akademiuri wera - CSS Center For Social Sciences
akademiuri wera - CSS Center For Social Sciences
akademiuri wera - CSS Center For Social Sciences
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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong><br />
<strong>wera</strong><br />
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
intensiuri seminari socialuri mecnierebebis<br />
magistrantebisaTvis<br />
lia wulaZe<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori: marine CitaSvili<br />
enobrivi redaqtori: lia kaWarava<br />
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini: giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> for <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
ISBN: 99940 – 873-7-1<br />
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris” (<strong>Center</strong> for <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> for <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.
s a r C e v i<br />
Sesavali..................................................................................................................... 4<br />
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese .......................................................................... 8<br />
Tema II. kritika ..................................................................................................... 27<br />
Tema III. analitikuri referati.................................................................. 44<br />
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi ............................................................................. 55<br />
3
Sesavali<br />
kursis aqtualoba: umaRlesi ganaTlebis miReba kompleqsuri miznebis<br />
miRwevas emsaxureba, romelTa Soris ganmsazRvreli adgili kritikuli azrovnebisa<br />
da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas ukavia. jer kidev 1948 wels benjamin<br />
blumma da misma kolegebma muSaoba daiwyes umaRlesi ganaTlebis miznebisa da<br />
amocanebis gansazRvraze, rac 1956 logikurad dagvirgvinda ,,saganmanaTleblo<br />
miznebis taqsonomiis” SeqmniT, romelic dRes blumis taqsonomiis saxeliTaa<br />
cnobili. aRniSnuli taqsonomiis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom swavlebis procesSi<br />
studentebis mier miRebul codnas ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs, ufro martividan<br />
metad kompleqsuris mimarTulebiT. amdenad, studentebi etapobrivad<br />
gadian garkveul safexurebs da sauniversiteto swavlebis mizania, yvela<br />
safexuris Tanmimdevrulad dauflebis Sedegad, studentebma umaRles safexurs<br />
miaRwion. am umaRles safexurad, blumsa da mis kolegebs, swored Sefasebis<br />
unaris ganviTareba miaCniaT. qvemoT warmogidgenT blumis taqsonomias, raTa<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis ZiriTadi miznebis ilustrireba movaxdino.<br />
blumis taqsonomia<br />
1. codna — informaciis aTviseba _ terminologia, individualuri faqtebi,<br />
wesebi, kriteriumebi, kategoriebi, struqtura, procedura. codna warmoadgens<br />
cnebebis, leqsikonis, konteqstis safuZvels.<br />
2. gageba/wvdoma _ informaciis gageba _ interpretacia, sxva sityvebiT<br />
gadmocema, arsebuli monacemebis gaazreba, ganzogadeba. gageba asazrisianebs<br />
faqtsa da codnas Soris kavSirs. faqtebis interpretaciis, Sejamebisa da ganzogadebis<br />
safuZvelze, studenti swavlobs informaciasTan muSaobasa da mis<br />
gaTavisebas.<br />
3. gamoyeneba _ miRebuli informaciiT praqtikaSi xelmZRvaneloba _informaciisa<br />
da wesebis gamoyeneba axal situaciebSi, principebisa da Teoriebis gamoyeneba<br />
specifikur garemoebebSi. wesisa Tu principis gamoyeneba axal Tu uCveulo<br />
situaciaSi saSualebas aZlevs students ,,gamoyenebadi” gaxados misi codna.<br />
4. analizi _ kompleqsuri ideebis sazrisis mqone nawilebad dayofa _<br />
