoT ukve vnaxeT ($2), rom Ze-RvTaeba (pirveli ufali d. guramiSvilisa, meorea agreTve 

poeti-mefe vaxtang VI) poetis atributebiT iqna warmodgenili (`mefsalmune da 

metyveli, bobRnTa mcemeli~). maSasadame, am niSiT RvTaebasTan erTiandebian TviT d. 

guramiSvili, daviT winaswarmetyveli da vaxtang meeqvse. rac mTavaria: daviT guramiSvilis 

meore poeturi `me~, romelic personificirebulia uZvelesi bibliuri lirikosis, 

daviT winaswarmetyvelis, saxeSi, faqtiurad TviT d. guramiSvilis Sinagani 

poeturi Zalisxmevaa. d. guramiSvili moixmobs da ganasaxovnebs im Zalas, rac TviT 

masSivea. Tavis TavSi axali Zalebis gamovlena pirvel-daviTis saxiT mJRavndeba. is 

daviT guramiSvilisaTvis sakuTari poeturi `bedis samZRvris~, Tu dasazRvrulobis, 

gadalaxvis poeturi formaa. meore poeturi `me~ sakuTar poetur SesaZleblobaTa 

gafarToebisaken swrafvis gamoxatulebaa. esaa ukmarisobis SegrZnebis gamovlena, raic 

TviTsrulyofisTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. d. guramiSvils surs Tavis naTqvams 

uyuros pirvel-daviTis TvalTaxedviT, surs Tavis Tavs xedavdes masTan mimar- 

TebaSi. d. guramiSvili Tavis poetur Zlierebas amkvidrebs imiT, rom Tavis TavSi naxulobs 

daviT winaswarmetyvelis xmas. meore poeturi `mes~ moxmobiT sakuTar poetur 

SesaZleblobebs afarToebs. SevniSnavT, rom `mes~ meore `med~ CaTvla pirobiTia. 

poetisaTvis isaa, ase vTqvaT, `sanatreli~ `me~ da, amdenad, upirvelesic yvela sasurvel 

`meTa~ Soris. radganac is, faqtiurad, Sinagani sulieri Zalis `gasxvisebaa~, SeiZleba 

iTqvas, misi pirveli `mea~, umaRlesi iersaxea sakuTari `mes~ TviTwarmosaxvisa. 

sxvagvarad: ZiriTadi makontrolebeli nebelobis Semcveli `mesTvis~ is SeiZleba 

iyos meore `me~, Torem igive `me~ zemoxsenebuli azriT, pirvelia. ase, rom sxvadasxva 

kuTxiT, sxvadasxvagvari midgomiT, am `mes~ raoba icvleba da iqmneba saSuale- 

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a pirovnebaSi gaCndes mravali `me~. msgavsi TviTgardasaxvani poeziaSi metad xSiria: 

Я семья, 

во мне как в спектре живут семь `я~, 

невыносимых как семь зверей, 

а самый синий 

светит в свирель! 

а весной 

мне сниться 

что я - восьмой. 

Андрей Вознесенский. 

aseve `pirvelia~ warmosaxuli `me~ leqsSi, romelSic avtori TavisTavs ase mimar- 

Tavs: `Sen CemSi ustven, viT saydris Citi~ (niko samadaSvili). 

5. Semoqmedebis TviTgardasaxva Tavs iCens xelovnebis sxva dargebSiac, kerZod, 

ferweraSi. rafaelma àTenis skolaSi~ sakuTari avtoportreti Caaxata: aTenis antikuri 

platonuri akademiis kibeebze platoni da aristotele Camodian da maT mohyvebian 

mowafeebi. ferwerisaTvis egrerigad aucilebeli drouli erTianoba darRveulia 

da mowafeTa saxeebSi vxedavT sul sxvadasxva saukuneTa moRvaweebs, romelTa 

Soris marjvniT TviT rafaelis saxea. es gamosaxuleba rafaelis, XVI saukunis mxatvris, 

avtoportretia, magram ferwerul kompoziciaSi mas aqvs sxvagvari datvirTvac: 

avtors surda Tavisi Tavi eCvenebina platonis akademiis sulier atmosferoSi, surda 

warmoedgina sakuTari saxe platonis mowafeTa Soris, maTTan mimarTebaSi. amgvar 

TviTgardasaxvas biZgs aZlevda renesansis epoqis sulieri tendenciebi. am dros italiaSi 

Seiqmna platonuri akademia marselio fiCinos xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis mizandasaxulebasac 

Seadgenda antikuri sibrZnis aTviseba. am safuZvelze rafaeli 

miznad isaxavs antikur samyarosTan sulier miaxloebas mxatvrul-esTetikuri TviTgardasaxvis 

gziT, romelTanac mas msoflmxedvelobiTi principebi aaxloebda. ase 

Seiqmna avtoris meore warmosaxviTi `me~, misi, rogorc Semoqmedis, alter-ego. am gziT 

xelovani eswrafvis ara mxolod, ase vTqvaT, racionalurad aiTvisos antikuri 

kultura, aramed gaxdes misi sulieri Tanaziari, misi uSualod monawile. mas surs 

warmoidginos antikuri kultura, ara mxolod rogorc Tavisi drois kacma, aramed 

TviT antikuri epoqis moazrovnis momzirali TvaliT. amitom imnairad warmoisaxavs 

Tavis Tavs, rom antikuri epoqis moRvaweTa gverdiT bunebrivad Candes. cxadia, es 

warmosaxvac misive Sinagani sulieri Tvalsawieris gafarToebis maniSnebelia, misi 

meore SemoqmedebiTi `me~, viTarca mxatvruli saxe warmodgenilia rogorc personaJi 

Tavisive nawarmoebisa. 

analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs `daviTianSic~. d. guramiSvilmac Tavisi Tavi sakuTari 

nawarmoebis personaJad gamoiyvana. daviT guramiSvili, rogorc `daviTianis~ personaJi, 

tipiuri gamoxatulebaa im cxovrebisa, rac qarTvel kacs gadaxdeboda xolme 

Tavs misi moRvaweobis xanaSi. magram d. guramiSvils, viTarca personaJs, sxva mniSvnelobac 

eniWeba: qarTlis Wiri gardatexilia mis bedze da Tan mTeli is epoqa 

mowodebulia misi pirovnuli gancdebis prizmaSi. amgvari gancda ar iyo mxolod misi 

wminda poeturi poziciiT gamowveuli, _ aqamde igi mihyavda cxovrebas. am TvalsazrisiT, 

igi rogorc poeti, cxovrobda gansakuTrebuli cxovrebiT, mowyvetili Tavis 

qveyanas, megobarsa da naTesavs, darCenili Tavisi Tavis da sakuTari poeziis 

pirispir; sadac ar SeiZleba sxva ram imedi hqonoda, Tu ara Tavis Tavze, Tavis sulsa 

da poeziaze fiqri. misi religiuri optimizmic aucileblobiT gamowveuli ganwyobileba 

iyo. igi rom saqarTveloSi erekle meoris xanas moswreboda, gamoricxuli 

rodi iyo, rom xorciTa da suliT srulyofili poeti besikisebr warmatebebs miscemoda 

Tbilisis poetur mejlisebSi da aqaur poetebs gasjibreboda Tavisi poeturi 

sexniis nacvlad. zemoaRniSnul orplanianobas Taviseburad exmianeba `qacvia 

mwyemsic~, am TvalsazrisiT, TiTqosda, yvelaze naklebsagulisxmo nawarmoebi. igi 

bukolikuri da didaqtikuri xasiaTis satrfialo poemaa. aq moTxrobilia ori sxva- 

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dasxva Taobis wyvilTa satrfialo Tavgadasavali: erTia mTavari – qacvia mwyemsisa 

da misi satrfosi, meore – misi ded-mamisa. maTi TavSeukavebeli trfialeba erTmaneTs 

emsgavseba. bolos mama gamodis Svilis damrigeblad da Svils siyvarulisa da 

colqmrobis wessa da rigs uxsnis. mamis darigeba `sulTmargebeli~ sibrZnea, rame 

satrfo `sulia~ trfialTaTvis. sulTmarigebeli moxucis saxeSi ki amosacnobia TviT 

d. guramiSvili. Tumca mama bevriT gansxvavdeba d. guramiSvilisagan, magram emsgavseba 

poets arsebiTi momentiT: sulieri sibrZnis swavlebiT. d. guramiSvilis swavlani 

mamis mier gamoiTqmis. amasTanave msgavseba zogjer igiveobamde midis konkretulbiografiuli 

momentiT. magaliTad, am poemaSi naTqvamia: 

mamam miugo: Cemsa yrmobaSi 

sul gars mtrad gvadga Turq-yizilbaSi; 

miT iklo swavlama, CvenSi lekT davlama 

wignni warstyvenna! 

SemTxveviTi araa, rom am sityvebs pirdapir iyeneben xolme d. guramiSvilis biografiisaTvis. 

amas xels ar uSlis is, Tu am poemis samoqmedo garemoSi zogierT ukrainul 

realiasac davinaxavT. d. guramiSviliseuli warmosaxvis mravalplanianobisaTvis 

es sruliad Sesaguebelia. ase rom, d. guramiSvili Tavadaa personaJi Tavisive 

gamonagonze damyarebuli epikuri nawarmoebisa, Tumca is aqac ar kargavs Tavis 

pirovnul niSnebs. Tavisi zogadi mniSvnelobiT es personaJi maRali moraluri sibrZnis 

gansaxierebaa. metad damaxasiaTebelia isic, rom Svili mamaSi xedavs poets, 

leqsTa mTqmels (strofebi 481-486). amiT mama da d. guramiSvili kidev ufro uaxlovdebian 

erTmaneTs. iSleba zRvari personaJisa da poetis sityvaTa Soris. aq kidev er- 

Ti axali iersaxiT warmogvidgeba d. guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~. 

niSandoblivia `qacvia mwyemsis~ dasasrulic. faqtiurad aq dasasruli arcaa gamoyofili. 

arcki Cans, sad mTavrdeba mamis darigeba da sad iwyeba d. guramiSvilis 

uSualod pirveli piriT naTqvami: esec gasagebi xdeba mxolod zemoaRniSnulis safuZvelze. 

6. aqve unda SevexoT d. guramiSvilis saxismetyvelebis erT cnobil Taviseburebasac, 

romelic zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. esaa simbolur-alegoriuli 

gamoxatvis erTi Taviseburi forma, romelic `daviTianSi~ iCens Tavs. 

magram upirvelesad ramdenime zogadi SeniSvna TviT simbolikisa da alegoriulobis 

Sesaxeb `daviTianSi~. ilia WavWavaZe werda, rom d. guramiSvilma uaryo alegoriulobao, 

magram es exeba sparsul-aRmosavlur alegorizms da ara qristianuls. 

qristianuli àlegorizmi~ rom friad mZlavrobs `daviTianSi~, es naTelyofilia 

mkvlevarTagan (k. kekeliZe, al. baramiZe, s. caiSvili, r. naTaZe). 

amisTvis me ar SevsZeZve, rac davrge igavT xe velad, 

ufro advilad aRvlian zed yrmani dasarxevelad. 

es sityvebi `daviTianSi~ àlegoriis~ arsebobas ki ar uaryofs, piriqiT, adasturebs: 

`davrgeo igavT xe~. ìgavi~ aq àlegorias~ (ufro zustad simbolos) niSnavs. aq 

mxolod isaa naTqvami, rom àlegoriebi ar gavarTuleo: àr SevsZeZveo igavT xe~. e. 

i. simboloebi, qvemoT rom SevexebiT, da Cvens warmodgenas SeiZleba eucnauros kidevac, 

maSin martivad iTvleboda. Tumca yoveli igavi mainc `Targmanebas~ iTxovs: 

ahxadeo badeo, TvalTa miec, andeo, 

scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne, Tu giyvardeo! 

qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TavTuxi Cavdeo, 

qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls ki sWamdeo. (79). 

rogorc cnobilia, leqsSi `zubovka~ Tavdapirvelad Cans saxe qalisa, romelic 

daxatulia sakmaod realisturad (`zubovkidam momavalman vnaxe erTi qali, metad 

turfa, Svenieri, masze damrCa Tvali. Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa asxda Savi xali~ 

da a. S.). qalis am realistur da friad konkretuli niSnebis mqone saxeSi (`Sav 

Tval-warba~, `Savi xaliT~) simbolurad igulisxmeba qriste (`Cemis siyvarulisaTvis 

scemes xelSekrulsa, saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa sisxliT gabasrulsa. aw, Se, Ce- 

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mo sayvarelo, imyofebi sada? qvesknelsa var, vera vxedav, megulvebi cada, meajebi, 

nu gamwirav, wamiyvane manda!~ (145). es meore nawili rom qristes gulisxmobs, Tavis- 

Tavad cxadia. magram aq mocemuli ori saxis simboluri gaerTianebis SesaZlebloba 

naTelyo k. kekeliZem. amasve aRniSnavs g. qiqoZec (I, 56). aq aucilebelia erTi faqtoris 

damatebac. esaa saxeTSorisi mediumi. 

zubovkeli qalis saxidan macxovris warmodgenaze gadasvla ver moxdeboda uSualod. 

maT Soris gasaTvaliswinebelia `mediumi~ (SemakavSirebeli faqtori). aseTi mediumia 

siyvaruli, ufro zustad, `siyvarulis siyvaruli~ (avgustines àRsarebanSicaa~ 

(w. I. T. I)) `siyvarulis siyvaruli~ da rusTavelTanac: _ `mijnursa mijnuroba 

uyvardes~ (str. 11). zubovkeli qali aRZravs siyvaruls da am `siyvarulis siyvaruliT~ 

poeti waremarTeba RvTisaken, radgan – `RmerTi siyvaruli ars~ (I i. 4, 8). 

ase xdeba zubovkelis siyvarulis `sublimacia~ qristes siyvarulSi. 

yovelive es Cven aq movitaneT, raTa kidev erTxel gagvemaxvilebina yuradReba saxeTa 

orplanian arsebobaze TviT amgvari paradoqsuli formiT: qali – qriste. mas 

wanamZRvars uqmnis aseTi paralelizmi: sayvareli – qriste, rac `daviTianSic~ gvxvdeba 

(imave periodis lirikaSi gvxvdeba simbolika: satrfo – samSoblo, romelic 

XIX saukunis poeziaSic imemkvidres al. WavWavaZem, a. wereTelma). saxeSi `qali – qriste~ 

sabolood amosacnobia RvTaeba, Tumca es rodi niSnavs, rom pirveli saxe fiqciaa. 

gamonagonic rom iyos im qalTan Sexvedra, es sruliadac ver uaryofs mxatvrulad 

mis realisturobas. mxatvrulad esaa sruliad plastikur-sagnobrivad aRsaqmeli 

saxe. misi gancdac konkretul-realisturia. saqmec swored isa, rom TviT amgvarma 

realurma gancdam SeiZleba moitanos mistikuri xedva. realuri gancda xdeba 

impulsi iracionaluri xilvisa. mxatvruli saxis amgvar orplanianobasTan dakavSirebiT 

kidev ufro gveTqmis, rom misis erTi iersaxidan meoreze gadasvla sublimaciis 

xasiaTisaa. es sublimacia `yofiTi logikis~ planSi ver aixsneba, radgan is 

arc xdeba amgvari logikis mixedviT. amdenad, mrCobloba: daviT guramiSvili – daviT 

pirvelmgalobeli araa Sinaganad naklebSesaTavsebeli (roca Cven am mimarTebis 

safuZvlebi viciT), vidre: lamazi qali – qriste. erTis arseboba mxars uWers meores, 

kidev ufro bunebrivad xdis mas. kidev ufro naTlad ikveTeba d. guramiSvilis 

saxismetyvelebis kanonzomiereba: `daviTianSi~ òrsaxovania~ ara mxolod aRmqmeli 

`me~, aramed asaxuli sinamdvilec, mxatvruli saxeebic. òrsaxovan~ xatebSi TiToeul 

saxes TavisTavad mniSvneloba aqvs. amgvari orplanianoba efuZneba realurisa 

da idealuris urTierTmimarTebis imdroindel principebs: realoba mniSvnelobs 

mxolod simbolurad. masSi aucileblad unda Caidvas simboluri Sinaarsi. amisi SesaZlebloba 

ki usazRvrod gafarToebulia. orplanian saxeebSi wina plania saero, 

siRrmiseuli plani sulieria. esaa saero da saRmrTo azrovnebis nakadTa Serwyma 

mxatvrul saxeebSi. aqve Cans e. w. òrgvar sibrZneze moZRvrebis~ ganmsazRvreli gavlena 

imdroindel mxatvrul azrovnebaze. d. guramiSvilis poeziaSi, fsalmunTagan 

gansxvavebiT, iSviaTad Cans uSualo mimarTeba RvTaebasTan. Cveulebriv es xdeba orplaniani 

saxeebiT, romelTa wina plani (mzeTa-mze, satrfo da misTanani) TavisTavadi 

mniSvnelobisaa da saero sibrZnes avlens. aseve esmis mas sxvisi saxismetyvelebac. d. 

guramiSvili S. rusTavelze wers: 

odes brZenman ritorman SoTam rgo igavT xeo da, 

fesv Rrma-yo, Srtoni uCina, zed xili moiweoda. 

orgziTve nayofs miscemda, visganac moiweoda. (22). 

ìgavT xe~, rogorc iTqva, nawarmoebis simbolurobas aRniSnavs, romelic araerTsaxovan 

Sinaars Seicavs; òrgvari nayofi~ ki orgvar sibrZnes gulisxmobs. aq aSkaraa 

`vefxistyaosnis~ vaxtangiseuli komentarebis gavlena, Tumca d. guramiSvili ufro 

zomier pozicias irCevs, vaxtangi ki oden saRvTo Sinaarsis amocnobas eswrafvis. 

CvenTvis am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, Tu raoden Seesabameba es mosazreba 

`vefxistyaosnis~ WeSmarit bunebas. mTavaria, ras eZebs masSi d. guramiSvili da rasac 

`vefxistyaosanSi~ xedavs, masve aRniSnavs Tavis Semoqmedebaze (gavixsenoT: `davr- 

302

ge igavT xe velad... aRvlian zed yrmani dasarxevelad~). es dasturdeba Semdegi sityvebiTac: 

aw me saero walkoti mgonia patiosani; 

miyvars da mal-mal msurian misTa yvavilTa ynosani, 

ganvSordi saRmrTo baRnarTa, vsTme mis bulbulTa osani, 

mivhyev sawuTro zRaparTa, Sevimqen arakosani. 

am sityvaxmarebiT àraki~, romelic ìgavs~ ar Seicavs, mxolod `sawuTro zRaparia~ 

da adamians aSorebs `saRmrTo baRnars~. cxadia, es strofi ufro mokrZalebis 

gamomxatvelia. amitom amis mixedviT pirdapiri azriT daxasiaTeba `daviTianisa~ ar 

iqneboda mTlad zusti. 

7. ramdenadac d. guramiSvili daviT-pirvelmgaloblis TvaliT uyurebs Tavis 

mxatvrul saxeebs, es gavlenas axdens missave poetur leqsikaze. Cven am SemTxvevaSi 

mxedvelobaSi ara gvaqvs `daviTianis~ konkretuli tropuli mimarTebani fsalmunTan 

an himnografiasTan (Tumca es TavisTavad mniSvnelovania). mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs misi 

enobrivi stilisTvis erTi friad damaxasiaTebeli ram: d. guramiSvilis poeturi 

metyveleba TiTqmis arasdros ar Sordeba, ase vTqvaT, adamisturi yofis realiebs 

da bunebis pirvelyofil suraTebs. qari, mze da varskvlavebi, baRi da venaxi, vazis 

rqa da yurZeni, ifqli da RvarZli da a. S., _ ZiriTadad eseni qmnian mis mxatvrul 

saxeebs. Tanac amgvari suraTebi pirvelyofili simartiviTa da SeumRvrevelobiTaa 

aRbeWdili. TiTqmis arsad ara Cans elituri yofis atributebi, romlebic mas unda 

exila an Tavis sasaxleSi an vaxtangis samefo karze. amgvar calkeul sasxvaTaSoriso 

sityvaxmarebas Crdilavs sxva nakadi: sikeTe da kacTa Soris Suri, mzis siTbosa 

da sicivis SegrZneba pirdapir cisqveSeTSi, bunebiTi siyvaruli an adamisturi SiSi 

da wyurvili, erotuli ltolva bunebis wiaRSi da Tandayolili codvilianoba. sasxvaTaSoriso 

xsenebis garda, arsadaa sagangebo aRwera imisa, Tu ras ganicdis is 

ojaxSi, an samefo sasaxleSi, anda Tundac eklesiaSi. igi amjobinebs gacilebiT zustad 

aRweros Tavisi gancdebi xaroSi tyveobis Jams, sadac is fiqrobs mxolod zecaze, 

an umweoba lafSi Cavardnilisa, kvlav zecis moimede rom rCeba. upirveles 

yovlisa, amgvari ram Cans mis leqsikaSi. magram es ar niSnavs misi poeturi azrovnebis 

simartives. es pirvelyofili bunebiTi suraTebi d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi 

axleburadaa gaSinaarsebuli. daviT guramiSvili leqsikiTac hbaZavs Tavis meore poetur 

`mes~, oRond am leqsikas sakuTari saTqmeliT tvirTavs. zogadad rom vTqvaT, 

d. guramiSvilis poeturi mrwamsiT, am pirvelad da maradiul saxeebSi sruliad SesaZlebelia 

gamoixatos kacTa Soris arsebuli, mudmiv Tanmdevi uarsebiTesi mimar- 

Tebani. da is, rac kacTaTvis yvelaze arsebiTia, umartivesicaa, viTarca umaRlesi da 

absoluturi WeSmaritebani. poets mzeTa-mzis erTaderToba ufro SeagrZnobinebs samyaros 

mTlianobas, vidre sagangebod gaRrmavebuli gansjani. 

