Salaries_and_Wages_Survey_Report_2012_11092013

ISSN 1985 - 7284
Salaries & Wages
Survey Report
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA

LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GAJI & UPAH
SALARIES & WAGES SURVEY REPORT
MALAYSIA
2012
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
Jun
June
2013

KATA PENGANTAR
Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan gaji dan upah berdasarkan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
yang dijalankan pada bulan Januari hingga Jun 2012. Laporan ini turut memuatkan data siri
masa gaji & upah bagi tahun 2010—2012. Objektif utama laporan ini adalah untuk menyediakan
perangkaan penting bagi perancangan tenaga manusia khususnya gaji & upah di samping
melengkapkan maklumat yang dikeluarkan dalam Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh. Indikator utama
gaji & upah bulanan seperti purata, penengah dan jurang upah gender digunakan bagi tujuan
analisis pasaran buruh.
Maklumat gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, kumpulan etnik, pekerjaan dan industri
merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan dalam laporan ini. Data yang
diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini digunakan dalam perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan
sosial, penetapan gaji minimum dan polisi fiskal.
Jabatan mengambil kesempatan untuk merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang
telah menyumbang dalam penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang ulasan dan cadangan bagi
meningkatkan mutu persembahan laporan ini pada masa hadapan amat dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
Jun 2013
i

PREFACE
This report presents statistics on salaries and wages based on the Salaries & Wages Survey
conducted from January to June 2012. It includes monthly salaries & wages time series data for
the years 2010—2012. The main objective of this report is to provide statistics for human
resource planning, particularly salaries & wages as well as to complete the information
produced in the Labour Force Survey. Main indicators of monthly salaries & wages such as
mean, median and gender wage gap are used for the labour market analysis.
Information on monthly salaries & wages by sex, ethnic group, occupation and industry are part
of the vital statistics presented in this report. Information obtained from this survey is used for
economic planning and social development, formulation of minimum wage and fiscal policy.
The Department would like to take this opportunity to record its appreciation to all parties who
have contributed towards the preparation of this report. All comments and suggestions towards
enhancing the quality of future reports would be greatly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
June 2013
ii

KANDUNGAN
CONTENTS
Kata pengantar
Preface
Senarai jadual
List of tables
Ringkasan penemuan
Summary of findings
Jadual utama
Main tables
Jadual siri masa
Time series tables
Nota teknikal
Technical notes
Jadual ralat piawai relatif
Relative standard error tables
Lampiran
Appendix
Muka surat
Page
i
v
1
9
19
31
47
51
iii

SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES

Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
JADUAL UTAMA
MAIN TABLES
1 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
2 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
3 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
4 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
5 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
6 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational
attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
7 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate
obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
8 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
v

Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
9 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex,
Malaysia, 2012
17
JADUAL SIRI MASA
TIME SERIES TABLES
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5(i)
A5(ii)
A6
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia,
2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia,
2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia,
2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 2010
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia,
2010
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 2011–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia,
2011–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia,
2010–2012
vi
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
A7 Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational
attainment, Malaysia, 2010–2012
26
A8
A9
A10
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate
obtained, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia,
2010–2012
27
28
29
S1
S2
S3
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by
occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
industri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry,
Malaysia, 2012
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state,
Malaysia, 2012
47
48
50
vii

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah
bulanan
Bilangan penerima gaji & upah pada 2012
telah meningkat sebanyak 1.7 mata peratus
daripada 8.94 juta orang pada 2011 kepada
9.09 juta orang pada 2012. Purata dan
penengah gaji & upah bulanan pada 2012
masing-masing adalah RM1,881 dan RM1,400.
2. Gaji & upah mengikut jantina
Purata gaji & upah bulanan lelaki (RM1,906)
lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan (RM1,838)
dengan jurang upah gender sebanyak 3.6
peratus. Walaupun pekerja lelaki masih
menerima gaji & upah yang lebih tinggi
berbanding perempuan tetapi jurang gaji &
upah gender menurun sebanyak 0.5 mata
peratus daripada 4.1 peratus pada 2011.
1. Mean and median monthly salaries &
wages
The number of salaries & wages recipients
increased 1.7 percentage point from 8.94
million persons in 2011 to 9.09 million persons
in 2012. The mean and median of the monthly
salaries & wages for 2012 were RM1,881 and
RM1,400 respectively.
2. Salaries & wages by gender
The mean monthly salaries & wages of male
(RM1,906) was higher than female (RM1,838)
with 3.6 per cent of gender wage gap. Even
though male workers still received higher
salaries & wages compared to female
workers, the gender wage gap declined by 0.5
percentage point from 4.1 per cent in 2011.
Jadual A: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2011—2012
Table A: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2011—2012
Tahun
Year
Bilangan
penerima
Number of
recipients
Purata
Mean
Jumlah
Total
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Lelaki
Male
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Perempuan
Female
Penengah
Median
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage
gap
(’000) (RM) (%)
2012 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 1,906 1,400 1,838 1,446 3.6
2011 8,937.8 1,775 1,300 1,801 1,300 1,728 1,300 4.1
1

3. Gaji & upah mengikut kumpulan etnik 3. Salaries & wages by ethnic groups
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi
warganegara pada 2012 masing-masing
sebanyak RM2,017 dan RM1,500, manakala
bukan warganegara adalah lebih rendah iaitu
RM1,075 dan RM800. Secara perbandingan
purata gaji & upah bulanan warganegara
hampir satu kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada
bukan warganegara.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama di
Malaysia, etnik Cina menerima purata gaji &
upah bulanan paling tinggi iaitu RM2,331
berbanding Melayu (RM1,990) dan India
(RM1,903).
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages
for citizens in 2012 were RM2,017 and
RM1,500 respectively, while for non-citizens
were lower which were RM1,075 and RM800.
As a comparison, mean and median for
citizens was higher almost one-fold than noncitizens.
Among the major ethnic groups in Malaysia,
the Chinese received the highest mean
monthly salaries & wages at RM2,331 as
compared to the Malay (RM1,990) and Indians
(RM1,903).
Carta 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
Purata/Mean
Penengah/Median
Warganegara
Citizens
1,500
2,017
Melayu
Malay
1,500
1,990
Bumiputera lain
Other Bumiputera
1,000
1,503
Cina
Chinese
1,900
2,331
India
Indians
1,400
1,903
Lain-lain
Others
900
1,371
Bukan warganegara
Non-citizens
1,075
800
(RM)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
2

Carta 2: Jurang upah gender mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 2: Gender wage gap by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
30.0
(%)
20.0
20.8
19.3
10.0
8.2
5.7
8.3
12.5
0.0
-10.0
Warganegara
Citizens
Melayu
Malay
Bumiputera
lain
Other
Bumiputera
Cina India Lain-lain Bukan
Chinese Indians Others warganegara
Non-citizens
-20.0
-30.0
-29.9
Jurang upah gender bulanan bagi warganegara
adalah lebih kecil berbanding bukan
warganegara masing-masing 8.2 dan 19.3
peratus.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama, jurang
upah gender bulanan bagi etnik India adalah
paling besar iaitu 20.8 peratus, diikuti oleh
etnik Cina iaitu 12.5 peratus, manakala etnik
Melayu pula mencatatkan jurang yang terkecil
iaitu 5.7 peratus.
The monthy gender wage gap for citizens was
smaller compared to non-citizens, which were
8.2 and 19.3 per cent respectively.
Among the major ethnic groups, the monthly
gender wage gap for the Indians was the
largest at 20.8 per cent, followed by the
Chinese at 12.5 per cent while the Malay
recorded the smallest gap at 5.7 per cent.
3

4. Gaji & upah mengikut pekerjaan 4. Salaries & wages by occupation
Perbandingan mengikut kategori pekerjaan
pada 2012 menunjukkan Pengurus menerima
purata dan penengah gaji & upah tertinggi
iaitu RM5,213 dan RM4,000 diikuti Profesional
masing-masing sebanyak RM3,807 dan
RM3,440. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah
bulanan bagi Pekerjaan asas adalah kurang
daripada RM1,000.
In 2012 the comparison by category of
occupation showed that Managers received
the highest mean and median monthly salaries
& wages of RM5,213 and RM4,000, followed
by Professionals at RM3,807 and RM3,440
respectively. Mean and median monthly
salaries & wages for Elementary occupations
were less than RM1,000.
Carta 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Purata/Mean
Penengah/Median
Pengurus
Managers
Profesional
Professionals
3,440
4,000
3,807
5,213
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian
Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
Service and sales workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerjaan asas
Elementary occupations
2,435
2,200
1,718
1,500
1,299
1,000
1,283
1,100
1,216
1,000
1,065
860
959
810
(RM)
0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000
4

Carta 4: Jurang upah gender mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 4: Gender wage gap by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
(%)
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
43.3
35.8
33.4
31.7
26.3
22.3
10.3
4.9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pekerjaan/Occupation
25.5
1 Pengurus 6 Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Managers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
2 Profesional 7 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Professionals
Craft and related trades workers
3 Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 8 Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Technicians and associate professionals Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
4 Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 9 Pekerjaan asas
Clerical support workers
Elementary occupations
5 Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
Service and sales workers
Taburan mengikut pekerjaan menunjukkan
pekerja lelaki mendahului pekerja perempuan
dari segi purata gaji & upah bulanan. Jurang
upah gender terkecil adalah bagi Juruteknik
dan profesional bersekutu (4.9%) diikuti
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian (10.3%).
Kategori pekerjaan yang merekodkan jurang
upah gender melebihi 30.0 peratus adalah
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan, Pekerja
mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan,
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan
yang berkaitan dan Operator loji dan mesin
serta pemasang.
The distribution by occupation showed that
male workers were ahead of females in terms
of mean monthly salaries & wages. The
smallest gender wage gap was Technicians
and associate professionals (4.9%) followed
by Clerical support workers (10.3%).
The categories of occupation that recorded
gender wage gap of more than 30.0 per cent
were Service and sales workers, Skilled
agricultural, forestry and fishery workers,
Craft and related trades workers and Plant
and machine-operators and assemblers.
5