monacemebis dajgufeba logikur qvejgufebad, qvejgufebs Soris logikuri<br />
kavSirebis dadgena. analizi zrdis studentis mier Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebasa<br />
da aTvisebas, aZlevs ra saSualebas moaxdinos masalis organizeba da struqturireba<br />
mis Semadgenel komponentebad. es organizeba gansxvavebulia sagnis<br />
mixedviT _ SesaZloa is iyos logikuri, asaxavdes fizikur aR<strong>wera</strong>s, an<br />
qvekategoriebisagan Semdgari klasifikaciis forma hqondes. analizi aris is<br />
done, romelic asaxavs Sesaswavli sakiTxis gagebas/wvdomas.<br />
5. sinTezi _ gamocdilebis organizeba axali formiT _ sxvadasxva komponentebis<br />
safuZvelze axali struqturebis Seqmna, an problemis gadaWris axali gzis<br />
moZieba; informaciis logikur kategoriebad organizeba. sinTezi produqtiuli,<br />
SemoqmedebiTi, problemis gadaWris donea. am doneze students SeuZlia Seqmnas<br />
raime axali (moxseneba, modeli, prezentacia) adre SeZenili codnisa da gagebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
6. Sefaseba _ SefasebiTi msjelobisaTvis aucilebeli kriteriumebis SemuSaveba<br />
_ konkurirebad gadawyvetilebebs Soris SedarebiTi Rirebulebis dadgena,<br />
argumentsa Tu gadawyvetilebaSi araTanmimdevrulobis gamovlena, SemoqmedebiTi<br />
naSromebis Sedareba da kontrastis dasabuTeba, gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis<br />
Cveneba. Sefaseba saSualebas aZlevs students Seadaros konkurirebadi<br />
gadawyvetilebebi, Sromis produqtebi, an daasabuTos biznes-gadawyvetileba.<br />
sxvaoba karg Sefasebasa da zerele msjelobas Soris isaa, rom pirveli gulisxmobs<br />
wina xuT doneze SeZenili codnis, unarebis, gagebisa da gamocdilebis<br />
4
gaerTianebas [Richard-Amato, P.A. (1988). Making it Happen. NY: longman].<br />
blumis taqsonomiis Tanaxmad, codna da gageba/wvdoma ,,informaciis Seyvanis”<br />
etapia, gamoyeneba da analizi — aqtiuri procesis etapad moiazreba, sinTezi da<br />
Sefaseba — Sedegis miRebis etapia, romelic azrovnebis produqtiul da<br />
SemoqmedebiT doneze miuTiTebs. naxevari saukunea, aRniSnuli principebi<br />
safuZvlad udevs dasavleTis qveynebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemas, Tumca<br />
Cvens realobaSi isini axlaRa inergeba, radgan sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimis<br />
pirobebSi, umaRlesi ganaTleba ver iqneboda orientirebuli kritikuli<br />
azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebaze, albaT, sabWoTa reJimgamovlil<br />
adamians sakmaod ucnaurad moeCveneba dasavlur samyaroSi damkvidrebuli<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris ZiriTadi principi ,,daiwyeT daskvniT”, rac gulisxmobs, rom<br />
m<strong>wera</strong>lma Tezisi anu misi ZiriTadi pozicia SesavalSive unda warmoadginos, da<br />
ara xangrZlivi msjelobiT daRlil mkiTxvels, daskvnaSi SesTavazos igi; rac<br />
Cveuli ambavia sabWoTa literaturisaTvis, radgan sabWoTa avtori sakmaod<br />
frTxili unda yofiliyo sakuTari poziciis gadmocemisas, gansakuTrebiT iseT<br />
sferoSi, rogoric socialuri da politikuri mecnierebebia. arc isaa saidumlo,<br />
rom wlebis manZilze Cveni sauniversiteto swavleba mimarTuli iyo studentis<br />
mier miwodebuli informaciis pasiur daswavlaze, yovelgvari kritikuli<br />
gaazrebisa Tu analizis gareSe, rac erT-erTi umTavresi mizezi unda iyos imisa,<br />
rom studentTa sakurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebi xSirad uneburi plagiatis<br />
nimuSi iyo. magram arsebul viTarebas ufro metad is faqti amZimebda, rom, CvenSi<br />
sauniversiteto swavlebis ZiriTadi mizani ,,informaciis Seyvana” iyo, studentebisaTvis<br />
did sirTule iyo aqtiuri procesis doneze gadasvla da miRebuli<br />
codnis praqtikuli gamoyeneba da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli xdeboda produqtiuli da<br />