`daviTiani~ sayuradReboa ara mxolod imiT, rasac amkvidrebs, aramed imiTac, Tu 

ras uaryofs. mis stilur Taviseburebebs gansazRvravda avtoris swrafva TviTSemecnebisaken. 

es ki unda warmarTuliyo uZvelesi epoqebidanve dasaxuli gzebiT, yovel 

SemTxvevaSi, maTi mimsgavsebuli formiT. tradiciasTan SexmianebiT xdeboda axali 

siRrmeebis xilva. amgvar TviTSemecnebas ki axlda ara mxolod sasurvelisaken swrafva, 

aramed miuReblis daZleva, bevri ramis uaryofa. maqsimaluri lakonizmi d. guramiSvilis 

stilisa udavod iyo reaqcia, erTi mxriv, sparsofilur `RvarWnilobaze~, 

yovelgvar `sityvaTa Sewmasnilobaze~ da, meore mxriv, antonis skolis mSral racionalizmze 

(Tu uSualod masze reaqcia ar gveTqmis, amgvari stilisturi klasicizmisadmi 

dapirispirebuloba mainc SeiZleba aRvniSnoT). Tanac, ufro saSiSi is iyo, 

rom yovelive es xdeboda sikeTis niSniT, TiTqosda, siaxlis damkvidrebis surviliT. 

mzisken mimavalni tevrSi Sediodnen. da roca gzis dakargvas mixvdnen, TiTqosda, 

ukve aRar iyo xsna. axali gza d. guramiSvilma monaxa: es iyo enis xalxuri da 

uZvelesi literaturuli memkvidreoba Tavisi SeumRvreveli, xalasi formiT. 

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8. principi, rom adamiani ixatebodes pirdapir zecisa da miwis Sua, xolo misi 

cxovreba gveZleodes, viTarca maradisobis nawili, gamoxatulebaa e. w. abstraqtuli 

monumentalizmisa. aseT SemTxvevaSi drouli da sivrcobrivi foni, romelzedac ixateba 

adamiani, ukiduresad gafarToebulia. misi `samoqmedo garemoa~ mTeli samyaro, 

mTlianad cisqveSeTi, samoqmedo dro – esqatologiuri dro (dro samyaros gaCenidan 

mis aRsasrulamde). d. guramiSvilTan abstraqtuli monumentalizmi ganicdis `pirvelad 

SezRudvas~ èrovnuli droiTa~ da adgiliT. dro da sivrce (qronotopi) ganizomeba 

erovnuli TvalTaxedviT. ase gamoikveTeba TviTSemecnebis gza: samyaro – sam- 

Soblo _ pirovneba. am fonze unda gaacnobieros pirovnebam: saidana varT, rani varT 

da saiT miviltviT? amitom SemTxveviTi rodia, rom `daviTians~ iwyebs leqsebi: àm 

wignis gamleqsavis gvarisa d saxelis gamocxadeba~ da `qarTvelT ufalTa megvartomobis 

igavi~. es ukanaskneli SeiZleba iTqvas, `daviTianis~ meore dasawyisia. pirveli 

dasawyisi sul mTlad pirovnulia, meore dasawyisSi masStabebi erovnulobamdea 

gafarToebuli. Semdeg es kidev ufro farTovdeba saerTo adamianurobamde. dasasrulisken 

ki saTqmeli kvlav pirovnebiT ifargleba. `daviTianSi~ naTqvamia: 

ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao, 

vin aris, sidam mosula, sad aris, wava sadao? (34). 

aq sayuradRebodaa dasmuli adamianis arsebobis sazrisis sakiTxi. adamianis 

cxovrebis Tanmxlebi uarsebiTesi kiTxvebi aq dasmulia TviTpirovnebidan gamomdinare. 

pirovnebis ganswavlis mTeli azri is yofila, rom man Seicnos Tavisi Tavi. d. 

guramiSvilis sityviT, ymawvili unda swavlobdes `sacnoblad Tavisadao~. saerTod, 

TviTSemecnebis mizanic xom esaa, rac Cans d. guramiSvilis mTeli Semoqmedebidan. 

es xorcieldeba, rogorc iTqva, `qristianuli sokratizmis~ gziT. 

d. guramiSvili ganicdis bevr rames, rogorc adami da rogorc pirvel-daviTi, magram, 

amave dros, d. guramiSvili uaRresad individualuri msoflgancdis poetia. es 

imdenad gamZafrebuladaa warmodgenili mis SemoqmedebaSi, rom am mxriv Zveli qar- 

Tuli mwerlobidan masTan sxva vinme Znelad Sesadarebelia. esaa mismieri erT-erTi 

mniSvnelovani poeturi siaxle. egeve mniSvnelovani iyo gansaxovnebis tradiciuli 

sqemebis daZlevisaTvis. aqve gaCnda didi winaaRmdegoba: winaaRmdegoba abstraqtul monumentalizmsa 

da individualur gancdaTa Soris. es winaaRmdegoba iyo bunebrivi da 

aucilebeli, ganmsazRvreli qarTuli lirikuli azrovnebis saerTo ganviTarebisa. d. 

guramiSvili individualizebuli gancdisken miiswrafvis, Tumca aRniSnul winaaRmdegobas 

mTlianad ver sZlevs. `daviTianSi~ wamyvania ara mxolod `me~ – adamiani, an `me~ 

– qarTveli, `me~ – codvili an misTanani, aramed `me~ – daviT guramiSvilic. `mes~ Zlieri 

individualuri SegrZnebiT igi ar Sordeba Suasaukuneobriv msoflgancdas. mas- 

Tan naklebad Cans `me~ – d. guramiSvili codvili (es xom tipuri Suasaukuneobrivi 

formulaa, romlis mixedviT individualuri arsebobaa codvilianoba). amas `daviTianSi~ 

sWarbobs `me~ – mowame. d. guramiSvili individualuri arsebobiT ki araa codvili, 

`codvilia~ zogadadamianuri codviT, individualuri arsebobiT tanjulia da 

amitom misi gancda, zogadis gancdac-ki, pirovnul-individualuria. 

`daviTiani~ pirovnebis damkvidrebis wignia. es ufro sarwmuno xdeba, roca mis sagaloblebs 

vadarebT, magaliTad, daviT aRmaSeneblis nawarmoebs – `galobani sinanulisani~. 

aq ara Cans sakuTriv daviT aRmaSenebeli da mis avtors arc hqonia es 

miznad (aseve, sazogadod, qarTul himnografias). `daviTiani~ ki iwyeba da mTavrdeba 

daviT guramiSviliT. sabolood man Tavis TavSive Seirwya Tavisi meore poeturi 

`me~. e. i. d. guramiSvilis poeturi `me~ araraobas ki ar upirispirdeba (Sdr. simbolizmi: 

àra-me~ niSnavs araraobas), igi upirispirdeba mraval sxva `mes~, rom imaT 

msgavsad gardasaxviT kidev ufro damkvidrdes TviTon. Cems `meSiao~ yvela umaRlesi 

`me~: adami, daviTi, qriste. aseTi mZlavri SegrZneba sakuTari `mesi~ d. guramiSvilisaTvis 

poeturi TviTsrulyofis gzaa. es ukve sxva `meTa~ Soris gaTqvefa ki aRaraa, 

piriqiT, amxela Zalisxmeva TviT mis sakuTar poetur `mes~ ganumeoreblobas aniWebs. 

304

guramiSvilis portreti sami saxelis fonze 

305 

daviT werediani 

`me rusTvelsa leqss ar udri...~ ucnaurobebiT savse mis TavgadasavalSi erTi sakvirveli 

ambavi isic aris, rom wignis dawera, umTavresi nawilisa, Rrma siberemde 

gadado. mainc moaswro, bedma arc aq gawira, keTiladac daabinava. samocdaaTs ukve 

gadacilebuli iyo, roca navsi gatexa da, rogorc iqna, guldadebiT Caujda. arada, 

adridanve hqonia Cafiqrebuli. cxadia, eqneboda, uTqmeladac davijerebdiT. uSvilom 

ès oboli~ iSvila, gamgrZeleblad saxelisa Tu gvarisa, bolomde yoymanobda, romeli 

daerqmia, `daviTiani~ Tu `guramiani~. yoymanis kvali wigns alag-alag sxvaganac 

etyoba. cxovrebaSi mkveTri da uecari gadawyvetilebebis miReba ar uWirda, aq ki fexi 

didxans iTria, metismetad Seugvianda. `vera vTqvi, moclas ucdidi, netamca ara 

mecada~... 

moucleloba, Tu saqme Sinagan mowodebas exeba, arsebiTad meoreuli mizezia xolme, 

ufro namdvili mizezi kidev sxva aris. roca yvela sazrunavi moiSora Tu gani- 

Sora da nanatri mocaleobac daudga, wisqvil-sarwyavi, rogorc Cans, swored maSin 

aixira, vin icis, ramdeni dro da Zala Sealia. malorosiis tbadgaSlil mdinareebze 

Cveneburi wisqvilebis gamarTva moiwadina, wyali rom maRlidan Camouquxs, naxazebi 

Seadgina, arzebiT iara... 

leqsebis wignze darTuli wisqvili, zedac avtoportreti _ ès kaci ase ilocavs~ 

_ da gverdiT miwerili patara locva-Sedevri krebulis saxes uCveulo originalobas 

sZens da meti uSualobiT aTbobs. amas, SesaZloa, TviTonac mimxvdari iyo, 

Tumca es poeturi originalurobisTvis namdvilad ar Caudenia, praqtikul-miamituri 

mizani daisaxa, misi gamocdilebis kacisagan friad moulodneli, _ batoniSvili miriani 

am eqsperimentisaTvis ruseTSi finansebs mouZiebda. ufro gulisgamaTbobeli 

kidev is aris, rom naxazebSi raRac Secdoma Separula, rom es wisqvil-sarwyavi krebuls 

gareT verasodes amuSavdeba... 

TviTon wigni ki isev gadaido. mainc ra unda yofiliyo amis namdvili mizezi, mouclelobas 

Tu ar davyabuldebiT? Cems warmodgenaSi yvelaze cxadad ori versia 

ikveTeba. 

pirveli, sakmaod sarwmuno versia: mTavari mizezia ucxo, araqarTulenovani garemo, 

poets mkiTxveli esaWiroeba, Semfasebeli mainc, Tu ara damfasebeli. hipoTetur 

mkiTxvelze orientireba Znelia. mxolod Rrma sibereSi, roca TvalisCini TiTqmis 

waerTva da Sinidan, albaT, aRarc gamodioda, roca sakuTar fiqrebsa da mSobliur 

enas gaumartovda, saqme mereRa daiZra. amgvar viTarebaSi yovelgvari mkiTxveli isedac 

hipoTeturia, sadac ar unda cxovrobde. 

meore, Znelad gasaziarebeli versia: mTavari mizezi SoTa rusTavelia. 

meTvramete saukunis qarTuli mwerloba, yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi didi nawili, 

rusTavels gaorebuli mzeriT SesCerebia: uyoymanod aRiarebs mis upiratesobas, Tan 

gauTaveblad raRacas edaveba. es arc metoqeobaa da arc janyia, ufro SeTqmulebas 

waagavs, gan-gan laparakia, qaragmuli da orlesuli. viTom ar ician, an marTla ar 

ician, rom qarTuli poeturi sivrce rusTavelma ki ara, erovnulma Znelbedobam Caketa, 

kulturuli aRmasvlis gamomricxvelma. daviT guramiSvils, SesaZloa, bedma aqac 

gauRima, jer sruliad axalgazrdam geografiulad mainc gaarRvia es Caxuruli 

sivrce. 

brazi da buzRuni, werilobiT ramac moaRwia, albaT, zRvaSi wveTia, saliteraturo 

saubrebSi gacilebiT mZafrad iqneboda gamovlenili. `leqsi rusTvlisebr naTqvami 

me sxvisa ver vnaxeo da~ _ guramiSvilis am sityvebSi aSkarad Wvivis polemikuri 

intonacia: ki batono, vTqvaT, sul marTalia, rasac Tqven brZanebT, magram me 

misi leqsis badali aravisTan araferi wamikiTxavs. 

erTi umTavresi Tezisi, romliTac, Riad Tu SefarviT, rusTavels daupirispird-

nen, `marTlis Tqma~ iyo. Teoriulad savsebiT uaryves mxatvruli gamonagoni. viTom 

rusTaveli da Teimurazi marTla gabaasebodnen erTmaneTs da esec mxatvruli gamonagoni 

ar iyos. ara, magaze sayveduri namdvilad ar iTqmis, aseTi araTanamimdevruloba 

poets naklad ar CaeTvleba, sasayveduro mxolod is aris, rom mTeli es gabaasebani, 

xilTa qebani, soflis samduravebi, eTnografiuli Canaxatebi Tu aRwerebi 

mosawyenia, mxatvrulad uRimRamoa, ramdenime Sedevruli strofisa Tu striqonis gamoklebiT. 

Tan leqsis yvela mimoxridan rusTaveli amoimzireba da ganuwyvetel gamarjvebas 

zeimobs. 

arada, imasac versad wavuvalT, rom maTi saerTo mimarTeba _ ara rusTavelisadmi 

wayenebuli pretenziebi _ arsebiTad sworia. sagmiro eposis xanam Caiara, epoqa dam- 

Tavrda. Teimuraz pirveli jer kidev Tanamedrove poetad ganicdida rusTavels, metoqeobac 

amis gamo damarToda. momdevnoTa TvalSi rusTaveli TvalSeudgami mwvervalia, 

magram Tanamedroved aRar ganicdeba. drois suli literaturisagan yofiTad 

konkretuls moiTxovs, garegnuladac erovnuli niSniT aRbeWdils, ara mxolod Sinaganad. 

ukve yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom ase gagrZeleba aRar SeiZleba, gavlena unda 

daiZlios. magram rogor? inerciis Zala warmoudgenlad didia. 

gamosavlis Zieba, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, pirvel yovlisa versifikacias daekisra. 

mamuka baraTaSvilis `WaSniki~ amgvar mcdelobaTa nusxas Seicavs da imis TvalnaTlivi 

dasturia, rom Tvisebrivi cvlilebebis gareSe axali sazomebi da axleburi 

strofika saqmes odnavadac ver Svelis. imitacia sicarielem Secvala. 

besikma aT da ToTxmetmarcvlovan leqss misca upiratesoba, faqizma poeturma 

smenam sxvebze adre miaxvedra, rom qarTuli sityva mag sazomebSi Tavs iseve bunebrivad 

grZnobs, rogorc TeqvsmetmarcvlovanSi, magram erTaderTi, rac SeZlo, es iyo 

muxambazTa Tu mustazadTa stilis rafinireba da klasikur yalibSi moqceva. sityvebi 

yurs elamunebian da civad cimcimeben. muxambazuri èSxis dasaRvrelad~, rogorc 

Cans, mongreuli striqoni metis SemZlea. yvela es mcdeloba mainc mojadoebuli 

wris SigniT xdeba, aRmosavluri poetikiT misi gadalaxva SeuZlebeli gamodga... 

daviT guramiSvili zepirsityvierebis wiaRSi gaizarda da, yvela niSnis mixedviT, 

pirveli saleqso wvrTnac zepirsityviT miiRo, saqarTvelodan didi wignieri kultura 

ar gahyolia, sxvafriv mahmadianuri aRmosavleTis gavlenas ase sruladac ver 

dausxlteboda. wignierebas igi savaraudod vaxtangis karze, moskovSi, eziara, Tumca 

saeWvoa, gansakuTrebuli swavla an iq SeeZinos (gavixsenoT Tundac akrostiqonad gatanili 

`mamao Cveno~: `momiteven CvenTana nadebni Cvenni~), samagierod, iseTi poeturi 

skola gaiara, romlis msgavsi imJamad, albaT, qveyanaze bevric ar iqneboda, magram 

ukve Camoyalibebulma gemovnebam vaxtangiseuli maRali aRmosavleTic ar miiRo. 

lirikuli sawyisi masSi gamorCeviT Zlieria, magram wminda lirikosi, albaT, mainc 

ar aris, lirikuri afeTqebisaTvis garkveuli epikuri sivrce sWirdeba. nawilobriv 

amiTac unda iyos gamowveuli, rom rusTaveliseuli `moSaire ara hqvian, veras 

ityvis vinca grZelad~ misTvis uryevi poeturi principi aRmoCnda (`grZlad meTqva, 

Tavi mecada~). da, raki `marTlis Tqmac~ mis xasiaTs zustad Seesatyviseboda, es orive 

principi bunebrivad erTmaneTs gadaenaskva. poemis konturebs, mis emociur arss, 

igi, albaT, daweramde didi xniT adrec xedavda, magram pirveli nabiji ver iqna da 

ver gadadga. versifikaciuli yoymani, romelic `daviTians~ drodadro aSkarad etyoba, 

yvelaze damabrkoleblad aq unda amoqmedebuliyo. 

poeti axal sazomsa da strofikas daeZebs, romelsac SeeZleba misi `grZeli saTqmeli~ 

srulfasovnad itvirTos. rwmena imisa, rom versifikaciuli siaxle qarTul 

poezias rusTavelis zRvardaudebeli gavlenidan gamoiyvanda, yvelafridan Cans, manac 

gaiziara. misi leqsebis erTi didi nawili saamisod Catarebuli eqsperimentebia, 

zog maTgans sxva, damoukidebeli daniSnuleba arca aqvs. qvesaTaurebi _ àmisa da amis 

xmaze~ _ `zazulinka~ iqneba, `moxevis qalo~ Tu `vseRda kruCina~, anda sulac _ 

àxali SemoRebuli qarTulad~ _ erTxel kidev gvarwmuneben, Tumca umagisodac ar 

aris saeWvo, rom es Ziebebi savsebiT mizanmimarTulia. 

306

mosinjulia qarTuli Tu rusul-ukrainuli sasimRero xmebi, Sairis aTasgvari 

strofuli ganlageba, muxledebgadanacvlebuli mTibluri, raWuli `SroSanis~ tipisa, 

jvaredinad gariTmuli aTmarcvlovani Tu rvamarcvlovani da, vin icis, kidev ra 

ara. zogi maTgani sakmaod xelovnuria, mxolod epizodurad gamosayenebeli, magram 

gvxvdeba ramdenime iseTi nimuSic, ukusagdebi rom arafriT ar iyo, vTqvaT, igive jvaredini 

aTmarcvlovani: 

nu gZinaes, sulo, aw ganiRviZe, 

rom ar Seiqmna lampar-Sretili, 

SuaRamisas movides siZe, 

gareT ar darCe kardakletili... 

gamarTulad da savsebiT Tanamedroved JRers, dRes gasakviradac ki SeiZleba 

mogeCvenos, rom saboloo arCevani masze ar SeCerda. magram amisTvis garkveuli Cveva 

iyo saWiro, rasac ase saxeldaxelod ver SeiZen. saleqso sazomi poets kidec ebrZvis 

da kidec exmareba. Rrmad mimaluli saTqmeli drodadro ritmulma inerciamac 

unda amozidos, rac uCvevi sazomis SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis gamoricxulia. 

mTavari ki mainc is iyo, rom guramiSvili Sairze gaizarda, ase vTqvaT, ormagi 

alya ertya, `vefxistyaosnisa~ da xalxurisa, masTan imTaviTve laRi da Tamami damokidebuleba 

hqonda, gulis saTqmels yvelaze bunebrivad Sairi ambobda. qarTul sityvasTan 

ase misadagebuli, moqnili da Sekruli sazomi dRemde ar aRmoCenila da sae- 

Wvoa, rodisme aRmoCndes. dasamorCileblad sakmaod advilia, magram Zalze Rrmad unda 

moxna, rom raime Rirebuli amoagdo. guramiSvils ki swored Rrma xnulis gatana 

emarjveboda da uyvarda. mainc jiutad ganagrZobda Ziebas, utexi nebis kaci iyo, rogorc 

misi biografiidan vxedavT, garemoebebs iolad ar nebdeboda. gansxvavebulad 

Tqmis unari hqonda mimadlebuli, es ukve gamoecada, ar undoda, visime gavlena dastyoboda, 

Tundac rusTavelisa. dro ki gadioda, wlebi emateboda, win sul ufro da 

ufro cota rCeboda... 