5. Gaji & upah mengikut industri 5. Salaries & wages by industries
Pada 2012, pekerja dalam industri
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian menerima
purata gaji & upah bulanan tertinggi iaitu
RM3,358. Sebaliknya, industri Pertanian,
perhutanan dan perikanan pula mencatatkan
purata gaji & upah paling rendah iaitu kurang
daripada RM1,000 sebulan.
Pekerja lelaki menerima gaji & upah bulanan
lebih tinggi kecuali bagi industri Bekalan
elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara dan
Pembinaan.
In 2012, workers in the Mining and quarrying
industry received the highest mean monthly
salaries & wages at RM3,358. On the contrary,
Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry
recorded the lowest mean monthly salaries &
wages which was below RM1,000 per month.
Male workers received higher monthly salaries
& wages except for Electricity, gas, steam and
air conditioning supply and Construction
industries.
Carta 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Purata/Mean
Penengah/Median
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian
Mining and quarrying
Maklumat dan komunikasi
Information and communication
Pendidikan
Education
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful
Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti hartanah
Real estate activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial
Human health and social work activities
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
Transportation and storage
Pembuatan
Manufacturing
Pembinaan
Construction
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain
Other service activities
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman
Accommodation and food service activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan
Administrative and support services activities
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
3,358
2,200
3,246
2,500
3,135
3,060
3,128
2,500
2,800
2,000
2,759
2,000
2,564
2,225
2,558
2,000
2,439
2,086
1,933
1,500
1,647
1,200
1,608
1,200
1,568
1,300
1,427
1,190
1,416
1,000
1,373
1,200
1,146
900
1,106
840
993
800
(RM)
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
6

Carta 6: Jurang upah gender mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Chart 6: Gender wage gap by industry, Malaysia, 2012
(%)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
-10.0
-20.0
34.3
28.2
29.9
25.2
25.6
18.9
15.7
15.7
16.2
17.0 16.3
8.0
7.8
8.8
7.0
2.6
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S
-1.2
-17.9
11.3
Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 43—44
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications 2008 as described on page 43—44
Industri Aktiviti hartanah mencatatkan jurang
upah gender yang paling besar iaitu 34.3
peratus. Industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap
dan pendingin udara pula menunjukkan
jurang upah gender yang paling kecil iaitu -1.2
peratus.
The Real estate activities industry recorded
the highest gender wage gap which was 34.3
per cent. Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply industry recorded the
smallest gender wage gap at -1.2 per cent.
7

JADUAL UTAMA
MAIN TABLES

9
Jadual 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Strata
Stratum
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Bandar 6,995.9 2,028 1,500 4,382.0 2,077 1,500 2,613.9 1,945 1,500 6.4
Urban
Luar bandar 2,092.6 1,393 1,000 1,429.1 1,381 1,000 663.6 1,419 900 -2.8
Rural

10
Jadual 2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Kumpulan umur
Age group
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
15—19 316.5 720 678 200.7 741 700 115.8 684 650 7.7
20—24 1,345.5 1,121 930 824.4 1,101 945 521.1 1,152 920 -4.6
25—29 1,953.3 1,630 1,350 1,188.5 1,589 1,275 764.9 1,693 1,500 -6.5
30—34 1,536.9 1,924 1,500 970.5 1,849 1,500 566.5 2,053 1,771 -11.0
35—39 1,184.8 2,159 1,650 766.7 2,183 1,600 418.1 2,116 1,764 3.1
40—44 965.5 2,345 1,800 620.7 2,412 1,800 344.8 2,225 1,700 7.8
45—49 789.4 2,475 1,807 524.9 2,588 1,945 264.5 2,250 1,520 13.1
50—54 592.9 2,670 2,000 410.3 2,781 2,000 182.7 2,421 1,915 12.9
55—59 294.8 2,270 1,600 215.1 2,290 1,700 79.7 2,217 1,350 3.2
60—64 108.9 1,787 1,085 89.5 1,936 1,200 19.5 1,099 750 43.2

11
Jadual 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Kumpulan etnik
Ethnic group
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Warganegara 7,784.8 2,017 1,500 4,746.3 2,083 1,530 3,038.5 1,912 1,500 8.2
Citizens
Melayu 4,164.2 1,990 1,500 2,523.0 2,036 1,500 1,641.2 1,920 1,500 5.7
Malay
Bumiputera lain 839.0 1,503 1,000 555.9 1,546 1,080 283.1 1,417 900 8.3
Other Bumiputera
Cina 2,063.2 2,331 1,900 1,214.9 2,457 2,000 848.3 2,149 1,800 12.5
Chinese
India 667.6 1,903 1,400 420.2 2,062 1,500 247.4 1,634 1,200 20.8
Indians
Lain-lain 50.8 1,371 900 32.3 1,236 900 18.5 1,606 900 -29.9
Others
Bukan warganegara 1,303.7 1,075 800 1,064.8 1,115 856 238.9 900 678 19.3
Non-citizens

12
Jadual 4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total
Male
Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah
Total
9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
1 302.0 5,213 4,000 214.2 5,644 4,500 87.8 4,159 3,400 26.3
2 1,134.7 3,807 3,440 492.1 4,358 3,700 642.6 3,384 3,171 22.3
3 1,188.6 2,435 2,200 805.9 2,474 2,200 382.8 2,354 2,200 4.9
4 1,136.5 1,718 1,500 328.7 1,853 1,695 807.8 1,663 1,500 10.3
5 1,685.3 1,299 1,000 992.7 1,506 1,200 692.6 1,003 800 33.4
6 133.6 1,065 860 118.5 1,110 900 15.1 713 500 35.8
7 950.0 1,283 1,100 876.9 1,327 1,155 73.1 752 650 43.3
8 1,389.9 1,216 1,000 1,070.0 1,311 1,200 319.9 896 800 31.7
9 1,167.9 959 810 912.1 1,015 900 255.8 756 600 25.5
1 Pengurus
6
Managers
2 Profesional
7
Professionals
3 Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
8
Technicians and associate professionals
4 Pekerja sokongan perkeranian
9
Clerical support workers
5
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
Service and sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas
Elementary occupations

13
Jadual 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Industri
Industry
Jumlah
Total
Lelaki
Male
Perempuan
Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
A 471.5 993 800 406.4 1,015 830 65.2 856 600 15.7
B 80.4 3,358 2,200 64.2 3,413 2,000 16.2 3,141 2,800 8.0
C 1,968.8 1,647 1,200 1,320.5 1,815 1,300 648.3 1,304 990 28.2
D 60.6 2,558 2,000 50.1 2,553 2,083 10.5 2,583 1,800 -1.2
E 64.6 1,568 1,300 52.9 1,615 1,375 11.8 1,353 800 16.2
F 865.9 1,608 1,200 767.2 1,576 1,200 98.7 1,858 1,500 -17.9
G 1,396.0 1,427 1,190 867.7 1,537 1,200 528.3 1,247 1,000 18.9
H 474.2 1,933 1,500 402.0 1,941 1,500 72.2 1,890 1,500 2.6
I 552.4 1,146 900 274.3 1,350 1,040 278.1 946 780 29.9
J 184.8 3,246 2,500 105.2 3,358 2,500 79.6 3,097 2,700 7.8
K 287.1 3,128 2,500 124.9 3,433 2,500 162.3 2,893 2,500 15.7
L 51.1 2,759 2,000 30.3 3,207 2,500 20.8 2,107 1,800 34.3
M 256.4 2,800 2,000 119.9 3,234 2,500 136.5 2,418 2,000 25.2
N 451.1 1,106 840 313.6 1,200 900 137.5 893 650 25.6
O 673.2 2,564 2,225 465.6 2,636 2,290 207.6 2,404 2,095 8.8
P 739.2 3,135 3,060 244.0 3,539 3,365 495.2 2,936 3,000 17.0
Q 303.6 2,439 2,086 86.1 2,762 2,000 217.5 2,311 2,126 16.3
R 80.1 1,416 1,000 53.1 1,450 1,020 27.0 1,348 1,000 7.0
S 124.6 1,373 1,200 60.9 1,457 1,200 63.7 1,293 1,200 11.3

14
Jadual 6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Pencapaian pendidikan
Educational attainment
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 196.6 786 700 146.8 849 800 49.9 601 530 29.2
No formal education
Rendah 1,251.7 987 840 978.0 1,060 900 273.6 726 650 31.5
Primary
Menengah 5,010.2 1,463 1,200 3,362.4 1,554 1,300 1,647.8 1,279 1,000 17.7
Secondary
Tertiari 2,630.1 3,185 2,680 1,323.9 3,542 2,895 1,306.2 2,824 2,500 20.3
Tertiary

15
Jadual 7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
Highest certificate obtained
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Jurang
Total
Male
Female
upah
gender
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Gender
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
wage gap
recipients
recipients
recipients
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 1,043.9 1,058 900 827.1 1,133 1,000 216.8 770 700 32.0
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,195.1 1,271 1,056 908.9 1,366 1,200 286.1 972 800 28.8
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 3,469.1 1,567 1,300 2,171.5 1,684 1,475 1,297.5 1,372 1,200 18.5
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 291.9 1,958 1,500 144.3 2,250 1,879 147.6 1,672 1,373 25.7
STPM or equivalent
Sijil 1 251.2 1,889 1,600 166.0 1,944 1,610 85.2 1,784 1,600 8.2
Certificate
Diploma 915.7 2,698 2,458 441.8 2,909 2,500 473.8 2,501 2,300 14.0
Ijazah 1,138.5 4,230 3,500 551.9 4,940 4,000 586.6 3,561 3,140 27.9
Degree
Tiada sijil 586.9 943 800 452.9 1,008 870 134.0 727 650 27.9
No certificate
Tidak berkenaan 196.3 786 700 146.6 849 800 49.7 601 530 29.2
Not applicable
1 Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.

