saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eleqtroenergetikaSi mokle ...
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eleqtroenergetikaSi mokle ...
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo politika eleqtroenergetikaSi mokle ...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> <strong>politika</strong> <strong>eleqtroenergetikaSi</strong><br />
<strong>mokle</strong> winaistoria da mimdinare procesebi<br />
20 ianvari, 2008 weli<br />
<strong>mokle</strong> winaistoria: <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eleqtroenergetika 1991-2003 wlebSi 1<br />
aqsiomaa is, rom energetikuli seqtoris gamarTul muSaobaze mniSvnelovanwilad<br />
aris damokidebuli nebismieri qveynis Sida politikuri stabiluroba da<br />
ekonomikuri ganviTareba. 1991 wels, damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikuli seqtori mZime dartymis qveS aRmoCnda.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebis survili da imedebi, daekmayofilebina aSS-sa da<br />
evrokavSiris interesebi (<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gavliT mieRoT kaspiispireTis gazi da<br />
navTobi) da gamxdariyo aRmosavleT-dasavleTis damakavSirebeli energetikuli<br />
jaWvis erT-erTi rgoli, winaaRmdegobaSi movida regionis dominanti qveynis,<br />
ruseTis interesebTan, romelsac surda, rom energomatareblebis rogorc<br />
mwarmoebeli, ise gamtarebeli qveyana dasavleTisaTvis mxolod TviTon yofiliyo.<br />
aseTi iyo regionSi ruseTisa da dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris<br />
arsebuli geostartegiuli dapirispirebis Sinaarsi 1993-2002 wlebSi.<br />
saqarTvelo, rogorc energetikuli resursebis transportirebis alternatiuli<br />
mimarTulebis erT-erTi rgoli, am dapirispirebis epicentrSi aRmoCnda.<br />
1993-2002 wlebSi samoqalaqo omis recidivebis da regionSi arsebuli<br />
geostrategiuli interesebis dapirispirebis Sedegad <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikuli<br />
seqtori etapobrivad daingra. am ngrevas ganapirobebda rogorc sxvadasxva saeWvo<br />
xasiaTis incidentebi (romelic gamoZiebis Sedegad dadgenili faqtebis saSualebiT<br />
SeiZleboda dakvalificirebuliyo rogorc teroristuli aqtebi), ise <strong>saxelmwifo</strong><br />
institutebis uunaroba, saTanado movla-patrononoba gaewiaT sasicocxlo<br />
miniSvnelobis energoobieqtebisaTvis.<br />
uyuradRebobis da mouvlelobis gamo seriozuli dartymis qveS aRmoCnda<br />
generaciis obieqtebi, eleqtrogadamcemi xazebi, gazis milebi da maTTan<br />
dakavSirebuli meurneobebebi. mxolod engurhesze, romlis reabilitacia amJamadac<br />
mimdinareobs, ramdenime avaria moxda, romelTagan arc erTi bolomde ar<br />
gamoZiebula. pirveli avaria moxda 1993 wlis dekemberSi, soxumis dacemidan ori<br />
Tvis Semdeg. 1995 wels Tavdasxmis Sedegad mwyobridan iqna gamoyvanili 500<br />
kilovatiani ageregati. bolos, 2002 wlis noemberSi, mas isev miadga seriozuli<br />
ziani.<br />
1 Sesaval nawilSi gamoyenebulia avtoris kvelva: Liana Jervalidze “Russian Foreign Energy Policy<br />
and Implications on Georgia’s Energy Security” published by Global Market Briefs LTD, London, March 2006<br />
1<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
msgavsi daudgeneli incidentebi moxda gardabnis energoblokebzec. pirveli<br />
mniSvnelovani ziani gardabnis gazis generaciis obieqtebs, kerZod, yvelaze axal –<br />
mecxre da meaTe blokebs – 1993 wlis dekemberSi xanZris Sedegad miadga. 1998<br />
wlisaTvis es blokebi aRdgenili iqna germanuli bankis kreditiT da 1999 wels<br />
AES Telass, pirvel amerikul kompanias gadaeca, romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
energetikul bazarze 1998 wels Semovida. 2001 2 wlis dekemberSi, samxreT<br />
kavkasiuri milsadenis Sesaxeb Saxdenizis konsorciumis mier gakeTebuli<br />
gancxadebidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, afeTqeba moxda AES Telasis mflobelobaSi<br />
gadasul energoblokebzec. am afeTqebis Sedegad mecxre bloki seriozulad<br />
dazianada, meaTe blokidan ki saerTod aRaraferi darCa.<br />
am incindentebs Sedegad, bunebrivia, energetikuli seqtoris paralizeba mohyva,<br />
rasac Tan axlda qveynis sul ufro meti damokidebuleba mezobeli qveynebidan<br />
energomatareblebis importze. saqarTvelo zamTris ganmavlobaSi eleqtroenergias<br />
ZiriTadad ruseTidan da somxeTidan yidulobda 3 .<br />
am periodSi, samoqalaqo omisa da ekonomikis ngrevis pirobebSi, <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