...da mxolod maSin, roca win TiTqmis aRaraferi darCa da ukan dasaxevi yvela 

gza moWrili iyo, beds damorCilda, xeli Caiqnia, rusTvelur strofs minebda. gadawyvita, 

eTqva, rogorc moswonda da icoda, mniSvneloba aRar mieca, Zveleburi gamovidoda 

Tu axleburi, mTavari iyo, guli amoebertya, sikvdili karze mosdgomoda, unda 

rogorme moeswro da ès oboli~ eSvila. `cocxalic arvis vaxsovar, mkvdars vin- 

Ra mamigonebsa~... Caujda da iseTive SeupovrobiT gaasrula, rogoriTac icxovra. 

daviT guramiSvili ZiriTadi niSnebiT rusTavelis skolas miekuTvneba, magram Ti- 

Tqmis yvela es niSani garegnulia, Sinaganad igi, Tavisi midrekilebebiTa da poeturi 

bunebiT, rusTavelis lamis antiTezad gvevlineba da niSandoblivia, rom yvelaze 

srulad es swored rusTvelur strofSia gamJRavnebuli. 

maTi poeturi samyaro ori sityviT rom daxasiaTdes, pirobiTad SeiZleba ase iTqvas 

_ rusTaveli hiperbolaa, guramiSvili hiperbolis piruku movlena, litotesi. 

hiperbola misi xasiaTis Tviseba ar aris, iSviaT SemTxvevaSi mimarTavs. `me Tu ginda 

Tavi momWran, tanic gaxdes gasaberad~ formalurad hiperbolaa, azrobrivad ki litotesis 

srul SegrZnebas aCens. rusTavelis toni gamudmebiT aweulia, guramiSvili 

Tavs tonis awevis uflebas mxolod religiur sagaloblebSi aZlevs, isic xelmomWirne, 

mkvrivi, sagnieri, miwieri sityvebiT. rusTavels sagmiro da miTologizebuli 

samyaro xiblavs, guramiSvili swored magis mimarT aris yvelaze gulgrili. rusTavelis 

saxeobrivi sistema mTlianad tradiciis kuTvnilebaa, guramiSvili cdilobs, 

mxolod sakuTari inventariT isargeblos, guTniT, farcxiT, bariTa da niCbiT, kevriT, 

arnadiT... garandul striqons gaCorknili urCevnia, rac morRveul striqons srulebiTac 

ar niSnavs, ritmulad isic myaria, moqnili da moZravi, garandulze nakleb 

ostatobas ar moiTxovs, xolo poeturi alRo, SesaZloa, metic ki sWirdebodes, 

tradicia bevrSi araferSi wagadgeba. 

gansxvaveba TvalnaTliv Cans xolme, Tuki sadme, Zalze iSviaTad, msgavs striqons 

wavawydebiT: 

307

didsa iqmian mefeni puroba-darbazobasa... 

kargi iyvis aRdgomasa mefeTagan mejliSoba... 

rusTavelis striqons brwyinva gadasdis, guramiSvili amas Segnebulad gaurbis, 

Tu saqmem Zalian ar mosTxova. aqac, am minimaluri saSualebebiTac, toni bevrad ufro 

daweulia, zedapiri ufro xorkliania, yofiTi, brwyinvas ar ikidebs. 

guramiSvilis sityvieri ostatoba mis saukeTeso strofebSi rusTavelisaze naklebic 

ar aris, oRond sxva, ararusTveluri SegrZnebebisken aris mimarTuli. yofi- 

Ti, àrapoeturi~, Tvalmiusvleli sityvebi gansakuTrebul siamovnebas aniWebs da ma- 

Ti saSualebiT xSirad im efeqts aRwevs, rasac poeziaSi `Zneli silamaze~ hqvia _ 

`suli yelSi amobolsa~ da ùlvaS-biRos~ tipisa, anda sadac efeqti maRali da dabali 

stiluri Seferilobis sityvaTa SerwymiT miiRweva: 

bnelsa vzivar gvajebi, sasinaTlo amixvrito, 

amoeZere da gamoeiqce, moeidv da Sena gWvrito. 

gansakuTrebiT saintereso mdgomareoba iqmneba, roca igi romelime tropizms iyenebs, 

tradiciisagan nakurTxs: 

is mWle kaci cels ras aqnevs, rasa sTibavs, rasa scelavs? 

amad vswunob sawuTrosa, sul bnelia, rasac elaes. 

SegrZneba iseTia, TiTqos yvelaferi es jer arsad gagegonos, pirvelad aq waswydomode, 

_ siaxle, sicxade, silamaze, gancdis uSualoba lirikulad SemZvrelia. 

arada, ra siaxle SeiZleba daerqvas `sikvdilis celsa~ da `cru sawuTros~ motivs? 

Cven Tvalwin patara poeturi saswauli TamaSdeba, msgavss rom iSviaTad naxav. riTi, 

ra ZaliT, ra saSualebiTaa miRweuli? 

yofiTobiT, sityvis ubraloebiT. es mWle kaci, marTalia, cota eWvis aRmZvrelad, 

magram mainc yofiTi peizaJis fonze aRiqmeba. mas merec ki, roca meore striqoni umalve 

migvaxvedrebs, rom es mTibavi sikvdilis odindeli alegoriaa, yofiTobis Segr- 

Zneba srulad mainc ar gvtovebs, _ avdaria, kaci Tibavs, bneli elva anaTebs, ras Tibavs 

am kunapet RameSi? es mcire yovni da rakursis odnavi gadanacvleba sakmarisi 

gamodga, rom dRes kliSed qceul am motivebs, odesRac ki genialur xilvebsa Tu 

miTologemebs, pirvelqmnili Zalmosileba da Jruantlismomgvreloba dabrunebodaT. 

es saocari efeqti yofiTi xatisken guramiSvilis spontanurma midrekilebam da 

misma sityvierma alRom Soba, winaswar magis Cafiqreba SeuZlebelia. 

II 

`muniT gamtyorcna sawuTrom, gardamacilva yubansa...~ sawuTrom marTlac Soreul 

gzebze atara, yubansac gadaacila da magdeburgis cixeSic agema xelaxali tyveoba, 

magram arc imis daviwyeba SeiZleba, rom es Soreuli gzebi misi arCevanic iyo. 

albaT, iSviaTia nawarmoebi, sadac avtoris pirovneba, xasiaTis mTavari niSnebi 

ise mkafiod ikiTxebodes, rogorc es `daviTianSi~ xdeba. religiur sagalobelTa 

simravlisa da STambeWdaobis wyalobiT daviT guramiSvilis saxe locvad damdgari, 

lamis misteriul xilvebSi Cakarguli poetis stereotipad iqca. `sanTeliviT cadawvdilo 

daviT~... 

es stereotipi mSvenieria, man guramiSvilis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi arsobrivi mxare 

airekla, magram saqme sinamdvileSi mTlad ase martivadac ar unda iyos... amgvari 

fiqri pirvelad Teologiis magistrma, vinme fransua de monkorbiem Semomapara, roca 

SedarebiT axlo urTierTobaSi Sevedi. xsenebuli magistri poeziisa da agreTve 

sxva, friad saeWvo xelovnebaTa sarbielze erTdroulad, magram araTanabari warmatebiT 

iRvwoda da dRes ufro viionis saxeliT aris cnobili. 

mas guramiSvilTan zogi ram aSkarad anaTesavebs. msgavs motivebsa da saxeebs maT 

nawerSi Zebnas sul tyuilad davuwyebT, magram poetur monacemebsa da midrekilebebSi 

sakmaod bevria saerTo, rac, sxvaTa Soris, uwinac aRniSnula CvenSi da, warmoidgineT, 

dasavleTSic, guramiSvilis im oriode nawyvetis mixedviT, germanulad rom 

iTargmna. msgavsebaTa CamoTvlas aq ar Sevudgebi, aRvniSnav mxolod imas, maT stri- 

308

qonSi yvelaze advilad dasanaxavi rac aris, _ kvimati ena da Tvali, TviTironia, yofaSi 

CarTuloba, lirikad Semotrialebuli tragikomizmi. da kidev is, rac mTel 

maT Semoqmedebas uCinrad gasdevs da guramiSvils erTgan Riadaca aqvs naTqvami: `fu 

Sen, cruo sawuTroo, rad ar mZuldi, rad miyvardi~! 

xsenebuli magistri siyrmidanve avad iyo awrialebuli, cixis kedlebi samjer 

xexa, erTxel CamoxrCobac ki hqonda misjili, da cotaTi SevkrTi kidevac, roca pirvelad 

gavifiqre, rom poetur monacemTa naTesaoba, SesaZloa, xasiaTTa erTgvar na- 

Tesaobasac gulisxmobdes, guramiSvilis RvTismosaoba Zalian damabrkolebladac ar 

gamoiyureba mag saqmeSi. religiis sakiTxebze viionsac bevri aqvs nafiqri da mlocvelis 

poza arc misTvis aris ucxo. legenda imasac gveubneba, rom igi romeliRac 

cnobil monasterSi RvTismosav berad aResrula. daudgenelia, ramdenad Seesatyviseba 

es ambavi sinamdviles, magram aq amas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba arca aqvs, radgan 

legendam cxovrebiseuli sizustiT icis, romel xasiaTs rogori dasasruli 

ufro Seesatyviseba, Tanac legendas, cxovrebisagan gansxvavebiT, SemTxveviTi dasasrulebi 

ar uyvars. 

lekebisgan orjer gamoqceva nebisyofis simtkices, dakvirvebul Tvalsa da swrafi 

orientirebis unars moiTxovda, maxvilgonierebac ar aklda, gezi CrdiloeTisaken 

aiRo, mdevars kvali aubnia, magram mag TvisebebSi araferia iseTi, locvad damdgari 

poetis stereotips rom ewinaaRmdegebodes. icoda, CrdiloeTiTac saqristiano 

iyo, xsnas iqac ipovida. Semdegi nabiji ki naTlad gvimJRavnebs, rom sulSi riskisa 

da avantiurizmis karga mozrdili Winkac ejda, rac, cota ar iyos, Seusabamo gamodis... 

kazakTa sofelSi, aqve, Crdilo kavkasiaSi, moxvedrilma fantastikuri gadawyvetileba 

miiRo. nacvlad imisa, Sin dabrunebuliyo, gzas Soreuli moskovisaken daadga, 

samSoblodan gadaxvewil xelmwifes gamoecxada, romelmac misi arseboba an icoda, 

an ara, ufro savaraudoa, ar scodnoda. risTvis, ra saWiroebis gamo, ra mizniT, 

ra imedebiT? nuTu Sin aravin elodeboda? 

araTu ganxorcieleba, gafiqrebac ki Znelia, amodena gza rogor unda gadaiaro 

ugroSom, SiSvel-titvelma da, rac mTavaria, enis ucodnelma, ucnob xalxSi, uCvev 

garemoSi, ucxo miwaze, rasac maSindeli `satransporto saSualebebiT~ mcire dro 

namdvilad ar dasWirdeboda. visi xarjiT, ra xerxebiT, ra faTerakebiT moxerxda am 

gadauWreli problemebis gadaWra? raoden samwuxaroa, rom mcire aRwerilobac ar 

dagvitova, rom es amodena gza mTeli strofiTac ara, samad sami striqoniT, 16 + 16 

+ 16 marcvliT gadagvatara. kidev kargi, lekebisagan gamoqcevis ambavi dawvrilebiT 

mogviTxro, Tumca zogi ramis axsnas iqac aerida, vTqvaT, kitri da sazamTro klde- 

RreSi rom ar xarobs... 

fransua viionsac sulSi mousvenrobis es Winka ejda, metic araferi. guramiSvili 

yoveli striqonidan Sinagan sikeTes asxivebs, codvianoba misgan gamoricxulia. 

mousvenrobis wyalobiT, vTqvaT, yovlad uwyinari saqme, wisqvil-sarwyavi aitexa, magram 

xasiaTis zogierTi Tviseba wvril-wvril codvebsac uxvad daagrovebinebda, 

locvebis momnanie toni mTlad poeturi pirobiTobac ara Cans. Rrma sibereSi `mxiarul 

zafxuls~ wers, marTalia, garegnulad moralistis pozicias ar Ralatobs, 

magram Zneli misaxvedri ar aris, Tvali da yuri saiTac gaurbis. 

erT qals rusuli `veesela vesna~ 

CemTvis zed gulze Camoekvesna... 

`zarbaznis tuCze~ da sxva amgvar skabrezul gamoTqmebze nuRar vilaparakebT... 

`vici cremli da cremlSi sicili~. es fransua viionia. 

guramiSvilis striqons ucnauri zigzagebiT SeuZlia amoZraveba cremlsa da Rimils 

Soris. 

qarTuli klasikuri poezia ZiriTadad uRimiloa. rusTavelTan oriode SemTxvevaa, 

roca igi iRimeba: vaziris ambavi da WaSi Cavardnili kacis igavi. es epikuri Rimilia. 

309

daviT guramiSvilma qarTul poeziaSi lirikuli Rimili Semoitana. misi cnobili 

TviTironia qarTuli movlenac ar gvegoneboda, xalxuri fesvidan rom ar iyos amozrdili, 

magram xalxur galeqsebaTa da kafiaTa Rimils lirikuli mainc ar eTqmis. 

`gavipare, damiWires, rad waxvelo, dampaRures~. arc es Rimilia lirikuli. striqoni 

mxolod imitom movitane, erTi SekiTxva damesva: ramdeni klasikosi (an Tundac 

araklasikosi) poetia CvenSi, vinc ase martivad da gaubrazeblad ityvis: `dampaRures~. 

`me sawuTrom berwovneba momaxvedra TavSi komblad~ _ aq igi saerTod ar iRimeba, 

magram am mtkivneul ambavs aseTi ironiuli xatovanebiT Cvens klasikur (an Tundac 

araklasikur) poeziaSi sxva ramdeni ityoda? oRond, roca naSvileb àm obolze~, Tavis 

wignze, laparakobs _ sevdiT, cxadia _ es ukve lirikuli Rimilia. 

viT Tavs mivce mosveneba, viT mivago amo mrbolsa, 

sasikvdilod mivwevnilvar, yelSi suli amobolsa. 

saocari energiiT dawerili striqonebia. cotaTi uxeSi es àmobolsa~, romelic 

sinamdvileSi maRali poeziaa, odnavi TviTironiiTac mosavs am sazarel process da 

odnav anelebs, magram eqspresia ar neldeba... Semdegi striqoni cotaTi neitraluria, 

sul sxva tonalobaze gadasawyobad gvamzadebs: 

axaldabas nuRar xaro, meZaxian, amo bolsa... 

axaldaba _ novoselica _ is adgilia, sadac cxovrobs da sikvdils elodeba. boli, 

etyoba, qarTuli sofelia da sadRac maRla mdebareobs, Tumca es TiTqmis sulerTia, 

mTeli saqarTvelo axla misTvis sadRac sul maRla mdebareobs, sadRac miRmierSi, 

romelsac mxolod sikvdilis Semdeg aaRwevs, iq eZaxian, vin eZaxis, ra eZaxis? 

aris am striqonSi raRac sizmarcxadiseuli, raRac irrealuri... majamuri riTma 

ki bolo striqonisaganac majamasve moiTxovs da Cveni molodini ar mtyundeba: 

aw rom me iq wamiyvanon, vin gamizrdis am obolsa? 

cremli da Rimili. da sadRac Rrmad, kidev ufro Rrmad Camarxuli TviTironiuli 

CaRimeba sasikvdilod miwevnili moxucisa _ `rao, Se bebero, mainc amod msrbolia 

sawuTro, suli mainc tkbilia~? 

III 

`Sen Cemo winamorbedo~... vaJa-fSavela Tavs daviT guramiSvilis pirdapir STamomavlad 

da memkvidred acxadebs, naTlad da gasagebad, yovelgvari orazrovnebis gareSe. 

`daviTians~ lamis Tanamonawileobac ki miewereba vaJas poetikis formirebaSi 

(`Senis cremlebiT movxarSe~...). marTlac, Tu vinme SeiZleba daisaxos vaJas winamorbedad, 

es roli yvelaze metad daviT guramiSvils Sehferis, magram konkretul sibrtyeze 

rogorc ki gadavinacvlebT, maleve aRmovaCenT, rom saqme ase naTeli da gasagebi 

srulebiTac ar gaxlavT. vaJa-fSavelas poezias guramiSvilis gavlenis aranairi 

kvali ar atyvia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TvaldaTval namdvilad ara Cans. arsad igr- 

Znoba, rom `daviTianidan~ vaJas raime specifikuri aeRos, ganeviTarebinos, gardaesaxos. 

guramiSvilis poetika ra safuZvlidan amoizarda, didi Zebna ar sWirdeba _ rus- 

Taveli, arCili, vaxtang meeqvse, ramdenime sasuliero teqsti, zepirsityviereba. vaJas 

poetikis safuZvlebi aseve martivad ar Camoinusxeba. zepirsityvierebas, cxadia, didi 

wvlili aqvs Setanili, magram es siaxlove iseTi gadamwyvetic ar unda iyos, rogoradac 

gvesaxeba, leqswyoba da enis dialeqturi Seferiloba bunebrivad badebs amgvar 

SegrZnebas. vaJa-fSavela, rogorc poeti, upirveles yovlisa, genialuri poemebis 

avtoria, xolo misi poemebis arqiteqtonika da mtkice siuJeturi karkasi, dramatuli 

koliziebis epikuri da lirikuli CamoZerwiloba, ara xalxuri liroepika am 

ori sawyisis pirveladi ganuyoflobiT, aramed epikurSi ukuCabrunebuli lirikuli 

stiqia, yovelive es folklors Zalian Soreulad enaTesaveba, Tuki saerTod enaTesaveba. 

ideaTa samyaroze aRaras vambob. sul sxva poeturi modelia, sxva ganzomileba. 

310

daviT guramiSvili momxiblavi mTxrobelia, wrfeli, xatovani, sityvaRonieri, magram 

mis monaTxrobs mtkice karkasi ar amagrebs, sayrdenebi myifea, kavSirebi winaswar 

dausazRvravi. yoveli siuJeturi xazis bolos gardauvali Cixi gvelodeba. axali 

epoqa Tavs imiT amJRavnebs, rom Zveleburi, vrceli, siuJeturad gantotvili eposi 

zRaprulobis dakargvasTan erTad simZimis centrsac kargavs, TiTqmis damoukidebel 

monakveTebad iSleba. guramiSvili calkeuli Tavisa Tu epizodis stilur mTlianobaze 

ufro zrunavs, vidre kompoziciis erTianobaze, mag saqmes Tamami gulgrilobiT 

ekideba. wignis mTavari nawarmoebi, tradiciulad `qarTlis Wirs~ rom vuwodebT, 

miuxedavad ambebis simravlisa, Tanamedrove lirikuli poemis pirvelsaxed ufro 

warmogvidgeba, vidre sakuTriv eposad. axali Temisa Tu Tematuri motivebis Semosvla 

TiTqmis lirikulad TviTneburia. CarTuli leqsebisa da pirveli piriT gadmocemuli 

wiaRsvlebis simravle am tendencias kidev ufro saCinos xdis. 

es wiaRsvlebi pirwmindad lirikulia da zogierTi maTgani iseTi poeturi Zalisaa, 

bevri analogic rom ar moepoveba qarTul poeziaSi, _ moZravi, moqnili, moulodnel 

emociebze Wangis gamomdebi striqonebi, TiTqos erTmaneTisagan ganziduli, 

magram ganwyobisa da riTmis erTianobiT mtkiced Sekruli. vaJas lirizmi ufro sworxazovania. 

zepirsityvierebisadmi maTi interesic sxvadasxva Sreebisaken aris mimarTuli, 

rac kidev erTxel adasturebs midrekilebaTa da poetur temperamentTa sxvadasxvagvarobas. 

folklorSi vaJas heroikuli da arqaikuli izidavs, guramiSvils _ yofiTironiuli, 

imdenad TviTon masala ara, ramdenadac gamoxatvis Taviseburebani, sityvieri 

arCevani, ritmuli mimoqceva. 

erTurTs pirispir rom Sebmodnen, igi, albaT, iseve daamarcxebda vaJa-fSavelas, 

rogorc xalxuri meleqseebi amarcxebdnen _ fruSkebi Tu yruv-giorgebi. vaJas poeziaSiac 

Rimili iSviaTad Tu gakrTeba, ara imis gamo, TiTqos RimilTan mwyralad 

iyos, prozaSi igi aTasferi RimiliT iRimeba da Cvenc gvaRimebs. amas misi poeziis 

paTosi, temperamenti, samyarosadmi mimarTeba ganapirobebs, monoliTuroba da monumenturoba. 

vaJa distanciuria, guramiSvili, piriqiT, distancias aqrobs, sruli uSualobiT 

gvxiblavs, intimurobiT. 

niSandoblivia riTmisadmi damokidebulebac. es momenti ise meorexarisxovanic ar 

aris, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. vaJa-fSavelasTvis, iseve rogorc 

mTeli Cveni mecxramete saukunis mgosanTaTvis, riTma mxolod funqciaa. guramiSvili 

tkbeba xolme riTmiT da misi efeqtisagan sul sxvadasxvagvari emocia amoaqvs. sari- 

Tmo sityvaTa dagemovneba zogjer sruliad Cveulebriv sentenciebs markirebul, gamorCeul 

striqonebad aqcevs: àmisTanas mkurnals vaqeb, milesevdes fazar-xuTos, ar 

Tu imas, uwamlobiT pirSi suli amamxuTos~ _ `me, Tu ginda, Tavi momWran, tanic gaxdes 

gasaberad, vinc ar aris kaxaberi, mas ver vityvi kaxaberad~. erTi mxriv, majamis 

siZnele xiblavs, am salonur TamaSs bunebriobis yalibSi aqcevs, meore mxriv, kafiuri 

asonansisken aris midrekili, Tvalze metad smenas endoba, drodadro garkveuli 

Zalisxmevac ki sWirdeba, Tavi mozRudos, ase Tu ise mainc SeinarCunos klasikuri 

sizuste, Tumca ramdenime SemTxvevaSi mag zRvarsac gadadis. riTmisadmi damokidebuleba 

arsebiTad sityvisadmi damokidebulebasac asaxavs, sityvis dagemovneba guramiSvils 

ufro axasiaTebs. am mxriv mTel qarTul poeziaSi, vgoneb, badalic ar moepoveba, 

Tu rusTavels ar CavTvliT. 

magram, ramdeni da ra saxis gansxvavebac ar unda aRmovaCinoT vaJasa da gurami- 

Svilis poetikaSi, Sinaganad mainc vgrZnobT, rom safaneli erTia. oriveni sruliad 

gankerZoebiT dganan qarTuli poeziis istoriaSi, uSualo gamgrZeleblebi ar hyoliaT, 

magistraluri xazi maTze ar gawolila. ara imitom, TiTqos sididiT sxvebze 

naklebni yofiliyvnen, ufro piriqiT. amgvari ucnauri movlenis mizezi droidan amovardnilobaa. 

guramiSvili qarTuli poeziis cocxal procesSi Zalian gvian CaerTo, 

roca ukve gardasuli epoqis namsxvrevad aRiqmeboda, vaJa ki Tavisi arsiT aris droidan 

amovardnili, igi zedroulia. es arc qebaa da arc sayveduri, misi poeziis Tvi- 

311

sebaa. vaJa arasodes aravisi Tanamedrove ar yofila. mis sicocxleSi amas ufro 

mZafrad grZnobdnen da saerTo gakvirvebas iwvevda, zogi CamorCenilobad uTvlida, 

zogsac momavlis poetad miaCnda. arc erTi iyo da arc meore. misi poeturi samyaro 

drois miRma dgas. 