16
Jadual 8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Taraf perkahwinan
Marital status
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 3,366.4 1,416 1,100 2,183.6 1,357 1,050 1,182.8 1,524 1,200 -12.3
Never married
Berkahwin 5,427.4 2,193 1,600 3,545.0 2,253 1,600 1,882.4 2,080 1,600 7.7
Married
Balu/Duda 139.2 1,464 1,000 39.5 1,545 1,200 99.7 1,432 950 7.3
Widowed
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 155.6 1,469 1,000 43.0 1,491 1,170 112.6 1,460 1,000 2.1
Divorced/Permanently
separated

17
Jadual 9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Negeri
State
Jumlah
Lelaki
Perempuan
Total Male Female
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median Number of Mean Median
recipients
recipients
recipients
Jurang
upah
gender
Gender
wage gap
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Johor 1,131.2 1,903 1,500 756.4 1,987 1,500 374.8 1,735 1,300 12.7
Kedah 477.0 1,440 1,000 307.9 1,457 1,080 169.2 1,411 900 3.2
Kelantan 297.0 1,580 1,000 186.6 1,509 1,000 110.4 1,699 850 -12.6
Melaka 258.0 1,769 1,300 158.0 1,802 1,300 100.0 1,716 1,250 4.8
Negeri Sembilan 305.8 1,756 1,300 190.6 1,779 1,400 115.1 1,718 1,200 3.4
Pahang 402.4 1,613 1,200 275.1 1,596 1,200 127.3 1,649 1,200 -3.3
Pulau Pinang 591.0 1,906 1,450 353.6 1,982 1,500 237.4 1,794 1,320 9.5
Perak 633.4 1,634 1,200 403.5 1,662 1,200 229.9 1,585 1,000 4.6
Perlis 50.5 1,588 1,000 30.2 1,588 1,170 20.4 1,589 800 -0.1
Selangor 2,252.9 2,283 1,800 1,379.5 2,360 1,800 873.4 2,161 1,800 8.4
Terengganu 259.8 1,702 1,100 172.2 1,690 1,100 87.6 1,725 1,200 -2.1
Sabah 961.0 1,251 800 652.3 1,202 800 308.7 1,356 800 -12.8
Sarawak 723.7 1,629 1,080 500.4 1,644 1,080 223.3 1,598 1,050 2.8
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 673.8 2,617 1,900 405.2 2,732 1,800 268.6 2,444 1,989 10.5
W.P. Labuan 33.3 1,785 1,328 22.1 1,822 1,400 11.3 1,714 1,200 5.9
W.P. Putrajaya 37.8 3,070 2,540 17.5 3,344 2,640 20.3 2,832 2,500 15.3

JADUAL SIRI MASA
TIME SERIES TABLES

19
Jadual A1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2010–2012
(RM)
Kategori
Categories
Purata
Mean
2010
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Lelaki 1,810 1,280 1,801 1,300 1,906 1,400
Male
Perempuan 1,702 1,250 1,728 1,300 1,838 1,446
Female

20
Jadual A2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
Kategori
Categories
Purata
Mean
2010 2011 2012
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
(RM)
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Bandar 1,970 1,500 1,912 1,495 2,028 1,500
Urban
Luar bandar 1,260 850 1,369 930 1,393 1,000
Rural

21
Jadual A3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
(RM)
Kumpulan umur
Age group
Purata
Mean
2010 2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
15—19 650 600 699 650 720 678
20—24 1,062 850 1,067 900 1,121 930
25—29 1,536 1,300 1,528 1,250 1,630 1,350
30—34 1,745 1,400 1,815 1,500 1,924 1,500
35—39 1,986 1,495 2,090 1,598 2,159 1,650
40—44 2,031 1,500 2,225 1,600 2,345 1,800
45—49 2,287 1,560 2,306 1,750 2,475 1,807
50—54 2,476 1,768 2,429 1,895 2,670 2,000
55—59 2,566 1,568 2,570 1,653 2,270 1,600
60—64 1,577 950 1,737 1,000 1,787 1,085

22
Jadual A4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
(RM)
Kumpulan etnik
Ethnic group
Purata
Mean
2010 2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Warganegara 1,887 1,480 1,921 1,500 2,017 1,500
Citizens
Melayu 1,893 1,447 1,877 1,500 1,990 1,500
Malay
Bumiputera lain 1,450 1,000 1,485 1,000 1,503 1,000
Other Bumiputera
Cina 2,130 1,700 2,235 1,800 2,331 1,900
Chinese
India 1,725 1,200 1,812 1,260 1,903 1,400
Indians
Lain-lain 1,163 850 1,202 843 1,371 900
Others
Bukan warganegara 1,134 783 926 729 1,075 800
Non-citizens

23
Jadual A5 (i): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2010
Table A5 (i): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010
(RM)
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Purata
Mean
2010
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265
Total
Penggubal undang-undang, pegawai kanan dan pengurus 4,736 3,800
Legislators, senior officials and managers
Profesional 3,924 3,325
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,404 2,095
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja perkeranian 1,564 1,415
Clerical workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan pekerja kedai dan jurujual 1,276 950
Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian dan perikanan 711 640
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers
Pekerja pertukangan dan yang berkaitan 1,192 1,000
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,113 900
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 926 800
Elementary occupations
Nota/Note :
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 1998
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 1998

24
Jadual A5 (ii): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012
Table A5 (ii): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2011–2012
Pekerjaan
2011
2012
Occupation Purata Penengah Purata Penengah
Mean Median Mean Median
Jumlah 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Pengurus 4,945 4,000 5,213 4,000
Managers
Profesional 3,474 3,115 3,807 3,440
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,327 2,000 2,435 2,200
Technicians and associate professionals
(RM)
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 1,645 1,500 1,718 1,500
Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 1,254 950 1,299 1,000
Service and sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 954 800 1,065 860
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan 1,259 1,000 1,283 1,100
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,115 950 1,216 1,000
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 901 800 959 810
Elementary occupations
Nota/Note :
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008

25
Jadual A6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Industri
Industry
Purata
Mean
2010
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
(RM)
2012
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 871 700 901 750 993 800
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 3,368 2,180 3,340 2,100 3,358 2,200
Mining and quarrying
Pembuatan 1,489 1,000 1,468 1,020 1,647 1,200
Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara 2,862 2,000 2,528 2,100 2,558 2,000
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan 1,418 1,200 1,689 1,300 1,568 1,300
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pembinaan 1,498 1,170 1,547 1,200 1,608 1,200
Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal 1,357 1,000 1,397 1,000 1,427 1,190
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 1,923 1,400 1,828 1,500 1,933 1,500
Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman 1,038 800 1,055 840 1,146 900
Real estate activities
Maklumat dan komunikasi 3,246 2,500 3,073 2,500 3,246 2,500
Information and communication
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 2,972 2,400 2,926 2,500 3,128 2,500
Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah 2,759 2,500 3,016 2,300 2,759 2,000
Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 2,615 1,800 2,617 2,000 2,800 2,000
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 1,228 848 1,178 800 1,106 840
Administrative and support services activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib 2,374 2,045 2,466 2,140 2,564 2,225
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Pendidikan 2,898 2,800 2,895 2,850 3,135 3,060
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 2,349 1,980 2,330 2,000 2,439 2,086
Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 1,545 1,200 1,429 1,000 1,416 1,000
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 1,319 1,000 1,303 1,000 1,373 1,200
Other service activities
Nota/Note :
Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Clasification (MSIC) 2008
2011

26
Jadual A7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
(RM)
Pencapaian pendidikan
Educational attainment
Purata
Mean
2010
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 739 650 689 600 786 700
No formal education
Rendah 907 800 931 800 987 840
Primary
Menengah 1,375 1,150 1,399 1,200 1,463 1,200
Secondary
Tertiari 3,125 2,521 3,049 2,590 3,185 2,680
Tertiary

27
Jadual A8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
Highest certificate obtained
Purata
Mean
2010 2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
(RM)
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 982 800 1,047 875 1,058 900
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,158 950 1,190 990 1,271 1,056
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 1,488 1,221 1,502 1,250 1,567 1,300
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 1,908 1,500 1,891 1,565 1,958 1,500
STPM or equivalent
Sijil ¹ 1,855 1,500 1,867 1,500 1,889 1,600
Certificate
Diploma 2,637 2,335 2,605 2,348 2,698 2,458
Ijazah 4,249 3,480 4,106 3,500 4,230 3,500
Degree
Tiada sijil 879 780 857 720 943 800
No certificate
Tidak berkenaan 739 650 689 600 786 700
Not applicable
1 Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education.

