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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
akademiuri<br />
i<br />
wera<br />
damwyebTaTvis<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
xaTuna marwyviSvili<br />
lili xeCuaSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2007
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori:<br />
redaqtori:<br />
dakabadoneba:<br />
ydis dizaini:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lela wiqariSvili<br />
Tamar Sengelia<br />
mamuka cecxlaZe<br />
©<br />
©<br />
socialur mecnierebaTa centri 2007<br />
<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong> 2007<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. #10<br />
el.fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
ISBN: 978 – 99940 -873 -6-5<br />
ISSN – 1512 -4576
s a r C e v i<br />
Tavi 1. princi<br />
pebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze muSaobisas<br />
gamogadgebaT ................................................................................................................................................ 4<br />
Tavi 2. weris procesis Sefaseba da werisTvis mosamzadebeli<br />
samuSaoebi .................................................................................................................................................... 5<br />
rogor viwyebT weras ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5<br />
weris procesis analizi ................................................................................................................................................................................... 5<br />
dagegmva: werisTvis mosamzadebeli etapi ....................................................................................................................................12<br />
Tavi 3. abzaci ..................................................................................................................................................................18<br />
ra aris abzaci ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18<br />
abzacis ti pebi ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 33<br />
Tavi 4. ra aris ese .....................................................................................................................................................45<br />
sakvanZo debuleba ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 45<br />
Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci .............................................................................................. 49<br />
daskvna .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 52<br />
Tavi 5. argumentirebuli ese ..........................................................................................................................53<br />
argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi ..................................................................................................................................... 53<br />
sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54<br />
mizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba ............................................................................................................................................................. 55<br />
argumentirebuli eses struqtura .................................................................................................................................................... 56<br />
argumentirebul eseSi argumentebis dalagebis struqtura .............................................................................. 60<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi ............................................................................................................................ 63<br />
Tavi 6. kritika ..............................................................................................................................................................68<br />
kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva ...................................................................................................................................................... 68<br />
kritikis struqtura ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 78<br />
Tavi 7. plagiati ..........................................................................................................................................................79<br />
ra aris plagiati ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 79<br />
citireba da perifrazireba ..................................................................................................................................................................... 79<br />
rogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats ......................................................................................................................................................... 82<br />
Tavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi ..............................................................................84<br />
ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera .......................................................................................................................................................... 84<br />
sxvaTa sityvis marTlwera......................................................................................................................................................................... 85<br />
Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera ................................................................................................ 86<br />
saTaurebis marTlwera .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87<br />
qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi............................................................................................................ 88<br />
nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi ....................................................................................................................................... 89<br />
kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera ....................................................................................................................... 90<br />
punqtuacia .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 92<br />
Tavi 9. dokumentis <strong>for</strong>mati socialur mecnierebebSi amerikis<br />
fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) stiliT .............................................................99<br />
dokumentis Sedgenis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi .......................................................................................................... 99<br />
literaturis citirebis wesebi APA-is standartis mixedviT ......................................................................102<br />
sqolio da SeniSvna ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 104<br />
cxrilebi da suraTebi ................................................................................................................................................................................106<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura .................................................................................................................................................................... 113<br />
danarTi......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 117<br />
naSromis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari .................................................................. 118<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura ....................................................................................................................................................................120<br />
3
Tavi 1. principebi, romlebic nebismier teqstze<br />
muSaobisas<br />
gamogadgebaT<br />
gansazRvreT mizani<br />
profesiuli urTierToba sasurveli Sedegis miRwevas gulisxmobs. werilobiT<br />
dokuments imisTvis qmniT, rom raRac unda moxdes an SeiZleba moxdes. amitom,<br />
rodesac raimes daweras gadawyvetT, kargad gansazRreT, ris gakeTebas apirebT.<br />
maSinac ki, rodesac vinmesTvis mxolod raimes Setyobinebas apirebT, mas es<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia ise unda miawodoT, rom sakuTari gegmebis Secvla Tqven mier<br />
miwodebuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis Sesabamisad moundes. Tu migaCniaT, rom misi mxridan<br />
raime qmedeba ar aris saWiro, maSin es Setyobineba mas arc unda gaugzavnoT.<br />
iyaviT konkretulni<br />
miznis gansazRvra winapirobaa imisa, rom maqsimalurad konkretulni iyoT.<br />
samoqmedo <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic saqmis warmoebaSi konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis<br />
miRebisas mTel msoflioSi farTod gamoiyeneba aseTia: „vin ras rogor rodis<br />
sad da ratom akeTebs~. vinaidan yvela samoqmedo gegma am <strong>for</strong>mulaSi kargad<br />
jdeba, is uklebliv yvela situaciaSi gamogadgebaT.<br />
wereT mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
es swori gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva, Tu rogor unda<br />
gamoiyurebodes Tqven mier momzadebuli werilobiTi dokumenti. Tqven unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinoT vin iqneba Tqveni mkiTxveli da ratom gaecnoba is Tqven mier<br />
momzadebul dokuments. weris dawyebamde moifiqreT, saWiroa Tu ara potenciuri<br />
mkiTxvelis Sesaxeb damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>maciis moZieba. mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswinebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi gagiadvildebaT dokumentSi CasarTavi detalebis gansazRvra, radgan<br />
TqvenTvis erTnairad wamgebiani iqneba rogorc zedmeti, ise _ mwiri in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
miwodeba.<br />
ZiriTadi azri dasawyisSive warmoadgineT<br />
es principi gamoiyeneba eses, moxsenebiTi baraTis, oficialuri werilebis<br />
Sedgenisas da kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemisas. pirveli rigSi, warmoaCineT ZiriTadi<br />
azri da mxolod amis Semdeg miawodeT damatebiTi mosazrebebi, romlebic ZiriTad<br />
ideas met safuZvlianobas SesZens. sxva sityvebiT, jer gadmoeciT daskvna da<br />
Semdeg daasabuTeT misi siswore. amasTan, nu SeawuxebT mkiTxvels Tqveni fiqris<br />
procesiT, vinaidan am procesisTvis Tvalis midevneba rTulia da did drosac<br />
moiTxovs, ris gamoc didia albaToba, rom adresatis yuradRebas ver miipyrobT.<br />
amitom daiwyeT daskvnebiT.<br />
gamoiyeneT dokumentis Sedgenis standartuli meTodi „gansazRvreTdaalageT-daajgufeT-daaxarisxeT-gadaxedeT~<br />
esaa <strong>for</strong>mula, romelic nebismier rTuli teqstis Sesadgenad gamogadgebaT da<br />
romelic Tanmimdevrulad gansaxorcielebel qmedebebs moicavs: (a) gansazRvreT<br />
mizani, (b) daalageT azrebi da in<strong>for</strong>macia, (g) daajgufeT azrebi, (d) organizebuli<br />
saxe mieciT Tqvens azrebs da (e) gadaxedeT Sedegs.<br />
4
Tavi 2. weris proces<br />
rocesis Sefaseba da werisTvis<br />
mosamzadebeli<br />
samuSaoebi<br />
rogor viwyebT weras<br />
yovelTvis, rodesac ambobT, rom weras iwyebT, am sityviT yvela im fizikur da<br />
fsiqikur aqtivobas gulisxmobT, romelic dasrulebuli naSromis SeqmnaSi<br />
monawileobs. es ar aris ioli Sroma, gamocdili avtorebisTvisac ki wera<br />
Sromatevadi da rTulia. daxvewili statia Tu naSromi didi Sromis fasad _<br />
azrebis mkafiod <strong>for</strong>mulirebis, abzacebis damuSavebisa da struqturirebis<br />
xangrZlivi procesis Sedegad miiRweva.<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom ar arsebobs weris erTaderTi swori gza. ori sxvadasxva avtori<br />
naSromis Seqmnisas ver moaxerxebs identuri rekomendaciebisa da miTiTebebis<br />
gaziarebas, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani sakuTari Sexedulebebisa da gemovnebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT warmarTavs weris process, Tumca mainc arsebobs naSromis Seqmnis<br />
garkveuli etapebi, romlebsac yvela avtori iTvaliswinebs da romlebic nawilobriv<br />
Tanxvdebian kidec erTmaneTs. es etapebia:<br />
• weris procesis analizi. am etapze ganisazRvreba naSromis Tema, mizani,<br />
samizne auditoria anu mkiTxveli da proeqtis sxva elementebi;<br />
• dagegmva. am etapze naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxi dakonkretdeba da<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia Segrovdeba. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia erT konkretul<br />
sakiTxze. ladgeba mopovebuli masala;<br />
• monaxazi. am etapze gamoixateba ideebi, mosazrebebi, maT Soris myardeba<br />
kavSirebi;<br />
• gadasinjva. am etapze xdeba naSromis struqturis, Sinaarsis, stilisa da<br />
gamoxatvis xerxebis xelaxali gaazreba da gaumjobeseba.<br />
weris gamocdilebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT gamoimuSavebT naSromis agebis<br />
Tqveneul stils.<br />
cxadia, werilobiTi naSromi ufro misaRebi iqneba mkiTxvelisTvis, Tu is<br />
gramatikulad da stilisturad gamarTuli iqneba, magram kargi naweris Rirseba<br />
mxolod es ar aris. werisas jer kargad unda darwmundeT, rom saTqmeli zustad<br />
da mkafiod CamoayalibeT da mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba gramatikasa da stilze<br />
fiqri (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />
weris procesis analizi 1<br />
nebismieri werilobiTi naSromi konkretuli mkiTxvelisTvis konkretuli sakiTxis<br />
garkveuli mizniT gansaxilveladaa mowodebuli. Tqven SeiZleba kvlevis Catareba<br />
dagWirdeT. amasTan, Tqven winaSe dadgeba moTxovnebi naSromis moculobasTan,<br />
ga<strong>for</strong>mebis <strong>for</strong>matTan da dasrulebis vadebTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
yovelive zemoT Tqmuli weris situaciis komponentebia, romelTa gaazreba<br />
weris dawyebamde gacilebiT adre mogiwevT. cxrilSi #2.1 mocemulia kiTxvebi<br />
weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D.,<br />
2000):<br />
1<br />
qveTavi mTlianad momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron<br />
Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8 th edition. Addison-Wesley<br />
5
cxrili #2.1. kiTxvebi weris procesis komponentebis analizisaTvis<br />
Tema<br />
• ras exeba werilobiTi davaleba? Tu konkretuli davaleba ar gaqvT, ris Sesaxeb<br />
isurvebdiT weras?<br />
• ra gainteresebT mocemuli Temis farglebSi? aris rame, ris Taobazec ukve gaqvT<br />
garkveuli mosazrebebi an gsurT, rom meti icodeT?<br />
• konkretulad ra moTxovnebs giyenebT miRebuli davaleba, rogor unda SexedoT Temas?<br />
mkiTxveli<br />
• vin waikiTxavs Tqvens naSroms? ra ician da ras fiqroben Tqveni mkiTxvelebi<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxze?<br />
• xasiaTdebian Tu ara Tqveni mkiTxvelebi raime niSan-TvisebiT, romelmac SeiZleba<br />
gavlena moaxdinos naSromis aRqmaze? aseTi maxasiaTebeli SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,<br />
saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi muSaobis gamocdileba, Tqvens sferoSi muSaobis<br />
gamocdileba, politikuri mosazrebebi.<br />
• ra urTierToba gaqvT mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad <strong>for</strong>maluri an ara<strong>for</strong>maluri unda iyos<br />
Tqveni naSromi?<br />
• ra gsurT, rom ifiqron an moimoqmedon Tqvenma mkiTxvelebma naSromis wakiTxvis<br />
Semdeg?<br />
mizani<br />
• ra mizans isaxavs Tqveni davaleba? magaliTad, raime unda axsnaT, Tu konkretuli<br />
poziciis dasabuTebas unda SeecadoT?<br />
• ratom werT? risi miRweva gsurT Tqveni naSromiT?<br />
• ra gziT SeiZleba miznis srulad miRweva?<br />
kvleva<br />
• ra saxis mtkicebulebebi _ faqtebi, magaliTebi, eqspertTa mosazrebebi _<br />
gamogadgebaT yvelaze metad Tqvens naSromSi gansaxilveli sakiTxis, mkiTxvelisa da<br />
miznis gaTvaliswinebiT?<br />
• moiTxovs Tu ara Tqveni davaleba in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroebis moZiebas an sxva iseTi<br />
kvlevis Catarebas, rogoricaa gamokiTxva, interviu anda eqsperimenti?<br />
• davalebis moTxovnebis garda, ra damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia gWirdebaT naSromSi<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxze? rogor moipovebT mas?<br />
• wyaroebis citirebis romel stils gamoiyenebT naSromSi?<br />
savarjiSo #2.1: qvemoT mocemulia fsiqologiis Sesavlis kursis farglebSi<br />
Sesasrulebeli davaleba. ra moTxovnebs uyenebs es davaleba weris procesis<br />
komponentebs? am davalebis Sesrulebisas rogor upasuxebdiT cxrilSi #1 mocemul<br />
kiTxvebs?<br />
rodis aris fsiqoTerapia yvelaze efeqturi? anu klientis,<br />
Terapevtisa da Teoriis ra mimarTebis SemTxvevaSi miiRweva dadebiTi<br />
Sedegi? Tqveni poziciis, mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gasamyareblad<br />
citirebuli unda iyos Sesabamisi wyaroebi. moculoba: 1500-1800 sityva.<br />
naSromi eleqtronuli fostiT unda gaigzavnos. naSromebi ganixileba<br />
pirvel noembers.<br />
Temis SerCeva da dakonkreteba. romel sferos ganekuTvneba naSromi?<br />
swavlis periodSi mravali naSromis dawera mogiwevT. werilobiTi davalebis<br />
mocemisas SeiZleba dagikonkreton Tema, an arCevani Tqven mogandon; Tumca, nebismier<br />
SemTxvevaSi, naSromis Seqmnisas unda Sesruldes Semdegi pirobebi:<br />
6
• SerCeuli Tema unda Seesabamebodes miRebul davalebas;<br />
• Tema arc Zalze zogadi unda iyos da arc metad konkretuli; unda<br />
Seesabamebodes naSromis moculobasa da Sesrulebis vadebs;<br />
• Tema unda gainteresebdeT.<br />
naSromis Temis misadageba Tqvens interesebsa da arsebul<br />
gamocdilebasTan<br />
zogierTi davaleba,rogoricaa, magaliTad, laboratoriuli kvlevis angariSi<br />
an SemTxvevis ganxilva politikur mecnierebaSi, sakuTari Tavis warmoCenis mwir<br />
saSualebas iZleva, Tumca, erTi SexedviT, Zalze xist da mosawyen sakiTxebze<br />
muSaobis drosac SegiZliaT, garkveulwilad, Tavisufali iyoT, magaliTad, Tu<br />
unda daweroT ori nacnobi adamianis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba, Sesadarebeli<br />
adamianebisa da maTi Sedarebis xerxebis SerCeva Tqveni prerogativaa; aseve, Tqvenzea<br />
damokidebuli, ubralod dawerT davalebas, Tu weriT isiamovnebT da bevr axal<br />
Tvisebasac aRmoaCenT am adamianebSi.<br />
rodesac davalebaSi ar aris Tema dakonkretebuli, is Tqvens gamocdilebasa<br />
da interesTa sferoSi SegiZliaT moiZioT. qvemoT mocemulia savaraudo kiTxvebi,<br />
romlebic SeiZleba naSromis Temis SerCevisas gaCndes.<br />
• romeli Temaa TqvenTvis nacnobi an romeli Tema gainteresebT? es SeiZleba<br />
iyos sporti, umuSevroba Tqvens qalaqSi, klasikuri musika da a.S.<br />
• uaxloes warsulSi monawileoba xom ar migiRiaT romelime saintereso<br />
diskusiaSi? es SeiZleba iyos cvlilebebi qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobaSi,<br />
sauniversiteto swavlebis re<strong>for</strong>mirebis warmatebuloba, universitetSi<br />
fsiqologiuri samsaxuris arsebobis aucilebloba da a.S.<br />
• ra waikiTxeT an naxeT am bolo dros? es SeiZleba iyos Zalian saintereso<br />
wigni, sasacilo filmi, skandaluri telegadacema da a.S.<br />
• ra gaxarebT an ra gwyinT? es SeiZleba iyos Tqveni hobi, mezoblebis qceva,<br />
xmauri quCaSi da a.S.<br />
naSromisTvis SerCeuli Temisa da Sesasrulebeli davalebis<br />
SesabamisbaSi moyvana<br />
davalebis miRebis Semdeg yuradRebiT waikiTxeT is da SeecadeT misi<br />
adekvaturi Tema SearCioT. amaSi qvemoT mocemuli kiTxvebi dagexmarebaT.<br />
• ras moiTxoven Cemgan? mravali werilobiTi davaleba moicavs iseT sityvebs,<br />
rogorebicaa ganixileT, aRwereT, gaaanalizeT, warmoadgineT, moaxdineT<br />
interpretacia, axseniT, gansazRvreT, daasabuTeT an SeafaseT. es sityvebi<br />
migiTiTeben, Tu rogor unda miudgeT Temas, rogor azrovnebas moelian<br />
Tqvengan da ra zogadi mizani unda daisaxoT.<br />
• visTvis werT? zogierT davalebaSi dakonkretebulia mkiTxvelis vinaoba,<br />
Tumca, Cveulebisamebr, Tqven Tavad unda gansazRvroT, Tu vin iqneba Tqveni<br />
mkiTxveli _ iqneba es mTeli sazogadoeba, Tanakurselebi, Tqveni ufrosi,<br />
instruqtori, universitetis studentoba, romelime sxva jgufi, Tu individi.<br />
• ra ti pis kvleva mogeTxovebaT? zogjer davalebaSi miTiTebulia, Tu ra<br />
tipis literaturiT unda isargebloT. am wyaroebis gamoyeneba naSromis<br />
sakiTxis mosaZiebladac SeiZleba.<br />
• saWiroebs Tu ara davalebis Tema Semdgom dakonkretebas, raTa naSromis<br />
moculobisa da Sesrulebis vadebis moTxovnebi daakmayofiloT?<br />
7
JurnalSi dasabeWdi statiis SemTxvevaSi ki _ samecniero sazogadoeba, romelic<br />
mocemuli sakiTxiTaa dainteresebuli.<br />
Tu Sesasrulebeli naSromi ar moiazrebs mkiTxvels, Tqven Tavad SegiZliaT<br />
savaraudo mkiTxvelis gansazRvra. magaliTad, aRwerilobiTi teqstis mkiTxveli<br />
SeiZleba Tqveni jgufelebi, megobrebi an mSoblebi iyvnen.<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, vinc ar unda iyos Tqveni mkiTxveli, misi gansazRvra<br />
yovelTvis dagexmarebaT saTqmelis <strong>for</strong>mulirebaSi, saTanado stilis, sityvebisa<br />
da frazebis arCevaSi.<br />
mkiTxvelis moTxovnebi<br />
Tqven, rogorc mkiTxvelma, iciT, rom mkiTxvels sWirdeba:<br />
• konteqsti: kavSiri Tqvens naSromSi wakiTxuls, sakuTar codnasa da<br />
gamocdilebas Soris;<br />
• prognozireba: avtoris miznisa da am miznis miRwevis gzebis codna;<br />
• in<strong>for</strong>macia: konkretuli faqtebi, magaliTebi da sxva detalebi,<br />
romlebic sakiTxs gasagebs, xelSesaxebs, sainteresosa da<br />
damajerebels xdian;<br />
• pativiscema: gancda imisa, rom avtori pativs scems mkiTxvelis<br />
Sexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs da rwmenas, mis gamocdilebasa da<br />
gonebriv SesaZleblobebs;<br />
• xma, toni: gancda imisa, rom avtori realuri, cocxali adamiania;<br />
• lakonuroba da sicxade: naSromSi ar unda iyos gaugebrobebi da<br />
Secdomebi.<br />
akademiur weraSi mkiTxvelis interesebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba<br />
erT-erTi aucilebeli moTxovnaa, romelsac naSromi unda akmayofilebdes, radgan<br />
mkiTxvelis Tavisebureba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs naSromis Sinaarss,<br />
struqturasa da tons. cxrilSi #2.3 mocemulia kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis<br />
ti pis gansazRvrisTvis gamogadgebaT.<br />
gaiTvaliswineT mkiTxveli<br />
mkiTxvelis gaTvaliswineba Tqven mier Seqmnili naSromis sam ZiriTad elementze<br />
imoqmedebs; es elementebia:<br />
• konkretuli in<strong>for</strong>macia, romelsac mkiTxvelis yuradRebis misapyrobad da<br />
SesanarCuneblad iyenebT da romelic mkiTxvels Tqveni daskvnebis<br />
marTebulobaSi arwmunebs. es in<strong>for</strong>macia SeiZleba Sedgebodes konkretuli<br />
detalebisgan, faqtebisgan, magaliTebisgan an nebismieri sxva TvalsaCinoebisgan,<br />
romelic gaamyarebs da gasagebs gaxdis Tqvens mosazrebebs da, amasTanave,<br />
mkiTxvelis gamocdilebis, konkretuli interesebisa da mikerZoebebis<br />
Sesabamisi iqneba.<br />
• roli, romelsac irCevT mkiTxvelTan mimarTebaSi. Tqveni miznidan da<br />
gansaxilveli sakiTxisadmi damokidebulebidan gamomdinare, Tqven gendomebaT,<br />
rom mkiTxvelma garkveuli xedvis kuTxidan aRgiqvaT Tqven da Tqveni<br />
damokidebuleba. SesaZlo roli mravalgvaria. es SeiZleba iyos, magaliTad,<br />
portretisti, mTxrobeli, leqtori, damcveli, interpretatori da a.S.<br />
• toni, romelsac iyenebT. tons werisas igive datvirTva aqvs, rac saubrisas _<br />
furcelze dawerili sityvebi da winadadebebis struqtura iseTsave<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias Seicavs, rogorsac xmis tembri da simaRle. weris procesidan<br />
9
da Tqveni mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, mkiTxveli elis, rom Tqveni toni<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri an ara<strong>for</strong>maluri iqneba. naSromSi asaxuli ganwyoba SeiZleba<br />
seriozuli, mSvidi, amaRelvebeli, gamaRizianebeli an sasixarulo iyos.<br />
cxrili #2.3. kiTxvebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis tipis gansazRvraSi dagexmarebaT<br />
• vin aris Cemi mkiTxveli?<br />
• ratom waikiTxavs mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? ras elis is?<br />
• ra msurs, rom mkiTxvelma icodes an moimoqmedos Cemi naSromis wakiTxvis Semdeg da<br />
rogor gavagebino mas es?<br />
• rogori mkiTxvelisTvisaa gankuTvnili Cemi naSromis Tema da mizani? magaliTad:<br />
− asaki an sqesi;<br />
− saqmianoba: studentebi, kolegebi da a.S.<br />
− socialuri an ekonomikuri statusi: mozardebi, manqanis myidvelebi, potenciuri<br />
damqiraveblebi da a.S.<br />
− ganaTleba: moswavle, studenti, umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone da a.S.<br />
− eTnikuri kuTvnileba: afrikeli, kavkasieli da a.S.<br />
− politikuri da/an religiuri kuTvnileba, moraluri Rirebulebebi da rwmena:<br />
memarjvene, konservatori, qristiani. budisti da a.S.<br />
− hobi da interesebi: nadiroba, koleqcioneroba, xelsaqme da a.S.<br />
• ra gavlenas moaxdens mkiTxvelis maxasiaTeblebi sakiTxisadmi mis damokidebulebaze?<br />
• amJamad ra icis an ra ar icis mkiTxvelma Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxis Sesaxeb?<br />
ramdenad didi masala unda mivawodo mas?<br />
• Tu Cem mier wardgenili sakiTxi specifikuri enis an terminebis gamoyenebas saWiroebs,<br />
ramdenad SemiZlia maTi gamoyeneba an ganmarteba?<br />
• romelma mosazrebebma, ideebma an in<strong>for</strong>maciam SeiZleba gaakvirvos mkiTxveli?<br />
aaRelvos? Seuracxhyos? ra unda gavakeTo am dros?<br />
• ra SeiZleba esmodes mkiTxvels arasworad Cem mier wardgenil sakiTxTan an Cemeul<br />
xedvasTan dakavSirebiT? rogor SemiZlia amis gamosworeba?<br />
• ra urTierToba maqvs mkiTxvelTan? ramdenad <strong>for</strong>malur an ara<strong>for</strong>malur nawers<br />
moelis igi Cemgan? ra roli da rogori toni unda SevarCio?<br />
• rogor moepyroba mkiTxveli Cems naSroms? unda velodo, rom igi TiToeul sityvas<br />
guldasmiT waikiTxavs da zedmiwevniT gaiazrebs, mxolod gadaxedavs axali<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis mosaZieblad Tu mxolod daskvnebs gaiTvaliswinebs? rogor unda<br />
Camovayalibo saTaurebi, Sejameba da sxva elementebi?<br />
savarjiSo #2.3: qvemoT mocemuli Temebidan airCieT erTi da TiToeuli tipis<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis upasuxeT cxrilSi #3 mocemul kiTxvebs. gansazRvreT oTxi<br />
mosazreba, romelsac naSromSi moitandiT, SearCieT roli da toni TiToeuli<br />
tipis mkiTxvelisTvis.<br />
1. mowevis gavlena. mkiTxveli: saSualo skolis moswavleebi da<br />
mozrdili mwevlebi;<br />
2. Tqveni mosazreba socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb. mkiTxveli:<br />
dazRvevis mqone individebi da dazRvevis armqone individebi,<br />
romlebic ar endobian socialur dazRvevas;<br />
3. ratom unda gaiyvanon ezodan Tqvenma mezoblebma avtoavariaSi<br />
damtvreuli manqana. mkiTxveli: Tqveni mezoblebi da raionis<br />
gamgebeli.<br />
10
ideebis generirebisTvis gamosadegi zogierTi meTodi. isini gamogadgebaT maSin,<br />
rodesac pirvelad daiwyebT fiqrs Temis Sesaxeb da yovelTvis, rodesac ideebi<br />
SemogakldebaT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom araa aucilebeli yovel jerze qvemoT<br />
aRwerili yvela meTodis erTdroulad gamoyeneba. isini urTierTSenacvlebadi da<br />
urTierTSemavsebeli SeiZleba iyos yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. Tqven irCevT im<br />
meTods, romelic ufro mosaxerxebelia TqvenTvis yovel konkretul situaciaSi.<br />
gonebrivi ieriSi<br />
gonebrivi ieriSi ideebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisa da azrovnebis stimulirebis<br />
saSualebaa. gonebrivi ieriSi gulisxmobs erTi sityviT an fraziT dawyebas da<br />
azrebis nebismieri, Tavisufali mimarTulebiT gaSlas. garkveuli drois manZilze<br />
nu cdilobT, rom logikurad ifiqroT da SeecadeT, SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad<br />
CamoweroT nebismieri idea an azri, romelic TavSi mogivaT, maTi gadaxedvisa da<br />
wesrigSi moyvanis gareSe. garkveuli drois Semdeg gadaxedeT Camoweril ideebs<br />
da naxeT, ukavSirdeba Tu ara erTmaneTs ramdenime idea da ramdenad SesaZlebelia<br />
maTi dajgufeba. Tu moaxerxebT amis gakeTebas, ideebis dajgufeba mogawvdiT Temas<br />
an sferos, romelzec SeZlebT weras. gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT<br />
erTi konkretuli Temis an daumTavrebel naSromSi meti magaliTebis moZiebisTvis<br />
(Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
qvemoT mocemulia gonebrivi ieriSis magaliTi. studentma gonebrivi ieriSiT<br />
Camowerili ideebis CamonaTvalSi varskvlaviT (*) aRniSna is ideebi, romelTac<br />
gamoiyenebs universitetSi saswavlo procesis aRwerisas.<br />
saswavlo procesi universitetSi<br />
TeTri fakulteti * leqtorebi<br />
auditoria baRi * gamocdebi<br />
* leqcia * studenti carci<br />
* Sefaseba kedeli *silabusi<br />
taZari megobrebi<br />
didi kibeebi<br />
savarjiSo #2.5: qvemoT CamoTvlili Temebidan gonebrivi ieriSisTvis airCieT 1 an<br />
2 maTgani da swrafad imuSaveT 15 wuTis manZilze. Semdeg damoukideblad daajgufeT<br />
ideebi. SeadareT Tqven mier gamoyofili jgufebi sxvebisas. yuradReba miaqcieT,<br />
rom sxvadasxva avtori erTi da imave Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtze amaxvilebs<br />
yuradRebas.<br />
• universiteti • mexsiereba • siyvaruli<br />
• mogzauroba • stresi • avtomobilebi<br />
• megobroba • kompiuterebi<br />
• bedniereba<br />
Tavisufali wera<br />
Tavisufali wera SeuCereblad weraa. es niSnavs, rom werT imas, rac TavSi<br />
mogdiT imaze fiqris gareSe, Tu ramdenad kargad da sworad werT. am meTodis<br />
mizania Tqveni gonebis gaTavisufleba emociebisgan. amitom Tavisufali weris<br />
dros nu gawyvetT ideaTa da azrTa nakads. zustad ise CawereT isini, rogorc<br />
13
TavSi mogdiT. nu dabrundebiT ukan da nu gadaikiTxavT. Tavisufali weris dros<br />
daisaxeT mizani, magaliTad, weroT 15 wuTi an daweroT 5 gverdi. Semdeg wereT<br />
uwyvetad manam, sanam ar miaRwevT dasaxul mizans. dasrulebis Semdeg gadaikiTxeT<br />
naweri da moZebneT saintereso ideebi, romlebic, SesaZloa, sasargeblo aRmoCndes<br />
TqvenTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
qvemoT mocemulia Tavisufali weris magaliTi.<br />
Cemi pirveli dRe universitetSi<br />
maxsovs, rogor davikarge universitetis korpusSi. 17 wlis viyavi. Zalian<br />
vRelavdi... aravis vicnobdi. romeliRac sarTulze aRmovCndi. didi kibeebi...<br />
SoTa rusTavelis biusti... Tu ara? ar maxsovs. SeiZleba, raRac saintereso<br />
davinaxe. amis Semdeg mxolod is maxsovs, rom kibis TavTan Cemnairi dabneuli<br />
bavSvebi idgnen. gamixarda maTi danaxva. jinsebi mecva. mec im bavSvebTan<br />
davdeqi. auditorias eZebdnen. ise vRelavdi, ar vici, ratom, aRar maxsovs,<br />
rogor aRmovCndi leqciaze...<br />
savarjiSo #2.<br />
2.6: airCieT erT-erTi Tema; Tavisufali wera, 5 wuTi.<br />
kiTxvebi<br />
• Cemi saukeTeso megobari<br />
• universiteti<br />
• qarTuli tradiciebi<br />
• Cemi skola<br />
• bavSvobis yvelaze naTeli mogoneba<br />
• Cemi sayvareli saqme<br />
rodesac iwereba sagazeTo statiebi, pirvelsave winadadebaSi avtorebi cdiloben<br />
upasuxon Semdeg kiTxvebs: _ vin, ra, rodis, sad, ratom da xandaxan rogor. Tqven<br />
imave kiTxvebis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT naSromisTvis masalis mosagroveblad. am<br />
kiTxvebis dasma Tqveni Temis sxvadasxva mxridan danaxvisa da Tqveni poziciis<br />
ukeT garkvevis saSualebas mogcemT. am meTodis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi dawereT<br />
rac SeiZleba bevri kiTxva. Semdeg TiToeul maTgans SeZlebisdagvarad sruli<br />
pasuxi gaeciT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
qvemoT mocemulia kiTxvebis magaliTebi, romelTac Jurnalisti svams siuJetis<br />
momzadebis procesSi.<br />
vin? sad moxda?<br />
ra moxda? ratom moxda?<br />
ra Sedegi miiRes? rogor moxda?<br />
rodis moxda?<br />
es kiTxvebi SeiZleba maSinac gamogadgeT, rodesac naSromis Temis arCevas<br />
cdilobT, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, rodesac raRacis Txrobas isaxavT miznad an<br />
movlenis mizezebsa da Sedegebze gsurT saubari (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev<br />
J.R, 2000).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es SekiTxva erTi movlenis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
mogrovebisTvisaa mowodebuli, konkretuli davalebis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare,<br />
SesaZlebelia Tqven mxolod zogierTi maTgani dagWirdeT. magaliTad (Fowler H.R;<br />
Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000):<br />
rogor moxda? Tu Tqveni davaleba Txrobas moiTxovs, maSin Tqvenma naSromma<br />
unda upasuxos am kiTxvas da ambavi qronologiurad unda daalagoT, magaliTad,<br />
14
saqarTvelo-italiis nakrebi gundebis Sexvedra fexburTSi an meore msoflio<br />
omis dawyeba.<br />
rogor fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs (garegnoba, suni, gemo, xma, grZnoba)? pirovnebis,<br />
adgilis, nivTis an grZnobebis aRwerisas konkretuli garegnuli maxasiaTeblebi<br />
unda gamoiyenoT, magaliTad, megobris, sayvareli adgilisa Tu Senobis aRwera.<br />
ra mizezebi arsebobs? ra magaliTebis dasaxelebaa SesaZlebeli? gansaxilveli<br />
sakiTxis ilustracia erTi, an meti magaliTis (bavSvTa saxlidan bavSvis Svilad<br />
ayvanis mcdeloba, sami satelevizio serialis dasaxeleba) moyvanas, an logikur<br />
dasabuTebas (ZiriTad sagnad politikuri mecnierebebis arCevis sami mizezi, quCaSi<br />
moZraobis wesebis dacvis aucileblobis damasabuTebeli oTxi mizezi) gulisxmobs.<br />
rasTan gaqvT saqme? ras gulisxmobs is da ras gamoricxavs? es kiTxvebi<br />
gansazRvrebis an ganmartebisTvis dagWirdebaT. naSromSi iseTi abstraqtuli cnebebi,<br />
rogorebicaa, magaliTad, samarTali, megobroba, xelovneba gansakuTrebul ganmartebebs<br />
saWiroeben.<br />
ra maxasiaTeblebi aqvs? analizis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi nawilebad, elementebad<br />
iSleba da maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis garCeva xdeba. analizis pirveli<br />
etapi kritikulad fiqria.<br />
ramdenad hgavs an gansxvavdeba is sxvebisgan? Sedarebisas ideebs, sagnebs,<br />
adamianebs, adgilebsa da a.S. Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi ganixileba, magaliTad,<br />
gansxvaveba prezidentobis or kandidats Soris, or kompiuterul sistemas Soris<br />
msgavsebebi.<br />
SeiZleba Tu ara misi Sedareba mkiTxvelisTvis nacnob sxva saganTan? es<br />
kiTxva analogiis SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. analogia xSirad gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
ucnobi Temis (magaliTad, mTavrobis struqturis) axsnisas nacnob Temaze (magaliTad,<br />
ojaxis struqturaze) miTiTebiT.<br />
ratom xdeba es, an ras iwvevs? mizez-Sedegobrivi analizisas unda aixsnas, Tu<br />
ratom moxda raRac, an ra Sedegebi gamoiwvia, anda orive erTad. magaliTad, depresiis<br />
ganviTarebis mizezebi, an rogor aisaxa sasamarTlos mier gamotanili ganaCeni<br />
braldebulis ojaxis wevrebze.<br />
rogor keTdeba? rogor muSaobs? procesis analizisas axsnilia, Tu rogor<br />
sruldeba raRac. magaliTad, rogor daiweros argumentirebuli ese, anda rogor<br />
xdeba raRac (rogor izrdeba mcenare, rogor muSaobs kompiuteri).<br />
savarjiSo #2.7: savarjiSoSi #2.5 CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreT<br />
erTi Tema. Semdeg CamowereT maqsimalurad bevri kiTxva da upasuxeT maT.<br />
dajgufeba/asociaciuri kavSirebis ruka<br />
dajgufeba Tqveni ideebis vizualuri rukis Seqmnis procesia. is gaTavisuflebT<br />
mkacrad sworxazovani Tanmimdevrobisgan. amrigad, is ufro kreatuli fiqrisa da<br />
axali kavSirebis damyarebis saSualebas iZleva. am meTodis gamoyenebisas daiwyeT<br />
imiT, rom Sua furcelze daxazeT marTkuTxedi da masSi CawereT arCeuli Tema.<br />
Semdeg daxazeT meore marTkuTxedi, masSi TemasTan dakavSirebuli idea CawereT<br />
da xaziT SeaerTeT Temis marTkuTxedTan. Semdeg am ideasTan asocirebuli ideebi<br />
dawereT, isinic SemoxazeT da SeaerTeT wina ideasTan. ganagrZeT manam, sanam ideebi<br />
ar gamogelevaT. rodesac daasrulebT, SeiswavleT Tqven mier Seqmnili ruka, raTa<br />
kidev gagiCndeT axali Sexedulebebi Tqveni Temis irgvliv da dainaxoT ideaTa<br />
urTierTdamokidebuleba (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
qvemoT mocemulia dajgufebis anu asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis magaliTi (ix.<br />
suraTi #2.1). avtors SeuZlia eses dawera Tsu socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa<br />
fakultetis struqturis Sesaxeb.<br />
15
monaxazis Sedgena<br />
monaxazis Sedgena abzacis an eses realurad weris procesia. mas Semdeg, rac<br />
masalas SeagrovebT da zogad gegmas dasaxavT, Tqven mzad xarT sawerad. pirveli<br />
monaxazis werisas miyvebiT ukve Sedgenil zogad gegmas. pirveli monaxazis werisas<br />
yuradReba azrebis furcelze gadatanaze gaamaxvileT. am etapze teqstis gramatikul<br />
sisworeze zedmetad nu iRelvebT. naweris moculobidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba<br />
ramdenjerme scadoT misi dawera.<br />
gadasinjva<br />
pirveli monaxazi realurad mxolod pirveli nabijia saboloo naSromisaken.<br />
realuri muSaoba mxolod misi dasrulebis Semdeg iwyeba. warmatebulma mweralma<br />
icis, rom weris procesi, ZiriTadad, gadasinjvis procesia. amrigad, Tu Tqven werT,<br />
naweris gadasinjvas dro unda dauTmoT. gadasinjva, rogorc wesi, or nawilad<br />
iyofa: _ (1) revizireba/gadamuSaveba anu abzacisa Tu eses Sinaarsis Secvla da<br />
organizeba da (2) masSi sityvebisa da winadadebebis redaqtireba.<br />
revizireba/gadamuSaveba<br />
gadamuSaveba naweris xelaxali gaazreba an gadaxedvaa. werisTvis mosamzadebel<br />
da monaxazis Seqmnis etapebze, ZiriTadad, ideebis moZiebasa da maT gadmocemaze<br />
xarT orientirebuli. axla yuradReba msjelobis ganviTarebaze unda gadaitanoT.<br />
Tqven unda SeafasoT Tqveni naweri. Zalian kargi iqneba, Tu Tqven garda kidev vinme<br />
waikiTxavs monaxazs da ukukavSirs mogcemT. ukukavSiris miRebis Semdeg SegiZliaT<br />
gadawyvitoT, ra saxis cvlilebebi SeitanoT nawerSi. qvemoT mocemulia gadamuSavebis<br />
ZiriTadi gzebi:<br />
1. damateba. SeiZleba daamatoT masala ideis gansamtkiceblad, an daamatoT<br />
winadadebebi da frazebi ideebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.<br />
2. Semokleba. SeiZleba SeamoakloT is nawili, romelic ar ukavSirdeba Temas<br />
an imeorebs ukve naTqvams.<br />
3. Canacvleba. SeiZleba dagWirdeT Semoklebuli nawilebis Canacvleba.<br />
4. masalis Tanmimdevrobis Secvla. SeiZleba mogindeT winadadebebis an abzacebis<br />
Tanmimdevrobis Secvla.<br />
savarjiSo #2.<br />
2.8: me-5 savarjiSoSi CamoTvlili Temebidan airCieT an Tavad moifiqreT<br />
erTi Tema. Semdeg asociaciuri rukis gamoyenebiT gamosaxeT Tqveni ideebi. daiwyeT<br />
imiT, rom furclis SuaSi wreSi CawereT Tema da imuSaveT mis irgvliv.<br />
redaqtireba<br />
gadamuSavebisas Tqveni ideebis gaZlierebasa da ganmtkicebaze xarT orientirebulni,<br />
rac naweris Sinaarss ukavSirdeba. rodesac bolomde kmayofili darCebiT naweris<br />
SinaarsiT, yuradReba im <strong>for</strong>mas unda miaqcioT, romliTac gadmoscemT Tqvens<br />
mosazrebebs. am TvalsazrisiT, Seileba zogierTi winadadebis perifrazireba anu<br />
redaqtireba dagWirdeT. moaxdineT im winadadebebis perifrazireba, romlebic<br />
bundovani an arazustia. Semdeg gramatikulad gamarTeT winadadebebi.<br />
bolo etapia naweris koreqtura. gadaikiTxeT naweri da naxeT, raime Secdoma xom ar<br />
aris gramatikaSi, sityvebis marTlweraSi an punqtuaciaSi, asoebi xom ar gaqvT gamorCenili.<br />
gaxsovdeT, rom weris procesi fleqsiburi, moqnili procesia. Tqven sqematurad,<br />