TviTon mas, rogorc mosalodnelia, guramiSvili Tavis winamorbedad, uwinares 

yovlisa, imis gamo esaxeboda, rom igi pirveli iyo, vinc erovnuli satkivari Semo- 

qmedebis qvakuTxedad dado. magram aris kidev meore ram, rasac vaJa xmamaRla arasodes 

ityoda: qarTuli poeziis erovnuli suli, mag sityvis Zalian konkretuli 

mniSvnelobiT, yvelaze mkafiod am or SemoqmedSia gacxadebuli. 

P. S. 

`daviTiani vTqvi daviT...~ Tavi, romliTac guramiSvilis amJamindeli gamocemebi 

ixsneba da prologad mogvewodeba, wignis bolodan yofila gadmotanili, poetma igi 

epilogad Caifiqra da Sig Sesabamisive saTqmeli Tqva. amgvari manipulacia teqstologiaSi 

dauSveblad iTvleba, Tu misi aucilebloba uryevi sabuTebiT ar aris dadasturebuli. 

aq ki gamomcemlebi erTi sityviTac ar gvimxelen, ra mxatvruli daniSnuleba 

hqonda meore prologis gaCenas, roca erTi prologi wigns isedac axlavs. 

magram gadanacvlebis mizani mxatvruli xasiaTisa arc yofila. daviT guramiSvili 

erTa Soris oficialuri megobrobis simbolod hyavdaT qceuli da misi `metismeti~ 

religiuroba Zalze xelisSemSlel faqtorad miiCneoda. maSindel samecniero 

gamokvlevebSic da rusul TargmanebSic es mxare SeZlebisdagvarad miCqmalulia. 

xsenebuli `prologic~, etyoba, imave mizans isaxavda _ igi `metismeti~ religiurobiT 

aRbeWdil dasawyiss Segnebulad `waefara~. 

miuxedavad Sinaarseuli Seusabamobisa, sawinaaRmdego bevric araferi meqneboda, 

es mSvenieri monakveTi mxatvrulad rom ar zaraldebodes. is, rac gamoTxovebas Svenis, 

Sesavlad mowvdili ramdenadme saorWofo xdeba. saTauri `wignis gamleqsavis saxelisa 

da gvaris gamocxadeba~ da pirvelive striqoni _ `daviTiani vTqvi daviT, guramis-Svilman 

gvarado~ _ metismetad Cqarobs avtoris pirovnebaze yuradRebis fokusirebas. 

imdenad egocentrizmi ar gvakrTobs, ramdenadac esTetikuri gaumar- 

Tlebloba. vTqvaT, `vefxistyaosani~ ase rom dawyebuliyo: `me, rusTveli xelobiTa~... 

magram am `gzaabneul~ Tvramet taeps fiqriT rogorc ki Tavis adgilas gadavsvamT, 

imwamsve sasiamovnod SemogvanaTebs daviT guramiSviliseuli gulwrfeli da odnav 

ironiuli mokrZaleba. ukeTesi xvedri am gadanacvlebiT arc bolo strofs rgebia. 

mas axla prologis Sejameba avalia da misi uadgilo folkloruloba sakmaod usiamovno 

STabeWdilebas axdens, magram, roca fiqriT kvlav Tavis adgils mivuCenT, wina 

strofebic sxvagvarad iwyeben JReras, maT xalxuri epitafiebis tonalobac mohyveba 

_ mibrZaneT codvils Sendoba~ _ da bolo strofis ganzraxisi folkloruloba 

msubuqi parodirebis elfers iZens _ poeti Tbili da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli 

miamitur-kvimaturi RimiliT gvemSvidobeba. 

312

leqsTa igavi 

313 

ivane amirxanaSvili 

d. guramiSvilis Semoqmedebis Taviseburebas mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs simbolur-alegoriuli 

gamoxatvis principebi. simbolo da alegoria `daviTianSi~ povebs 

imgvar mxatvrul formirebas, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia gavigoT 

ara marto calkeuli nawarmoebi, aramed mTeli wignis koncefciuri struqturac 

ki. 

simbolo da alegoria, rogorc terminebi, Zvelma berZnulma azrovnebam daamkvidra. 

antikuri literatura, marTlac, `mofenilia alegoriiT homerosidan dawyebuli 

da damTavrebuli ukanaskneli neoplatonikosebiT~ 1 . fsevdo-dionise areopagelTan 

simbolo ZiriTad gnoseologiur kategoriad iqca 2 . aRorZinebis xanaSi alegorizmi 

cdilobs `rac SeiZleba axlo daayenos obieqturi sinamdvile adamianis subieqt 

Tan~ 3 . ganmanaTlebelTa esTetikaSi (vinkelmani) alegoria xelovnebis umaRlesi kategoria 

gaxda da aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia mieniWa 4 . XIX saukunis bolos frangul 

poeziaSi simbolizmi warmoiSva. a. bloks miekuTvneba aseTi frazac: `SeuZlebelia 

raimes gaazreba simbolos gareSe~ 5 . Tanamedrove froidisti Herbert ridi miiCnevs, 

rom simbolizmi gaxda esTetikis mTavari principi 6 . 

saukuneTa manZilze stabiluri intensivobiT muSavdeboda da viTardeboda Sexeduleba 

simbolo-alegoriis mxatvruli funqciisa da Teoriuli specifikis Sesaxeb. 

jer kidev maSin, roca ar arsebobda adekvaturi termini, simbolor-alegoriuli gamoxatvis 

Taviseburebani TeoriaSi arsebiTad gaazrebuli iyo. Tumca am gagebas sinkretuli 

xasiaTi hqonda, radgan awindeli ori cneba, saskolo logikis eniT rom 

vTqvaT, erT saerTo gvars efuZneboda da TiToeulisaTvis ar arsebobda Differentia specifica. 

e.i. gvqonda erTi erTeuli, romelsac potenciurad aseve erTi cneba Seesabameboda. 

obieqturi aucileblobiT moxda sinkretuli gvaris danawevreba. gaCnda ori 

termini `simbolo~ da àlegoria~. am terminTa Sesaxeb imdeni urTierTgamomricxavi 

azri Tqmula da dawerila, rom metad Zneldeba sayovelTao sizustiT maTi gansaz- 

Rvra. es problema naTlad warmogvidgeba a. losevis erT-erT monografiaSi 7 , romel- 

Sic, SeiZleba iTqvas, sokratuli dialeqtikis principebiTaa Seswavlili simbolos 

cneba. simbolosa da alegoriis erTmaneTSi aRreva gamowveulia imiT, rom maTi struqturis 

safuZvelia erTi da igive sistema: niSani – Sinaarsi am sistemis wevrebs Soris 

SeerTebis principi. marTalia, saqme gvaqvs iseT struqturul erTianobasTan, 

romelic qmnis aSkara garegnul msgavsebas da TiTqos sadavoc araferia, magram sakiTxis 

gamartivebisaTvis mivmarToT TviT sistemis Semadgenel elementTa Sepirispirebas. 

ubralo analizi gviCvenebs, rom simbolos cnebis Semadgeneli `niSani~ Tavisi 

arsiT gansxvavdeba alegoriis `niSnisa~ da misi arsisagan. amis gamo funqcieb- 

Sic gveZleva sxvaoba, rac faqtobrivad gamoixateba imiT, rom TiToeuli am niSanTagani 

gansxvavebul kavSirs amyarebs gamosaxatav SinaarsTan. SevecdebiT ufro meti 

naTeli movfinoT Cvens msjelobas. 

magaliTisaTvis aviRoT Zlierebis simbolo lomi da lesingis `pelikani~. lomi 

gamoirCeva ZlierebiTa da zviadobiT. amitom, roca lomi, rogorc niSani, gamoxatavs 

Zlierebis abstraqtul ideas, maSin vambobT, rom saqme gvaqvs simbolosTan, radgan 

aq aRmniSvnels, anu niSans (loms), sakuTriv gaaCnia is Tviseba (Zliereba), rasac igi 

aRniSnavs. ìm SemTxvevaSi, roca simbolo zustad ar miuTiTebs imaze, risi simboloa, 

maSin igi sruliadac ar aris simbolo~ 8 . 

sxva mdgomareobaa alegoriis SemTxvevaSi. pelikani dainaxavs, rom bartyebs swyuriaT; 

igi niskartiT mkerds gaiglejs da sisxls asmevs mwyurvalT. Turme pelikani 

ver amCnevs, rom bartyebi misi ki ara, gugulisaa, romelsac Tavisi kvercxebi misTvisac 

Seuparebia.

aqac iseve, rogorc pirvel magaliTSi, xazgasmulia raRac Tviseba (sibece), magram 

aq realur plans (niSans) warmoadgens pelikanis iseTi Tviseba, rogoric SeiZleba 

mxolod adamianur fsiqologias axasiaTebdes. frinvelTa samyaros am kuTxiT danaxva-warmoCena 

funqciuria da emsaxureba mxolod erT mizans – mianiSnos adamianur 

yofaze. Tu Cven adamianis fsiqikis erTsa da imave mankier mxareze mivaniSnebT ara 

mxolod pelikanis magaliTis manifestaciiT, aramed sxva frinvelTa (an cxovelTa, 

mcenareTa Tu nebismier saganTa) urTierTobis formiT, amiT miniSnebis sizuste ar 

dairRveva. rogorc vxedavT, alegoriis niSani civia, moklebulia damoukidebeli arsebobis 

SesaZleblobas. amitom igi SemecnebaSi gansjis gziT Semodis. hegeli alegoriis 

Sesaxeb saubarSi erTgan aRniSnavs – àlegorias qmnis ufro gansja, vidre konkretuli 

mWvreteloba da grZnobaTa siRrmiT aRZruli fantazia~ 9 . Cveni azriT, alegoriisaken 

gansjis gziT miemarTeba rogorc demiurgosi, ise aRmqmeli. 

amgvarad, SesaZlebelia alegoriisa da simbolos cnebaTa amgvari gamijvna: 

a) alegoria warmoadgens gadataniTi azrovnebis iseT kategorias, romelSic aRmniSvneli 

(niSani) damokidebulia aRsaniSnze (Sinaarsze) da calke aRebul niSans 

arsebobis ufleba ara aqvs. 

b) simbolo aris gadataniTi azrovnebis iseTi kategoria, romelSic, piriqiT, Sinaarsia 

damokidebuli niSanze da calke aRebul niSans damoukidebeli arsebobis 

ufleba aqvs. 

roca hegeli miuTiTebs alegoriis gansjiT xasiaTze, uTuod gulisxmobs, rom Semecneba 

xorcieldeba im viwro racionaluri aqtiT, romelic mimarTulia uSualod 

Sinaarsisaken. simbolos SemTxvevaSi grZnobieri aqti ufro warmoCindeba da Semecneba 

xorcieldeba Semdegi gziT: niSnis gavliT Sinaarsisaken. amis gamo alegoria 

faqtobrivad SemosazRvrulia, maSin, roca simbolo usasrulo samyaros moicavs. 

àlegoria movlenas aqcevs cnebad, cnebas – xatad, magram ise, rom cneba xatSi SeiZleba 

iyos SemosazRvruli, sruliad dadgenili da masSi gamoTqmuli… simbolika 

movlenas aqcevs idead, ideas xatad, magram ise, rom idea xatSi yovelTvis axdens 

usazRvro zemoqmedebas da miuRwevelia. da ra enazec ar unda gamovTqvaT is, mainc 

rCeba gamouTqmelad~ 10 . 

dabolos, kvlav niSnis, Sinaarsisa da maTi SeerTebis principis Sesaxeb. orive kategoriaSi 

niSnisa da Sinaarsis SeerTeba unda xdebodes mkacri harmoniulobiT. gansakuTrebuli 

yuradReba unda mieqces alegorias. marTalia, masSi niSani da Sinaarsi 

SedarebiT Tavisufal urTierTdamokidebulebaSi arian, magram erTi da igive SinaarsisaTvis 

nebismieri niSnis gamoZebna ar mogvcems erTsa da imave esTetikur efeqts. 

simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva miCneulia qristianuli literaturis safuZvlad. 

igi did gavrcelebas povebs agreTve saxviT xelovnebaSi _ ferweraSi, qandakebaSi, 

arqiteqturaSi 11 . patristikam simbolo aqcia samyaros Semecnebis qvakuTxedad: 

xilulsa da uxilav samyaros aerTianebs simboluri urTierTmimarTeba, romelic 

saRvTo werilSia axsnili 12 . amgvarad, Suasakuneobrivi azrovneba mieswrafvis pirvel 

rigSi zogadis gamoxatvas 13 . 

simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatva gaxda erT-erTi saSualeba qristianobis mier 

winaqristianuli memkvidreobis gamoyenebisa 14 . es kargad Cans qarTuli qristianuli 

kulturis magaliTzedac, CvenTan warmarTuli simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis mi- 

Tologiuri formebi Seicvala qristianuli simbolo-alegorizmis Sesabamisad. gavixsenoT, 

ra organulad moergo qristianizms mzisa da vazis qarTuli warmarTuli 

kultebi. 

rogorc cnobilia, e. w. aRorZinebis xanis qarTul mwerlobaSi (XVI-XVIII ss.) gansakuTrebiT 

popularuli gaxda simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis principi, romelsac 

ori xazi gaaCnda: erovnul-qristianuli da sparsuli. principma Tavisi saukeTeso 

gamoxatuleba pova Teimuraz I-is, arCilis, vaxtang VI-is, sulxan-saba orbelianis, 

daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi. 

314

udavod gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs d. guramiSvili, romelmac sxvaTagan 

gansxvavebiT ar gaiziara tradiciuli sparsuli, anu aRmosavluri, tipis alegoria 

da samagierod gaaRrmava, SeiZleba iTqvas, originaluri TvalTaxedviT warmogvidgina 

qarTul mwerlobaSi odiTgan damkvidrebuli qristianuli simbolur-alegoriuli 

gamoxatvis xerxebi. 

d. guramiSvilis Semoqmedeba imdenadaa ganmsWvaluli simbolur-alegoriuli saxeebiTa 

da azrebiT, rom `daviTianis~ kiTxvisas mkiTxvelis goneba TiTqmis gamudmebiT 

miiswrafvis nawarmoebis formis miRma azrisaken. niSandoblivia avtoris sityvebi 

erT-erTi leqsidan: 

ahxadeo badeo, TvalTa miec andeo, 

scan am leqsTa igavi, Targmne Tu giyvardeo! 

qrTilis puris qerqSia Sig TaTuxi Cavdeo; 

qerqi gafrcven, ganagde, SigniT guls ki sWamdeo 15 . 

d. guramiSviliseuli alegoriis gansazRvrisas erT-erTi mTavari momentia Semoqmedebis 

lirikuli subieqtis – bibliuri daviTis simboluri warmosaxva 16 . e. i. avtori 

cdilobs am sulieri winapris TvalTaxedviT warmoadginos Tavisi saTqmeli 

(es yvelaze kargad gamoCnda poetis himnebSi, romelnic fsalmunis Rrma gancdiT 

arian Seqmnilni 17 , simbolur-alegoriuloba Seexo `daviTianis~ agebis principebsac). 

kerZod, nawarmoebi saxareba-oTxTavis analogiiT dayofilia oTx wignad, xolo Sinaarsis 

wyobiT `daviTiani~ mogvagonebs Zvel aRTqmas – istoriuli moTxroba `qar- 

TvelT ufalTa megvartomobis igavi~, swavlani, simRerebi, Sesxmani, godebani, samijnuro-alegoriuli 

Sinaarsis nawarmoebi `mxiaruli zafxuli~, romelSic principuli 

sizustiTaa gadmotanili zogierTi adgili bibliidan. 

simbolur-alegoriuli gamoxatvis Taviseburebani gansakuTrebiT gamoCnda d. guramiSvilis 

calkeul leqsebSi, romlebSic umeteswilad ganxorcielebulia imdroindel 

esTetikaSi aRiarebuli moZRvreba RvTiuri siyvarulis alegoriuli gadmocemis 

Sesaxeb. 

cnobilia vaxtang VI-is Tvalsazrisi `vefxistyaosnis~ alegoriulobaze 18 . mwerlobaSi 

alegoriis aucileblobaze saubrobs mamuka baraTaSvili 19 da a. S. d. guramiSvilma 

ara marto gaiziara aRniSnuli meTodi, aramed mogvca misi sistemuri da 

rafinirebuli saxe. 

upirvelesad aRsaniSnavia leqsi `simRera daviTisa: `zubovka~, romelic ukve didi 

xania specialistTa da mkiTxvelTa yuradRebiT sargeblobs. bevri Tqmula da dawerila 

am leqsis garSemo. Zalian xSirad miuTiTeben nawarmoebis did gamomsaxvelobiTs 

Zalaze, masSi Cateul poetur sulze, wrfeli siyvarulis gancdaze. ufro cota 

iwereba misi alegoriulobis Sesaxeb, imaze, rom qalis umSvenieresi saxe, misi siyvaruliT 

anaTrToli gulis xma mijnurisa mizani ki ar aris avtorisaTvis, aramed 

saSualebaa sxva sulieri gancdis gadmosacemad. es sxva sulieri gancda saRvTo siyvarulia. 

amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom gamoTqmul azrs sakmaod TvalsaCino obieqturi 

safuZveli gaaCnia. 

leqsis Sinaarsi amgvaria: lirikuli gmiri zubovkis gzaze Sexvdeba metad turfa, 

mSvenier qals da mSvenierebiT mojadoebul guls gadauSlis mas. gagulisebuli qali 

kadnier ucnobs kets dauSens TavSi, magram bolos Seecodeba, Tavretdasxmuls 

zeze wamoayenebs da dauyvavebs. qali wava; kacs ki dapirdeba, kidev movalo, magram 

igi aRar dabrunebula. am kacis siyvarulis gamo cemiT mouklavT qali, romlis suli 

zecaSi davanebula. ubeduri mijnuri moTqvams da sayvarlis suls SesTxovs, igic 

waiyvanos zecad. 

moulodneli Sexvedra da kacis Zlieri gancda orientirdeba qalis damajerebel 

mxatvrul saxeze, ris gamoc ukve eqspoziciur nawilSi iqmneba imis myari iluzia, 

rom saqme gvaqvs yofiT satrfialo lirikasTan: 

zubovkidan momavalman vnaxe erTi qali, 

metad turfa, Svenieri, maze damrCe Tvali. 