SemoqmedebiTi donis miRweva.<br />
aRniSnuli problemis daZleva umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad iqca saqarTveloSi<br />
mimdinare saganmanaTleblo reformebis pirobebSi, gansakuTrebiT, boloniis<br />
procesSi CarTvis Sedegad. Sesabamisad, aucilebel moTxovnad iqca sauniversiteto<br />
swavlebaSi iseTi kursis Semotana, romelic studentebSi kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis, analizis, sinTezisa da Sefasebis unarebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda.<br />
swored aseTi sagania <strong>akademiuri</strong> <strong>wera</strong>, romelic 2004/2005 saswavlo<br />
wlidan moyolebuli ekiTxeba Tsu-s rogorc bakalavriatis, ise magistraturis<br />
studentebs.<br />
kursis mizani: magistraturis studentebs mTeli rigi weriTi davalebebi<br />
eZlevaT, romlebic, Tumca gansxvavebulia programis mixedviT, ori saerTo<br />
TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. es davalebebi etapobrivad rTuldeba da 2. isini<br />
,,akademiurad” unda iyos Sesrulebuli.<br />
swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis miRwevas emsaxureba <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris saseminaro<br />
kursi socialuri mecnierebebis magistrantebisaTvis, romelic centraluri<br />
evropis universitetis <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris programis safuZvelzea agebuli<br />
da 4 Janrs moicavs:argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da<br />
kvleviT naSroms, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da<br />
eqsperimentuli. aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad<br />
monawileoben leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da<br />
aanalizeben sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli<br />
Janris nawarmoebs da, jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve<br />
afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris<br />
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve, arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da gamokvlevebis<br />
gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis<br />
parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,<br />
studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis<br />
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.<br />
qvemoT mokled warmogidgenT TiToeuli Janris mizansa da aR<strong>wera</strong>s:<br />
5
Janrebi universitetSi<br />
Janri aR<strong>wera</strong> mizani<br />
1) argumentirebuli<br />
ese<br />
ara<strong>akademiuri</strong> debatis<br />
ori mxaris<br />
struqturirebuli<br />
analizi.<br />
2) kritika erTi <strong>akademiuri</strong> teqstis<br />
kritikuli kiTxva da<br />
werilobiTi formiT<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
3) analitikuri<br />
referati<br />
4) sabiblioTeko<br />
kvleviTi naSromi<br />
5) eqsperimentuli<br />
kvleviTi naSromi<br />
debatis ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis gansazRvra<br />
studentisaTvis SerCeuli<br />
ori an sami statiis<br />
safuZvelze.<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> problemis<br />
werilobiTi formiT<br />
gadaWra sabiblioTeko<br />
gamokvlevis safuZvelze.<br />
sakuTari gamokvlevis<br />
angariSi, romelSic<br />
dasabuTebulia arCeuli<br />
meTodologia da warmodgenilia<br />
gamokvlevis<br />
TiToeuli etapi, miRebuli<br />
Sedegebi da maTi<br />
interpretacia.<br />
mtkicebulebis<br />
formulirebisa da<br />
Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT<br />
ganmtkicebis procesis<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
kritikuli azrovnebisa<br />
da ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebis Sejameba-<br />
Sefasebis unaris<br />
ganviTareba.<br />