mosaxleobis msyidvelobisunarionoba imdenad daqveiTda, rom AES Telasis mier<br />
moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis maCvenebeli pirvel wels<br />
mxolod 10-20% Seadgenda. am fonze aRmocenda energo mafia, romelic ar iyo<br />
dainteresebuli, rom eleqtroenergia aramsyidvelobisunariani mosaxleobisTvis<br />
miewodebinda da Sedegad daiwyo <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s mier Sesyiduli eleqtroenergiis<br />
reeqsporti mezobel qveynebSi 4 . <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mosaxleobas ki am dros<br />
eleqtroenergia mniSvnelovani SezRudvebiT miewodeboda.<br />
eleqtroenergiis seqtorSi am dros dadebuli garigebebi imdenad wamgebiani da<br />
aragamWvirvale iyo, rom miuxedavad kontrolis palatis mier Catarebuli araerTi<br />
Semowmebisa, sruli suraTis aRdgena imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeboda am sferoSi 90-<br />
ian wlebSi SeuZlebelia. cnobilia mxolod is, rac ukve aRvniSneT – rom<br />
amoRebis dabali maCveneblis gamo, mosaxleobisaTvis eleqtroenergiis miwodeba<br />
wamgebiani iyo da rom warmoebuli da Sesyiduli elqtroeenrgiis didi nawili<br />
eqsportze da reeqsportze midioda 5 .<br />
1993-2000 wlebSi energetikul obieqtebze moxdari incidentebis da avariebis<br />
Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad da dazaralebuli obieqtebis reabilitaciis mizniT,<br />
2<br />
Sax-denizis konsorciumma gancxadeba <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> gavliT samxreTkavkasiuri gazsadenis<br />
aSenebisSesaxeb 2001 wlis agvistoSi gaakeTa.<br />
3<br />
ruseTis birTvuli eleqtrosadguris meore bloki amoqmedda 1995 wels, engurhesze da<br />
gardabnis gazis generaciis blokebze momxdari avariebis Semdeg.<br />
4<br />
kontrolis palatis aqtebi 1994-2001 wlebi<br />
5<br />
qarTuli energomafia uSualod Tu ar monawileobda energoobieqtebis mimarT<br />
ganxorcielebuli aqtebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcilebaSi, is am aqtebis Sedegad Seqminili<br />
viTarebiT did fuls Soulobda.<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
2
1995-2000 wlebSi saqarTveloSi grantebis da SeRavaTiani kreditebis saxiT<br />
591 770 150 aSS dolari Semovida. am kreditebs Soris iyo germaniis ganviTarebis<br />
bankis krediti, romelic 1997-1998 wlebSi gardabnis mecxre da meaTe blokebis<br />
reabilitacias moxmarda, Tumca mogvianebiT, 2001 wlis dekemberSi, am blokebis<br />
mimarT ganmeorebiT momxdarma incidentma am kreditis efeqti gaanula. aRniSnuli<br />
grantebisa da kreditebis marTebuli gamoyenebiT maqsimaluri Sedegis miRwevas<br />
seqtorSi arsebulma korufciamac SeuSala xeli.<br />
bolo sabotaJi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikul obieqtebze 2003 wlis “vardebis<br />
revoluciis” Semdeg maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadamcem xazebze ganxorcielda.<br />
kerZod, 2004 wlis 15 seqtembersa da 2005 wlis marts Soris ramdenjerme iqna<br />
mwyobridan gamoyvanili dasavleT da aRmosavleT <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> damakavSirebeli<br />
“qarTli 1” da “qarTli 2” da kavkasionis gadamcemi xazebi. amis Semdeg<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikul obieqtebze msgavs incidentebs adgili aRar hqonia.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> eleqtroenergetikuli seqtoris bolo TxuTmetwliani periodis es<br />
<strong>mokle</strong> istoria cxadyofs, Tu ratom eTmoba energetikis seqtoris obieqtebis<br />
reabilitaciis sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli adgili dokumentSi “<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
energetikis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb”, romelic <strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
parlamentma 2006 wels miiRo da romelsac es kvleva eydnoba.<br />
2003 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebi<br />
2003 wlis revoluciis Sedegad mosulma xelisuflebam SeZlo<br />
eleqtroenergetikis seqtoris stabilizacia. rogorc Sesaval nawilSi iyo<br />
aRniSnuli, bolo sabotaJi eleqtroenergetikis sistemis winaaRmdeg 2004 wlis<br />
seqtember – 2005 wlis marts Soris periodSi moxda. 2004-2007 wlebSi,<br />
sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebiT da saerTaSoriso donorebis daxmarebiT,<br />
generaciis obieqtebisa da gadamcemi xazebis reabilitacia ganxorcielda. es<br />