315

Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa, asxda Savi xali, 

misman eSxman dacamlewa, Semimusra Zvali. 

vkiTxe: mzeo, sidam moxval, xar sad wamavali? 

geajebi, macodine Seni gza da kvali; 

SenTvis guli qvaT gardmeqca, gaxda viT klde sali, 

masxi wyali, damiSrite, me Seni mwvavs ali. 

qalis pasuxic metad miwieria da organulad agrZelebs eqspoziciaSi warmodgenil 

situacias: avo kaco, viT gabede, me Sen mTxove Tavi? 

bulbulT nacvlad vard kokobman rad dagisva yvavi! 

uaryofili mijnuri tiris da zRvaTa SesarTav cremlsa Rvris... da kvlav qalis 

mware sityvebi: ar mindixar, ar miyvarxar, sxva myavs kargi myvari, _ 

Sengan Tvalad ukeTesi, vaJi-kaci qmari. 

gamomsaxvelobiTi eqspresiuloba kidev ufro izrdeba momdevno suraTSi, sadac 

qali ketiT nacem sacodav mijnurs wamoayenebs, dauyvavebs da etyvis: 

aq nu vsxedvarT, gvnaxos aravina. 

axla avdgeT, Cven wavideT TavTavisTvis Sina, 

kulav sadme amoivli, 

me dagxvdebi wina. 

aq dasruldeba leqsis dinamika da zemoaRniSnul, ase vTqvaT, impresionistuli 

sinaTlis suraTs TandaTan toni umuqdeba, ferebi civdeba da kristaldeba. ase iwyeba 

mijnuris monologi da uceb Sinaarsobriv-azrobrivi, TiTqosda, absurdi: 

Cemis siyvarulisaTvis scemes xelSekrulsa, 

saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa, sisxliT gabasrulsa. 

bolos ki satrfos sulisadmi mimarTva, romelic locvad iqceva: 



ras niSnavs Sinaarsobrivi, TiTqosda, absurdi da risi Tqma gvinda? cxadia, aq absurdTan 

saqme ar gvaqvs. ubralod, sakiTxi pirobiTad davsviT: alegoriuli leqsi 

wavikiTxeT realuri planiT ise, rom sruliad gamovTiSeT ukana plani. moxda is, 

razedac SesavalSi gvqonda saubari: damoukideblad aRebul alegoriul niSanSi wavawydiT 

imgvar logikur winaaRmdegobas, romelic am niSans uspobs Sinaarsisagan 

damoukideblad arsebobis SesaZleblobas. swored amitom amgvari daskvna: `zubovka- 

Ti~ guramiSvilma didi paTosiT umRera ukraineli qalis garegnul sikeklucesa da 

sulis sifaqizes. daviT guramiSvilma pirvelad literaturis istoriaSi Seqmna ukraineli 

qalis mimzidveli, simpaTiuri saxe~ 20 , _ pirobiTia, radgan gamomdinareobs 

leqsis alegoriuli sistemis damoukideblobis aRiarebidan. 

jer kidev k. kekeliZem miuTiTa `zubovkaSi~ qristianuli tipis alegoriis arsebobaze 

21 . literaturaTmcodneobaSi ratomRac mainc gaZnelda imis mtkiceba, rom es 

leqsi alegoriuli nawarmoebia da mis Sinaars, masSi dafarul azrs zubovkis gzaze 

momxdar Tu armomxdar faqtTan pirobiTi kavSiri aqvs. magram aq aris erTi principuli 

xasiaTis winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom qalis saxeSi koncentrirdeba ara marto 

tropuli sistema, aramed is mZafri situaciuri garemoc, romelSic TviT aris 

moqceuli. amgvarad iqmneba Rrmad STambeWdavi simboluri niSani, romelic ikveTeba 

alegoriis gaciebuli struqturis fonze. rogorc ukve SesavalSi aRvniSneT, simboloSi 

niSans, garda imisa, rom Sinaarsis vrcel abstraqcias warmoadgens, damoukidebeli 

Rirebulebac gaaCnia. swored esaa, rom leqsis wminda alegoriulobis aRiareba 

Wirs. SeiZleboda nawarmoebis tipi migveCnia simbolur-alegoriulad, magram 

aRniSnul termins ukve bundovaneba Semoaqvs, radgan gaurkveveli rCeba, Tu am ori 

kategoriidan romelia koncefciuri struqturis ganmsazRvreli. magram, ramdenadac 

leqsis Sinaarsis garegan qsovilSi dominirebs alegoria rogorc sistema da qristes 

simboluri saxe (qalis saxe) am sistemaSi Semodis rogorc Semadgeneli elementi, 

SegviZlia leqsis tipis ganmsazRvrel terminad davtovoT – àlegoriuli~. 

316

gvinda yuradReba mivaqcioT erT garemoebas. RvTiuri siyvarulis alegoriuli 

gamoxatva Sua saukuneebSi da, rogorc Cans, merec literaturis metad popularuli 

meTodi iyo. Teoria imdenad myari da avtoritetuli aRmoCnda, rom mas geniosebic 

ver aRwevdnen Tavs. XIX saukunis cnobili italieli kritikosi franCesko de sanktisi, 

romelic dantes SemoqmedebaSi alegorizmis aRiarebis winaaRmdegia, iZulebelia, 

dauSvas poetis Semoqmedebaze sqolastikis gavlena 22 . vfiqrobT, arc Cven unda 

veZebdeT Rrmad morwmune qristianis daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebaSi am Teoriis 

primatis gaqarwylebis gzebs, miT umetes, Tu qarTuli mwerlobis istoria saamisod 

garkveul safuZvels iZleva. `vefxistyaosnis~ vaxtangiseuli komentari, romelic poemaSi 

saRvTo siyvarulis alegoriis arsebobas amtkicebs, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes 

klerikalur-reaqciuli wreebis braldebaTagan nawarmoebis dacvis faqtad, magram 

arsebobs sakiTxis meore mxarec. kerZod, s. caiSvili SeniSnavs: ìrkveva, rom is, rac 

vaxtangma rusTavels miawera, iyo misive rwmena, gamomdinare misive SemoqmedebiTi 

praqtikidan~ 23 . aseve mniSvnelovania Semdegi daskvnac – `vaxtangis poeziaSi `soflis 

mdurvasTan~ erTad siyvarulis alegoriul-mistikuri gaazreba sistemadaa qceuli 

da, rogorc aRvniSneT, igi mTeli mimarTulebis Semqmnelia me-18 saukunis qarTul 

poeziaSi~ 24 . r. siraZe fiqrobs, rom vaxtangis mrwamsisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari amosavali 

unda yofiliyo `qeba qebaTais~ Targmanebani 25 . qarTuli literatura IX saukunidan 

icnobs ipolite romaelis Sromas `TargmanebaÁ qebaÁ qebaTaÁ~, romelSic avtori 

cnobili teqstis mistikur-alegoriul ganmartebas iZleva. mag., aseTi fraza – 

ùmjobes arian Cemda ZuZuni Senni ufroÁs Rvinisa~ – asea ganmartebuli: `rameTu vi- 

Tarca saxed ganamxiarulis Rvinoman guli, ese saxed ganamxiaruleben mcnebani qristesni, 

rameTu viTarca CCvilni romelni gamoswoven ZuZuTagan gamowovad sZisa, egreca 

saxed yovelni gamoswovdes Sjulisa da saxarebisagan mcnebaTa, saWmelsa samaradisosa 

moipoveben, rameTu ZuZu qristesa araTu sxuaÁ raÁ ars, aramed orni igi 

Sjulni, da sZe ese araTu sxuaÁ raÁ ars, aramed mcnebani igi Sjulisani~ 26 . 

amgvari tendencia sruliad bunebrivia, simbolur-alegoriuli meTodi aris yvelaze 

ufro racionaluri gza RvTaebis warmosadgenad. roca mose sTxovs ufals, saxiT 

meCveneo, ufali upasuxebs: `ver ZalgiZs pirisa Cemisa xilvad, rameTu ara ars 

kaci, romelmanca ixila piri Cemi da cxovnda~ (gamoslvaTa 33, 20). amitom RvTaebis 

Wvreta mxolod simbolos saSualebiT moxdeba. areopagelis mixedviT, RmerTis simboluri 

gamoxatva SesaZlebelia anTropomorfuli da zoomorfuli saxeebiT, `nergTa 

da qvaTa TiTo-ferobiT~. simbolo SeiZleba miviRoT samkauliT damSvenebuli 

dedakaci, SeiaraRebuli barbarosi da ubralo meqoTne. simbolos ukan imaleba 

uzarmazari samyaro, romlis ganWvretad uZluria urwmuno da ganuswavleli goneba. 

areopagelis mizania, gvaswavlos simbolos xedva. ùrwmuno varT mravalni saRmrTo- 

Ta saidumloTa sityuebsa, rameTu vxedavT maT martod SemoRebulTa maT Soris grZnobadTa 

saxeTa. jer ars ukeTu TaviT TvisiT ganZarcuaÁ maTi SiSulad wmidad saxilvel 

qmnaTa, rameTu esreT mxedvelni msaxur viqmnneT wyarosa cxorebisasa Tavsa 

Sina Tvissa aRmomdinaresa~ 27 . 

`zubovkis~ mSvenieri qali rom qristes simboloa, vgonebT, eWvs ar iwvevs. rom 

araferi vTqvaT leqsis Sinaarsze, TviTon calkeuli tropuli formebi ueWvelad 

ukavSirdebian macxovris warmodgenas. mag.: 

1. `mze~ (vkiTxe: mzeo, sidam moxval), romelic qristes tradiciuli da uryevi simboloa. 

d. guramiSvilTan igi mxolod da mxolod qristesTan mimarTebaSi ixmareba. 

sxvagvarad warmoudgenelia, Tu gavixsenebT poetis mier Camoyalibebul da 

mkacrad metaforul sistemas: mzeTa-mze (mama-RmerTi), mze (qriste), TinaTini (materialuri 

mze). 

2. `Semimusra Zvali~ gamoZaxili unda iyos ioanes saxarebis im adgilisa, sadac weria 

imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seumusres Zvali (wvivi) qristes gverdiT jvarcmul 

or gvams da rom amgvari bedi ar ewia macxovris gvams 28 , `rameTu iyo ese, raÁTa 

werili aRasrulos, viTarmed: Zuali misi ara Seimusros~ (i. 19, 36). `Semimusra Zv- 

317

ali~ – am fraziT xazgasmulia raRac sulieri distancia RmerTsa da mokvdavs 

Soris. 

3. `cxovrebis puri~ (`me var puri cxovrebisa~. i. 6,35). 

4. `pirad TeTrsa~ (`Tavi da Tmani misni spetak, viTarca matyli spetaki da viTarca 

Tovli~. apokalifsi, 1,14). 

aqve SevniSnavT, rom is tropuli formebi, romlebic metad Zlier mxatvrul efeqts 

Seicaven da romlebsac xandaxan ukavSireben mSvenieri ukraineli qalis saxes, 

gamoZaxils pouloben im leqsebSi, sadac mimarTeba qristesTan simbolur-alegoriuli 

ki ara, pirdapiria. 

ai, zogierTi paraleli: 

1. `zubovka~: `masxi wyali, damiSrite, me Seni mwvavs ali~. 

leqsi `ne simRera~ (qristes): `Sen damasxi wyalia, damiSrite alia~. 

leqsi `ne~ (qristes): `mwvavs cecxli cxeli, mapkure wyali, damSrite ali~. 

2. `zubovka~ metad turfa, Svenieri~. 

leqsi `ne simRera~ (qristes): àmad mindi turfad Sveni~ 

3. `zubovka~: `me mis monas numc amxdia misgan safarveli~. 

leqsi `ne simRera~ (qristes): `nu amxdi me Sens safarvels~. 

leqsi `mz~ (RvTismSobels): `gviTxove Sens Zes sayvarelsa, nu agvxdis Cven RvTis 

safarvelsa~. 

axla ki konkretulad `zubovkis” alegoriis Sesaxeb. k. kekeliZe werda: `simRera- 

Si~ aseTi azria gatarebuli: codvil kacs, Tu ki is gulwrfelad moinaniebs Tavis 

Secodebas, RmerTi ar ganagdebs da ar ugulebelyofs sabolood, aramed Seiwynarebs 

da Seiyvarebs mas~ 29 . 

vfiqrobT, ganmarteba dazustebas iTxovs. kerZod, nawarmoebSi ar aris xazgasmuli, 

rom lirikuli gmiri codvilia. misi mxridan arc SecodebaTa monanieba xdeba. 

Cvens yuradRebas mivaqcevT im garemoebas, rom moqmedeba viTardeba droSi, romelSic 

siuJeturi konstruqcia gaSlilia sam Tanmimdevrul punqtad: 1. lirikuli gmiri martoa; 

2. lirikuli gmiri sayvarels xvdeba; 3. lirikuli gmiri kvlav martoa. 

moyvanili struqtura simetriulia, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom simetriuloba 

Sinaarsis Tvisebadac iqceva. aq sxvaoba gvaqvs: me-3 punqtSi (martoobis meore mdgomareoba) 

mTavaria molodinis gancda, romelsac pirveli punqti ar gulisxmobs (pirvelSi 

sulis statikuri mdgomareobaa fiqsirebuli. `zubovkidan momavalman...~ miniSnebaa 

ara marto fizikur, aramed sulier martoobazec. am daskvnas TavisTavad gulisxmobs 

leqsis finali – siuJeturi konstruqciis me-3 punqti). amgvarad, Tu pirvel 

punqtSi fizikur simartoves sulieri simartovec axlavs, me-3 puntqSi fizikur 

simartoves avsebs imedi (molodinis gancda). amiT Cven imis Tqma gvinda, rom leqsi 

gulisxmobs qristes pirveli mosvlis istorias. marTlac, adamiani qristes mosvlamde 

marto iyo da misi suli bnels moecva (I punqti – lirikuli gmiri martoa). 

qristes mosvlam gaanaTla adamianis suli (me-2 punqti _ lirikuli gmiri sayvarels 

xvdeba), xolo jvarcmis Semdgom adamiani kvlav martoa fizikurad, magram ganaTlebul 

suls umagrebs meored mosvlis imedi. amgvarad, qristes pirvelad mosvlis istoriisa 

da leqsis struqturis formebi identurebi arian. ras gviCvenebs miT ufro 

axlo planiT ganxilva? 

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, leqsis dasawyisi: `zubovkidam momavalman...~ migvanSnebs 

fizikur da masTan erTad sulier martoobas. sityva `momavalman~ asocirdeba 

`gzad~, romelic ukve warsulis Rrma istoriuli perspeqtivaa. Sexvedra qalTan (qali 

– qristes simbolo), dauZleveli siyvarulis gancda, ueWvelad es aris sulis 

ganaTleba. esaia winaswarmetyveli ityvis: èri, romeli sxda bnelsa, ixiles naTeli 

didi da romelni sxdes bnelsa da aCrdilTa sikudilisaTa naTeli gamouCnda maT 

zeda~ (m. 4, 16). Semdgom qalis risxva... da qristes sityvebi: `nu hgonebT, viTarmed moved 

me mifenad mSvidobisa queyanasa zeda; ara moved me mifenad mSvidobisa aramed ma- 

318

xvilisa, rameTu moved ganyofad kacisa mamisagan Tvisisa~ (m. 10, 34-35). am principiT 

ganarCevs macxovari warmarTTa Soris suliT marTlmorwmunesa da farisevels... 

qalma irwmuna yaribis didi siyvaruli da Tavisi siTboc gauziara, magram ra 

moxda? 

Cemis siyvarulisaTvis scemes xelSekrulsa, 

saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa, sisxliT gabasrulsa. 

moxda is, rac winaswar iyo ganCinebuli: qriste jvars acves. amiT man gamoisyida 

adamianTa codvebi (`saxiT vxedav CemTvis mkvdarsa~). qali wasvlisas mijnurs dapirda, 

`kidev movalo~, mijnuri ki mxurvaled SesTxovs zecas davanebuli gulis sworis 

suls: `geajebi, nu gamwirav, wamiyvane manda!~ 

qriste mimarTavs mociqulT: `da ukeTu warvide da gangimzado Tquen adgili, kualad 

movide da wargiyvanne Tquen Tavisa Cemisa Tana, raiTa sadaca me viyo, munca iyvneT~ 

(i. 14,3)... 

bolos mainc ismeba sakiTxi: ratom eswrafvis poeti qalis saxis STambeWdavi ferebiT 

gamokveTas, mis, ase vTqvaT, naturalizebas? am kiTxvas moeZebneba ori pasuxi, 

romlebic erTmaneTs sruliadac ar gamoricxaven. pirvel rigSi, `zubovka~ leqsia 

da sruliad bunebrivia, rom masSi moCans laRi poeturi ferebi da ganwyobileba. es 

rom ase ar yofiliyo, igi sqolastikad iqceoda. meore, RvTismetyvelebaSi miRebulia, 

rom gadataniTi azrovnebisas wina, realuri plani rac SeiZleba mkveTri da 

emociuri unda iyos. areopagelis filosofiis mixedviT, simboloTi azrovneba aracnebiTi 

azrovnebaa. am SemTxvevaSi win moiwevs simbolos garegnuli simkveTre, silamaze 

da emociuroba, raTa masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli gaxdes aracnebiTi Semecnebis 

– fantaziis harmoniuli ganviTareba. `simbolos aracnebiTi informacia misi 

Semmecneblisagan pirvel rigSi aRiqmeba Rrmad emociurad `silamazisa~ da `sinaTlis~ 

formiT~ 30 . 

simbolikaze areopagituli moZRvrebis erT-erTi mTavari principi, romelic Tavis 

droze formulad iqceva da poeziaSi erTgvari koncefciuri prizmis mniSvnelobas 

miiRebs, d. guramiSvilis leqsSi ganxorcielebulia Tanamimdevrulad, racionaluri 

simkacriT, xdeba misi aqcentireba. yovelive amas poeti aerTianebs im pirobad, rom 

rogorc TviTon ityvis, `vcnaT am leqsTa igavi: e. i. amovxsnaT `zubovkis~ alegoriis 

Sinaarsi~. TargmanebiTi midgoma leqsis Sinaarsisadmi saSualebas gvaZlevs, prioriteti 

mivaniWoT Semdegi saxis zogad daskvnas: `zubovka~ aris alegoriuli Sinaarsis 

nawarmoebi. aq qristes simbolo (qalis saxe) organuladaa Casmuli alegoriis struqturaSi 

(niSanSi), romlis ukana plani (Sinaarsi) warmoadgens qristes pirveli mosvlis 

istorias. 

`zubovkis~ analizi da misi daskvnebi d. guramiSvilis SemoqmedebiTi principebis 

fonze warmogvidgeba rogorc organuli nawili am principebisa. `zubovkaze~ msjelobis 

dasabuTebisas utyuar argumentad gveguleba ara marto `daviTianis~ calkeuli 

nawarmoebi, aramed am wignis rogorc erTeulis (`daviTiani vsTqvi daviT...~) msoflmxedvelobiTi 

erTianoba. 

319

literatura: 

1. А. Ф. Лосев, История античной эстетики (поздний эллинизм) , М., 1980, с. 106. 

2. В. В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика, М., 1977, с. 123. 

3. А. Ф. Лосев, Эстетика Возрождения, М., 1978, с. 218. 

4. В. П. Шестаков, Очерки по истории эстетики, М., 1979, с. 264. 

5. А. Блок, Сочинения в 2-х томах, т.2, М., 1933, с.154. 

6. М.Н. Афасижев, Фреидизм и буржуазное искусство, М., 1971, с. 87. 

7. А. Ф. Лосев, Проблема символа и реалистическое искусство, М., 1976. 

8. iqve, gv. 153. 

9. g. v. f. hegeli, esTetika, t. I, Tb., 1975, gv. 460. 

10. Goethe, Werke in zwolf Banden, 7 Band, Berlin-Weimar, 1981, gv. 558. 

11. М. Дворжак, Очерки по искусству средневековья, Л., 1934, с. 124. 

12. Д. С. Лихачев, Поетика древнерусской литературы, Л., 1979, с. 162. 

13. В. Р. Адрианова - Перетц, Очерки поэтического стиля Древней Руси. М-Л., 1947, с. 9. 

14. r. siraZe, qarTuli esTetikuri azris istoriidan, Tb., 1978, gv. 246. 

15. d. guramiSvili, daviTiani, Tb., 1964, gv. 81. 

16. r. siraZe, werilebi, Tb., 1980, gv.116-148. 


18. vaxtangiseuli vefxistyaosani 1912 wlisa, gv. sJb. 

19. mamuka baraTaSvili, swavla leqsisa Tqmisa, Tb., 1981, gv. 7. 

20. k. kekeliZe, a. baramiZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoria, Tb., 1969, gv. 427. 

21. k. kekeliZe, zogierTi sakiTxi d. guramiSvilis cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis 

istoriidan, etiudebi, t. IV, Tb., 1957, gv. 167. 

22. Ф. де Санктис, История итальянской литературы, т. I, М., 1963, с. 86. 

23. s. caiSvili, literaturuli werilebi, Tb., 1966, gv. 65. 

24. iqve. 


26. Н. Я. Марр, ipolite, `TargmanebaÁ qebaÁ qebaTaÁ~ gv. i, Тексты и разыскания по армяногрузинской 

филологии, т.III , Спб. , 1901. 

27. petre iberieli (fsevdo dionise areopageli), Sromebi, Tb., 1961, gv. 250. 

28. n. naTaZe, literaturuli werilebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 229. 

29. k. kekeliZe, etiudebi, t. IV, Tb., 1957, gv. 167. 

30. В. В. Бычков, Византийская эстетика, М., 1977, с. 124. 

320

esarion gabaSvili da daviT guramiSvili 

321 


qarTuli lirikis istoriaSi besarion gabaSvils gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. 

mas TiTqos bedma arguna etvirTa Rirseba-naklovanebebi Zveli qarTuli mwerlobisa 

da yofiliyo misi ukanaskneli didi warmomadgeneli. grZnobaTa mimoxriT da gansakuTrebiT 

sityvis artistuli flobiT mas badali ara hyavs àRorZinebis~ xanis literaturaSi. 

miuxedavad imisa, rom besikis poezias Janruli mravalferovneba axasiaTebs, 

misi poeturi saxelis mTavari fuZe lirikuli leqsebis ciklia, romelsac 

SeiZleba pirobiTad cnobili leqsis `sevdis baRis~ saxeli vuwodoT (am ciklis 

leqsebia: `sevdis baRs Sevel~, `me mivxvdi magas Sensa bralebsa~, `tano tatano~, `me 

Senma fiqrma mimarinda~ da sxv.). aq ZiriTadad ideur-Tematikur rkals qmnis daucxromeli 

da mZafri siyvarulis grZnoba. am leqsebis gmiri uimedo, magram dauokebeli 

siyvaruliT gatacebuli Wabukia. poetma warmogvisaxa ucxo da mSvenieri qveyana, romelsac 

metaforulad `sevdis baRi~ ewodeba. lirikuli gmiri, romelic avtoris personificirebuli 

saxea, raRac saocari romantikiTaa garemosili. igi esaubreba Tavis 

mijnursa Tu mijnuris uaxloes megobrebs, romlebic agreTve metaforuli simboloebia 

da vardis Tu iis surnelebiT sunTqaven: 

sevdis baRs Sevel SenaRonebi: 

mokrefad msurda vardis konebi. 

vardman Semrisxa Tavmomwonebi, 

isari mtyorcna dasamonebi. 