28
Jadual A9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Taraf perkahwinan
Marital status
Purata
Mean
2010 2011 2012
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
Penengah
Median
(RM)
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 1,322 1,000 1,347 1,000 1,416 1,100
Never married
Berkahwin 2,037 1,500 2,074 1,522 2,193 1,600
Married
Balu/Duda 1,437 900 1,416 840 1,464 1,000
Widowed
Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 1,381 900 1,563 1,000 1,469 1,000
Divorced/permanently separated

29
Jadual A10: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A10: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010 –2012
Negeri
State
Purata
Mean
2010
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2011
Penengah
Median
Purata
Mean
2012
Penengah
Median
(RM)
Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400
Total
Johor 1,669 1,200 1,808 1,350 1,903 1,500
Kedah 1,407 1,000 1,471 1,000 1,440 1,000
Kelantan 1,493 900 1,593 1,000 1,580 1,000
Melaka 1,629 1,200 1,646 1,200 1,769 1,300
Negeri Sembilan 1,712 1,325 1,805 1,310 1,756 1,300
Pahang 1,472 1,185 1,575 1,250 1,613 1,200
Pulau Pinang 1,792 1,350 1,838 1,300 1,906 1,450
Perak 1,475 1,128 1,538 1,096 1,634 1,200
Perlis 1,630 1,170 1,637 1,178 1,588 1,000
Selangor ¹ 2,368 1,800 2,085 1,500 2,283 1,800
Terengganu 1,601 1,080 1,573 1,040 1,702 1,100
Sabah 1,206 750 1,211 750 1,251 800
Sarawak 1,606 950 1,613 1,000 1,629 1,080
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2,450 1,800 2,379 1,800 2,617 1,900
W.P. Labuan 1,879 1,200 1,736 1,300 1,785 1,328
W.P. Putrajaya - - 2,786 2,240 3,070 2,540
1 Tahun 2010 termasuk W.P. Putrajaya/Year 2010 includes W.P. Putrajaya

NOTA TEKNIKAL
TECHNICAL NOTES

NOTA TEKNIKAL
TECHNICAL NOTES
1. Pengenalan 1. Introduction
Konsep dan definisi yang digunapakai
dalam Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah
berdasarkan kepada An Integrated
System of Wages Statistics, International
Labour Office (ILO).
Statistik mengenai gaji & upah
merupakan maklumat penting pasaran
buruh yang dapat digunakan untuk
menilai taraf kehidupan dan keadaan
kerja. Keperluan terhadap statistik
berkaitan gaji & upah dan apa-apa jua
bentuk ganjaran ke atas sesuatu kerja
yang dilaksanakan semakin mendesak
terutamanya bagi kegunaan perancangan
ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial,
penetapan polisi fiskal, pendapatan,
struktur upah, penggunaan buruh dan
lain-lain.
The concept and definition of Salaries &
Wages Survey are based on An Integrated
System of Wages Statistics, International
Labour Office (ILO).
Statistics on salaries & wages are
important labour market information that
can be used to evaluate the standard of
living and conditions of work. There is
crucial need for statistics relating to
salaries & wages particularly for the
economic planning and social
development, fiscal policy formulation,
earnings, wage structure, usage of labour
and others.
2. Objektif dan kegunaan statistik upah 2. Objective and usage of wages statistics
2.1 Gaji membawa fungsi yang berbeza dan
oleh yang demikian, pengukuran statistik
gaji perlu membezakan konsep gaji
sebagai kos buruh, pendapatan kepada
pekerja dan juga kos kepada majikan.
Statistik siri masa kadar upah (wage
rate), pendapatan, pampasan pekerja
dan kos buruh setiap satunya mengukur
aspek gaji yang berbeza. Antaranya ialah:
2.1 Salary bears different functions and
therefore, the measurement of statistics
for salaries need to differentiate the
concept of salaries as labour cost,
earnings for employees and also cost to
employer. Each time series for statistics of
wage rate, earnings, compensation of
employees and labour cost measure the
different aspects of salary, such as:
tahap kehidupan pekerja;
penetapan upah termasuk
perundingan majikan pekerja dan
productivity linked wage system;
indikator ekonomi;
trend gaji & upah;
teori empirik data dan upah;
employee’s standard of living;
wage decision includes collective
bargaining and productivity linked
wage system;
economic indicator;
salaries & wages trend;
data and wage empirical theory;
31

perancangan, kajian dan analisis
ekonomi, sosial dan guna tenaga;
dan
polisi upah, pendapatan dan
harga.
2.2 Maklumat terperinci mengenai statistik
gaji & upah, pemboleh ubah yang perlu
dikutip, pendekatan dan kegunaannya
adalah seperti di Lampiran 1.
2.3 Setelah dikaji kesesuaian maklumat yang
boleh dikutip dengan pendekatan isi
rumah, maklumat gaji & upah yang
dikutip ialah maklumat kadar upah.
Maklumat kadar upah boleh dipungut
melalui dua pendekatan iaitu:
planning, research and analysis of
economic, social and manpower;
and
wage, income and price policy.
2.2 Detailed information on salaries & wages
statistics, variables to be collected, its
approach and usage is as in Appendix 1.
2.3 Having studied the suitability of the
information to be collected using the
household approach, wage rate
information was selected as the most
appropriate variable for data collection
purposes. Wage rate data can be
collected through two approaches which
are:
a. kadar upah sebagai pekerja; atau a. wage rate as a worker; or
b. kadar upah daripada pekerjaan
utama.
Memandangkan maklumat kadar upah
yang diperlukan adalah mengikut
pekerjaan, maka adalah sesuai agar
pendekatan kadar upah daripada
pekerjaan utama digunakan.
2.4 Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan
untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan
juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan
mobiliti buruh. Maklumat gaji & upah
bagi mengukur kos buruh, pampasan
pekerja, pendapatan dan productivity
linked wage system lebih sesuai dikutip
dengan pendekatan pertubuhan. Ini
adalah kerana hanya majikan yang dapat
membekalkan maklumat yang lebih
lengkap dan tepat bagi pemboleh ubah
kemudahan bukan tunai (bayaran
ditanggung majikan) seperti perumahan,
pengangkutan, makanan, perkhidmatan,
kesihatan, insurans, percutian dan lainlain.
b. wage rate from principal job.
As the information of wage rate is needed
by occupation, it is suitable to use wage
rate from principal job approach.
2.4 Wage rate information can be used to
measure wage differentials and also to
analyse the correlation between salaries
& wages and labour mobility. Salaries &
wages information used to measure
labour cost, employee’s compensation,
earnings and productivity linked wage
system are more suitable to be collected
using the establishment approach. This is
because, only employers are able to
supply complete and accurate
information on facilities in kind (payment
by employer) such as housing,
transportation, food, services, health,
insurance, vacation and others.
32

3. Liputan 3. Coverage
3.1 Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah yang
merupakan salah satu modul Penyiasatan
Tenaga Buruh meliputi populasi
penyiasatan yang sama di kedua-dua
kawasan bandar dan luar bandar bagi
semua negeri di Malaysia.
3.2 Definisi populasi penyiasatan meliputi
penduduk yang tinggal di tempat
kediaman persendirian di Malaysia dan
tidak termasuk mereka yang tinggal di
tempat kediaman institusi seperti hotel,
rumah tumpangan, asrama, hospital,
rumah orang tua, berek tentera dan
penjara.
3.3 Maklumat gaji & upah hanya dipungut
bagi responden yang berumur 15 tahun
dan lebih yang berstatus guna tenaga
pekerja kerajaan atau pekerja swasta dan
memenuhi kriteria berikut:
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta)
yang bekerja sepenuh masa;
pekerja yang tidak bekerja dalam
bulan rujukan tetapi bergaji dan
pasti akan dipanggil bekerja
semula;
kerja dibuat sekurang-kurangnya
6 jam sehari atau sekurangkurangnya
20 hari sebulan bagi
pekerjaan biasa yang dilakukan
secara tetap pada setiap bulan;
atau
pekerja kontrak di sektor
kerajaan.
3.4 Maklumat gaji & upah tidak dipungut
bagi responden berikut:
majikan;
bekerja sendiri;
pekerja keluarga tanpa gaji;
33
3.1 Salaries & Wages Survey which is a
module under the Labour Force Survey
covers the same survey population for
both urban and rural areas for all the
states in Malaysia.
3.2 The survey population is defined to cover
persons who live in private living quarters
in Malaysia and hence exclude persons
residing in institutions such as hotels,
lodging houses, hostels, hospitals, old
folk’s homes, military barracks and
prisons.
3.3 Salaries & wages data is only collected
from respondents aged 15 years and over
whom status in employment are either
government or private employees and
fulfill the following criteria:
employees (government or
private) working full-time;
employees who did not work
during the reference month but
receiving salaries & wages and
will definitely be called for work;
work done for at least 6 hours a
day or at least 20 days a month
for usual occupation every month;
or
contract workers in the
government sector.
3.4 Salaries & wages data are not collected
for the following respondents:
employers;
own account workers;
unpaid family workers;