mSralad ar unda misdioT am procesis aRweril safexurebs. piriqiT, unda SeZloT<br />
16
safexuridan safexurze gadasvla, zogierTi masalis mosaZieblad SeiZleba<br />
daubrundeT weris wina etaps mas Semdeg, rac gadasinjavT ukve daweril abzacs.<br />
Tqven Tavad unda aRmoaCinoT werisTvis momzadebis, monaxazis Sedgenisa da<br />
gadasinjvis Tqveneuli saukeTeso gza. zogi momzadebis etaps ufro didxans undeba,<br />
zogi monaxazsa da gadasinjvas ufro met dros andomebs. ar arsebobs erTaderTi<br />
dadgenili swori gza. TandaTanobiT Tavad SeqmniT da ganaviTarebT sakuTar<br />
individualur meTods (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
suraTi #2.1. asociaciuri kavSirebis rukis<br />
magaliTi<br />
politikis<br />
mecnierebaTa<br />
departamenti<br />
sociologiis<br />
departamenti<br />
Jurnalistikis<br />
departamenti<br />
saerTaSoriso<br />
urTierTobebis<br />
departamenti<br />
socialur da<br />
politikur mecn. fak.<br />
socialurekonomikuri<br />
da<br />
politikuri<br />
geografiis<br />
departamenti<br />
fsiqologiis<br />
departamenti<br />
T s u<br />
samkurnalo<br />
saqme<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
fsiqologia<br />
medicinis fakulteti<br />
zogadi<br />
fsiqologia<br />
okupaciuri<br />
Terapia<br />
socialuri<br />
fsiqologia<br />
stomatologia<br />
Sromisa da<br />
sainJinro<br />
fsiqologia<br />
17
Tavi 3. abzaci 2<br />
ra aris abzaci<br />
ra aris abzaci? Tqven, albaT, iciT, rom abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic<br />
vizualurad gamoyofilia wina striqonebisgan. pirveli striqoni momdevno<br />
striqonebTan SedarebiT metadaa Seweuli SigniT, vidre sxvebi; Tumca, bunebrivia,<br />
es ganmarteba sakmarisi ar aris, abzacis ti pisa da misi Semadgeneli elementebis<br />
gasagebad. mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba abzacSi winadadebebi erTmaneTs,<br />
rogor da sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba is. swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemas<br />
eZRvneba es Tavi.<br />
abzacis Tema<br />
abzaci winadadebebis jgufia, romelic ayalibebs, aviTarebs erT mTavar ideas,<br />
abzacSi Camoyalibebulia erTi Tema an Temis mxolod erTi aspeqti. Tema aris<br />
abzacis sagani, sakiTxi (subject), romlis Sesaxebac aris es abzaci. magaliTad, waikiTxeT<br />
Semdegi abzaci, romelic sigaretis mowevas exeba:<br />
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom erTi kolofi<br />
sigareti 1-dan 5 laramde Rirs,xolo mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs<br />
mainc eweva, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT 365 laridan 1695 laramde unda<br />
daxarjon, magram yvelaferi amiT ar mTavrdeba. sigaretis mwevlebisTvisac ki<br />
arasasiamovno suni aqvs maT tansacmels, avejs, xaliCebsa da fardebs. amis gamo<br />
mwevlebi ufro xSirad recxaven sakuTar nivTebs, vidre aramwevelebi. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es kidev<br />
ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.<br />
am abzacis Temaa sigaretis moweva (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
savarjiSo #3.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT, ra sakiTxebzea<br />
saubari.<br />
kidev erTi mizezi, ratomac miyvars mdinaris napiri, es misi wynari garemoa,<br />
romelic ganmartoebis saSualebas gaZlevs. me iq, mis garda, sxva mowme ara myavs da<br />
SemiZlia vilaparako da vifiqro. iq xels aravin miSlis da Tan yovelTvis aris is,<br />
vinc mogismens. napiri yvelafers moismens, risi Tqmac ginda. garda amisa, es wynari<br />
adgilia, sadac SegiZlia ifiqro da imsjelo; amisaTvis ganmartoebaa saWiro.<br />
xSirad, roca dabneuli var, napirze mivdivar. es saukeTeso adgilia Cemi<br />
konfliqtebisa da problemebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, dasafiqreblad (M. Veronica<br />
Porta).<br />
abzaci exeba<br />
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas<br />
faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,<br />
inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagan<br />
determinantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini<br />
organizmis Sesaxeb gvawvdian in<strong>for</strong>macias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs<br />
dispoziciuri cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT,<br />
rom bavSvi cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis<br />
2<br />
Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., &<br />
Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />
18
sacobSi moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens<br />
pirovnebis gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu<br />
situaciis (situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna<br />
surT, isini TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT,<br />
rom fsiqologs surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia<br />
individi gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi<br />
TanatolTa zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia<br />
(kombinirebuli axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
abzaci exeba<br />
werisTvis momzadeba: Temis gansazRvra/dakonkreteba<br />
xSirad, rodesac dasawerad raime Temas gaZleven, aRmoCndeba, rom es Tema Zalian<br />
zogadia Tundac erTi gamarTuli abzacis dasawerad. amitom Tqven unda<br />
daakonkretoT Tema. es niSnavs imas, rom Tema unda daiyvanoT erT, SedrebiT viwro<br />
sakiTxamde (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000). magaliTad, davalebad gaqvT<br />
Temis dawera Tqveni sayvareli adgilis Sesaxeb da Tqven Tbiliss irCevT. SegiZliaT<br />
daweroT ramdenime winadadeba da SeexoT yvelafers, rac mogwonT TbilisSi<br />
(mTawminda, Zveli Tbilisi, metexi, sioni, nariyala, universitetis baRi, vakis parki,<br />
operis Teatri da a. S.), magram mkiTxvelisTvis ufro saitereso iqneba, Tu erTi<br />
konkretuli adgilis Sesaxeb dawerT.<br />
fsiqika<br />
fsiqikuri<br />
procesebi<br />
kognituri<br />
procesebi<br />
mexsiereba<br />
daswavlis<br />
kanonzomier<br />
ebebi<br />
adamiani<br />
sxeuli<br />
fiziolog<br />
iuri<br />
procesebi<br />
sisxlis<br />
mimoqcevis<br />
sistema<br />
sisxlZarR<br />
vebi<br />
arteriuli<br />
sisxlZarR<br />
vebi<br />
Tbilisi<br />
RirsSesaniSnavi adgilebi<br />
istoriuli Zeglebi<br />
metexi<br />
vTqvaT, davalebad narkotikebis<br />
Sesaxeb abzacis dawera gaqvT. es sakmaod<br />
farTo Temaa imisaTvis, rom erT abzacSi<br />
CaetioT, amitom aucilebelia masTan<br />
dakavSirebuli konkretuli sakiTxis<br />
arCeva.<br />
narkotikebi<br />
marixuana<br />
mowevis gavlena<br />
gavlena kognitur funqciebze<br />
gavlena mexsierebaze<br />
an, vTqvaT, wamlebis Sesaxeb gaqvT<br />
abzaci dasaweri. es Temac Zalze farToa<br />
erTi abzacisTvis. amitom aqac<br />
aucilebelia am TemasTan dakavSirebuli<br />
konkretuli sakiTxis arCeva da mis<br />
Sesaxeb wera.<br />
suraTi #3.1. Tema `adamiani~ _ dakonkretebis<br />
nimuSi.<br />
wamlebi<br />
antikonvulsantebi<br />
fenobarbitali<br />
fenobarbitalis gavlena qcevaze<br />
19
Tema yovelTvis maqsimalurad unda daakonkretoT, magaliTad, Tema adamiani (ix.<br />
suraTi #3.1).<br />
savarjiSo #3.2: daakonkreteT Semdegi Temebi:<br />
• fsiqikuri procesebi<br />
• agresia<br />
• amindi<br />
• Cemi samSoblo<br />
• sigareti<br />
• kompiuteri<br />
mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba<br />
winadadebas, romelic aRwers abzacis Temas, anu romelSic gatarebulia ZiriTadi<br />
azri, mTavari, Tematuri winadadeba (Topic sentence) ewodeba. misi funqcia Temis gacnobaa<br />
(amitom, rogorc wesi, is abzacis pirveli winadadebaa). garda gacnobisa, karg<br />
mTavar winadadebas SeuZlia im Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Cveneba, romelsac<br />
exeba mocemuli abzaci. abzacis Temisadmi avtoris damokidebulebas an azrs<br />
wamyvani azri (controling idea) ewodeba. avtoris damokidebuleba, azri gansazRvravs,<br />
Tu ra iqneba abzacSi ganxiluli. abzacis yvela winadadeba wamyvan azrTan unda<br />
iyos dakavSirebuli da mas unda ganaviTarebdes. sailustraciod kidev erTxel<br />
wavikiTxoT pirveli abzacis mTavari winadadeba:<br />
moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.<br />
am abzacis Tema mowevis Cvevaa, wamyvani azri ki isaa, rom is Zviria.<br />
mowevis TemasTan dakavSirebiT uamravi azri SeiZleba arsebobdes, maT Soris,<br />
yvelaze gavrcelebuli, albaT, Semdegia: _ moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />
savarjiSo #3.3:<br />
waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadebebi. xazi gausviT<br />
Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri.<br />
nimuSi:<br />
kidev erTi gza inflaciis SesaCereblad saxelmwifo biujetis balansirebaa.<br />
20
1. sportis dafinansebis yvelaze didi problema isaa, rom mas<br />
ganaTlebasTan SedarebiT nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben.<br />
2. dabinZureba saSiSia, radgan is ozonis Sres azianebs.<br />
3. studentebis kidev erT problema samsaxuris Sovnaa.<br />
mTavari winadadebis daxvewa<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, Tematuri winadadeba mTavar Temas da wamyvan azrs moicavs,<br />
magram es ar aris sakmarisi. wamyvani azri SeZlebisdagvarad naTeli da konkretuli<br />
aspeqtisken mimarTuli unda iyos. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:<br />
yavis daleva cudia.<br />
am winadadebis Tema yavis dalevaa, wamyvani azri _ cudia, magram orive sakmaod<br />
bundovania da mTel rig SekiTxvebs badebs. visTvis da risTvis aris cudi? cudia<br />
yavis nebismieri raodenobiT miReba, Tu misi mxolod didi raodenobiT daleva?<br />
mTavari winadadeba ufro konkretuli unda iyos, rac wamyvani azris kargad<br />
CamoyalibebiT miiRweva; magaliTad:<br />
orsulebisTvis dReSi erT Wiqaze meti yavis daleva mavnebelia.<br />
savarjiSo #3.4: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebis wyvilebi da SemoxazeT<br />
ukeTesi mTavari winadadeba.<br />
1) • universitetSi Cabareba ar aris advili saqme.<br />
• misaRebi gamocdebis dros registracia erT-erTi mtkivneuli procesia.<br />
2) • SesaZloa, `qarwaRebulni~ Zveli filmia, magram mainc kargia.<br />
• filmi `cisferi mTebi~ masSi monawile araCveulebrivi msaxiobebiT<br />
gamoirCeva.<br />
3) • Tbilisis axali ubnebis arqiteqtura Tanamedrove xelovnebis nimuSia.<br />
• quTaisi saintereso qalaqia misi istoriisa da arqiteqturis gamo.<br />
savarjiSo #3.5: mocemulia araswori mTavari winadadebebi. daxveweT isini (SeadgineT<br />
abzaci):<br />
nimuSi: honda araCveulebrivi manqanaa.<br />
honda ekonomiuri manqanaa.<br />
1. Cemi mSobliuri qalaqi araCveulebrivi adgilia.<br />
2. universitetSi bevri ram aris gasaujobesebeli.<br />
3. varjiSi kargia CvenTvis.<br />
4. manqanis tareba saxifaToa.<br />
5. kompiuterebi sasargebloa.<br />
21
6. studentobis periodSi bevri saintereso ramis gakeTeba SeiZleba.<br />
7. televizoris yureba sazianoa CvenTvis.<br />
savarjiSo #3.6: dawereT abzaci, romlis Temaa mowevis Cveva, xolo wamyvani azria,<br />
rom moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />
mTavari winadadebis amocnoba<br />
amrigad, mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebasa da wamyvani azris wardgenas<br />
emsaxureba. sad unda ganvaTavsoT abzacSi mTavari winadadeba? Cveulebriv, radgan<br />
mTavari winadadeba Temis dawyebas uzrunvelyofs, umjobesia, is abzacis dasawyisSi<br />
an dasawyisTan axlos iyos. miuxedavad amisa, abzacis ti pidan gamomdinare,mTavari<br />
winadadeba SeiZleba abzacSi sxvadasxva adgilas ganTavsdes (abzacis SuaSi an<br />
sulac bolos). zogjer arc Tema da arc wamyvani azri araa erTi winadadebiT<br />
gadmocemuli, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri saerTod<br />
ar aris. aseT abzacSi Tema da wamyvani azri igulisxmeba; isini naTlad Canan<br />
abzacis ganviTarebaSi. zogadad, ukeTesia, Tu mTavari winadadebebi naTlad,<br />
konkretulad iqneba warmodgenili da es ara mxolod imitom, rom am SemTxvevaSi<br />
idea naTelia, aramed imitomac, rom is abzacis ganviTarebis mimarTulebis<br />
gansazRvraSi dagvexmareba.<br />
savarjiSo #3.7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da miuTiTeT abzacis mTavari<br />
winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas da SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. Tu mTavari winadadeba<br />
mocemulia, amowereT.<br />
kvlevebisTvis sxva saintereso sferoa gansxvavebis dadgena Sinagan da garegan<br />
motivaciaSi. Cven Sinaganad motivirebulebi varT, rodesac vakeTebT raimes ubralod<br />
siamovnebisTvis an raime konkretuli qcevis gansaxorcieleblad. Cven saabazanoSi<br />
imitom ki ar vmReriT, rom taSs velodebiT an fulis Sovnas vcdilobT, aramed<br />
imitom, rom mogvwons amis keTeba. Cven imitom vxsniT krosvordebs, vxatavT da<br />
Tvals vadevnebT mzis Casvlas, rom es jildovdeba. Cven ar velodebiT raime<br />
jildos. garegani motivacia, Tavis mxriv, im situaciebs miemarTeba, romlebSic Cven<br />
jildos misaRebad vmoqmedebT. Cven samsaxurSi SeiZleba mxolod imitom davdiodeT,<br />
rom fuli gvWirdeba. SeiZleba mxolod imitom viaroT musikaze, rom mSoblebs<br />
vasiamovnoT. Cven SeiZleba gansakuTrebiT zrdilobianebi viyoT romelime adamianTan,<br />
radgan misgan raRacas veliT (j.p. hiustoni `motivacia~. niu-iorki: makmilani, 1985,<br />
gv. 268).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
22
visac erTxel mainc unaxavs misi cxviri da sxeuli, is arasodes daaviwydeba.<br />
pirveli reaqcia gaoceba iyo, meore _ misi cxviriT aRfrTovaneba, TiTqos es didi<br />
simdidre iyo. misi cxviri, romelic barbara streizandis cxvirze ufro grZeli<br />
iyo, saxis udides nawils ikavebda. rodesac is iRimeboda, cxviris garda araferi<br />
Canda. mas bevr xalxSic ki cxviriT gamoarCevdnen. wina cxovrebaSi is, albaT, koli<br />
an WianWvelaWamia iyo. misi cxviri saparsiviT wvrili iyo. is rom TviTmfrinavi<br />
yofiliyo, advilad SeZlebda Rrublebis gakveTas. igi Zalian gamxdari iyo, 10<br />
dRis naSimSilars hgavda. amave dros, Zalian bevrs Wamda. visac ki is Wamis dros<br />
unaxavs, ukvirda, sad eteoda amdeni sakvebi aseT patara sxeulSi. amis miuxedavad,<br />
is sul ufro xdeboda da cxviri sul ufro ugrZeldeboda. erT mSvenier, qarian<br />
dRes is gafrinda, rogorc meri popinsi (nobutaka macuo).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
inteleqtis testirebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi erT-erTi mTavari adgili<br />
inglisel aristokrats, frensis galtons uWiravs. 1869 wels gamoqveynda misi<br />
wigni `geniosobis memkvidreoba~, romelmac mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina<br />
testirebis meTodebis, Teoriebisa da praqtikis Semdgom ganviTarebaze. galtoni<br />
adamianis qcevis Seswavlisas darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebas cdilobda.<br />
mas ainteresebda, Tu rogor da ratom gansxvavdebian adamianebi erTmaneTisgan<br />
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli unarebis mixedviT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
cnobierebis yvelaze fundamentur cvlilebebs iwvevs nivTierebebi, romlebic<br />
halucinogenebis anu fsiqodelikebis saxeliT aris cnobili. es nivTierebebi cvlis<br />
rogorc garegani samyaros, ise Sinagani cnobierebis aRqmas. rogorc dasaxelebidan<br />
Cans, es nivTierebebi xSirad iwveven halucinaciebsa da “me”-sa da “arame”-s Soris<br />
sazRvrebis gaqrobas. oTxi yvelaze cnobili halucinogenia meskalini (miiReba<br />
kaqtusisgan), fsilocibini (miiReba sokosgan), LSD da PCP (laboratoriebSi<br />
sinTezirdeba) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
fsiqologiuri axsna, ZiriTadad, aRiarebs, rom qcevaTa umravlesobaze gavlenas<br />
faqtorTa kombinacia axdens. zogierTi faqtori: genetikuri mocemuloba, motivacia,<br />
inteleqtis done an TviTSefaseba individis SigniT moqmedebs. qcevebis am Sinagan<br />
determinantebs organizmis (organizmuli) cvladebi ewodeba, radgan isini organizmis<br />
Sesaxeb gvawvdian in<strong>for</strong>macias. adamianis SemTxvevaSi am determinantebs dispoziciuri<br />
cvladebi ewodeba. arsebobs, agreTve, garegani faqtorebi. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvi<br />
cdilobs, asiamovnos maswavlebels, raTa jildo miiRos an transportis sacobSi<br />
moxvedrili mZRoli agresiuli xdeba. am qcevebze did gavlenas axdens pirovnebis<br />
23
gareT mimdinare movlenebi. qcevaze garegan zegavlenas garemos anu situaciis<br />
(situaciuri) cvladebi ewodeba. rodesac fsiqologebs qcevis axsna surT, isini<br />
TiTqmis yovelTvis iTvaliswineben axsnis orive tips. warmoidgineT,rom fsiqologs<br />
surs axsnas, ratom iwyebs adamiani sigaretis mowevas. SesaZlebelia individi<br />
gansakuTrebiT midrekilia riskisken (dispoziciuri axsna), an zogierTi TanatolTa<br />
zewolas ganicdis (situaciuri axsna), an orive faqtori aucilebelia (kombinirebuli<br />
axsna) (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
olportma sami saxis niSnebi gamoyo _ kardinaluri, centraluri da meoradi.<br />
kardinaluria niSnebi, romelTa irgvlivac adamiani Tavis cxovrebas agebs. magaliTad,<br />
deda terezasTvis kardinaluri niSani sxvisi keTildReobisTvis sakuTari Tavis<br />
Sewirva iqneboda. yvela adamians ar uviTardeba aseTi yovlismomcveli kardinaluri<br />
niSnebi, samagierod, ZiriTadi niSnebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, patiosneba an optimizmi,<br />
pirovnebis mTavari maxasiaTeblebia. meoradi niSnebi _ specifikuri pirovnuli<br />
Tvisebebi is Tvisebebia, romlebic individis qcevis winaswarmetyvelebaSi gvexmareba,<br />
magram naklebad gamosadegia individis pirovnebis gagebisaTvis. meoradi niSnebis<br />
magaliTebia is, Tu rogor sakvebsa da tansacmels aniWebs adamiani upiratesobas<br />
(gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
egos dacvis meqanizmebi fsiqikuri strategiebia, romlebsac ego idis gamoxatvis<br />
maZiebel impulsebsa da superegos mier am impulsebis uaryofis moTxovnebs Soris<br />
arsebuli yoveldRiuri konfliqtebisagan Tavis dasacavad iyenebs. fsiqoanalitikur<br />
TeoriaSi iTvleba, rom am meqanizmebs sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvT individis<br />
mier Zlier Sinagan konfliqtebTan fsiqologiuri gamklavebisas. maTi gamoyenebiT<br />
pirovnebas sakuTari me-s sasiamovno, mosaxerxebeli da socialurad misaRebi xatis<br />
SenarCuneba SeuZlia. magaliTad, Tu bavSvs iseTi Zlieri siZulvilis grZnoba aqvs<br />
mamis mimarT, rom gamoxatvis gzis naxvis SemTxvevaSi saxifaTo iqneba, gandevna<br />
moagvarebs amas da SeiZleba sZlios kidec am grZnobas. SemdgomSi es mtruli<br />
impulsi cnobierad aRar moiTxovs dakmayofilebas da misi arsebobac ki aRar<br />
iqneba cnobierad mocemuli; Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom impulsi aRar gamoCndeba<br />
da misi arsebobis Sesaxeb TiTqos aRaranairi niSani ar iqneba, is mainc ar gaqreba.<br />
es gandevnili grZnobebi kvlavac mniSvnelovan rols Seasruleben pirovnebis<br />
funqcionirebaSi, magaliTad, mamasTan Zlieri identifikaciiT bavSvma SeiZleba<br />
TviTRirebulebis gancda aimaRlos da Seamciros aracnobieri SiSi imisa, rom<br />
masSi mtrul ganzraxvas aRmoaCenen (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
pirovnebis obieqtur testebSi Sefasebis micema (qulebis miniWeba) da gamoyeneba<br />
SedarebiT martivia da kargad gansazRvrul wesebs emorCileba. zogierT obieqtur<br />
24
testSi Sefaseba da interpretaciac ki kompiuteruli programebiT xorcieldeba.<br />
saboloo Sefaseba, rogorc wesi, erTniSna ricxvia, romelic erTaderTi ganzomilebis<br />
gaswvriv Tavsdeba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, adaptacia-disadaptacia an sxvadasxva<br />
niSnis qulaTa erTobliobis gaswvriv, rogoricaa impulsuroba, damokidebuleba<br />
an eqstraversia. damuSavebis Semdeg es monacemebi normatiuli SerCevis monacemebTan<br />
Sedardeba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
rogor CamovayaliboT mTavari winadadeba<br />
abzacisTvis Temis SerCevis Semdeg, bunebrivia, saWiroa, wamyvani azris SerCeva.<br />
erT-erTi meTodi, romelic mTavari winadadebisTvis wamyvani azris daweraSi<br />
dagexmarebaT, TqvenTvis ukve nacnobi meTodebia (gonebrivi ieriSi, Tavisufali<br />
wera, kiTxvebi, asociaciuri kavSirebi). magaliTad, Tqveni qveynis romelime<br />
RirsSesaniSnavi adgilis Sesaxeb unda daweroT abzaci. SegiZliaT daakonkretoT<br />
Tema da romelime kurortis Sesaxeb daweroT.<br />
gamoiyeneT gonebrivi ieriSis meTodi da CamowereT arCeul TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli ideebi. magaliTad, Tema `ureki~.<br />
• mziani sanapiro, qviSa, wiwvovani xeebi sanapiro zolze, sufTa kamkama wyali,<br />
mSvidi zRva.<br />
• damsveneblebi yvelgan arian, axali sastumroebi gadaWedilia damsveneblebiT,<br />
turistTa umravlesoba amjobinebs oTaxebs zRvaze gamavali fanjrebiT.<br />
• sakurorto sezoni bevri adamianis dasaqmebas uwyobs xels, damsveneblebs<br />
bevri Semosavali moaqvT adgilobrivi mcxovreblebisTvis.<br />
• kurortma ramdenime seriozuli kompania moizida, romelTac filialebi<br />
gaxsnes.<br />
es CamonaTvali, bunebrivia, SeiZleba, rom gaizardos, Seicvalos; magaliTad,<br />
SegiZliaT daamatoT, rom kurorts ekonomikuri sargebloba moaqvs regionisTvis;<br />
an SegiZliaT daweroT kurortis lamazi adgilebis Sesaxeb, an imis Sesaxeb, Tu<br />
ramdenad sasargebloa kurorti garkveuli daavadebebis samkurnalod da ratomaa<br />
bavSvebis aq dasveneba sasurveli.<br />
savarjiSo #3.8: airCieT erT-erTi Tema da Tavad SeadgineT mTavari winadadeba da<br />
abzaci. am davalebis Sesrulebamde SeecadeT, CamoweroT is in<strong>for</strong>macia da saintereso<br />
ideebi, romlebic abzacis dakonkretebisa da faqtobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciiT misi Sevsebis<br />
saSualebas mogcemT.<br />
Temebi:<br />
• crurwmena • dabinZureba<br />
• saintereso tradicia • Sadrevani<br />
• sayvareli leqtori • studentebis problemebi<br />
• mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba<br />
mTavari winadadeba<br />
25
abzaci<br />
dasabuTeba<br />
ideebis Tavmoyrisa da wamyvani azris Camoyalibebis Semdeg aucilebelia Tqveni<br />
CamonaTvalidan im masalis amoReba, romelsac abzacis dasawerad gamoiyenebT. es<br />
masala mTavar winadadebaSi gadmocemuli wamyvani azris dasabuTeba (support) unda<br />
iyos. is ilustraciis, gaSuqebis, axsnis funqcias asrulebs da im Sexedulebas<br />
asabuTebs, romelic mTavar winadadebaSi gadmoeciT. ideis mxardasaWerad yvelaze<br />
xSirad faqtobrivi detalebi gamoiyeneba. aseTi detalebi SeiZleba garkveuli<br />
wyaroebidan _ Jurnalebidan, gazeTebidan, wignebidan _ aRebul faqtebs moicavdes<br />
an sxvisi dakvirvebis Sedegebi iyos. dasabuTebisTvis, ZiriTadad, is in<strong>for</strong>macia<br />
gamoiyeneba, romelmac Tqven Tqvens Sexedulebamde migiyvanaT.<br />
rodesac mTavari winadadebis dasabuTebis mosaZebnad Tqvens in<strong>for</strong>macias amowmebT,<br />
SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom Tqveni masala Sevsebas saWiroebs. magaliTad, ganvixiloT<br />
aseTi mTavari winadadeba: _ `kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleobis dasaqmebis problemis gadaWra~. am winadadebis dasabuTeba SeiZleba<br />
iyos is, rom kurortma ramdenime kompania moizida. es SeiZleba gamoviyenoT, rogorc<br />
Semdgomi dasabuTebis safuZveli. ufro metic, in<strong>for</strong>maciis misaRebad SegiZliaT<br />
kiTxvebs mimarToT; magaliTad, `romel kompaniebzea saubari?~ `ra samsaxurs<br />
sTavazoben es kompaniebi adgilobriv mosaxleobas?~ `ra situacia iyo dasaqmebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT kurortze manamde da ra situaciaa axla?~ am kiTxvebze gacemuli<br />
pasuxebi SeiZleba wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad gamoiyenoT. sabolood, am Tematuri<br />
winadadebisTvis abzacis dasawerad dagrovilma Canawerebma SeiZleba aseTi saxe<br />
miiRos:<br />
umuSevrobis done 1990 wels = 35%; 2000 wels – 8%.<br />
samuSao adgilebi sastumroebSi: marioti _ 100<br />
kopala _ 50<br />
Zveli metexi _ 35<br />
turistebisTvis gankuTvnili xuTi axali maRazia sanapiroze _ 15 samuSao<br />
adgili.<br />
daniuri saxli<br />
nikala<br />
makdonaldsi<br />
isi pari<br />
bata<br />
26
axla SegiZliaT dasabuTeba winadadebebiT CamoayaliboT da Tematuri winadadebis<br />
Semdeg abzacis monaxazi, gegma gaakeToT. kurortis magaliTSi es gegma daaxloebiT<br />
aseTi iqneba:<br />
Tematuri winadadeba:<br />
kurorts praqtikulad SeuZlia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis<br />
problemis gadaWra.<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
1. 1990 wlidan 2000 wlamde umuSevroba 35%-dan 8%-mde Semcirda.<br />
2. turistulma industriam bevri samuSao adgili Seqmna.<br />
a) gaixsna sami axali sastumro;<br />
1) sastumro mariotSi 100 adgilobrivi mosaxle dasaqmda;<br />
2) kopalam 50 adamians misca samuSao;<br />
3) Zvel metexSi 35-ma adgilobrivma mosaxlem miiRo samsaxuri.<br />
b) sanapiro zolze xuTi axali maRazia gaixsna, romelSic 15 adamiani<br />
dasaqmda.<br />
g) turistebisTvis mimzidvelma kompaniebma TavianTi filialebi gaxsnes<br />
_ muSaobs `daniuri saxli~, `nikala~ da `makdonaldsi~.<br />
3. kurortma miizida iseTi araturistuli kompaniebi, rogorebicaa „bata~ da<br />
„isi pari~.<br />
amgvari monaxazis gakeTeba sasurvelia ori mizniT: _ (1) amiT SevamowmebT,<br />
ukavSirdeba Tu ara winadadebebi Temas; (2) arian Tu ara winadadebebi logikurad<br />
organizebuli. qvemoT kidev erTi magaliTia mocemuli:<br />
Tematuri winadadeba: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa.<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
• erTi kolofi sigareti daaxloebiT 2 laramde Rirs.<br />
• mwevelTa umravlesoba dReSi erT kolofs mainc eweva.<br />
• erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi daxarjuli Tanxis raodenoba 365-dan 1695 laramde<br />
meryeobs.<br />
• mwevelebs avejis, xaliCebis, fardebisa da tansacmlis qimwmenda ufro xSirad<br />
uwevT, vidre _ aramwevelebs.<br />
originaluri abzacis yvela winadadeba ar aris zemoT mocemul CamonaTvalSi<br />
(ix. abzaci `moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa~). magaliTad, winadadeba `magram yvelaferi<br />
amiT ar mTavrdeba~, Tumca, es winadadeba namdvilad ukavSirdeba Temas da wamyvan<br />
azrs, magram misi funqcia winadadebebs Soris kavSiris damyarebaa. is abzacis or<br />
nawils akavSirebs erTmaneTTan: sigaretSi gadaxdil Tanxasa da sigaretis mowevis<br />
farul (araTvalsaCino) danaxarjs. aseT winadadebas gardamavali (transition)<br />
winadadeba ewodeba. am CamonaTvalSi, aseve, ar aris, kidev erTi winadadeba: _<br />
`miuxedavad imisa, rom Znelia am damatebiTi xarjis zusti gamoTvla, faqtia, rom es<br />
kidev ufro ZviradRirebuls xdis mowevis Cvevas.~ aseTi tipis winadadebas, romelic<br />
ajamebs abzacis mTavar ideas, daskvniTi winadadeba ewodeba, Tumca, araa aucilebeli,<br />
rom yvela abzaci moicavdes aseT daskvniT winadadebas. winadadebaTa organizacia<br />
Temasa da Tqvens mizanzea damokidebuli. mniSvnelovania, rom masala, romelsac<br />
eyrdnobiT, pirdapir ukavSirdebodes abzacis mTavar winadadebas.<br />
27
savarjiSo #3.9: ganixileT romelime abzaci. dawereT mTavari winadadeba, xazi<br />
gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri da CamoTvaleT is winadadebebi, romlebic<br />
mTavar winadadebas asabuTebs.<br />
mTavari winadadeba:<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
1. _____________________________________________<br />
2. _____________________________________________<br />
3. _____________________________________________<br />
4. _____________________________________________<br />
daskvniTi winadadeba:<br />
savarjiSo #3.10: gamoiyeneT Tqven mier dawerili winadadebebi da abzacebi. dawereT<br />
mTavari winadadeba, xazi gausviT Temas, SemoxazeT wamyvani azri. gadaxedeT Tqvens<br />
CamonaTvals da dawereT dasabuTeba mTavari winadadebisTvis. Tu aseTi dasabuTebis<br />
raodenoba mcire aRmoCndeba, gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi (kerZod, kiTxvebi)<br />
da winadadebiT CamoayalibeT dasabuTeba.<br />
mTavari winadadeba:<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
1. _________________________________________________________________<br />
2. _________________________________________________________________<br />
3. _________________________________________________________________<br />
4. _________________________________________________________________<br />
mTlianoba<br />
abzacis TiToeuli winadadeba Temas unda ukavSirdebodes da aviTarebdes<br />
wamyvan azrs. nebismieri winadadeba, romelic ar emsaxureba wamyvani azris<br />
ganviTarebas da zedmetia, unda amoiRoT abzacidan. gaixseneT abzaci, romlis<br />
mTavari winadadeba iyo: sigaretis moweva ZviradRirebuli Cvevaa. Tu am abzacSi<br />
iqneba winadadeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori gamaRizianebelia vinmesTvis sxva mwevlis<br />
mier gaSvebuli kvamlis rgolebis yureba, is unda amoviRoT, radgan ar ukavSirdeba<br />
sigaretis mowevasTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.<br />
magaliTisTvis ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci:<br />
xanSiSesulTa kidev erTi problema mcire Semosavalia. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg<br />
isini im kompaniidan iReben pensias, romelSic muSaobdnen an saxelwifo uxdis maT<br />
socialur dazRvevas. am Tanxis raodenoba, rogorc wesi, maTi xelfasis naxevaric<br />
ar aris. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg isini ucbad aRmoaCenen, rom iZulebulni arian,<br />
cxovrebis stili Seicvalon. gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg aRmoCndeba, rom maT<br />
aRar darCaT fuli kinoTeatrSi an qalaqgareT wasasvlelad. ra Tqma unda, Sin<br />
darCenis mizezi SeiZleba maTi janmrTelobac iyos. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an<br />
revmatizmi, ris gamoc, maT uWirT fexiT siaruli da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT<br />
28
yofna. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios; Tumca, zogierTma<br />
maTganma SeiZleba aRmoaCinos, rom misi pensia yovelTviur gadasaxadebsac ki ver<br />
wvdeba. erT dRes SeiZleba gaacnobieron, rom eleqtroenergia, telefoni da sakvebi<br />
ukve fufunebaa maTTvis (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
am abzacis Temaa `xanSi SesulTa kidev erTi problema~, wamyvani azri ki _<br />
mcire SemosavliT cxovreba, amitom yoveli winadadeba SeWirvebul yofas unda<br />
ukavSirdebodes. am abzacSi sami zedmeti winadadebaa:<br />
1. ra Tqma unda, Sin darCenis mizezi maTi janmrTelobac SeiZleba iyos.<br />
2. am asakSi xSiria arTriti an revmatizmi, ris gamoc maT uWirT fexiT siaruli<br />
da, ZiriTadad, saxlSi uxdebaT yofna.<br />
3. cxovrebis stilis Secvla amanac SeiZleba gamoiwvios.<br />
savarjiSo #3.11: xazi gausviT abzacis mTavar winadadebas da amoSaleT zedmeti<br />
winadadebebi.<br />
60-iani wlebidan sagrZnoblad gaizarda samxreT amerikeli novelistebis<br />
popularoba da maTdami interesi. maTgan aRsaniSnavia meqsikeli mwerali karlos<br />
fuentesi, romelsac ekuTvnis `artemio krucis sikvdili~. 1967 wels nobelis<br />
premia literaturaSi mieniWa gvatemalel mwerals migel anxel asturiass.<br />
argentinaSi moRvaweobdnen iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian xorxe luis borxesi,<br />
xulio kortasari, luiza valensuela, manuel huiji. am ukanasknelis nawarmoebis<br />
_ `qali-obobas kocna~ mixedviT filmicaa gadaRebuli. am filmSi mamakacis mTavari<br />
rolis saukeTeso SesrulebisaTvis oskari uiliam harTs gadaeca. ukanasknel<br />
periodSi msoflioze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina novelistma izabela alendam<br />
(`sulebis saxli~). CamonaTvali SeiZleba kidev gagrZeldes, Tumca, maT Soris<br />
yvelaze metad nacnobia gabriel garsia markesi, romelsac 1982 wels romanisTvis<br />
`martoobis asi weli~ nobelis premia mieniWa (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R,<br />
2000).<br />
umuSevrobasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze usiamovno problema isaa, rom ar gaqvs<br />
fuli yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis. adamianTa umravlesobas fuli iseTi aucilebeli<br />
moTxovnebisTvis sWirdeba, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sakvebi. tansacmlis yidvac<br />
ki mniSvnelovania da ara aucilebeli. Tu ar muSaobT, vin mogcemT fuls<br />
yoveldRiuri xarjebisTvis? iqneb, naTesavi gyavT, romelic ramdenime TviT gasesxebT<br />
fuls, magram adamianTa umravlesobas ar aqvs imdeni fuli, rom sxvisi gadasaxadebic<br />
ixados (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
Tu yvela Sesabamis asakSi mokvdeba, maSin sulac ar minda vicocxlo 500 weli<br />
da marto me viyo beberi. xalxi uamrav kiTxvas damisvams warsulis Sesaxeb: rodis<br />
moxda? moxda Tu ara? rogor moxda da a.S. ganuwyvetliv Semawuxeben. mgonia, rom<br />
moxucebs ar moswonT, roca awuxeben. garda amisa, Tu yvela mokvdeboda, me momiwevda<br />
Cemi ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebis sikvdilis yureba. ar minda Cemi Svilebisa da<br />
SviliSvilebis sikvdils moveswro. me Zalian maxinji viqnebi (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.<br />
K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
fsiqoanalizi im saxiT, rogoriTac Seqmna zigmund froidma, intensiuri da<br />
droSi gaxangrZlivebuli Terapiuli teqnikaa, romelic nevrotuli da mSfoTvare<br />
pirovnebis aracnobier motivebsa da konfliqtebs ikvlevs. es konfliqtebi SeiZleba<br />
adreuli bavSvobis gamocdilebas an raime mniSvnelovan, travmul movlenas<br />
ukavSirdebodes. rogorc cnobilia, froidis Teoriis mixedviT, SfoTviTi<br />
29
aSlilobebi im Sinagani konfliqtebis adekvaturad mogvarebis unaris arqonaa,<br />
romlebic warmoiqmneba idis aracnobier, iracionalur impulsebsa da superegos<br />
internalizebul (anu gaSinagnebul) socialur moTxovnebs Soris. idi, ego da<br />
superego pirovnebis struqturis komponentebia, romlebic, froidis Teoriis mixedviT,<br />
mudmiv dinamikur urTierTqmedebaSi imyofebian erTmaneTTan. fsiqoanalizis mizania<br />
intrafsiqikuri harmoniis damyareba, rac idis Zalebis gacnobierebas, superegos<br />
moTxovnebisadmi zedmetad damyolobis Semcirebasa da egos rolis gaZlierebas<br />
gulisxmobs (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
masobriv in<strong>for</strong>maciul saSualebaTa Sefaseba winaaRmdegobrivia. erTni mas<br />
ganixilaven sazogadoebrivi azris manipulirebisa da gabatonebuli fenis<br />
xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis instrumentad. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, mkacri<br />
konkurenciis pirobebSi, gamoikveTa masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis saSualebaTa<br />
koncentraciis tendencia, rac Zalze saxifaToa demokratiisaTvis. meoreni amtkiceben,<br />
rom masmedia xels uwyobs sazogadoebis politikur cxovrebaSi realur CarTvasa<br />
da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis farTo fenebis monawileobas,<br />
rac aucilebelia nebismieri demokratiuli sistemis funqcionirebisTvis.<br />
mani pulaciis Sedegad xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi<br />
politikur cxovrebaze (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
damkvirveblis tendenciurobis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT mkvlevrebi iyeneben<br />
standartizacias da operaciul gansazRvrebebs. standartizacia niSnavs monacemTa<br />
Segrovebis yvela fazaze Tanmimdevrulad dalagebuli da yvelasaTvis saerTo<br />
procedurebis gamoyenebas. cvladi ki aris nebismieri faqtori, romelic<br />
raodenobrivad an Tvisebrivad icvleba. testis, an eqsperimentis yvela faza<br />
standartuli unda iyos, anu, kvlevis yvela monawile erTsa da imave pirobebSi<br />
unda imyofebodes. standartizacia niSnavs, rom kiTxvebs erTnairad svamT da pasuxebs<br />
winaswar dadgenili wesebiT aniWebT qulebs. mkvlevarma, agreTve, unda gaiTvaliswinos<br />
damatebiTi cvladebis arsebobac (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
fsiqologiuri gazomvis mizania sando da validuri daskvnebis miReba. sandooba<br />
niSnavs fsiqologiuri testirebis an eqsperimentuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli<br />
qcevis monacemebis Sesabamisobas da sandoobas. mkvlevrebs xSirad ainteresebT<br />
imgvari gamocdilebis kvleva, romelsac uSualod ver daakvirdebi. esenia Sinagani<br />
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobebi _ grZnobebi, damokidebulebebi, Sexedulebebi. sando<br />
Sedegi, sxva msgavs pirobebSi, Semowmebisas unda gameordes. Tu sazomi instrumenti<br />
sandoa, misi ganmeorebiT gamoyenebisas msgavsi qulebi unda miviRoT (gerigi, zimbardo,<br />
2007).<br />
Tanmimdevruloba<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, abzacs unda gaaCndes Tema, wamyvani azri, es azri dasabuTebuli<br />
unda iyos da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. kidev erTi elementi, romelic,<br />
aseve, esaWiroeba abzacs, Tanmimdevrulobaa (coherence), rac gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv,<br />
azrTa logikur mimdinareobas: _ azri ar unda gadadiodes (xtebodes) erTi<br />
sakiTxidan meoreze da, meore mxriv, gadasvla moqnili (lamazi, sxarti) unda iyos.<br />
logikuri Tanmimdevroba winadadebis TanmimdevrulobaSi aisaxeba, romelic<br />
Tqveni miznidan gamomdinare icvleba. magaliTad, Tu gsurT, aRweroT, ra xdeboda<br />
filmSi, Tqveni winadadebebi unda mihyvebodes moqmedebebis Tanmimdevrobas,<br />
dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, magram Tu gsurT, aRweroT yvelaze STambeWdavi momentebi<br />
filmSi, Tqven unda SearCioT ramdenime maTgani da warmoadginoT garkveuli<br />
30
logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. magaliTad, naklebad STambeWdavidan _ metad<br />
STambeWdavisken.<br />
abzaci ar aris Tanmimdevruli, Tu ideebis Tanmimdevruloba ar aris logikuri.<br />
xandaxan weris dros students, SesaZloa, gamorCes raRac, risi dawerac adre<br />
surda da CarTos maSin, roca gaaxsendeba. bunebrivia, es winadadeba uadgilo<br />
iqneba. ganvixiloT Semdegi abzaci, romelSic ramdenime winadadeba uadgilod<br />
aris CarTuli:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />
damsvenebels izidavs. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT<br />
icuraoT sanapiroze. damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva<br />
kenkrovani xilis krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq<br />
bevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs<br />
ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis<br />
daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. yvelaze<br />
saxaliso saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxulebaa, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs<br />
sakuTari baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia,<br />
kafeebiT dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani<br />
gemriel kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze.<br />
erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. saTevzaod<br />
siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze<br />
mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva. rogorc xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs<br />
gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo<br />
ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />
am abzacs organizaciis garkveuli principi aqvs: pirvel naxevarSi ganxilulia<br />
is aqtivobebi, romlebic qalaqis Semogarens ukavSirdeba, abzacis meore naxevari<br />
ki qalaqis Sida aqtivobebs eTmoba. Tumca, abzacis bolos Cndeba uadgilo<br />
winadadebebi. sami winadadeba: _ `erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi<br />
xis produqcia;~ `saTevzaod siaruli garTobis sakmaod gavrcelebul saxeobas<br />
warmoadgens;~ `wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad miiCneva.~ –<br />
es winadadebebi aq amovardnilia da uadgilodaa motanili. es abzaci Semdegi<br />
TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos warmodgenili:<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />
damsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad<br />
miiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoT<br />
sanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.<br />
damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xilis<br />
krefa izidavs. sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis bevr<br />
adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime<br />
sakmaod keTilmowyobil sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis<br />
daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT, magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT<br />
maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT adgilobrivi xis produqcia. yvelaze saxaliso<br />
saqmianobaa Ria bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari<br />
baRCis dovlaTi aqvT gamofenili. aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiT<br />
dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemriel<br />
kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorc<br />
xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens<br />
ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />
winadadebidan winadadebaze gadasvla moqnili da sxarti unda iyos. es niSnavs<br />
imas, Tu ramdenad kargad mosdevs erTi idea an winadadeba meores. es SeiZleba<br />
garkveuli winadadebebis kombinaciiT an garkveuli frazebis gamoyenebiT vcadoT.<br />
aseT winadadebebsa Tu frazebs gardamavali frazebi (transitional expressions) ewodeba;<br />
31
aseTi frazebia, magaliTad, daviwyoT imiT, rom; amis sapirispirod; agreTve; Tumca;<br />
miuxedavad amisa. aseTi frazebiT abzacis Tanmimdevruloba ufro daxvewili xdeba.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom oregoni sakmaod patara qalaqia, is zafxulSi bevr<br />
damsvenebels izidavs. wylis sporti garTobis yvelaze mimzidvel aqtivobad<br />
miiCneva. Tqven SegiZliaT mdinareze sanaosnod waxvideT; SegiZliaT icuraoT<br />
sanapiroze. saTevzaod siaruli garTobis gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.<br />
damTvalierebelTa umravlesobas gzis napirebze sxvadasxva kenkrovani xilis<br />
krefa izidavs. garda amisa, sazafxulo banakebis gaSlis moyvarulni aq maTTvis<br />
bevr adgils naxaven karvis gasaSlelad. maTTvis, vinc qalaqSi darCenas<br />
amjobinebs, qalaqi damsveneblebs sTavazobs ramdenime sakmaod keTilmowyobil<br />
sastumros. turistebs qalaqSi maRaziebis daTvalierebis saSualeba eZlevaT,<br />
magaliTad, antikvariatis maRazia. erT-erT maRaziaSi SegiZliaT SeiZinoT<br />
adgilobrivi xis produqcia. kidev erTi, yvelaze saxaliso saqmianobaa Ria<br />
bazris monaxuleba, sadac adgilobriv mcxovreblebs sakuTari baRCis dovlaTi<br />
aqvT gamofenili. da bolos, aq sakmaod bevri sasiamovno adgilia, kafeebiT<br />
dawyebuli da restornebiT damTavrebuli. zogierTi am restoranTagani gemriel<br />
kvebas da lamaz interiers gvTavazobs, rom araferi vTqvaT xedebze. rogorc<br />
xedavT, es qalaqi bevr siurprizs gTavazobT sazafxulod. Tuki gindaT, Tqvens<br />
ojaxs sasiamovno sazafxulo ardadegebi mouwyoT, SeecadeT, ewvioT am qalaqs.<br />
savarjiSo #3.12: gadaawyveT da gamotoveT zedmeti winadadebebi.<br />
tineijerebi, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari yoveldRiuri xarjebisaTvis muSaoben;<br />
magaliTad, Cemi biZaSvili tansacmlis maRaziaSi muSaobs da tansacmels TviTon<br />
yidulobs. gasul kviras man mSvenieri tyavis qurTuki iyida. Cemma erT-erTma<br />
megobarma Zveli manqana iyida im fuliT, romelic skolis damTavrebis Semdeg<br />
muSaobiT daagrova. axalgazrdebs surT fulis momavlisTvis Segroveba. maT surT<br />
tansacmlis yidva da fulis Segroveba manqanis, magnitofonisa Tu televizoris<br />
sayidlad. amis magaliTia ganaTlebisTvis fulis Segroveba. Cemi biZaSvili giorgi<br />
amas Tavisi momavlisTvis akeTebs. man miTxra, rom fuls, agreTve, momavali ojaxisTvis<br />
agrovebs (adaptirebulia Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
saSineleba iyo, roca Cemi saqmro manqanis marTvas maswavlida. yvelaferi<br />
kargad midioda, sanam man ufrosoba ar daiwyo. erTi SemeSala, saWe imaze metad<br />
davatriale, vidre saWiro iyo da man iseTi yvirili atexa, gamvlelebs giJi egonaT.<br />
me wynarad SevTavaze, Segvewyvita mecadineoba, is ki yviroda: _ droze daZari<br />
manqanao. ho, sul damaviwyda meTqva, bordiurze rom avxti, boZs davejaxe da manqana<br />
SeiWeWya, uknidan ki sxva manqana mogvadga, romelic Cem gamo gzas ketavda. swored<br />
amitom gabrazda. Cemi saqmro tenisis TamaSsac maswavlida da maSinac miyviroda.<br />
mas undoda, droze dameZra manqana adgilidan, radgan orive mxridan manqanebi<br />
misignalebdnen. me gadavwyvite, rom es is adamiani ar aris, vinc tareba unda<br />
maswavlos (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
manipulacia adamianis qcevis marTvis teqnologiaa. mani pulaciis obieqti<br />
Tvlis, rom is moqmedebs Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, sinamdvileSi ki mas<br />
marTaven. esaa adamianebis azrisa da miswrafebebis, maTi ganwyobisa da fsiqikuri<br />
mdgomareobis faruli marTva im mizniT, rom mani pulaciis obieqtSi aRZras<br />
manipulaciis saSualebebis mflobelisaTvis sasurveli qceva. manipulaciis Sedegad<br />
xalxis cnobierebaSi inergeba iluziuri warmodgenebi politikur cxovrebaze.<br />
mani pulaciuri teqnologiebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia uaris Tqma argumentebze da<br />
misi Secvla fsiqologiuri STagonebiT, adamianebSi sxvadasxva emociis (SiSis,<br />
SeSfoTebis, iZulebis) gaCeniT (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
32
odesac fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba, adamianTa umetesoba nacnob wreebSi<br />
eZebs ara<strong>for</strong>malur konsultantebs. morwmuneTaTvis es SeiZleba iyos sasuliero<br />
piri. es SeiZleba iyos ojaxis wevri, uaxloesi megobari, piradi eqimi, advokati,<br />
sayvareli maswavlebeli, xelmZRvaneloba an sabWo. sazogadoebaSi arsebuli<br />
ara<strong>for</strong>maluri Terapevtebis mxrebze mravali frustracia da konfliqti gadadis.<br />
sxvebi rCevisTvis mimarTaven da esaubrebian barmenebs, gamyidvelebs, taqsis mZRolebsa<br />
da, nebismiers, vinc mousmens maT. rodesac problemaTa diapazoni SemosazRvrulia,<br />
araprofesionalTa daxmareba sakmaod didia (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
fsiqologiaSi winaswarmetyveleba niSnavs, rom garkveuli qceva an mocemuli<br />
kavSiri raRac albaTobiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad, Tu migvaCnia, rom Tqveni megobari<br />
morcxvia, SegviZlia darwmunebiT viwinaswarmetyveloT, rom is uxerxulad igrZnobs<br />
Tavs, Tu ucnob adamianTan gasaubrebas vTxovT. Tqvens megobars warmatebiT rom<br />
daemyarebina ucnobTan kontaqti, diagnozi unda Segvecvala. xSirad qcevis romelime<br />
<strong>for</strong>mis safuZvlad miCneuli mizezebis zusti axsna saSualebas aZlevs mkvlevars<br />
zustad iwinaswarmetyvelos momavali qceva. rodesac romelime qcevis an kavSiris<br />
sxvadasxva axsna arsebobs, maT imis mixedviT Seafaseben, ramdenad kargad SeuZliaT<br />
zusti da amomwuravi winaswarmetyveleba (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
sakontrolo kiTxvari gamarTuli abzacisTvis<br />
1. aris Tu ara abzaci sakmarisad konkretuli?<br />
2. Seicavs Tu ara abzaci mTavar (Tematur) winadadebas; Tu ar Seicavs, aris<br />
Tu ara mTavari winadadeba nagulisxmevi?<br />
3. moicavs Tu ara Tqveni mTavari winadadeba wamyvan azrs?<br />
4. aris Tu ara abzaci mTliani, tovebs Tu ara mTlianobis STabeWdilebas<br />
(abzacis winadadebebi amarTleben an upasuxeben Tu ara wamyvan azrs)?<br />
5. aris Tu ara abzaci Tanmimdevruli (anu aris Tu ara winadadebebi<br />
logikurad dakavSirebuli da ikiTxeba Tu ara abzaci Tavisuflad)?<br />
abzacis ti pebi<br />
abzaci SeiZleba iyos TxrobiTi, aRweriTi an axsniTi.<br />
TxrobiTi abzaci<br />
abzacSi winadadebebis dawyobis ramdenime gza arsebobs. winadadebebis wyoba<br />
da abzacis sxva detalebi avtoris mizanzea damokidebuli. vTqvaT, gTxoves skolaSi<br />
Cveulebrivi dilis aRwera. cxadia, Tqven ar daiwyebT imis moyolas, Tu ras akeTebT<br />
skolidan saxlSi misvlisas. amis nacvlad Txrobas daiwyebT imiT, Tu ras akeTebT<br />
skolaSi misvlisTanave. mokled rom vTqvaT, Tqvens azrebsa da moqmedebebs im<br />
drois mixedviT daalagebT, romelSic es moqmedebebi xorcieldeba.<br />
analogiurad, procesis (rogor keTdeba raime) axsnisas Tqven daiwyebT imiT, Tu ra<br />
keTdeba pirvel rigSi da daasrulebT bolo moqmedebiT. droSi mimdinareobis mixedviT<br />
ideebis dalageba qronologiur ganviTarebas gulisxmobs (ix. suraTi #3.2).<br />
faqtebis qronologiuri dalageba, ZiriTadad, ori saxis nawerSi gamoiyeneba,<br />
esaa Txroba da procesis aRwera (rogor gakaveToT raRac _ moqmedebebis aRwera).<br />
Txroba gamocdilebis gaziarebas gulisxmobs. gamocdileba SeiZleba iyos warsuli<br />
(warsuli Txroba), awmyo (awmyo gamocdileba) an tipuri (anu Cveulebrivi gamocdileba).<br />
33
Txroba<br />
qronolo<br />
giuri<br />
dalageba<br />
procesis<br />
aRwera (ra<br />
ris mere)<br />
mogexsenebaT, ideebisa da<br />
winadadebebis qronologiuri<br />
dalageba ar aris rTuli, Tumca,<br />
rTulia abzacis mTlianobis<br />
SenarCuneba. sxva sityvebiT rom<br />
vTqvaT, rTulia wamyvani azris<br />
SerCeva da imis gadawyveta, Tu ra<br />
CavrToT da amoviRoT abzacidan.<br />
warsuli awmyo tipuri<br />
gamocdil<br />
eba<br />
suraTi #3.2: qronologiuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT dalageba<br />
tipuri gamocdileba<br />
davuSvaT, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi<br />
megobrisgan miiReT werili, romelsac<br />
qarTuli tradiciebi da<br />
dResaswaulebi ainteresebs. Tqven<br />
gadawyviteT, misweroT mas da<br />
Tbilisobis Sesaxeb uamboT.<br />
Tbilisoba weliwadSi erTxel, oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. am dros<br />
dilidan iketeba qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye. qalaqis<br />
sxvadasxva adgilSi soflis meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba,<br />
sadac SegiZliaT SeiZinoT CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli,<br />
xorceuli da sasmelebi. aseT bazrobebTan saxeldaxelod dadgmul magidebsa da<br />
savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: _ miirTvaT mwvadi,<br />
xinkali, xaWapuri da sxva erovnuli kerZebi, romelTac Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben.<br />
amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis ewyoba scenebi, sadac warmodgenebs marTaven<br />
Teatris, cirkisa da estradis msaxiobebi. saRamos imarTeba saxalxo seirnoba.<br />
centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia xalxiT. dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba.<br />
saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis suni da misi kvamli trialebs.<br />
rogorc xedavT, avtorma qarTuli tradiciebis Tema daakonkreta da erT<br />
konkretul tradiciaze, Tbilisobis dResaswaulze dawera. am abzacSi Temis<br />
Sesabamisi winadadebebi logikurad qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli.<br />
Sesabamisad, abzaci Tanmimdevrulia. amasTan, abzaci mTlianobiTac xasiaTdeba.<br />
yvela winadadeba Seexeba imas, Tu ra xdeba Tbilisobis dros, magram ramdenad<br />
naTlad aris warmoCenili Tavad avtoris damokidebuleba am yvelafris mimarT?<br />
cxadia, es abzaci amaze arafers gveubneba. Tu mas ise SevcvliT, rom masSi gveqneba<br />
mkafio, Zlieri wamyvani azri, avtoris damokidebulebac cxadi gaxdeba CvenTvis.<br />
Tbilisobis mSvenieri da mxiaruli dResaswauli weliwadSi mxolod erTxel,<br />
oqtombris bolo SabaT-kviras imarTeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am dros iketeba<br />
qalaqis centraluri quCa _ rusTavelis gamziri da riye da amiT ferxdeba<br />
transportis moZraoba, dResaswauli mainc sasixaruloa da xalxi siamovnebiT<br />
erTveba xolme dagegmil RonisZiebebSi. qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilSi soflis<br />
meurneobis produqtebis gamofena-gayidva imarTeba, sadac SedarebiT iafad<br />
SegiZliaT SeiZinoT naturaluri, gemrieli CurCxelebi, Ciri, sxvadasxvagvari<br />
xili, baRCeuli, bostneuli, axalTaxali xorceuli da ugemrielesi Rvino. aseT<br />
bazrobebTan axlos saxeldaxelod gamarTul kafeebs, swrafi kvebis obieqtebsa<br />
da savele samzareuloebs naxavT. aq SegiZliaT kargad danayrdeT: gamocdili<br />
mzareulebi Tqven Tvalwin daamzadeben da SemogTavazeben ugemrieles mwvads,<br />
xinkals, xaWapursa da sxva erovnul kerZebs. amis garda, specialurad am dRisTvis<br />
ewyoba scenebi, sadac mTeli dRis ganmavlobaSi imarTeba saintereso da<br />
Tvalwarmtaci sanaxaobebi bavSvebisTvisa da mozrdilebisTvis. scenebze<br />
SegiZliaT ixiloT estradis popularuli varskvlavebi, Teatris msaxiobebi,<br />
bavSvebis sayvareli zRapruli personaJebi da mxiaruli jambazebi. saRamos<br />
saxalxo seirnoba imarTeba. centraluri quCebi gadaWedilia gaRimebuli<br />
adamianebiT, romlebic Sin kmayofilni da sanovagiT xeldamSvenebulni brundebian.<br />
34
dResaswauli gvian Ramemde grZeldeba. saRamos mTel qalaqSi mwvadis kvamli<br />
da misi Tavbrudamxvevi da madisaRmZvreli suni trialebs.<br />
abzacisTvis mniSvnelovani wamyvani azris („mSvenieri da mxiaruli~) Semcveli<br />
mTavari winadadebis damatebiT avtori mkafiod gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas<br />
Tbilisobis dResaswaulisadmi. amasTan, man zogierTi winadadeba Secvala da<br />
detalebi daamata, raTa dasabuTebas kargad gamoexata Tbilisobis mSveniereba.<br />
savarjiSo #3.13: Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT mocemuli abzaci da xazi gausviT<br />
meore variantSi Setanil cvlilebebs. ra gavlena iqonia am cvlilebebma abzacze?<br />
savarjiSo #3.14: damokidebulebis gamosaxatad damasabuTebeli winadadebebis<br />
gamoyenebaSi gasavarjiSeblad qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi orgvarad gadawereT.<br />
pirvel variantSi dauSviT, rom wamyvani azria `sasiamovno~, meoreSi _ `saSineli~.<br />
nimuSSi mocemulia is frazebi, romlebic SeiZleba gamogadgeT winadadebebis werisas.<br />
nimuSi:<br />
Tematuri winadadeba: giorgisTvis yoveli dila xalisiania.<br />
sasargeblo frazebi:<br />
sawolidan wamoxtoma swrafad adgoma<br />
aromatiT tkboba mxiaruli<br />
ylupylupad daleva dakvirvebiT icvams<br />
mSvidi yuradRebiT irCevs<br />
xalisiani mziani<br />
Tematuri winadadeba: daviTi Tvlis, rom misi yoveli dila autanelia.<br />
sasargeblo frazebi:<br />
Tavs Zlivs wevs mowyenilad<br />
Zlivs dgeba buzRuniT<br />
erTianad moyudeba daTrgunulad<br />
tansacmlis dayra Semawuxebeli sinaTle<br />
gaRizianeba<br />
1. sawolidan dgeba.<br />
giorgi<br />
daviTi<br />
2. tansacmels icvams.<br />
giorgi<br />
daviTi<br />
3. fardebs wevs.<br />
giorgi<br />
daviTi<br />
35
4. Cais svams.<br />
giorgi<br />
daviTi<br />
5. mezobels `dila mSvidobisas~ usurvebs.<br />
giorgi<br />
daviTi<br />
savarjiSo #3.15: wina savarjiSos in<strong>for</strong>maciis gamoyenebiT dawereT abzaci giorgis<br />
an daviTis Sesaxeb. Tqveni Tematuri winadadebis wamyvani azris dasabuTebisTvis<br />
mocemuli winadadebebi damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>maciiT unda SeavsoT.<br />
savarjiSo #3.16: werisTvis mosamzadebeli meTodebis gamoyenebiT daagroveT<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia Tqveni Cveulebrivi dilis Sesaxeb, airCieT wamyvani azri da dawereT<br />
abzaci.<br />
savarjiSo #3.17: gaixseneT, yovelwliurad rogor aRiniSneba saqarTvelos<br />
damouideblobis dRe. CamowereT, ras akeTeben adamianebi dResasawaulis dawyebamde<br />
da dResaswaulis ganmavlobaSi. miRebuli CamonaTvalis mixedviT SearCieT wamyvani<br />
azri da dawereT abzaci imis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, rogor iqcevian xolme adamianebi<br />
am dRes. SeamowmeT, rom yvela winadadeba wamyvani azris dasabuTeba iyos.<br />
warsuli gamocdileba<br />
Cven ganvixileT TxrobiTi abzaci, romelic awmyoSi mimdinare movlenebis<br />
Tanmimdevrobas aRwerda. Tu movlena awmyoSi ar xdeba, maSin is ukve moxda warsulSi.<br />
Cveulebriv, warsulSi momxdaris Sesaxeb mogviTxroben, magaliTad, SeiZleba cxovrebis<br />
mniSvnelovani momentis Sesaxeb gviambon. am dros, pirvel rigSi, erT winadadebaSi<br />
unda Sejamdes am gamocdilebis mniSvneloba. Semdeg logikurad unda dalagdes<br />
winadadebebi da mxolod TemasTan dakavSirebuli winadadebebi daiweros.<br />
momdevno dilas gavogndi: _ iq, sadac adre Cemi neka TiTi iyo, maxinji msuqani<br />
sosisi moCanda, burTiviT gasiebuli da siTxiT savse, TiTis meore saxsridan<br />
wveramde. `ra sisulele iyo... amis gakeTeba~, _ buzRuniT Tqva Tanamgzavrma<br />
mTamsvlelma. rogor SemeZlo aseTi suleli, daudevari da araseriozuli<br />
vyofiliyavi? es iyo meore xarisxis moyinva... me wavbodialdi Cems karavSi, pirquS<br />
martoobaSi msurda yofna. vcdilobdi, menugeSebina sakuTari Tavi. `yvelaferi<br />
kargad iqneba,~ _ Tqva eqimma, magram rogor SemeZlo, ar mefiqra, rom TiTi axla<br />
romc momrCenoda,SemdegSi mainc ufro mgrZnobiare iqneboda. es ambavi 7800 futis<br />
simaRleze moxda. ra moxdeboda 11300 futze, sadac ufro yinavda? sadac Jangbadi<br />
da, Sesabamisad, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari, naklebi iyo? Rirda ki mwvervalis<br />
dapyroba ase Zvirad _ sakuTari TiTis dakargvis fasad? me davfiqrdi cota xans<br />
da sakmaod mSvidad da Cemda gasaocrad davaskveni is, rasac verasodes warmovidgendi,<br />
Tundac erTi Tvis win: _ TiTi arc ise didi sazRauri iyo: rogorme iolad<br />
gavidodi nekis gareSec (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
savarjiSo #3.18: airCieT erT-erTi Tema:<br />
1. gaixseneT nebismieri gamocdileba Tqveni warsulidan, iqneba es SiSis<br />
momgvreli, arafriT gamorCeuli Tu sasiamovnod mosagonari. werisTvis<br />
mosamzadebeli erT-erTi meTodis gamoyenebiT SeagroveT masala<br />
mocemuli Temis Sesaxeb. Semdeg gaakeTeT am gamocdilebiT movlenebis<br />
36
Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi. gansazRvreT Txrobis Tema da abzacis<br />
wamyvani azri. dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.<br />
2. gaixseneT SemTxveva, rodesac Tqveni survilis winaaRmdeg imoqmedeT.<br />
SeagroveT masala da gaakeTeT movlenaTa Tanmimdevrobis monaxazi,<br />
gansazRvreT wamyvani azri, dawereT Tematuri winadadeba da abzaci.<br />
savarjiSo #3.19: airCieT Tema da dawereT TxrobiTi abzaci.<br />
1. fsiqologia _ cnobilia, rom organizmebi Ramis Zilis cikliT<br />
xasiaTdebian. isini erTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme gaivlian<br />
Zilis srul cikls, romelic ramdenime fazas moicavs.<br />
dawereT abzaci, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad iqneba aRwerili organizmis<br />
Ramis Zilis mimdinareoba fazebis mixedviT.<br />
2. fsiqologia _ Jan piaJes miaCnda, rom bavSvis kognituri<br />
ganviTareba SeiZleba oTx Tanmimdevrul, calkeul stadiad daiyos.<br />
yvela bavSvi am stadiebs erTnairi TanmimdevrobiT gadis.<br />
dawereT abzaci, romelSic mokled aRwerT, Tu rogor viTardeba bavSvis<br />
kognituri unarebi piaJes mixedviT.<br />
TxrobiTi abzacis Sesafasebeli kiTxvari<br />
1. TxrobiTi abzaci ambavs an SemTxvevas unda gadmogvcemdes. uambobs<br />
Tu ara Tqveni abzaci mkiTxvels raime ambavs?<br />
2. TxrobiT abzacSi movlenebi qronologiurad aris dalagebuli. aris<br />
Tu ara Tqvens abzacSi daculi winadadebebis qronologiuri<br />
Tanmimdevroba?<br />
3. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili an nagulisxmevi Tematuri<br />
winadadeba?<br />
4. aqvs Tu ara Tqvens abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri?<br />
5. aris Tu ara Tqveni abzaci erTiani anu yvela winadadeba aris Tu ara<br />
wamyvani azris dasabuTeba?<br />
aRweriTi abzaci<br />
TxrobiT abzacebSi aRwerilia movlenebis Tanmimdevroba an raime ambavi. sxva<br />
sityvebiT, maTSi aRwerilia gamocdileba. TxrobiT abzacSi ideebi da winadadebebi<br />
qronologiurad, droSi ganviTarebis mixedviT dalagdeba, magram, rodesac saWiro<br />
xdeba raimes aRwera (ix. suraTi #3.3), vTqvaT, rogor gamoiyureba esa Tu is adgili,<br />
sagani Tu adamiani, cxadia, rom aralogikuri iqneba qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis<br />
gamoyeneba. rodesac aRvwerT, Tu rogor gamoiyureba raRac anu aRvwerT garegnobas,<br />
mniSvnelovania sivrce da ara dro. Sesabamisad, aRweriT abzacSi winadadebebi da<br />
detalebi dalagdeba imis mixedviT, Tu sad mdebareobs aRsaweri obieqti. teqstis<br />
organizaciis am tips sivrciTi organizacia ewodeba. aRweriT abzacSi aRsaweri<br />
obieqtebis mdebareoba cxadad da gasagebad unda aRiweros.<br />
aRwera<br />
sagani<br />
adgili<br />
suraTi #3.3: aRweris nairsaxeobebi<br />
37
adgilis aRwera<br />
pirvel rigSi, ras aRwerT oTaxis aRwerisas? kedlebs, iataks Tu raime sxva<br />
detals? qronologiurad dalagebuli abzacisgan gansxvavebiT, aRweriT abzacSi<br />
ar arsebobs winadadebebis dalagebis unikaluri da aucilebeli wesi. araa<br />
aucilebeli, rom erTi adgiliT daiwyoT da meoreze gadaxvideT. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
winadadebebi SemTxveviTad ar unda daiweros. aRwera ise unda iyos organizebuli,<br />
rom mkiTxvelma naTlad SeZlos aRwerili scenis warmodgena.<br />
aRweriT abzacSi detalebis dalageba aRsawer saganzea damokidebuli, detalebis<br />
SerCeva da aRwera ki _ aRmweris mizanze.<br />
Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Taobaze mogiTxrobT. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis<br />
patara sofelSi erTi adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _ orsarTuliani saxli<br />
qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo marani, walmiT daxuruli<br />
da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT erTi ficruli, romelic<br />
saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas<br />
aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli sasiminde, baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.<br />
RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves, moCanda Caluri. ezo am cixe-darbazisa,<br />
sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Robe<br />
(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~)<br />
albaT, kargad warmoidgineT, ezoSi sad idga saxli da misi minaSenebi. abzacSi<br />
naTlad aris aRwerili, sad ra mdebareobs. abzaci mTliani da Tanmidevrulia,<br />
magram ras ityviT misi wamyvani azris Sesaxeb? ra STabeWdileba moaxdina Tqvenze<br />
Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis aRweram? rogor fiqrobT, ra damokidebuleba aqvs<br />
avtors misdami? albaT, verafers ityviT amis Sesaxeb. imisaTvis, rom abzaci ufro<br />
saintereso gaxdes, mas wamyvani azri unda daematos, romelic aRsaweri obieqtisadmi<br />
avtoris damokidebulebasa da emociebs gamoxatavs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZlebT,<br />
gaigoT, Tu ras grZnobs da fiqrobs avtori Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-karis Sesaxeb.<br />
ilia WavWavaZis mier dawerili originaluri abzaci swored aseTia _ masSi naTlad<br />
Cans avtoriseuli damokidebuleba:<br />
kargi ram iyo Tavad TaTqariZis saxl-kari. warmoidgineT Sua kaxeTis patara<br />
sofelSi erTi triali, dacemuli adgili da im adgilis Suagulsa _<br />
orsarTuliani saxli qviTkirisa. ai, is sarTulebi ra ferisa iyo: qveS iyo<br />
marani, walmiT daxuruli, da im marnis ukana kedelzed amoyvanili gaxldaT<br />
erTi patara mciredi ficruli, romelic saqveSagebosa hTamaSobda. karga manZilze<br />
kidev ficrulis saTornec idga. imas aqedam xula, romelsac zed hqonda modgmuli<br />
calTvala sasiminde, erTi ubadruki ram da mgloviare. baRCac iyo, RobiT gavlili.<br />
RobesTan, erTi furclis xis siaxloves moCanda Zveli Caluri, droTa brunvisgan<br />
ise gverdzed wamoRerebuli da wamowolili, TiTqos griloSi wamowolas apirebso,<br />
magram beberiviT nekresis qaris tkivilebs uecrad ise wamoxrili da daRrejili<br />
SeukavebiaTo. ezo am cixe-darbazisa, sigrZezed Tu siganezed karga farTod iyo<br />
gaziduli. imas ertya garSemo Zveli tyruSuli Robe, romelic zogierTgan<br />
gadaqceuli iyo da exlandels patrons arc ki mosvlia fiqrad, rom gaekeTebina.<br />
etyoba, rom qarTvelia!... (i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~)<br />
cxadia, rom meore varianti sakmaod gansxvavdeba pirvelisgan, Tumca, orive<br />
abzacSi erTi da igive saxl-karia aRwerili. Zlieri wamyvani azris Semcveli<br />
Tematuri winadadebis damateba ara marto imas gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iyos<br />
abzacSi, aramed Tavad aRsaweri obieqtis detalebis aRweris mimarTulebasac<br />
gvkarnaxobs. Zlieri wamyvani azri abzacs Tavs uyris. Tavidan waikiTxeT zemoT<br />
mocemuli ori abzaci da xazi gausviT gansxvavebebs. es cvlilebebi ganamtkicebs<br />
wamyvan azrs da naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis imaze, Tu ra damokidebuleba aqvs<br />
avtors aRwerili saxl-karisadmi.<br />
aRweriT abzacSi detalebi ara marto logikurad unda dalagdes, aramed _<br />
STambeWdavi, naTlad gamokveTilic unda iyos. amisaTvis es detalebi unda daixvewos<br />
38
anu dakonkretdes maTi mniSvneloba.<br />
arsebiTi saxelebis modificirebis sami gza arsebobs: (1) zedsarTavi saxelebis<br />
damateba, (2) zedsarTavi saxelisa da TandebulTa jgufebis damateba da (3)<br />
winadadebebis damateba. TiToeuli modifikatoris damatebis SemTxvevaSi ufro<br />
da ufro dakonkretdeba saganTa is klasi, romelsac mocemuli arsebiTi saxeli<br />
miekuTvneba. magaliTad, ganvixiloT sityva wigni. es sityva farTo klass aRniSnavs.<br />
wigni SeiZleba iyos didi, patara, mwvane, Zveli an axali. is SeiZleba iyos<br />
saxelmZRvanelo an deteqtivi. amitom sityva wigni ar uqmnis mkiTxvels zust<br />
warmodgenas, konkretulad rogor wignzea saubari. Tu wigns davumatebT zedsarTavs<br />
wiTeli, maSin wignebis klasi Semcirdeba da mxolod wiTeli wignebiT Semoifargleba.<br />
Tu Txelydiansac davamatebT, wiTeli wignebis klasi kidev ufro dakonkretdeba<br />
da gveqneba wiTeli Txelydiani wignebis klasi, romelic kidev ufro SeiZleba<br />
dakonkretdes gansazRvrebiTi winadadebis damatebiT da, magaliTad, miviRoT wiTeli<br />
Txelydiani wigni, romlidanac Sua furclebi amoxeulia.<br />
yovelTvis ecadeT, rom detalebi maqsimalurad konkretuli gaxadoT, vinaidan<br />
bundovani aRwerebi obieqtis realurad danaxvis saSualebas ar aZlevs mkiTxvels.<br />
dakonkretebuli detalebi nawers ufro gasagebsa da sainteresos xdian.<br />
aRwerisas detalebis dalageba aRsawer sagansa da mizanzea damokidebuli.<br />
sityvebiT suraTis xatvisas SegiZliaT aRweroT marcxinidan marjvniv, marjvnidan<br />
marcxniv, zemodan qvemoT an qvemodan zemoT.<br />
zogjer aRwera SeiZleba obieqtis irgvliv iyos koncentrirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
gamokveTilia mocemuli scena, an is, rac uCveuloa am scenaSi. am SemTxvevaSi<br />
SeiZleba sasurveli iyos am obieqtze orientireba da, pirvel rigSi, misi aRwera.<br />
es iqneba pirvelad SemCneulis principiT aRwera. magaliTad, oTaxis aRwerisas<br />
avtorma, pirvel rigSi, SeiZleba aRweros is, rasac mayurebeli, pirvel rigSi, dainaxavda,<br />
vTqvaT, kedlebi, fardebi da oTaxis SuaSi dadgmuli didi sawoli.<br />
msazRvrelis SeTanxmeba sazRvrulTan<br />
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas gamoarCeven Semdeg variants:<br />
1) TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:<br />
sax. Wkvian-i kac-i,<br />
moTx. Wkvian-ma kac-ma.<br />
mic. Wkvian kac-s,<br />
naT. Wkviani kac-is.<br />
moq. Wkviani kac-iT,<br />
viT. Wkvian kac-ad,<br />
wod. Wkvian-o kac-o.<br />
* a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />
sax. kac-i Wkvian-i,<br />
moTx. kac-ma Wkvian-ma,<br />
mic. kac-s Wkvian-s,<br />
naT. kac-is Wkvian-is,<br />
moq. kac-iT Wkvian-iT,<br />
viT. kac-ad Wkvian-ad,<br />
wod. kac-o Wkviano.<br />
Sebrunebul wyobas ZiriTadad mxatvrul literaturaSi vxvdebiT da srulad<br />
ibrunvis.<br />
2) xmovanfuZiani msazRvreli:<br />
sax. mokle gza,<br />
moTx. mokle gza-m,<br />
39
mic. mokle gza-s,<br />
naT. mokle gz-is,<br />
moq. mokle gz-iT,<br />
viT. mokle gza-d,<br />
wod. mokle gza-v.<br />
msazRvreli ucvleli rCeba.<br />
a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />
sax. gza mokle,<br />
moTx. gza-m mokle-m,<br />
mic. gza-s mokle-s,<br />
naT. gz-is mokl-is,<br />
moq. gz-iT mokl-iT,<br />
viT. gza-d mokl-ed,<br />
wod. gza-v mokle-v.<br />
3) naTesaobiTbrunviani msazRvreli:<br />
sax. kuWis wylul-i,<br />
moTx. kuWis wylul-ma,<br />
mic. kuWis wylul-s,<br />
naT. kuWis wylul-is,<br />
moq. kuWis wylul-iT,<br />
viT. kuWis wylul-ad,<br />
wod. kuWis wylul-o.<br />
a) Sebrunebuli wyoba:<br />
sax. wylul-i kuWisa,<br />
moTx. wylul-ma kuWisa-m,<br />
mic. wylul-s kuWisa-s,<br />
naT. wylul-is kuWisa,<br />
moq. wylul-iT kuWisa,<br />
viT. wylul-ad kuWisa,<br />
wod. wylul-o kuWisav.<br />
naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi TiTqmis ar ixmareba.<br />
* SeniSvna: Tu msazRvreli warmomavlobiT moqmedebiTi an viTarebiTi<br />
brunvis <strong>for</strong>maa, micemiT brunvaSi niSans dairTavs _ yofiTs<br />
problemebs, pirads saqmes.<br />
(momzadebulia: a. arabuli, `qarTuli metyvelebis kultura~, Tb. 2004w. gv.122-124.)<br />
ramdenime msazRvrelis rigi<br />
1. Tu ramdenime msazRvrelidan erTi aris ricxviTi saxeli, meore zedsarTavi an<br />
marTuli msazRvreli (arsebiTi saxeli naT. brunvaSi) da kuTvnilebas ar<br />
gamoxatavs, ricxviTi saxeli pirvel adgilze daismis: aTi lamazi qali, Svidi<br />
mokle gza, (da ara: lamazi aTi qali, mokle Svidi gza).<br />
2. Tu zedsarTavi saxeli an marTuli msazRvreli kuTvnilebas gamoxataven (amxanagis<br />
wigni, froidis naSromi),maSin ricxviTi saxeli meore adgilze daismis: amxanagis<br />
xuTi wigni, froidis aTi naSromi (da ara: xuTi amxanagis wigni, aTi froidis<br />
naSromi).<br />
3. Tu araerTgvar msazRvrelTagan erT-erTi nacvalsaxelia, is yovelTvis pirvel<br />
adgils daiWers: misi samecniero naSromi, Seni oqros beWedi (da ara: samecniero<br />
misi naSromi, oqros Seni beWedi).<br />
40
4. Tu orive msazRvreli zedsarTavia (an mimReoba), erTi viTarebiTi (pirveladi),<br />
meore mimarTebiTi (nawarmoebi), porvel adgilze viTarebiTi zedsarTavi (an<br />
mimReoba) dgeba, meoreze mimarTebiTi: grZeli galeqsili ena, kargi samecniero<br />
naSromi (da ara: galeqsili grZeli ena, samecniero kargi naSromi).<br />
5. Tu orive msazRvreli mimarTebiTi zedsarTavi saxelia, meore adgilze upiratesad<br />
_ur sufiqsiT nawarmoebi zedsarTavi daismis: dangreuli mSobliuri saxli,<br />
ganTqmuli kaxuri Rvino (da ara: mSobliuri dangreuli saxli, kaxuri ganTqmuli<br />
Rvino).<br />
6. roca msazRvrelTagan erTi SeTanxmebulia, meore marTuli da gamoxatavs<br />
sazRvrulis warmomavlobas an daniSnulebas, maSin jer SeTanxmebuli msazRvreli<br />
unda daiweros, Semdeg marTuli: ucxo qveynis Svili, nacionaluri partiis<br />
lideri (da ara: qveynis ucxo Svili, partiis nacionaluri lideri), magram Tu<br />
marTuli msazRvruli sazRvrulTan erTad kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs, maSin<br />
SeTanxmebuli msazRvrulis win unda daisvas: qarTvelebis gulisamaCuyebeli<br />
maspinZloba, agitatoris dausrulebeli leqcia (da ara: gulisamaCuyebeli<br />
qarTvelebis maspinZloba, dausrulebeli agitatoris leqcia).<br />
(momzadebulia: d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, `marTlweris wesebi da<br />
savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004, gv. 54-55.)<br />
savarjiSo #3.20: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />
1. sisxliani imeruli fafanaki didxans iyo gamokidebuli moedanze.<br />
2. ori kaci mividnen eremias saxlis WiSkarTan.<br />
3. aRfrTovanebulma Tavadis colma brZaneba gasca.<br />
4. erTma axalgazrda mosxepilma kacma Tofi aiRo xelSi.<br />
5. maimuni cxovrobs cxels qveyanaSi.<br />
6. gza midis xrioks qveyanaSi.<br />
7. axalma Cemma nacnobma gaixara.<br />
8. soflis orRobeebSi daiwyes WriWini mZimed dadebulma Tivis urmebma.<br />
9. gzaSi moxucebul erT cxenosans wavawydi.<br />
10. gaCaRebuls buxars guguni gahqonda.<br />
11. aleqsandre iTxovda Semosasvlelis gzebis Sekvras.<br />
12. ymawvili kaci axalgazrda Sin dabrunda.<br />
13. am miwaze feradi sxvadasxva yvavili daiTeseba.<br />
14. es vaSlebi melam lamazi maxlobeli baRidan mozida.<br />
15. dRes oci „sonis~ feradi televizori gaaTamaSes.<br />
16. xeebi Semosilia foTliT mwvaneTi.<br />
pirovnebis aRwera<br />
xSirad gviwevs cocxali arsebis aRwera, iqneba es adamiani, cxoveli Tu mweri.<br />
rogor aRwerT adamians? davalebidan da subieqtidan gamomdinare, Tqven SeiZleba<br />
aRweroT adamianis garegnoba, qceva an orive erTad. aq mxolod garegnobas SevexebiT.<br />
am dros abzacis organizebis princi pi, ZiriTadad, sivrciTia.<br />
adamianis garegnoba mravalnairad SeiZleba aRiweros. Tqven SeiZleba isaubroT<br />
pirovnebis Cacmis stilze, siarulis maneraze, Tmis fersa da varcxnilobaze, saxis<br />
nakvTebze, sxeulis <strong>for</strong>mebsa da gamometyvelebaze. aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT<br />
41
pirovnebis saubris manera. is, Tu ris aRweraze SeCerdebiT, damokidebulia Temasa<br />
da Tqvens mizanze. magaliTad, rogor aRuwerT Tqvens Seyvarebuls megobars? raze<br />
isaubrebT: mis Tmaze, Tvalebze Tu xmaze? gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven sityvebiT unda<br />
daxatoT misi portreti, amitom aRwera naTeli da Tanmimdevruli unda iyos;<br />
logikurad ise unda daalagoT, rom Tqvenma megobarma cxadad SeZlos Tqveni<br />
rCeulis warmodgena. amasTan, ukeTesi iqneba, Tu Tqvens nawerSi aRsaweri<br />
pirovnebisadmi damokidebulebac iqneba gadmocemuli (anu unda gqondeT<br />
mniSvnelovani wamyvani azri).<br />
lamaziseuli Casuqebuli qali iyo. tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba. kalTebi<br />
aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda. boloebi sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda.<br />
daxeulebidam moCanda sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom<br />
da iubkaa. Tavzed ekra CirTmedini, qalbatonis gamonacvali. Signidan mouCanda<br />
Savi Tma. ai, amgvari iyo is arseba, romelsac darejani `lamaziseuls~ eZaxda<br />
(adaptirebulia _ i.WavWavaZe, `kacia-adamiani?!~).<br />
es abzaci Tanmimdevrulia? SeZeliT Tu ara lamaziseulis danaxva? cxadia,<br />
abzaci Tanmimdevrulia da lamaziseulic dainaxeT, magram ramdenad mimzidvelad<br />
gamoiyureboda igi? SegiZliaT, zustad warmoidginoT, Tu rogori iyo es personaJi<br />
realurad? albaT, ara. garda amisa, avtoriseul damokidebulebazec verafers<br />
vityviT. arc garegnobaa zedmiwevniT aRwerili. am abzacidan ver SeityobT<br />
lamaziseuli sufTad Cacmul-davarcxnili dadioda Tu Tavidan fexebamde WuWySi<br />
iyo amosvrili; verc imas igebT, ra ferisa da <strong>for</strong>mis samosi ecva. uamravi detalia,<br />
romelic originalur abzacSi CarTo avtorma da lamaziseulis portreti Zalze<br />
metyveli gaxada:<br />
sasacilo ram iyo es lamaziseuli: erTi raRac uSnod Casuqebuli, jmuxi,<br />
WuWyiani, tanzed ecva xamis CiTis kaba, WuWyisgan ver gairCeoda _ ra ferisa iyo;<br />
kalTebi aqa-iq gamomwvari hqonda zamTarSi cecxlTan axlos gdebisgan, boloebi<br />
sul mompali da Semofxrewili hqonda. daxeulebidam moCanda erTi raRac dampalis<br />
sabnis nagleji, kabis qveSa garSemo Camokidebuli, miTom da iubkaa. ai, mexi ki<br />
dageca! amasac ki sdomebia iubka! Tavzed ekra Siga-da-Sig amofleTili CirTmedini,<br />
qalbatonis gamonacvali. am amofleTilebSi muTaqis matylsaviT dasorsvlili<br />
Savi _ ukacravod ar viyo _ wiliani da dauvarcxneli Tma muWa-muWa amoSveroda.<br />
quslebdaxeTqili, muguzaliviT Savi fexebi, wengosgan SeRebili xelebi, cxvirpiri<br />
qvabebis muriT muTxupnuli _ ai, amgvari iyo is cxoveli, romelsac darejani<br />
`lamaziseuls~ eZaxda (i.WavWavaZe, kacia-adamiani?!~).<br />
axla ki namdvilad SeZlebT realuri lamaziseulis danaxvasac da misdami<br />
avtoris damokidebulebis gagebasac. abzacs kargad gamokveTili wamyvani azri<br />
aqvs (sasacilo).<br />
axsniTi abzaci<br />
abzacis organizacia da Sinaarsi mis Temasa da wamyvan azrzea damokidebuli.<br />
Tematuri winadadeba unda dasabuTdes qronologiurad dalagebuli detalebiT<br />
TxrobiT abzacSi da sivrciTad organizebuliT _ aRweriT abzacSi; Tumca, yvela<br />
Temas ver gavSliT TxrobiT an aRweriT abzacSi. davuSvaT, dagavales Tematuri<br />
winadadebis: _ „universitetSi siaruli SeiZleba Zviri iyos~ ganviTareba. cxadia,<br />
aq wamyvani azria Zviri. ra tipis dasabuTebas gamoiyenebdiT am Tematuri<br />
winadadebebisaTvis? naTelia, rom mTavari winadadeba ar moiTxovs Cvengan, rom<br />
raime ambavi movyveT, adgili an pirovneba aRvweroT. is gveubneba, rom Cven wamyvani<br />
azri in<strong>for</strong>maciiT, axsniT, faqtebiT an ilustraciebiT unda davasabuToT.<br />
abzacs, romelic xsnis an aanalizebs Temas, axsniTi abzaci ewodeba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom Temis axsna mravalnairad SeiZleba, axsniTi abzacis gaSlis yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebuli da xSirad gamoyenebadi xerxi specifikuri detalebisa da<br />
42
magaliTebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. magaliTad, qvemoT mocemul abzacSi axsnilia,<br />
Tu ratom aris iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.<br />
iluziebi Cveni cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganvixiloT Cveni planeta<br />
dedamiwis yoveldRiuri gamocdileba. Tqven xedavT mzis `amosvlas~ da `Casvlas~,<br />
Tumca, iciT, rom mze dasabamidan mzis sistemis centrSia moTavsebuli . . . aseve,<br />
roca savse mTvarea caze, geCvenebaT, rom sadac ar unda waxvideT, is Tan mogyvebaT,<br />
Tumca, iciT, rom es ase ar aris. esec iluziaa, romelsac Tqvens Tvalebsa da<br />
mTvares Soris arsebuli udidesi manZili iwvevs. saqme isaa, rom mTvaridan<br />
areklili sinaTlis sxivebi Tqveni moZraobis mimarTulebis mimarT, ZiriTadad,<br />
paraleluri da perpendikularuli rCeba da mniSvneloba ar aqvs am dros, Tu<br />
saiT midixarT (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra tipis abzacs werT, Tqven mTavar winadadebaSi<br />
mocemuli wamyvani azris dasasabuTeblad specifikuri detalebi da konkretuli<br />
magaliTebi gWirdebaT. wamyvani azri aris mTavari/Tematuri winadadebis sityva an<br />
fraza, romelic Temis azrs/ideas an misdami damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. am azrs<br />
an damokidebulebas xSirad generalizacias uwodeben. generalizacia aris debuleba,<br />
romelic SemTxvevaTa umravlesobaSi miesadageba sagnebis, azrebisa Tu adamianebis<br />
jgufs. generalizacia SeiZleba SefasebiTi msjeloba an mosazreba (magaliTad,<br />
`ana sasiamovno adamiania~) anda faqtis konstatireba (magaliTad, `inglisur enaSi<br />
bevri sityva frangulidan aris Semosuli~) iyos.<br />
savarjiSo #3.21: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli winadadebebi. TiToeul<br />
punqtSi mocemuli oTxi variantidan amowereT is mTavari winadadeba, romelic<br />
saTanado/Sesatyvis generalizacias Seicavs.<br />
1. Tematuri winadadeba: _______________________________________________________<br />
dasabuTeba:<br />
a) sasursaTo maRaziis Taroebze gamofenil mraval produqts<br />
aweria `uqolesterno~.<br />
b) roberte kovalskis `qolesterolisagan gankurnebis 8 kvira~ da<br />
doqtor kenet h. kuperis `qolesterolis kontroli~ am wlis<br />
bestselerebia.<br />
g) herkulesi, romeliczomierad amcirebs qolesterolis dones,<br />
imdenad swrafad iyideba, rom masze moTxovnilebis<br />
dasakmayofileblad sawarmoebi uwyvetad (24 sT) muSaoben.<br />
d) ukanaskneli saprezidento saarCevno kampaniis dros eqimebma<br />
gamoaqveynes samedicino angariSebi wamyvani kandidatebis<br />
sisxlSi qolesterolis Semcvelobis Sesaxeb.<br />
axsniT abzacSi avtori, advokatis msgavsad, raRac mosazrebis damtkicebas<br />
cdilobs. rogorc advokati ver SeZlebs raimes damtkicebas konkretuli faqtebis<br />
dasaxelebis gareSe, ise avtorisTvis SeuZlebelia azris dasabuTeba faqtebis<br />
gareSe. wamyvani azris anu generalizaciis yvelaze kargi dasabuTeba aris faqtobrivi<br />