Semdeg naTeli xdeba yvela metafora, mijnuri uimedo siyvarulis msxverplia, 

TviT mas miuZRvis amaSi danaSauli, risTvisac igi sastikad isjeba: `mec momxvda soflis 

mkvleli brWalebi~. mijnuri ar malavs Tavis vinaobas: `besiki sikvdils ar vemalebi~. 

aseTive xasiaTi aqvs leqss `me mivxvdi magas Sensa bralebsa~, romelic TiTqos 

uSualo gagrZelebaa leqsisa `sevdis baRi~. idumali xma anugeSebs mijnurs, romelsac 

raRac danaSauli miuZRvis satrfos winaSe. aZlevs rCevas, rom moixmos `mSvenieri 

bulbuli~, sxva yvavilebi, raTa Seavedron ganrisxebul satrfos, uSuamdgomlon, 

iqneb ixsnan da `vardi kvlav naxos pirmomRimare~. am leqsebSi poeti yvelgan 

inarCunebs amaRlebul, erTgvar romantiul pozicias. amasTan, siyvarulis gancdas 

gansakuTrebiT aZlierebs erTi momenti, romelic besikis poeziis mTavari niSan-Tvisebaa. 

àRorZinebis~ xanis lirikaSi, rogorc wesi, siyvarulis grZnoba mistikuri 

Wvretis sferoa. siyvaruls gamoclili aqvs konkretul-grZnobadi mxare, xolo satrfialo 

sagania raRac uxilavi, xelSeuxebi arseba, romelic an RvTaebis emanaciad, 

an TviT RvTaebadaa warmodgenili (vaxtang VI, mamuka baraTaSvili, daviT guramiSvili). 

rogorc viciT, mamuka kanonis Zalas aZlevs am Sexedulebas: `marTebs, kacma avi 

ambavi ar galeqsos, Tu saaSiyo leqsi unda, RmrTis saaSiyo, eklesiisa wmindaTa ambavi 

galeqsos~ 1 . siyvarulze aseT Sexedulebas Cvens poeziaSi bevri saerTo moepoveba 

aRmosavlur, sufiur lirikasan. sparsuli lirika, magaliTad, mTlianad am gr- 

ZnobiTaa ganmsWvaluli. pirovnebaTa Soris yovelTvis RmerTi dgas da siyvaruli 

masTan amaRlebis, masSi gaTqvefis erTaderTi gzaa. sparsuli lirika, romelic TiTqos 

gvixatavs wregadasuli siyvarulis vnebian suraTebs, qveteqstSi eZebs RmerTTan 

misvlis, RvTaebrivi Tavdaviwyebis gzebs. 

besiki Tavisi SemoqmedebiT diametrulad sawinaaRmdego poziciaze dgas. aviRoT 

imave ciklis leqsebi, rogoricaa `sevdis baRi~, `me mivxvdi magas Sensa bralebsa~, 

`bulbuli modis mwuxarebiT~ da sxv. aq siyvaruli yvelgan grZnobad-konkretul sa- 

1 qarTuli poetikis qrestomaTia (XVIII_XIXss.), g. miqaZis red. 1954 w. gv. k. kekeliZe siyvarulis 

aRniSnul Teorias uwodebs qristianul mwerlobaSi `sufizmis~ Tavisebur analogias.

xeebSia warmodgenili da mkiTxveli uSualod grZnobs miwier, amqveyniur vnebaTaRelvas, 

ufro metic, aq TiTqos yovel nabijze igrZnoba is, rom saqme gvaqvs TviT avtoris 

poetizirebul biografiasTan, rac kidev ufro xazs usvams leqsSi gamovlenil 

xalas emocias. amave ciklSi besiks aqvs sxva intonaciiT Sesrulebuli leqsebi, 

romlebic metaforuli simboloebis nacvlad sufTa lirikuli xmiT gamoxataven poetis 

gancdebs. am leqsebSi Wabuki mijnuri uSualod mimarTavs satrfos, romelic 

auwereli silamazis matarebelia, magram amave dros uwyaloa da Seubralebeli: 

me Senma fiqrma mimarinda, Cavel Wirebsa: 

andamatisebr mimizidav, vhgav namWirvebsa. 

vardis bageni Svenierad sxva mapirebsa 

Cemebr uwyalod miiyvaneb gasakvirvebsa. 

rodis iqneba Semomxedo gulsa mwirebsa? 

(`me Senma fiqrma mimarinda...~) 

aq gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa erT-erTi Sedevri Zveli qarTuli lirikisa _ `tano-tatano~. 

poeti arRvevs yovelgvar pirobiTobas da pirdapir, uSualod amkobs 

Tavis mijnurs: 

tano-tatano, gulwamtano, ucxod marebo! 

zilfo, kavebo, momklavebo, versakavebo! 

warb-wamwam-Tvalno, misaTvalno, Semazarebo: 

Zow-lal-bageo, damdageo, sulTwamarebo! 

piro mTvareo, momigone, mzisa darebo! 

poetis uSualoba gasaocar siZlieres aRwevs. TiTqos erTi amosunTqviTaa miwyobili 

erTmaneTze Zvirfasi qvebi da moulodneli saxeebi da, rac mTavaria, miuxedavad 

ferTa siWarbisa, arsad ar ilaxeba natifi poeturi qsovili. 

rogorc vnaxeT, besikis zemoaRniSnuli erTi ciklis leqsebi sxvadasxva poeturi 

xerxiTaa Sesrulebuli (mag., erTi mxriv, `sevdis baRi~ da meore mxriv _ `tano-tatano~), 

magram maT akavSirebT erTi niSani. es aris am leqsebis mZafri dramatizmi. 

besikis lirikuli gmiri realuri siyvaruliTaa gatacebuli. igi ar aris aRmosavluri 

tipis mWvreteli, pasiuri aRqmis mijnuri, igi dramatizirebuli saxea, rac formis 

mxriv gamovlenilia gmiris daucxromel, energiul paTosSi. monologi amaRlebuli 

da medgari tonisaa, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi SeiZleba uimedod iyo gamijnurebuli. 

amaRlebul paToss amxels Tundac is sityvebi, romelSic damarcxebis gamo 

lirikuli gmiri sikvdils natrobs: 

besiki sikvdils ar vemalebi, 

Tavi maqvs misTvis Senawonebi! 

an 

mkvdari mijnuri damitireT, damfalT samares! 

va, sicocxleo ukuRmarTo, danacarebo: 

dramatiuli simZafre besikis satrfialo lirikis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa, 

rac mis poezias gansakuTrebul adgils aniWebs àRorZinebis xanis~ qarTul 

mwerlobaSi. 

ar iqneboda swori, rom es dramatizmi marto misi poeturi enis Tvisebad migveCnia. 

besikis poeziis dramatizms, movlenebTan gamZafrebul damokidebulebas. ueWvelad 

aqvs Tavisi Rrma safuZvlebi. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos poetis erTgvari ukmayofilo 

damokidebuleba gare samyarosTan. igi sofels usamarTlobasa da gautanlobas 

usayvedurebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi momavalsac sakmaod uimedo TvaliT Sehyurebs. 

amas Tavisi gamoxatuleba upovia poetis SemoqmedebaSi da Tumca avtori uSualod 

arc exeba socialuri sinamdviliT gamowveul mwvave tkivilebs, igi mainc Tavs 

iCens poetis satrfialo lirikaSi. swored am moments gamohyavs misi satrfialo lirika 

kameruli poeziis CarCoebidan. `rac miirewa sofelman, veRar davsTvale hamri- 

Ta, misi simware yoveli guls gardamrTxmian kamriTa~, _ ambobs poeti. xolo sxva 

leqsSi besiki pirdapir acxadebs: `var ucxo vinme yaribi, ama sityvisa mxmobeli, ama 

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muxTlisa soflisa maginebeli, mgmobeli~. ès yvelaferi _ SeniSnavs k. kekeliZe _ 

araa ubralo, uSinaarso deklaracia... kaci, romelic xedavda Tavisi qveynis socialursa 

da politikur rRvevas, romelic, amitom iZulebuli iyo misTvis saimedo mzrunveli 

eZebna xan sparseTSi, xan ruseTSi sxvas veras ityoda Tu ara: 

oi! sofelo, pirdamyofelo! 

oi! drkuo, cruo, oi, mrudo, cudo! 

oi! Sensa pirsa vin etrfis, tirsa! 

hai, hai, gican, oi, eSmakT zRudo! 2 

poetis satrfialo lirikis erT-erTi umSvenieresi nimuSia cnobili leqsi, romelic 

kremenCugSia dawerili da besikis biografiul realiebs gadmogvcems. am patara 

erTstrofiani leqsiT saocrad sevdiani amRerebiT Seqmnilia adamianuri mwuxarebis 

suraTi. besikisTvis Cveuli sityvawarmoebiT (`haeri civ-namiani~, `gulsevdiani~) miRweulia 

mimzidveli poeturi efeqti. TiTqos yvelaferi gaTavda, samudamod gafermkrTalda: 

haeri civnamiani 

CemTvis aRar-a dRiani; 

mas vSorav gulsevdiani, 

vis molodna maqvs gviani. 

qufrxveviT, Tvalcremliani, 

aRarasad-a xmiani, 

TavmoxriT vnaxe iani, 

sxivni hklebodes mziani. 

besikis lirikidan sayuradReboa leqsi _ `dedofals anazed~. igi udavod ostaturad 

Sesrulebuli Sesxmaa ana dedoflisa (gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa saxeli 

ànas~ zmuri gaTamaSeba sariTmo klauzulaSi). magram unda iTqvas, rom igi emociurad 

nakleb datvirTulia, vidre `sevdis baRis~ ciklis leqsebi (amis mizezi TviT 

leqsis mizandasaxulobaSi unda davinaxoT, `dedofals anaze~ samqebro xasiaTis 

nawarmoebia). 

besikis poeturi ena msjelobisTvis did masalas iZleva. igi lirikuli leqsis 

namdvili didostatia. upirvelesi niSani misi leqsisa kompoziciuri daxvewilobaa, 

rac mis poezias gansakuTrebul iers aZlevs. lirikuli leqsis kompozicia mxolod 

garegan formas rodi eyrdnoba. leqsis kompozicias ar gansazRvravs poetis mier SerCeuli 

marto esa Tu is sazomi Tu leqsTwyobis romelime saxe (vTqvaT, soneti an 

muxambazi da sxv.). kompozicia poetis Sinagan samyaroSi iRebs saTaves da erTian saxeSi 

Tu lirikul amRerebaSi vlindeba. igi yoveli leqsis saxeTa mTlianobas da Camoyalibebul 

gancdaTa erTian gadawyvetas gulisxmobs. am mxriv, besikis leqsebi Seudarebeli 

ostatobiT aris Sesrulebuli. poetis lirikuli Sedevris `sevdis ba- 

Ris~ kompoziciuri mTlianoba erTiani, mTavari saxis gamokveTilobaSia gamomJRavnebuli. 

leqsis mTavari saxe uzomod Seyvarebuli mijnuri, lirikuli gmiria, romelic 

ucxo walkotSi Sebralebas iTxovs ganrisxebuli satrfosagan da mTeli am lirikuli 

suraTis saxeebis sistema, metaforaTa uCveulo gradacia da ferebis ganawileba 

mTavari saxis, lirikuli gmiris bunebis gaxsnas emsaxureba. iqmneba emociaTa mTlianobis 

STabeWdileba. swored aseTive kompoziciuri mTlianoba axasiaTebs `sevdis ba- 

Ris~ ciklis Sedevrebs, rogoricaa `tano tatano~, `Savni SaSvni~ da sxv. 

besiki araCveulebrivad flobs poetur semantikas da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zvel 

qarTul mwerlobaSi igi rusTvelis erT-erTi Rirseuli memkvidrea. aRiarebulia, 

rom rusTvelis msgavsad besikic ZiriTadad metaforuli stilis poetia da igi bevradaa 

davalebuli SoTa rusTvelis poeturi enisagan. aq arcTu iSviaTad gvxvdeba 

rusTveluri `melnis tba~ da `giSris saTebi~, astraluri saxeobani Tu Zvirfasi qvebis 

metaforebi. amasTan, besiki bevr SemTxvevaSi axal poetur aRmoCenebs akeTebs da 

2 qarT. lit. istoria, t. 114. gv.673. 

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dRes misi saxeliTaa cnobili, magaliTad, iseTi gavrcelebuli metaforuli saxeebi, 

rogoricaa: `sevdis baRi~, `TvalTa isxarni, mosisxarni~, `Savni SaSvni~ (Tvalebi) da 

sxva SesaniSnavi saxe-metaforebi. besiki metaforasTan erTad xSirad iyenebs, rusTvelisTvis 

SedarebiT naklebad cnobil, pirdapiri saxis Sedarebebs da amiT Tavisebur 

uSualobas aniWebs saxeTa gaazrebas: `Senma gonebam mimamsgavsa mileul mTvares~. 

besikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uaryofaze agebuli gaSlili Sedareba: `Svidni ciurni 

mocimcimed, ar Segadare~. besiki poetur sityvas araCveulebrivad grZnobs da misi 

poeturi semantika saocrad gamiznulia, zigjer Tavis adgilas Casmuli erTi 

SexedviT Cveulebrivi sityva sruliad moulodnel mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. `me Senma 

fiqrma mimarinda, Cavel Wirebsa~. aq sityva `mimarinda~ ukve Tavidanve qmnis 

Sesafer, odnav melanqoliur ganwyobilebas, rac poets uimedo, ganwiruli mijnuris 

daxasiaTebisaTvis sWirdeba. besiki sityvisa da frazeologiis WeSmariti ostatia da 

misi leqsis zogi gamoTqma pirdapir poetur formulas warmoadgens. gavixsenoT 

Tundac zemoT ukve ganxiluli leqsi `haeri civ-namiani, CemTvis aRara dRiani~. 

rusTvelis msgavsad besiki xSirad mimarTavs aliteraciis xerxs. Tavi rom davaneboT 

mis cnobil anbanTqebebs, sadac aliteracia ZiriTad formalistur xerxad gvevlineba, 

besikis lirikul SedevrebSi igi aRWurvilia mniSvnelovani mxatvruli funqciiT. 

besikis leqsi `tano tatano~ aliteraciuli bgerweris erT-erTi saintereso 

nimuSia. da unda iTqvas, rom, metaforaTa saocar wyobasTan erTad, leqsis mxatvrul 

suraTs bgeraTa araCveulebrivi Sexameba qmnis: `tano tatano, gul-wamtano, ucxod 

marebo! zilfo, kavebo, momklavebo, ver sakarebo!~ an `va, sicocxleo ukuRmarTo, danacarebo~ 

da sxv. besiki bgerweris, kerZod, aliteraciis ubadlo ostatia. 

umTavresi probleba, romlis gadawyvetasac Sua saukuneebma Tavisi saukeTeso 

inteleqtualuri Zalebi moaxmara, es aris adamianis mimarTeba RvTaebasTan, misi 

moraluri vali da msasoebeli mzera maradiuli sasufevlisaken. Tu am TvalsazrisiT 

SevxedavT daviT guramiSvilis Semoqmedebas, aqac xSiradaa wamoyenebuli igive 

sakiTxebi. magram iseve, rogorc msoflios yvela didi poeti, guramiSvilic ar Caketila 

am erT mimarTebaSi. 

misi poezia mZime gansacdelSi myofi qarTveli kacis uRrmes sulier tkivilebs 

gamoxatavs, xolo mTeli `daviTiani~ qarTlis Wiris mRelvare matianea. SeiZleba 

pirdapir iTqvas, rom Zvel qarTul poeziaSi Cveni xalxis erovnuli bed-iRbali ise 

aravis warmousaxavs, rogorc daviT guramiSvils. mTeli `daviTiani~ am uwmindesi Temis 

dramatuli gancdis Sedegia. 

guramiSvilis poeziis upirvelesi Tema erovnuli tkivilebis gamoxatvaa: `ra Zalian 

guli mtkiva, maJrJolebs da tanSi mzaravs~. am mxriv mas sazrdos awvdis Cveni 

qveynis mware sinamdvile, romelic poetma ukuRmarTad gadaxnul mindors Seadara. 

`qarTlis Wiris~ ase Zlierad gamosaxatavad guramiSvilma miagno Sesafer poetur 

kilos. 

Cven amjerad gvinda SevexoT mxolod ramdenime aspeqts, romelTac garkveuli adgili 

unda daeTmos guramiSvilis, rogorc mxatvrisa da moazrovnis erT mTlianobaSi 

Seswavlis dros. pirvel rigSi es exeba poetis mimarTebas qarTul sasuliero 

mwerlobasTan, romelic organul nakadadaa Sezrdili daviT guramiSvilis Rrma religiuri 

ganwyobilebebiT datvirTul poeziaSi. 

rasakvirvelia, himnografiuli leqsi gverds ver auvlida sasuliero simbolikis 

gamoyenebas, romelic ukve ase uxvadaa am poeziis safuZvelTa-safuZvelSi _ Zveli da 

axali aRTqmis wignebSi. igi himnografiuli poeziis upirvelesi xerxia da mas, rogorc 

Semadgeneli elementi, erwymis metafora da mxatvruli epiTeti. 

qarTuli himnografiac am gziT viTardeboda da mwyobr kompoziciasTan erTad axal 

saero poezias man uanderZa daxvewili poeturi metyveleba. 

Cveni Temis farglebs scildeba himnografiuli poeziis gavlena qarTul klasikur 

saero mwerlobaze, kerZod ki am mwerlobis gvirgvinze SoTa rusTavelze, ro- 

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melmac rig SemTxvevaSi sruliad axleburi gaazreba misca adre SemuSavebul mzamzareul 

poetur formulebs (mag. naTlis tropika da a. S.) 

magram faqtia isic, rom himnografiuli poeziis zemoqmedebam axali ZaliT ifeTqa 

e. w. aRorZinebis epoqaSi. ufro metic, Tu sasuliero poeziis gavlena klasikuri xanis 

mwerlobaze ufro mxatvruli formis aspeqtSi gamovlinda, aRorZinebis epoqis 

mwerlobaSi igi ufro Rrma sulier SreebSi SeiWra. 

guramiSvilis sasuliero xasiaTis leqsi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, klasikuri qar- 

Tuli himnografiis sruliad axali saxesxvaobaa. pirvel rigSi amas gansakuTrebiT 

gvagrZnobinebs enobrivi faqtura, romelSic ase mZlavradaa SeWrili ubralo xalxuri 

yofis gamomxatveli elementebi da folkloruli nakadi. magram Sinaarsobrivad 

misi leqsebi metad axlo midian Zvel himnografiasTan. guramiSvilis am leqsebis 

personaJi cisken sasoebiT mzirali adamiania, romelsac upirveles sikeTed 

RvTaebasTan miaxloeba miaCnia. 

vin aris guramiSvilis erT-erT saxelganTqmul himnSi (ka, odes datyoebulman urjulos 

qveyanas s a y v a r l i s saxe da suraTi veRara naxa, imisi moTqma daviTisagan) 

moxsenebuli: `Cemo saesavo, tkbilo cxovrebisa wyaro~? axali aRTqmisa da himnografiis 

ubralo gacnoba am gamoTqmis mraval paralels aRmogviCenda: tkbili cxovrebis 

wyaro qriste-RmerTia, romelic maradi da tkbili cxovrebis gansaxierebaa. imave 

leqsSi mravalferovan simbolo-epiTetebs mimarTavs poeti qristes Sesaferi gamosaxvisaTvis: 

qriste _ umanki tredi, gvriti, romelmac veragobas usazRvro saTnoeba 

daupirispira. qriste _ ucnauri mze e. i. romlis Secnoba adamianis gonebas ar ZaluZs 

da igi mze, TviT poetisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, upirispirdeba materialurs _ 

`sacnaur mzes~, TinaTins, romelic amave dros ùcnauri mzis~ gamosxivebaa. 

guramiSvili Tavis mxriv amdidrebs da axali cnebebi Seaqvs aRniSnul simboliur 

saxeTa salaroSi. magaliTad, Zveli qarTuli sasuliero mwerlobis Seswavlis magaliTze 

gamoirkva, rom `daviTianSi~ xSirad gamoyenebuli m z e T a - m z i s saxe, rogorc 

mama RmerTis, ufalTa-uflis sabaoTis gamomxatveli guramiSvilma pirvelma 

Semoitana sasuliero xasiaTis himnebSi. Cvenis azriT, igi ueWvelad xalxuri poeziis 

saunjidan unda iyos amoziduli, aki TviTon guramiSvilic acxadebs, rom am saxes 

garegnuli msgavseba aqvs xalxur metyvelebaSi, folklorSi gavrcelebul saxe-gamoTqmasTan 

`qalTa mze~, mzeTa-mzes rusTvelic axsenebs ramdenime adgilas, magram 

masSi arsad aris Cadebuli aRniSnuli mistiuri Sinaarsi 3 . 

mzeTa-mze guramiSvilis usayvarlesi mistiuri saxea da poeti ara erTgzis mimar- 

Tavs mis varirebas. warmarTuli himnebis siZliere SeigrZnoba guramiSvilis sityveb- 

Si: 

sjobs vetrfialo m z e T a - m z e s , m z i s a T v i s Tavi vaxelo, 

naTlisa gavxde mijnuri, radgan Tvalebsa vaxelo, 

mis ukeTesi moyvare, sad vpovo, sada vaxelo? 

mze miwyens, Tu mzis sanacvlod T i n a T i n s xeli vaxelo. 