debatis ZiriTadi arsis<br />
wvdomisa da werilobiTi<br />
formiT gadmocemis<br />
xelSewyoba.<br />
mocemul disciplinaSi<br />
sakvlevi problemis<br />
dayenebisa da gadaWris<br />
xelSewyoba Sesabamisi<br />
Teoriis/literaturis<br />
gamoyenebis safuZvelze.<br />
sakuTari gamokvlevis<br />
struqturirebisa da<br />
prezentaciis xelSewyoba<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> disciplinis<br />
moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.<br />
[Sedgenilia centraluri evropis universitetis (CEU) <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris<br />
centris mier SemuSavebuli sqemis safuZvelze]<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris ZiriTadi principebi:<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> <strong>wera</strong> ramdenime ZiriTad principzea agebuli:<br />
• mkiTxveli<br />
sanam <strong>wera</strong>s daviwyebT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu vin iqneba Cveni mkiTxveli.<br />
magistraturis studentisaTvis mkiTxveli leqtoria, romelic mocemuli dargis<br />
eqspertia. weriT davalebas warmatebiT rom gaarTvan Tavi, studentma unda<br />
gaiTvaliswinos mkiTxvelis gaTviTcnobierebuloba mocemul sakiTxSi da misi<br />
molodinebi, rac, udavod, gavlenas axdens naSromis Sinaarsze. nagulismevi<br />
mkiTxvelidan gamomdinare, erTi SexedviT, azrobrivad msgavsi ori winadadeba<br />
SeiZleba gansxvavebul mizans emsaxurebodes. nimuSis saxiT warmogidgenT or<br />
winadadebas, romelTagan erTi farTo auditoriisaTvis, meore ki _ specialistebisTvisaa<br />
dawerili:<br />
• socializacia aris procesi, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis<br />
Rirebulebebi da normebi Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da, romlis<br />
safuZvelzec individi mocemul socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens.<br />
• process, romlis gziTac mocemuli kulturis Rirebulebebi da normebi<br />
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da romlis safuZvelzec individi mocemul<br />
socialur jgufTan identifikacias axdens, socializacia ewodeba.<br />
• mizani<br />
6
zemoT ganxiluli magaliTi adasturebs, rom mkiTxveli da mizani<br />
erTmaneTTan mWido kavSirSi imyofeba. Tu mkiTxveli m<strong>wera</strong>lze nakleb<br />
informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis ZiriTadi funqciaa<br />
informaciis miwodeba (rogorc, magaliTad, saxelmZRvaneloSi). Tu mkiTxveli<br />
m<strong>wera</strong>lze metad informirebulia mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mwerlis<br />
ZiriTadi mizania sakuTari codnisa da eqspertizis demonstrireba. swored es<br />
mizani amoZravebs magistraturis students, roca weriT davalebas asrulebs.<br />
• daiwyeT daskvniT<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris erT-erTi umTavresi principia, rom avtorma SesavalSive<br />
warmoadginos misi Tezisi anu ZiriTadi pozicia, rac or mizans emsaxureba: 1.<br />
naSromis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis SenarCunebas, radgan avtorma ukve<br />
Camoayaliba misi pozicia, rac daexmareba erTi arCeuli mimarTulebiT imoZraos<br />
da yvela argumenti Tu qveargumenti warmodgenili poziciis gasamyareblad<br />
gamoiyenos; da 2. mkiTxvelisTvis Tavidanve naTelia avtoris pozicia, amitom<br />
misTvis martivia rogorc avtoris argumentebis Sesabamisobis Sefaseba, ise mis<br />
mosazrebebSi logikuri xarvezebis aRmoCena.<br />
• struqtura<br />
nebismieri informacia gansazRvruli struqturis safuZvelze unda iyos<br />
organizebuli. elementaruli doniT rom daviwyoT, martiv winadadebasac da<br />
mcire zomis paragrafsac ki sakuTari struqtura aqvs. naSromis miznidan gamomdinare,<br />
akademiur <strong>wera</strong>Si informaciis organizebis sxvadasxva tipi gamoiyeneba,<br />