procesi (reabilitacia) kvlavac mimdinareobs. amJamad qveynis eleqtroenergetikis<br />
sistema gamarTulad muSaobs da eleqtroenergiaze qveyanaSi arsebul moTxovnas<br />
akmayofilebs. dRes energetikis saministros, rogorc energetikuli politikis<br />
ganmsazRvreli mTavari organos amocana qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis<br />
paralelurad energomatareblebze gazrdili moTxovnis dakmayofilebis<br />
strategiuli gegma SemuSavebaa.<br />
parlamentis mier 2006 wlis zafxulSi miRebul dadgenilebaSi “<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
energetikuli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb”,<br />
energoobieqtebis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvla qveynis energetikis gajansaRebis<br />
mTavar pirobad aris miCneuli. amave dokumentis Tanaxmad: energetikuli<br />
obieqtebis gasxviseba unda moxdes valebisgan maTi gaTavisuflebis Semdeg da<br />
sruliad gamWvirvale viTarebaSi; bazarze moqmed aqtiorebs Soris urTierTobebs<br />
daaregulirebs da ufleba-movaleobebs gansazRvravs eleqtroenergetikuli bazris<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
3
wesebi; bazris Semdgomi ganviTareba liberaluri mimarTulebiT warimarTeba da<br />
moxdeba sruli deregulireba.<br />
amJamad eleqtroenergiis distribuciis udidesi nawili (Telasi, energo-pro) da<br />
generaciis garkveuli nawili (energo-pros mflobelobaSi myofi 362 mgv<br />
simZlavris hidroeleqtrosadgurebi, kaxeTis generaciis obieqtiebi)<br />
gankerZoebulia. kaxeTis distribuciis kompaniis kerZo mflobelobaSi gadasvlis<br />
sakiTxi jer bolomde ar aris miyvanili. maRali Zabvis gadamcemi xazebi qarTulrusuli<br />
erToblivi sawarmos – “gruz-energos” – xelSia. eleqtroenergiis yidvagayidvis<br />
operaciebs awarmoebs sistemis komerciuli operatori, romelic<br />
gaerTianebuli sabiTumo bazris bazaze Seiqmna.<br />
winamdebare dokumenti ganixilavs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba eleqtroenergetikis<br />
seqtorSi arsebuli viTareba parlamentis mier 2006 wels miRebuli dokumentis<br />
ZiriTad debulebebs privatizaciis gamWvirvalobasTan, liberalizmTan da<br />
deregulirebasTan mimarTebaSi.<br />
AES Telasi<br />
saaqcio sazogadoeba “rao-Telasi” dRes <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> dedaqalaqis<br />
eleqtroenergiis sadistribucio kompaniaa. misi aqciebis 75%-s flobs rusuli<br />
eleqtroenergetikis giganti, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kompania “inter-rao”, 25%-s ki –<br />
Tbilisis meria. garda Tbilisis distribuciisa “inter-rao”, romelic aris RAO -<br />
UES ucxouri aqtivebis mmarTveli kompania, saqarTveloSi flobs gardabnis<br />
mecxre da meaTe blokebsac, romelTagan 2001 wlis dekembris avariis Semdeg<br />
mxolod mecxre bloki muSaobs. “inter-rao” agreTve flobs mdinare xramze<br />
arsebul or hidroleqtrosadgurs.<br />
RAO - UES <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikul bazarze Semovida 2003 wels, mas Semdeg<br />
rac misma qvekompania Rao-Nordic-ma AES Corporation-is holandiuri qvekompania Silk<br />
Road BV 23 milion aSS dolarad Seisyida. RAO-Nordic-i Silk Road BV SesyidviT<br />
Telasis aqciaTa 75%-is mflobeli gaxda.<br />
AES-s, Tavis mxriv, Telasi 1998 wels 22.5 milion aSS dolarad hqonda<br />
Sesyiduli. 1999 wels AES-ma gardabnis mecxre da meaTe blokebi 16,5 milion aSS<br />
dolarad Seisyida da “xrami 1” da “xrami 2” hidroeleqtrosadgurebis 25 wliT<br />
marTvis uflebac moipova. 1998 wels amerikuli kompaniis Semosvla strategiul<br />
nabijad iqna miCneuli da mas qveynis mTeli politikuri speqtri da sazogadoeba<br />
gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobiT Sexvda, Tumca sul raRac xuT weliwadSi,<br />
kompaniaSi gaCenili finansuri problemebisa da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebasTan<br />
daaxloebuli jgufebis mxridan zewolis gamo, AES iZulebuli gaxda TelasSi<br />
sakuTari wili rusuli <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kompania RAO-Nordic-saTvis mieyida da<br />
saqarTvelodan wasuliyo. qarTuli mxare im periodSi amtkicebda, rom AES-is<br />
wasvla mxolod kompaniiis finansur problemebTan iyo dakavSirebuli da rom AES<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
4
Corporation-ma Tavisi aqtivebi yvela postsabWoTa qveyanaSi gayida. realurad, AES<br />
Corporation-ma mogvianebiT saqmianoba gaafarTova rogorc yazaxeTSi, ise ukrainaSi<br />