(str. 340) 

ganTiadisa varskvlavo, mis m z e T a -m z i s a mTiebo, 

vikargvi bnelis RamiTa, dRev, rad ar momiZiebo! (str. 346) 

mzeTa-mze aq ufalTa-ufali, mama RmerTia, romlis trfialeba aqvs gulSi dasaxuli: 

sjobs mas vetrfode da mzisTvis e. i. qriste-RmerTisaTvis xelad viqce, viyo 

gagiJebuli; sanamdi suli midgas (Tvalebs vidre vaxel), naTlis (qristes) mijnuri 

minda viyo; masze ukeTesi moyvare, sad unda vpovo (vaxelo), Tanac igi mze (qriste) 

miwyens, mis sanacvlod TinaTins (materialur, amqveyniur mzes) mivuaxlovde (xeli 

vaxlo)... ganTiadis varskvlavo, ciskaro, mzeTa-mzis mnaTobo, amqveyniur wyvdiadSi 

(bneli Rame) vikargebi da mixseni Sen, maradiulo dRev anu Cemo RvTaebav. 

3 `Tayvanisca lomTa-lomman mzeTa-mzesa~ _ str. 685 (mzeTa-mze aq TinaTinia) da a. S. aseve 

metaforulad, yovelgvari mistiuri Sinaarsis gareSe, gvxvdeba es saxe ìstoria da 

azmanSi~ (Tamars miemarTeba), Teimuraz I-is `leilmejnunianSi~ da sxv. 

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erTmaneTze mSvenier saxe-simboloebs, metaforebs ipovis kaci guramiSvilis sasuliero 

xasiaTis himnebSi, magram maTi mxatvruli Rirsebani Cven sxva TvaliT unda 

ganvsajoT. 

guramiSvilis mistiuri xilva da zecisaken mimarTuli RaRadisi araa mxolod egzaltirebuli 

Wvreta mistiuri qveynisa an cda masTan siaxloviT sakuTari Tavis 

gaqrobisa; guramiSvilis himni adamianis mwuxare simReraa, masSi gamosWvivis sakuTari 

ubedurebiTa da qveynis ukuRmarTobiT Sewuxebuli kacis Civili, romelsac 

erTaderTi imedi zebunebriv samyaroSi eguleba. swored es momenti aZlevs poetis 

himnebs araCveulebriv emociur JReras. TiTqos mxolod religiuri grZnobebia gamoTqmuli 

leqsSi, romelsac me aq movitan, poeturi saxeebi aSkarad sasuliero 

mwerlobidan (metwilad ki àxali aRTqmidan~) aris aRebuli, magram misi qveteqsti 

yvelasaTvis naTelia. bedukuRmarTi cxovrebiT daqanculi poeti godebs: 

viTa cxovari gza Secdomili, 

mgelT warsatacad farexTa gare, 

egreT Sen, Tao, xar gaxdomili, 

aseTi saqme me mogigvare! 

gavxdi glaxaki da davrdomili, 

Tumca sawuTros moviangare, 

var carialze me dajdomili 

saunjisagan kars gare mdgare. (gv. 131). 

swored am niadagze moxda guramiSvilis ideuri samyaros saboloo gamoTiSva Zveli 

himnografebis tipiur warmomadgenlebTan. guramiSvilis himnebSi ukve aRar Cans 

mimarTebis erTi ganzomileba, maSin, roca himnografis universaluri mizania mdumare 

mistiuri WvretiT umaRlesis xilva. 

guramiSvilis himnSi iWvis Zirmware Sxami Jonavs da avtori, Tumca sawuTros mimarTavs, 

magram es mxolod garegnulad Cans. igi kontrastebze agebs Tavis saTqmels 

mxatvrulad uZlieres striqonebSi, romelSic dafaruli, magram Tavisi arsebiT 

meamboxe suli mosCans: 

Tu xar RviZili, raRa ars Zili? 

Tu xar simaZRre, ra ars SimSili?! 

Tu xar sicocxle, ra ars sikvdili?! 

iyav erT-erTi, iwame RmerTi! 

wuTisoflis amaoeba da simuxTle, marTlac, Semzaravadaa warmosaxuli mis erT 

leqsSi, romelSic xalxur warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT poeti Rrma religiur ganwyobilebas 

qmnis: 

midis-modis es sofeli 

qartexilTa zRvisebr Relavs, 

ukan dasdevs dro da Jami, 

mis naqselavs qsovs da sTelavs; 

is mWle kaci cels ras aqnevs, 

rasa sTibavs, rasa scelavs?! 

amad vwunob sawuTrosa, 

sul bnelia, rasac elavs. 

aq araCveulebrivi simZafriT mosCans wminda, adamianuri tkivilebi. guramiSvilis 

poezia amqveyniur, miwier gancdebs gadmogvcems, Tumca mxatvruli elferiT misi 

leqsi sasuliero himnebs mogvagonebs. 

ar unda daviviwyoT kidev erTi niSan-Tviseba, romelic mkveTrad ganasxvavebs 

guramiSvilis himnebs Zveli qarTuli sasuliero poeziisagan. aq me minda mivaqcio 

yuradReba guramiSvilis poetikis erT Taviseburebas, romelsac xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad 

xsnian. 

guramiSvils, rogorc WeSmarit poets, axasiaTebs sinamdvilis, cocxal, konkretul 

ferebSi aRqmis mZlavri talanti, romlis Sedegia, sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, 

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`qarTlis Wiris~ WeSmaritad realisturi epizodebi. es misi poeturi bunebaa da am 

Sinagan poetur moTxovnilebas igi araCveulebrivi warmatebiT iyenebs sasuliero 

himnebSic da poeturi xerxis simaRleze ahyavs igi. 

igi am TvalsazrisiT himnografiis modernizacias axdens, aramarto formiT (guramiSvlma 

xalxuri intonaciebi Seitana Tavis himnebSi), aramed arsebiTi niSnebiTac. 

nacvlad poeturi abstraqciebisa, rac sasuliero himnTa ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa, guramiSvili 

cocxali, sinamdvilidan aRebuli konkretuli STabeWdilebebiT amdidrebs 

Tavis himnebs. 

rogor aris agebuli guramiSvilis himnTa umravlesoba? konkretuli faqti, ambavi 

poets axal simaRleze ahyavs da Semdeg mistiur-alegoriuli suraTiT asrulebs. guramiSvils 

aqvs erTi leqsi, sadac pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom poeti Tavis ambavs gviyveba: 

òdes daviT guramisSvili kistrinis omSi cxeniTurT liaSi daefla, imis monasibad 

RvTisSoblis Sesxma~ (leqsi me). TiTqos yvelaferi naTelia, avtori gviyveba 

meored datyvevebis ambavs, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, man imave sityvebiT elisabed petres 

asulisadmi wardgenil `CelobitnieSic~ Caswera: im bataliis dasasruls _ wers 

daviT guramiSvili _ kistrinis maxloblad mters mivdevdi da moulodnelad cxeni- 

TurT WaobSi Cavefal, am dros mowinaaRmdegem damatyvevao. poeti aRadgens Tavis 

xsovnaSi am mZime dReebs da Semdeg mTel am faqtSi simboliur Sinaarss aqsovs: 

zecad gesav, erTo RmerTo, qveynad erT-ufalo, 

yovlad wmindav RvTis-mSobelo, dido dedofalo, 

codvis lias ukuvardi, Rrmad Sig davefalo, 

Tu Sen me ar aRmomiyvan, Znelad aRmovalo. (gv. 115). 

tipiuria am TvalsazrisiT agreTve guramiSvilis erT-erTi lirikuli Sedevri 

`zubovka~. ar SeiZleba eWvi SevitanoT imaSi, rom aq leqsis mamoZravebelia cocxali 

STabeWdileba, realuri qalis trfialiT gamowveuli gancda: 

zubovkidan mimavalman vnaxe erTi qali, 

metad turfa, mSvenieri, masze damrCa Tvali, 

Sav Tval-warbas, pirad TeTrsa asxda Savi xali, 

misman eSxman da-ca-mlewa, Semimusra Zvali. (gv. 144). 

konkretuli da poeturad srulyofili suraTia, mZlavr, realuri silamaziT gamowveul 

gancdas aorkecebs droze moxmobili arqaulad gawyobili enobrivi tmesi: 

da-ca-mlewa (Sdr. rusTavelTan, str. 627). guramiSvili TandaTan dramatiuli elementebiT 

aZlierebs am Sexvedras da, uceb, erTi SexedviT moulodneli gradacia... 

realuri qali RvTiur Zalad iqceva, realuri siyvaruli mistikur-alegoriul 

trfialebaSi gadadis da cecxlovani vnebis nacvlad ismis msasoebeli RaRadi: 

aw Sen, Cemo sayvarelo, imyofebi sada? 

qveynad Sengan ukeTesi me aravin myvanda. 



`lamazi qali~ aq sawuTros, amqveyniur cTunebaTa personificirebuli saxea, xolo 

leqsis Sinaarsi cTunebaTagan Tavis daRweviT, mkacri gamocdis gziT RvTaebisaken 

swrafvas gamoxatavs (Sdr. agreTve leqsi `simRera~). 

himnebis didi umravlesoba aseTi poeturi xerxiTaa damuSavebuli (teqsti da qveteqsti, 

realuri da mistikuri plani) da, rogorc aRvniSneT, es misi poeziis specifikuri 

niSania. 

guramiSvilma sasuliero himnebSic cocxali, amqveyniuri nakadi Seitana da sxvanairad 

arc SeiZleba yofiliyo. guramiSvili uwinares yovlisa iyo didi poeti da 

Tavisi qveynis Svili. misma poeturma alRom sabolood gaimarjva Rrma sulier winaaRmdegobebze, 

nacvlad qristianul-mistikuri Wvretisa da maradiuli sasufevlis 

uSfoTveli molodinisa, igi cxovrebiseuli cecxliT iwvoda, Tavisi qveynis tkivilebiT 

itanjeboda da qmnida sakuTari SvilebiviT sayvarel simRerebs, romlebsac 

momavalSi qarTveli kacis Wirisa da sixarulis megobrebad igulebda. 

327

ioane batoniSvili da misi `xumarswavla~ 

328 

kaxa jamburia 

ioane batoniSvili, qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis, giorgi XII-is Svili, daibada 

1768 wlis 16 maiss. rogorc misi Sromebidan Cans, man saukeTeso ganaTleba miiRo, 

icoda germanuli, franguli, laTinuri, Turquli, sparsuli, rusuli da somxuri enebi. 

ioane batoniSvili monawileobas iRebda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobaSi. man Tavis 

ZmasTan erTad 1798 wels Caatara mosaxleobis aRwera, 1799 wels ki Seadgina da mamamiss 

warudgina saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis farTo reformebis proeqti, romelic 

ar ganxorcielda giorgi mefis gardacvalebisa da qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebis 

gamo. kanon-proeqtTa es krebuli _ `sjuldeba~ _ gamoirCeva Tavisi masStaburi xasiaTiT 

da naTlad asaxavs ara marto ioane batoniSvilis farTo erudiciasa da niWierebas, 

aramed mis miznebsa da sazogadoebriv-politikur Sexedulebebsac. rogorc 

Cans, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis gardaqmnas igi mowinave evropuli saxelmwifoebis 

modelis mixedviT cdilobda. rogor esaxeboda ioanes saqarTvelos 

momavali? am kanonproeqtTa krebulis mixedviT unda gaxsniliyo umaRlesi saswavleblebi 

TbilisSi, gorsa da TelavSi. am saswavleblebSi araviTari mniSvneloba ar 

unda hqonoda moswavleTa socialur mdgomareobas, wodebriv gansxvavebas. pirveldawyebiTi 

swavla-ganaTleba ki xelmisawvdomi unda yofiliyo yvelasaTvis; unda gaxsniliyo 

biblioTekebi da muzeumebi, unda daarsebuliyo orkviriani gazeTi; unda 

Seqmniliyo umaRlesi saTaTbiro organo, romelSic Sevidodnen burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi, 

kreditebiTa da ijarebiT xeli unda Sewyoboda erovnuli burJuaziis 

Camoyalibebas, skolebisa da stambebis saqmeebi unda daqvemdebareboda garkveuli Tanamdebobis 

pirs _ `ganaTlebis moxeles~; unda monaxuliyo realuri saSualebebi qvriv-obolTa 

da davrdomilTa dasaxmareblad da sxva mravali. 

ioane batoniSvili Tavisi drois erT-erTi saukeTeso meomari da sardali iyo. 

1789 wels man Tavi gamoiCina WarelTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, 1790 wels ki imereTis 

mefes, solomon II-s, miemxro taxtis SenarCunebisaTvis brZolaSi da didi daxmarebac 

gauwia mas. gansakuTrebiT isaxela Tavi ioanem 1795 wels, aRa-mahmad xanis Semosevis 

dros, rodesac mteri Tbilisis SemosasvlelTan SeaCera, amiT ki Tavisi papa erekle 

II tyveobas gadaarCina da saSualeba misca daetovebina Tbilisi. 1796 wels ioane 

batoniSvilma sofel SildasTan daamarcxa omar xani, 1798 wels dirbSi Tavs daesxa 

lekebs da xelT Caigdo maTi beladi; imave wels ibrZoda yarsTan, 1800 wlis noemberSi 

ki kidev erTxel gadamwyvet SetakebaSi daamarcxa kaxeTSi SemoWrili xunZaxis 

batoni omar-xani. 

1801 wlis martSi imperator pavle I-is brZanebiT batoniSvilebi ioane, bagrati da 

mixeili peterburgSi miiwvies. qarTvelebi moskovSi ukve axal imperators aleqsandre 

I-s eaxlnen. aq gamoucxades batoniSvilebs imperatori aleqsandre I-is cnobili 

manifesti, ramac taxtis memkvidreTa sasowarkveTa gamoiwvia. am brZanebis Sesabamisad, 

ìgini mamulisa Tvisisadmi arRa ukunqceul iqmnen, aramed, raTa maradis daS- 

Ten ruseTisa mamulsa Sina~ (gabriel ratiSvili, mciredi raime moTxroba rosiisa, 

w-Si: qarTveli mwerlebi ruseTis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1962, gv. 278). 

1801 wlidan ioane batoniSvili peterburgSi cxovrobda da nayofier samwerlo da 

samecniero moRvaweobas eweoda. igi gardaicvala iqve, 1830 wels. 

ioane batoniSvilis Semoqmedeba dResac gaocebas iwvevs avtoris interesTa mravalferovnebiTa 

da uaRresad didi erudiciiT. mTeli misi moRvaweoba mimarTuli iyo 

evropuli mecnieruli da kulturuli miRwevebis aTvisebisa da maTi saqarTveloSi 

gavrcelebisaken. `mas isRa darCenoda, rom peterburgidan Tavisi nawerebiT mecnieruli 

da moraluri ideebis propaganda gaewia. is SeebrZola patriotuli Segnebis

daClungebas, moralis daSlas, egoizms, umecrebas~ (g. qiqoZe, rCeuli Txzulebebi, t. 

I, Tb., 1963, gv. 71). 

ioane batoniSvilis Sromebidan sayuradReboa: saqarTvelos istoria, sjuldeba, 

qarTuli enis gramatika, bunebismetyveleba, maTematika, saartilerio wigni, yrmaTa 

enciklopedia, vokaluri da instrumentuli niSnebis Semswavleli saxelmZRvanelo 

da sxv. man Targmna adam fergiusonis `moZRvreba zneobiTi filosofiisa~, abat kondiliakis 

`logika~, gavriil derJavinis `RmerTi~ da `faboniasa da iulias miwer-mowera~, 

sparsulidan _ `seilaniani~ da sxv. 

ioane batoniSvilis umTavresi nawarmoebia `xumarswavla~ (samecniero literaturaSi 

mas xSirad `kalmasobas~ uwodeben), romelic erTgvarad aerTianebs da ajamebs 

misi moRvaweobis yvela tendencias. es Zegli gansakuTrebuli movlenaa qarTuli azrovnebis 

istoriaSi: igi rogorc mecnieruli, aseve mxatvruli mniSvnelobis fenomenia, 

radgan mecnieruli enciklopediisa da mxatvruli nawarmoebis sinTezs warmoadgens. 

Zeglis konstruqcia metad sainteresoa: es aris mxatvrul nawarmoebSi Casmuli 

enciklopedia (SeiZleba iTqvas piriqiTac: es aris enciklopedia, romelsac `Car- 

Cod~ aqvs morgebuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi iseve, rogorc sulxan-sabas igav-arakebs 

aqvs `CarCod~ morgebuli memkvidris aRzrdis ambavi). 

nawarmoebis struqtura formaluri TvalsazrisiT sakmaod martivia: igi dayofilia 

epizodebad, romelTa absoluturi umravlesoba agebulia erT modelze: beri 

ioane xelaSvili da glexi zuraba RambaraSvili mogzauroben sakalmasod, `mosarewvelad 

purisa~ _ e. i. sursaTis Sesagroveblad. isini dadian kuTxidan kuTxeSi, moivlian 

mTel saqarTvelos. yovel axal adgilze misvlisas saubari imarTeba (mTeli 

Txzuleba dialogis formiTaa dawerili), yovel saubarSi CarTulia garkveuli 

mecnieruli informacia, xandaxan _ sakmaod vrcelic (es informacia yovelTvis beri 

ioanes piriT aris gadmocemuli). amas mosdevs an zuraba RambaraSvilis xumroba da 

situaciis gantvirTva, an SekamaTeba principul, zneobriv-eTikur sakiTxebze da ioane 

beris damcireba-Seuracxyofa. mkiTxvelis winaSe warmodgeba, erTi mxriv, umweo, ke- 

Tili da uaRresad ganaTlebuli humanisti beri, meore mxriv, wvril-wvrili adamianuri 

mankierebebisagan Semdgari saSineli boroteba. beri Tavisi qadagebebiT ebrZvis 

adamianTa siClungesa da zneobriv degradacias da, marTalia, xandaxan dasaCuqrebulic 

ki aRmoCndeba xolme, magram ufro xSirad nacemi, damcirebuli da Seuracxyofilia. 

sikeTisaTvis brZola, romelic warumateblobiT da xSirad tragikomikurad 

mTavrdeba, Zalauneburad iwvevs evropuli literaturuli gmirebis asociaciebs. 

qarTvel mkvlevarT gakvriT aRuniSnavT SesaZlebeli literaturuli paralelebis 

arseboba servantesisa da ioane batoniSvilis gmirebs Soris, magram aq Sarl de kosteris 

ukvdavi gmirebic SeiZleba gavixsenoT. 

moxetiale wyvilis modeli (keTilSobili raindi da misi komikuri mxlebeli) 

ucxo araa msoflio literaturisaTvis. sxvadasxva eris literaturam gansxvavebul 

epoqebSi araerTi didebuli nawarmoebi Seqmna ori adamianis mogzaurobisa da Tavgadasavlebis 

Sesaxeb. am oridan erTi suverenia, rainduli RirsebebiT Semkuli, sike- 

Tisa da TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli, xolo meore _ komikuri msaxuri, miwieri zraxvebiT 

Sepyrobili, ùbralo~ da `Cveulebrivi~ adamiani. pirobiTad SeiZleba iTqvas, 

rom pirveli aTasebidan erTaderTia, meore ki _ aTasebidan erT-erTi. isini avseben 

da Tan amave dros Tavisi arsiT, daniSnulebiT upirispirdebian erTmaneTs, riTac 

kidev ufro naTlad warmoaCenen TiToeuli maTganis Sinagan bunebasa da literaturul 

xasiaTs. es uaRresad humanuri da mkiTxvelisaTvis sayvareli wyvili figurirebs 

msoflio literaturis iseT SedevrebSi, rogorebicaa, magaliTad: migel de servantes 

saavedras `maxvilgonieri idalgo don kixot lamanCeli~ da Sarl de kosteris 

òilenSpigelisa da lame guZakis legenda~. 