Tumca, maT Soris erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia naSromis organizeba<br />
`problema _ gadaWris gza~ struqturis safuZvelze, romelic 4 ZiriTadi<br />
nawilisagan Sedgeba:<br />
1. situaciis aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
2. problemis identifikacia<br />
3. gadaWris gzis aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
4. gadaWris gzis Sefaseba<br />
[Holy, M. (1983). On the Surface of Discourse. London: Allen and Unwin].<br />
• stili<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> naSromi Sesabamisi stiliT unda iyos Sesrulebuli, romelic ara<br />
marto Tanmimdevrulad unda iyos daculi mTel naSromSi, aramed aucileblad<br />
Seesabamebodes mwerlis mizansa da nagulisxmev mkiTxvels. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SeuZlebeli iqneba profesiuli donis miRweva, radgan araformaluri eniT<br />
dawerili eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis angariSic ki, miuxedavad kompleqsuri<br />
monacemebis warmodgenisa, SesaZloa, zedmetad gamartivebuli gveCvenos.<br />
Sesabamisi stilis SerCevasTan dakavSirebul umTavres sirTules warmoadgens<br />
sakiTxi, Tu ra miviCnioT akademiurad da ra _ ara. unda aRiniSnos, rom<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris stilis arsebiTi niSania metyvelebis nawilebs Soris (iqneba es<br />
zmna, arsebiTi saxeli, Tu sxv.), rac SeiZleba metad formaluris SerCeva;<br />
winadadebebis Sedgenisas ki, umTavresad formaluri tonis gamoyeneba.<br />
• logikuri Tanmimdevruloba<br />
akademiur naSromSi avtoris yvela argumenti misi ZiriTadi poziciis<br />
gamyarebas unda emsaxurebodes, rac niSnavs, rom yvela idea logikur kavSirSi<br />
unda imyofebodes da avtori ar unda meryeobdes sxvadasxva mosazrebebs Soris.<br />
Tu mkiTxvels uxdeba ukan dabruneba da azris gasagebad, naweris ramdenjerme<br />
gadakiTxva, anda mas uWirs avtoris argumentebis ZiriTad poziciasTan<br />
dakavSireba, es niSnavs, rom naSromi araTanmimdevruli da aralogikuria [Swales,<br />
J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. The University of Michigan<br />
Press.]<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris ZiriTadi principebis gacnobis Semdeg, uSualod kursis<br />
Sinaarsze gadavideT.<br />
7
kursis Sinaarsi<br />
Tema I. argumentirebuli ese<br />
TiTqmis yvela Janris <strong>akademiuri</strong> naSromi argumentirebas moiTxovs, vinaidan<br />
nebismieri nawarmoebis mizania mkiTxvelis darwmuneba, rom rasac avtori ambobs,<br />
saintereso da mniSvnelovania. es ki moiTxovs saTanado strategiebis SemuSavebas,<br />
raTa avtorma efeqturad gadmosces Tavisi mosazrebebi da gaiTvaliswinos<br />
mkiTxvelis Sexedulebebi da molodinebi. argumentirebis unari exmareba adamians<br />
ideebis ganviTarebasa da organizebaSi, Sexedulebebis damajereblobis<br />
SefasebaSi, logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis dacvasa da saTqmelis naTlad da<br />
efeqturad warmodgenaSi _ yvela es unari Zalian Rirebulia <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris<br />
nebismieri JanrisaTvis.<br />
argumentirebis Tanamedrove Teoria berZnul-romauli tradiciebidan iRebs<br />
saTaves. berZnebisa da romaelebisaTvis, argumenti iyo debatebis gadawyvetisa<br />
da WeSmaritebis dadgenis gza. Cven mogvyavs argumentebi ara imitom, rom vinmeze<br />
gabrazebuli varT an misi ar gvjera, aramed imitom, rom argumentireba<br />
gvexmareba ukeT SeviswavloT rogorc sakuTari, ise sxvisi ideebi; SevafasoT<br />
sapirispiro poziciebi; naTlad da akuratulad gamovxatoT Cveni Sexedulebebi;<br />
movaxdinoT sxvaTa ideebis kritikuli analizi. amdenad, argumentirebuli eses<br />
ZiriTadi principebis aTviseba gvexmareba sxva nebismieri Janris nawarmoebis<br />
SeqmnaSic.<br />
akademiur <strong>wera</strong>Si argumentirebuli eses struqturirebis ori nimuSi<br />
