31 Tsereteli Geo.pmd - International Research Center For ...
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516<br />
zaal l wereTeli<br />
Zveli i qarTul<br />
arTuli i nevmur<br />
evmuri i sistemi<br />
istemis s gaSifrv<br />
aSifrva a da<br />
praqtikaSi i xelaxl<br />
elaxla a danergvi<br />
anergvis s gzebi<br />
es naSromi warmoadgens Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistemis kvlevis<br />
meore etaps. pirveli kvlevis Sedegebi Cven warmovadgineT amave simpoziumze<br />
2004 wels. qveviT Tanmimdvrulad warmovadgenT axal Sedegebs,<br />
romlebic gamoavlina pirvandelTan SedarebiT ufro farTo masStabis<br />
sanoto masalis gamokvlevam.<br />
aris Tu ara kavSiri?<br />
amJamad Cvens monacemTa bazaSi Tavmoyrilia 70-ze meti Zlispiri,<br />
romelTagan TiToeulisaTvis mogvepoveba nevmirebuli teqstic da<br />
sanoto Sesatyvisic XIX s. xelnawerebidan. sainteresoa, moaRwia Tu<br />
ara Cvenamde Zvelma samgaloblo tradiciam? romeli hangebia dafiqsirebuli<br />
XIX saukunis xelnawerebSi: isini, romelsac Cveni Soreuli<br />
winaprebi galobdnen X saukuneSi, Tu raRac axali, sruliad gansxvavebuli<br />
Zvelisagan?<br />
Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis (70 Zlispiri) gamokvlevam gamoavlina<br />
zemoT xsenebuli kavSiris arsebobis damadasturebeli araerTi<br />
faqti. kerZod, aRmoCnda, rom or, xSirad ki orze met erTnairad nevmirebul<br />
monakveTs erTnairi melodia Seesabameba sanoto analogebSi.<br />
magaliTad: figura or-orjer gvxvdeba ZlispirebSi `ver Sem-<br />
Zlebel varT~ da `romelman hSev mTiebi~ (sur. 1). oTxive (!) SemTxvevaSi<br />
erTnairi hangi gvaqvs.<br />
nevmirebisa da melodiebis Tanxvedris sxva magaliTebi ase-<br />
Tia: figura<br />
Zlispiri “ver SemZlebel varT” – 2 SemTxveva-<br />
Tanxvedra. figura Zlispirebi `yrmaTa RvTismsaxurTa”,<br />
“winasaukuneTa~, `romelman hSev mTiebi~, `saswaulad ixilveboda<br />
mose~, `bunebai igi” – 5 SemTxveva-Tanxvedra. figura Zlispirebi<br />
“RaRadvyav danTqmulman”, `siRrmeni codvaTani~, `RaRadyo<br />
veSapisa mucelsa~, `Sen romeli caTa uvrceles xar~ - 4 SemTxveva-Tanxvedra.<br />
Tanxvedrebi kidev mravlad mogvepoveba.<br />
xom ar aris es Tanxvedrebi SemTxveviTi? davuSvaT sawinaaRmdego,<br />
rom JamTa viTarebis Tu sxva mizezTa gamo Zveli samgaloblo tradicia<br />
odesRac Sewyda da hangebi Seicvala axliT. maSin nevmirebul<br />
teqstebsa da sanoto masalas Soris kavSiri ar unda arsebobdes.