masala (in<strong>for</strong>macia wyaroebidan, faqtebi, monacemebi da a.S.).<br />
savarjiSo #3.22: yuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli mTavari winadadeba da<br />
misi detalebi. Tematuri/mTavari winadadebisTvis aRniSneT is detali, romelic<br />
ver axdens generalizacias (wamyvani azris) saTanado dasabuTebas.<br />
sigaretis moweva mavnebelia janmrTelobisTvis.<br />
a) kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom sigaretis moweva zrdis kibos risks.<br />
b) mwevlebi ufro xSirad avaddebian iseTi respiratoruli daavadebebiT,<br />
rogoricaa bronqiti an enfizema.<br />
43
g) kvlevebi, aseve, aCveneben, rom sigaretis mwevlebs ufro xSirad emarTebaT<br />
gulis Setevebi.<br />
d) metic, sigaretis moweva kbilebs ayviTlebs.<br />
Tu faqtobrivi detalebiT ver xerxdeba dasabuTeba axsniT abzacSi, SeiZleba<br />
sxva saxis dasabuTebis gamoyeneba da es, yvelaze xSirad, aris magaliTi. ganmartebis<br />
Tanaxmad, magaliTi aris erTeuli, romelSic warmodgenilia sagnebis, adamianebisa<br />
Tu ideebis jgufi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, magaliTi aris zogadi kategoriis<br />
konkretuli warmomadgeneli. erTi sityviT, magaliTi generalizacias anu wamyvan<br />
azrs ufro gasagebs xdis da amitom dasabuTebis efeqturi saSualebaa.<br />
savarjiSo #3.23: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli abzacebi da gansazRvreT abzacis<br />
tipebi.<br />
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wyalSi Camayofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis<br />
Wavli Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva `wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg<br />
ufro swrafad. me wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT SevigrZnobdi misis<br />
salivanis TiTebis moZraobas. uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli gancda,<br />
TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda<br />
aexada. maSin mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili raRac, xelebze rom<br />
mexeboda. am cocxalma sityvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle, imedi,<br />
sixaruli da Tavisufleba; miuxedavad imisa, rom siZneleebi amiT ar dasrulebula,<br />
maT SedarebiT iolad vumklavdebodi (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
zafxulobiT, roca santa esperansas mosaxleoba erTiaTad izrdeba<br />
turistuli sezonis gamo, aq ara mxolod damsveneblebi arian, aramed dRiuri<br />
muSaobis msurvelnic, radgan servisis sferos Tavad mosaxleoba ver audis<br />
turistebis siWarbisa da kunZulis mosaxleobis tradiciebis ramdenadme<br />
Taviseburebis gamo (aka morCilaZe, “mister diqslis mdumare yuTi”).<br />
Cvilebi xedavdnen Semdeg movlenas: ekrani zemoT iweoda ise, rom maT<br />
SeeZloT imis danaxva, rom mis miRma araferi iyo da isev eSveboda. Semdeg daxril<br />
sibrtyeze patara vagoni gordeboda, romelic sademonstracio yuTs gaivlida da<br />
siCqaris Semcirebis gareSe ekranis ukan uCinardeboda, Semdeg ekranis meore mxaridan<br />
gamoCndeboda da sabolood sademonstracio yuTis marjvena mxares gamodioda<br />
(Baillargeon, 1986).<br />
amanda fsiqoTerapevti iyo. is saSualo asakis, warmosadegi, gemovnebiT<br />
Cacmuli, gawonasworebuli qali iyo. misi kilo, romelic Cems gamocdil smenas ar<br />
gamoparvia, maRal sazogadoebaSi aRzrdaze an, sul cota, samxreTul daxvewilobaze<br />
mianiSnebda. amanda Wkviani da kompetenturi qali Canda, romelsac CemTvis daxmarebis<br />
gaweva SeeZlo (gerigi, zimbardo, 2007).<br />
44
Tavi 4. ra aris ese 3<br />
ese abzacTa garkveuli jgufia, romelSic Camoyalibebulia erTi ZiriTadi<br />
idea. abzacisagan gansxvavebiT, eses ufro <strong>for</strong>maluri (zusti) struqtura aqvs.<br />
masSi TiToeul abzacs sxvadasxva funqcia akisria:<br />
1. Sesavali _ Cveulebriv, es erTi (ori an meti) abzacia, romelic gansaxilvel<br />
Temasa da eses ZiriTad ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas gadmogvcems.<br />
2. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci _ ayalibebs centraluri ideis da Temis sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqts. is SeiZleba ganixilavdes mizezebs, Sedegebs, magaliTebs, procesebs,<br />
klasifikacias anda Sedarebebs. is, agreTve, SeiZleba aRwerdes an<br />
mogviTxrobdes rames.<br />
3. daskvna _ moicavs azrebs, romlebic Camoyalibebulia eseSi. esaa daskvniTi,<br />
saboloo sityva.<br />
is, Tu ramdeni abzaci iqneba eseSi, mTlianad damokidebulia Temis sirTuleze.<br />
zogierT eses ori an sami abzaci aqvs, zogs ki _ 20 da 30 abzaci.<br />
sakvanZo debuleba<br />
eses, iseve, rogorc abzacs, erTi mTavari wamyvani azri aqvs. sakvanZo debuleba<br />
_ es aris winadadeba, romelic moicavs eses ZiriTad ideas. abzacis mTavari<br />
winadadebis msgavsad, sakvanZo debuleba moicavs gamonaTqvams, romelSic<br />
gadmocemulia damokidebuleba, mosazreba an idea Temis Sesaxeb, magram, mTavari<br />
winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, sakvanZo debuleba ufro farToa da masSi mTeli<br />
esesaTvis aris gadmocemuli wamyvani azri. faqtobrivad, TiToeul ganmaviTarebel<br />
abzacs wamyvani azri unda hqondes, romelic exmaureba an ukavSirdeba ZiriTad<br />
ideas _ sakvanZo debulebas.<br />
sakvanZo debulebasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia gvaxsovdes Semdegi:<br />
1. sakvanZo debuleba gadmocemuli unda iyos sruli winadadebis saxiT, unda<br />
gamoxatavdes dasrulebul azrs da ar unda iyos dasmuli kiTxvis saxiT; anu<br />
sakvanZo debuleba unda iyos dasrulebuli azri, romelic, rogorc wesi,<br />
gadmocemulia rTuli winadadebiT.<br />
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
sibnelis SiSi. (me meSinia sibnelis an Cemi sibnelis SiSi)<br />
swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
sibnelis SiSi Cems cxovrebas autanels xdis.<br />
2. sakvanZo debulebaSi gadmocemulia azri, damokidebuleba an idea da ara ubralod<br />
Tema, romelic eseSi iqneba Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebuli. sakvanZo debuleba<br />
acnobs azrs, damokidebulebas raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, ara im<br />
saxiT, rom “me vapireb ganvixilo~, radgan sakvanZo debulebaSi xdeba romelime<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni poziciis gancxadeba da ara imaze miniSneba, Tu<br />
rogor iqneba warmodgenili da gaSlili is Tqvens naSromSi.<br />
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
ganvixilavT radiaciis gavlenas.<br />
3<br />
Tavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann<br />
Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills. Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />
45
swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
xSirad radiaciis Sedegebi sruliad prognozirebadia.<br />
3. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes azrs, Sexedulebas da ara faqts, romlis<br />
WeSmaritebaSic Znelad Tu SeiZleba eWvi Seeparos vinmes. ramdenadac sakvanZo<br />
debulebiT gadmocemulia damokidebuleba anda idea Temis Sesaxeb. sakvanZo<br />
debuleba, romelsac SeiZleba vinme ar daeTanxmos, unda aixsnas da dasabuTdes.<br />
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
Zroxa gvaZlevs rZes.<br />
swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
rZe, romelsac Zroxa gvaZlevs, yovelTvis ar Seesabameba adamianis<br />
moTxovnebs.<br />
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
kolejSi Cabarebas bevri nakli da bevri dadebiTi mxare aqvs (ar aris<br />
sakamaTo Tema).<br />
swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
kolejSi Cabareba aSkarad sjobs arCabarebas.<br />
4. sakvanZo debuleba unda gamoxatavdes mxolod erT ideas erT TemasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, naSromi dakargavs erTianobas. Tu masSi<br />
gadmocemulia ori an meti idea, arsebobs riski, rom ese ar iqneba logikurad<br />
gamarTuli da winadadebebi erTmaneTs azrobrivad ver daukavSirdeba (unity,<br />
coherence).<br />
mcdari sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba SeiZleba gasarTobi ram<br />
iyos da me aRmovaCine, rom didi qalaqis gareubani ufro kargi<br />
sacxovrebeli adgilia, vidre _ koleji.<br />
swori sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi Cabareba gasarTobi (mxiaruli)<br />
ramaa.<br />
savarjiSo #4.1: guldasmiT waikiTxeT debulebebi. gansazRvreT, aris Tu ara<br />
debuleba sakvanZo.<br />
1. genetikis upiratesobebi.<br />
2. Cemi survilia, ganvixilo sakuTari Sexeduleba olimpiur<br />
TamaSebze.<br />
3. studentebs wignis maRaziaSi muSaobis neba unda darTon.<br />
4. rodesac pirvelad vestumre SeerTebul Statebs, ar<br />
vsargeblobdi swrafi kvebis obieqtebiT da gaocebuli viyavi<br />
savaWro centrebiT.<br />
5. ratom ar minda, rom mosamarTle gamovide?<br />
6. saqarTvelos respublikur da konservatul partiebs Soris<br />
gansxvaveba.<br />
7. ucxo enis codna yvelasaTvis kargia.<br />
8. vapireb, aRvwero sakuTari saxli.<br />
9. Tbilissa da quTaiss Soris bevri msgavseba da gansxvavebaa.<br />
46
savarjiSo # 4.2: waikiTxeT winadadebebi. gansazRvreT, romeli maTgani ar aris<br />
sakvanZo debuleba. gadawereT TiToeuli maTgani. gadaaqcieT is sakvanZo<br />
debulebad.<br />
nimuSi: me vapireb, agixsnaT, Tu ratom gadavwyvite kolejSi Cabareba.<br />
kolejSi swavlis gagrZeleba rTulad misaRebi gadawyvetileba iyo.<br />
1. qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvis safrTxe.<br />
_______________________________________________________________________<br />
2. qalaqsa da sofelSi cxovreba bevri ramiT hgavs da gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisgan.<br />
_______________________________________________________________________<br />
3. Tbilisi saqarTveloSi yvelaze didi qalaqia.<br />
_______________________________________________________________________<br />
4. zRvispira qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ukeTesia, vidre mTian adgilze.<br />
_______________________________________________________________________<br />
5. saqarTvelos universitetebi ufro met humanitarul kursebs saWiroeben;<br />
maT, agreTve, meti socialuri aqtivoba esaWiroebaT.<br />
_______________________________________________________________________<br />
sakvanZo debuleba<br />
Sesavali<br />
sakvanZo debuleba mTeli eses mTavari debulebaa. ar arsebobs wesi, romlis<br />
mixedviTac sakvanZo debuleba raime gansakuTrebul adgilze unda iyos ganTavsebuli,<br />
Tumca, Cveulebriv, is Sesaval abzacSia xolme mocemuli. debuleba unda aixsnas<br />
da ganimartos ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.<br />
Sesavali abzacis maxasiaTeblebi<br />
1. Sesavali abzaci waradgens Temas. esaa pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli ecnoba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom am abzacma unda miawodos mkiTxvels<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia gansaxilveli Temis Sesaxeb.<br />
2. Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, zogadad rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili.<br />
kargi Sesavali abzaci unda miuTiTebdes, agreTve, ra iqneba ganxiluli<br />
eseSi: _ mizezebi, Sedegebi, magaliTebi; iqneba Tu ara gadmocemuli eseSi<br />
procesis aRwera, axsna Tu klasifikacia.<br />
3. zogadad, Sesavali unda moicavdes sakvanZo debulebas. esaa zogadi wesi.<br />
xandaxan sakvanZo debuleba SeiZleba nawerSi ufro mogvianebiT gamoCndes,<br />
xandaxan _ dasasrulSic. zogierT SemTxvevaSi debuleba pirdapir arc<br />
aris mocemuli da igulisxmeba. sasurvelia, rom sakvanZo debuleba<br />
SesavalSive naTlad iyos gadmocemuli.<br />
4. idealur SemTxvevaSi Sesavali abzaci imdenad saintereso unda iyos, rom<br />
naSromis wasakiTxad iwvevdes mkiTxvels. ramdenadac Sesaval abzacs Temis<br />
gacnobis funqcia aqvs da is gamomwvevi unda iyos, amitom sasurvelia,<br />
sakvanZo debuleba ar iyos moTavsebuli zustad Sesavali abzacis<br />
dasawyisSi. Tqven ara mxolod unda gaacnoT mkiTxvels Tema, sanam<br />
gadmoscemT Tqvens Sexedulebasa da mosazrebas, aramed unda moxibloT<br />
47
kidec igi, rom pirveli winadadebis Semdeg man gaagrZelos kiTxva. pirvelsave<br />
winadadebaSi Tqveni Sexedulebis gadmocema, Cveulebriv, aRaraa saintereso;<br />
faqtobrivad, Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, savaraudod, is aRar<br />
gaagrZelebs kiTxvas. amitom sakvanZo debuleba unda moTavsdes Sesavali<br />
abzacis bolos an daaxloebiT mis dasasrulTan axlos.<br />
savarjiSo #4.3: ganixileT Semdegi abzacebi. xazi gausviT sityvas an sityvebs,<br />
romlebic pirvel winadadebaSi Cndeba da xelmeored aris mocemuli sakvanZo<br />
debulebis saxiT (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).<br />
kompiuteri daxvewili manqanaa, romelic Zalian swrafad inaxavs da ixsenebs<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias. is Zalian martivi da saintereso ramaa gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,<br />
Tumca, zogierTs eSinia kidec misi. mec meSinoda kompiuteris, meSinoda<br />
warumateblobis, radgan araferi vicodi programirebis Sesaxeb, magram Semdeg<br />
mivxvdi, rom kompiuterTan muSaobis procesi Zalze martivia .<br />
rodesac Zalian axalgazrdebi viyaviT, gvjeroda, rom SeuZlebelia mSoblebma<br />
raime arasworad gaakeTon. isini srulyofil arsebebad gveCvenebodnen, romlebmac<br />
yvela Cvens kiTxvaze icodnen pasuxi da romlebsac yvela Cveni problemis gadaWra<br />
SeeZloT; Tumca, roca gavizardeT, davinaxeT, rom mSoblebic uSveben Secdomebs.<br />
Cven televiziis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac televizori drois flangvis<br />
saSualebaa. adamianebi sul ufro da ufro met dros atareben televizorTan da<br />
sxvas arafers akeTeben. zogierTi uaryofs amas da ambobs, rom televizoris<br />
yureba sulac ar aris drois kargva, radgan televizoris saSualebiT adamiani<br />
Zalian bevr rames swavlobs. darwmunebuli var, rom Tu didxans da yuradRebiT<br />
gadavxedavT satelevizio programebs, namdvilad SeiZleba saganmanaTleblo<br />
gadacemebis moZebna, magram, umeteswilad, televizoris yureba drois flangvaa.<br />
dRevandeli bavSvebi Cveni momavalia. erT dRes isini dominantur Zalad iqcevian.<br />
Tu maT Sesaferis xelmZRvanelobas gauweven da Tu mSvenieri bavSvoba eqnebaT,<br />
roca gaizrdebian, isini did daxmarebas gauweven Cvens sazogadoebas. sxva sityvebiT<br />
rom vTqvaT, dRevandeli bavSvebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas moaxdenen Cvens<br />
sazogadoebaze momavalSi, magram mSoblebma unda gaiTvaliswonon is Sesaferisi<br />
garemo, romelic maT Svilebs mTeli bavSvobis manZilze esaWiroebaT.<br />
Sesavali abzacis Sefaseba<br />
1. gvamcnobs, waradgens Tu ara abzaci Temas?<br />
2. mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci, rogor iqneba Tema SemdegSi gaSlili da<br />
Camoyalibebuli?<br />
3. moicavs Tu ara abzaci sakvanZo debulebas?<br />
4. aris Tu ara abzaci gamomwvevi, damaintrigebeli?<br />
savarjiSo #4.4: SeadareT abzacebi zemoT mocemuli SekiTxvebis mixedviT. aris<br />
Tu ara abzacSi mocemuli yvela elementi? (Smalley R. L, Ruetten M. K. & Kozirev J.R. 2000).<br />
48
Cven yvela vicnobT msuqani, mxiaruli adamianis xats. aris Tu ara es ase?<br />
samwuxarod, es araswori stereoti pia. msuqani adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian<br />
aseTi bednierni .<br />
`Cven yvelani qalaqisken mivemarTebiT~, _ am sityvebs uamravi sofleli ambobs<br />
dRes. roca maT gadaadgilebis mizezebis dasaxelebas sTxoven, isini martivad<br />
upasuxeben, rom qalaqSi cxovreba gacilebiT ganviTarebulia, vidre _ sofelSi.<br />
qalaqSi arsebobs transporti, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, saganmanaTleblo da<br />
samedicino momsaxureba. aseve, aq samsaxuris dawyebis ufro meti Sansia. me veTanxmebi<br />
am adamianebs, magram ifiqres Tu ara maT sakuTar janmrTelobaze? ifiqres Tu ara<br />
im safrTxeze, romelic maT Svilebs emuqreba? am safrTxem SeiZleba ar iCinos<br />
Tavi pirveli eqvsi Tvis manZilze, magram is aucileblad gamovlindeba momavalSi,<br />
roca qalaqi sxvadasxva erovnebisa da warmoSobis adamianebiTa da uamravi manqaniT<br />
gaivseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom sofeli moklebulia momsaxurebis zogierT sferos,<br />
romelic zemoT iqna naxsenebi, is CemTvis kvlav rCeba saukeTeso sacxovrebel<br />
garemod .<br />
msurs Cemi mSobliuri qalaqis Sesaxeb giamobT. esaa patara qalaqi daaxloebiT<br />
8000 mcxovrebiT. mTavari saqmianoba aq saxelmwifosTvis muSaobaa, ramdenadac is<br />
samxreTis dedaqalaqia .<br />
gasul wels Cemma biZaSvilma giorgim samsaxurisTvis banks mimarTa. mogexsenebaT,<br />
rodesac aseTi TxovniT mimarTav organizacias, mzad unda iyo imisaTvis, rom bevri<br />
orazrovani kiTxvisTvis mogiwevs pasuxis gacema. zogierTi SekiTxva, romelsac<br />
gisvamT interviueri, SeiZleba ganaTlebasa da wina samsaxurs exebodes, magram<br />
giorgi ar iyo momzadebuli SekiTxvevebisTvis. interviuerma mas kiTxvebi dausva,<br />
giorgim ki umravlesobas ver upasuxa, radgan ar iyo momzadebuli interiviusTvis.<br />
Sesabamisad, ver moewyo samsaxurSi. Tu ar gsurT imave situaciaSi aRmoCndeT, unda<br />
moemzadoT gasaubrebisTvis.<br />
savarjiSo #4.5: mocemulia Temebi. gamoiyeneT ideebis Tavmoyris meTodi da<br />
daajgufeT in<strong>for</strong>macia Temis irgvliv. airCieT Tema, romelic yvelaze metad mogwonT<br />
da dawereT Sesavali abzaci.<br />
Temebi:<br />
1. Cems samSobloSi uamravi RirsSesaniSnavi adgilia, romelTa naxvac<br />
Rirs.<br />
2. Sidsis virusi msoflio problemaa.<br />
3. televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.<br />
4. axali weli saukeTeso dResasawaulia.<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili _ ganmaviTarebeli abzaci<br />
ganmaviTarebeli abzacis funqcia sakvanZo debulebis axsna, ilustrireba, ganxilva<br />
da dasabuTebaa. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis maxasiaTeblebia:<br />
1. TiToeuli ganmaviTarebeli abzaci unda ganixilavdes mTavari Temis mxolod<br />
erT aspeqts, magaliTad, Tu Tqven werT naSroms sigaretis mowevis gavlenis Sesaxeb<br />
adamianis janmrTelobaze, maSin TiToeul ganmaviTarebel abzacs unda hqondes<br />
Tema `sigaretis gavlena~.<br />
49
2. ganmaviTarebeli abzacis wamyvani azri unda exmaurebodes sakvanZo debulebis<br />
ZiriTad ideas. Tu sakvanZo debuleba isaa, rom `moweva damangreveli Cvevaa~, maSin<br />
TiToeuli abzaci am gavlenis damangrevel Sedegebs unda Seexebodes.<br />
3. ganmaviTarebeli abzaci Tanmimdevruli, logikuri unda iyos, sxartad, moqnilad<br />
unda ikiTxebodes da mTlianobiT unda xasiaTdebodes. aseve, abzacebic logikurad<br />
unda iyos erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, iseve, rogorc masSi Semavali calkeuli<br />
winadadebebi. winadadebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis principebi ZalaSia abzacebis<br />
erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSic.<br />
Temis dakonkretebis meTodi sakvanZo debulebis SemTxvevaSic gamoiyeneba. sakvanZo<br />
debuleba ufro zogadia, vidre mTavari winadadeba. garda amisa, TiToeuli<br />
ganmaviTarebeli abzaci ganixilavs sakvanZo debulebaSi mocemuli mTavari Temis<br />
erT aspeqts. debulebis SerCevis Semdeg is logikurad TiToeuli abzacisTvis<br />
Temebad unda daiyos. es Temebi, arsebiTad, Tqveni debulebis dasabuTebaa.<br />
erT-erTi meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba sakvanZo debulebis Temebad<br />
dayofa, debulebis kiTxvad gadaqcevaa. kiTxvaze pasuxebi SeiZleba ganmaviTarebeli<br />
abzacis Temad iqces.<br />
1. sakvanZo sofeli saukeTeso sacxovrebeli garemoa CemTvis.<br />
debuleba:<br />
kiTxva: ra aqcevs sofels saukeTeso garemod?<br />
pasuxi: • adamianTa axlo urTierTobebi.<br />
• naklebad dabinZurebuli garemo.<br />
• usafrTxo cxovreba.<br />
2. sakvanZo gasaubrebaze kargi STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia<br />
debuleba: momzadeba.<br />
kiTxva: rogor unda moemzado gasaubrebisTvis?<br />
pasuxi: • dagegmo da winaswar unda moifiqro pasuxebi savaraudo<br />
SekiTxvebze.<br />
• SearCio, ras Caicvam.<br />
• ar unda daigviano.<br />
3. sakvanZo televizoris yureba ar aris drois fuWad kargva.<br />
debuleba:<br />
kiTxva: ratom ar aris televizoris yureba drois fuWad kargva?<br />
pasuxi: • Rirebuli saganmanaTleblo gadacemebi.<br />
• televizia relaqsaciis saukeTeso saSualebaa.<br />
• in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaroa.<br />
4. sakvanZo<br />
debuleba:<br />
kiTxva:<br />
pasuxi:<br />
baTumi da foTi ufro metad hgvanan erTmaneTs, vidre xalxs<br />
hgonia.<br />
ratom? riT hgvanan es qalaqebi erTmaneTs?<br />
• orive qalaqi didia.<br />
• orivegan sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebi cxovrobs.<br />
• orive saporto qalaqia.<br />
savarjiSo #4.6:<br />
6: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi ori Tematuri winadadebiT.<br />
yuradRebiT waikiTxeT TiToeuli sakvanZo debuleba da mTavari winadadeba.<br />
gansazRvreT, ra logikiT xdeba Temis dakonkreteba da daumateT TiTo mTavari<br />
winadadeba.<br />
1. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
qalaqi aris adgili, sadac me vicxovrebdi.<br />
mTavari winadadebebi:<br />
50
1. me mizidavs gasarTobi adgilebis mravalferovneba.<br />
2. momwons resursebis xelmisawvdomoba.<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
2. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
sigaretis moweva saSiSia Tqveni janmrTelobisTvis.<br />
mTavari winadadebebi:<br />
1. sigaretis Warbma mowevam SeiZleba yelis daavadeba gamoiwvios.<br />
2. moweviT SeiZleba filtvebi daiziano.<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
3. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
sirbili ar aris erTaderTi gza sisxlis momoqcevis gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
mTavari winadadebebi:<br />
1. bevrisTvis efeqturi varjiSia velosipedis tareba.<br />
2. sisxlis mimoqcevis gasaumjobesebeli saSualebaa curvac.<br />
3. ____________________________________________________________<br />
4. sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
universitetSi aucilebelia ucxo enis Seswavla.<br />
mTavari winadadebebi:<br />
1. studentebi SeZleben sxva qveynebis kulturis gacnobas..<br />
2. ucxo enis codna momaval saqmianobaSi dagexmarebaT.<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
savarjiSo #4.7:<br />
7: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da TiToeulisTvis<br />
sami mTavari winadadeba dawereT.<br />
1. inglisuri enis swavla advili araa.<br />
1. ___________________________________________________<br />
2. ___________________________________________________<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
2. avtobusiT mgzavroba SeiZleba arc ise usafrTxo iyos.<br />
1. ___________________________________________________<br />
2. ___________________________________________________<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
3. umuSevrobam SeiZleba adamians sakuTari Tavis pativiscema daakargvinos.<br />
1. ___________________________________________________<br />
2. ___________________________________________________<br />
3. ___________________________________________________<br />
51
daskvna<br />
Sesavali abzacis funqcia Temis wardgena, Temis gacnobaa. Sesabamisad, daskvniTi<br />
abzacis funqcia diskusiis damTavreba, ganviTarebis logikuri dasasrulia. Tu<br />
ganmaviTarebeli abzaci aviTarebs, gaSlis sakvanZo debulebas, bunebrivia, rom mas<br />
daskvna mosdevdes.<br />
daskvna mTlianad ganmaviTarebel abzaczea damokidebuli, Tumca, arsebobs<br />
daskvnis daweris standartuli wesebi:<br />
• daskvnaSi ganxiluli qveTemebis (an Temis sxvadasxva aspeqtis) xelaxali<br />
gacxadeba unda xdebodes. es mimoxilva ufro mokle unda iyos, ramdenadac<br />
es sakiTxebi vrclad unda iyos ganxiluli ganmaviTarebel abzacSi.<br />
• daskvnaSi SeiZleba sakvanZo debulebis xelaxali gacxadebac, magram,<br />
tavtologiis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, es SeiZleba sxva sityvebiT moxdes.<br />
sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba misi mniSvnelobis dasabuTebaa.<br />
• daskvnaSi ar unda xdebodes axali Temis anda Temis axali aspeqtis gaCena,<br />
romelic ar iyo naxsenebi ganmaviTarebel abzacebSi.<br />
savarjiSo #4.8: mocemulia sakvanZo debulebebi dasabuTebuli debulebebiTa da<br />
daskvnebiT. ganixileT, aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri mocemuli winadadebebisTvis.<br />
daasabuTeT Tqveni daskvna.<br />
sakvanZo debuleba:<br />
televizoris yureba ar aris drois flangva.<br />
a) is sasargeblo saganmanaTleblo saSualebaa;<br />
b) is garTobis saukeTeso saSualebaa, romelic modunebis saSualebas<br />
iZleva;<br />
g) is masalas iZleva ojaxuri diskusiebisTvis.<br />
kritikosebi agrZeleben televizoris kritikas, magram misi<br />
saganmanaTleblo Rirebulebis da kidev imis gamo, rom is ulev masalas<br />
iZleva diskusiisTvis, Cveni ojaxi televizoris xangrZliv yurebas<br />
agrZelebs. aseve moiqcevian sxvebic. marTlac, televizoris yureba drois<br />
gayvanis, drois flangvis saukeTeso saSualebaa.<br />
52
Tavi 5. argumentirebuli ese<br />
argumentirebuli eses mizania raime azris sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.<br />
argumentebis motanis saWiroeba maSin Cndeba, rodesac adamianebi ar eTanxmebian<br />
erTmaneTs raime sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. erTi mxare mosazrebas gamoTqvams da am<br />
mosazrebis mxardaWeris mizezebs gvTavazobs. meore mxare sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebas<br />
gvawodebs da aseve gvTavazobs mis dasabuTebas.<br />
SeiZleba ori adamianis azri romelime konkretuli sakiTxze ar daemTxvas<br />
erTmaneTs, Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom is namdvilad sadavo da sakamaTo sakiTxia.<br />
magaliTad, erT-erTi mxare Tvlis, rom marwyvis nayini ukeTesia, vidre Jolosi,<br />
magram ar arsebobs aranairi xerxi, romliTac erTi SeZlebs meoris gadarwmunebas<br />
da sakuTari azris sisworeSi darwmunebas, radgan garkveuli aromatis mqone<br />
nayinisTvis upiratesobis miniWeba gemovnebis sakiTxia da ara logikisa da<br />
dasabuTebis; Tumca, SesaZloa sakamaTo iyos is, rom erT-erTi maTgani ufro<br />
popularulia, vidre meore. am SemTxvevaSi dasasabuTeblad SesaZlebelia gayiduli<br />
produqtis raodenobis maCveneblebis faqtebis motana. analogiurad, orma adamianma<br />
SeiZleba bevri ikamaTos da mainc ver SeTanxmdebs imis Taobaze, arsebobs Tu ara<br />
RmerTi; SeuZlebelia, erT-erTma daarwmunos meore da Seacvlevinos Sexeduleba,<br />
radgan religiur sakiTxebze Sexeduleba rwmenas efuZneba da ara logikasa da<br />
Semowmebad faqtebs. aseve, Tu ar emTxveva azri imis Sesaxeb, vin moigo erovnuli<br />
Cempionati, mcire gamokvlevis Semdeg SesaZlebelia amis dadgena. aq argumentad<br />
faqtebi gveqneba. amrigad, gemovneba, faqtebi da rwmena ar aris sakamaTo da sadavo<br />
Temebi.<br />
sakamaTod da sadavod SeiZleba iseTi sakiTxi iqces, romelic mosazrebas,<br />
azrs, Sexedulebas efuZneba, romlis dasabuTebac SesaZlebelia faqtebiT, eqspertTa<br />
mosazrebebiT, empiriuli monacemebiT an logikuri mizezebiT. magaliTad, Tqven<br />
gsurT daasabuToT mosazreba, rom skolis moswavleebma fizikuri momzadebis<br />
kursi yvela semestrSi unda gaiaron. Tqven amis gakeTeba relevanturi faqtebiTa<br />
da logikuri mizezebiT unda moaxerxoT, radgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis<br />
mqone adamianebsac TavianTi dasabuTeba aqvT sakuTari mosazrebis sasargeblod.<br />
fizikuri momzadebis kursis saWiroeba iseTi sakiTxia, romelsac ori mxare aqvs,<br />
is ar aris arc rwmenis, arc faqtebisa da arc gemovnebis saqme (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M.<br />
K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
argumentirebuli debuleba anu Tezisi<br />
naSromebis umaravlesobas gamarTuli sakvanZo debuleba aqvs, magaliTad,<br />
„amerikaSi pirvelma vizitma travma momayena~ debulebis centraluri ideaa travma,<br />
magram es ar aris argumentirebuli debuleba. vinaidan argumentirebuli ese<br />
aucileblad unda moicavdes argumentirebul debulebas, romelSic avtori<br />
mkiTxvelis darwmunebas, misi Sexedulebis Secvlasa da sakuTar mosazrebaze<br />
gadayvanas ecdeba, argumentirebuli ese damajerebeli da logikurad gamarTuli<br />
unda iyos.<br />
argumentirebuli sakvanZo debuleba anu Tezisi sxva tipis debulebebisgan<br />
ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom masSi gadmocemulia pozicia, romelic Semdeg<br />
unda dasabuTdes. magaliTad, fizikuri kulturis kursis Sesaxeb sakvanZo debulebas<br />
SeiZleba Semdegi saxe hqondes: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma yovel<br />
semestrSi unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi~. ra Tqma unda, viRac SeiZleba<br />
ar daeTanxmos am mosazrebas da sapirispiro Sinaarsis sakvanZo debuleba<br />
SemogvTavazos: `saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma ar unda gaiaron fizikuri<br />
kulturis kursi yovel semestrSi~ (Smalley R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
53
savarjiSo #5.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli sakvanZo debulebebi da dasviT `+~<br />
im debulebebTan, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, argumentirebulia.<br />
1. ___ kolejis studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis<br />
arCevaSi.<br />
2. ___ momaval mSoblebs bavSvebis gaCenisTvis licenzia unda sWirdebodeT.<br />
3. ___ Tbilisis samSeneblo kodeqsi araadekvaturia.<br />
4. ___ TbilisSi arsebul universitetebs Soris am universitets yvelaze<br />
meti studenti hyavs.<br />
5. ___ studentebma unda gamoTqvan TavianTi mosazreba maswavleblebis<br />
miReba-gaTavisuflebis Taobaze.<br />
6. ___ biblioTekaSi pornografiuli wignebi unda aikrZalos.<br />
7. ___ am universitets ar unda hyavdes fexburTis gundi.<br />
8. ___ am raionis moqalaqeebs iaraRis tarebis ufleba unda miscen.<br />
9. ___ saqarTvelos mTavrobam meti ltolvili unda daakmayofilos<br />
sacxovrebeli pirobebiT.<br />
10. ___ adamianebma mxari ar unda dauWiron klonirebas, romelsac bevri<br />
uaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZlia kacobriobisTvis.<br />
sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba<br />
argumentirebuli eses werisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom mizani Tqveni mosazrebis<br />
sisworeSi mkiTxvelis darwmunebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, daiwyeT daSvebiT, rom<br />
mkiTxveli ar geTanxmebaT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sakamaToc araferi iqneboda.<br />
agreTve, aucilebelia gaxsovdeT, rom Tu mkiTxveli ar eTanxmeba Tqvens azrs, es<br />
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom is Tqvenze naklebad Wkviani da ganaTlebulia. Tavi<br />
aarideT iseT gamonaTqvams, rogoricaa: _ „is, vinc ar eTanxmeba mosazrebas, rom<br />
saxelmwifo universitetis studentebma unda gaiaron fizikuri kulturis kursi,<br />
cdeba da saTanadod ver afasebs realobas~. wereT obieqturad, logikurad,<br />
dasabuTebulad da gamoxateT pativiscema sapirispiro Sexedulebis mqone mkiTxvelis<br />
mimarT.<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania im argumentis gaTvaliswineba, romelsac sawinaaRmdego<br />
mosazrebis mqone adamiani eyrdnoba. Tqveni azriT, ra mizezebis gamo SeiZleba<br />
inarCunebdes igi am pozicias? SeecadeT, gadmosceT da gamoyoT is mniSvnelovani<br />
mizezebi, romelTa gamoc Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba ar dageTanxmoT. Tu Tqven ar<br />
gaiTvaliswinebT am mizezebs da mxolod sakuTar argumentebs miiRebT mxedvelobaSi,<br />
mkiTxvelis darwmunebis naklebi Sansi gaqvT. magaliTad, gsurT universitetSi<br />
fizikuri momzadebis kursis swavlebis sakiTxis ganxilva da gaqvT Semdegi<br />
argumentebi:<br />
1. studentebs moswonT es kursi da siamovnebas iReben;<br />
2. studentebi mniSvnelovan socialur Cvevebsa da gunduri muSaobis unarebs<br />
iZenen;<br />
3. studentebi gacilebiT ukeTesad iswavlian, Tu isini fizikurad janmrTelebi<br />
iqnebian.<br />
Tqveni argumentebi udavod kargia. Tqveni oponenti SeiZleba eTanxmebodes<br />
kidec maT, magram misi poziciis mTavari argumenti SeiZleba pasuxismgeblobis<br />
sakiTxi iyos: namdvilad universitetis saqmea studentis janmrTelobaze zrunva?<br />
Tu yuradRebas ar miaqcevT am arguments, ar ganixilavT mas da ar daarwmunebT<br />
54
oponents, rom universitetSi fizikuri momzadebis kursi adekvaturi moTxovnaa,<br />
naklebad mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli dageTanxmoT; sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis<br />
ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi ki ufro metad dauWerT mxars sakuTar mosazrebas (Smalley<br />
R.L, Ruetten M. K & Kozirev J.R, 2000).<br />
savarjiSo #5.2: waikiTxeT sakvanZo debulebebi da moifiqreT mizezebi, romelTa<br />
gamoc SeiZleba daeTanxmo an ar daeTanxmo am debulebas. CamoTvaleT rac SeiZleba<br />
meti mizezi orive SemTxvevisTvis. Semdeg xazi gausviT im mizezebs, romelic, Tqveni<br />
azriT, yvelaze damajereblad migaCniaT.<br />
nimuSi:<br />
sakvanZo debuleba: marixuanas moweva legalizebuli unda iyos.<br />
argumentebi:<br />
kontrargumentebi:<br />
a) is sasiamovno gasarTobi<br />
relaqsantia;<br />
b) mTavrobas ar aqvs ufleba,<br />
migviTiTos, riT SegviZlia<br />
gaverToT da riT ara;<br />
g) is sasargeblo medikamentia;<br />
d) bevri adamiani isedac moixmars<br />
mas.<br />
a) is adiqturi nivTierebaa;<br />
b) mTavrobam ar unda dauSvas mavne<br />
narkotikis ukontrolo<br />
gavrceleba;<br />
g) misi zemoqmedebis qveS myofma<br />
adamianebma SeiZleba ziani<br />
miayenon erTmaneTsa da<br />
sazogadoebas;<br />
d) mis moxmarebas ufro saxifaTo<br />
narkotikebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba<br />
mohyves.<br />
SeecadeT, maqsimalurad bevri argumenti da kontrargumenti moitanoT Semdegi<br />
debulebebisTvis:<br />
1. studentebi ar unda iyvnen SezRudulni saleqcio kursis arCevaSi.<br />
2. mecnieruli miznebisTvis dauSvebelia cxovelebze cdebis Catareba.<br />
3. sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia.<br />
4. adreuli qorwineba miuRebelia.<br />
mizezebis axsna da dasabuTeba<br />
argumentirebul eseSi Tqveni mosazrebis dasabuTebis ramdenime xerxi arsebobs.<br />
faqtebi. vinaidan mizani Tqveni mosazrebis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis<br />
darwmunebaa, abzacebis organizebis nebismieri tipis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. magaliTad,<br />
Tu migaCniaT, rom mkacri kontroli unda dawesdes qimiuri narCenebis Senaxvasa da<br />
ganadgurebaze, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tqven mier mowodebuli erT-erTi argumenti<br />
SeiZleba is iyos, rom swored qimiuri narCenebi iwveven garemos dabinZurebas.<br />
SegiZliaT, ganixiloT am narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegebi. garda amisa, SeiZleba<br />
moitanoT qimiuri narCenebis ganadgurebis Sedegad garemos dabinZurebis magaliTebi.<br />
aseve, SegiZliaT aRweroT am narCenebis ganadgurebis procesi da axsnaT, Tu riT<br />
da rogor binZurdeba am dros garemo. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni mosazrebis<br />
dasasabuTeblad faqtebis motana dagWirdebaT. faqtebi unda moicavdes monacemebs,<br />
romlebic obieqturad dadasturebuli da sazogadod miRebulia. magaliTad,<br />
rogoricaa istoriuli faqtebi, mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi da statistikuri<br />
monacemebi. faqtebis mosapoveblad SeiZleba garkveuli Teoruli Ziebis Catarebac<br />
dagWirdeT.<br />
55
konkretuli magaliTi. dasabuTeba konkretuli magaliTebis gamoyenebiTac<br />
SesaZlebelia. Tu magaliTi pirovnuli gamocdilebidan mogaqvT, gadaamowmeT, rom<br />
am magaliTis ganzogadeba namdvilad SesaZlebelia SedarebiT did jgufze.<br />
eqspertTa mosazreba. dasabuTebisTvis eqspertTa mosazrebis motanac<br />
SeiZleba. eqsperti aris adamiani, romelsac gansakuTrebuli codna aqvs mocemul<br />
sakiTxze misi profesiis, gamocdilebisa da sakiTxis Taobaze Catarebuli kvlevebis<br />
Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>mirebulobis gamo. eqspertis azris dasamowmeblad aucilebelia<br />
citirebis wesebis codna (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />
sawinaaRmdego mosazrebis aRiareba da gabaTileba<br />
argumentirebul eseSi unda gaabaTiloT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis argumenti.<br />
vinaidan sakiTxs ori mxare aqvs da Tqven erT-erTi Sexedulebis sasargeblod<br />
gamoxatavT pozicias da gsurT am poziciis marTebulobaSi mkiTxvelis darwmuneba,<br />
Tqven ara marto imis dasabuTeba mogiwevT, rom marTali xarT, aramed imisac, rom<br />
Tqveni oponenti cdeba, an, sul mcire, rom Tqveni mosazreba ufro sando da<br />
mniSvnelovania, vidre oponentisa.<br />
sawinaaRmdego argumentis (anu kontrargumentis) gabaTileba mosazrebis<br />
simcdaris dasabuTebas niSnavs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia oponentis<br />
argumentebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da imis Cveneba, rom Tqveni argumentebi ufro<br />
sando, ukeTesi da Rirebulia. Tu oponents Rirebuli argumenti aqvs, Tqven unda<br />
aRiaroT misi Rirebuleba, daeTanxmoT, rom is namdvilad validuria da ganagrZoT<br />
Tqveni Sexedulebis ganxilva (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />
argumentirebuli eses struqtura<br />
argumentirebuli ese SeiZleba komponentebad an etapebad daiyos, romelTagan<br />
Semdegi oTxi TiTqmis yovelTvis unda iyos: (1) Sesavali, (2) sakiTxis dasma, (3)<br />
mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba da (4) daskvna.<br />
Sesavali<br />
iseTi literaturuli Janris garda, rogoricaa, magaliTad, deteqtivi,<br />
mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, pirdapir ar erTveba xolme moqmedebaSi. eses dasawyisSi<br />
avtori, ZiriTadad, waradgens xolme im sakiTxs, romelsac SemdgomSi ganixilavs.<br />
Sesavali nawilis mizania gansaxilvel sakiTxze mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba<br />
da misTvis orientaciis gansazRvra Semdgomi ganxilvis Temis TvalsazrisiT.<br />
Sesavals, Cveulebriv, nabij-nabij mivyavarT zogadi situaciidan konkretul<br />
gansaxilvel sakiTxamde. magaliTad, Tu albaneTSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis<br />
evropuli konvenciis me-13 punqtis darRvevis Sesaxeb Temis ganxilva gsurT, Temaze<br />
saubris dawyeba ufro zogadad, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sakiTxiT iqneba umjobesi.<br />
amis Semdeg mkiTxvelis yuradRebas albaneTSi adamianis uflebebs miapyrobT da<br />
bolos konkretulad albaneTSi konvenciis me-13 muxlis darRvevis sakiTxis<br />
ganxilvaze gadaxvalT.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmatebuli Sesavlis weris mza <strong>for</strong>mula ar arsebobs,<br />
Cveulebriv, is moicavs Semdeg elementebs:<br />
Sesavali debuleba: Tqveni eses pirveli winadadeba sakmaod saintereso<br />
unda iyos, rom mkiTxvels kiTxvis gagrZelebis survili gauCndes. Tema STambeWdavi<br />
56
itorikuli xerxebiT unda miawodoT mkiTxvels. gamoiyeneT saintereso debulebebi<br />
an dasviT ZiriTadi kiTxva. mkiTxveli Temamde unda miiyvanoT da im konkretul<br />
sferoze gaumaxviloT yuradReba, romelsac ganixilavT, raTa igi Tqveni debulebis<br />
dasabuTebisTvis moamzadoT.<br />
sakvanZo debuleba: es, Cveulebriv, pirveli abzacis bolo winadadeba da<br />
eses mamoZravabeli Zalaa. is gviCvenebs pozicias, romelsac asabuTebT, romel<br />
Sexedulebasac icavT.<br />
avtoris pozicia: akademiur weraSi miRebulia, Cveuli da sasurvelic kia,<br />
rom mkiTxvels dasawyisSive auwyos avtorma Tavisi pozicia.<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis weris zogadi princi pi:<br />
magaliTi:<br />
sazogadoebaSi rom icxovroT da mis saqmianobaSi aqtiuri monawileoba<br />
miiRoT, sazogadoebis wevrebTan sistematuri urTierToba unda gqondeT. amitom<br />
adamianTa umravlesoba mowadinebulia, kargad flobdes komunikaciis unar-<br />
Cvevebs. komunikaciis kargi unar-Cveva ara marto Tqveni, aramed Tqveni<br />