pekerja sambilan seperti pelajar
yang bekerja di restoran
makanan segera dan menerima
upah mengikut jam bekerja;
seorang perantis yang menerima
elaun dalam bulan rujukan;
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta)
yang bercuti tanpa gaji dalam
bulan rujukan walaupun ada kerja
yang akan dikembalikan;
pekerja yang menerima gaji
terlalu rendah daripada biasa.
Contohnya, disebabkan berhenti
kerja dan tamat kontrak;
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) di
sektor kerajaan; dan
pekerja kasual.
3.5 Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Gaji &
Upah mengambil kira umur bekerja 15
hingga 64 tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan
konsep Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang
menggunakan kumpulan umur tersebut
dalam mengukur penduduk yang aktif
dalam ekonomi.
temporary workers such as
students working in fast food
restaurants and receive wages at
hourly rate;
an apprentice who receives
allowances in the reference
month;
employees (government or
private) on unpaid leave in the
reference month even though
they have work to return to;
employees who receive low
amount of salaries & wages than
usual. For example, due to
expiration of contract or quit
working;
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) in
government sector; and
casual workers.
3.5 For analysis purposes, the Salaries &
Wages Survey takes into account the
working age group of 15 to 64 years. This
is in line with the concept of Labour Force
Survey which defines this group as the
economically active population.
4.
Tempoh rujukan
4.
Reference period
4.1
Tempoh rujukan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
adalah satu bulan sebelum temu ramah
atau pungutan data dijalankan. Bagi
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012, terdapat
enam tempoh rujukan iaitu:
4.1
The reference period for Salaries & Wages
Survey is one month prior to interview
session or data collection. For 2012
Salaries & Wages Survey, there were six
reference periods i.e:
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012
Salaries & Wages Survey 2012
Tempoh rujukan
Bulan penyiasatan
Reference period
Survey month
Disember/December 2011 Januari/January 2012
Januari/January 2012 Februari/February 2012
Februari/February 2012 Mac/March 2012
Mac/March 2012 April 2012
April 2012 Mei/May 2012
Mei/May 2012 Jun/June 2012
34

5. Rangka pensampelan 5. Sampling frame
5.1 Rangka pensampelan bagi Penyiasatan
Gaji & Upah adalah daripada Rangka
Pensampelan Isi Rumah Kebangsaan
yang terdiri daripada Blok Penghitungan
(BP) yang diwujudkan untuk Banci
Penduduk dan Perumahan Malaysia
2010. BP ialah satu kawasan muka bumi
yang diwujudkan secara rekaan dan
biasanya mempunyai sempadan
tertentu. Secara puratanya, setiap BP
mengandungi 80 hingga 120 tempat
kediaman. Pada amnya, kesemua BP
dibentuk di dalam lingkungan sempadan
yang diwartakan iaitu di dalam daerah
pentadbiran, mukim atau pihak
berkuasa tempatan.
5.1 The frame used for the Salaries & Wages
Survey is from the National Household
Sampling Frame which is made up of
Enumeration Blocks (EBs) created for the
2010 Population and Housing Census of
Malaysia. EBs are geographically
contiguous areas of land that is created
with identifiable boundaries. On average,
each EB contains about 80 to 120 living
quarters. Generally, all EBs are formed
within gazetted boundaries i.e. within
administrative district, mukim or local
authority areas.
5.2 BP dalam rangka pensampelan juga
dikelaskan mengikut kawasan bandar
dan luar bandar. Kawasan bandar
ditakrifkan sebagaimana yang telah
digunakan dalam Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan
bandar ialah kawasan yang diwartakan
serta kawasan tepu bina yang
bersempadan dengannya dan gabungan
kedua-dua kawasan ini mempunyai
penduduk seramai 10,000 orang atau
lebih semasa Banci Penduduk dan
Perumahan Malaysia 2010. Kawasan
selainnya yang diwartakan dan
mempunyai jumlah penduduk kurang
daripada 10,000 orang serta kawasan
yang tidak diwartakan, dikelaskan
sebagai luar bandar. Kawasan tepu bina
ditakrifkan sebagai kawasan yang
terletak bersebelahan kawasan yang
diwartakan dan mempunyai sekurangkurangnya
60 peratus penduduk
(berumur 15 tahun dan lebih) yang
terlibat dalam aktiviti bukan pertanian.
5.2 The EBs in the sampling frame are also
classified by urban and rural areas. Urban
areas are as defined in the 2010
Population and Housing Census of
Malaysia. Urban areas are gazetted areas
with their adjoining built-up areas which
has a combined population of 10,000 or
more at the time of the 2010 Population
and Housing Census of Malaysia. All other
gazetted areas with a population of less
than 10,000 persons and non-gazetted
areas are classified as rural. Built-up
areas are defined as areas contiguous to
a gazetted area and has at least 60 per
cent of their population (aged 15 years
and over) engaged in non-agricultural
activities.
35

5.3 Pengelasan kawasan mengikut strata
adalah seperti berikut:
5.3 The classification of areas by stratum is
as follows:
Strata
Bilangan penduduk
Metropolitan
75,000 dan lebih
Bandar besar 10,000 hingga 74,999
Bandar kecil 1,000 hingga 9,999
Luar bandar Kawasan selebihnya
Stratum Number of population
Metropolitan 75,000 and over
Urban large 10,000 to 74,999
Urban small 1,000 to 9,999
Rural
All other areas
5.4 Bagi tujuan pensampelan, pengelasan
yang luas seperti di atas adalah
memadai untuk semua negeri di
Malaysia. Walau bagaimanapun, bagi
Sabah dan Sarawak, memandangkan
masalah kesukaran untuk akses ke
kawasan pedalaman, strata luar bandar
dibahagikan lebih lanjut berdasarkan
kepada jangka waktu yang diambil untuk
sampai ke sesuatu tempat dari pusat
bandar yang terdekat.
5.5 Bagi tujuan analisis bandar/luar bandar,
strata dicantum seperti berikut:
5.4 For sampling purposes, the above broad
classification is found to be adequate for
all states in Malaysia. However, due to
problems of accessibility for Sabah and
Sarawak, the rural stratum has to be
substratified based on the time taken to
reach the area from the nearest urban
centre.
5.5 For the purposes of urban/rural analysis,
the stratum are collapsed as follow:
Bandar
Luar
bandar
= Metropolitan + Bandar besar
= Bandar kecil + Luar bandar
Urban = Metropolitan + Urban large
Rural = Urban small + Rural
6. Reka bentuk pensampelan 6. Sampling design
6.1 Reka bentuk pensampelan berstrata dua
peringkat telah digunakan. Terdapat dua
peringkat strata iaitu:
Strata utama
Terdiri daripada negeri di
Malaysia.
Strata kedua
Terdiri daripada strata bandar
dan luar bandar seperti yang
ditakrifkan di perkara 5.5 dan
dibentuk di dalam strata utama.
6.2 Sampel telah dipilih secara bebas bagi
setiap peringkat pada strata kedua. Unit
pensampelan peringkat pertama ialah
BP, sementara unit peringkat kedua
ialah tempat kediaman (TK) di dalam BP
tersebut. TK terpilih meliputi kesemua
36
6.1 A stratified two-staged sampling design is
adopted. There are two levels of
stratification that is:
Primary stratum
Made up of the states in
Malaysia.
Secondary stratum
Made up of the urban and rural
stratum as defined in para 5.5
and formed within the primary
stratum.
6.2 Samples are drawn independently within
each level of the secondary stratum. The
first stage units of sample selection are
the EBs while the second stage units are
the living quarters (LQs) within the EBs.
All households and persons within the

isi rumah dan orang yang tinggal di
dalamnya. Di setiap peringkat pemilihan,
unit telah dipilih secara sistematik
dengan kebarangkalian yang sama
dalam strata kedua.
selected LQs are canvassed. At every
stage of selection, the units are selected
systematically with equal probability
within each level of the secondary
stratum.
7. Saiz sampel 7. Sample size
7.1 Saiz sampel dalam Penyiasatan Gaji &
Upah 2012 adalah seperti berikut:
7.1 The sample size for the 2012 Salaries &
Wages Survey is as follows:
Negeri
State
Bilangan BP
terpilih
Number of
selected EBs
Bilangan TK terpilih
Number of selected
LQs
Johor 534 4,289
Kedah 438 3,504
Kelantan 498 4,012
Melaka 444 3,604
Negeri Sembilan 402 3,292
Pahang 498 3,645
Perak 540 4,281
Perlis 300 2,431
Pulau Pinang 378 3,031
Sabah 552 4,384
Sarawak 396 2,997
Selangor 600 4,818
Terengganu 348 2,900
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 246 1,922
W.P. Labuan 78 1,293
W.P. Putrajaya 72 1,149
Malaysia 6,324 51,552
8. Prosedur penganggaran 8. Estimation procedures
8.1 Maklumat gaji & upah yang dikutip
melalui Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh
dianggarkan menggunakan prosedur
penganggaran yang sama. Teknik
anggaran nisbah bergabung (adjusted
weight dan faktor penduduk)
digunakan untuk mendapatkan
anggaran sesuatu ciri tertentu bagi
populasi penyiasatan. Faktor penduduk
menggunakan anggaran penduduk
separuh tahun pertama 2012 mengikut
kumpulan umur, jantina, etnik dan
negeri sebagai penanda aras.
8.1 The salaries & wages information
collected through the Labour Force
Survey was estimated using the same
estimation procedures. The combined
ratio estimated method (adjusted
weight and population factor) was used
to obtain the estimates of a specific
characteristic in the survey population.
Population factor uses population
estimates of first half 2012 by age
group, sex, ethnic and state as
benchmarks.
37