517<br />
SevZlebdiT ki aseT viTarebaSi amdeni Tanxvedris axsnas? ZlispirebSi<br />
melodiebis didi mravalferovnebaa. melodiebis aseTi siWarbis fonze<br />
amdeni damTxveva Zalzed saeWvoa SemTxveviTi iyos.<br />
imis albaToba, rom t raodenobis erTnairad nevmirebul monakveTebis<br />
wyvils Sesabamisi melodia (wyvil-wyvilad) erTnairi aRmoaCndeba sanoto<br />
wyaroebis mixedviT, SeiZleba gamovTvaloT formuliT:<br />
sadac n aRniSnavs gansxvavebuli hangebis raodenobas, xolo m –<br />
nevmirebis gansxvavebuli variantebis raodenobas. p sakmarisad mcire<br />
ricxvia maSinac ki, roca t =1, anu roca gvaqvs Tanxvedra mxolod erTi<br />
wyvilisaTvis. t-s erTi erTeuliT gazrdac ki iwvevs p albaTobis<br />
astronomiul Semcirebas. amis mizezia is, rom m da n sakmaod didi<br />
ricxvebia da amdeni Tanxvedra erTdroulad TiTqmis SeuZlebelia.<br />
gamodis, rom unda vaRiaroT tradiciis gawyvetis Sesaxeb Cveni Tavdapirveli<br />
daSvebis mcdaroba da davaskvnaT: xangrZlivi periodis (9<br />
saukune) miuxedavad qarTul eklesiaSi samgaloblo tradicia ar<br />
darRveula, Zvelma hangebma moaRwia XIX saukunemde da asaxva hpova<br />
sanoto xelnawerebSi. Cvenamde moRweuli sagaloblebis Zvel nevmirebul<br />
xelnawerebTan kavSiris arsebobis damadasturebelia im Tanxvedrebis<br />
simravle, romelic 70 ZlispirSi aRmoCnda.<br />
sinamdvileSi viTareba ufro rTulia da arc ise idealuri.<br />
kerZod, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac erTnairad nevmirebul monakveTebs<br />
sxvadasxva melodiebi Seesabameba. ase, magaliTad, rogorc ukve<br />
vTqviT, figura 5 sagalobelSi erTnairi melodiiT dasturdeba,<br />
magram ZlispirSi “gixaroden sasanTleo brwyinvaleo! igive figura<br />
gvxvdeba II da V muxlebSi erTnairi, magram winasgan gansxvavebuli<br />
hangiT. figura 5 sagalobelSi erTnairi hangiTaa warmodgenili,<br />
magram 3 sagalobelSi igive figuras sxva hangi Seesabameba, Tumca<br />
samive erTnairi hangi.<br />
riT avxsnaT es garemoeba? aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom<br />
ar gvaqvs gansxvavebaTa siWrele. kerZod, pirveli figura gvxvdeba 7<br />
adgilas, magram melodia sul oria (5+2). meore gvxvdeba 8 sagalobel-<br />
Si da melodia isev oria (5+3) da Tu kvlav kavSiris sakiTxs mivubrundebiT,<br />
vityviT Semdegs: kavSiri rom ar yofiliyo rvave (Svidive)<br />
SemTxveva gansxvavebuli melodiebiT iqneboda warmodgenili,rac tipuri<br />
niSani iqneboda or movlenas Soris kavSiris ararsebobisa. Cvens SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki melodiebi sul orad gaiyo, rac kvlavac kavSiris arsebobaze<br />
miuTiTebs. is faqti, rom melodiebi orad, magram mainc gaiyo, aixsneba<br />
imiT, rom qarTuli nevmuri sistemiT ar xdeba melodiis calsaxad<br />
warmodgena. rogorc wina kvlevaSi aRvniSnavdiT [12], es sistema aris
518 zaal wereTeli<br />
teqstis hangze gawyobis saSualeba da aseTi SemTxvevebis arseboba<br />
SesaZlebelia.<br />
amgvarad, kavSiri, udavod, arsebobs da Cans, magram ratomaa igi ase<br />
Znelad SesamCnevi? ratom ver vpoulobT damakavSirebel Zafs yovel<br />
muxlSi? es garemoeba mravalma faqtorma ganapiroba: jer erTi, rom<br />
qarTuli nevmuri sistema calsaxad ar asaxavs melodiebs; meorec,<br />
modrekili, iordane da ivane sxvadasxvanairad, variantulad adeben<br />
nevmebs erTsa da imave sagaloblebis muxlebs; mesame, axlo winapari<br />
mgaloblebi, sxvadasxva samgaloblo skolebis warmomadgenlebi, aseve<br />
Tav-Tavis variantebs gvTavazoben; meoTxe, mravali sagalobeli gamSvenebuli<br />
saxiTaa Cvenamde moRweuli, rac am SemTxvevaSi xelisSemSleli<br />
faqtoria da, bolos, mexuTe, drom da galobis zepirad gadacemis<br />