arsebobs, romelTac qvemoT warmogidgenT: [Smally, R.L., Ruetten, M.K. and Kozyrev,<br />
J.R. (2000). Rifining Composition Skills: Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle and Heinle,<br />
Thomson Learning].<br />
rogorc vxedavT, Sesavali da daskvna orive nimuSSi msgavsia, gansxvaveba<br />
ZiriTad nawilSia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, avtori warmogvidgens mis argumentebs,<br />
rasac oponentTa argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba axlavs. meore SemTxvevaSi ki,<br />
avtori mxolod oponentTa Sexedulebebis ukugdebiTaa dakavebuli. marTalia,<br />
eses struqturis orive nimuSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba dasavlur akademiur<br />
<strong>wera</strong>Si, upiratesobas mainc pirvel nimuSs mivaniWebdi, radgan argumentirebuli<br />
eses SemTxvevaSi, Cveni mizani, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari argumentebis<br />
warmodgena, da, damajerebeli dasabuTebaa (razec saTauric metyvelebs) da ara<br />
oponentis Sexedulebebis gakritikeba. amitom, Semdgom msjelobaSi mxolod<br />
pirveli nimuSiT vixelmZRvanelebT. argumentirebuli eses struqturis<br />
gacnobis Sedeg, misi nimuSebic ganvixiloT.<br />
nimuSi 1<br />
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia<br />
kacobriobam civilizaciis miRwevamde xangrZlivi gza ganvlo da cxoveluri<br />
sawyisebi gadalaxa. miuxedavad amisa, yvela epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTi<br />
araadamianuri qmedebebi, romlebic yovel Cvengans Tavzars scems. yoveldRe<br />
araerTi sastiki danaSauli xdeba da damnaSaveTa samyaro sul ufro da ufro<br />
izrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba da damnaSaveTa dasja<br />
yvela drois mniSvnelovan problema iyo. sakiTxavia, ramdenad SeuZlia cixes<br />
samudamod Seifaros saSiSi damnaSaveebi da amiT sazogadoebas misces maTgan<br />
usafrTxoebis garantia. da ai, aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba dadges sikvdiliT dasjis<br />
gamarTlebis sakiTxi, rasTan dakavSirebiTac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. saWiroa<br />
sikvdiliT dasja samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi? namdvilad aucilebelia dasjis<br />
es ukiduresi zoma, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli gansakuTrebiT mZime<br />
danaSaulebi? albaT, ar moiZebneba iseTi Zlieri argumenti, romelic<br />
gaamarTlebda sikvdiliT dasjas. yoveli adamianis uflebaa icocxlos da aravis<br />
ar aqvs damnaSavis sicocxlis xelyofis neba (TviT samarTaldamcavebsac ki).<br />
aqedan, SeiZleba dabejiTebiT vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja samarTlianobis<br />
aRdgenis gaumarTlebeli saSualebaa.<br />
8
upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom sikvdiliT dasjiT ver miiRweva is<br />
miznebi, rasac emsaxureba dasja saerTod. kerZod, sasjelis amocanebia:<br />
socialuri samarTlianobis aRdgena, damnaSavis gamosworeba (resocializacia),<br />
da axal danaSaulTa Cadenis Tavidan acileba (specialuri prevencia). damnaSavis<br />
mokvla ver aRadgens dazaralebulis uflebebs, agreTve dasjis zomiT<br />
SeuZlebelia kriminalis gamosworeba, xolo rac Seexeba axal danaSaulTa Tavidan<br />
acilebas, sikvdiliT dasja did gavlenas ar axdens potenciur damnaSaveebze.<br />
ruseTSi 1954 wels SemoRebul iqna sikvdiliT dasja mkvlelobaze,<br />
Tumca amis Semdeg mkvlelobebi ki ar Semcirda, aramed gaxSirda.<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis sawinaaRmdego erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumenti<br />
ukavSirdeba SemTxvevas, roca adamians SecdomiT edeba brali. am dros xdeba<br />
udanaSaulo pirovnebis mkvleloba, romelsac hyavs ojaxi, axloblebi da<br />
romelsac SeiZleboda sargebeli moetana sazogadoebisTvis. istorias<br />
Semonaxuli aqvs aseTi adamianebis xsovna, romlebic tyuilad iqnen dasjilni<br />