Tavisi arsiT don kixoti da til oilenSpigeli erTgvari gmirebi arian. maTi msgavseba 

jer kidev garegnul niSnebSi Cans _ orive maRalia, awowili, fermkrTali, 

TiTqos uxorco da TiTqos garegnobazec ki emCnevaT gansakuTrebuli daniSnulebis, 

329

maRali mowodebis, kvali. don kixotis mizani usasyidlo sikeTis Tesva, borotebis 

winaaRmdeg brZola da xalxis Tavdadebuli samsaxuria. faqtobrivad igive SeiZleba 

iTqvas oilenSpigelzec: isic TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli saxalxo gmiria. isic 

don kixotiviT, erTi SexedviT, umweoa, ùiaraRoa~. orive, rogorc wesi, mudmivad zaraldeba 

_ don kixoti araerTxel xdeba dacinvisa da Seuracxyofis sagani, oilen- 

Spigeli ki xan saxrCobelis win dgas da xan inkviziciis klanWebSia. orive faqtobrivad 

martoa da martodmarto ebrZvis borotebas. aTasi faTerakisa da dabrkolebis 

miuxedavad, arc erTi maTgani arc erTxel guls ar itexs da Tavisi idealebis erTguli 

rCeba. don kixotica da oilenSpigelic gamudmebiT daxetialeben kuTxidan 

kuTxeSi, qveynidan qveyanaSi da sikeTisa da samarTlianobisaTvis ibrZvian. 

garegnuli niSnebiTve iwyeba sanCo pansasa da lame guZakis msgavsebac: orive dabalia, 

msuqani, biologiuri komizmiT Semkuli, arc erTi ar iziarebs `patronis~ ma- 

Ral idealebs. sanCo Tavisi ususurobiT, mxdali xasiaTiT mudam Rimils iwvevs 

mkiTxvelSi da Tavisi miwieri moTxovnilebebiT upirispirdeba don kixots. rainduli 

idealebi misTvis ucxo da gaugebaria, magram lamanCelis maRal daniSnulebas 

intuiciiT mainc mTeli arsebiT grZnobs da gverdidan ar Sordeba, cdilobs, rogorc 

SeuZlia, daifaros gareSeTa Tavdasxmebisagan, xandaxan ki rogorc bavSvs, ise 

uvlis mas. igi ufro xalxuri SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel komikur tips warmoadgens, 

romlisTvisac qveynis sazrunavze ufro maRla piradi keTildReoba dgas. 

lamesTvisac aseve gaugebaria oilenSpigelis gauTavebeli xetialis mizani _ Tavisuflebisa 

da samarTlianobisaTvis brZola; masac sanCosaviT mxolod yoveldRiuri, 

saWirboroto yofiTi problemebi aRelvebs da isic Tavis Tavze ufro zrunavs, vidre 

sazogadoebis keTildReobaze. arc lame gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli rainduli 

RirsebebiT da isic Tavisi individualuri TvisebebiT iseve upirispirdeba Tavisuflebismoyvare 

oilenSpigels, rogorc sanCo _ don kixots. isic iumoristuli xerxebiT 

daxatuli personaJia, romelic folkloruli teqstebidan `gadmosuli~ gmiris 

STabeWdilebas tovebs (cnobilia, rom Sarl de kosterma Tavisi romani flandriul 

fablioebsa da germanul Svankebze dayrdnobiT Seqmna). 

servantesisa da kosteris romanebSi moxetiale wyvilis models daaxloebiT er- 

Tgvari mxatvruli funqcia akisria. orive nawarmoebSi keTilSobili mogzaurebi araerTxel 

xvdebian komikur situaciebSi da mwerlebic ZiriTadad iumoristulad aRweren 

maT Tavgadasavlebs. moxetiale wyvilis orive wevri damoukidebeli, Camoyalibebuli 

literaturuli xasiaTia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi èrTad yofna~ kidev ufro 

kargad gamoxatavs maTs gansxvavebulobas, TiToeulis xasiaTs. 

don kixotisa da til oilenSpigelis msgavsad, ioane xelaSvilic mTeli nawarmoebis 

manZilze mogzaurobs kuTxidan kuTxeSi da yovel Semxvedrs uxsnis, aswavlis, 

exmareba, magram Tavisi simarTlismoyvare, principuli xasiaTis gamo xSirad 

TviTonve zaraldeba. espaneli da flandrieli gmirebis msgavsad isic sikeTes Tesavs 

da maTsaviT xSirad isjeba: àm sabralo berma sadac ra qadageba anu hswavla 

daTesa, momkis magier joxi, muSti, wveris gleja da anaforis daxevis meti vera moimko-ra~, 

_ ambobs mis Sesaxeb misi Tanamgzavri zuraba; erT-erT morig maspinZels ki 

ase mimarTavs: `batono mouravo, Tu es Tqveni saxelo kaci moZRvrebas ar daiSlis, 

vgoneb aRarc weli SerCes cemiT da aRarc wveri glejiT~. 

maRali moraluri principebis gamo ioanec iseve xSirad xdeba Seuracxyofisa da 

damcirebis obieqti, rogorc don kixoti da oilenSpigeli. sayuradReboa is detalic, 

rom am komikuri situaciebis dros Tanxvedra am mweralTa gamomsaxvelobiT 

xerxebSic SeiniSneba (kerZod, TvalSi sacemia mTavari gmiris gaficxebis iumoristuli 

aRwera, ramac mkiTxvels SeiZleba SecdomiT afiqrebinos, rom avtori dascinis 

sakuTar personaJs), 

ioane bers iseve, rogorc moxetiale wyvilis modelSia, gverdiT mxlebeli hyavs 

_ zuraba RambaraSvili, romelic Tavisi komizmiT sanCo pansasa da lame guZaks mogvagonebs. 

zurabac iseve usasyidlod da uangarod emsaxureba bers, rogorc sanCo _ 

330

don kixotsa da lame _ oilenSpigels. isic sanCosa da lamesaviT ar iziarebs zogadsakacobrio, 

maRal idealebs da ar monawileobs ioanes diskusiebSi; piriqiT, mecnieruli 

saubrebis dros araerTxel SeniSnavs, sadilis an vaxSmobis dro movida da 

am bers rom vuyuroT, mSieri davrCebiTo. oxunjobisa Tu dacinvis miuxedavad, isic 

sanCosa da lamesaviT pativiscemiT eqceva `patrons~ da zrunavs masze. glexi TiTqos 

intuiciiT grZnobs ioanes gansakuTrebul daniSnulebas da amitomac emsaxureba mas 

uangarod, uvlis da kidec mfarvelobs araerTgzis daCagrul Tanamgzavrs. zurabac 

TiTqos sanCosa da, gansakuTrebiT, lame guZakiviT pirdapir xalxuri Semoqmedebidan 

gadmosuli tipia, masac nacarqeqiasaviT xelis ganZreva ezareba da Sromas kardakar 

siaruli urCevnia. Tavisi uprincipo xasiaTiTa da dabali inteleqtiT zuraba iseve 

upirispirdeba ioanes, rogorc sanCo _ lamanCels da lame _ oilenSpigels. zuraba 

ambobs ioanes Sesaxeb: èse mecnieri kacia da Tu giJi ar xleboda, es viT gamoCndeboda 

WkvianaTao~. 

`kalmasobaSi gamoyenebuli sazogadoebis TiTqmis yvela fenis mdgomareobisa da 

Sexedulebebis gadmosacemad maTTan uSualo kontaqti is xerxia, romliTac sxvadasxva 

dros warmatebiT usargebliaT erazm roterdamels `sisulelis qebaSi~, grimelshauzens 

`simplicisimusSi~, lesaJs `Jil blazSi~ da sxv., igive xerxia gamoyenebuli 

espanuri `pluturi romanis~ iseT ZeglSi, rogoricaa `lazarelio tormoseli~ 

(d. laSqaraZe, evropeizmis problema qarTul literaturaSi, Tb., 1977, gv. 213). 

avantiuruli romanisa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSnebis xseneba 

`xumarswavlasTan~ dakavSirebiT SemTxveviTi araa. fransua rables, erazm roterdamelisa 

da sxvaTa nawarmoebebisagan avantiurulma romanma SeiTvisa menipuri satirisaTvis 

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi _ gamonagonis Tavisufleba, avtoriseuli gamocdilebis 

wamyvani roli (gadmocemebTan da TqmulebebTan SedarebiT), moqmedebisa da 

personaJis `daumTavrebloba~, TanamedroveobasTan kontaqti, seriozulisa da sasacilos 

Serwyma. es niSnebi `xumarswavlasac~ axasiaTebs. magaliTad, saintereso faqtia, 

rom skabrezulobis mravali magaliTi TxzulebaSi, uCveulo da komikuri situaciebis 

Taviseburi Txrobis manera Zalauneburad iwvevs mkiTxvelSi fransua rables 

specifikuri mxatvruli stilis asociacias. rablesTan skabrezul epizodebTan 

msgavsebis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa SemTxveva masxara oTarikas saxlSi, ioanesa da 

patri andrias saubari da sxv. am epizodebs araviTari sxva mxatvruli funqcia ar 

gaaCnia garda imisa, rom gabeduli skabrezuli xumrobiT gaacinos da gaarTos mkiTxveli. 

ioane beris faTerakebiani Tavgadasavlebis aRweramac SeiZleba araerTxel 

gagvaxsenos rables gmirebi da maTi uCveulo ambebis gadmocemis xerxi. bolos, 

niSandoblivia isic, rom calkeuli, damoukidebeli Sinaarsis Semcveli epizodebis 

gaerTianeba erTi siuJeturi rkaliTa da saerTo literaturuli gmirebiT rablesac 

iseve axasiaTebs, rogorc kosters, servantessa da ioanes. 

rablesa da ioane batoniSvilis mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebaTa Tanxvedra 

SeniSna da Taviseburi mxatvruli xerxebiT gadmogvca tician tabiZem 1929 wels 

daweril leqsSi `Semodgomis dRe oqroyanaSi, rable da kalmasoba~: 

mec Cavujdebi Cems pantagruels, 

cxenis Wixvini mesmis rablesi. 

da roca qari sul gamayruebs, 

gamova landi ioanesi. 

TiTqo gavida es asi weli 

da erTi wuTiT gadaiSala, _ 

var mokalmase mec awindeli 

da sakalmaso grZelia Sara. 

rogorc Cans, ticiani sityvas `mokalmase~ iyenebs maRali daniSnulebis, saukeTeso 

idealebisaTvis mebrZoli adamianis mniSvnelobiT, anu imave mniSvnelobiT, rom- 

331

liTac ukavSirdeba sikeTisaTvis mebrZoli don kixotisa da Tavisuflebismoyvare 

oilenSpigelis saxelebs mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. 

ticianma am Zegls uwoda ùdidesi epopea me-18 saukunis feodalur saqarTvelosi~ 

(t. tabiZe, werilebi, narkvevebi, Tb., 1957, gv. 72). `xumarswavla~ erT-erTi yvelaze 

tragikuli wignia qarTuli mwerlobis istoriaSi. Txzulebis keTili gmirebi marcxdebian 

(zuraba Tavs iklavs), maT Trgunavs garemomcveli boroteba, ingreva saqar- 

Tvelos feodaluri monarqia, nadgurdeba adamianuri idealebi. qarTuli literaturisaTvis 

ucxoa aseTi uimedoba da sasowarkveTa, amgvari tragikuli paTosi, magram 

unda gvaxsovdes, vin aris am nawarmoebis avtori da rodis iwereboda es Zegli. 

savsebiT naTeli warmodgena Segveqmneba ioane batoniSvilis miznebsa da ocnebebze, 

Tuki gavecnobiT kanonproeqtTa erT-erT umniSvnelovanes krebuls qarTuli samarTlis 

istoriaSi _ `sjuldebas~, romelic mxolod qaRaldze darCa, radgan ioane 

batoniSvilis patriotul SemarTebas win gadaulaxavi dabrkoleba eloda: gardaicvala 

giorgi XII, saqarTvelo ruseTs SeuerTda, batoniSvilebi ruseTSi gadaasaxles 

da ioanes gegmebic ganuxorcielebeli darCa. albaT, yvelaze sastiki dartyma mis- 

Tvis mainc is iyo, rom ruseTSi `miwveul~ batoniSvilebs samudamod aekrZalaT sam- 

SobloSi dabruneba. ioanes adiutantis, gabriel ratiSvilis, Txrobis mixedviT, imdenad 

didi iyo qarTveli batoniSvilebis sasowarkveTa am ambis Setyobisas, rom 

TviT am brZanebis wamkiTxavi vinme nikolai kamenski aatira kidec qarTveli mamuli- 

Svilebis ubedurebam (g. ratiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 178-179). 

`Tu Tavisi reformebis proeqtSi ioane batoniSvilma gamoarkvia rogor SeiZleboda, 

misi azriT, saqarTvelos feodaluri monarqiis ganaxleba da qarTveli eris 

gamoyvana progresis gzaze, `kalmasobaSi~ man dagvanaxa, rom srsvili RrRnida mTels 

erovnul sxeuls, rom yvelaze metad swored misi mTavari organoebi, ese igi gabatonebuli 

da mmarTveli wreebi, iyvnen daavadebuli~ (g. qiqoZe, dasax. naSr., gv. 184). 

ioane batoniSvili Tavisi Txzulebis erT-erTi epizoduri personaJia da igi nawarmoebSi 

mudam mesame pirSi ixsenieba: `...da gaemarTnen siRnaRisaken batonis-Svils 

ioanesTan~, `da mcire xnis ukan batonis-Svils ioanesTan waiyvana...~; magram uaRresad 

mniSvnelovania, rom swored avtori afasebs ioane beris moRvaweobas saxarebiseuli 

fraziT: `netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~, rac, faqtobrivad, nawarmoebis 

mTavari personaJis mxatvruli funqciis gansazRvracaa. maT saubarSi beri batoniSvils 

Tavis gaWirvebas SesCivis: 

ìoane: swores TqmisaTvis kinaRam qva damkribes. 

batonis-Svili: netareba mogewereba qristes brZanebisamebr. 

ioane: viTar? 

batonis-Svili: netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis, rameTu maTi ars 

sasufeveli caTa~. 

es fraza (`netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~) TxzulebaSi Semdeg ukve ioane 

beris piriT meordeba da am ideis gansxeulebas warmoadgens. ioane batoniSvils 

nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri ainteresebs, rogorc garkveuli msoflmxedveloba, rogorc 

ìdeis matarebeli~ personaJi. `xumarswavlaSi~ saqarTvelos realuri viTarebis 

obieqtur asaxvasTan erTad gadmocemulia feodaluri monarqiis ngrevasTan 

dakavSirebuli subieqturi tkivili, romelic xelaSvilis cnobierebaSi nafleT-nafleT, 

tragikul epizodebad irekleba. gare ralobasTan urTierToba ki ar warmoaCens 

ioane bers, rogorc individualizebul literaturul xasiaTs, aramed TviT 

xelaSvilis cnobiereba aris am realobis aRqmisa da Sefasebis erTgvari kriteriumi. 

swored am dros gamovlenili misi pirovnuli pozicia warmoadgens mas dasrulebul 

mxatvrul saxed. Tavisi gmiri avtors ainteresebs, rogorc garkveuli msoflmxedveloba 

da es msoflmxedveloba borotebiTa da uvicobiT aRsavse gare realobasTan 

urTierTobisas ayalibebs am personaJis xasiaTsa da daniSnulebas (gamoxatuls bibliuri 

fraziT: `netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaTvis~). `xumarswavlaSi~ gadmoce- 

332

mulia katastrofisaken mimavali saqarTvelos utyuari suraTi, romelsac Tan axlavs 

mTavari personaJis cnobierebaSi gardatexili realobis pesimisturi Sefaseba. 

beris tragikuli peripetiebis iumoristuli xerxebiT gadmocema Cveuli ambavia 

ioane batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi. anegdoturi xumrobis elferi dahkravs nawarmoebis 

mraval epizods, romlebSic adamianTa gonebrivi ususuroba da zneobrivi siRaribea 

gadmocemuli. gr. kiknaZis azriT, èrT-erT saSualebas, raTa adamianma moaxerxos Tavisi 

mwuxarebis Semsubuqeba, warmoadgens am samwuxaroSi sasacilos `danaxva~. xdeba 

piriqiTac: sasaciloSi sevdis momgvreli momentebis SemCneva zRudavs sicilis gavrcelebis 

farglebs~ (qarTuli satirisa da iumoris ganviTarebis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 

1853, gv. 14). `xumarswavlis~ mxatvruli Taviseburebebic, SeiZleba iTqvas, am ambivalenturi 

xasiaTiT aris ganpirobebuli. es nawarmoebi, albaT, zedmetad paTetikuri 

da maRalfardovani iqneboda, feodaluri monarqiis ngrevis tragizms xalxuri metyvelebidan 

momdinare cocxali iumori rom ar anelebdes. `xumarswavlis~ mxatvrul 

Taviseburebebze msjelobisas SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mixeil baxtinis sityvebi, romlebic 

menipur satiras exeba: ìdeas aq ar eSinia araviTari jurRmulisa da cxovrebis 

aranairi WuWyisa. ideis gamomxatveli adamiani, brZeni, ejaxeba samyaroseuli borotebis, 

garyvnilebis, simdablisa da veragobis ukidures gamoxatulebas~ (М. Бахтин, 

Проблемы поэтики Достоевского, М., 1963, с. 154). marTlac, rac yvelaze ufro naTlad da 

garkveviT aris gamoxatuli `xumarswavlaSi~, es aris idea sikeTisa da codnis Sesaxeb 

(gansxeulebuli ioane beris saxiT), romelic wamdauwum ejaxeba boroti sawyisis 

gamoxatulebas _ adamianTa siregvnesa da cxovrebis WuWys. 

am TxzulebaSi Tavs iCens skandalurisa da eqscentriulis iseTi mxatvruli gamovlinebebi, 

romlebic Zireulad gansxvavdeba rogorc epikuri Tu tragikuli katastrofebisagan, 

iseve klasikuri komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli situaciebisaganac. SeiZleba 

gabedulad iTqvas, rom `xumarswavla~ principulad axleburi movlenaa qar- 

Tuli prozis istoriaSi da axali Janris _ romanis _ dasawyiss moaswavebs. igi mravalmxriv 

kavSirs avlens evropul kulturasTan, evropul mwerlobasTan. rac gansakuTrebiT 

mniSvnelovania, mraval iseT mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebas udebs 

saTaves, mogviano xanaSi rom Zalze efeqturi mxatvruli figurebis saxiT mogvevlineba 

(magaliTad, ilias prozaul SedevrSi `kacia-adamiani?!~). 

ioane batoniSvilis Txzulebam Zalze didi dagvianebiT moaRwia qarTvel mkiTxvelamde 

da amitomac gansakuTrebuli gavlena ver moaxdina qarTuli prozis ganviTarebaze 

(sxvaTa Soris, `xumarswavlis~ reminiscenciebs didi warmatebiT iyenebs `fsevdoteqstis~ 

Sesaqmnelad aka morCilaZe wignSi àgvistos pasiansi~). 

dRes ukve gabedulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ioane batoniSvilis `xumarswavla~ qarTuli 

prozis axali safexuri da romanis Janris dasawyisia Cvens mwerlobaSi. 

333

S i n a a r s i: 

1. Sesavali ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 

2. revaz TvaraZe, TxuTmetsaukunovani mTlianoba --------------------------------------------- 5 

3. griver farulava, qarTuli mwerlobis saTaveebTan ------------------------------------ 11 

4. griver farulava, qarTuli hagiografia ------------------------------------------------------ 21 

5. zurab sarjvelaZe, korneli danelia, elguja giunaSvili; iakob xucesi da 

misi Txzuleba ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 

6. manana gigineiSvili, iakob xucesis `SuSanikis wameba~ ------------------------------- 52 

7. griver farulava, erovnuli hagiografiis gmiri ---------------------------------------- 63 

8. revaz siraZe, `wminda ninos cxovreba~ da dasawyisi qarTuli agiografiisa - 73 

9. griver farulava, TviTdamdablebis gziT – amaRlebisaken ----------------------- 97 

11. nino nakudaSvili, ioane sabanisZis àbos wameba~ -------------------------------------- 109 

12. goCa kuWuxiZe, `wmida habo tfilelis wamebis~ skolaSi swavlebisaTvis - 115 

13. vaxtang rodonaia, `mxned miiTvalvida maxvilsa~ --------------------------------------- 123 

14. revaz siraZe, qarTuli agiografia -------------------------------------------------------------- 126 

15. zurab sarjvelaZe, korneli danelia, elguja giunaSvili; giorgi merCulis 

`grigol xanZTelis cxovreba~ ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 148 

16. griver farulava, grigol xanZTelis nakvalevze -------------------------------------- 151 

17. pavle ingoroyva, Zveli qarTuli poeziis saleqso formebi -------------------- 159 

18. laura grigolaSvili, qarTuli himnografia --------------------------------------------- 177 

19. laura grigolaSvili, galobani sinanulisani ------------------------------------------- 185 

20. korneli kekeliZe, saero mwerlobis warmoSobisaTvis ----------------------------- 193 

21. nodar naTaZe, sargis caiSvili; rusTaveli da misi poema ------------------------ 196 

22. korneli kekeliZe, rusTavelis msoflmxedveloba ------------------------------------ 215 

23. baCana bregvaZe, platoni da rusTveli ------------------------------------------------------- 222 

24. giorgi nadiraZe, rusTavelis esTetika ------------------------------------------------------- 236 

25. elguja xinTibiZe, rogor SeviswavloT da rogor vaswavloT rusTveli - 242 

26. griver farulava, avTandilis galoba -------------------------------------------------------- 250 

27. aleqsandre baramiZe, `vefxistyaosnis~ epoqa ---------------------------------------------- 255 

28. guram ramiSvili, sityvis kona da saganTsamyaro -------------------------------------- 271 

29. vaxtang goguaZe, xibli arakad Tqmisa --------------------------------------------------------- 274 

30. elizbar javeliZe, sulxan-sabas zneobrivi mrwamsis gagebisaTvis --------- 276 

31. griver farulava, daviT guramiSvilis msoflSegrZnebisaTvis ---------------- 281 

32. sargis caiSvili, daviT guramiSvili ---------------------------------------------------------- 287 

33. revaz siraZe, daviT guramiSvilis meore poeturi `me~ ------------------------------ 291 

34. daviT werediani, guramiSvilis portreti sami saxelis fonze --------------- 305 

35. ivane amirxanaSvili, leqsTa igavi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 313 

36. sargis caiSvili, besarion gabaSvili da daviT guramiSvili ------------------ 321 

37. kaxa jamburia, ioane batoniSvili da misi `xumarswavla~ ------------------------ 328 

334

335

336

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