da sul ramdenime wlis win aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi, kerZod, CexeTSi da<br />
bolos TurqeTSic SeiZina aqtivebi energetikul seqtorSi.<br />
xuTi wlis win strategiuli partnioris AES-is qveynidan wasvlam didi miTqmamoTqma<br />
gamoiwvia. interess iwvevda is, rom kompania saqarTvelodan wavida mas<br />
Semdeg, rac moaxdina Tbilisis sadistribucio sistemis seriozuli reabilitacia,<br />
moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoReba 86% procentian maCvenebelze<br />
aiyvana, miiRo eleqtroenergiis importis da TurqeTSi tranzitis ufleba da<br />
male mogebaze unda gasuliyo.<br />
AES Silk Road 6 TelasSi 10 wliT, kapitalis amoRebis wliuri 20%iani pirobiT<br />
Semovida. kompaniam Telasis reabilitaciis mizniT 210 milioni aSS dolaris<br />
(saTavo ofisidan moziduli saxssebi) da 56 milioni aSS dolaris EBRD 7 da IFC<br />
sakredito resursebis mozidva moaxdina. daviT ebraliZis TqmiT, romelic im<br />
periodSi erovnul damoukidebel maregulirebel komisiasTan arsebuli<br />
momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcveli iyo, 2003 wlisaTvis (anu aqtivebis<br />
Sesyidvidan xuTi wlis Tavze) AES Telasis grZelvadiani da <strong>mokle</strong>vadiani<br />
valdebulebebi, ZiriTadi kapitalisa da procentebis CaTvliT, 825 598 000 lars<br />
Seadgenda, rac im drois gacvliTi kursis mixedviT daaxloebiT 400 milioni aSS<br />
dolari iyo. amasTan erTad, am validan EBRD da IFC mimarT davalineba<br />
minimaluri iyo da is AES-s ukve gastumrebuli hqonda.<br />
AES Corporation-is 2003 wlis angariSidan irkveva, rom AES Corporation-ma validan<br />
210 milioni aSS dolari Camowera, raTa AES Telasis Rirebuleba Seemcirebina<br />
(valebisgan gaesufTavebina) da is gasayidad gamoitana.<br />
parlamentis energetikuli komisiis eqspertebi miiCnevdnen, rom AES Telasi<br />
gaweul danaxarjebs mizandasaxulad beravda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo aseT <strong>mokle</strong><br />
xanSi aseTi moculobis investiciebi ganexocielebina (gardabnis blokebis<br />
rebilitacia germanuli ganviTarebis bankis kreditiT moxda vidre mas 1999 wels<br />
AES Telasi iyidda) da rom kompanias mxolod gamricxvelianebis mowesrigebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi hqonda Catarebuli.<br />
arsebobda mesame mosazrebac, rac imaSi mdgomareobda, rom kompanias kontraqtis<br />
mixedviT kapitaluri danaxarjebis wliuri 20% amoRebis ufleba hqonda. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi mas xuT weliwadSi ukve amoRebuli eqneboda realurad Cadebuli<br />
investiciebi da mogebac miRebuli eqneboda. amitom ar uCivlia AES-s<br />
6<br />
es kompania moskovSi iyo bazirebuli da iqidan awarmoebda molaparakebebs postsabWoTa<br />
sivrcis qveynebSi energetikuli aqtivebis Sesyidvaze. moskovSi warmoebda molaparakebebi<br />
Telasis Sesyidvazec.<br />
7<br />
EBRD-is vebgverdze mocemuli informaciis mixedviT, bankma AES-s Telasis<br />
sarebilitaciod gamouyo daaxloebiT 30 milioni aSS dolari. danarCeni 30 milioni aSS<br />
dolari saerTaSoriso finansurma korporaciam gaiRo.<br />
5<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo sasamarTloSi londonSi, risi uflebac mas<br />
kontraqtis mixedviT hqonda (miuxedvad imisa, rom misi gaZeveba Telasidan moxda<br />
zewolis Sedegad). arc aSS-s saelCos gamouTqvams protesti misi qveynis<br />
warmomadgeneli kompaniis qveynidan aSkara gaZevebis gamo.<br />
saboloo jamSi, AES-ma Telasi gayida da RAO-Nordic-ma is 23 milion aSS<br />
dolarad Seisyida 8 .<br />
RAO Telasi<br />
memorandumi <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebasa da rao-s Soris 2007 wlis ivnisSi,<br />
sruliad aragamWvirvale viTarebaSi daido. mis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba ar<br />
miuRia arc erT damoukidebel eqsperts an eqspertTa jgufs. misi dadebis faqti<br />
da Sinaarsi sazogadoebisTvis cnobili samxolod 2007 wlis noemberSi gaxda 9 .<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani punqti, romelic am memorandumSia Cadebuli,<br />
eleqtroenergiis tarifs exeba. 1998 wlidan 2008 wlamde AES-is samomxmareblo<br />
tarifSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo AES Telasis mier gaweuli kapitaluri<br />
danaxarjebis komponenti, romelic Telasis gayidvis Semdeg RAO UES-is<br />
tarifSic gadavida. wesiT 2008 wlis bolodan Tbilisis mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
eleqtroenergiis tarifi unda Semcirdes 10 , Tumca memorandumi tarifis Semcirebas<br />