(aristotele, jordano bruno da sxvebi).<br />
garda kriminologiuri argumentebisa, sikvdiliT dasjis winaaRmdeg SeiZleba<br />
gamovTqvaT religiur-eTikuri argumentebic. mcneba `ara kac-hkla~ vrceldeba<br />
yvelaze, maT Soris, samarTaldamcavebzec. sicocxle adamians eZleva RmerTisgan<br />
da aravis aqvs misi warTmevis ufleba. kanoni sikvdiliT dasjis Sesaxeb did<br />
codvad iTvleba, radgan amiT boroteba ki ar ispoba, aramed mravldeba. wminda<br />
basili gvarigebs: `borotebas borotebiT ver gankurnav, mas mxolod sikeTiT<br />
SegiZlia uwamlo~. Tu damnaSave isjeba sxvisi mkvlelobis gamo, maSin ra ufleba<br />
aqvs sasjelis aRmsrulebels Caidinos igive qmedeba _ damnaSavis mkvleloba?!<br />
sazogadoebas SeuZlia Tavisufleba SeuzRudos kriminals, magram ar SeiZleba<br />
gadawyvitos misi sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxi.<br />
SesaZloa sarwmunod gveCvenos mosazreba, rom sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmebam<br />
SeiZleba danaSaulis ricxvis zrda gamoiwvios, ramdenadac adamianebs naklebi<br />
SiSi eqnebaT kanonis winaSe. mravalricxovani kvlevebi sawinaaRmdego suraTs<br />
gvixatavs. ufro metic, isini gviCveneben, rom danaSauli iq ufro cotaa, sadac<br />
sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebulia. aSS-Si sikvdiliT dasjis aRdgenis Semdeg mZime<br />
danaSaulTa ricxvi 42%-iT gaizarda. garda amisa, masaCusetsa da texasSi, sadac<br />
ar mimarTavdnen sikvdiliT dajas, danaSaulis koeficienti gacilebiT naklebi<br />
iyo, vidre niu-iorksa da floridaSi, sadac sasjelis am zomas mimarTavdnen. arc<br />
erTi kriminologiuri gamokvleva ar adasturebs, rom sikvdiliT dasjas SeuZlia<br />
danaSaulis ricxvis Semcireba.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom sikvdiliT dasja srulebiTac ar aris<br />
kriminaluri qmedebebis likvidaciis saukeTeso da efeqturi saSualeba. dasjis<br />
aseTi ukiduresi zoma ver `akeTilSobilebs~ kriminalur sazogadoebas da ver<br />
icavs adamianis uflebebs. ufro metic, sikvdiliT dasja iseTi Seuqcevadi<br />
procesia, romelmac SeiZleba udanaSaulo adamianebic imsxverplos. sxvisi<br />
sicocxlis xelmyofi scodavs ara marto adamianTa, aramed RmerTis winaSec.<br />
humanur, samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sasjelis es<br />
araadamianuri saxe. umjobesi iqneba, Tu saxelmwifo mimarTavs saSiSi<br />
damnaSaveebis sazogadoebisgan izolaciis sxva gzebs.<br />
sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia<br />
nimuSi 2<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom cxovreba sul ufro metad<br />
iRebs humanur Sinaarss, mravali iseTi faqti gvxvdeba, romelic sazogadoebas<br />
gamousworebel zians ayenebs. garkveuli pirebis danaSaulebrivi moqmedebebi<br />
iseT masStabebs aRwevs, rom sazogadoebis udides nawils SiSis zars scems.<br />
rogorc wesi am kategoriis damnaSaveebs aTavseben sapatimro dawesebulebebSi,<br />
raTa uzrunvelyofil iqnes maTi garkveuli droiT izolireba sazogadoebisagan.<br />
xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca damnaSave patimrobis periodSi ar dgeba gamosworebis<br />
gzaze, piriqiT, igi ufro saSiSi xdeba sazogadoebisaTvis da gaTavisuflebis<br />
Semdeg agrZelebs sazogadoebis udanaSaulo wevrebisadmi Semzaravi zianis<br />
miyenebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli msgavsi danaSaulebrivi qmede-<br />
9
ebi, vfiqrob, sikvdiliT dasja, rogorc sasjelis umaRlesi zoma, gamarTlebulia.<br />
arsebobs danaSaulTa kategoria, romelic gamoirCeva Tavisi masstaburobiT.<br />
saubaria iseT SemTxvevebze, roca saqme gvaqvs kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul<br />
danaSaulze. istorias mravali iseTi faqti axsovs, romelmac sazogadoebis<br />
farTo masebis cxovreba uaryofiTad Secvala, da igi gamowveuli iyo mxolod<br />