tradiciam Tavisi uaryofiTi roli Seasrula, samgaloblo hangebma<br />
Tavisi pirvandeli, ucvleli saxiT ver miaRwia momaval Taobebamde.<br />
Tavisufali monakveTebi – kavSiri aqac Cans<br />
Tavisufali marcvali Cven vuwodeT nevmirebis armqone marcvals,<br />
xolo Tavisufali monakveTi – Tavisufali marcvlebisgan<br />
Semdgar sagaloblis teqstis nawils erTi muxlis farglebSi. amgvari<br />
monakveTebi zogjer sakmaod grZelia _ Sedgeba 4 da meti marcvlisagan.<br />
SevniSneT, rom aseT SemTxvevebs Sesabamis sanoto masalaSi<br />
warTqma an silabika Seesabameba (ixileT Zlispirebi `romelman hSev<br />
mTiebi~, `winasaukuneTa, `yrmaTa RvTismsaxurTa~, `kverTxi ieses Zirisagan~).<br />
garda imisa, rom es faqtebi kidev erTxel xazs usvams zemoT<br />
naxseneb kavSirs, Cven maT gvikarnaxes mosazreba: Tavisufali monakveTebis<br />
ukan, zogadad, xom ar dgas silaburi galoba? marTalia, mokle (2-<br />
3 marcvliani) monakveTebisaTvis amis notebis mixedviT dadastureba<br />
Znelia, maTi simoklisa da wina paragrafSi moyvanili mravali faqtoris<br />
gamo, samagierod grZel monakveTebSi es silaburoba kargad Cans.<br />
naklebad savaraudoa, rom sxvadasxvagvari yofiliyo midgoma Tavisufali<br />
monakveTebisadmi marcvlebis raodenobis gamo. logikuri iqneboda<br />
gvefiqra, rom Tavisufal monakveTebs silaburad, ZiriTadi gr-<br />
Zliobis (pirobiTad, vTqvaT, meoTxediT) bgerebiT igalobebdnen.<br />
jer-jerobiT vikavebT Tavs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saboloo<br />
daskvnis gamotanisagan da vagrZelebT msjelobas: Tu Tavisufali<br />
marcvali silaburia, maSin nevmireba erTi marcvlis ramdenime bgeraze<br />
gamRerebas unda aRniSnavdes. magram rogor amRerebdnen marcvals X<br />
saukuneSi?<br />
gamRerebis saxeobani qarTul galobaSi<br />
qarTul galobaSi arsebuli gamRerebis meTodebis aRricxvis mizniT<br />
CavatareT gamokvleva. gamovikvlieT gelaTis, Semoqmedis da aRmosavleTis<br />
skolebis wirva-locvis sagaloblebi [3,5,6].
Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistemis gaSifrva da<br />
praqtikaSi xelaxla danergvis gzebi<br />
519<br />
gamokvlevam moicva absoluturad yvela sagalobeli dasaxelebuli<br />
wyaroebidan da aCvena Semdegi: erTi marcvlis ramdenime bgeraze<br />
gamRerebis SemTxvevebis 75% modis or- an sambgerian hangze (mokle<br />
gamRerebebi). SemTxvevebis danarCen 25%-Si gamRerebis hangi Sedgeba 4<br />
da meti bgerisagan (grZeli gamRerebebi). es ukanasknelni arsebiTad<br />
warmoadgens or-sambgeriani hangebis naerTs. amgvarad, SegviZlia<br />
davaskvnaT: qarTul galobaSi gamRerebis ZiriTadi xerxebia mokle _<br />
2-3 bgeriani melodiebi.<br />
dafiqsirda 50-mde aseTi (mokle) melodia, romelTagan 10-s sxvasTan<br />
SedarebiT maRali procentuloba aqvs (grafiki 1). iseTebi, romelTac<br />
aRmoaCndaT Zalian patara procentuloba (naklebi, vidre 2%) ugulvebelvyaviT,<br />
rogorc konkretuli Semsruleblis Tu skolis specifika<br />
da gavaerTianeT erT jgufSi. erTi maTgani, kodiT 51, sakuTriv `karbelaanT<br />
kilos~ damaxasiaTebelia. rogorc es grafikidan Cans, 4 melodia<br />
Seesabameba Zvel niSans (Sedarebis gasaioleblad ucvlelad mogvyavs<br />
cxrili 1 [12]-dan. damatebulia mxolod kodirebis sveti). es<br />
mravlismetyveli faqtia: 10 ZiriTadi gamRerebis melodiidan oTxi,<br />
Cvens mier pirvel gamokvlevaSi gamoTqmuli varaudebis Sesabamisi<br />
aRmoCnda.<br />
msgavsi melodiur-ritmuli struqturis mqone melodiebis gaer-<br />
Tianebis Sedegad miviRebT suraTs, romelic me-2 grafikzea asaxuli.<br />
yvelaze didi procentulobis mqone ori melodiis gamRereba or<br />
mezobel bgeraze qvevidan zeviT an piriqiT. es gamRerebis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli formaa qarTuli galobis nebismieri skolisa da SemsruleblisaTvis.<br />