ar iTvaliswinebs.<br />
daviT ebraliZe, rogorc moqalaqeTa interesebis damcveli, aprotestebda imas,<br />
rom RAO-Nordic-ma, romelmac valebisgan gaTavisuflebuli kompania miiRo da<br />
yidvisTanave damatebiTi investiciebi ar ganuxorcielebia, samomxmareblo tarifSi<br />
kapitalis danaxarjebis 11 komponenti SeinarCuna. igi am komponentis tarifidan<br />
amogdebas da samomxmareblo tarifis Semcirebas moiTxovda 12 .<br />
2003 da 2004 wlebSi saqarTveloSi vizitad myofma RAO UES-is generalurma<br />
direqtorma tarifis dawevis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb isaubra, Tumca, rogorc Cans,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisufleba am sakiTxs aRar CaRrmavebia, vinaidan tarifis dawevaze<br />
2004 wlis Semdeg saubari Sewyda. sruliad sapirispirod, 2005 wlidan rao-<br />
Telasma daiwyo kampania tarifSi sakuTari wilis gazrdis Sesaxeb, rasac igi AES-<br />
8<br />
zogierTi cnobiT, rebilitaciiis Semdeg Tbilisis eleqtrosadistribucio kompaniis<br />
realuri Rirebuleba 500 milion aSS dolars utoldeboda – gayidvis win moxmarebuli<br />
eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis maCvenebeli 86% Seadgenda 8 , kompaniis wliuri<br />
Semosavlebi ki 70 milion aSS dolari iyo da Sesabamisad, AES <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> biujetis<br />
Semdeg meore iyo Semosavlebis raodenobis mixedviT.<br />
9<br />
memorandums xeli moewera 2007 wlis 20 ivniss.<br />
10 2008 wels sruldeba AES–Tan dadebuli kontraqtis da investiciebis amoRebis vada.<br />
11<br />
kompniiis mier Cadebeuli Tanxa da masze daricxuli sabanko procenti.<br />
12<br />
2000-2002 wlebSi momxmarebelTa uflebebis saxalxo damcvelis daviT ebraliZis<br />
prezentacia AES Telassa da rao-Soris xelSekrulebis detalebis Sesaxeb man gaakeTa<br />
2005 wlis zafxulSi sorosis fondSi.<br />
6<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
is mier aRebuli kreditis (170 milioni aSS dolaris) dafarvis aucileblobiT<br />
xsnida. 2005 wels damoukideblma maregulirebelma, arasakmarisi dasabuTebis<br />
safuZvelze 13 , uari ganacxada rao-Telasis mier tarifis gazrdis Sesaxeb<br />
ganacxadis dakmayofilebaze, Tumca 2006 wels, energo-prosaTvis distribuciisa<br />
da generaciis obieqtebis miyidvis win, imave damoukidebeli maregulireblis<br />
gadawyvetilebiT eleqtoenergiaze zRvruli tarifi gaizarda da SemoRebuli iqna<br />
safexuriani tarifi. am gadawyvetilebiT, faqtobrivad, rao-Telasis moTxovna<br />
tarifis gazrdis Sesaxeb iribad dakmayofilda.<br />
rao-Telasis komerciulma direqtorma da misma modgilem 14 tarifTan dakavSirebiT<br />
ganmartes, rom 2003 wels (roca maT Telasi Seisyides) AES Telass 400<br />
milioni aSS dolaris davalianeba hqonda dagrovili. es davalianeba<br />
gasastumreblad maT kompaniaze gadmoiwera da kapitalis danaxarjebis komponentis<br />
SenarCuneba swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli, Tumca rao-s warmomadgenlebma ver<br />
axsnes is, Tu rogor unda darCenoda AES-s amxela davalianeba, roca saTavo<br />
ofisma mis gayidvamde 210 milioni davalianeba Camowera. miTumetes, maT<br />
daadastures, rom AES-s EBRD-sa IFC-is krediti 56 milioni aSS dolari ukve<br />
gastumrebuli hqonda.<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> xelisuflebasa da rao-Telass Soris dadebuli memorandumSi<br />
aRniSnulia, rom 2008 wels (AES Telasis mier Cadebuli kapitaluri<br />
danaxarjebis amoRebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg) eleqtroenergiis tarifi araTu ar<br />
Semcirdeba, aramed ar aris gamoricxuli, rom gaizardos kidec. memorandumis<br />
Tanaxmad, tarifi 2015 wlamde ar gaizrdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qveyanaSi<br />
inflaciis maCvenebli 10% zRvars ar gadaaWarbebs; eleqtroenergiis Sesyidvis<br />
tarifi 10%-ze metad ar gaizrdeba (gazis fasis gazrdis SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba<br />
Telasis wilic tarifSi, raTa kompania ar dazaraldes) da ar gaCndeba tarifis<br />
daregulirebis saWiroeba gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis gamo 15 .<br />
memorandumSi aseve naTqvamia, rom kompania ar moiTxovs TbilisSi kompaqturad<br />
Casaxlebuli iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis mier 2007 wlis 1 martamde<br />
dagrovili davalianebis dafarvas. rogorc kompaniis komerciulma xelmZRvanelebma<br />
Tqves, kompania apirebs, rom valis Camoweris angariSSi xelisuflebisgan<br />