garSemomyofebis warmatebis sawindaria, vinaidan komunikaciis kargi unaris<br />
SemTxvevaSi meti Sansi gaqvT, rom maT sworad aRiqvan Tqveni ideebi.<br />
urTierTobis unar-Cvevebis profesiul doneze Seswavla ioli ar aris.<br />
sauniversiteto kursebSi urTierTobis Seswavla TiTqmis ar aris<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli, ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobam ki TiTqmis araferi<br />
icis komunikaciis profesiul doneze damyarebis Sesaxeb, romelsac mxolod<br />
wignebiT ver iswavliT.<br />
axals ras gvetyvis es wigni? Rrmad varT darwmunebulni, rom Tqvens<br />
daxmarebas SevZlebT, vinaidan Cven mier axsnili princi pebi SeuzRudavad<br />
gamoiyeneba,xolo konkretuli instruqciebi principebis praqtikaSi danergvis<br />
saSualebas iZleva. . .<br />
am SesavalSi swored zemoT xsenebuli princi pia gamoyenebuli: rogorc<br />
xedavT,es efeqturi da moxerxebuli principi didi daxmarebas gagiwevT damajerebeli<br />
Sesavlis SeqmnaSi.<br />
situacia – faqtia, rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis<br />
saWiroa urTierTobebis damyareba. isic faqtia, rom adamianTa umravlesobas surs<br />
komunikaciis unar-Cvevebis daxvewa, vinaidan esmiT, rom urTierToba warmatebis<br />
umTavresi pirobaa, marTalia, rom araTu umravlesobas, aramed uklebliv yvelas<br />
surs, ukeT exerxebodes urTierTobis damyareba, magram unda daiSvas, rom vinme<br />
SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes am mosazrebas (magaliTad, biZaTqvenis biZa...) amitom<br />
umjobesia daiweros „umravlesoba~, raTa iseTi mosazreba iqnes gadmocemuli,<br />
romelsac cota Tu SeewinaaRmdegeba.<br />
sirTule – magram situacia SeiZleba garTuldes – arasrulfasovani<br />
swavleba universitetebSi (rac dasavleTTan mimarTebiT sworia, radgan komunikaciis<br />
xelovneba arsad iswavleba), urTierTobis unar-Cvevis ucodinroba ganviTarebad<br />
qveynebSi, am unar-Cvevis mxolod wigniT swavlebis sirTule.<br />
kiTxva – SeiZleba warmoiSvas iseTi SekiTxva, romelic arsebiTi iqneba<br />
TqvenTvis, rogorc mkiTxvelisaTvis: axali ra SeiZleba miTxras am wignma?<br />
gadawyveta – Cveni amoxsna umTavres mosazrebas pirvel adgilze aTavsebs.<br />
esenia: principebi, romelTa gamoyeneba nebismier dros SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc<br />
Sesabamisi <strong>for</strong>mulebis gamoyenebiT maTi koreqtireba (h. gutbrodi, n. danelia, 2006).<br />
57
sakiTxis wardgena<br />
SesavalSi gansaxilveli sakiTxisTvis niadagis momzadebisa da poziciis<br />
gancxadebis Semdeg eses ZiriTadi nawili Tqveni moqmedebis adgilia, romelSic<br />
gaSliT gansaxilvel sakiTxs da mkiTxvels Tqvens simarTleSi daarwmunebT. kargad<br />
warmodgenili sakiTxi daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom radgan garkveuli warmodgenili<br />
faqtebi simarTles Seesabameba da mkiTxveli eTanxmeba avtoris garkveul<br />
mosazrebebs, igi miiRebs avtoris daskvnebs, rogorc Rirebulsa da mniSvnelovans.<br />
akademiur weraSi sakiTxis wardgena, Cveulebriv, gancxadebis gakeTebiT an<br />
mtkicebulebebis miwodebiT da Semdeg am mtkicebulebebis dasabuTebiT (faqtebiTa<br />
da magaliTebiT) xdeba; Tumca aseve, SesaZlebelia dasabuTebisa da samagaliTo<br />
situaciebis mimoxilviT dawyeba da Semdeg daskvnis gakeTeba. qvemoT mocemuli<br />
abzaci cenzuris Sesaxeb dasabuTebis ilustraciaa:<br />
cenzura, Tavisi bunebiT, ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli sazogadoebis<br />
principebs (Tezisi). is Zireulad arademokratiulia, radgan zRudavs gamoxatvis<br />
saSualebas da umciresobas upiratesobas aniWebs, ukarnaxos umravlesobas,<br />
Tu risi naxva, wakiTxva an mosmena SeuZlia an ar SeuZlia mas (dasabuTeba).<br />
magaliTad, sajaro biblioTekidan nebismieri mizeziT sakamaTo wignis amoReba<br />
mis avtors im mravali mkiTxvelisken uWris gzas, romelsac wignTan Sexebis<br />
sxva saSualeba ara aqvs. amave dros, individTa rCeuli jgufi, romelic wignis<br />
Sesaxeb iRebs gadawyvetilebas, faqtobrivad, ukrZalavs sazogadoebas am wignis<br />
wakiTxvas (es damasabuTebeli winadadebis ori magaliTia). aqedan gamomdinare,<br />
es qmedeba, diqtaturas ufro uwyobs xels, vidre demokratias (Tavdapirveli<br />
mtkicebulebis gameoreba).<br />
am Tezisisa da dasabuTebis ZiriTadi sayrdeni is varaudia, romelsac<br />
mtkicebuleba efuZneba. varaudi aris filosofiuri an moraluri Tvalsazrisi,<br />
romelsac vimedovnebT, rom sazogadoebaSi sxva adamianebi, Cveni mkiTxvelis CaTvliT,<br />
gaiziareben. magaliTad, diskusia saxelmwifo samedicino samsaxuris dafinansebis<br />
Sesaxeb SeiZleba daeyrdnos varauds, rom ar SeiZleba adamianis sicocxle fuliT<br />
Sefasdes. umetes SemTxvevaSi imedi gvaqvs, rom Cveni mkiTxveli iziarebs Cvens<br />
varauds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, saeWvoa, rom maT is mtkicebulebebi miiRon, romlebsac<br />
am varaudis safuZvelze vakeTebT. Tu es ase ar aris, maSin unda davasabuToT es<br />
varaudic. am SemTxvevaSi varaudi Tavad iqceva mtkicebulebad, romelsac dasabuTeba<br />
sWirdeba.<br />
mosalodneli winaaRmdegoba<br />
akademiuri ritorika avtorisgan sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis codnas moiTxovs.<br />
Cveulebriv, eses werisas sakuTar Sexedulebebs warmoadgenen, Semdeg ki sawinaaRmdego<br />
Sexedulebebis kritikuli ganxilva xdeba; Tumca SesaZlebelia im SexedulebiT<br />
dawyeba, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da misi gakritikeba an uaryofa sakuTari poziciis<br />
dasabuTebisTvis. erTi SexedviT, argumentis sawinaaRmdego mxaris Cveneba SeiZleba<br />
Tqveni poziciisTvis wamgebianad mogeCvenoT. miuxedavad amisa, uamravi mizezi arsebobs<br />
imisTvis, rom sawinaaRmdego azri icodeT.<br />
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar iRebT sawinaaRmdego azrs, e. i. ganzrax malavT sawinaaRmdego<br />
azris dasabuTebas. sawinaaRmdego azris gauTvaliswineblobam ki sruliad<br />
SesaZlebelia mkiTxvelis pativiscema dagakargvinoT. unda gaxsovdeT, rom mkiTxvelis<br />
daTanxmebas, darwmunebas cdilobT da ara mis SecdomaSi Seyvanas.<br />
argumenti ufro damajerebeli iqneba, Tu sawinaaRmdego azric iciT. yovelTvis,<br />
roca vinmes darwmunebas cdilobT, gamoCndebian adamianebi, romlebic ar geTanxmebian.<br />
58
maTi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswinebiT da imis CvenebiT, rom maTi sapirispiro azri<br />
naklebad Rirebuli da safuZvliania, vidre Tqveni Sexedulebebi, an imis CvenebiT,<br />
rogor migiyvanaT sapirispiro azris codnam Tqveni poziciis Secvlamde, aZlierebT<br />
Tqvens azrs.<br />
sawinaaRmdego azris gaTvaliswinebis Cveva srulyofils xdis kritikul<br />
azrovnebas, avtors kamaTSi CarTvasa da imis aRqma-gacnobierebas aiZulebs, rom<br />
sxva Tvalsazrisi ara marto arsebobs, aramed mas Tavisi dasabuTebac aqvs.<br />
sawinaaRmdego poziciasTan gamklavebis xerxebi<br />
rogorc wesi, sawinaaRmdego pozicia unda daadginoT da ramdenadac<br />
SesaZlebelia, es safuZvlianad da miukerZoeblad unda gaakeToT. sawinaaRmdego<br />
azris damaxinjebiT da gaubraloebiT, albaT, mxolod yvelaze morCili mkiTxvelis<br />
simpaTias moi povebT. sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gadmocemisas sasurvelia:<br />
• SesTavazoT gamosavali, romelsac sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba Tqvens<br />
arguments upirispirebs;<br />
• miuTiToT dasabuTebis sust mxareebsa da problemebze, romlebic amarTleben<br />
sawinaaRmdego mtkicebulebas.<br />
• daTmoT sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis sasargeblod anda SesTavazoT<br />
kompromisuli pozicia da sakiTxis gadaWra.<br />
cenzuris Sesaxeb zemoT motanil magaliTSi naCvenebia, Tu rogor uwyobs<br />
xels sawinaaRmdego argumentis gaTvaliswineba avtoris debulebis gaZlierebas.<br />
zemoT warmodgenili Sesavali abzacis Semdeg, romelSic Tezisia mocemuli, modis<br />
ramdenime abzaci, romelSic dasabuTebulia, rom cenzura `cudi azria~ sxvadasxva<br />
mizezis gamo. amis Semdeg avtors ramdenime (erTis an metis) abzacis CarTva SeuZlia,<br />
romelSic argumentis meore mxares moitans da garkveul daTmobaze wava.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom cenzura saxifaToa Tavisufali sazogadoebisTvis,<br />
zogierTi Sewuxebuli moqalaqe cenzuris momxrea da, SesaZloa, amisi myari<br />
safuZvelic hqondes, rodesac isini aRniSnaven, rom bavSvebi televiziiT naCvenebi<br />
filmebiT Zaladobis msxverplni xdebian (daTmoba da sawinaaRmdego azris<br />
gaTvaliswineba). televiziiT marTlac bevr Zaladobas gadmoscemen (daTmoba<br />
da Tanxmobis momenti). amis sapasuxod, SeiZleba yvela teleqselma ganaviTaros<br />
TviTcenzura (kompromisuli gadawyvetilebis SeTavazeba). Tu televiziebi amas<br />
ufro didi pasuximgeblobiT moekidebian da mdare gemovnebis masalis Tavidan<br />
acilebas Seecdebian, xelisuflebis moxeleebs, religiur jgufebsa da Sewuxebul<br />
mSoblebs aRar dasWirdebaT maT gadawyvetilebebSi Careva.<br />
cxadia, es abzaci (mcireodeni cvlilebebiT) SeiZleba Sesavlis Semdeg, cenzuris<br />
winaaRmdeg mTavar argumentze gadasvlis win modiodes. sad moaTavsebT<br />
kontrarguments, ra moculobis iqneba is da rogor warmoadgenT, es mxolod Tqveni<br />
arCevania efeqturi argumentirebuli eses werisas.<br />
daskvna<br />
bevrma studentma xSirad aRar icis, ra daweros daskvnaSi, rodesac SesavalSi<br />
ukve gamoTqmuli aqvs sakuTari pozicia.<br />
daskvna eses Zalian mniSvnelovani nawilia, radgan jamdeba sakvanZo debuleba<br />
da misi argumentebi, romlebic mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas uqmnis avtoris<br />
poziciaze. am etapze ar aris rekomendebuli iseTi axali azris wamoweva, romelic<br />
saerTod ar ganxilula eses ZiriTad nawilSi. aramomgebiania daskvnis gamoyeneba<br />
59
sakuTari naazrevis CvenebisTvis. amiT datovebT STabeWdilebas, rom nebismiers<br />
SeuZlia, rac moesurveba, is ifiqros. marTalia, nebismiers aqvs sakuTari azris<br />
qonis ufleba, magram unda gaxsovdeT, rom argumentirebuli eses werisas Tqveni<br />
mizania mkiTxvelisTvis Tqveni mosazrebis ara marto gacnoba, aramed misi darwmuneba,<br />
rom, rasac fiqrobT, myari da dasabuTebuli poziciaa, romelic manac SeiZleba<br />
gaiziaros an aRiaros mainc.<br />
garda amisa, Zalze aramomgebiania am etapze imis Cveneba, rom arc erTi pozicia<br />
ar aris meoreze ukeTesi an uaresi.<br />
daskvnis zogadi maxasiaTeblebi<br />
argumentebis sinTezi: daskvnaSi unda gaimeoroT argumentebis mTavari<br />
momentebi da mokled SeajamoT isini. SeecadeT, mkiTxvels aCvenoT, Tu rogor<br />
esadageba erTmaneTs sakiTxi, dasabuTeba da magaliTebi, romlebic argumentebis<br />
dasamtkiceblad gamoiyeneT;<br />
sakvanZo debulebis gameoreba: kvlav CamoayalibeT da xazi gausviT Tqveni<br />
Tavdapirveli debulebis mniSvnelobas, radgan mTeli ese am sakiTxis dasabuTebasa<br />
da mxardaWeras mieZRvna. zogi avtori fiqrobs, rom Tezisis sityvasityviT gameoreba<br />
efeqturi ritorikuli xerxia, zogs ki miaCnia, rom umjobesia misi perefrazi.<br />
daskvniTi debulebebi: es nawili ukve argumentirebuli eses dasasrulia,<br />
romelic saboloo STabeWdilebas tovebs mkiTxvelze. daskvniTi debulebis daweris<br />
ramdenime xerxi arsebobs:<br />
• problemis momavali ganixileT, rogorc sakamaTo sakiTxi. es<br />
gaaZlierebs Tqveni eses mniSvnelobas. agreTve, SeiZleba daexmaros<br />
mkiTxvels, gamoiyenos axali in<strong>for</strong>macia da ufro globalurad<br />
Sexedos sakiTxs;<br />
• mkiTxvels fiqris sagani mieciT, magaliTad, Tqveni eses “realur<br />
cxovrebaSi” gamoyenebis gza;<br />
• miubrundiT Sesaval debulebas, raTa Tqveni ese gamTliandes;<br />
• kiTxva zogadad dasviT, mimarTeT mkiTxvels, rac mas ganxilul<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT iseTi axali warmodgenebis SeqmnaSi<br />
daexmareba, romlebic daskvnis wakiTxvamde ar uCndeboda. am xerxiT<br />
SeiZleba Tqvens ZiriTad azrebs mouyaros Tavi da axali<br />
mosazrebebis gaCenis winapirobad eqces (Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. &<br />
Anderson D., 2000).<br />
argumentirebuli eseSi argumentebis<br />
dalagebis struqtura 4<br />
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad ideas sakvanZo debuleba<br />
anu Tezisi ewodeba. Teziss sWirdeba dasabuTeba misi Semdgomi, ganmaviTarebeli<br />
ideebiT, romelTac argumentebi ewodebaT, argumentebs ki, Tavis mxriv, dasabuTeba<br />
aqvT da maT qveargumentebi ewodebaT. qveargumentebs xSirad ganamtkicebs dasabuTeba,<br />
romelic, ZiriTadad, yovelTvis konkretuli magaliTia.<br />
4<br />
qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: hans gutbrodi, nana danelia.<br />
saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2006.<br />
60
argumentebis dalagebis sam ti ps ganvixilavT:<br />
monaxazi, gegma (outline)<br />
am dalagebas aseTi struqtura aqvs:<br />
Tezisi<br />
1. argumenti<br />
a) qveargumenti<br />
(1) magaliTi<br />
2. argumenti<br />
a) qveargumenti<br />
piramida<br />
(1) magaliTi<br />
idealur SemTxvevaSi (ix. suraTi #5.1) argumentebma erTsa da imave kiTxvas<br />
unda upasuxon: `ratom?~<br />
monaxazi da piramida, princi pSi, sxvadasxvagvari vizualuri gamosaxulebiT<br />
mocemuli erTi da igive struqturaa.<br />
T = A + A + A<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
1<br />
2<br />
A = S A + S A + S A<br />
2<br />
3<br />
1<br />
3<br />
1<br />
es toloba gviCvenebs, rom radgan Tezisi qveargumentebis jamia, qveargumentebSi<br />
ar unda iyos iseTi ram, rac TezisSi ar aris asaxuli.<br />
suraTi #5.1: piramida<br />
Tezisi<br />
(T)<br />
1arg.<br />
(A1)<br />
2 arg.<br />
(A2)<br />
3 arg.<br />
(A3)<br />
1 qvearg.<br />
(S1A1)<br />
2 qvearg.<br />
(S2A1)<br />
3 qvearg.<br />
(S3A1)<br />
1 qvearg.<br />
(S1A2)<br />
2 qvearg.<br />
(S2A2)<br />
3 qvearg.<br />
(S3A2)<br />
magali<br />
Ti<br />
argumentirebuli wre<br />
argumentirebuli wris centrSi (ix. suraTi #5.2) Cveni Tezisia moTavsebuli.<br />
Semdeg doneze argumentebia ganlagebuli, Semdeg ki qveargumentebi modis da Tu<br />
Tqven mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba Zalze detaluria, maT SeiZleba magaliTic<br />
mohyvebodes.<br />
argumentirebul wres Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT viyenebT: pirvel etapze jer<br />
warmovadgenT Teziss (ZiriTad pozicias), Semdeg _ pirvel arguments, Semdeg ki<br />
mimovixilavT qveargumentebs da bolos vbrundebiT TezisTan. meore etapze<br />
warmovadgenT meore arguments, mis qveargumentebs (Tu gvaqvs, magaliTs) da isev<br />
vubrundebiT Teziss.<br />
61
suraTi #5.2: argumentirebuli wre<br />
S 3 A 1<br />
A 3<br />
Tezisi<br />
A 1<br />
S 2 A 1<br />
A 2 S 1 A 1<br />
aseTi wris gamoyenebiT sakmaod rTuli in<strong>for</strong>maciis dalageba SegviZlia ise,<br />
rom is mkiTxvelisTvis da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxdes. darwmundiT, rom wre<br />
yvela mimarTulebiT Tanmimdevrulia. Tezisi unda ajamebdes yvela ZiriTad<br />
arguments. es struqtura daRmavali gziT muSaobs: argumentebi uSualod/pirdapir<br />
unda dasabuTdes qveargumentebiT, xolo qveargumentebi Tqveni dasabuTebis Sejameba<br />
unda iyos.<br />
Sejameba zusti unda iyos. es niSnavs imas, rom mxolod is azrebi/ideebi (anu<br />
argumentebi, qveargumentebi da a.S.) unda iyos masSi CarTuli, romelTac uSualod<br />
SeaqvT wvlili SejamebaSi.<br />
magaliTi:<br />
Tezisi:<br />
argumenti:<br />
qveargumenti:<br />
vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba.<br />
vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSi<br />
naTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba.<br />
vizualizacia masalis aTvisebaSi gvexmareba, radgan masSi<br />
naTlad aris mocemuli azrebis urTierTmimarTeba maTi<br />
Sesatyvisobis Cvenebis gziT.<br />
argumentebis raodenoba<br />
argumentebis struqturaSi dalagebisas optimaluria samidan xuTamde (3-<br />
5) argumentis moyvana. yvela sxva danarCeni mosazreba unda dalagdes ufro<br />
qveda doneze, rogorc qveargumentebi. gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven mkiTxvelisTvis<br />
werT da dro/adgili SezRuduli gaqvT. Tu samidan xuTamde Zlier arguments<br />
moitanT, SeZlebT mkiTxvelis darwmunebas. Tu am argumentebiT ver daarwmunebT<br />
mas, Semdgomi argumentebi, miT umetes, aRar dagWirdebaT. metic, Tu Tqven yvela<br />
im arguments moitanT nawerSi, rac gagaxsendebaT, is imdenad grZeli gamogivaT,<br />
rom aravin waikiTxavs.<br />
rCevebi:<br />
moiyvaneT mxolod 3-5 argumenti;<br />
argumentebis dalagebis Tanmimdevroba (siZlieris mixedviT) auditoriazea<br />
damokidebuli, Tumca rekomendebulia siZlieriT meore argumenti pirvel<br />
adgilze moTavsdes, Semdeg yvelaze susti argumenti da bolos yvelaze<br />
Zlieri;<br />
cudi argumenti faravs danarCen karg/Zlier argumentebs;<br />
argumentTa raodenoba verasodes Caanacvlebs maT xarisxs;<br />
62
argumentebi ar unda faravdes erTmaneTs da unda iyos<br />
mTlianobaSi erTmaneTis Semavsebeli;<br />
piramidis struqturis gamoyenebiT dawerili argumentirebuli<br />
ese, romelSic motanilia 3 argumenti, idealur variantSi 3-4<br />
gverdi unda gamovides.<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis meTodebi<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sesavlis wyvilSi Sefasebis meTodi<br />
xmamaRla kiTxva<br />
avtori Sesavals xmamaRla orjer kiTxulobs, msmenelebi Cumad usmenen da<br />
SeniSvnebs iweren.<br />
gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali Temas?<br />
rogoria Temis dakonkretebis meTodi?<br />
mianiSnebs Tu ara abzaci imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili, ra<br />
sakiTxebi iqneba ganxiluli?<br />
aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso, damaintrigebeli?<br />
aris Tu ara dakonkretebuli Tezisi?<br />
toni, romliTac avtori wers.<br />
SeniSvna: kiTxulobs mxolod avtori. msmenelebi ise iweren SeniSvnebs,<br />
rom avtors ar awyvetineben kiTxvas.<br />
fiqri<br />
msmenelebi TavisTvis fiqroben SeniSvnebze, emzadebian, weren:<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
jer pozitiur Sefasebas, ra aris kargad dawerili (dasabuTebiT);<br />
negatiur Sefasebas (dasabuTebiT);<br />
gzas, romelsac SesTavazeben avtors naweris gasaumjobeseblad.<br />
msmenelis SeniSvnebi<br />
msmeneli gamoTqvams azrebs.<br />
SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod msmeneli, avtori usmens da iwers mis<br />
SeniSvnebs.<br />
avtoris pasuxi<br />
ras eTanxmeba, ras _ ara. ris gaTvaliswinebas apirebs, axsna-ganmartebebi.<br />
SeniSvna: saubrobs mxolod avtori.<br />
63
argumentirebuli eses Sesafasebeli kiTxvari<br />
1. ra aris eses Tema? ra sakiTxia ganxiluli eseSi?<br />
2. waradgens, gvacnobs Tu ara Sesavali abzaci (abzacebi) Temas?<br />
3. mianiSnebs Tu ara Sesavali imas, rogor iqneba Tema gaSlili? (daasabuTeT)<br />
4. aris Tu ara Sesavali dakonkretebuli? (miuTiTeT Temis dakonkretebis principi)<br />
5. aris Tu ara Sesavali saintereso? (daasabuTeT)<br />
6. gamoyaviT eses sakvanZo debuleba/Tezisi.<br />
7. aris Tu ara Tezisi dakonkretebuli? gadmoeciT is Tqveni sityvebiT.<br />
8. konkretuli SeniSvnebi SesavalTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
9. konkretuli SeniSvnebi TezisTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
64
10. avtoris mTavari argumenti.<br />
11. motanilia Tu ara yvela SesaZlo mZlavri argumenti debulebis dasasabuTeblad?<br />
romelimes xom ar daamatebdiT?<br />
12. aris Tu ara argumentebi damajerebeli? (daasabuTeT)<br />
13. ganxilulia Tu ara sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba?<br />
14. konkretuli kontrargumentebi, romlebsac abaTilebs avtori.<br />
15. aris Tu ara gabaTilebuli yvela SesaZlo kontrargumenti? romelimes xom ar<br />
daamtebdiT?<br />
65
16. midis Tu ara avtori daTmobaze da gvTavazobs Tu ara kompromisul gadawyvetas?<br />
(daasabuTeT)<br />
17. aris Tu ara abzacebi mTliani, Sekruli? Tu ara, miuTiTeT konkretul abzacsa<br />
da winadadebebze, romelic am moTxovnas ar akmayofilebs.<br />
18. aris Tu ara abzacebi Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)<br />
19. aris Tu ara ese mTliani? (daasabuTeT)<br />
20. aris Tu ara ese Tanmimdevruli? (daasabuTeT)<br />
66
21. aris Tu ara daskvna logikuri? (daasabuTeT)<br />
22. raime SeniSvna xom ar gaqvT daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
23. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? (daasabuTeT)<br />
24. romeli nawili saWiroebs yvelaze met damuSavebas? (daasabuTeT)<br />
67
Tavi 6. krit<br />
itika<br />
ika 5<br />
swavlis procesSi da swavlis dasrulebis Semdegac Tqvengan moelian, rom<br />
kritikulad iazrovnebT, waikiTxavT da dawerT. kritikuli niSnavs „kreatuls~,<br />
„skeptikurs~. kritikulad operireba niSnavs imas, rom eWvi geparebaT da amowmebT<br />
sxvebis naTqvams da sakuTar azrsa da nafiqrals gamoTqvamT. am konteqstSi sityva<br />
kritikuli ar niSnavs „negatiurs~. misi mniSvneloba berZnuli sityvidan<br />
„gancalkeveba~, „gamijvna~, „wvdoma~ momdinareobs. kritikulad moazrovne, iqneba es<br />
mkiTxveli, Tu avtori, sakiTxs Semadgenel nawilebad dayofs da arkvevs, Tu ra<br />
mimarTebaSi imyofebian es nawilebi erTmaneTTan, rogor ukavSirdeba es sakiTxi<br />
sxva sakiTxebs da (xSirad) msjelobs sakiTxis Tvisebebsa da Rirebulebaze.<br />
Tqven yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ukve operirebT kritikulad, rodesac megobrebTan<br />
arkvevT urTierTobas („ras gulisxmobda am sityvebSi?~), an rodesac wina dRiT<br />
nanax films arCevT („rogor fiqrob, is cudi tipi Zalian gamomwvevad iqceoda?~).<br />
aseTi kiTxvebi im mizezebis gamokveTaSi gexmarebaT, Tu ra da ratom gemarTebaT<br />
da ra mniSvneloba aqvs Tqvens gamocdilebas.<br />
aq azrovnebisa da (sapirispiro poziciidan) kiTxvis praqtikul, aseve, weris<br />
ufro <strong>for</strong>malur meTodebs warmogidgenT. bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: risTvis<br />
aris saWiro am meTodebis mizanmimarTulad swavla?<br />
− kritikulad azrovneba swavlisa da muSaobis unars gagiumjobesebT. sadac<br />
ar unda iyoT, Tqvengan moelian wakiTxulisa da mosmenilis Sefasebas, aseve<br />
_ Tqveni mosazrebebis gamoTqmas;<br />
− kritikulad azrovneba Tqveni sakuTari qmedebebisa da mosazrebebis ukeT<br />
gagebaSi, sapirispiro mosazrebebTan maTi mniSvnelobis Sefasebasa da Tqveni<br />
msjelobebisa da motivebis damajereblad gamoTqmaSi dagexmarebaT;<br />
− Tqveni damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebuli kritikulad<br />
azrovnebis, kiTxvisa da weris unarze.<br />
kritikulad azrovneba da kiTxva<br />
nebismier saganze SesaZlebelia kritikulad fiqri da azrovneba, iqneba es<br />
avtobusSi yurmokruli argumenti, Tqveni sayvareli musikosis axali albomi,<br />
programuli uzrunvelyofa, megobris ideebi, fexburTi da ZaRlis sakvebic ki.<br />
nebismieri maTganis „gamocalkevebiTa~ da „wvdomiT~ Tqven misi ukeT gagebis, sxva<br />
movlenebTan Tu sakiTxebTan misi mimarTebisa da Sefasebis SesaZlebloba geZlevaT.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba swavlis periodSi, ZiriTadad, naweri teqstebis (moTxroba,<br />
Jurnalis statia, internet-korespondencia, vebgverdi) an vizualuri obieqtebis<br />
(foto, grafiki, diagrama, filmi) damuSavebisas gamogadgebaT. nebismieri sagnis<br />
kritikulad ganxilva, gadamuSavebis sul mcire, sam doneze xorcieldeba: (1) ras<br />
gveubneba an gviCvenebs avtori, (2) ra ar uTqvams an uCvenebia avtors, magram naSromSi<br />
mocemulia (igulisxmeba an ara), (3) Tqven ras fiqrobT. naSromis (vizualuris<br />
CaTvliT) TiToeuli donis ganxilva kiTxvis mTel rig meTodebs (ix. cxrili #6.1)<br />
saWiroebs. swored amaze visaubrebT qvemoT.<br />
5<br />
Tavis ZiriTadi nawili momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Fowler H. Ramsey;<br />
Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook.<br />
68
cxrili #6.1. kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi<br />
• wera: kiTxvis dros SeniSnvnebis Cawera;<br />
• gadaxedva: ukan dabruneba, gadaTvaliereba,<br />
Tvalis gadavleba;<br />
• kiTxva: teqstze muSaoba da Seswavla;<br />
• Sejameba: Sinaarsis gaazreba da gageba;<br />
• sakuTari kritikuli pasuxis Camoyalibeba<br />
analizi: nawilebad dayofa;<br />
interpretacia: mniSvnelobebisa da daSvebebis<br />
gaazreba da gaSla;<br />
sinTezi: nawilebis SeerTeba, kavSirebis<br />
damyareba;<br />
Sefaseba: xarisxisa da Rirebulebis Sefaseba.<br />
kritikuli kiTxvis meTodebi ar aris erTmaneTis miyolebiT aucileblad<br />
gasavleli safexurebi. Tqven SeiZleba ar gamoiyenoT yvela maTgani yoveli<br />
konkretuli naSromis SemTxvevaSi. zogjer, rodesac aucilebelia teqstis<br />
detalurad kritikulad wakiTxva, SeiZleba ubralod ar gqondeT mimoxilvis,<br />
wakiTxvisa da xelaxali wakiTxvis dro. sxva SemTxvevebSi, naweris wakiTxvis mizezi<br />
(Tqveni mizani) ganapirobebs imas, Tu kiTxvis romel meTods gamoiyenebT. suraTze<br />
#6.1 sqematurad mocemulia kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi.<br />
suraTi #6.1: kritikuli kiTxvis etapebi<br />
kritikuli<br />
kiTxva<br />
wera kiTxvis<br />
procesSi<br />
• in<strong>for</strong>maciis da<br />
ideebis Cawera<br />
momavali<br />
miznebisTvis;<br />
• maqsimaluri<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
miRebis saSualeba;<br />
• wignTan<br />
urTierTqmedeba;<br />
• ormxriv CanawerTa<br />
dRiuri<br />
gadaTva<br />
liereba<br />
• moculoba;<br />
• gamomcemloba;<br />
• Sinaarsi;<br />
• avtori;<br />
• Tqven TviTon<br />
wakiTxva<br />
• pirveli<br />
wakiTxva<br />
(gadakiTxva);<br />
• gameorebiT<br />
wakiTxva (ukve<br />
nela,<br />
detaluri<br />
kiTxva).<br />
Sejameba<br />
• sityvebisa da<br />
cnebebis moZebna<br />
(romlebic ar<br />
gvesmis);<br />
• teqstis calkeul<br />
nawilTa<br />
identifikacia, maT<br />
Soris kavSiri;<br />
• TiToeuli<br />
nawilisTvis<br />
Sejamebis dawera;<br />
• avtoris ZiriTadi<br />
ideis gamokveTa;<br />
• mTliani abzacis<br />
dawera: ZiriTadi<br />
idea dasabuTebiT;<br />
• gamoiyeneT Tqveni<br />
sityvebi.<br />
kritikuli<br />
pasuxis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mireba<br />
• analizi;<br />
• sinTezi;<br />
• interpretacia;<br />
• Sefaseba.<br />
iseTi saqmianobac ki, rogoricaa Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ wakiTxva, kiTxvis<br />
sxvadasxva meTods moiazrebs, arCeuli meTodi ki wakiTxvis mizanzea damokidebuli<br />
(ix. cxrili #6.2).<br />
69
nebismier saswavlo kursSi Semavali davalebebic gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan<br />
maTSi wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis mixedviT. wignis kiTxva SeiZleba saWiroebdes<br />
weras, gadaxedvas, kiTxvasa da Sejamebas, magram ara _ intensiur kritikul kiTxvas;<br />
Jurnalis statiis Sefasebisas ki zemoT CamoTvlili yvela meTodis gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba.<br />
cxrili #6.2. wakiTxvis miznisa da kiTxvis meTodis<br />
urTierTmimarTeba<br />
mizani<br />
Worebis gageba eqimis mosacdelSi<br />
Jurnal „Tbiliselebis“, rogorc<br />
Cveni popkulturis artefaqtis,<br />
ganxilva, romelic asaxavs da<br />
xSirad afasebs kidec Tanamedrove<br />
Rirebulebebs<br />
kiTxvis meTodi<br />
swrafi,<br />
arakritikuli<br />
detaluri,<br />
kritikuli<br />
wera kiTxvis dros<br />
arsebobs ori kargi mizezi imisaTvis, rom weroT kiTxvis dros: (1) Caweril<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciasa da ideebs momavalSi gamoiyenebT da (2) wakiTxuli naSromidan mets<br />
gaigebT.<br />
kritikuli kiTxva aqtiuri kiTxvaa, Tqven urTierTobT naSromTan, CarTuli<br />
xarT masSi. is Tqvens gamocdilebas emateba, giCenT ideebsa da kiTxvebs. kiTxvis<br />
dros saweri kalmisa Tu dafis gamoyenebiT nawerze werilobiT reagirebT, riTac<br />
mocemul naSroms Tqvens „enaze TargmniT~ (Tqveni sityvebiT gadmoscemT) da TqvenTvis<br />
mis rekonstruqcias axdenT.<br />
gadaxedva, gadaTvaliereba<br />
mxatvruli literaturis nimuSis kiTxvisas, Cveulebisamebr, am safexurs<br />
toveben (`axtebian~), magram sxva tipis naSromebis kritikulad wakiTxvisas es<br />
nayofieri safexuria garkveuli molodinebisa da pirveladi kiTxvebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mirebisTvis manamde, sanam sityva-sityviT gaarCevdeT naSroms. gadaxedva kiTxvis<br />
process metad in<strong>for</strong>maciulsa da nayofiers xdis.<br />
gadaxedvis erT-erTi gzaa gadaTvaliereba, romelic mowodebulia Sinaarsis,<br />
avtorisa da naSromisadmi Tqveni damokidebulebis ZiriTadi maniSneblebis<br />
mosaZieblad. gverdebis uxalisod gadafurcvlisa Tu ekranze Tvalis gadavlebiT<br />
garbenisgan gansxvavebiT, gadaTvaliereba in<strong>for</strong>maciis moZiebis fokusirebuli,<br />
koncentrirebuli aqtivobaa. teqstis gadaTvalierebisas SegiZliaT qvemoT mocemuli<br />
kiTxvebi gamoiyenoT (ix. cxrili #6.3).<br />
kiTxva<br />
kiTxva, TavisTavad, ar aris erTsafexuriani procesi. Tqveni ZiriTadi mizania<br />
pirveli safexuris gageba, romliTac operirebs teqsti anu is, rasac avtori<br />
realurad ambobs.<br />
pirveli wakiTxva<br />
Tavdapirvelad axali masala SeZlebisdagvarad swrafad da uwyvetad waikiTxeT;<br />
Tan SeecadeT, gamokveToT arsi (dedaazri) da igrZnoT avtoris toni.<br />
70
cxrili #6.3. gadaxedvisas gamosadegi kiTxvebi<br />
masalis moculoba sakmarisad mcirea Tu ara masalis moculoba, rom erTbaSad<br />
waikiTxoT, Tu meti dro dagWirdebaT?<br />
publikaciis faqtebi iZleva Tu ara publikaciis TariRi in<strong>for</strong>macias misi<br />
savaraudo gavrcelebisa da mimdinare konteqstis Sesaxeb?<br />
specializdeba Tu ara publikacia erTi mimarTulebiT<br />
(vTqvaT, samecniero statiebi Tu popularuli wignebi)?<br />
Sinaarsis maniSneblebi ras geubnebaT naSromis saTauri, rezume an abstraqti,<br />
qvesaTaurebi, ilustraciebi da sxva maxasiaTeblebi? ra<br />
kiTxvebi giCndebaT amasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
avtori ras geubnebaT avtoris biografiuli monacemebi misi<br />
publikaciis, interesebis, tendenciebisa da reputaciis<br />
Sesaxeb?<br />
Tqven xedavT Tu ara raime konkretul sirTules SinaarsTan<br />
dakavSirebiT? Tqveni mxridan ra saxis mikerZoebam SeiZleba<br />
moaxdinos gavlena Sinaarsze reagirebisas? magaliTad,<br />
SfoTvam, cnobismoyvareobam, mowyenilobam anda avtoris<br />
radikalurad gansxvavebulma xedvam.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
ukeTesi koncentraciisTvis ikiTxeT wynar adgilas, iseTi gamRizianeblebisgan<br />
moSorebiT, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, musika an saubari.<br />
gamoyaviT dro kiTxvisTvis. Tu CqarobT, an sxva rameze gaqvT yuradReba<br />
gadatanili, ver gaigebT wakiTxuls.<br />
SeecadeT, muSaobisgan siamovneba miiRoT; SeecadeT, wakiTxuli imas<br />
daukavSiroT, rac ukve iciT. moipoveT axali in<strong>for</strong>macia, saintereso<br />
kavSirebi, mniSvenlovani argumentebi, iumori, kargi magaliTebi.<br />
kiTxvis dros mokle CaniSvnebi gaakeTeT. aRniSneT ZiriTadi erTeulebi,<br />
rogoricaa, magaliTad, abzaci, romelic ver gaigeT da romelsac xelmeored<br />
wakiTxvisas miubrundebiT.<br />
pirveli wakiTxvisas nu SeCerdebiT TiToeul ucxo, gaugebar sityvaze da nu<br />
daiwyebT misi mniSvnelobis garkvevas. ase veRar iqnebiT koncentrirebulni, codnas<br />
ki ver miiRebT imdens, rom koncentrirebis dakargvad Rirdes. amitom SeecadeT,<br />
rom ucnobi sityvebis mniSvneloba konteqstis mixedviT ivaraudoT, SemoxazeT es<br />
sityvebi da xelmeored wakiTxvisas gaarkvieT maTi mniSvnelobebi.<br />
ganmeorebiTi wakiTxva<br />
pirveli gadakiTxvis Semdeg, sul mcire, kidev erTxel unda waikiTxoT naSromi.<br />
amjerad nela ikiTxeT. am dros Tqveni ZiriTadi mizani Sinaarsisa da misi<br />
struqturis (agebis principis) wvdomaa. es niSnavs, rom Tqven xelaxla unda<br />
waikiTxoT abzaci, Tu ver mixvdiT, ris Tqma surda avtors, leqsikonSi unda<br />
moiZioT saWiro sityvebi anda vebgverdebze moZebnoT saTanado bmulebi („linkebi~).<br />
teqstis kiTxvisas SeniSvnebisa da komentarebis gakeTebisaTvis Tavisuflad<br />
gamoiyeneT kalami an klaviatura:<br />
Tu pirdapir teqstze ver axerxebT SeniSvnebis miweras (is Tqveni ar aris an<br />
eleqtronuli versia gaqvT), calke furcelze CamowereT SeniSvnebi da<br />
komentarebi.<br />
71
Tu pirdapir teqstze muSaobis saSualeba gaqvT, maSin TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli<br />
nebismieri sistemis gamoyeneba SegiZliaT, magaliTad: _ gaugebari frazebis<br />
gaswvriv mindorze dasviT „?~ niSani, SemoxazeT ucnobi, gaugebari sityvebi,<br />
ZiriTad sakiTxebsa da azrebs xazi gausviT, „*~-iT aRniSneT is debulebebi,<br />
romelsac eTanxmebiT, xolo `!~-iT ki isini, romlebic aRmafrTovaneblad,<br />
gamaogneblad da mimzidvelad migaCniaT, „mere ra?~ SegiZliaT miaweroT<br />
iseT frazebsa Tu debulebebs, romlebic aradamajereblad geCvenebaT.<br />
savarjiSo #6.1: qvemoT mocemulia souel Tomasis statia „studenturi sesxi~,<br />
romelic sten<strong>for</strong>dSi daibeWda 1993 wels Jurnal huverSi 131-133 gverdebze. mocemuli<br />
teqsti, sul mcire, orjer waikiTxeT da SeecadeT gaigoT, ras wers avtori. CainiSneT<br />
yvela Tqveni komentari, SekiTxva Tu asociacia, romelic kiTxvisas gagiCndebaT.<br />
gaarkvieT yvela ucnobi sityvis mniSvneloba da SeecadeT, Tavad gasceT pasuxi<br />
gaCenil kiTxvebs.<br />
studenturi sesxi<br />
souel Tomasi<br />
Sowell, Thomas, “Student Loans.” Is Reality Optional? And Ather Essays.<br />
Stan<strong>for</strong>d: Hoover, 1993.131-33.<br />
ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis Tema deficitis cnebaa: _ adamianTa moTxovnebis<br />
srulad dakmayofilebisaTvis sakmarisi ram arasodes arsebobs.<br />
politikis pirvel gakveTils ki ekonomikis pirveli gakveTilis ugulebelyofa<br />
warmoadgens. rodesac politikosi xedavs adamianTa jgufs, romelic Civis, rom<br />
raRac imdeni ar aqvs, ramdenic surs, politikosis mier miRebuli „gadawyvetileba”<br />
maTTvis am raRacis ufro meti raodenobiT micemaa, magram saidan moaqvT<br />
politikosebs es „ufro meti”? cxadia, isini erTs (viRac petres) arTmeven da<br />
meores (viRac pavles) aZleven.<br />
cxadia, cota xnis Semdeg politikosebi aRmoaCenen, rom axla petres ar aqvs es<br />
raRac sakmarisi odenobiT. isev ifeTqebs maTSi TanagrZnobis talRa da axla<br />
petres gadarCenas ecdebian. imis nacvlad, rom politikosebma aRiaron, rom petres<br />
gaZarcva pavles moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad TavisTavad miuRebeli qceva<br />
iyo, isini axla toms, diksa da haris Zarcvaven da ase exmarebian petres.<br />
am grZeli istoriis dasasruli aseTi iqneba: _ politikosebi ucbad aRmoaCenen,<br />
rom kolejis uamravi studenti yelamde valebSi Cafluli amTavrebs universitets.<br />
maTTvis dResaviT naTeli xdeba, rom mTavrobam daxmareba unda gauwios gadamxdelebs.<br />
ramdenad mZimea is tvirTi, romelzec ase xSirad saubroben politikosebi da<br />
Jurnalistebi? saxelmwifo kolejebis studentebisTvis es Tanxa daaxloebiT 7 000<br />
dolaria, kerZo kolejis studentebisTvis ki _ 9 000 dolars uaxlovdeba.<br />
Cveulebrivi, saSualo donis avtomobilis yidva am valze gacilebiT meti jdeba,<br />
magram, rogorc wesi, manqanis valis dafarva ufro swrafad xdeba, vidre aTwliani<br />
studenturi valis. metic, manqanis yidva ramdenime weliwadSia SesaZlebeli, kolejSi<br />
erTxel swavlis valis dafarva ki TiTqmis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze grZeldeba.<br />
cxadia, kolejis kursdamTavrebulebs ufro meti Semosavali aqvT, vidre sxvebs.<br />
Tu es asea, maSin ratomRaa atexili aseTi panika maTi valebis gamo? saSualo<br />
Semosavlis mqone kolejis kursdamTavrebuli pirvel wels wliuri Semosavlis<br />
10%-ze naklebs ixdis sesxis dasafarad, momaval wlebSi ki es procenti gadasaxadis<br />
zrdasTan erTad sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.<br />
politikuri isteria da media-reklama dabali Semosavlis mqone studentebze<br />
akeTebs aqcents, romelTac didi vali aqvT aRebuli. Tqven SeiZleba gulisamaCuyebeli,<br />
sruliad uCveulo, aratipuri istoriebic ki moisminoT. realurad ki gasul<br />
aTwleulSi perspeqtiuli studentebi sesxs iRebdnen rogorc maRali Semosavlis<br />
mqone pirebisagan, ise _ saxelmwifo programebidan.<br />
72
1978 wlamde saxelmwifo programebidan sesxis aReba kolejis mxolod im<br />
studentebs SeeZloT, romelTa ojaxebis Semosavali garkveul niSnulze dabali<br />
iyo. es niSnuli TiTqmis orjer aRemateboda saSualo Semosavals, magram rokfeleris<br />
da vanderbiltsis msgavs mdidar adamianebs am sesxiT sargeblobis uflebas ar<br />
aZlevda. Tanamedrove „TanagrZnobis~ epoqaSi ki kongresma es SezRudvebic gaauqma.<br />
am faqtma yvelasaTvis gaxsna gza. rogori mdidaric ar unda yofiliyo adamiani,<br />
mas Zalian mcire saprocento ganakveTiT SeeZlo saxelmwifosagan Tanxis sesxeba,<br />
Svilebis ganaTlebisaTvis Segrovili fuli ki SeeZlo sxva saqmeSi Caedo, saidanac<br />
maRal procents miiRebda. studenturi sesxis gadaxdis dros mSoblebs SvilebisTvis<br />
Segrovili TanxiT SeeZloT am valis gadaxda da miRebuli procentuli sxvaobis<br />
miTviseba.<br />
swrafad mzardma sesxebma politikosebsa da medias aCvena, Tu ra didi „saWiroebaa”<br />
amisa. is faqti, rom studentebi Tavs arideben droulad valis gadaxdas, gviCvenebs,<br />
Tu ramdenad „mZimea~ vali maTTvis. sinamdvileSi ki maT, vinc valis gadaxdas<br />
gaurbis, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT mcire sesxi aqvT aRebuli da xSirad isini<br />
swavlis periodSi kolejidanac arian garicxulni. upasuxismgeblo adamianebi<br />
yvela saqmeSi upasuxismgebloni arian.<br />
kolejis standartebis gauaresebas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs maTi mzardi<br />
advilad misawvdomoba maTTvis, vinc ganaTlebis miRebas seriozulad ar ekideba.<br />
koleji ar aris adgili, sadac SegiZlia dro ataro, araferi akeTo da amaSi<br />
viRacam fuli ixados. ra Tqma unda, ganaTleba Zviri Rirs, magram gadasaxadebi<br />
Zalian mZime tvirTad awevT ara marto saxelmwifo universitetebsa da qalaqis<br />
kolejebs, aramed sul ufro mzard „kerZo~ saswavleblebsac.<br />
uamravi saxelmwifo subsidia da sesxis programa bevr adamians socialuri<br />
resursebis uzarmazari raodenobis maTTvis dabali saprocento ganakveTiT<br />
gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. 1970 wlidan ramdenime aseuli procentiT<br />
gaizarda federaluri daxmareba umaRlesi ganaTlebisaTvis. aman kolejebs swavlis<br />
gadasaxadis naxtomiseburad gazrdis da profesorebisaTvis ufro mdare xarisxis<br />
swavlebis procesSi sul ufro metis gadaxdis saSualeba misca.<br />
bunebrivia, yvela, vinc aseTi SeRavaTebiT sargeblobs, am isteriebisa da reklamebis<br />
iniciatoria. is amiT cdilobs gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa fuliT sargeblobis<br />
gaxangrZlivebas, magram Cven sulelebi viqnebiT, Tu gavagrZelebT maTTvis<br />
ganusazRvreli raodenobis Tanxaze qviTrebis gamoweras.<br />
Tu Tqven am faqtebs ekonomikis kuTxidan SexedavT, amas gacvlas uwodeben,<br />
politikaSi ki _ siZunwes. rogorc Cans, Tuki am sakiTxs ubralod sxva kuTxiT<br />
mivudgebiT, deficiti aRar iqneba.<br />
Sejameba<br />
mocemuli teqstis miRma qveteqstis ufro Rrma Sinaarsis danaxvamde da mis<br />
mimarT sakuTari mosazrebis Camoyalibebamde, Tqven zustad unda gaarkvioT da<br />
gaigoT, realurad ras ambobs avtori. teqstis Sinaarsis wvdomisa da misi Zlieri<br />
da susti mxareebis danaxvis saukeTeso saSualebaa teqstis Sejameba anu ZiriTadi<br />
punqtebis, mosazrebebis dawmenda, gamijvna, gamoyofa da sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema.<br />
Tqven mogiwevT davalebebis Sesruleba, romelSic mcire zomis Sejamebas<br />
mogTxoven, amasTan, Sejameba kvleviTi (samecniero statia, sakurso Tu sabakalavro)<br />
naSromisa da iseTi sxva tipis nawerebis arsebiTi, mniSvnelovani nawilia, romelSic<br />
wyaroebis gamoyeneba dagWirdebaT. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, wakiTxulis ukeT gagebis<br />
mizniT mis Sejamebaze visaubrebT.<br />
Sejameba mocemuli teqstis ZiriTadi mosazrebebis SeZlebisdagvarad mokled,<br />
ramdenime winadadebiT gadmocemas gulisxmobs. rodesac ramdenime abzacis an<br />
mokle statiis Sejamebaa saWiro, is ar unda aRematebodes originaluri (mTliani)<br />
teqstis erT mexuTeds. ufro didi moculobis naSromisTvis, rogoricaa wignis<br />