pirvel kvlevaSi ar moxerxda garkveuliyo mTavari nevmis mniSvneloba.<br />
es ganapiroba iman, rom xsenebuli niSani absoluturad yvelgan<br />
gvxvdeba. iSviaTad moiZebneba muxli, rom masSi es niSani ar figurirebdes.<br />
am ori melodiis axsna swored mas unda davakisroT. gamRereba<br />
or mezobel bgeraze, imis miuxedavad, zeviT vimoZravebT Tu qveviT,<br />
silaburi galobidan gadaxvevis yvelaze bunebrivi saSualebaa. garda<br />
amisa, niSans ar moeZebneba striqonsqveda analogi. es argumentebi<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom mTavari nevmi or mezobel bgeraze gamRerebis<br />
aRmniSvnelia. gamRerebebis Zvel nevmebTan Sesabamisobis saboloo suraTi<br />
asaxulia grafikze 3.<br />
kidev arsebobs 2 sworxazovani, striqonsqveda niSani romlebzec aq<br />
jer araferi gviTqvams. maTi daniSnuleba, Cveni azriT igivea, rasac<br />
aqamde vvaraudobdiT (ix. cxrili 1) – bgeris grZliobis gagrZeleba. es<br />
specifikuri gamRerebaa da es ukanasknelni ganirCevian kidec danarCenebisagan<br />
Tavisi sworxazovnebiT. yvela sxva nevmi mrudwirulia.
520 zaal wereTeli<br />
samomavlo praqtikuli nabijebis Sesaxeb<br />
ra aris saWiro imisTvis, rom Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistema kvlav<br />
daubrundes RvTismsaxurebas? sanam am kiTxvas vupasuxebdeT, SevniSnoT<br />
Semdegi: SemTxveviTi ar aris is garemoeba, rom ar mogvepoveba<br />
Zveli niSnebiT nevmirebuli wirva-locvis standartuli sagaloblebi.<br />
Zveli nevmebi mxolod Zlispirebs, dasdeblebs da troparebs axlavs.<br />
rogorc cnobilia, CvenSi arsebobda Zlispirebis galobiT Tqmis<br />
tradicia. es is SemTxvevaa, roca aseulobiT sagaloblis teqsti unda<br />
igalobebodes erT-erT kanonikur hangze. Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistema<br />
gvevlineba martiv da idealur saSualebad amgvari praqtikuli amocanis<br />
gadawyvetisaTvis.<br />
Zveli nevmebis gamoyenebiT galobis aRsadgenad unda moxdes Zlispirebis<br />
hangebis gamartiveba nevmirebul teqstebTan SesabamisobaSi<br />
moyvanis mizniT. Cvens mier am mimarTulebiT Catarebulma eqsperimentma<br />
aCvena, rom Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistemis RvTismsaxurebaSi xelaxali<br />
danergva axlosaa realobasTan.<br />
daskvna<br />
X saukunis nevmirebuli teqstebi asaxulia XIX saukunis sanoto<br />
xelnawerebSi. amis dasturia mravali SemTxveva, roca erTnairad nevmirebul<br />
monakveTebs erTnairi melodiebi Seesabameba. amgvarad, Zvelma<br />
samgaloblo hangebma Cvenamde moaRwia, Tumca isini amJamad erTgvarad<br />
saxecvlilia. es mravalma faqtorma ganapiroba.<br />
Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistema aris teqstis hangze gawyobis saSualeba.<br />
mas ar gamoiyenebdnen wirva-locvis standartuli (statikurteqstebiani)<br />
sagaloblebisaTvis. aseT sagaloblebs nevmebis gareSec<br />
iolad galobdnen.<br />
Zvelad galobdnen silaburad (Tavisufali marcvlebi), Siga-da-Sig<br />
mokle gamRerebebiT (mrudwirulnevmebiani marcvlebi) an bgeris gr-<br />
Zliobis gagrZelebiT (sworxazovannevmebiani marcvlebi). gamRerebis<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma, maSinac da axlac, aris gamRereba or<br />
mezobel bgeraze, romelic yvelaze xSiradxmarebad niSans Seesabameba.<br />
Zlispirebis galobiT Tqmis tradiciis aRsadgenad saWiroa moxdes<br />
Zlispiris hangis nevmirebul teqstTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana misi<br />
gasadavebis gziT. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmulma praqtikulma nabijebma<br />
dagvarwmuna, rom es ganxorcielebadi amocanaa.