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi moiTxovos.<br />
energo-pro jorjia<br />
2004 wels, axali xelisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg, kidev ufro ganmtkicda rwmena<br />
imis Sesaxeb, rom energetikuli seqtoris gajansaRebis erTaderTi gza<br />
13<br />
mogvianebiT, 2006 wlis Sua periodSi damoukidebelma maregulirebelma daamtkica<br />
safexuriani tarifi, riTac sazogadeobis ekonomiurad SedarebiT Zlier fenas daakisra<br />
gazrdili tarifis mTeli tvirTi.<br />
14<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom es pirebi rao-s mier Telasis Sesyidvis dros TelasSi ar<br />
muSaobdnen.<br />
15<br />
igulisxmeba laris gacvliTi kursi dolarTan.<br />
7<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
energoobieqtebis privatizacia iyo. am droisTvis, Telasis da aWaris<br />
energokompaniis garda, sadistribucio kompaniebi “gaerTianebul sadistribucio<br />
kompaniaSi” iyo gaerTianebuli da maT espanuri kompania “energokompania<br />
iberdolas” qvekompania marTavda. generaciis obieqtebi, garda kaxeTis generaciis<br />
obieqtebisa, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sakuTrebaSi iyo. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dadga maTi<br />
privatizaciis sakiTxi.<br />
gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis privatizaciis pirveli gegma<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> imJamindelma ekonomikis ministrma kaxa benduqiZem 2005 wlis martSi<br />
sastumro mariotSi gamarTul konferenciaze warmoadgina gaerTianebuli<br />
sadistribucio kompaniis privatizaciis pirveli gegma. am gegmis mixedviT,<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> distribuciisa da generaciis obieqtebi, garda ukve privatizebuli<br />
obieqtebisa, or lotad – (1) dasavleTis generacia da distribucia da (2)<br />
aRmosavleTis generacia da distribucia – unda gayiduliyo. generaciis<br />
obieqtebidan <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sakuTrebaSi rCeboda mxolod enguri. gegmiT, es ori<br />
kompania Tavad daadgenda generaciis da distribuciis xarjebs da aseve Tavad<br />
moaxdenda xarjebis optimizacias (damoukidebeli maregulirebis daxmarebis<br />
gareSe). amgvarad, damoukidebeli maregulireblis funqcia minimumade iqneboda<br />
dayvanili, rac mis gauqmebisken gadadgmul nabijs niSnavda.<br />
<strong>saxelmwifo</strong> sakuTrebaSi rCeboda mxolod transportireba da misi regulireba. es<br />
gegma, marTalia, xels uwyobda eleqtroenergetikis seqtoris deregulirebas (am<br />
seqtorSi <strong>saxelmwifo</strong>s monawileobis Semcirebas), Tumca zRudavda energetikuli<br />
bazris liberalizaciis SesaZleblobas, vinaidan dasavleTis generacia dasavleTis<br />
distribuciaze iyo mibmuli da Sedegad, arc mwarmoebels da miTumetes arc<br />
momxmarebels ar miecemoda saSualeba, misTvis sasurveli momxmarebeli da<br />
mimwodebeli aerCia.<br />
aRniSnul gegmas ganxorcieleba ar mohyolia. Sesabamisad, damoukidebeli<br />
maregulirebeli komisiac ar gauqmebula.<br />
auqcionebi<br />
gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis pirveli auqcioni 2005 wlis martSi<br />
Caatarda. masSi monawileobis survili mxolod erTma kompaniam (“bagebi 2004”)<br />
gamoxata, magram auqcioni CaiSala. amis erT-erT (araoficialuri) mizezi is<br />
gaxda, rom kompania xelisuflebis maRal Tanamdebobis pirTan asocirdeboda, rac<br />
gaxmaurda.<br />
meore auqcionisTvis gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis, aWaris<br />
energokompaniisa da eqvsi hidroeleqtrosadguris paketis fasi 350 milioni aSS<br />
dolariT ganisazRvra. aseTi Tanxis gadamxdeli kompania maSin ar gamoCnda da<br />
Sedegad, auqcioni gadavadda. arsebobs mosazreba, rom ase Zvirad es obieqtebi<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
8
auqcionSi monawileobis msurveli konkurenti kompaniebis gzidan CamoSorebis<br />
mizniT Sefasda.<br />
sabolood, ramdenjerme CaSlili molaparakebebis Semdeg, aRniSnuli paketi 2007<br />
wlis 5 Tebervals Cexurma energokompaniam, „enerji-prom“ Seisyida. rogorc<br />
molaparakebebi, ise gayidvis procesi iseve gaumWvirvaled warimarTa, rogorc<br />
2003 wels RAO-NORDIC-is mier AES Telasis aqtivebis Sesyidva. aqtivebi<br />
Cexurma energokompaniam ara 350 milion aSS dolarad, aramed 132 aSS milion<br />
dolarad Seisyida, kerZod, dasavleTis hidroeleqtrosadgurebSi (lajanurhesi<br />
113 megavati, rionhesebi 48 megavati, gumaThesi 67 megavati, Saori 38 megavati,<br />