8.2 Perlu diambil perhatian bahawa tiada
pengubahsuaian dilakukan untuk
mengasingkan penduduk institusi
daripada anggaran penduduk
walaupun Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
tidak meliputi penduduk institusi.
Penduduk institusi dianggarkan kurang
daripada tiga peratus jumlah
penduduk berdasarkan Banci
Penduduk dan Perumahan 2010,
penduduk institusi adalah kurang
daripada empat peratus daripada
penduduk.
8.2 It should be noted that no attempt was
made to adjust for the exclusion of the
institutional population from the
population estimates although the
Salaries & Wages Survey did not cover
the institutional population. The
institutional population was estimated
less than three per cent of the total
population, based on the 2010
Population and Housing Census, the
institutional population was less than
four per cent of the total population.
9. Konsep dan definisi 9. Concepts and definitions
9.1 Data gaji & upah dikutip menggunakan
pendekatan isi rumah melalui
Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh.
Berdasarkan pendekatan ini, maklumat
kadar upah diperoleh daripada
penyiasatan ini.
9.2 Kadar upah merangkumi gaji pokok,
elaun sara hidup dan lain-lain elaun
yang dibayar secara tetap dan berkala.
Ini tidak termasuk bayaran kerja lebih
masa, bonus dan gratuiti, elaun
keluarga dan lain-lain bayaran
keselamatan sosial oleh majikan.
9.3 Data gaji & upah yang diperlukan
adalah bagi pekerjaan biasa yang
dilakukan oleh pekerja kerajaan atau
swasta dalam bulan rujukan.
9.4 Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan
untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan
juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan
mobiliti buruh. Di samping itu,
maklumat ini juga digunakan untuk
mengukur jurang gaji & upah antara
pekerja lelaki dan perempuan (gender
wage gap).
9.1 Salaries & wages data are collected
using household approach via the
Labour Force Survey. Based on this
approach, wage rate is derived from the
survey.
9.2 Wage rates include basic wages, cost-ofliving
allowances and other guaranteed
and regularly paid allowances, but
exclude overtime payments, bonuses
and gratuities, family allowances and
other social security payments made by
employers.
9.3 Salaries & wages data collected are
based on the regular occupation of the
private or government employees in the
reference month.
9.4 Wage rates information can be used to
measure wage differentials as well as
the correlation between salaries &
wages to labour mobility. Besides that, it
is used to measure the gap of salaries &
wages between male and female
employees (gender wage gap).
38

9.5 Indikator utama 9.5 Main indicator
Jurang upah gender
= 100% - peratus gaji & upah gender
Peratus gaji & upah gender
Gender wage gap
= 100% - gender wage percentage
Gender wages percentage
=
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan perempuan
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan lelaki
X 100
=
Mean monthly salaries
& wages for female
Mean monthly salaries
& wages for male
X 100
Indikator jurang upah gender secara
umumnya menerangkan jurang gaji
yang diterima oleh pekerja lelaki
berbanding pekerja perempuan.
Apabila nilai yang diperoleh
menghampiri sifar, bermakna purata
gaji yang diterima menuju
kesamarataan di antara lelaki dan
perempuan. Bagi nilai negatif pula,
menunjukkan bahawa gaji & upah yang
diterima oleh pekerja perempuan
adalah lebih tinggi.
Indicator of gender wage gap is
generally to explain the gap in salaries &
wages received by working males as
compared to females. When the value
obtained is approximately approaching
zero, its means that the mean salaries &
wages received is heading towards
equality between males and females. A
negative value indicates that the salaries
& wages received by female worker is
higher.
9.6 Kumpulan etnik 9.6 Ethnic group
Kumpulan etnik dikategorikan di
kalangan warganegara Malaysia setelah
mengasingkan bukan warganegara
Malaysia. Pengelasan adalah seperti
berikut:
Warganegara Malaysia
Bumiputera
Melayu
Bumiputera lain
Cina
India
Lain-lain
Bukan warganegara Malaysia
The ethnic group is categorised within
Malaysian citizens after separating
those who are non-Malaysian citizens.
The classification is as follows:
Malaysian citizens
Bumiputera
Malay
Other Bumiputera
Chinese
Indians
Others
Non-Malaysian citizens
9.7 Taraf perkahwinan 9.7 Marital status
(i) Tidak pernah berkahwin
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
belum pernah berkahwin pada
masa temu ramah.
(i) Never married
Refers to those who have never been
married at the time of interview.
39

(ii) Berkahwin
Merujuk kepada mereka yang masih
berkahwin pada masa
penghitungan. Istilah ‘perkahwinan’
adalah termasuk perkahwinan
mengikut undang-undang atau
peraturan keagamaan atau pun
tinggal bersama atas persetujuan
bersama.
(iii) Balu/duda
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
belum berkahwin semula selepas
kematian suami/isteri pada masa
temu ramah.
(iv) Bercerai/berpisah tetap
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
perkahwinannya
telah
dimansuhkan melalui perceraian
mengikut undang-undang atau
peraturan keagamaan atau tidak
lagi tinggal bersama bagi satu
jangka masa yang lama dan tiada
kemungkinan untuk bersatu
semula.
(ii) Married
Refers to persons who are currently
married at the time of the
enumeration. The term ‘married’
includes those married by law or by
religious rites or are living together
by mutual agreement.
(iii) Widowed
Refers to those who have not
remarried after the death of the
spouse at the time of interview.
(iv) Divorced/permanently separated
Refers to those whose marriages
were annulled through divorced by
law or religious arrangement or
separated for a long duration
without any possibility of
reconciliation.
9.8 Pencapaian pendidikan 9.8 Educational attainment
Merujuk kepada peringkat tertinggi
seseorang itu telah menamatkan atau
sedang mengikuti persekolahan di
institusi pendidikan awam atau swasta
yang menyediakan pendidikan rasmi. Ia
dikategorikan seperti berikut:
Refers to the highest level which a
person has completed schooling or is
currently attending, in a public or
private educational institution that
provides formal education. It is
categorised as follows:
(i) Tiada pendidikan rasmi (i) No formal education
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
Refers to person who never
tidak pernah menghadiri manamana
institusi pendidikan yang
educational institutions that
attended school in any of the
menyediakan pendidikan rasmi.
provides formal education.
(ii) Rendah (ii) Primary
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
Refers to those whose highest level
telah mencapai pendidikan
of education attained is from
tertinggi di peringkat Tahun 1
Standard 1 to 6 or equivalent.
hingga 6 atau yang setaraf.
40

(iii) Menengah (iii) Secondary
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
Refers to those whose highest level
telah mencapai pendidikan
of education attained is from Form
tertinggi di peringkat Tingkatan 1
(termasuk kelas peralihan) hingga
Tingkatan 5, General Certificate
of Education O Level atau yang
1 (including remove class) to Form
5, General Certificate of Education
O Level or equivalent. Includes basic
skill programmes in specific trades
setaraf. Termasuk program
and technical skills institutions
kemahiran asas di institusi latihan
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal
whereby the training period is at
least six months e.g. GIATMARA.
yang mana tempoh pengajian
adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam
bulan seperti GIATMARA.
(iv) Tertiari (iv) Tertiary
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
Refers to those whose highest level
telah mencapai pendidikan
of education is above Form 5.
tertinggi selepas Tingkatan 5.
9.9 Sijil tertinggi diperoleh 9.9 Highest certificate obtained
Merujuk kepada sijil tertinggi diperoleh
dari institusi pendidikan awam atau
swasta yang menyediakan pendidikan
rasmi. Mulai 2008, klasifikasi sijil
tertinggi diperoleh adalah mengikut
konsep International Standard
Classification of Education (ISCED).
Refers to the highest certificate
obtained from the public or private
educational institution that provides
formal education. Commencing 2008,
classification of highest certificate
obtained is according to the
International Standard Classification of
Education (ISCED).
(i) UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf (i) UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Ujian Penilaian
Refers to Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Sekolah Rendah/Ujian Penilaian
Rendah/Ujian Penilaian Sekolah
Sekolah Rendah Agama atau yang
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
setaraf.
(ii) PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang
setaraf
Merujuk kepada Penilaian
Menengah Rendah, Sijil Rendah
Pelajaran, Lower Certificate of
Education, Sijil Rendah Agama
atau yang setaraf.
(ii) PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
Refers to Penilaian Menengah
Rendah, Sijil Rendah Pelajaran,
Lower Certificate of Education, Sijil
Rendah Agama or equivalent.
(iii) SPM atau yang setaraf (iii) SPM or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Sijil Pelajaran
Refers to Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia or
Malaysia atau yang setaraf
equivalent (Senior Cambridge
(Senior Cambridge Certificate,
Certificate, General Certificate of
General Certificate of Education O
Education O Level and Malaysia
Level dan Sijil Pelajaran
Certificate of Vocational Education).
41

Vokasional Malaysia). Termasuk
sijil kemahiran asas yang
diperoleh dari institusi latihan
kemahiran khusus dan teknikal
yang mana tempoh pengajian
adalah sekurang-kurangnya enam
bulan seperti sijil GIATMARA.
Includes basic skill certificate
obtained from specific trades and
technical skills institutions whereby
the training period is at least six
months e.g. GIATMARA certificate.
(iv) STPM atau yang setaraf (iv) STPM or equivalent
Merujuk kepada Sijil Tinggi
Refers to Sijil Tinggi Persekolahan
Persekolahan Malaysia, Higher
School Certificate atau kelulusan
Malaysia, Higher School Certificate
or equivalent (Sijil Tinggi Agama
yang setaraf (Sijil Tinggi Agama
and General Certificate of
dan General Certificate of
Education A Level).
Education A Level).
(v) Sijil (v) Certificate
Merujuk kepada sijil yang
Refers to certificate obtained from
diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik
college, polytechnic or other
atau institusi-institusi lain yang
menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
Tempoh pensijilan adalah tidak
institutions which offers formal
education. Duration of certification
should not be less than six months.
kurang daripada enam bulan.
(vi) Diploma (vi) Diploma
Merujuk kepada diploma atau sijil
setaraf dengannya dan diperoleh
selepas kategori (iii), (iv) atau (v)
daripada universiti, kolej, maktab
Refers to diploma or equivalent
certificate obtained after category
(iii), (iv) or (v) from university,
college or polytechnic prior to a
atau politeknik sebelum
degree qualification.
peringkat ijazah.
(vii) Ijazah
Merujuk kepada ijazah (Ijazah
Sarjana Muda, Sarjana atau
Doktor Falsafah) yang diperoleh
dari institusi pengajian tinggi
awam atau swasta atau yang
setaraf.
(viii) Tiada sijil
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
masih di bangku sekolah atau
tamat persekolahan tanpa
memperoleh sebarang sijil.
(vii) Degree
Refers to degree (Bachelor, Masters
or PhD) obtained from public or
private higher institution or
equivalent.
(viii) No certificate
Refers to those persons who are
currently attending school or who
have completed schooling without
receiving any certificate.
(ix) Tidak berkenaan (ix) Not applicable
Merujuk kepada mereka yang
Refers to those persons who have
tiada pendidikan rasmi.
no formal education.
42