Zveli qarTuli nevmuri sistemis gaSifrva da<br />
praqtikaSi xelaxla danergvis gzebi<br />
521<br />
damowmebuli<br />
literatura<br />
gvaxaria, vaJa. (1989). miqael modrekilis himnebi. Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo.<br />
erqvaniZe, malxaz. (2000). qarTuli saeklesio galoba, t. 1, Tbilisi: sapatriarqos<br />
saeklesio galobis centri.<br />
erqvaniZe, malxaz. (2002) qarTuli saeklesio galoba, t. 2, Tbilisi: sapatriarqos<br />
saeklesio galobis centri.<br />
erqvaniZe, malxaz. (2005). qarTuli saeklesio galoba, t. 3, Tbilisi: sapatriarqos<br />
saeklesio galobis centri.<br />
karbelovi, polievqtos da molodinovi, aleqsandre. (1899). sagalobelni<br />
Sobis dResaswaulisa. tfilisi: maqsime SaraZe da Co.<br />
kereseliZe, eqvTime. xelnaweri Q 672. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa erovnuli<br />
centri.<br />
kiknaZe, g. (1982). nevmirebuli Zlispirni. Tbilisi: mecniereba<br />
SuRliaSvili, daviT. (2002). qarTuli saeklesio galoba, Semoqmedis skola,<br />
Tbilisi: sapatriarqos saeklesio galobis centri. qarTuli simReris<br />
saerTaSoriso centri.<br />
qoriZe, filimon. (1911). sadResaswaulo sagalobelni wirvisa tfilisi: e.<br />
kereseliZis stamba.<br />
qoriZe, filimon. (1901). sagalobelni pirvel Sewirulisa, vasili didisa,<br />
mRvdlis kurTxevisa da qorwinebisa. tfilisi.<br />
wereTeli, zaal. (2005). `uZvelesi qarTuli samgaloblo niSnebis<br />
interpretaciis SesaZlebloba XIX s. sanoto xelnawerebis mixedviT~. krebulSi:<br />
tradiciuli mravalxmianobis meore saerTaSoriso simpoziumi. gv. redaqtorebi<br />
wurwumia, rusudani da Jordania, iosebi. Tbilisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo<br />
konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centri.<br />
xundaZe, raJden. xelnaweri 2100. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo erovnuli centris<br />
arqivi.
Decipehring the Old <strong>Geo</strong>rgian Neumatic System and<br />
Ways of Re-Introducing in into Practice<br />
527<br />
Khundadze, Razhden. Manuscript 2100. Archives of the Methodological <strong>Center</strong> of Folk<br />
Art at the Ministry of Culture of <strong>Geo</strong>rgia (in <strong>Geo</strong>rgian).<br />
<strong>Tsereteli</strong>, Zaal. (2005). « The Possibility of Interpreting Ancient <strong>Geo</strong>rgian Chants Through<br />
19th Century Transcriptions ». In : The Second <strong>International</strong> Symposium on Traditional<br />
Polyphony. P. 367-382. Edited by Rusudan Tsurtsumia and Joseph Jordania. Tbilisi:<br />
<strong>International</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>Center</strong> for Traditional Polyphony at the Tbilisi State Conservatoire.
528<br />
zaal wereTeli. danarTi<br />
Zaal <strong>Tsereteli</strong>. APPENDIX<br />
cxrili 1.<br />
Table 1.
zaal wereTeli. danarTi<br />
Zaal <strong>Tsereteli</strong>. APPENDIX<br />
529<br />
diagrama 1. gamRerebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani 10 melodia. aqedan 4 Seesabameba<br />
Zvel niSnebs<br />
Figure 1. 10 most important melodies of gamghereba.4 of them correspond to<br />
old neumes<br />
diagrama 2. yvelaze maRali procentulobis ori gamRereba<br />
Figure 2. Two most important gamgherebas are unexplained
530<br />
zaal wereTeli. danarTi<br />
Zaal <strong>Tsereteli</strong>. APPENDIX<br />
diagrama 3. gamRerebebis nevmebTan Sesabamisobis saboloo saxe<br />
Figure 3. Correspndence of gamghereba to old neumes<br />
suraTi 1.<br />
Picture 1.
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