Zevrula 80 megavati, awi 16 megavati – sul 362 megavati) man 73 500 000 aSS<br />
dolari gadaixada, gaerTianebul sadistribucio kompaniaSi – 32 milioni aSS<br />
dolari, xolo aWaris energokompaniaSi – 14 500 000 aSS dolari.<br />
“energo-prosa“ da <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mTavrobas Soris dadebul xelSekrulebaSi, bevr<br />
sxva saintereso debulebasTan erTad, sayuradReboa Semdegi punqtebi:<br />
• myidvels (energo-pro) aqvs aqtivebis Sesyidvis Tavisufali reJimis<br />
ufleba: energo-pro uflebamosilia sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr gansazRvros<br />
saboloo Sesyidvis ganxorcielebis vadebi da pirobebi (mocemul etapze<br />
gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba). myidvelsa da gamyidvels (ekonomikuri<br />
ganviTarebis saministros) Soris am sakiTxze SeuTanxmeblobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
upiratesoba myidvelis gadawyvetilebas eniWeba. erTaderTi daTqma aris is,<br />
rom myidvelma gamyidvels winaswar unda acnobos gadaxdis mzadyofnis<br />
Sesaxeb 16 . aqtivebis Sesyidvis am formasTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom<br />
iqmneba STabeWdileba, TiTqos kompanias aqtivebis SesaZenad saxsrebi ki ar<br />
Semoaqvs, aramed winaswar dadgenili maRali tarifiT amoRebuli<br />
SemosavlebiT cdilobs Sesyidvis Tanxis dafarvas.<br />
• xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul sadistribucio sivrceSi iqneba mxolod<br />
erTi eqskluziuri ganawilebis licenzia: energo-pros sadistribucio<br />
arealSi sxva licenziebi (garda Tavad energo-pros licenziisa) ar gaicema.<br />
es punqti zRudavs liberaluri bazris Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobas,<br />
radgan myidveli gamoricxavs Tavisi saqmianobis arealSi konkurentis<br />
daSvebas.<br />
• myidvels aqvs SeuzRudavi gzis ufleba: Tu energo-pros mis mflobelobaSi<br />
gadasul aqtivebamde misasvlelad dasWirdeba <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> an kerZo<br />
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli teritoriis gamoyeneba, igi Tavisufldeba am<br />
16<br />
2007 wlis 29 ivnisisaTvis, rodesac energo-prom aqtivebis flobis ufleba miiRo, mas<br />
gadaxdili hqonda mxolod aWaris energokompaniisa (32 milioni aSS dolari) da<br />
gaerTianebuli sadistribucio kompaniis aqtivebis (14,5 milioni aSS dolari) safasuri.<br />
generaciis obieqtebis aqtivebis Rirebuleba (73 milioni aSS dolari) dResac ar aris<br />
dafaruli. Sesabamisad, rogorc irkveva, kompania iyenebs kontraqtiT miniWebul uflebas,<br />
aqtivebis safasuri misTvis misaReb Tavisufal reJimSi gadaixados.<br />
9<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
teritoriis mesakuTresTvis kompensaciis, ijaris an sxva saxis gadasaxadis<br />
gadaxdis valdebulebisgan.<br />
• aqtivebze ufleba myidvels gadaecema moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT<br />
gaTvaliswinebul simbolur fasad, dasrulebis 17 TariRidan eqvsi Tvis<br />
vadaSi.<br />
• maregulirebeli gansazRvravs komunaluri aRricxvis wesebs 18 , romlis<br />
moqmedebis vada iqneba sul mcire aTi weli: energo-pros individualuri<br />
gamricxvelianebis dasasruleblad miecema sul cota aTwliani vada. am<br />
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi Cndeba kiTxva, Seswevs Tu ara kompanias, romelic<br />
abonentebis individualuri gamricxvelianebisTvis aTwlian periods<br />
moiTxovs, unari, 400 milioni aSS dolaris investiciebi ganaxorcielos,<br />
rogorc amas energetikis saministros vebgverdze ganTavsebuli prezentacia<br />
acxadebs.<br />
• u<strong>mokle</strong>s vadaSi, winaswari eqvsTviani periodis gasvlidan araugvianes sami<br />
Tvisa, damoukidebeli maregulirebeli miiRebs dadgenilebas tarifebis<br />
indeqsaciis Sesaxeb: tarifebis indeqsacia moxdeba inflaciis Sesabamisad,<br />
rac, savaraudod, tarifis zrdas gamoiwvevs 19 .<br />
aqve mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom aqtivebis energo-prosTvis<br />
miyidvamde moxda maTi valebisagan sruli gaTavisufleba, eleqtroenergiaze<br />
samomxmareblo tarifis gazrda da safexuriani tarifis SemoReba. mTavrobam<br />
investoris Semosvlamde tarifis winaswar gazrda imiT gaamarTla, rom mas<br />
investoris mimarT (romelsac am tarifis gazrda mainc mouwevda) mosaxleobis<br />
SesaZlo arakeTilganwyobis 20 Tavidan arideba surda.<br />
rac Seexeba Tavad samomxmareblo tarifis gazrdas, es aucilebloba mTavrobis<br />