9.10 Pekerjaan 9.10 Occupation
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut
klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan
Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008
berasaskan kepada International
Standard Classification of Occupations
(ISCO-08). Bagi seseorang yang
mempunyai lebih daripada satu
pekerjaan, hanya pekerjaan yang
mengambil masa terbanyak semasa
tempoh rujukan dianggap sebagai
pekerjaan utamanya. Jika masa bekerja
bagi tiap-tiap pekerjaan itu sama, maka
pekerjaan yang menghasilkan
pendapatan tertinggi adalah pekerjaan
utamanya. Dalam kes di mana bilangan
jam bekerja dan pendapatannya adalah
sama bagi setiap pekerjaan, pekerjaan
di mana dia telah bekerja paling lama
dianggap sebagai pekerjaan utamanya.
Occupation is classified according to the
Malaysia Standard Classification of
Occupations (MASCO) 2008 based on
the International Standard
Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08).
For a person having more than one job,
only the job at which he worked for the
longest number of hours during the
reference week is treated as his
principal occupation. Should the
number of hours worked for each job is
the same, then the job with the highest
income is the principal occupation. In
cases where the number of hours
worked and the income earned from
each job are the same, the job at which
he was working for the longest period
of time is considered as the principal
occupation.
9.11 Industri 9.11 Industry
Pengelasan industri merujuk kepada
pekerjaan utama. Mulai 2010, industri
dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian
Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC)
2008 berasaskan kepada International
Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 4.
Kategori industri adalah seperti
berikut:
Classification of industry refers to
principal occupation. Starting from
2010, industry is classified according to
the Malaysia Standard Industrial
Classification (MSIC) 2008 based on the
International Standard Industrial
Classification of All Economic Activities
(ISIC), Revision 4. The category of
industries are as follows:
A Pertanian, perhutanan dan
perikanan
B Perlombongan dan pengkuarian
C Pembuatan
D Bekalan elektrik, gas,wap dan
pendingin udara
E Bekalan air; pembentungan,
pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti
pemulihan
F Pembinaan
G Perdagangan borong dan runcit;
pembaikan kenderaan bermotor
dan motosikal
H Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan
I Penginapan dan aktiviti
perkhidmatan makanan dan
43
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Mining and quarrying
Manufacturing
Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply
Water supply; sewerage, waste
management and remediation
activities
Construction
Wholesale and retail trade; repair
of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Transportation and storage
Accommodation and food service
activities

minuman
J Maklumat dan komunikasi
K Aktiviti kewangan dan
insurans/takaful
L Aktiviti hartanah
M Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan
teknikal
N Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat
sokongan
O Pentadbiran awam dan
pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan
sosial wajib
P Pendidikan
Q Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan
kerja sosial
R Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi
S Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
Information and communication
Financial and insurance/takaful
activities
Real estate activities
Professional, scientific and
technical activities
Administrative and support service
activities
Public administration and defence;
compulsory social security
Education
Human health and social work
activities
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Other service activities
10. Kepersisan data 10. Data precision
10.1 Memandangkan anggaran penyiasatan
adalah berdasarkan kepada
penyiasatan sampel, ia adalah tertakluk
kepada ralat pensampelan dan bukan
pensampelan.
(i) Ralat pensampelan
Ralat pensampelan berpunca
daripada anggaran data yang dibuat
berasaskan
sampel
berkebarangkalian,
bukan
berdasarkan banci. Ralat ini dalam
statistik dikenali sebagai ralat piawai
relatif dan kerap ditandakan sebagai
RSE dan diberikan dalam peratusan.
Ralat ini digunakan sebagai
penunjuk kepada kepersisan
anggaran parameter yang dikaji.
Dengan kata lain, ia boleh memberi
gambaran tentang tahap variasi
anggaran penyiasatan berbanding
dengan lain-lain anggaran yang
berdasarkan pemilihan sampel.
10.1 Since the survey estimates are based on
a sample survey, they are subjected to
sampling and non sampling error.
(i) Sampling error
Sampling error is a result of
estimating data based on a
probability sampling, not on census.
Such error in statistics is termed as
relative standard error and often
denoted as RSE and is given in
percentage. This error is an indication
to the precision of the parameter
under study. In other words, it reflects
the extent of variation with other
sample-based estimates.
44

Anggaran ralat pensampelan telah
dikira secara berasingan untuk
beberapa pembolehubah penting
bagi peringkat nasional dan negeri
seperti di Jadual S1, S2 dan S3. Bagi
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012,
purata gaji & upah bulanan Malaysia
ialah RM1,881 dengan RSE 0.85
peratus dan ralat piawai (SE)
RM16.06. Pada 95 peratus selang
keyakinan ( = 0.05), purata gaji &
upah bulanan boleh berada di
antara RM1,850 hingga RM1,913.
(ii) Ralat bukan pensampelan
Bagi memastikan kualiti data berada
pada tahap yang tinggi, langkahlangkah
telah diambil untuk
meminimumkan ralat bukan
pensampelan. Berbeza dengan ralat
pensampelan, ralat ini tidak boleh
diukur dan hanya boleh diatasi
melalui beberapa langkah
pentadbiran. Ralat ini boleh
berpunca daripada liputan
penyiasatan yang tidak lengkap,
ketidaksempurnaan rangka, ralat
maklum balas, ralat tiada sambutan,
kesilapan semasa prosesan seperti
di peringkat penyuntingan,
pengekodan dan tangkapan data.
Ralat maklum balas boleh berlaku
disebabkan kesukaran dan
perbezaan dalam tafsiran soalan,
sama ada daripada penemu ramah
ataupun responden. Bagi
meminimakan ralat ini, latihan
intensif kepada penyelia dan
penemu ramah telah dijalankan. Di
samping itu, semakan rambang juga
dijalankan ke atas isi rumah yang
telah diliputi oleh penemu ramah
untuk memastikan kesahihan
maklum balas yang dicatatkan.
Untuk memastikan liputan
penyiasatan yang menyeluruh,
rangka sampel dikemas kini dan
tempat kediaman telah dipilih
45
Sampling errors of estimates on a few
important variables at national and
state level are calculated separately
as shown in the Table S1, S2 to S3.
For Salaries & Wages Survey 2012,
mean monthly salaries & wages
Malaysia was RM1,881 with an RSE
of 0.85 per cent and standard error
(SE) of RM16.06. At 95 per cent
confidence interval ( = 0.05), mean
monthly salaries & wages could be
between RM1,850 to RM1,913.
(ii) Non-sampling error
To ensure high quality of data,
several steps were taken to minimise
non-sampling errors. Unlike sampling
errors, these errors cannot be
measured and can only be overcome
through several administrative
procedures. These errors can arise as
a result of incomplete survey
coverage, frame defect, response
error, non-response and processing
such as during editing, coding and
data capture.
Response error can occur due to
difference and difficulty in
interpreting questions, either by the
enumerator or respondent. To
minimise this error, intensive training
was conducted for the enumerators
as well as supervisors. In addition,
random checks were carried out on
households that were already
canvassed by the enumerators to
ensure the validity of the information
recorded. To ensure the completeness
of the survey coverage, the sampling
frame is frequently updated and the
living quarters were selected after the
EB listing exercise.

selepas penyenaraian BP dijalankan.
Berhubung dengan ralat
penyuntingan dan prosesan,
beberapa peringkat semakan
konsistensi telah dilaksanakan sama
ada secara manual atau
berkomputer bagi memastikan
penghasilan data yang bermutu dan
boleh diterima pakai.
With regard to editing and processing
errors, several consistency checks
were done, either manually or
computerised, to ensure the quality
and acceptability of the data
produced.
11. Pembundaran anggaran 11. Rounding of estimates
Hasil tambah bagi sesuatu kategori
mungkin tidak sentiasa sama dengan
jumlah yang ditunjukkan dalam jadual
yang berkaitan kerana pembundaran
secara bebas kepada satu titik
perpuluhan. Walau bagaimanapun,
perbezaan ini tidak signifikan.
The sum of individual figures may not
always equal to the totals shown in
related tables because of independent
rounding to one decimal place. However,
the differences are insignificant.
12. Nota dan simbol 12. Note and symbol
W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan W.P. Wilayah Persekutuan
46

JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES

47
Jadual S1: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Table S1: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Julat gaji & upah purata pada
95 peratus selang keyakinan
Range of average salaries &
wages at 95 per cent
confidence interval
(RM)
Jumlah 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Pengurus 5,213 3.61 188.42 4,844 - 5,582
Managers
Profesional 3,807 1.48 56.35 3,697 - 3,917
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,435 1.05 25.68 2,385 - 2,485
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 1,718 0.98 16.86 1,685 - 1,751
Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan 1,299 1.22 15.86 1,268 - 1,330
Service and sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 1,065 3.53 37.62 991 - 1,139
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan 1,283 1.37 17.61 1,248 - 1,318
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,216 1.19 14.47 1,188 - 1,244
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 959 1.20 11.54 936 - 982
Elementary occupations

48
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012
Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Industri
Industry
Purata gaji &
upah bulanan
Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Nilai relatif Ralat piawai
Relative value Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Julat gaji & upah purata
pada 95 peratus selang
Range of average
salaries & wages at 95
per cent confidence
(RM)
Jumlah ¹ 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 993 2.73 27.09 940 - 1,046
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 3,358 7.52 252.60 2,863 - 3,853
Mining and quarrying
Pembuatan 1,647 1.63 26.77 1,595 - 1,699
Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara 2,558 6.28 160.61 2,243 - 2,873
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan 1,568 4.80 75.31 1,420 - 1,716
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pembinaan 1,608 3.75 60.38 1,490 - 1,726
Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal 1,427 1.45 20.63 1,387 - 1,467
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 1,933 3.47 67.17 1,801 - 2,065
Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman 1,146 2.45 28.05 1,091 - 1,201
Accommodation and food service activities

49
Jadual S2: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 (samb.)
Table S2: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012 (cont'd)
Industri
Industry
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
Mean monthly
salaries & wages
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Nilai relatif
Relative value
Ralat piawai
Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Julat gaji & upah purata
pada 95 peratus selang
Range of average salaries
& wages at 95 per cent
confidence interval
(RM)
Maklumat dan komunikasi 3,246 5.18 168.29 2,916 - 3,576
Information and communication
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 3,128 4.51 140.97 2,852 - 3,404
Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah 2,759 10.59 292.12 2,186 - 3,332
Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 2,800 4.91 137.48 2,531 - 3,069
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 1,106 2.46 27.25 1,053 - 1,159
Administrative and support service activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib 2,564 1.29 32.96 2,499 - 2,629
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Pendidikan 3,135 1.18 37.06 3,062 - 3,208
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 2,439 3.56 86.94 2,269 - 2,609
Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 1,416 8.05 113.96 1,193 - 1,639
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 1,373 4.11 56.44 1,262 - 1,484
Other service activities
¹ Jumlah termasuk bilangan penduduk bekerja dalam kategori Aktiviti badan dan pertubuhan luar wilayah
Total includes number of employed persons in Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies category

50
Jadual S3: Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Table S3: Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2012
Negeri
State
Purata gaji & upah
bulanan
Ralat piawai bagi anggaran
Standard error of estimate
Mean monthly
Nilai relatif Ralat piawai
salaries & wages Relative value Standard error
(RM) (%) (RM)
Julat purata gaji & upah
pada 95 peratus selang
Range of average salaries &
wages at 95 per cent
(RM)
Jumlah 1,881 0.85 16.06 1,850 - 1,913
Total
Johor 1,903 1.90 36.10 1,832 - 1,974
Kedah 1,440 2.01 29.01 1,383 - 1,497
Kelantan 1,580 2.65 41.94 1,498 - 1,662
Melaka 1,769 2.42 42.79 1,685 - 1,853
Negeri Sembilan 1,756 2.09 36.63 1,684 - 1,828
Pahang 1,613 1.77 28.57 1,557 - 1,669
Pulau Pinang 1,906 2.38 45.45 1,817 - 1,995
Perak 1,634 1.85 30.22 1,575 - 1,693
Perlis 1,588 2.55 40.43 1,509 - 1,667
Selangor 2,283 1.95 44.53 2,196 - 2,370
Terengganu 1,702 2.26 38.50 1,627 - 1,777
Sabah 1,251 2.24 28.07 1,196 - 1,306
Sarawak 1,629 2.24 36.53 1,557 - 1,701
W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2,617 4.15 108.64 2,404 - 2,830
W.P. Labuan 1,785 2.85 50.82 1,685 - 1,885
W.P. Putrajaya 3,070 2.36 72.52 2,928 - 3,212

LAMPIRAN
APPENDIX

51
KEY WAGES STATISTICS APPENDIX 1
Item Earnings Labour Cost Compensation of
Employees (SNA)
Measure/Use of Statistics i. Employees by wage
i. Wage measure used
rate and earnings
in the System of
valuable for study of
National Account.
wage differentials.
ii. Wage drift is the extent
to which earnings over
a period have changed
more (or less) than the
rates which are fixed
The
collective
agreements, wage
boards or awards. The
reasons for wage drift
are many and include
changes in the structure
of the labour force, the
proportion of overtime
payment, changes in
working hours etc.
iii. Assessing
the
relationship between
wages and labour
mobility and, in
particular, the rural
and urban migration.
i. Provide the full dimension
of the cost of the
employment of labour.
ii. Input to the measurement
of cost of doing business;
iii. Input to the measurement
of productivity;
iv. Input to wage
negotiations and wage
policies e.g. productivity
linked wage system
(PLWS)
Employee Income
Provisional
i. Applied to the study of
redistribution of wage
income through the
mechanism of social
security schemes.
ii.Useful for wage fixing,
collective bargaining
and certain practical
problems of incomes
and price policies.
Approach Establishment Establishment Establishment Establishment Establishment
General Definition
Statistics on earning should Labour cost is the cost The compensation of i. All the components of
relate to employees’ gross incurred by the employer in employees comprises earnings; and
enumeration, i.e. the total the employment of labour. It all payments by ii. Net current benefit
before any deductions are comprises remuneration for producers of wages from social security and
made by the employer in work performed, payments in and salaries to their insurance schemes
respect of taxes, respect of time paid for not employees, in kind as (such as maternity
contributions of employees worked, bonuses and well as in cash, and of benefit, health and
to social security and
pension schemes, life
insurance premiums, union
dues and other
gratuities, the cost of food,
drink and other employers’
social security expenditures,
cost to the employer for
contributions in
respect of their
employees to social
security and to
sickness benefits,
casualty (temporary
loss of wages) benefits,
unemployment benefit,
Wages Rates
i. Employees by wage rates and
earnings valuable for study of
wage differentials.
ii.Wage drift is the extent to
which earnings over a period
have changed more (or less)
than the rates which are fixed
The collective agreements,
wage boards or awards. The
reasons for wage drift are
many and include changes in
the structure of the labour
force, the proportion of
overtime payment, changes in
working hours etc.
iii.Assessing the relationship
between wages and labour
mobility and, in particular, the
rural and urban migration.
Wage rates should include basic
wages, cost of living allowances
and other guaranteed and
regularly paid allowances, but
exclude overtime payments,
bonuses and gratuity, family
allowances and other social
security payment made by
employers. Ex gratia payments in
kind, supplementary to normal

52
KEY WAGES STATISTICS APPENDIX 1
Item Earnings Labour Cost Compensation of
Employees (SNA)
obligations to employees.
vocational training, welfare
services and miscellaneous
items, such as transport of
workers, work clothers and
recruitment, together with
taxes regarded as labour
cost.
private pensions,
casualty insurance, life
insurance and similar
schemes.
Employee Income
Provisional
family allowances
regarded as social
security benefit,
severance
and
termination pay etc.)
Wages Rates
wage rates, are also excluded.
I. Direct Wages and
Salaries
II. Remuneration for time
not worked
(1)Annual vacation, other
paid leave
(2)Public and other
holidays
(3)Other time off granted
with pay
(4)Severance and
termination pay
III. Bonuses and gratuities
(1)Year-end and
seasonal bonuses
(2)Profit sharing bonuses
(3)Supplementary vacation
pay and other bonuses
and gratuities.
+ + + + + (Refer to general definition)
+
+
+
+
-
-
+ 1 +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

53 51
KEY WAGES STATISTICS APPENDIX 1
Item Earnings Labour Cost Compensation of Employee Income
Wages Rates
Employees (SNA)
Provisional
IV.Food, drink, fuel and
+ + + + -
other payments in kind
V.Housing and rent
allowances
VI.Social security, pension,
etc.
(1)Direct payments by
employer
to
employees regarded as
social security
payments.
(2)Employers
contributions to social
security schemes and
pension schemes
(statutory and other)
(3)Imputed contributions
of employer in respect
of unfunded pension
and other social
security schemes
(4)Current receipts from
social security schemes
organized on behalf of
employees
+ + + + Refer to general definition
-
-
-
-
+ 2
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
VII.Employer’s cost for
vocational training
- + + + -
VIII.Employer’s cost of
- + + - -
welfare sevices 3

54
KEY WAGES STATISTICS APPENDIX 1
Item Earnings Labour cost Compensation of
Employee Income
Wages Rates
Employees (SNA)
Provisional
IX. Employer’s other labour
- + + - -
cost 4
X. Taxes regarded as labour
cost
- + - - -
Sources: 1. An Integrated Wages Statistics: A Manual of Methods, International Labour Organization (ILO)
2. Developments in International Labour Statistics, International Labour Organization (ILO)
Notes:
1
Where not regarded as social security expenditure (as such, included under VI).
2
Including termination pay regarded as social security benefit. Including also assimilated payments in respect of former employees.
3
Including canteens and assimilated services; educational, cultural and recreational facilities and services; grants to credit unions and cost of
assimilated services for employees
4
Including such items as; work clothes, recruitment costs, etc.

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