73
erTi Tavi an mTlianad wigni, miRebuli Sejameba sawyis teqstTan SedarebiT sakmaod<br />
mcire zomis unda iyos. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera mocemulia<br />
cxrilSi #6.4.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
cxrili #6.4. Sejamebis monaxazis Seqmnis procesis aRwera<br />
moZebneT da gaarkvieT im sityvebisa da cnebebis mniSvnelobebi, romlebic xels<br />
giSlian avtoris mier dawerili teqstis Sinaarsisa da masSi mocemuli kavSirebis<br />
danaxvaSi.<br />
daamuSaveT teqsti da gamoyaviT nawilebi (qveTavebi, seqciebi) _ calkeuli abzacebi<br />
an abzacTa erTobliobebi, romlebic erT Temas Seexeba. raTa ufro naTlad<br />
gamoikveTos, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba naSromis nawilebi erTmaneTs, SeecadeT, Sinaarsi<br />
grafikulad gamosaxoT (piramidis saxiT) an monaxazi gaakeToT (ix. werisTvis<br />
mosamzadebeli etapi).<br />
ukve garCeuli nawilebi erTi-ori winadadebiT SeajameT. yuradReba am nawilis<br />
ZiriTad punqtebze gaamaxvileT da gamotoveT magaliTebi, faqtebi da dasabuTebebi.<br />
erTi-ori winadadebiT CawereT avtoris ZiriTadi idea.<br />
dawereT erTi mTliani (da Tu saWiroa metic) abzaci, romelic ZiriTadi ideiT<br />
daiwyeba da dasabuTebis funqcias naSromis TiToeuli nawilis Sejamebisas dawerili<br />
winadadebebi Seasruleben. es abzaci mokled (SemWidrovebulad) da zedmiwevniT<br />
unda aRwerdes mTlian naSroms.<br />
wereT Tqveni sityvebiT. werisas naSromis Sinaarsi im sityvebiT unda gadmosceT,<br />
romelic TqvenTvis iqneba gasagebi, amitom yovelTvis Tqveni sityvebiT wereT da nu<br />
SeecdebiT TqvenTvis ucxo da uCveulo sityvebis gamoyenebas.<br />
erTi abzacis Sejamebac ki SeiZleba rTuli da Sromatevadi iyos.<br />
SeniSvna: sakuTari sityvebiT Sejamebisas darwmundiT, rom plagiatori ar xarT.<br />
Sejamebis Tqveni sityvebiT werisas Tu raimes sxvaTa mier dawerils iyenebT,<br />
aucileblad unda miuTiToT wyaro, romlidanac iRebT am azrs, ideasa Tu pozicias.<br />
savarjiSo #6.2: daubrundiT wina savarjiSoSi mocemul teqsts da Tqveni sityvebiT<br />
dawereT misi erTabzaciani Sejameba.<br />
kritikuli pasuxis <strong>for</strong>mireba<br />
wakiTxulis Sinaarsis _ avtoris mier naTqvamis _ wvdomisa da gaazrebis<br />
Semdeg Tqven ukve SegiZliaT teqstTan mibruneba da imis garkveva, Tu ra ar uTqvams<br />
avtors pirdapir, magram igulisxma, ra ivarauda, anda ra mosazreba SemogvTavaza.<br />
kiTxvis am etapze Tqveni yuradReba avtoris ganzraxvaze an/da mizanze da am miznis<br />
miRwevis xerxebze gadadis. wasakiTxi teqstis Taviseburebebidan da kiTxvis miznidan<br />
gamomdinare, Tqven arkvevT, Tu rogor asabuTebs avtori sakuTar pozicias, rogoraa<br />
teqsti organizebuli, rogori eniT wers igi da rogoria teqstis sxva elementebi.<br />
kritikuli azrovneba da kiTxva oTx operacias gulisxmobs: esenia analizi,<br />
interpretacia, sinTezi da (xSirad) Sefaseba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es operaciebi<br />
qvemoT Tanmimdevruladaa ganxiluli, realurad isini mWidrod urTierTqmedeben<br />
da faraven erTmaneTs. pirveli sami operacia xSirad gaerTianebulia da maT<br />
erTad analizs uwodeben, xolo Sefaseba ganixileba, rogorc am procesis Sedegi.<br />
analizi<br />
sakiTxis ukeT gagebis mizniT mimarTaven mis Semadgenel nawilebad<br />
(elementebad) dayofas, daSlas. wasakiTx teqstSi am elementebis gamoxSirvisaTvis<br />
dasviT SekiTxva, romelSic teqstis analizis mizani iqneba mocemuli: _ ratom<br />
74
gainteresebT, an ris garkvevas cdilobT. es SekiTxva erTgvari gamadidebeli SuSis<br />
funqcias Seasrulebs _ is gamokveTs zogierT Strixs da SeumCnevlad datovebs<br />
danarCenebs. qvemoT (ix. cxrili #6.5) sailustraciod mocemulia kiTxvebi, romelTa<br />
dasmac SesaZlebelia Jurnal `sarkis~ mimarT; aseve, aRniSnulia, am JurnalTan<br />
dakavSirebul romel nawils, elements Seexeba TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
rogorc magaliTidan Cans, analizis mizniT kiTxvebis gamoyenebiT Tqveni<br />
yuradReba teqstis relevantur anu saTanado maxasiaTeblebze warimarTeba,<br />
irelevanturi ki yuradRebis miRma rCeba. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mier garkveuli<br />
momsaxurebis gamoyenebisken biZgis Sesaxeb kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad Tqveni<br />
yuradReba iseT debulebebze unda SeaCeroT, romlebic momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />
saSualebebis moxmarebas Seexeba: _ silamazis salonebis, klubebisa Tu solariumebis<br />
sareklamo fotoebze, im cnobili adamianebis interviuebze, romlebic ukve<br />
sargebloben SemoTavazebuli momsaxurebiT da kmayofilni arian. amasTan, Tqven<br />
unda gamotovoT („gadaaxteT~) is debulebebi, romlebic mcirediT an saerTod ar<br />
exeba moxmarebis Temas. magaliTad, konkretuli ojaxis amaRelvebeli istoria an<br />
romelime cnobili wyvilis mogonebebi piradi cxovrebidan.<br />
cxrili #6.5. konkretul elementebze mimarTuli kiTxebi analizisTvis.<br />
kiTxvebi analizisTvis<br />
• qmnis Tu ara Jurnali `sarke~<br />
stereotipebs?<br />
• sTavazobs Tu ara Jurnali<br />
dadebiT rolur modelebs<br />
Tavis mkiTxvelebs?<br />
• JurnalSi mocemuli statiebi<br />
da maTi Tanmxlebi fotoebi<br />
ubiZgeben Tu ara mkiTxvels,<br />
rom gaxdes SeTavazebuli<br />
momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />
saSualebebis momxmarebeli?<br />
elementebi<br />
• stereotipebi: eqsplicituri da implicituri<br />
stereotipebi an gamowvevebi JurnalSi.<br />
• roluri modelebi: teqsti da fotoebi dadebiTi an<br />
uaryofiTi roluri modelebis funqcias asruleben.<br />
• biZgi moxmarebisTvis: momsaxurebisa da garTobis<br />
saSualebebis moxsenieba, momxmareblebze aqcentis<br />
gakeTeba, SeTavazebuli momsaxurebisa da bednierebis an<br />
warmatebis gaTanabreba.<br />
interpretacia<br />
cxadia, rom mTelis elementebis identificireba procesis mxolod dasawyisia.<br />
amitom am etapis bunebrivi gagrZelebaa TiToeuli elementisa da maTgan Seqmnili<br />
mTelis mniSvnelobisa Tu mniSvnelovnebis interpretirebaa. interpretacia, rogorc<br />
wesi, gulisxmobs mocemul sakiTxze avtoris daSvebis, mosazrebisa Tu rwmenis<br />
wvdomas (mtkicebulebebze dayrdnobiT daskvnebis gamotanas).<br />
sityva daSveba aq ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, vidre yoveldRiur<br />
metyvelebaSi, romelSic is SeiZleba molodins (`vvaraudob, rom aanazRaurebs~),<br />
spekulacias (`es naklebad dasaSvebia~), anda Secdomas (`angariSi varaudebiT iyo<br />
savse~) aRniSnavdes. ufro zustad Tu ganvmartavT, daSveba aris is, rac individis<br />
varaudiT, marTali da gardauvalia. TiToeul adamians Tavisi mosazrebebi aqvs.<br />
adamianebi aseTi daSvebebis garemocvaSi cxovroben.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi yovlismomcvlia, daSvebebi yovelTvis ar aris<br />
pirdapir da gasagebad mocemuli. momxsenebeli an avtori, SesaZloa, gulisxmobdes,<br />
rom misi auditoria an mkiTxveli ukve icnobs mis daSvebebs da miRebuli aqvs isini,<br />
Tumca SeiZleba auditoriam an mkiTxvelma sruliad araferi icodes am daSvebebis<br />
Sesaxeb anda momxsenebeli/avtori sruliad Segnebulad Tavs ikavebdes sakuTari<br />
daSvebebis deklarirebisgan auditoriis/mkiTvelis mier miuReblobis SiSis gamo.<br />
75
swored amitomaa saWiro kritikulad wakiTxvis dros avtoriseuli daSvebebis<br />
interpretireba.<br />
sinTezi<br />
Tu analizisa da interpretaciis procesiT dakmayofildebiT da aq SewyvetT<br />
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvas, mxolod calkeuli elementebisa da SesaZlo<br />
mniSvnelobebis grova SegrCebaT xelSi da ver SeZlebT mocemuli teqstis, rogorc<br />
erTi mTlianobis aRqmas. sinTezis etapze nawilebis an calkeuli erTeulebis<br />
urTierTdakavSireba xdeba. Tqven kavSirebisa da daSvebebis Sesaxeb daskvnebis<br />
gamotaniT axal mTlianobas qmniT.<br />
sinTezis saSualebiT Tqven raRac axals, sawyisi masalisgan gansxvavebuls<br />
qmniT. magaliTad, Jurnal `sarkis~ mkiTxvelebisTvis is garTobis saSualebaa, xolo<br />
Tqven, kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg (rodesac Tqven gaaanalizeT, interpretireba<br />
da sinTezireba moaxdineT) es Jurnali (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi is konkretuli<br />
nawili, romelic daamuSaveT) momxmarebelTa kulturis <strong>for</strong>mirebis mniSvnelovan<br />
saSualebad aRiqviT. es gansxvaveba kritikulad wakiTxvidan gamomdinareobs.<br />
qvemoT mocemulia analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis gamosadegi<br />
kiTxvebi (ix. cxrili #6.6).<br />
cxrili #6.6. kiTxvebi analizis, interpretaciisa da sinTezisTvis<br />
• ra mizniT kiTxulobT?<br />
• ra kiTxvebi giCndebaT naSromTan dakavSirebiT? romeli kiTxvebi gainteresebT yvelaze<br />
metad an romeli kiTxvebi iZleva yvelaze met SesaZleblobas? ra elementebi unda<br />
iqnes detalurad ganxiluli? Sedegad, romeli elementebis ignorirebaa SesaZlebeli?<br />
• ra interpretacias aZlevT elementebis mniSvnelobasa da mniSvnelovnebas rogorc<br />
individualur doneze anu calkeul elementTan, ise _ mTlian naSromTan mimarTebiT?<br />
ra daSvebebi gaqvT naSromis Taobaze? avtoris daSvebebis Taobaze?<br />
• rogor axdenT maT sinTezs? ra mimarTebaa elementebs Soris? ra mimarTebaa am<br />
konkretul naSromasa da sxva Sromebs Soris?<br />
• ra daskvnas akeTebT naSromis Sesaxeb? ras matebs es daskvna naSroms?<br />
Sefaseba<br />
xSirad kritikulad kiTxva da wera mxolod analiziT, interpretaciiTa da<br />
sinTeziT Semoifargleba. Tqven ganmartavT avtoris naTqvamis Tqveneul gagebas,<br />
magram Tavad arafers ambobT. kritikulad kiTxvisa da werisas mxolod maSin<br />
unda ganacxadoT da daicvaT Tqveni pozicia naSromis xarisxisa da mniSvnelovnebis<br />
Sesaxeb, rodesac misi Sefasebac mogeTxovebT. SefasebaSi erTad SekrebT Tqvens<br />
mosazrebebs, ganmartavT, Tu ratom arian isini zogadad misaRebni da maT debulebebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>miT ayalibebT; amasTan, Tavad asabuTebT Tqvens TiToeul mosazrebas<br />
originaluri teqstis citirebis saSualebiT.<br />
Sefaseba kompetenturobis garkveul dones moiTxovs. SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom<br />
gakliaT codna da gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom sxvisi naSromis logikasa da<br />
azrTa dinebas mihyveT, gansakuTarebiT maSin, rodesac teqsti rTulia an misi<br />
avtori kargad cnobili pirovnebaa. sruliad marTalia, rac ufro metad xarT<br />
in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni da meti iciT mocemul sferoSi, miT ukeT waikiTxavT kritikulad,<br />
magram isic gaxsovdeT, rom keTilsindisierad kiTxva da analizi Sinagan<br />
darwmunebulobas SegZenT da SeZlebT imis garCevas, Tu rogor weria realurad,<br />
Tqven rogor aRiqvamT dawerils da amaSi xels ar SegiSliT Tqveni gamocdileba,<br />
dakvirvevebi da damokidebulebebi.<br />
76
qvemoT mocemulia sxvadasxva tipis naSromis SefasebisTvis gamosadegi kiTxvebi<br />
(ix. cxrili #6.7).<br />
cxrili #6.7. kiTxvebi SefasebisTvis<br />
• ra reaqcia gaqvT naSromze? konkretulad ras exmaurebiT naSromSi?<br />
• Seesabameba Tu ara naSromi ZiriTad ideas? aris Tu ara faqtebi, magaliTebi da<br />
sxva mtkicebulebebi naTlad da adekvaturad mocemuli?<br />
• miaRwia Tu ara avtorma dasaxul mizans? aris Tu ara es mizani Rirebuli?<br />
• aris Tu ara avtori avtoritetuli, gulwrfeli da imsaxurebs Tu ara ndobas?<br />
• aris Tu ara naSromi mTliani? Seesabameba Tu ara misi yvela nawili ZiriTad<br />
ideas? aris Tu ara is Tanmimdevruli _ gasagebad mihyveba Tu ara misi nawilebi<br />
erTmenTs?<br />
• Tu naSromi Seicavs ferad grafikebs, sqemebs, multimediis elementebs (eleqtronuli<br />
versiis SemTxvevaSi), es elementebi naSromis Sinaarss amdidreben da avseben, Tu<br />
ubralod aqsesuaris funqcias asruleben?<br />
• mTlianobaSi ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi? ra Rirebuleba aqvs mas ufro farTo<br />
konteqstSi ganxilvisas?<br />
• eTanxmebiT Tu ara naSromSi mocemul mosazrebebs? SegiZliaT daasabuToT an<br />
uaryoT isini?<br />
savarjiSo #6.3: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli debulebebi masobrivi in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
saSualebebis Sesaxeb da gaiazreT ara marto maTi Sinaarsi, aramed is mizezebic,<br />
romelTa gamoc SeiZleba avtors ase efiqra da nimuSis mixedviT werilobiT<br />
gaarCieT TiToeuli maTgani.<br />
nimuSi:<br />
debuleba<br />
analizi<br />
yovel wels ufro da ufro meti wignis gamomcemlobis<br />
gauCinareba xdeba, radgan didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.<br />
ratom gaakeTa avtorma es ganacxadi? garkveuli sityvebi<br />
miuTiTebs avtoris mizanze: ufro da ufro meti gamomcemloba;<br />
radgan, didi kompaniebi STanTqaven patarebs.<br />
interpretacia `ufro da ufro meti~ niSnavs, rom sxva kompaniebs mouwiaT<br />
gaqroba. `radgan~ akonkretebs mizezs. STanTqavs gulisxmobs<br />
momxmareblis mtaceblur qcevas. avtoris daSveba: didi<br />
kompaniebi iqcevian, rogorc mtacebeli cxovelebi. didi<br />
kompaniebis amgvari qceva iwvevs patarebis gaqrobas, rac ufro<br />
meti kompaniebia, miT ukeTesi.<br />
sinTezi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
avtori yuradRebas amaxvilebs didi kompaniebis mtaceblur<br />
qcevaze, romelTac akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas patara<br />
gamomcemlobebis gauCinrebasa da maTi ricxvis totalur<br />
Semcirebaze.<br />
debuleba mimarTulia didi gamomcemlobebis winaaRmdeg,<br />
romlebsac ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba kompaniaTa ricxvis<br />
saerTo Semcirebaze. magram aris ki mxolod didi<br />
gamomcemlobebi pasuxismgebeli amaze? da bolos, ratomaa<br />
kompaniaTa ricxvis Semcireba cudi?<br />
1. Jurnal–gazeTebi in<strong>for</strong>maciis miRebis ukeTesi saSualebaa, vidre<br />
televizia, radgan isini kiTxvas saWroeben da ara ubralod yurebas.<br />
2. virtualuri („onlain~) urTierToba safrTxes uqmnis pirispir<br />
urTerTobis unars.<br />
77
kritikis struqtura<br />
teqstis kritikulad wakiTxvis Semdeg iwereba misi kritika. kritika~ teqstis<br />
<strong>for</strong>malizebuli, kritikuli Sefasebaa. is, aseve, pasuxicaa, Tumca kritikulad wera<br />
metad skurpulozuri samuSaoa, vidre imis Tqma, rom teqsti `didebuli~, `saintereso~<br />
an `aradamakmayofilebelia~. CamoTvlili Sefasebebi reaqciebia, Tumca isini sakiTxs<br />
yvelasTvis gasagebs ver xdian, amitom Tqven unda axsnaT, Tu rogor mixvediT am<br />
daskvnebamde.<br />
Tu kritikulad kiTxvis zemoT aRweril process SevajamebT, SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
rom kritikis daweramde Tqven unda gaarkvioT, ra Tqva avtorma, ramdenad kargad<br />
SeZlo sakuTari mosazrebebis gadmocema, ra daSvebebi udevs safuZvlad mis<br />
argumentebs, ra sakiTxebia ganxiluli, ra gamoyeneba SeiZleba moeZebnos am sakiTxebs.<br />
kritikaSi, iqneba es dadebiTi, Tu uaryofiTi Sefaseba, samarTlianad da gasagebad<br />
unda Sejamdes teqsti. aseve, mocemuli unda iyos Tqveni sakuTari mosazrebebi.<br />
kritikuli Sefasebis werisas aucileblad mogiwevT Tqveni codnis, rwmenisa<br />
da varaudis gadasinjva, Sesabamisad, kritika axal codnas SegZenT.<br />
kritika SeiZleba oTx nawilad daiyos, esenia: Sesavali, Sejameba, Tqveni pasuxi<br />
teqstze da daskvna (ix. cxrili #6.8).<br />
cxrili #6.8. kritikuli eses struqtura<br />
Sesavali<br />
• naSromis saTauri da avtoris saxeli;<br />
• naSromis wyaro, saidan iqna aRebuli, sad daibeWda;<br />
• sakiTxis zogadi mimoxilva da avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi.<br />
• naSromis Sesaxeb in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis, raTa man ukeT aRiqvas<br />
gansaxilveli teqsti. es masala SeiZleba moicavdes:<br />
− imis axsnas, Tu ratomaa es sakiTxi amJamad saintereso da ratom daiwera masze<br />
es naSromi;<br />
− biografiuli cnobebi avtoris Sesaxeb;<br />
− pirobebi, viTareba, romelSic daiwera mocemuli naSromi;<br />
− miTiTeba savaraudo mkiTxvelze.<br />
• sakiTxis Sesaxeb SesaZlo arsebuli urTierTsapirispiro Sexedulebebi;<br />
• miTiTeba imaze, Tu rogor dayofT naSroms sadiskusiod, ra elementebs ganixilavT;<br />
• Tqveni pozicia naSromis mimarT.<br />
Sejameba<br />
• avtoris Tvalsazrisis Sejameba; naSromis mokle mimoxilva _ ZiriTadi mosazrebebi;<br />
• avtoris mizani.<br />
pasuxi teqstze<br />
• avtoris romel Sexedulebebs eTanxmebiT;<br />
• romels ar eTanxmebiT;<br />
• ratom? erTad SeajameT es mizezebi da moitaneT Tqveni argumentebi; am nawilSi, aseve,<br />
SeiZleba pasuxis gaeces Semdeg kiTxvebs:<br />
− ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi?<br />
− ras iZleva es naSromi axals?<br />
− ramdenad sainteresoa naSromi?<br />
− ra wvlili SeiZleba Seitanos am naSromma mkiTxvelis profesiul zrdaSi?<br />
daskvna<br />
• daskvna mTeli teqstis validurobis Sesaxeb;<br />
• mxolod Tqveneuli Sefasebebis Sejameba;<br />
• ramdenad warmatebulad miaRwia avtorma dasaxul mizans;<br />
• ramdenad Rirebulia naSromi, misi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
wyaro: http://homepage.uhwo.hawaii.edu/∼writing/critique.htm. bolo naxva: 25.05.2007<br />
savarjiSo #6.4: dawereT im statiis kritika, romelic mocemulia savarjiSoSi #6.1.<br />
78
Tavi 7. plagiati<br />
ra aris plagiati<br />
plagiati inteleqtualuri qurdobaa da gulisxmobs erTi adamianis mier<br />
nebismieri sxva adamianis sityvebisa Tu mosazrebebis gamoyenebas am adamianis (anu<br />
originaluri azrisa Tu sityvebis avtoris) wvlilis sworad warmoCenis gareSe<br />
an misi ignorirebiT. plagiatis gamo SeiZleba ar CagiTvalon Sesrulebuli davaleba,<br />
gavlili kursi an samsaxuridanac ki dagiTxovon (Campbell, 2007. abz. 1).<br />
termini „plagiati~ laTinuri plagiatrus-dan momdinareobs da adamianTa motacebas<br />
niSnavda. aleqsander lindli Tavis naSromSi `plagiati da originaluroba~<br />
(1952) mas gansazRvravs, rogorc „avtorobis mcdar daSvebas: esaa sxva adamianis<br />
gonebis nayofis sakuTar naSromad gasaRebis mcdari qmedeba~. amrigad, rodesac<br />
akademiur weraSi adamiani sxvisi naSromidan erT frazas, mTlian winadadebas,<br />
ramdenime winadadebasa Tu mTlian abzacs iRebs, ucvlelad an arsebiTad<br />
saxecvlilad gadaaqvs is Tavis naSromSi avtorisa da naSromis wyaros miuTiTeblad,<br />
is plagiatoria. plagiatTan ara marto maSin gvaqvs saqme, rodesac adamiani sakuTrad<br />
asaRebs sxva adamianis winadadebebsa Tu konkretul frazebs, aramed maSinac, rodesac<br />
sxvis argumentebs sakuTrad warmoaCens (Carter, 2007, abz. 1).<br />
SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom akademiur weraSi SeuZlebelia plagiatis gareSe<br />
naSromis Sesruleba, vinaidan nebismieri davalebis Sesrulebisas pirveli, rasac<br />
nebismieri Tqvengani akeTebs, davalebis Sesabamisi literaturis mimoxilvaa saWiro<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis, ideebis, argumentebisa Tu magaliTebis mosaZieblad (Carter, 2007, abz. 2).<br />
cxadia, aravin ibadeba, vTqvaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis periodis saqarTvelos<br />
cxovrebis detalebis anda fizikis fundamenturi aqsiomebis Tandayolili codniT.<br />
amitom, bunebrivia, rom rodesac romelime konkretul Temaze gaqvT dasaweri naSromi,<br />
Tqven sxvaTa naSromebs mimarTavT in<strong>for</strong>maciisTvis da zogjer erTi sityvisTvisac<br />
ki. es Cveuli praqtikaa studentebisa Tu mecnierebis muSaobisas, Tumca es<br />
avtomaturad ar niSnavs plagiats.<br />
rodesac werilobiT naSromSi sxvaTa mosazrebebis, frazebisa da winadadebebis<br />
gamoyeneba saTanado wesebis dacviT xorcieldeba, maSin sruliad SesaZlebelia<br />
plagiatisgan Tavis arideba.<br />
citireba da perifrazireba<br />
citireba erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianis<br />
sityvebis gamoyenebas niSnavs. citirebis dros aucilebelia sxvisi naSromidan<br />
amoRebuli teqstis brWyalebSi Casma da saTanado wesebis dacviT teqstis wyaros<br />
miTiTeba.<br />
perifrazi erTi adamianis mier sakuTar naSromSi nebismieri sxva adamianis<br />
mosazrebebis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemas niSnavs. swored am xerxs iyeneben<br />
adamianiebi yvelaze xSirad TavianT naSromebSi ukve gamoqveynebuli masalebis<br />
gamoyenebisas (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).<br />
perifrazi mxolod sityvebis gadanacvlebas ar niSnavs. sxvaTa naSromis Sejameba<br />
da perifrazi xSirad originaluri teqstis avtoris naazrevis xelaxal gaazrebas,<br />
sakuTari kulturisa da sametyvelo enis Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebasa da<br />
leqsikur maragTan morgebas gulisxmobs (Campbell, 2007. abz. 3).<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom perifrazis dros sakuTar sityvebs iyenebT, mainc<br />
aucilebelia in<strong>for</strong>maciis wyaros zustad miTiTeba, radgan idea, azri, ZiriTadi<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macia Tqven ar gekuTvniT (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, 2004).<br />
79
misaRebi da miuRebeli perifrazi<br />
qvemoT mocemulia originaluri teqsti joi uiliamsis wignis `lizi bodeni:<br />
ojaxi da danaSauli 1890-ian wlebSi _ SemTxvevis aRwera~ pirveli gverdidan:<br />
industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunis<br />
bolos amerikis istoriaSi ganviTarebisa da winsvlis sami yvelaze TvalsaCino<br />
magaliTia. mas Semdeg, rac axali, didi da orTqlze momuSave qarxnebi aRmosavleT<br />
amerikis peizaJis Cveul maxasiaTeblad iqca, miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis<br />
muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebSi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis Seiqmna<br />
samuSao adgilebi. industrializaciam didi qalaqis (rogoricaa fol riveri,<br />
masaCusetsi, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) urbanizaciac moitana Tan.<br />
swored es qalaqebi iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da<br />
vaWrobis centrebad.<br />
miuRebeli perifrazi, plagiatis magaliTi:<br />
industriis ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da mosaxleobis zrda me-19 saukunis<br />
bolos amerikis ganviTarebis sami ZiriTadi faqtoria. mas Semdeg, rac qveynis<br />
aRmosavleT nawilSi orTqlze momuSave kompaniebi ufro SesamCnevi gaxda,<br />
miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad iqcnen. amave qarxnebma uzrunvelhyo<br />
samuSao adgilebi emigrantTa mozRvavebuli talRisTvis. didi qalaqis<br />
(rogoricaa fol riveri sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda) industrializaciam<br />
is rogorc warmoebis, ise _ komerciuli saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad<br />
aqcia.<br />
es nawyveti ori mosazrebis gamo ganixileba, rogorc plagiatorobis magaliTi:<br />
• avtorma mxolod ramdenime sityva da fraza Secvala da ramdenime winadadeba<br />
gadaanacvla;<br />
• avtorma ar daasaxela arc erTi mosazrebisa Tu faqtis wyaro.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom es abzaci imis gamocaa problemuri, rom masSi Secvlilia<br />
zogierTi winadadebis mniSvneloba. magaliTad, gamoyenebulia fraza `orTqlze<br />
momuSave kompaniebi~, riTac sruliad dakargulia originalur teqstSi qarxnebze<br />
gakeTebuli aqcenti.<br />
misaRebi perifrazi:<br />
fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikis<br />
tipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSave<br />
warmoebis ganviTarebas muSaxelis miwaTmoqmedebidan manufaqturul warmoebaze<br />
gadanacvleba mohyva, ramac, Tavis mxriv, mosaxleobis zrda da didi urbanuli<br />
dasaxlebebis warmoqmna gamoiwvia. fol riveri swored erT-erTi aseTi<br />
industriuli da komerciuli centri iyo (uiliamsi, gv. 1).<br />
es nawyveti misaRebi perifrazia, radgan avtori:<br />
• zustad teqstSi mocemul in<strong>for</strong>macias iyenebs da mas sakuTari sityvebiT<br />
gadmoscems;<br />
• mkiTxvels acnobs wyaros, saidanac es in<strong>for</strong>macia amoiRo.<br />
misaRebi perifrazisa da citirebis kombinirebuli magaliTi:<br />
fol riveri, sadac bordenebis ojaxi cxovrobda, me-19 saukunis amerikis<br />
tipuri Crdilo-aRmosavluri industriuli qalaqi iyo. orTqlze momuSave<br />
warmoebis ganviTarebis Sedegad `miwaTmoqmedi fermerebi am qarxnebis muSebad<br />
iqcnen~ da emigrantebisTvisac Seiqmna samuSao adgilebi. amasTan, mosaxleobis<br />
zrdam dasaxlebuli punqtebis zomebis zrda gamoiwvia. fol riveri erT-erTi<br />
80
aseTi dasaxleba iyo, romelic `iqca rogorc warmoebis, ise komerciuli<br />
saqmianobisa da vaWrobis centrad~ (uiliamsi, gv. 1).<br />
es nawyveti misaRebia, radgan avtori:<br />
• zustad gadmoscems mocemuli originaluri teqstidan aRebul in<strong>for</strong>macias;<br />
• teqstSi mocemuli ideebis wyaros asaxelebs;<br />
• brWyalebis gamoyenebiTa da gverdis dasaxelebiT miuTiTebs, Tu romeli<br />
frazebi aqvs uSualod originaluri teqstidan aRebuli.<br />
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom avtors es frazebi an winadadebebi sakuTar naSromSi<br />
brWyalebSi Casmis gareSe rom gamoeyenebina, plagiatTan gveqneboda saqme. sxva<br />
adamianis frazebisa Tu winadadebebis sakuTar naSromSi gamoyeneba brWyalebSi<br />
Casmis gareSe maSinac ki ganixileba plagiatad, rodesac naSromSi miTiTebulia is<br />
wyaro, romlidanac man es fraza Tu winadadeba amoiRo (Writing Tutorial Services,<br />
Indiana University, 2004).<br />
savarjiSo #7.1: waikiTxeT qvemoT mocemuli situacia, upasuxeT kiTxvebs da<br />
SeasruleT davaleba ( Ãóäâèí Äæ, 2004, ñò. 89)<br />
studenti werda sakurso naSroms tyuilis Sesaxeb da kiTxulobda pol ekmanis<br />
wigns `tyuili~. is gaecno gavrcelebul situacias, rodesac adamiani realurad<br />
simarTles ambobs, magram am dros nerviulobs da ise Cans, TiTqos ityuebao. qvemoT<br />
mocemulia ramdenime amonaridi wignidan:<br />
...simarTlis ardajerebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa e.w. otelos<br />
Secdoma. es maSin xdeba, rodesac erTi adamiani cdilobs meoris tyuilSi<br />
gamoWeras, is ver acnobierebs, rom Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani nerviulobs<br />
an stresul situaciaSi imyofeba, SeiZleba moeCvenos, rom is ityueba.<br />
...patiosan adamianebs SeiZleba eSinodeT, rom ar daujereben da es SiSi<br />
SeiZleba tyuilSi gamoWeris SiSad aRiqvan.<br />
...am Secdomas otelos Secdoma vuwode, radgan mkvlelobis scena Seqspiris<br />
tragediaSi aseTi Secdomis mSvenieri da Zalze cnobili SemTxvevaa... (Ekman,<br />
1985; p. 169-170).<br />
studentis sakurso naSromSi waikiTxavdiT Semdeg abzacs:<br />
simarTlis ardajereba kidev erTi problemaa tyuilis amocnobisas. zogjer<br />
adamiani, romelic vinmes tyuilSi gamoWeras cdilobs, ar iTvaliswinebs, rom<br />
Tu simarTlis mTqmeli adamiani stresul situaciaSia an nerviulobs, SeiZleba<br />
moeCvenos, rom es adamiani ityueba. es fenomeni otelos Secdomis saxeliTaa<br />
cnobili. amrigad, zogjer SeiZleba adamiani simarTles ambobdes, magram am<br />
dros eSinodes, rom aravin daujerebs. amis Sedegad is ise Cans, rogorc adamiani,<br />
romelsac eSinia, rom tyuilSi gamoiWeren.<br />
rodesac students Semowmebuli naSromi daubrunda, is Sokirebuli iyo: profesorma<br />
igi plagiatorobaSi daadanaSaula da aradamakmayofilebeli Sefaseba dauwera.<br />
kiTxvebi:<br />
• rogor fiqrobT, ratom moxda ase?<br />
• rogor unda daewera students igive abzaci ise, rom is profesors<br />
plagiatorobaSi ar daedanaSaulebina?<br />
davaleba: dawereT abzacis swori varianti.<br />
81
ogor avaridoT Tavi plagiats<br />
imisaTvis, rom plagiatorobis safrTxe ar dagemuqroT, yovelTvis daicaviT<br />
qvemoT mocemuli sami ZiriTadi wesi:<br />
• Tu nebismieri sxva adamianis ideebs iyenebT, zustad daasaxeleT wyaro;<br />
• Tu Tqvens naSromSi bundovnad Cans, rogor gamoiyeneT esa Tu is wyaro,<br />
ise SecvaleT misi motanis <strong>for</strong>ma, rom es sruliad calsaxad gasagebi<br />
gaxdes;<br />
• Tu vinme dagexmaraT werilobiTi naSromis Sesrulebisas, aucileblad<br />
moixsenieT is da gamoyaviT, daafaseT misi wvlili (Georgetown University,<br />
2007. abz. 2).<br />
qvemoT mocemulia is konkretuli strategiebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT<br />
plagiatorobisgan Tavis aridebaSi.<br />
yovelTvis CasviT brWyalebSi nebismieri ram, rasac pirdapir amoiRebT<br />
teqstidan, gansakuTrebiT, werisTvis mosamzadebel etapze, rodesac CaniSvnebs<br />
akeTebT;<br />
gaakeTeT perifrazi, Tumca gadaamowmeT, rom perifrazirebis nacvlad ubralod<br />
sityvebis gadanacvleba ar gamogivideT;<br />
yuradRebiT waikiTxeT teqsti, romlis perifrazsac akeTebT, Semdeg xeli<br />
daafareT teqsts an Tvalebi daxuWeT, raT Tvali ar gageqceT da originalSi<br />
Caxedvis gareSe Tqveni sityvebiT CawereT teqsti.<br />
SeadareT perifrazi originals da darwmundiT, rom ar gaqvT gamoyenebuli<br />
igive frazebi an sityvebi, xolo in<strong>for</strong>macia (anu Sinaarsi) zustadaa<br />
gadmocemuli.<br />
Tqven ar gWirdebaT iseTi faqtebis wyaros miTiTeba, romlebic sayovelTaodaa<br />
cnobili da romelTa Sesaxebac uamrav wyaros moiZiebT.<br />
magaliTi: `jon kenedi aSS-is prezidentad 1960 wels airCies~.<br />
es winadadeba sayovelTaod cnobil faqts aRwers, amitom Tqven ar<br />
gevalebaT misi dokumentireba anu wyaros miTiTeba, Tumca aucilebelia<br />
dokumentireba maSin, rodesac mogaqvT iseTi faqtebi, romlebic ar aris<br />
sayovelTaod cnobili da iseTi ideebi, romlebic faqtebis interpretacias<br />
gulisxmoben.<br />
magaliTi: organizacia amerikuli ojaxis koaliciis axali wignis `ojaxis<br />
sakiTxebi da kongresi~ mixedviT, prezident buSisa da kongresis<br />
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urTierTobis Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil<br />
kanonproeqts (6).<br />
mosazreba imis Taobaze, rom `prezident buSisa da kongresis urTierTobis<br />
Sedegad veto daedo am organizaciis mier wardgenil kanonproeqts~<br />
interpretaciaa da ara _ faqti. Sesabamisad, Tqven unda miuTiToT konkretuli<br />
wyaro, saidanac amoiReT es mosazreba (Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University,<br />
2004).<br />
savarjiSo #7.2: qvemoT mocemulia perifrazirebisa da citirebis ramdenime varianti.<br />
SeadareT TiToeuli maTgani sawyis nawyvets. romelia plagiatorobis magaliTi,<br />
arazusti perifrazireba anda orive erTad? romelia swori varianti? daasabuTeT<br />
(Fowler H.R; Aaron J. E. & Anderson D., 2000).<br />
originaluri teqsti:<br />
me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.<br />
sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisa<br />
da fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis erTmaneTSi<br />
areviTa da diskriminaciiT.<br />
jorj vailanti, cxovrebisadmi adaptacia, gv. 361.<br />
variantebi:<br />
1. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, sazogadoeba xSirad tkivils ayenebs adamianebs<br />
fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miweriT, fsiqikuri aSlilobis, janmrTelobisa<br />
da cudad moqcevis cnebebis erTmaneTSi areviT (361).<br />
2. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera (rogoricaa<br />
`homoseqsualizmi~ da `Sizofrenia~) saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia<br />
saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobis fsiqikur aSlilobasTan,<br />
fsiqikuri aSlilobis cudad moqcevasTan areviT... (361)<br />
3. jorj vailantis Tanaxmad, roca fsiqiatriuli iarliyi erTmaneTisgan<br />
gamijnavs janmrTelobasa da fsiqikur aSlilobas an fsiqikur aSlilobasa<br />
da cudad moqcevas, amas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos im adamianebs,<br />
romelTac es iarliyi miaweres (361).<br />
4. fsiqiatriul iarliys SeuZlia cudi gavlena iqonios im adamianze, romelsac<br />
es iarliyi miaweres, ambobs jorj vailanti. iarliyi ver ganasxvavebs<br />
erTmaneTisgan janmrTelobas, avadmyofobasa da gansxvavebul qcevas (361).<br />
5. iseTi iarliyebi, rogoricaa `homoseqsualzmi~ da `Sizofrenia~, SeiZleba<br />
mtkivneuli aRmoCndes, radgan maTi saSualebiT SeuZlebelia erTmaneTisgan<br />
ganvasxvavoT janmrTeloba, avadmyofoba da gansxvavebuli qceva (361).<br />
6. `me veTanxmebi sociologebs, rom fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis miwera saxifaToa.<br />
sazogadoebas SeuZlia saSineli tkivili miayenos adamianebs janmrTelobisa<br />
da fsiqikuri aSlilobis, fsiqikuri aSlilobisa da cudad moqcevis<br />
erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT~ (vailanti, 361).<br />
83
Tavi 8. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi<br />
ricxviTi saxelebis marTlwera<br />
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli:<br />
1) erTad iwereba yvela ricxviTi saxeli erTidan asis CaTvliT, agreTve _ aseulTa<br />
saxelebi (oTxasi, xuTasi, aTasi).<br />
2) cal-calke iwereba raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi, romlebic Sedgeba martivi<br />
an rTuli komponentebisagan: xuTas ormocdarva, aTas Svidas ocdaeqvsi, xuTi<br />
milion oTxi aTas Svidasi.<br />
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis arabuli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas:<br />
1) mawarmoebeli me- TavsarTis Semdeg defisi iwereba da Semdeg saTanado ricxvi:<br />
me-7; me-15.<br />
2) roca me- TavsarTi rTuli ricxviTi saxelis ukanasknel nawils moudis, maSin<br />
jer saTanado ricxvi, Semdeg defisi da bolos -e iwereba: 27-e; 267-e.<br />
* SeniSvna: `pirveli~ arabuli cifriT unda daiweros 1-li; 1-ls; 1-lSi.<br />
3) rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis romauli cifrebiT gamosaxvisas mawarmoebels ar<br />
vwerT, sworia: XIX; XVII da ara: me-XIX; me-XVII.<br />
4) ricxvis cifriT gamoxatvisas brunvis niSani (garda saxelobiTisa) cifrs defisiT<br />
gamoeyofa: 6-ma, 27-s; XII-s, XIV-s.<br />
5) Tu rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli arabuli cifriTaa gadmocemuli, -e mawarmoebeli<br />
da brunvis niSani erTad iwereba: 45-em, 27-ed. aseTive wesiT daerTvis ricxviT<br />
saxels nawilaki da Tandebuli: 25-eSi, me-9-Si, me-10-ze.<br />
6) -ve nawilakdarTuli ricxviTi saxelis brunebisas gabatonebulia Sezrdili<br />
saxeoba: oTxive, oTxivem; dasaSvebia aseTi <strong>for</strong>mebic: oTxsave, oTxisave, oTxmave,<br />
magram mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: oTxTave, oTxTaveni, oTxTaves.<br />
* SeniSvna: defisi saWiroa maSinac, roca sxvadasxva ricxviTi saxelia<br />
SeerTebuli: aTi-TerTmeti, 80-90.<br />
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli::<br />
1) wiladis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba cal-calke: erTi meoTxedi, sami mexuTedi.<br />
2) swori <strong>for</strong>mebia: or-naxevari, xuT-naxevari, xuTlar-naxevari.<br />
(d. TvalTvaZe; n. gafrindaSvili; gv. 48-50)<br />
savarjiSo #8.1: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />
1. XX-e saukuneSi bevri ram aRmoaCines.<br />
2. xuTas ocda rva kaci daeswro TaTbirs.<br />
3. 19-e saukune, didze didi asi weli.<br />
4. me-15-e rigSi nodari idga.<br />
5. samiaTas Svidasocdasami adamiani movida stadionze.<br />
6. giorgi X-e daRonda.<br />
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7. me-45 qarxana Sors iyo.<br />
savarjiSo #8.2: gamosaxeT rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi arabuli cifrebiT.<br />
1. ocdameerTe saukuneSi bevri ram moxdeba.<br />
2. giorgi meaTe sarTulze cxovrobs.<br />
3. pirveli sarTuli saxls TiTqmis ar hqonda.<br />
4. meore Svili sad muSaobs?<br />
5. meoTxe klasi meore sarTulze ganTavsda.<br />
6. ocdameore sarTulze asvla fexiT SeuZlebelia.<br />
7. xuTas ocdamecamete mxedars sikvdili undoda.<br />
sxvaTa sityvis marTlwera<br />
mosaubre sxva piris naTqvamis an ganzraxvis ucvlelad gameorebis gamosaxatavad<br />
qarTulSi gamoyenebulia nawilakebi: -meTqi, -Tqo da -o.<br />
1) -meTqi ixmareba pirveli piris (mosaubris) winaT naTqvamis an ganzraxvis<br />
ganmeorebiT gadmosacemad: CemTvis vTqvi, am kacs ra emarTeba-meTqi; ase megona,<br />
damunjda-meTqi. mravlobiT ricxvSi -meTqis nacvlad -o nawilaki ixmareba:<br />
ase vambobdiT _ didi kacia, radgan Tavisi RvawliT xalxis saqme gaaumjobesao.<br />
2) -Tqo ixmareba pirveli piris naTqvamTan, rodesac pirveli piri meore pirs<br />
sTxovs an avalebs, rom Tavisi naTqvami mesame pirs gadasces: uTxari, roca<br />
bebia kvdeboda-Tqo, Sen glocavda-Tqo; daarwmune yvela, rom baSi-aCuki movkali-<br />
Tqo.<br />
3) -o nawilaki daerTvis mesame piris naTqvams an ganazraxs: aTasi maneTic rom<br />
momceT, mainc ar gavyidio _ SemouTvala petrem pavles; cxenis daRupvas<br />
Civis imereli, rogor ver gadavarCineo.<br />
-meTqi da -Tqo nawilakebi sityvisagan defisiT gamoiyofa, o winadadebis wevrTan<br />
erTad iwereba.<br />
savarjiSo #8.3: gaasworeT sxvaTa sityvis gadmosacemad umarTebulod naxmari<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
1. _ aTanase madliani kacia, ar ityvis uars. an ratom unda Tqvas? mas<br />
araferi dauSavebia da TqvenTvis ki didi Semweoba iqneba, an maincdamainc<br />
ra saWiroa gaumxiloT aTanases, rom sofona gerad aris dawerili. aTanasem<br />
xom xelnaweris kiTxva ar icis... erTi sityviT, Sen amaze mets nuras<br />
etyvi: saqmeze mwerali mogviyvaneT da dagveswariT-Tqva. (e. ninoSvili)<br />
2. Tu gkiTxon, raze gesaWiroebiTo, Tqven ase uTxariT: mwerali gvikeTebs<br />
qaRalds da iman gviTxra, saWiro arian, sxva ara vici-Tqo. (e. nininoSvili)<br />
3. Cven rom mivediT, viTom loginSi iwva da eZina. ise tkbilad eZina-Tqva,<br />
ise magra, rom Segvecoda da aRar gavaRviZeT-meTqi. (l. qiaCeli)<br />
4. gana amisTana kacis mokvla didi codva unda iyos-Tqva? _ vfiqrobdi<br />
gulmosuli da brazmoreuli. (ilia)<br />
5. maS, RvTis samarTalma aRar unda gaiRviZos-Tqva? _ vambobdi da ufro<br />
vbrazdebodi.<br />
6. cxenis daRupvas Civis, rogor ver gadavarCine-Tqo.<br />
85
7. maspinZels vetyvi, saqme gvaqvs, usaTuod xval adrianad wasasvleli var-<br />
Tqva.<br />
8. me madli movaxsene da siciliT vuTxari: dRes kidev gadavrCi-Tqo. (akaki)<br />
9. ase vuTxari TqvenTvis arc mosvla mikiTxavs da arc wasvlas gkiTxavTo.<br />
(e. ninoSvili)<br />
10. _ asi maneTic rom mogecaT, arc fulze mogyididiT da arc samagieroze<br />
gagicvlidiT, _ SeuTvala bagratma pasuxad. (e. ninoSvili)<br />
Tandebulisa da Tandebuliani sityvebis marTlwera<br />
-ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulebis darTvisas zog sityvaSi Tavs iyris ori erTnairi<br />
Tanxmovani (aqedan erTi fuZiseulia): asparezze, baliSSi, baraTTan.<br />
-Si micemiTSi dasmul saxels daerTvis da brunvis niSans akargvinebs saxels:<br />
`wign-s-Si~!wignSi; `skola-s-Si~!skolaSi;<br />
calke mdgom Tandebulsa da zmnisarTebTan saxelis SewyobaSi rom Secdomebi ar<br />
davuSvaT, unda davicvaT wesebi:<br />
1. Soris, Sua _ unda vixmaroT yovelTvis micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan:<br />
klaselebs Soris, Tvalsa da xels Sua.<br />
2. garda, iqiT, aqeT, ukan, Semdeg, qveS, gamo, winaSe, win, mier, gaRma, gamoRma, winaT,<br />
zeviT, qveviT, qvemoT, magier, nacvlad, axlos, Soriaxlo, maxloblad, msgavsad,<br />
moSorebiT, irgvliv, garSemo, piras, Ziras, Sesaxeb da sxva TandebulzmnisarTebi<br />
ixmareba naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmul saxelebTan: amis garda,<br />
saxlis iqiT, erTi kviris win, amxanagis mier.<br />
3. zemoT CamoTvlil <strong>for</strong>maucvlel sityvebs Sewyobili piris nacvalsaxelebi<br />
ar unda avurioT kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebSi. Sens, Cvens, Tqvens<br />
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis <strong>for</strong>maa da ara piris<br />
nacvalsaxelebis, amitom sworia: Sen mier, Tqven win, Cem mimarT, Cem garda,<br />
Cven winaSe (da ara: Sens mier, Tqvens win, Cems mimarT, Cems garda, Cvens<br />
winaSe)<br />
* SeniSvna: igive wesi vrceldeba Soris, Sua zmnisarTul Tandebulebzec:<br />
Cven Soris, Cven Sua, me da Sen Soris, Sen da Cem Soris.<br />
4. erTi da igive Tandebuli SeiZleba daerTos ramdenime sityvas. Tu Tandebuli<br />
daerTvis „da~ kavSiriT SeerTebul or sityvas, maSin is meore sityvasTan<br />
daismeba: turistebi Camovidnen Tbilissa da baTumSi, magidasa da iatakze<br />
wignebi eyara.<br />
* SeniSvna: aseT SemTxvevaSi uTandebulo sityva a xmovniT unda<br />