mier dasabuTebuli iyo 2006 wlis ianvarSi rusuli gazis fasis gazrdiT 1000<br />
kubur metrze 235 aSS dolaramde. qarTvel eqspertTa nawilis azriT, rusuli<br />
gazis fasis gazrdas eleqtroenergiis tarifSi aseTi cvlileba ar unda<br />
gamoewvia, vinaidan eleqtrogeneraciaSi gazis wili 20-23%-iT Semoifargleba.<br />
Sesabamisad, samomxmareblo tarifis gazrda da miT umetes, safexuriani<br />
samomxmareblo tarifis SemoReba gaumarTlebelad iqna miCneuli. eqspertTa<br />
nawilis azriT, iseTi samomxmareblo tarifis pirobebSi, rogorsac energo-pro<br />
iyenebs, <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> kompaniac moaxerxebda sistemis sareabilitacio da<br />
17<br />
kontraqtis mixedviT dasrulebis TariRad miCneulia xelSekrulebis xelmoweridan<br />
eqvsi Tvis dasrulebis periodi.<br />
18<br />
igulisxmeba saerTo mricxvelebi.<br />
19<br />
energo-pro jorjiam ukve gaakeTa winaswari ganacxadi tarifis gazrdis moTxovnis<br />
Sesaxeb. man am TxovniT damoukidebel maregulirebels 2007 wlis seqtemberSi mimarTa da<br />
am etapze gadawyvetilebas elodeba.<br />
20<br />
igulisxmeba, rom investori Cadebuli investiciebis amoRebis mizniT aucileblad<br />
tarifis gazrdas moiTxovda.<br />
10<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs
einvesticiisaTvis saWiro saxsrebis mobilizacias da Tan mosaxleobidan<br />
aqtivebis e.w. Sesyidvis Tanxebis amoRebac aRar iqneboda saWiro.<br />
sazogadeobaSi arsebuli winaaRmdegobis fonze premier-ministr zurab noRaidelis<br />
mTavrobam Tavad gadawyvita tarifis gazrdis sakiTxi da damoukidebeli<br />
maregulirebeli mas daeTanxma, rac, realurad, damoukidebeli maregulireblis<br />
saqmianobaSi aramarTlzomieri Carevis aSkara gamoxatuleba iyo.<br />
daskvna<br />
aSkaraa, rom mosaxlebos msyidvelobiTi unari 1993-2000 wlebTan SedarebiT dRes<br />
mniSvneolovnad aris gazrdili. energoobieqtebis reabilitaciasa da<br />
momxmarebelTa individualur da jgufur gamricxvelianebasTan erTad gaizarda<br />
moxmarebuli eleqtroenergiis safasuris amoRebis maCvenebelic (is 100%-ian<br />
niSnuls miuaxlovda). <strong>saqarTvelos</strong> energetikaSi dRes arsebuli viTareba<br />
momgebiani biznesis warmoebis SesaZleblobas iZleva, amitom, Tu 1993-2000<br />
wlebSi eleqtroenergiis Sida bazarze gayidva araxelsayreli iyo da arsebuli<br />
resursis miniSvenelovani nawili mezobel qveynebSi iyideboda, amJamad mTeli<br />
resursi qveynis ocdaoTxsaaTain momaragebas emsaxureba, rac TavisTavad dadebiTi<br />
faqtia, Tumca am kvlevis farglebSi mopovebuli masalebidan gamomdinare<br />
mivdivarT daskvnamde, rom parlamentis mier miRebul dokumentSi “<strong>saqarTvelos</strong><br />
energetikuli seqtoris ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis Sesaxeb”<br />
gacxadebuli prioritetebi – gamWvirvaloba, liberaluri energetikuli bazris<br />
mimarTulebiT moZraoba da deregulireba – <strong>saxelmwifo</strong> eleqtroenergetikul<br />
<strong>politika</strong>Si jer ar aisaxeba.<br />
• gamWvirvaloba: energo-prosTan warmoebuli molaparakebebis procesi da<br />
damdgari Sedegi ar miuTiTebs imaze, rom axali xelisuflebis pirobebSi<br />
saTanado yuradReba eqceva gamWvirvalobis xelSewyobas. am angariSSi<br />
ganxilul or garigebas (rao da energo-pro) erTi aqvs saerTo: orive<br />
SemTxvevaSi kerZo investorebTan gamarTuli molaparakebebi aragamWvirvaled<br />
warimarTa.<br />
• liberaluri bazris mimarTulebiT moZraoba: ganxiluli xelSekrulebebis<br />
erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemas isic warmoadgens, rom isini ar aris<br />
mimarTuli bazris liberalizaciisken. piriqiT, iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom<br />
yalibdeba monopoluri struqturebi. magaliTisTvis, energo-pro<br />
xelSekrulebiT iTxovs, rom misi saqmianobis arealSi sxva miwodebis an<br />
distribuciis licenzianti ar iqnas daSvebuli.<br />
• deregulireba: energo-prosTan dadebuli kontraqti zRudavs<br />
deregulirebis SesaZleblobasac. rogorc eleqtroenergiiis Sesyidvis, ise<br />
gadacemisa da dispeCerizaciis tarifebi winaswar, damoukidebeli<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
11
maregulireblis mier unda iyos daregulirebuli da Seesabamebodes<br />
xelSekrulebiT gaweril tarifebs.<br />
angariSi moamzada `saerTaSoriso gamWvirvaloba saqarTvelom~ BP<br />
<strong>saqarTvelos</strong> mier dafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi. angariSi ar<br />
asaxavs donoris mosazrebebs<br />
12
Change language