iyos gavrcobili.<br />
5. -gan Tandebuli daerTvis naTesaobiTsa da moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmul<br />
saxelebs. naTesaobiTis SemTxvevaSi saxeli miugebs kiTxvaze visgan an<br />
risgan: werili miviRe megobrisgan, xolo moqmedebiTi brunva miugebs kiTxvaze<br />
saidan: manZili saxlidan skolamde.<br />
6. Tanamedrove qarTulSi daniSnulebis aRmniSvneli Tandebuli -Tvis xSirad<br />
gvxvdeva saTaurSi: „gogolis SexedulebaTa sakiTxisaTvis xelovnebaze~,<br />
„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~. aseTi saTaurebi xSirad gamoyenebulia<br />
winadadebis wevrad da romelime brunvaSi unda Caisvas: Jurnal<br />
„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ redaqcias / „saxalxo ganaTlebis~ redaqcias.<br />
qarTulSi „aRzrdisaTvisis~ <strong>for</strong>ma arabunebrivia. riT SeiZleba aseTi <strong>for</strong>mis<br />
Secla? a) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis rigis SecvliT: redaqcia Jurnalisa<br />
86
„demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~, redaqciam Jurnalisa „demokratiuli<br />
aRzrdisaTvis~. b) msazRvrel-sazRvrulis Cveulebrivi wyobiT, oRond<br />
saTauri gamoiyos tireTi: Jurnalis _ „demokratiuli aRzrdisaTvis~ _<br />
redaqcias.<br />
7. aseTive viTarebaa -ze, -Si, -Tan Tandebulian sakuTar saxelebTan: s. Ciqovanis<br />
poemaSi „simRera daviT guramiSvilze~ (da ara: s. Ciqovanis poema „simRera<br />
daviT guramiSvilze~)<br />
(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. 1965, gv. 113-115)<br />
savarjiSo #8.4: mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebi gaasworeT Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulis<br />
normaTa mixedviT.<br />
1. cota xnis Semdeg amohyo Tavi cxenma da iwyo curva gverdigverd.<br />
mxedari zurgze ekra da Tavs uWerda.<br />
2. imis xelismomkides es SemTxveva TavSi arc ki mosvlia, iqamdis<br />
garTuliyo sakuTari mdgomareobiT.<br />
3. mxolod xmis kankalze SeatyobdiT, rom sawyeni sityvebi gulamdis<br />
Caswvdomoda.<br />
4. yovel sityvazed, yovel kiTxvazed laxvari mitrialebs gulSid.<br />
5. derefnis win, erTi ociod nabijzed, uSvelebeli kakali dgas.<br />
6. glexkacobis kvalobazed oTaraanT qvrivs bevri Senatroda.<br />
7. yinulad qceuli nawuri CurCxelebsaviT ekida xis totebs.<br />
8. _ qalaqiTgan geaxlebiT, Cemo batono, _ upasuxa Tedom.<br />
9. mze iq wverzed Semdgariyo.<br />
10. arCili da kesoc gamosuliyvnen saxlidam.<br />
11. oTxi uremi oTx kuTxiv mosdgomoda saTives.<br />
12. am dros giorgis Toxi mxarzed gaedo da modioda.<br />
13. _ petre, ai, petre! _ dauZaxa Soridam Tivis mdgmels.<br />
14. im mxriv, saidamac giorgi modioda, arCils win uremi efara.<br />
saTaurebis marTlwera<br />
1. Tu saTauri erT, or da metsityviania da saxelobiTi brunvis <strong>for</strong>miTaa<br />
gadmocemuli, iseve ibrunvis, rogorc sazRvruli, romlis winac SeTanxmebuli<br />
msazRvreli daismis: sax. wigni „qarTlis cxovreba~, moTx. wignma „qarTlis<br />
cxovrebam~, mic. wign „qarTlis cxovrebas~, naT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebis~, moq.<br />
wign „qarTlis cxovrebiT~, viT. wign „qarTlis cxovrebad~, wod. wigno „qarTlis<br />
cxovreba(v)~, Tu msazRvreli xmovanfuZiania, maSin is ucvlelia da ibrunvis<br />
mxolod sazRvruli.<br />
2. Tu saTauri narTaniani mravlobiTis („Serisxulni~), an romelime brunvis <strong>for</strong>miT<br />
(„vumRer samSoblos~) aris warmodgenili, an Tandebuliania („aspinZisaTvis~) da<br />
an vrcelia („demokratiis ganviTarebis gzebi saqarTveloSi~), maSin ibrunvis<br />
msazRvreli:<br />
sax. S. nadiraSvilis monografia „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
moTx. S. nadiraSvilis monografiam „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
mic. S. nadiraSvilis monografias „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
naT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiis „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
87
moq. S. nadiraSvilis monografiiT „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
viT. S. nadiraSvilis monografiad „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
wod. S. nadiraSvilis monografia(v) „pirovnebis socialuri fsiqologia~.<br />
sworia: besikis leqsSi „aspinZisaTvis” (da ara: besikis leqs „aspinZisaTvisSi~).<br />
* SeniSvna: Tandebulebi da brunvis niSnebi brWyalebis SigniT unda daiweros:<br />
dawesebuleba „kaTarzisSi~ (da ara: dawesebuleba „kaTarzis~-Si).<br />
* SeniSvna: qarTulSi saTauris Semdeg wertili ar iwereba.<br />
(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb.<br />
2004w. gv. 56)<br />
qvemdebarisa da Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi<br />
Zvel qarTulSi narian mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare Semasmenels yovelTvis<br />
iTanxmebda ricxvSi, -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmuli ara. Semdeg nariani mravlobiTi<br />
-eb-iani mravlobiTiT Seicvala. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda vicodeT:<br />
1. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul sulieri sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares<br />
Semasmeneli mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: moswavleebi swavloben, ZaRlebi<br />
yefen, buzebi bzuian.<br />
2. -eb-ian mravlobiTSi dasmul usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares Semasmeneli<br />
mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: saxlebi dgas, mdinareebi adidda, saavadmyofoebi<br />
aSenda.<br />
3. gapirovnebis SemTxvevaSi usulo sagnis aRmniSvnel qvemdebares Semasmeneli<br />
mravlobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: wuTebi miqrian, foTlebi CurCuleben.<br />
4. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmniT gadmocemuli Semasmeneli qvemdebares Seewyoba<br />
ricxvSi: faqtebi gvarwmuneben, magaliTebi gviCveneben, elsadgurebi gvaZleven.<br />
5. krebiT saxelebs Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: xalxi Relavs,<br />
axalgazrdoba dros atarebs.<br />
6. Tu qvemdebares gansazRvrebad axlavs ricxviTi saxeli (iseTi saxeli, romelic<br />
erTze mets gulisxmobs), Semasmeneli mxolobiT ricxvSi Seewyoba: samasma<br />
aragvelma Tavi isaxela, bevrma wyalma Caiara.<br />
7. roca Serwymul winadadebaSi ramdenime qvemdebare gvaqvs, isini Semasmenels<br />
ise Seerwymian, rogorc mravlobiTSi dasmuli qvemdebare. sulieri: gia da<br />
nika swavloben; usulo: saxli da ofisi aSenda; gapirovneba: nakaduli da<br />
mdinare CuxCuxeben; moqmedebiTi gvaris aRmniSvneli zmna: cda da gamokvleva<br />
gvarwmuneben.<br />
8. Sedgenili Semasmenlis SemTxvevaSi:<br />
a) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad gamoyenebulia arsebiTi<br />
saxeli, maSin igi mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis<br />
<strong>for</strong>miT unda Seewyos: isini studentebi arian, amxanagebi moswavleebi<br />
arian.<br />
b) Tu Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxelad nawilad mimReobaa gamoyenebuli, is<br />
mxolobiTi <strong>for</strong>miT Seewyoba zmnur nawils: mayureblebi aRtacebuli<br />
iyvnen, isini gabrazebuli arian.<br />
g) Tu mimReoba arsebiT an zedsarTav saxelad aris qceuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi,<br />
is mravlobiT ricxvSi dasmul zmnur nawils mravlobiTis <strong>for</strong>miT<br />
Seewyoba: Cemi ufrosi Zmebi maswavleblebi arian, Cven axali qveynis<br />
mSeneblebi varT.<br />
88
* SeniSvna: Sedgenil SemasmenelSi „arian~ meSveli zmna ar SeiZleba Semokldes<br />
da saxelad nawils SeuerTdes. mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: isini studentebia,<br />
Zmebi maRlebia / unda iyos: isini studentebi arian, Zmebi maRlebi<br />
arian.<br />
(g. SalamberiZe, „qarTuli marTlwera~, Tb. gv. 125-127)<br />
savarjiSo #8.5: monaxeT qvemdebareebi, gadaiyvaneT mravlobiT ricxvSi da SeuwyveT<br />
Semasmenlebi.<br />
1. dilis niavma daqrola, nisli Searyia, moeSvela mzis Suqic da nislma<br />
aRSfoTebuli sayviriviT, romlisTvisac ganTiads moeswro, wynarad mTamTa<br />
daiwyo parva. gamoCnda xeoba da masTan erTad gvelsaviT daklaknili,<br />
gamxecebuli da aqafebuli Tergi. soflebic moZraobaSi mosuliyvnen. yvelgan<br />
xalxi midi-modioda, soflebis win jgufdeboda da raRacas mRelvarebda.<br />
yovel sofelTan xalxis Sua moCanda sasoflo droSa, romelic niavisgan<br />
wynarad frialebda.<br />
am xanSi wmindis samebis samrekloze zarebis rekva ar wydeboda. erTbaSad<br />
xalxi SeinZra, gaisma „gergetulas~ simRera. grgvinvasaviT banis mimcemma<br />
xalxma qudebi moixada. medroSeni droSebiT gauZRvnen wina: ukan wamohyva<br />
mowiwebiT xalxi, romelic Tavisi pativisa da saxelis niSans, saxalxo<br />
wmindans, cecxlSiac warbSeuxrelad gahyveboda (a. yazbegi).<br />
2. zed saurme gzis pirad idga erTi Zveli sabZeli, gomurze midgmuli.<br />
gomuris CasavalSi CardaxsaviT iyo win wamoweuli. am sabZelis garSemo<br />
adamianis kvali ara Canda. is iyo, mgonia, ayrilis kacisa, an amowyvetilisa<br />
Tavminebebuli da patroniviT daviwyebuli. rasakvirvelia, xSirad Semxvedria<br />
am sabZlisaken avla da Cavla, arc erTxel arc erTi sulieri me iq ar<br />
daminaxavs, Tu iqneboda isic xandaxan zurgwamxdari, daWlevebuli glexkacis<br />
cxenebi, romelic uilajobiT Sors ver wasuliyo da sabZelis garSemo<br />
sjijgnida golvisagan gamxmar balaxs (ilia).<br />
3. Cqara ipova pirveli xe. xeli Seavlo Stoebs da miealersa. odnav Seirxnen<br />
foTlebi da nami daapkures ucnobs.<br />
frTxili nabiWiT ahyva mgzavri saurme gzas. nela midioda, nabijs<br />
iTvlida. xeliT sinjavda Saras da kaklis xeebis nawvimar Stoebs. wyvdiadi<br />
wamowoliliyo yvelgan. ra moCanda irgvliv.<br />
koSkTan misuli Sedga. mkafiod Semoesma ZaRlis yefa da es yefa ucnobma<br />
icno. kankaliT daeSva qvemoT da xarataanT karebs miadga.<br />
nacvalsaxelTa marTlweris sakiTxebi<br />
1. xSiria kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis misi da Tavisi xmarebis aRrevis SemTxvevebi.<br />
orive nacvalsaxeli mesame piris (is, man, mas) kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs. Tu obieqti<br />
(kuTvnilebis sagani) zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis subieqts ekuTvnis, maSin<br />
unda gamoviyenoT Tavisi: giorgim Tavisi wigni maTxova. roca obieqti (kuTvnilebis<br />
sagani) subieqtis kuTvnileba ar aris, maSin nacvalsaxeli misi unda gamoviyenoT:<br />
giorgim misi (sxvisi) wigni maTxova. aseTi SemTxvevebis Tavidan asacileblad<br />
(misi Tu Tavisi) CavunacvloT winadadebaSi sxvisi da Tu is Seuferebeli aRmoCnda,<br />
amis Semdeg gamoviyenoT Sesabamisi nacvalsaxeli.<br />
nacvalsaxeli Tavisi gamoiyeneba maSin, roca subieqti mxolobiT ricxvSia dasmuli,<br />
krebiTi saxelia an mravlis gamomxatveli nacvalsaxelia: giorgim Tavisi, brbom<br />
Tavisi, zogma Tavisi.<br />
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Tu subieqti mravlobiTi ricxvis <strong>for</strong>miTaa gamoxatuli, maSin unda vixmaroT<br />
nacvalsaxeli TavianTi: nestanma da nanam TavianTi kabebi italiur maRaziaSi<br />
SeiZines.<br />
2. I piris nacvalsaxels (me-s) Tandebulian micemiTsa da naTesaobiTSi Cem enacvleba<br />
(Cemze, Cemken, CemTvis)<br />
3. Tandebulian I da II piris nacvalsaxelebs s ar daerTvis (Senken, Cem mier, Tqven<br />
Sua).<br />
4. maT piris nacvalsaxelia, maTi _ kuTvnilebiTi. maT ixmareba zmnasTan erTad:<br />
maT gaakeTs, maT ecotavaT. maT piris nacvalsaxeli ar dairTavs moTxrobiTi<br />
brunvis niSans, mcdari <strong>for</strong>mebia: maTma gaakeTes, maTma miaRwies. kuTvnilebiTi<br />
nacvalsaxeli ki saxels axlavs da brunvis niSans dairTavs: maTma mondomebam,<br />
maTma naTqvamma (da ara: maT mondomebam, maT naTqvamma).<br />
5. nacvalsaxeli Cvengani, Tqvengani, maTgani aRniSnavs erT romelimes, amitom<br />
swori <strong>for</strong>mebia: TiToeuli Cvengani, TiToeuli Tqvengani da ara: TiToeuli<br />
TqvenTagani, TiToeuli CvenTagani.<br />
6. kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs (rogorc wesi, msazRvrulia) micemiTSi s unda<br />
daerTos: Cems saxls, Sens megobars, maTs gaZlebas (da ara: Cem saxls, Sen megobars,<br />
maT gaZlebas).<br />
7. gansazRvrebiT da ganusazRvrelobiT, aseve ricxviTi saxelis Semcvel<br />
nacvalsaxelebTan arsebiTi saxeli mxolobiT ricxvSi daismis: yvela bavSvi,<br />
ramdenime Senoba, imdeni Tevzi (da ara: yvela bavSvebi, ramdenime Senobebi, imdeni<br />
Tevzebi).<br />
8. -Rac nawilakdarTuli nacvalsaxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvis <strong>for</strong>mebia viRacebi,<br />
raRacebi, raRac-raRacebi (da ara: viRaceebi, raRaceebi).<br />
9. erTi da igive sazRvrulTan ase ibrunvis:<br />
sax. erTi da igive saxli<br />
moTx. erTma da imave saxlma<br />
mic. erTsa da imave saxls<br />
naT. erTisa da imave saxlis<br />
moq. erTi da imave saxliT<br />
viT. erT da imave saxlad<br />
wod. ...........................................<br />
kompozitebis (rTuli sityvebis) marTlwera<br />
erTcnebiani kompozitebi<br />
erTad, udefisod, iwereba:<br />
• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTac axali, gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba<br />
aqvT: wamwami, TavTavi...<br />
• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa nawilebi mniSvnelobamoklebuli<br />
marcvlebia: laplapi, cimcimi...<br />
• fuZegaormagebuli kompozitebi, romelTa fuZeSi bgeris Secvla an damateba<br />
xdeba: aremare, qoxmaxi...<br />
• ,,da~ kavSiriT SeerTebuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: sxvadasxva,<br />
pirdapir... da ricxviTi saxelebi 21-dan 100-mde: ocdaori, samocdaoTxi...<br />
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• ori sityvis SeerTebis Sedegad miRebuli kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZis<br />
Semadgeneli pirveli nawilis brunvis <strong>for</strong>misa: jariskaci, SviliSvili,<br />
vardisferi...<br />
• mravalwevriani kompozitebi: Tavgzaabneuli, Tavqudmoglejili...<br />
• rTuli sityvebi, romlebSic pirveli wevri zmnisarTi an Tandebulia: zegavlena,<br />
Tanaklaseli...<br />
• kompozitebi, romlebSic msazRvreli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia da meore<br />
adgilze dgas: dedaCemi, mamaTqveni...<br />
• kompozitebi, romlebSic atributuli msazRvrelis fuZe Sezrdilia arsebiTi<br />
saxelis fuZes: qalbatoni, lukmapuri, avdari...<br />
• -a sufiqsdarTuli fuZegaorkecebuli kompozitebi: narnara, kamkama...<br />
mravalcnebiani kompozitebi<br />
defisiT iwereba:<br />
• mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli fuZeebis gaerTianebiT miRebuli<br />
rTuli sityvebi: ded-mama, da-Zma, oqro-vercxli...<br />
• sinonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: Zal-Rone, sicil-kiskisi...<br />
• antonimuri mniSvnelobis kompozitebi: did-patara, sikvdil-sicocxle...<br />
• fuZegaorkecebuli ricxviTi saxelebi: or-ori, Svid-Svidi...<br />
• fuZegaorkecebuli zedsarTavebi: cxel-cxeli, patar-patara...<br />
• saxelis fuZis gaorkecebiT miRebuli brunvis niSnis uqoneli zmnizedebi:<br />
quCa-quCa, mindor-mindor...<br />
• erTi da imave fuZis mqone zmniswiniT gansxvavebuli kompozitebi: miixedmoixeda,<br />
aiar-Caiara...<br />
erTad iwereba:<br />
• kuTvnilebiTi kompozitebi, miuxedavad fuZeTa raodenobisa: maRalqusliani,<br />
lamazkabiani, samsarTuliani...<br />
• orcnebiani defisiani kompoziti, romelsac sityvis sawarmoebeli afiqsi<br />
daerTvis: daZmuri, colSviliani, ucolSvilo...<br />
(d. TvalTvaZe, n. gafrindaSvili, „marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi~, Tb. 2004w.<br />
gv. 62, 67)<br />
savarjiSo #8.6: gaasworeT Secdomebi.<br />
1. me is Tbilisis erTerT cnobil restoranSi davpatiJe.<br />
2. onise da maTia Zmad naficebi iyvnen.<br />
91
3. guSin Zmis Svilma miambo es araki.<br />
4. sxvada sxva dargis cnobili mecnierebi Camovidnen.<br />
5. giorgi Tav qudmoglejili garboda.<br />
6. ar surda esmas Tavadis-Svilis coloba.<br />
7. is Zalian gaaoca fexda fex mimyolma megzurma.<br />
8. gogim ver gaigo mariamis abda ubda laparaki.<br />
9. vin icis, ratom garboda ivane iaraR asxmuli.<br />
10. aravin icoda ratom ar dawera mecnierma wliuri angariSi.<br />
11. orori da samsami lariT aba, ras iyididi.<br />
12. misi xvewnamudara aravis mousmenia.<br />
13. mas Tavisi colSvili ar anaRvlebda.<br />
14. aseTi kaS-kaSa mze iyo erTi Tve.<br />
15. ras miedmoedo TviTonac ar icoda.<br />
16. Cami-Cumi ar ismoda.<br />
17. es taepi 20 marcvliania.<br />
18. 4 adgiliani kupe dajavSna.<br />
19. isini Tana mSromlebi iyvnen.<br />
20. glex kacoba Sromobda, magram uSedegod.<br />
21. navT qura mainc unda Seinaxo.<br />
22. iagom yurimokra am saubars.<br />
23. vin icis kidev ras ilaq-laqebda.<br />
24. isini dReda Rame erTad iyvnen.<br />
25. Tav-dauzogavi iyo ivane.<br />
26. Zalian uyvarda qaT-qaTa TeTreulSi wola.<br />
27. yovelgvari siyvaruli deda-Sviluria.<br />
28. quCa quCa daexeteboda giorgi.<br />
29. xuT sarTulian saxlSi cxovrobda elene.<br />
30. onisem cxeni gaaWen gamoaWena.<br />
punqtuacia<br />
metyvelebis kulturisaTvis anu marTlmetyvelebisa da marTlwerisaTvis didi<br />
mniSveloba aqvs sasveni niSnebis sworad gamoyenebas. punqtuacia (laT. Punctum,<br />
wertili) sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis wesebs gulisxmobs. is gamoxatavs winadadebis<br />
sxvadasxva Sinaarss, grafikulad gamoyofs winadadebis nawilebs, migvaniSnebs, ra<br />
urTierTobaa winadadebis nawilTa Soris.<br />
1. wertili<br />
dasrulebuli TxrobiTi winadadebis bolos wertili iwereba. mag: qveyana<br />
damSvidda. qali, kaci da bavSvi yvela saqmes kidebda xels.<br />
92
wertils vsvamT Semasmenelian (mag: daiSalnen stumrebi.) da uSemasmenlo,<br />
saxeldebiTi winadadebis bolosac (mag.: saRamo. mkrTali sinaTle.).<br />
wertils vxmarobT maSin, roca ricxvebs rigis gamosaxatavad viyenebT (mag.:<br />
enaTmecnierebis dargebia: 1. gramatika. 2. stilistika.).<br />
wertili sityvis Sewyvetis (Semoklebis) niSanic aris. sof. (sofeli), e.w. (egreT<br />
wodebuli).<br />
* SeniSna: wertils ar vwerT moTxrobis, leqsis,werilis,samecniero statiis,<br />
naSromis, zRapris da a.S. saTaurebis bolos.<br />
2. kiTxvis niSani<br />
kiTxvis niSans vwerT kiTxviTi winadadebis bolos. mag.: ra moxda? vin movida?<br />
saidan gaCndi aq?<br />
a) kiTxvis niSani daismis kiTxvis Semcveli damokidebuli winadadebis bolos,<br />
roca moubari gadmoscems Tavis da sxvis naTqvams. mag.: bolos hkiTxa man _<br />
vin xar, Svilo? vin aris aq? _ ikiTxa maspinZelma.<br />
b) kiTxvis niSani daismis nawilakiani pirdapiri sxvisi naTqvamis bolosac.<br />
mag.: man mkiTxa _ ra ginda Cemgan? tyis mcvelma hkiTxa _ vina xar?<br />
g) zogjer erTad ramdenime kiTxva iyris Tavs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mZimeebs vixmarT,<br />
kiTxvis niSans ki winadadebis bolos vsvamT. mag.: ra vuTxra, rogor gavagebino,<br />
ras mivmarTo?<br />
3. Zaxilis niSani<br />
Zaxilis niSani daismis:<br />
• Zaxilis winadadebis bolos.<br />
• brZanebiTi winadadebis bolos.<br />
• mimarTvasTan, roca is calkea xmarebuli (mag.: Zmebo! amxanagebo!) da<br />
maSinac, roca Zlieri grZnobiT gadmoicema (mag: ar gecodebi, Cemo sosia!)<br />
• Zaxilis niSani iwereba SorisdebulTanac, Tu mZafri grZnobiTaa<br />
warmoTqmuli: vaime! oh! va!<br />
• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba migebiT nawilakTan, Tu is calkea da Zlier<br />
grZnobas gamoxatavs: ki! diax!<br />
• Zaxilis niSani ixmareba STabeWdielabis gasaZliereblad gameorebuli<br />
Sorisdebulis, mimarTvis an nawilakis bolos: kargi, kargi! egre iyos!<br />
• zogjer teqstSi gvxvdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (!) Zaxilis niSani, rac<br />
moyvanili azrisadmi mTqmelis damokidebulebas (dacinvas, gakvirvebas,<br />
aRSfoTebas) gamoxatavs. mag.: bevrs miaCnia, rom dRes saqarTveloSi<br />
mecniereba mokvda (!)<br />
4. kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani<br />
a) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani (?!) daismis maSin, roca winadadebaSi kiTxvasTan erTad<br />
gamoxatulia gakvirveba an aRtaceba: nuTu Tvalebi matyueben?!<br />
b) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani ixmareba wyvetilad warmoTqmuli iseTi arasruli<br />
winadadebis gamosayofadac, romelic gamoxatavs rogorc kiTxvas, ise<br />
gakvirvebas: rao?! rao?!<br />
93
g) zogjer teqstSi gvxdeba frCxilebSi Casmuli (?!) kiTxva-Zaxilis niSani. amiT<br />
avtors surs gamoxatos sxvisi naTqvamis mimarT eWvica da gakvirvebac:<br />
parlamentis Tavmjdomarea (?!)<br />
5. wertil-mZime<br />
a) wertil-mZime erTmaneTisagan gamoyofs (mijnavs) erTnair enobriv elementebs.<br />
wertil-mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, rodesac meordeba mTavari<br />
winadadebis Semasmeneli: axla saWiro iyo mxolod nafiqri saqmis asruleba;<br />
saWiro iyo moenaxa misi mxsneli; saWiro iyo ornaqmarevi uSvilo qali.<br />
b) wertil-mZime daismis damoukidebel winadadebebs Soris, romlebic erT rTul<br />
winadadebad arian gaerTianebuli ukavSirod: avarda korianteli; yvela mtvriT<br />
daifara.<br />
g) wertil-mZime daismis CamonaTvalTa bolos:<br />
weris zogadi miznebi:<br />
1) mkiTxvelis garToba;<br />
2) grZnobebisa da mosazrebebis gamoxatva;<br />
3) mkiTxvelisaTvis raimes axsna;<br />
4) mkiTxvelis darwmuneba.<br />
6. mravalwertili<br />
a) mravalwertili iwereba daumTavrebeli azris, gawyvetili winadadebis bolos:<br />
Cven xedvad da smenad uRononi varT da iq ki... iq ki ramodena Rone yofila<br />
Seqmnisa... giorgi...<br />
b) mravalwertili daismis winadadebaSi an TviT sityvebSi mRelvarebiT an sxva<br />
raime mizeziT (enis mokideba) gamowveuli Seferxebis gamosaxatavad: giorgi<br />
majobe... vkvdebi. –siz...mar...Si? gaocebiT ikiTxa erisTavma da piri gaaRo.<br />
g) mravalwertili daismis citatis TavSi an boloSi, Tu citirebuli dasawyisi<br />
an bolo ar emTxveva winadadebis dasawyiss an bolos dedanSi: ilia werda:<br />
`... Tu mTqmelsa da gamgones erTmaneTis ena ar esmiT, iq arc Tqmaa da arc<br />
gagoneba...~<br />
d) mravalwertili daismis citataSi romelime sityvis an winadadebis gamotovebis<br />
aRsaniSnavad: `kacia adamianSi~ vkiTxulobT: `maWankali ... gaxldaT erTi<br />
moxucebuli, darbaiseli, lamazi da qvrivi dedakaci~.<br />
7. orwertili<br />
a) orwertili daismis Serwymul winadadebaSi erTgvari wevrebis win _ yvela me<br />
Camomekida: mamasaxlisi, gziri.<br />
* SeniSvna: Tu ganmazogadebeli sityva erTgvar wevrebs mosdevs, tire<br />
daiwereba. (mag.: damWknari diyi, Supa, Sambi, aryi da cacxvi _<br />
yvelanairad SfoTavdnen.).<br />
b) orwertili daismis winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs pirdapiri an<br />
iribi naTqvami: ymawvilma kacma miiwia misken da xmadadablebiT hkiTxa: _<br />
Tqven marTla eZebT sadedinacvlo qals?<br />
g) orwertili daismis citatis win. ilia werda: `CvenTvis RmerTs ara dauSavebia<br />
ra, ara dauzogvia ra, ara dauklia ra; Tu qveyanaze erTi-ori kuTxea imisTana,<br />
94
om kacs eTqmodes, _ qriste RmerTma Tavisi kalTa uxvebisa daibertyao,<br />
imaTSi ukanaskneli saqarTvelo ar aris.~<br />
d) orwertili daismis ukavSiro rTuli winadadebis bolos, romelsac mosdevs<br />
erTi an ramdenime winadadeba da masSi axsnilia, dakonkretebulia is, razedac<br />
saWiroa saubari mTavar winadadebaSi: `qveyanaze ori mopirispire Zala<br />
arsebobs: simdidre da siRaribe, Zlieri da susti~.<br />
e) orwertili daismis mTavar winadadebasTan maSinac, roca momdevnoSi mocemulia<br />
mizezi, Sedegi, safuZveli imisa, ris Sesaxebac masSia saubari: Sah-abazi cecxliTa<br />
da maxviliT SemoiWra kaxeTs da musri gaavlo: cixe-qalaqebi daaqcia, soflebi<br />
aaoxra.<br />
8. mZime<br />
a) mZime daismis Serwymuli winadadebis erTnair wevrebs Soris: Aaivanze darCnen<br />
besarioni, pelagia da solomoni. goCas daRonebuli, gafiTrebuli, sevdiani<br />
Tvalebi zRvisken miepyro.<br />
b) mZime daismis majgufebeli (mag.: xan ucnauri var, xan brZeni), macalkevebeli<br />
(mag.: an momacileT borkili, an xmliT momWeriT Tavi) kavSirebis win, Tu<br />
makavSirebeli sityva gameorebulia.<br />
g) mZime daismis magram, oRond, xolo, Tu, Tumca, Torem mapirispirebeli kavSirebis<br />
win: Cven Tund sul erT dRes davixocebiT, oRond Sen iyav, mefev, dRegrZeli!<br />
d) mZime daismis winadadebaSi gameorebuli sityvebis win: ZiZias Sestrfodnen<br />
bevrni, Zalian bevrni.<br />
e) mZime daismis Sedarebis dros, kavSirebTan rogorc, TiTqos, vidre: xelebi win<br />
gaiSvira, TiTqos undoda xelSi aeyvana vinme.<br />
v) mZimeebiT gamoiyofa gameorebuli sityvebi da gamoTqmebi:<br />
1. gankerZoebuli gansazRvreba: am saxls walmiT daxuruli marani edga,<br />
oTxkuTxiv Ria da farRalala.<br />
2. gankerZoebuli garemoeba: Tbilisis samxreTiT, ormoci versis manZilze,<br />
aris mozrdili sofeli.<br />
3. danarTi: marine, kacis ufrosis qaliSvili, karTan idga.<br />
4. mimarTva: axla ki, amxanagebo, davlioT Cveni maspinZlis sadRegrZelo!<br />
5. CarTuli: CarTul sityvebad xSirad gamoyenebulia: amrigad, amgvarad,<br />
ase vTqvaT, ase rom, davuSvaT, erTi sityviT, ra Tqma unda, rasakvirvelia,<br />
magaliTad, vfiqrob, sxvaTa Soris, Cemi azriT, erTi mxriv da sxv. es<br />
sakiTxi, Cemi azriT, isev moiTxovs ganxilvas. CemTvis, ra Tqma unda,<br />
moulodneli ar iyo.<br />
6. migebiTi nawilaki: 1. dadebiTi _ ki, ho, diax da 2. uaryofiTi _ ara, vera.<br />
_ ho, imas vambobdi. _ ara, ver wamoval. _ ki, batono!<br />
7. Sorisdebulebi: oh, eh, uh, vah, vai, fu, viS, hoi, ui, vaSa da sxv. mZimiT<br />
gamoiyofa: oh, Sena xar? vai, ra carielia es savse qveyana uadamianod!<br />
8. mZime daismis rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi ukavSirod SeerTebis dros:<br />
Tergi rbis, Tergi Rrialebs, kldeni bans eubnebian.<br />
9. mZime daismis qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavarsa da damokidebul<br />
winadadebebs Soris.<br />
95
1) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavris Semdeg: bundovnad axsovda, rom<br />
is da kirile cxenebze Sesxes da sadRac gaaqanes.<br />
2) mTavari winadeba damokidebulis Semdeg: vinc moyvaresa ar eZebs, igi<br />
Tavisa mteria.<br />
3) damokidebuli winadadeba mTavarSi moqceuli: swored im dros, roca<br />
ori darbaiseli mama-Svili buxris win sayvedurobdnen, Teimuraz<br />
mefe marTla CaketilSi ijda.<br />
9. tire<br />
a) tire iwereba winadadebis romelime gamotovebuli wevris (qvemdebare, Semasmeneli,<br />
damateba, kavSiri) adgilas: elferobiT vardi aris, sinaziT ki — morcxvi ia.<br />
Tvali mqonia — minaxavs, yuri mqonia — msmenia.<br />
b) tire iwereba ganmazogadebeli sityvebis win. kaci, qali, didi, patara, eri, mRvdeli<br />
— misTvis sul yvela erTi iyo. waiRebdnen xelsawyoebs — culs, najaxs, Toxs.<br />
g) tire iwereba danarTis win, Tu is winadadebis boloSia, xolo Tu winadadebaSia<br />
moqceuli, orive mxridan tireebiT gamoiyofa. Cemi ojaxi — winandeli, awindeli<br />
da momavali — icode, saZirkvelia Cveni cxovrebis.<br />
d) tireebiT gamoiyofa winadadebebi, sityvebi, romlebic teqstSi CarTulia misi<br />
axsnisa da Sevsebis mizniT: amas winaT — sul ori kvira ar iqneba — kinaRam<br />
soflis sasamarTlom gomurSi ar daamwyvdia.<br />
e) tire iwereba or winadadebas Soris, Tu meoreSi gamoxatuli azri mkveTrad<br />
upirispirdeba pirvels: ikra petrem jibes xeli da — orive moWrili hqonda.<br />
v) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac CarTuli winadadeba vrcelia: Cvenc — ai,<br />
amoagdo RmerTma avi kacis qoqi — erT russ gavurigdiT, rva maneTi miveciT, rom<br />
qalaqSi CaveyvaneT.<br />
z) tire iwereba mZimis Semdeg, rodesac rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi mTavar<br />
winadadebas win uZRvis ramdenime damokidebuli winadadeba: ra iyo es mizezi,<br />
saidan qroda niavi, romelsac, mas, rogorc nadirs, suns ayrida da akrTobda, —<br />
moxuci ver mimxvdariyo.<br />
T) tire iwereba dialogebSi personaJTa metyvelebis da avtoris remarkebis<br />
gamosayofad:<br />
— Seni saxelic miTxari — mkiTxa man.<br />
— aki, giTxari ukve! — axla me vupasuxe.<br />
— sadauri xar? — isev mkiTxa man.<br />
i) tire iwereba sakuTar saxelebs Soris, romelTa erToblioba qmnis raime moZRvrebis<br />
an samecniero dawesebulebis dasaxelebas: marqsizm-leninizmi, saswavlosaaRmzrdelo<br />
programa.<br />
10. frCxilebi<br />
1. frCxilebSi Caismis:<br />
a) sityvebi, romlebic winadadebaSi CarTulia gadmocemuli azris gansamartavad,<br />
dasazusteblad: aRmoCnda, rom mamaCemma dagvitova qoxi, damsxvreuli taxti,<br />
96
erTi Zveli Wilofi, erTi daglejili fardagi (dedaCemis mziTvebi), erTi<br />
Zveli logini, sami Cinuri jami, erTi qvabi da ori Samfuri.<br />
b) sityvebi da winadadebebi, romlebic moyvanilia damatebiTi SeniSvnis saxiT:<br />
rogor momiwonebs kato (kato moses meuRles erqva saxelad), roca getyvi am<br />
ambavs.<br />
* SeniSvna: frCxilebSi mocemul winadadebas azrobrivi kavSiri ar aqvs<br />
am winadadebasTan.<br />
2. aris SemTxvevebi, roca mocemuli winadadeba azrobriv kavSirs amyarebs<br />
winadadebasTan, magram damatebiTi, meorexarisxovani SeniSvnis saxiT: Tanaswori<br />
iaraRiT brZolas ar gaveqcevi (rom gaveqce, sadamdis unda virbino?).<br />
a) stenografiul angariSebSi frCxilebSi Caismis frazebi, romlebic miuTiTeben<br />
msmenelTa damokidebulebasa da azrze: oratoris gamosvla dasrulda<br />
(moZraoba darbazSi).<br />
b) frCxilebSi Caismis citirebuli avtoris saxeli, gvari da naSromis saTauri<br />
citatis bolos: `cdis pirebi unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebuli im zegavlenis<br />
Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumridi).<br />
g) frCxilebSi Caismis remarkebi dramatul teqstSi: anduyafari (oTaxidan) _<br />
vin laparakobs manda?<br />
11. brWyalebi<br />
a) brWyalebSi Caismis citatebi. ilia wers: `qriste RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis<br />
da Cvenc jvars vecviT qristesTvis~.<br />
b) brWyalebSi Caismis gazeTebis, organizaciebis, dawesebulebebis da a.S.<br />
saxelwodebebi da saTaurebi: samkiTxvelo darbazSi magidaze ewyo gazeTebi:<br />
`kviris palitra~, `alia~, Jurnalebi — `anabeWdi~ da `sarke~.<br />
g) brWyalebSi Caismis ironiulad gamoyenebuli sityvebi: osma Secdoma „Seiswora~<br />
_ me wagaqcies, seni wili me, mena.<br />
d) brWyalebSi Caismis barbarizmebi da moZvelebuli sityva-gamoTqmebi: Semawuxe<br />
amdeni kiTxviT, „poJolusta~ damexseni.<br />
savarjiSo #8.7: dasviT sasveni niSnebi.<br />
1. ritualis safuZveli ontogenezisSi yalibdeba yoveldRiurad deda-Svilis<br />
misalmebidan rac ganviTarebis sruliad sxvadasxva safexurze mdgomi arsebebisaTvis<br />
sasicocxlod aucilebeli emociuri moTxovnilebaa. drois garkveuli intervali<br />
amgvari mzrunvelobis gamovlineba bavSvs uqmnis Tavisi rogorc sasurveli arsebis<br />
gancdas da amzadebs imisTvis rom SemdgomSi gaumklavdes separaciisa da<br />
mitovebulobis gancdas. dedas amgvari ritualizacia exmareba gadalaxos<br />
ambivalenturoba erTi mxriv bavSvis ganuwyveteli moTxovnebiT gamowveul<br />
diskom<strong>for</strong>ts da meore mxriv Tavgadakluli da mzrunveli dedis gancdebs Soris<br />
rogoric is cdilobs rom iyos (CitaSvili m., 1998.).<br />
2. 1932 wels ki iungi wers ar mqonia arc erTi SemTxveva, rom yvela Cemi pacienti<br />
Tavisi cxovrebis meore naxevarSi es aris daaxloebiT 35 wlis zemoT ar yofiliyos<br />
dakavebuli cxovrebaze saWiro religiuri Sexedulebis ZiebiT. SeiZleba sruliad<br />
sarwmunod iTqvas rom TiToeuli gaxda avad radgan dakarges macocxlebeli<br />
religia romelic asakis miuxedavad amyarebs mimdevrebs da arc erTi bolomde ar<br />
gankurnebula manamde sanam ar daubrunda Tavis religiur Sexedulebebs. (iungi,<br />
1932, gv. 334)<br />
97
3. TavisTavad avtoritarizmis ara toleranturobisa da konservatizmis skalebis<br />
interpretirebisas gamoiyeneba cvladebis iseTi sistemebi rogoricaa inteleqti,<br />
ganaTleba socialur-ekonomikuri statusi da nacionaluri regioni. yvela am<br />
SemTxvevaSi konservatizmis gamoyeneba sruliad sxvadasxva konteqstiT SeiZleba<br />
Segvxvdes.<br />
4. veberi axdens msoflio religiebis klasifikacias misi azriT indoeTi aris<br />
Teoriulad da praqtikulad samyarosadmi yvelaze mtrulad ganwyobili religiuri<br />
eTikis akvani. konfucianeloba piriqiT samyaros mimReblobiT xasiaTdeba. iseTi<br />
religiebi rogorebicaa islami da qristianoba samyaros iReben misi gaumjobesebis<br />
pirobiT.<br />
5. ebi seiqsezi statiaSi RmerTis xati-ganviTarebasTan ganviTarebasTan<br />
dakavSirebuli perspeqtiva msjelobs RmerTis xatis arsisa da masTan dakavSirebuli<br />
fsiqologiuri kanonzomierebebis raobis Sesaxeb da am damokidebulebaTa<br />
TvalsaCino ilustrirebas axdens pekis ana-maria rizultos hiuston smitisa da<br />
sakuTari fsiqoTerapiuli praqtikidan moyvanili magaliTebiT (CitaSvili m., 1998).<br />
6. berlinis xelSekrulebam Cven erTi didi sikeTe SegvZina da am mxriT SarSandeli<br />
weliwadi CvenTvis friad Rirsaxsovaria: Cveni Zmebi Cveni sisxlxorci CvenTan<br />
erTad `mebrZoli Savis bedisa~ Cvenis gmirebis bude Cvenis uwindelis ganaTlebisa<br />
da swavlis akvani Cveni Zveli saqarTvelo, _ dRes Cven SemogvierTda, da Tu<br />
kargad moeqcevian _ vis xelTac aw imaTi bedia, CvenTan iqneba kidec samudamod.<br />
warsulma omma bevri sisxli dansTqa qarTvelobasa, bevrma vaJkacma dasdo Tavi<br />
bevrma Cvenma oficerma Tavisi ymawvilkacobis dReni dalia am omSi, bevri wavidameTqi<br />
am wuTisoflidam TvistomTagan dautirebeli bevri daixoca saxelovanis<br />
sikvdiliT,_ da maTi saxeli arc ki aravin axsena da aRiara. sawyalno egre<br />
gulgmirad Tavdadebulno ymawvilkacno Tqven saca Wiri iyo pirvelni iyaviT<br />
nebiT Tu uneblied da saca lxini iyo ukanasknelni!... saxeli da dideba Tqvenc<br />
romelnic bedma sikvdilisagan gixsnaT. (ilia)<br />
98
Tavi 9. dokumentis <strong>for</strong>mati socialur<br />
mecnierebebSi<br />
amerikis fsiqologiur<br />
iqologiuri<br />
asociaciis (APA) stiliT<br />
6<br />
dokumentis Sedgenis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi<br />
Tavfurceli<br />
Tavfurcelze mocemuli unda iyos naSromis sruli dasaxeleba, Tqveni saxeli<br />
da gvari, kursis dasaxeleba, xelmZRvanelis gvari da saxeli, TariRi. garda amisa,<br />
rogorc Tavfurcelze (Tumca, qarTulad Sesrulebul naSromebSi es komponenti<br />
yovelTvis ar aris mocemuli), ise mTel naSromSi furclis zeda marjvena mxares<br />
mocemuli unda iyos naSromis mimdinare (anu Semoklebuli) saTauri da gverdis<br />
nomeri.<br />
nimuSi<br />
½“ daZlevis strategiebi 1<br />
oTxi xazi<br />
5 pozicia<br />
daZlevis strategiebisa da<br />
xazebs<br />
Soris<br />
ormagi<br />
intervali,<br />
centrSi<br />
pirovnuli profilis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
avtori: saxeli, gvari<br />
fsiqologia 03<br />
xelmZRvaneli: saxeli, gvari<br />
Tbilisi, 2007<br />
abstraqti<br />
naSromis pirveli nawili, romelsac abstraqti ewodeba, ajamebs kvlevis sakiTxs,<br />
meTods, Sedegebsa da daskvnas. Cveulebriv, is erTi abzaciTaa warmodgenili calke<br />
gverdze da daaxloebiT 100 sityvas moicavs, romelSic pirveli striqoni ar aris<br />
Seweuli.<br />
6<br />
qveTavi momzadebulia Semdeg wyaroze dayrdnobiT: Publication Manual of the American<br />
Psychological Association, 5 th edition.<br />
99
abstraqti<br />
½“<br />
daZlevis strategiebi 2<br />
5 pozicia<br />
sami xazi<br />
abstraqti<br />
centrSi<br />
oTxi xazi<br />
pirveli striqoni ar aris Seweuli<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
1 ½“ teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
xazebs<br />
Soris<br />
ormagi<br />
intervali<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti 1“<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
Sesavali<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iwyeba naSromis sruli dasaxelebiT (arasavaldebulo)<br />
da SesavliT (romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba). Sesavali mokled waradgens sakvlev<br />
problemas, meTods, in<strong>for</strong>maciul fons (sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul sxva<br />
kvlevebs) da kvlevis mizans.<br />
naSromis pirveli gverdi<br />
½“<br />
daZlevis strategiebi 2<br />
5 pozicia<br />
daZlevis strategiebisa da pirovnuli<br />
profilis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
centrSi<br />
xuTi pozicia<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
1 ½“ teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
xazebs<br />
Soris<br />
ormagi<br />
intervali<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti 1“<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
100
meTodi<br />
naSromis Semdegi nawili, romelsac „meTodi~ ewodeba, gvawodebs detalur<br />
in<strong>for</strong>macias cdis pirebis, cdis masalis, xelsawyoebis, instrumentebis (magaliTad,<br />
kiTxvarebis) da proceduris Sesaxeb. dasaxeleba „meTodi~ ilustraciis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, pirvel qvesaTaurs warmoadgens. rodesac meore da mesame<br />
qvesaTaurebis motanaa saWiro, gamoiyeneT qvemoT mocemuli <strong>for</strong>mati, xazebs Soris<br />
ormagi intervaliT:<br />
meore qvesaTauri<br />
pirveli qvesaTauri<br />
mesame qvesaTauri, romelic ukve teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli.<br />
nimuSi<br />
daZlevis strategiebi? *<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
SerCeva<br />
meTodi xazebs Soris ormagi intervali<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti teqsti<br />
Sedegebi<br />
Sedegebis nawilSi Sejamebulia kvlevaSi mopovebuli monacemebi. mocemulia<br />
maTi analizi da is cxrilebis, grafikebisa da diagramebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.<br />
Sedegebis ganxilva (Discussion)<br />
Sedegebis ganxilva warmoadgens naSromis Semdeg nawils, romelSic mocemulia<br />
monacemTa interpretacia da daskvnebi. rodesac ganxilva Zalian moklea, is SeiZleba<br />
gavaerTianoT naSromis wina nawilTan saTauriT: Sedegebi da diskusia.<br />
naSromis sxva <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebi: _ manZili, gverdebis<br />
numeracia, ilustraciebi<br />
• mindori: marcxniv – 1,5", zemoT – 0,5", danarCeni – 1";<br />
101
• gverdebis nomrebi – mimdinare saTaurTan – marjvena zeda kuTxeSi;<br />
• cxrilebisa da grafikebis danomvra.<br />
amonaridis motana<br />
40 sityvaze naklebi<br />
literaturis citirebis wesebi<br />
APA-is is standartis mixedviT<br />
40 sityvaze naklebi amonaridi brWyalebSi unda Caisvas da teqstSi unda iyos<br />
CarTuli.<br />
jorj vailanti eTanxmeba sociologebs, rom „fsiqiatriuli iarliyebis<br />
miwera saxifaToa. sazogadoebas SeuZlia adamianebs saSineli tkivili<br />
miayenos janmrTelobis da fsiqikuri aSlilobebis, fsiqiqikuri<br />
aSlilobis da gansxvavebuli qcevis erTmaneTSi areviTa da diskriminaciiT.~<br />
40 sityvaze meti<br />
40 sityvaze meti amonaridi brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas da teqstSi ar unda<br />
iyos CarTuli. is gamoeyofa ZiriTad teqsts zemoT da qvemoT xazebs Soris<br />
ormagi intervaliT, xolo citatis striqonebs Soris erTmagi intervaliT.<br />
xuTi<br />
pozicia<br />
1994 wels gamocemul wignSi „msoflios mwvervalze~ Jurnalisti rebeka<br />
stefensi everestze asvlas aRwers:<br />
everestis romantika – ai, ra mxiblavda da mizidavda. mwvervalze<br />
rom avediT, sul cota, orasi an samasi adamiani mainc viyaviT – sxvadasxva<br />
erovnebis, sarwmunoebisa da rasis warmomadgeneli. TiToeul Cvengans<br />
mwvervalze asvlis dauZleveli survili amoZravebda. everesti yvelaze<br />
maRali adgilia msoflioSi da uamravi mizezi arsebobs, romelic misken<br />
iseve izidavs adamianebs, rogorc CrdiloeT Tu samxreT polusisken da<br />
okeanis siRrmeebisken.<br />
avtorTa citireba<br />
1. avtori, romelsac ar moixseniebT teqstSi<br />
milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosi aRniSnavda, rom cdis pirebi<br />
„unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo<br />
maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (baumrindi, 1968, gv. 44).<br />
rodesac ar moixseniebT avtors, frCxilebSi CasviT misi gvari da wyaros gamocemis<br />
TariRi. rodesac pirdapiri citireba xdeba da ara _ perifrazireba an Sinaarsis<br />
mokled gadmocema, maSin gverdebic unda mieTiTos. Semadgeneli komponenti, zemoT<br />
moyvanili magaliTis msgavsad, erTmaneTisgan wertilebiT unda gamoiyos). es<br />
literatura ise miuTiTeT, rom gasagebi iyos, Tu romeli wyaro miuTiTeT da ise,<br />
rom es xels ar uSlides naSromis wakiTxvas. zemoT mocemul variants aseTi<br />
<strong>for</strong>mac SeiZleba mieces:<br />
milgremis eqsperimentis erT-erTi kritikosis SexedulebiT (baumrindi,<br />
1968), cdis pirebi „unda yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb,<br />
romelic SeeZlo maTze moexdina eqsperiments~ (gv. 34).<br />
102
2. avtori, romelsac moixseniebT teqstSi<br />
baumrindi (1968) aRniSnavda, rom milgremis eqsperimentis cdis pirebi “unda<br />
yofiliyvnen in<strong>for</strong>mirebulni im zegavlenis Sesaxeb, rac SeeZlo maTze<br />
moexdina eqsperiments (gv. 34).<br />
rodesac Tqven miuTiTebT avtoris gvars, aRar aris saWiro misi miTiTeba<br />
frCxilebSi. avtoris gvaris gverdiT miuTiTeT TariRi. Tu mogaqvT citata<br />
igive wyarodan imave abzacSi, maSin aRar aris saWiro damowmebis gameoreba,<br />
ramdenadac isedac naTelia, rom imave wyaros eyrdnobiT, magaliTad:<br />
baumrindi eqsperimentis logikur dasabuTebasac akritikebs.<br />
3. naSromi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs<br />
pepinski da destefano (1987) miuTiTeben, rom maswavlebelTa metyvelebaSi<br />
xSirad vlindeba maTi faruli miswrafebebi.<br />
erT-erTi kvlevis Tanaxmad (pepinski da destefano, 1987), maswavlebelTa<br />
metyvelebaSi xSirad vlindeba maTi miswrafebebi.<br />
rodesac gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba inglisur enaze xdeba, teqstSi<br />
avtorebis gvarebi `da~ kavSiriT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, xolo frCxilebSi<br />
ori avtoris dakavSirebisas ,,&~ simbolo gamoiyeneba, magaliTad, (Pepinsky &<br />
DeStefano, 1987).<br />
4. naSromi, romelsac xuTi avtori hyavs<br />
pepinski, duni, smiti, renti da korsoni (1993) aRweren, Tu rogor vlindeba<br />
Sexedulebebi JestebiT.<br />
pirveli citirebis SemTxvevaSi xuTive (an samive) avtoris gvaris miTiTeba<br />
xdeba, rogorc es zemoT moyvanil magaliTSia naCvenebi, xolo meored amave<br />
avtorTa moxseniebisas mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari da `da sxv.~ unda<br />
miuTiToT.<br />
pepinsikis da sxv., kvlevaSi (1993) Jestebi Tavis daqnevasac moicavs da<br />
TvalebiT kontaqtsac.<br />
rodesac ori an meti wyaro gamoqveynebulia erTsa da imave wels, am SemTxvevaSic<br />
imave wesiT xdeba Semokleba da imdeni avtoris gvari unda miuTiToT, ramdenic<br />
saWiroa wyaroebis erTmaneTisgan gasarCevad (magaliTad, pepinsiki, duni da sxv.,<br />
1993) da (pepinski, bredli da sxv., 1993).<br />
5. naSromi, romelsac eqvsi an meti avtori hyavs.<br />
erT-erTi kvleva (rutteri da sxv., 1996) cdilobs gansxvavebebis axsnas<br />
mozardebis magaliTze.<br />
eqvsi avtoris SemTxvevaSi, pirveli citirebis drosac ki mxolod pirveli<br />
gvari miuTiTeT, romelsac mosdevs `da sxv.,~. Tu erTsa da imave wels gamocemuli<br />
ori wyaro gvaqvs, Semokleba imave wesis mixedviT xdeba, rogorc me-4 punqtSia<br />
mocemuli.<br />
6. naSromi, romelic avtorTa jgufs ekuTvnis.<br />
adreuli winaswarmetyveleba ar aRmoCnda dasabuTebuli (lorencis kvleva,<br />
1997).<br />
103
institutis, saagentos, korporaciis an avtorTa sxva jgufis SemTxvevaSi, jgufis<br />
saxelwodeba aRiniSneba, rogorc individualuri saxeli.<br />
7. ucnobi avtoris naSromi<br />
erT-erT statiaSi (`sikvdilis ufleba~, 1997) aRniSnulia, rom . . .<br />
anonimuri naSromis SemTxvevaSi avtoris gvaris nacvlad naSromis saTauri<br />
miuTiTeT. saTauri brWyalebSi unda Caisvas (Tumca, gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
CamonaTvalSi saTauri brWyalebSi ar Caismis).<br />
8. erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma<br />
daaxloebiT 7 wlis asakSi bavSvebi aqtiurad iyeneben Jestebs sakuTari<br />
monayolis efeqturobis gasaZliereblad (Gardnei, 1973a).<br />
erTisa da imave avtoris ori an meti wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi TariRiT<br />
mkiTxvels awodebT in<strong>for</strong>macias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel wyaroze saubrobT,<br />
magram Tu orive naSromi erTsa da imave wels aris gamoqveynebuli, am SemTxvevaSi<br />
weli asoebiTac aRiniSneba (rogorc es zemoT magaliTSia naCvenebi). aseve,<br />
aRiniSneba gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSic.<br />
9. sxvadasxva avtoris ori an meti Sroma<br />
ori kvlevis (markoni da hambleni, 1990; herkovici, 1994) Sedegebi aCvenebs,<br />
rom...<br />
aseT SemTxvevaSi wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT xdeba.<br />
10. arapirdapiri wyaro<br />
damadasturebeli sabuTebi Cndeba vondis eqsperimentebSi (citirebulia<br />
kvlevaSi: markoni da hambleni, 1990).<br />
sityva `citirebuli~ miuTiTebs, rom vondis miTiTebuli kvleva mopovebulia<br />
(aRmoCenilia) markonisa da hamblenis kvlevaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
CamonaTvalSi ki mxolod markoni da hambleni unda miuTiToT.<br />
11. eleqtronuli wyaroebi<br />
fergunsoni da hopkinsi (1998) ar monawileobdnen TvalsaCino mtrulobis<br />
eqsperimentSi (abz. 7).<br />
eleqtronuli wyaroebis citireba eqvemdebareba zemoT aRniSnul citirebis<br />
standartebs. miTiTebuli unda iyos avtoris gvari da gamoqveynebis TariRi. mxolod<br />
am SemTxvevaSi, amonaridis motanisas, statiisa da wignebisagan gansxvavebiT, gverdis<br />
nacvlad abzacis nomeri unda miuTiToT.<br />
sqolio da SeniSvna<br />
sqolio<br />
sqolio avsebs da amdidrebs teqstSi mocemul ZiriTad in<strong>for</strong>macias. sqolioSi<br />
ar unda iyos mocemuli rTuli, ararelevanturi anda araarsebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia.<br />
vinaidan sqolio mkiTxvelis yuradRebas iqcevs, teqstSi misi CarTva mxolod<br />
maSinaa rekomendebuli, rodesac is aZlierebs, amyarebs ZiriTad teqstSi mimdinare<br />
msjelobasa Tu gamoTqmul azrs.<br />
104
es mcire nawyvetebi, faqtobrivad, mouTiTebs abstraqtulobaze, romelic<br />
damaxasiaTebelia mTlianad msxvilmasStabiani gamokiTxvisaTvis, romelTa<br />
analizi realurad arsebuli adamianebis gamocdilebisa da arCevanisgan<br />
damoukideblad xorcieldeba.<br />
sqolioSi mxolod erTi azri unda iyos mocemuli. Tu erTze met abzacs werT an<br />
maTematikuri <strong>for</strong>mula mogyavT, maSin umjobesi iqneba, rom es ZiriTad teqstSi an/<br />
da danarTSi gaakeToT da ara sqolioSi.<br />
sqolioSi, aseve, SeiZleba miuTiToT, romel sxva avtorTan SeiZleba ama Tu im<br />
masalis moZieba.<br />
miiCnevdnen ra gamokiTxvaTa Sedegebs sargeblianobis motivis uSualo<br />
sazomad, gutmanma da misma kolegebma amerikis 1976 wlis saprezidento<br />
arCevnebisTvis SeimuSaves indiferentulobis sazomi (sxvaoba am skalaze <strong>for</strong>disa<br />
da karteris maCveneblebs Soris) da gaucxoebis sazomi (kandidatis prioritetis<br />
skalaze absoluturi done). miCiganis universitetis 1972-1976 wlebis monacemebis<br />
analizis Sedegad maT daadgines, rom xmis micemis albaTobaze statistikurad<br />
mniSvnelovani gavlena hqonda sargeblianobis absolutur dones, magram ara<br />
kandidatTa Sedarebis sxvaobas.<br />
kargad Sesrulebul naSromSi arsebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia ZiriTad teqstSi unda iyos<br />
mocemuli da ara _ sqolioSi.<br />
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna<br />
cxrilis Tanmxlebi SeniSvna Tavsdeba cxrilis qvemoT, sadac axsnilia cxrilSi<br />
warmodgenili monacemebi an mocemulia damatebiTi in<strong>for</strong>macia maT Sesaxeb.<br />
cxrili N#9.1. liberaluri demokratiis zrda 1990-1995 wlebSi<br />
liberaluri<br />
msoflios mosaxleoba<br />
demokratiebi<br />
1900<br />
1910<br />
1920<br />
1930<br />
1940<br />
1950<br />
1960<br />
1970<br />
1980<br />
1990<br />
1995<br />
qveynebi<br />
4<br />
9<br />
18<br />
15<br />
12<br />
26<br />
32<br />
31<br />
35<br />
39<br />
40<br />
mosaxleoba<br />
(milionebiT)<br />
130<br />
163<br />
371<br />
346<br />
217<br />
869<br />
1169<br />
1263<br />
1636<br />
2070<br />
2263<br />
raodenoba<br />
(milionebiT)<br />
1608<br />
n.a.<br />
1860<br />
2008<br />
2294<br />
2516<br />
3019<br />
3693<br />
4450<br />
5246<br />
5765<br />
demokratiul<br />
saxelmwifoSi<br />
mcxovrebTa %<br />
SeniSvna: demokratiuli qveynebis monacemTa wyaro iyo londonis ekonomikis<br />
skolis samTavrobo politikis kvlevis ganyofilebis masalebi. monacemebi<br />
msoflios mosaxleobis Sesaxeb ix.: Borrie, 1970: 6, 1950-wlidan ki _ `gaero:<br />
msoflio mosaxleoba _ molodini da perspeqtivebi~.<br />
8<br />
n.a.<br />
20<br />
18<br />
10<br />
34<br />
39<br />
34<br />
37<br />
39<br />
39<br />
105
cxrilebi da suraTebi<br />
cxrilebi<br />
cxrilebi Tu teqsturi masala<br />
cxrilebi mkvlevars didi raodenobiT monacemebis kompaqturad, moxerxebulad<br />
warmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. cxrilebSi, rogorc wesi, konkretuli ricxobrivi<br />
monacemebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT dalagebul svetebad da mwkrivebadaa<br />
wamodgenili, rac aiolebs maT urTierTSedarebas.<br />
ramdenime mosazrebis gamo xelsayrelia, rom winaswar gaiazroT da gadawyvitoT,<br />
ramden cxrils CarTavT naSromSi; kerZod:<br />
1. Tu naSromSi didi raodenobiT cxrilebi geqnebaT, mkiTxvels SeiZleba<br />
gauWirdes maTi daxarisxeba da Tvali veRar miadevnos Tqvens azrebs.<br />
2. araTanabari gadanawileba cxrilebsa da teqsts Soris _ bevri cxrili da<br />
mcire moculobis teqsti _ SeiZleba problemebis winapiroba gaxdes naSromis<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri mxaris ga<strong>for</strong>mebisas, rodesac verbaluri nawili xSirad wydeba<br />
cxriliT, mkiTxvels uWirs xolme teqstis Tanmimdevrulad aRqma da avtoris<br />
logikuri jaWvisTvis Tvalis midevneba.<br />
3. cxrilebis Casma arTulebs naSromis <strong>for</strong>malur organizebas da amitom<br />
cxrilebiT mdidari naSromis dabeWdva ufro Zviri jdeba, vidre cxrilebiT<br />
naklebad datvirTuli teqstia.<br />
amitom teqstis gasamartiveblad cxrilebis saxiT mxolod yvelaze arsebiTi,<br />
SinaarsTan uSualod dakavSirebuli monacemebi moitaneT.<br />
naklebefeqturi varianti:<br />
normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me-s aRwerisas mozardTa 91% eTanxmeba<br />
debulebas: „normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob~, gamokiTxul mozardTa<br />
90% siamovnebas iRebs cxovrebisgan; gamokiTxulTa igive raodenoba, Cveulebriv,<br />
akontrolebs Tavs, 86% Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad grZnobs, erTi procentiT<br />
naklebi mozardebi, ZiriTadad, bednierebi arian da, bolos, mxolod 83%-s<br />
aniWebs kargi xumroba siamovnebas, rodesac sevdiani da mowyenilia.<br />
ufro efeqturi varianti:<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis gacilebiT ioli iqneba am Sedegebis aRqma da gaazreba, rodesac<br />
isini cxrilSia mocemuli, Tumca rodesac monacemebi uCveulod cotaa (erTi sveti<br />
an mwkrivi), maSin umjobesia, rom isini teqstSi CarToT da ar gaitanoT calke<br />
cxrilad.<br />
gansazRvreT im monacemTa raodenoba, romlis motanac aucilebelia teqstSi<br />
mimdinare msjelobis gasagebad da Semdeg gadawyviteT, cxrilis an grafikis saxiT<br />
warmoadgenT maT Tu teqstSi CarTavT. araarsebiTi an ukiduresad detalizebuli<br />
monacemebi SeiZleba saerTod amoiRoT naSromidan anda danarTSi gaitanoT.<br />
cxrilebi, romlebSic raodenobrivi monacemebia warmodgenili, mxolod maSinaa<br />
efeqturi, rodesac monacemebi gasagebad, naTlad da iolad aRsaqmeladaa<br />
organizebuli. cxrilSi Sesadarebeli erTeulebi (magaliTad, saSualo, standartuli<br />
gadaxra, SerCevis zoma da a.S.) erTmaneTis gverdiT unda ganTavsdes. am princi pis<br />
106
mixedviT, sxvadasxva maCvenebeli cxrilis sxvadasxva nawilSi Tavsdeba. cxrilSi<br />
#9.3. swored am princi piTaa monacemebi dalagebuli.<br />
cxrili #9.2. normaluri mozardis fsiqologiuri me<br />
debuleba<br />
mozardTa procenti,<br />
romelic eTanxmeba<br />
TiToeul debulebas<br />
normalur pirobebSi Tavs mSvidad vgrZnob.<br />
91<br />
siamovnebas viReb cxovrebisagan.<br />
90<br />
Cveulebriv, Tavs vakontroleb.<br />
90<br />
Tavs janmrTelad da Zlierad vgrZnob.<br />
86<br />
ZiriTadad, bednieri var.<br />
85<br />
kargi xumroba maSinac maniWebs siamovnebas, roca<br />
sevdiani, mowyenili var.<br />
83<br />
SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007<br />
cxrili #9.3. SeWmuli namcxvrebis saSualo raodenoba<br />
SeuzRudavi<br />
kveba<br />
SezRuduli<br />
kveba<br />
gansxvaveba<br />
gemrieli namcxvrebi<br />
sakontrolo jgufi<br />
mSfoTvare jgufi<br />
6.2<br />
5.1<br />
5.1<br />
7.6<br />
-1.1<br />
+2.5<br />
ugemuri namcxvrebi<br />
sakontrolo jgufi<br />
mSfoTvare jgufi<br />
3.0<br />
2.7<br />
2.6<br />
3.7<br />
-0.4<br />
+1.0<br />
SeniSvna: cxrili aRebulia r. gerigi, f. zimbardo, `fsiqologia da cxovreba~, 2007<br />
cxrilisa da teqstis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciuli cxrili avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas. mkiTxvels teqstSi<br />
unda miuTiToT cxrilze da uTxraT, Tu ras miaqcios yuradReba. teqstSi mxolod<br />
cxrilis yvelaze gamokveTili nawilebi gaarCieT. Tu cxrilSi motanil mTel<br />
masalas teqstSi gaarCevT, maSin cxrili aRaraferSi gWirdebaT.<br />
darwmundiT, rom cxrili TavisTavad gasagebi unda iyos. TiToeuli cxrili<br />
teqstSi unda iyos integrirebuli, magram teqstis gareSec sruliad gasagebi unda<br />
iyos. ganmarteT yvela abreviatura (gamonaklisia iseTi statistikuri abreviaturebi,<br />
rogoricaa M, SD da df), gamokveTili teqstisa Tu frCxilebis mniSvneloba. yovelTvis<br />
miuTiTeT sazomi erTeulebi.<br />
107
cxrilis miTiTeba teqstSi. teqstSi cxrilebi maTi nomrebiT moixsenieT:<br />
rogorc aris cxrilSi #8 mocemuli, cdis pirTa...<br />
gamokiTxulTa naxevari aRiarebs (ix. cxrili #8), rom...<br />
ar gamoiyenoT frazebi `zemoT/qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi~ an `32-e gverdze<br />
warmodgenil cxrilSi~, vinaidan naSromis sxvadasxvagvari <strong>for</strong>matirebisas<br />
yovelTvis SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc cxrilis adgilmdebareoba teqstSi, ise _<br />
gverdebis numeracia.<br />
cxrilebis urTierTmimarTeba<br />
SeecadeT, rom ar gaimeoroT monacemebi sxvadasxva cxrilSi da erTad warmoadginoT.<br />
Cveulebriv, monacemTa identuri mwkrivebi an svetebi ar unda meordebodes or an<br />
met cxrilSi.<br />
erT naSromSi warmodgenili yvela cxrili erTnairad unda iyos <strong>for</strong>matirebuli,<br />
raTa gaioldes maTi aRqma da maTSi warmodgenili monacemebis Sedareba. gamoiyeneT<br />
erTnairi <strong>for</strong>mati, dasaxeleba, saTaurebi da terminologia (magaliTad, saSualo<br />
maCvenebeli an centraluri tendenciis maCvenebeli).<br />
cxrilebis danomvra<br />
cxrilebi yovelTvis inomreba arabuli cifrebiT.<br />
cxrili N2, cxrili N3 cxrili N4 da a.S.<br />
da ara: cxrili 2, cxrili 2a, cxrili 2b da a.S.<br />
cxrilebis dasaxeleba<br />
TiToeul cxrils mokle, magram gasagebi da axsniTi saTauri unda hqondes.<br />
zedmetad telegrafuli:<br />
kolejis ZiriTad sagansa da Sedegebs Soris damokidebuleba (gaugebaria, ra<br />
tipis monacemebia cxrilSi warmodgenili).<br />
zedmetad detalizebuli:<br />
kolejis studentebis mier ZiriTad saganSi _ fsiqologiaSi, fizikaSi,<br />
inglisursa da maTematikaSi miRebuli saSualo qulebi A, B da C testebSi (aq<br />
meordeba cxrilis nawilebis saTaurebiT gadmocemuli in<strong>for</strong>macia).<br />
kargi:<br />
kolejis sxvadasxva ZiriTad sagnebSi studentebis mier miRebuli saSualo<br />
Sefasebebi.<br />
cxrilSi an mis romelime saTaurSi mocemuli abreviatura SeiZleba cxrilis<br />
dasaxelebaSi frCxilebSi iyos motanili.<br />
Tematuri apercepciis testiT (TAT) miRebuli Sedegebi.<br />
108
suraTebi<br />
ramdenad gvWirdeba suraTi<br />
APA-is standartiT Sesrulebul naSromebSi cxrilisgan gansxvavebuli<br />
nebismiri tipis ilustracias suraTi (figure) ewodeba. suraTi SeiZleba iyos diagrama,<br />
grafiki, foto, naxati an sxva gamosaxuleba.<br />
JurnalebSi raodenobrivi monacemebis aRsawerad xSirad cxrilebs aniWeben<br />
xolme upiratesobas, vinaidan maTSi zusti, konkretuli in<strong>for</strong>maciaa mocemuli,<br />
suraTebze, ki, Cveulebisamebr, mkiTxvelma unda Seafasos monacemis mniSvneloba;<br />
Tumca, meore mxriv, suraTze erTi SexedviTac kargad Cans Sedegebis paterni. isini<br />
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia or cvlads Soris mimarTebis (an am mimarTebis<br />
ararsebobis) da arawrfivi damokidebulebis aRsawerad. garda amisa, kargad<br />
momzadebuli suraTi SeiZleba teqstze ufro struqturirebulad an TvalsaCinod<br />
gadmogvcemdes ama Tu im Sedegsa Tu cnebas.<br />
naSromis Seqmnisas suraTis gamoyenebis gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gamosadegia<br />
Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema:<br />
• ra azris gadmocema gsurT suraTiT?<br />
• aucilebelia suraTis gamoyeneba? Tu is imeorebs teqsts, maSin ar gWirdebaT.<br />
Tu avsebs teqsts an lakonurad gadmoscems xangrZliv msjelobas, maSin is<br />
in<strong>for</strong>maciis gadmocemis optimaluri saSualeba SeiZleba iyos.<br />
• Tqveni miznisTvis romeli tipis suraTia (grafiki, diagrama, ruka, foto Tu<br />
sxva rame) yvelaze adekvaturi? SesaZlebelia Tu ara martivi grafikiT gadmoices<br />
Tqveni azri da ar dagWirdeT ZviradRirebuli fotoebis gamoyeneba?<br />
suraTis standartebi<br />
kargi suraTis standartia simartive, TvalsaCinooba da Tanmimdevruloba. kargi suraTi:<br />
• avsebs teqsts da ar imeorebs mas;<br />
• mxolod arsebiT faqtebs aRwers;<br />
• ar moicavs vizualurad yuradRebis gamfantav detalebs;<br />
• martivia wasakiTxad – misi elementebi (tipi, xazebi, dasaxelebebi, simboloebi<br />
da a.S.) sakmarisad didi zomisaa, rom nabeWdi saxiT wakiTxvadi iyos;<br />
• martivia gasagebad – misi mizani TvalsaCinodaa mocemuli;<br />
• konsistenturia – erT naSromSi erTnairi stiliT Sesrulebuli msgavsi<br />
suraTebia. sxva sityvebiT, erTnairi zomis asoebiT gakeTebuli warwerebi,<br />
erTnairi sisqis xazebi da erTi tipis vizualuri maxasiaTeblebi aqvT;<br />
• detalurad damuSavebuli da momzadebulia.<br />
suraTis tipebi<br />
mkiTxvelisTvis monacemebis<br />
warsadgenad sxvadasxva saxis<br />
suraTebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT.<br />
zogjer saWiro tipis suraTis<br />
arCeva martivia, zogjer ki – ara.<br />
kargad momzadebuli suraTebi<br />
Sedegebis mTlian paterns<br />
dasamaxsovrebels xdis.<br />
14<br />
12<br />
10<br />
8<br />
6<br />
4<br />
2<br />
0<br />
suraTi #2<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun<br />
111
grafiki monacemTa simravleebs Soris mimarTebebs – Sedarebasa da ganawilebas<br />
– gviCvenebs anda SeiZleba gviCvenebdes, magaliTad, maT absolutur mniSvnelobebs,<br />
procentul ganawilebasa Tu indeqsebs. grafikSi xazebi gasagebad unda iyos<br />
mocemuli da masSi ar unda iyos zedmeti detalebi. in<strong>for</strong>macia horizontalur da<br />
vertikalur RerZebze mzardi TanmimdevrobiT da Sedarebadi erTeulebiT unda<br />
iyos warmodgenili.<br />
• gafantvis grafiki calkeuli<br />
wertilebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic erTi<br />
movlenis calkeul an ori cvladis<br />
(abscisasa da ordinataze gadazomil)<br />
mniSvnelobebs warmoadgenen (ix. suraTi<br />
N1). wertilebis mniSvnelovani<br />
klasterebi korelaciebs asaxaven.<br />
magaliTad, diagonalis gaswvriv dajgufebuli<br />
wertilebi wrfiv korelacias<br />
gamosaxaven, xolo Tu wertilebi zustad<br />
diagonalis wrfeze lagdebian, maSin<br />
korelaciis koeficienti mis maqsimalur<br />
mnSvnelobas +1-s utoldeba.<br />
35<br />
30<br />
25<br />
20<br />
15<br />
10<br />
5<br />
0<br />
suraTi N3<br />
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun<br />
• wrfivi grafiki or raodenobriv<br />
cvlads Soris damokidebulebis<br />
saCveneblad gamoiyeneba. damoukidebeli<br />
cvladi horizontalur RerZze<br />
gadaizomeba, damokidebuli ki –<br />
vertikalurze (ix. suraTi #2). RerZebze<br />
danayofebi sazomis erTeulebs<br />
gviCvenebs. RerZebiT aRniSnuli skalebi<br />
SeiZleba iyos wrfivi, logariTmuli an<br />
logariTmul–wrfivi.<br />
Mar<br />
Apr<br />
suraTi N4<br />
May<br />
Feb<br />
Jan<br />
•svetebiani grafiki gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac damoukidebeli cvladi<br />
kategorialuria (magaliTad, sxvadasxva eqsperimentuli situacia. ix. suraTi #3).<br />
• wriuli diagrama (pie) procentuli ganawilebisa da proporciis saCveneblad<br />
gamoiyeneba. Sesadarebeli erTeulebis raodenoba xuTs ar unda aRematebodes.<br />
segmentebi klebadi TanmimdevrobiT unda iyos dalagebuli, yvelaze didi segmenti<br />
ki vertikaluri xazidan iwyebodes.<br />
suraTis identificireba da teqstSi moxsenieba<br />
suraTebi arabuli cifrebiT aRiniSneba da inomreba teqstSi moxseniebis<br />
TanmimdevrobiT (anu suraTi #1, suraTi #2 da a.S.) suraTs nomeri ewereba zeda<br />
marjvena kuTxeSi.<br />
teqstSi moxseniebis wesebi:<br />
rogorc me–2 suraTzea naCvenebi, es damokidebuleba. . .<br />
maT Soris aRmoCnda mWidro kavSiri (ix. suraTi #2).<br />
ar gamoiyenoT frazebi „zemoT mocemul suraTze~ an „me-12 gverdze mocemul<br />
suraTze~, vinaidan suraTis mdebareoba da gverdebis numeracia SeiZleba Seicvalos.<br />
suraTis nomers Tan unda axldes dasaxeleba, romelic unda iyos sakmaod<br />
detaluri da amomwuravi.<br />
112
organizacia<br />
wyaroebis miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT gvarebis mixedviT xdeba. Tu Sromis<br />
avtori ar aris aRniSnuli, maSin miTiTeba saTauris pirveli sityvebis mixedviT<br />
xdeba.<br />
xazebs Soris intervali<br />
xazebs Soris ormagi intervali (Tumca qarTulSi erTnaxevaric dasaSvebia _<br />
SesaTanxmebelia xelmZRvanelTan).<br />
abzacis pirveli Seweuli striqoni (indention)<br />
TiToeuli striqonisTvis Sesabamisi abzaci unda iqnes gamoyenebuli. APA-is<br />
stiliT rekomendebulia TiToeuli wyaros pirveli striqonisTvis 5–7 poziciis<br />
gamotoveba.<br />
Rodrigues, R. (1982). A hanger of memory: The education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />
Godine.<br />
Tumca arsebobs meore variantic: roca miTiTebul literaturaSi pirvel<br />
striqonSi pirveli sityva, piriqiT, gamoweulia da meore striqoni 5 poziciiT<br />
Seweulia.<br />
Rodrigues, R. (1982). A hanger of memory: The education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />
Godine.<br />
hkiTxeT xelmZRvanels, romeli variantis gamoyeneba gevalebaT.<br />
avtorebi<br />
pirvelad unda miuTiToT avtoris gvari, Semdeg saxeli (erTmaneTisgan mZimeebiT<br />
gamoiyofa). rogorc wesi, saxelis (aseve, meore saxelis) misaTiTeblad inicialebi<br />
gamoiyeneba. bolo avtoris gvaris win & kavSiri iwereba.<br />
gamocemis TariRi<br />
gamocemis weli unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi avtoris an avtorebis gvarebis<br />
gverdiT. Cveulebrivad, es aris xolme weli, magram zogierTi ti pis gamocemebisTvis<br />
(magaliTad, Jurnalebi da sagazeTo statiebi) unda miuTiToT Tve da, iSviaT<br />
SemTxvevaSi, dReebic.<br />
saTauri<br />
inglisur enaze wignis an statiis saTauris miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, didi asoTi<br />
iwereba mxolod saTauris pirveli sityva, qvesaTauris pirveli sityva da sakuTari<br />
saxelebi. sxva yvela danarCeni sityva iwereba patara asoebiT. statiis saTauri<br />
brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas.<br />
gamocemis adgili<br />
wyarosTvis, romelic periodul gamocemas ar warmoadgens, unda miuTiToT<br />
gamocemis adgilic. Tu gamomcemeli romelime konkretul universitets warmoadgens<br />
da qalaqis (an provinciis) dasaxeleba miTiTebulia universitetis saxelwodebaSic,<br />
maSin misi gameoreba saWiro aRar aris.<br />
114
gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba<br />
araperioduli wyaroebisTvis gamomcemlobis miTiTebac aucilebelia. gamocemis<br />
adgilis Semdeg orwertili da Semdeg gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba unda miuTiToT.<br />
zogierTi gamomcemlobisaTvis SesaZlebelia Semoklebuli variantic gamoiyenoT<br />
(William Morrow-is nacvlad Morrow). SesaZloa gamotovoT sityvebi: gamomcemeli,<br />
kompania da a.S. (”CO.,” ”Inc.,” ”Publisher”). Tumca asociaciebis, korporaciebis da<br />
universitetis gamocemlobebis miTiTebisas sruli saxelwodebebi unda aRiniSnos<br />
da am SemTxvevaSi gamomcemlobis dasaxelebis gamotoveba ar xdeba (magaliTad,<br />
“Harvard University Press“).<br />
gverdebis numeracia<br />
wignebis an gazeTebis gverdebis miTiTebisas abreviatura – `gv.~ – miuTiTeT.<br />
gverdebisTvis yvela cifri moitaneT: `667-668.~<br />
wignebi<br />
1. wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs<br />
Rodriguez, R. (1982). A Hanger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodrigeues. Boston:<br />
Godine.<br />
avtoris saxelis sruli miTiTebis nacvlad misi iniciali unda miuTiToT,<br />
Tumca misi saxeli wyaros dasaxelebaSic ikiTxeba. didi asoTi saTauris da<br />
qvesaTuris mxolod pirveli sityva da sakuTari saxelia mocemuli.<br />
2. wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs<br />
Nesselroade, J.R., & Baltes, P.B. (1999). Longitudinal research in behavioral studies. New<br />
York: Academic Press.<br />
avtorebis gvarebs erTmaneTisgan & gamoyofs.<br />
3. wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs<br />
Dohrenwend, B. S., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (Eds). (1994). Stressful life events: Their nature<br />
and effects. New York: Weley.<br />
redaqtorTa saxelebi miuTiTeT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, magram<br />
frCxilebSi Semoklebuli <strong>for</strong>miT mocemuli unda iyos: „(red.)“. inglisurenovani<br />
wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvavSi Tu redaqtori erTia: „(Ed)“, Tu<br />
ramodenime – „(Eds).“ iqve, frCxilebSi unda miuTiTeT gamocemis welic.<br />
4. wigni, romelsac mTargmneli hyavs<br />
Trajan. P. D. (1927). Psychology of animals (H.Simone, Trans.). Washington, DC: Halperin.<br />
5. wigni, romlis avtori mkvlevarTa jgufia<br />
Lorenz Research. (1997). Research in social studies teaching. Baltimore: Arrow Books.<br />
roca wignis avtori avtorTa jgufia, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mkvlevarTa jgufi,<br />
saxelmwifo saagento, korporacia da a.S. aseT SemTxvevaSi, jgufis saxeli unda<br />
miuTiToT, rogorc individualuri sakuTari saxeli. gamoyenebuli literaturis<br />
nusxaSi ki anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT swored es saxeli unda gaiTvaliswinoT.<br />
6. wigni, romlis avtori ucnobia<br />
Mariam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10 th ed.). (1997). Sprinfield, MA: Mariam-Webster.<br />
115
Tu wignis avtori ucnobia unda miuTiToT wignis saxelwodeba anbanuri<br />
TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
7. erTi da imave avtoris ori an meti Sroma, romelic erTsa da imave welsaa<br />
gamoqveynebuli<br />
Gardner, H. (1973a). The arts and human Development. New York: Weliy.<br />
Gardner, H. (1973b). Ithe guest <strong>for</strong> mind: Pieaget, Levi-Strauss, and the structuralist movement.<br />
New York: Knopf.<br />
rodesac gamoyenebulia erTi da imave avtoris erTsa da imave wels<br />
gamoqveynebuli Sroma, isini unda miuTiToT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT, saTauris<br />
pirveli sityvis mixedviT da gamocemebi unda gamoirCes erTmaneTisgan asoebis<br />
(a, b da a.S. ) saSualebiT.<br />
magram Tu uTiTebT erTi da imave avtoris or sxvadasxva Sromas, romlebic<br />
erTsa da imave wels ar aris gamoqveynebuli, aseT SemTxvevaSi, jer unda<br />
miuTiToT ufro adre gamoqveynebuli Sroma.<br />
8. wigni, romelic xelaxla gamoica<br />
Bollinger, D.L. (1975). Aspects of language (2nd ed). NewYork. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<br />
xelaxali gamocemis TariRi saTauris Semdeg unda miuTiToT. Semdeg<br />
gamomcemloba unda aRiniSnos.<br />
9. wigni, romelic erTze meti tomisagan Sedgeba<br />
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vol.5). New<br />
Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.<br />
Lincoln, A. (1953). The collected works of Abraham Lincoln (R.P. Basler, Ed.). (Vols.1-8).<br />
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.<br />
10. statia an Tavi redaqtirebuli wignidan<br />
Paykel, E. S. (1994). Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach.<br />
In B.S. Dorhewend & B.P. Dorhenwend (Eds.), Stressful life events: Their nature and<br />
effects (pp. 239-264). New York Weliy.<br />
gamocemis TariRi aucileblad unda aRiniSnos. statiis an Tavis saTauris<br />
Semdg unda miuTiToT, romeli wyarodan aris amoRebuli nakveTi. gverdebis<br />
numeracia unda miuTiToT frCxilebSi.<br />
perioduli gamocemebi: samecniero Jurnalebi, Jurnalebi da gazeTebi<br />
11. statia yovelwliuri Jurnalidan<br />
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord and<br />
divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330<br />
statiis saTauri brWyalebSi ar unda Caisvas. Jurnalis saxelwodeba<br />
daxrili unda iyos.<br />
12. statia Jurnalidan, romelsac calkeuli nomrebi aqvs<br />
Dacey, J. (198). Managment participation in corporate buy-outs. Management Perspectives,<br />
7(4), 20-31<br />
Jurnalis nomeri daxrili ar unda iyos, is frCxilebSi unda CasvaT.<br />
116
13. statiis abstraqti<br />
Emery, R.E. (1992). Marital turmoil: interpersonal conflict and the children of discord and<br />
divorce. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 310-330 (From Psychological Abstracts, 69, Item 1320)<br />
rodesac abstraqti da ara statiis sruli teqstia gamoyenebuli, frCxilebSi<br />
mowodebul unda iyos amomwuravi in<strong>for</strong>macia: saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi,<br />
abzacis nomeri. ramdenadac saTaurSi sityva abstraqti ar figurirebs, amitom<br />
is unda miuTiToT wyaros saTaursa da periodizacias Soris, rom cxadi<br />
gaxdes, ra gamoiyeneT.<br />
14. statia Jurnalidan<br />
Van Gelder, L. (1996, Desember). Countdown to motherhood: When shoud you have a baby?<br />
Ms., 37-39, 74.<br />
Tu Jurnals aqvs calkeuli gamocemebi da nomrebi, aucileblad unda iyos<br />
aRniSnuli. aseve, nomris gamocemis sruli TariRi da statiis gverdebi unda<br />
iyos dafiqsirebuli, oRond abrevituris (gv.) gareSe.<br />
15. sagazeTo statia<br />
Lewis, P.H. (1999, Jenuary 21 ). Many updates cause profitable confusion. The New York Times,<br />
pp. D1, D5.<br />
unda miuTiToT, rogorc gamocemis weli, aseve, Tve da dRe. gverdebis<br />
misaTiTeblad SeiZleba gamoiyenoT abraviatura: „gv.~<br />
16. xelmouwereli statia<br />
The right to die. (1976, Octomber 11). Time, 121. 101<br />
miuTiTeT CamonaTvalSi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT statiis saTauris mixedviT.<br />
iseve, rogor anonimuri avtoris wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi.<br />
17. mimoxilva<br />
Dinnage, R. (1987, November 29). Against the master and his men [Review of the book A mind<br />
of her own: The life of Karen Horney]. The New York Times Book Review, 10-11.<br />
Tu mimoxilva dasaTaurebuli araa, gamoiyeneT frCxilebSi mocemuli in<strong>for</strong>macia,<br />
rogorc saTauri.<br />
wignis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi saTauri daxrili unda iyos, Jurnalebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
ki dasaxelebaa daxrili.<br />
danarTi<br />
danarTi or mizans emsaxureba. is avtors mkiTxvelisTvis kiTxvis Seuwyvetlad<br />
detaluri in<strong>for</strong>maciis miwodebisa da weris stilis, wesebis dacvis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs.<br />
Cveulebrivad, danarTSi maTematikuri dasabuTeba, didi cxrilebi, kiTxvaris<br />
nimuSebi an kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli sxva xelsawyoebi da kompiuteruli programebia<br />
aRwerili.<br />
naSromi SeiZleba erT an met danarTs moicavdes.<br />
117
danarTis identifikacia da teqstSi motana<br />
Tu naSroms mxolod erTi danarTi aqvs, mas mxolod danarTi ewereba. Tu mas<br />
ramdenime danarTi aqvs, maSin unda miuTiToT: danarTi A, danarTi B da a.S. im<br />
TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac is teqstSia motanili. TiToeul danarTs<br />
unda hqondes saxelwodeba. teqstSi danarTebi Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiTaa motanili:<br />
orive kvlevam erTi da igive Sedegi aCvena (ix. danarTi A da danarTi B).<br />
ZiriTadi nawili da saTaurebi<br />
teqstis msgavsad, danarTs aqvs saTauri da qvesaTauri (danarTis SigniT saTauris<br />
donis gansazRvris mizniT danarTi teqstisgan gancalkevebiT unda iyos mocemuli,<br />
magaliTad, ZiriTad teqsts SeiZleba oTxdoniani saTauri hqondes, magram Tu danarTs<br />
ordoniani saTuri aqvs, dasaTaureba xdeba iseve, rogorc ordoniani ZiriTadi teqstis).<br />
ZiriTadi teqstis msgavsad, danarTi SeiZleba moicavdes cxrilebs da suraTebs<br />
da, agreTve, vrclad mocemul maTematikur <strong>for</strong>mulebs. danarTis cxrilebi da<br />
suraTebi unda dainomros. agreTve, unda dainomros maTematikuri <strong>for</strong>mulebi, Tu<br />
es aucilebelia Semdgomi miTiTebisTvis. cxrilebis nomers Tan unda daerTos<br />
danarTis dasaxelebac (magaliTad, cxrili NA1).<br />
im SemTxvevaSi, roca danarTi erTia, danarTis cxrilebis da suraTebis<br />
gadanomrvisas gamoiyeneT aso „A,“ rom ZiriTadi teqstis cxrilebisgan da<br />
suraTebisgan garCeva SesaZlebeli iyos. danarTSi citirebis wesebi igivea, rac<br />
ZiriTadi teqstis SemTxvevaSi: _ danarTis yvela cxrili da suraTi miTiTebuli<br />
unda iyos danarTSi da danomrili unda iyos motanis rigis mixedviT.<br />
cxrilebi, romlebic danarTis saxiTaa mocemuli<br />
Tu cxrili mTlianad danarTs warmoadgens, centrSi mocemuli danarTis saxelwodeba<br />
da saTauri cxrilis nomris da saTauris Canacvlebasac warmoadgens. mravaldoniani<br />
cxrilebi calkeuli danarTebis saxiT moitaneT. Tu aseTi cxrilebi (magram ara<br />
teqsti) kombinirebulia erT danarTSi, danomreT cxrilebi.<br />
kiTxvarebi da testebi<br />
Tu Tqven gsurT gamoaqveynoT axali testi APA-is JurnalSi, maSin saavtoro<br />
uflebebis mflobeli iqneba APA (avtors, romelsac surs, rom rom saavtoro<br />
uflebebi SeinarCunos, unda miuTiTos: „saavtoro ufleba [weli] [avtoris gvari]).<br />
Tu gsurT miuTiToT sxva avtoris kiTxvari an testi, amis ufleba werilobiTi<br />
<strong>for</strong>miT unda moipovoT.<br />
<strong>for</strong>mati<br />
naSromis <strong>for</strong>maluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesafasebeli<br />
kiTxvari<br />
• warmodgenili naSromi Sesrulebulia Tu ara A4 <strong>for</strong>matis furcelze?<br />
• mTel naSromSi citirebis, gamoyenebuli literaturis, avtoris SeniSvnis,<br />
sqolios, suraTebis dasaxelebis da cxrilis yvela nawilis CaTvliT, daculia<br />
Tu ara striqonebs Soris ormagi (qarTulSi _ 1,5) intervali? aris Tu ara<br />
naSromi mowesrigebuli da guldasmiT ga<strong>for</strong>mebuli?<br />
• mindvrebi aris Tu ara, sul mcire, 1" anu 2,54 sm?<br />
118
• calke gverdebze aris Tu ara mocemuli Tavfurceli, abstraqti, gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura, avtoris SeniSvna, cxrilebi da suraTebi (erTi cxrili/suraTi<br />
erT gverdze) calke gverdebze?<br />
• Tanmimdevrulad aris Tu ara gadanomrili gverdebi Tavfurclidan<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis CaTvliT?<br />
Tavfurceli da abstraqti<br />
• Sedgeba Tu ara saTauri 10-12 sityvisgan?<br />
• Tavfurcelze miTiTebulia Tu ara instituti/dawesebuleba, sadac Sesrulda<br />
naSromi?<br />
• Tavsdeba Tu ara abstraqti 120 sityvaSi?<br />
abzacebi da saTaurebi<br />
• aris Tu ara erTi abzaci erT winadadebaze meti, magram ara umetes erTi<br />
xelnaweri gverdisa?<br />
• qvesaTaurebi zustad asaxaven Tu ara naSromis struqturas?<br />
• erTnairi qvesaTaurebi erTnairi <strong>for</strong>matiTaa Sesrulebuli Tu ara?<br />
abreviatura<br />
• amoRebulia Tu ara naSromidan yvela araarsebiTi da arasaWiro abreviatura?<br />
ganmartebulia Tu ara yvela saWiro da naSromSi Setanili abreviatura?<br />
• cxrilebsa da suraTebSi mocemuli abreviaturebi axsnilia Tu ara cxrilis<br />
Tanmxleb SeniSvnasa Tu suraTis legendaSi?<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
• gamoyenebuli literatura citirebulia rogorc teqstSi, ise boloSi<br />
saTauriT `gamoyenebuli literatura~? sxva sityvebiT, rac teqstSia mocemuli,<br />
miTiTebulia boloSic da piriqiT?<br />
• teqstSi citirebuli da gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi mocemuli<br />
wyaroebi erTnairadaa dawerili da Tanxvdeba Tu ara gamocemis wlebi?<br />
• srulad aris Tu ara mocemuli Jurnalis dasaxelebebi?<br />
• gamoyenebuli literatura dalagebulia Tu ara avtorTa gvarebis mixedviT<br />
anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT?<br />
sqolio<br />
• miTiTebulia Tu ara teqstSi yvela sqolio?<br />
• gadanomrilia Tu ara sqolioebi Tanmimdevrulad da sworadaa Tu ara<br />
isini ganlagebuli teqstSi?<br />
cxrilebi da suraTebi<br />
• TiToeuli cxrilis svetebs aqvs Tu ara saTauri?<br />
• cxrilebSi amoRebulia Tu ara yvela vertikaluri xazi?<br />
• suraTebis elementebi aris Tu ara sakmarisad didi zomis, raTa suraTis<br />
zomebis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi mainc wakiTxvadi iyos?<br />
• TiToeuli suraTi danomrilia Tu ara Tanmimdevrulad da aqvs Tu ra<br />
mokle saTauri?<br />
119
• yvela suraTi da cxrili moxseniebulia Tu ara teqstSi da danomrilia Tu<br />
ara moxseniebis rigis mixedviT?<br />
bolo SeniSvna<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom APA-is standartiT mogeTxovebaT naSromis Sesruleba,<br />
konkretuli departamentisa Tu pedagogis moTxovna SesaZloa, garkveulwilad,<br />
gansxvavdebodes APA-is standartisgan. am SemTxvevaSi upiratesoba departamentis/<br />
maswavleblis moTxovnebs eniWeba. orive – APA-isa da departamentis/maswavleblis<br />
– moTxovnebis codna students naSromis damakmayofileblad momzadebis saSualebas<br />
miscems. Tumca gaxsovdeT, rom akademiuri sazogadoeba SeTanxmebulia weris stilze<br />
da namdvilad ar Secvlis mas erTi individis axirebis gamo.<br />
gamoyenebuli literatura<br />
arabuli a., qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, gamomcemloba „universali~, Tbilisi,<br />
2004.<br />
gutbrodi h., danelia n. saqmiani urTierTobebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi,<br />
2006.<br />
TvalTvaZe d., gafrindaSvili n. marTlweris wesebi da savarjiSoebi, Tbilisi, 2004.<br />
SalamberiZe g., qarTuli marTlwera, gamomcemloba „ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1965.<br />
SaniZe a., qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tsu, Tbilisi, 1973.<br />
Ãóäâèí Äæ., Èññëåäîâàíèå â ïñèõîëîãèè, ìåòîäû è ïëàíèðîâàíèå. 3-å èçä. Ïèòåð, 2004.<br />
Carter D., Beyond the Loan Word: Plagiarism and Academic Writing. Published in http://<br />
www.engelsk.au.dk/en/studies/exams/guides/plagiarism (2000, Revised 07.05.2007). bolo naxva<br />
15.08.2007<br />
Campbell S., The Problem of Plagiarism Published in<br />
http://www-personal.umich.edu/~sdcamp/up540/writingtips.html (last updated: February 22, 2007).<br />
bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />
Fowler H. Ramsey; Aaron Jane E.; Anderson Daniel (2000). The Little, Brown Handbook. 8 th edition.<br />
Addison-Wesley.<br />
Georgetown University. What is Plagiarism. Published in http://gervaseprograms.georgetown.edu/hc/<br />
plagiarism.html (2007). bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5 th edition. Published by APA.<br />
Regina L Smalley., Mary K. Ruetten., & Joann Rishel Kozyrev (2000). Refining Composition Skills.<br />
Heinle & Heinle: Thomson Learning.<br />
Writing Tutorial Services, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN. Plagiarism: What It is and How to<br />
Recognize and Avoid It. Published in http://www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml<br />
(2004). bolo naxva 15.08.2007<br />
120
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