erTi adamianisa (lideris) Tu adamianTa viwro jgufis interesebiT. am kategoriis<br />
damnaSaveTa sikvdiliT dasja aucilebelic aris, radgan sazogadoebis<br />
Cagrulma fenebma miiRon ara marto usafrTxoebis garantia, aramed garkveuli<br />
emociuri muxti, romelic maT `Cagrulobis~ poziciidan rebilitirebis<br />
saSualebas miscems.<br />
saubari SeiZleba `devianti~ lideris garkveul simbolurobaze, garkveuli<br />
danaSaulebrivi jgufebis liderebis qceva jgufis danarCeni wevrebis adekvatur<br />
reaqcias iwvevs anu xdeba lideris maxasiaTebeli simboloebisaken swrafva, rac,<br />
saerTo jamSi zrdis danaSaulis albaTobas. amitom, vfiqrob, rom gansakuTrebiT<br />
sastiki danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSi amgvari `simboloebis~ fizikuri likvidacia<br />
aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis normaluri ritmis Sesanar-<br />
Cuneblad.<br />
sikvdiliT dasjis gamarTlebis asaxsnelad SesaZlebelia damnaSaveTa kidev<br />
erTi kategoriis magaliTis gamoyeneba. bolo dros Tanamedrove sazogadoeba<br />
Zlier Seawuxa TviTmkvleli teroristebis problemam. eseni arian adamianebi,<br />
romlebic gamarTlebuli Tu gaumarTlebeli miznis misaRwevad iyeneben Semzarav<br />
saSualebebs. yvelaze saSineli `gverdiTi efeqti~ ki, rac am TviTmkvlelli<br />
teroristebis qmedebebs axlavs, aris udanaSaulo msxverpli, xSirad bavSvebis<br />
saxiTac. amgvari pirebis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia maTTvis `meore<br />
Sansis~ micema da isini dauyovnebliv inda iqnan likvidirebulni, raTa maTma<br />
sicocxlem datovebam ar gamoiwvios maTi `kolegebis~ eiforia teroristuli<br />
operaciebis warmatebasTan dakavSirebiT.<br />
rasakvirvelia, aseT TemasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs mravali sawinaaRmdego<br />
azri, romlebic ZiriTadad humanistur mosazrebebs emyareba da religiuri<br />
wyaroebiT sazrdoobs. Tanamedrove kacobriobis erT-erT udides miRwevad<br />
iTvleba liberaluri demokratia, romelic gansakuTrebiT `eloliaveba~<br />
adamianis uflebebs, sicocxlis uflebas. Tumca miuxedavad amisa, Cemi pozicia<br />
ucvleli rCeba da vfiqrob, rom sikvdiliT dasja mainc gamarTlebulia. ar unda<br />
dagvaviwydes, rom is adamianebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT sastik danaSauls<br />
Cadian da Semdeg ki SesaZloa garkveuli organizaciebis dacvis qveSac moxvdnen,<br />
romlebic maTi `sicocxlis uflebas~ daicavs, amave dros TviTon arTmeven am<br />
`sicocxlis uflebas~ sxva adamianebs, sazareli danaSaulebrivi aqtebis Sedegad.<br />
borotebis sikeTiT damarcxeba religiuri filosofiis centraluri<br />
momentia, Tumca gansakuTrebiT didi borotebis SemTxvevaSi, Cemi azriT, umjobesia<br />
patara, magram efeqturi da swrafad moqmedi borotebis gamoyeneba, vidre<br />
uzarmazari sikeTis dapirispireba, romelic SesaZloa uSedego aRmoCndes, radgan<br />
araadekvaturad aRiqmeba sxvadasxva adamianebis mier da Tan Sedegis misa-<br />
Rebad gacilebiT xangrZliv periods iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, ar unda dagvaviwydes,<br />
rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifos arseboba iTvaliswinebs Zaladobis<br />
garkveul dones da Sesabamisad igi avtomaturad ufro gaizrdeba `moZaladeebis~<br />
mimarT.<br />
sanam ufro detalurad ganvixilavT argumentirebuli eses TiToeuli<br />
nawilis _ Sesavalis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnis _ Taviseburebebs, gavecnoT<br />
ideebis generaciisa da paragrafebis struqturirebis teqnikas.<br />
ideebis generacia moulodneli ideebiT iwyeba, rac azrovnebis stimulirebas<br />
uwyobs xels. aseT SemTxvevaSi, viwyebT garkveuli sityviT Tu fraziT da<br />
gansazRvruli drois ganmavlobaSi, vwerT yvelafers, rac am sityvasa Tu<br />
frazasTan dakavSirebiT gvaxsendeba. daniSnuli drois amowurvis Semdeg,<br />
gadavxedavT Cvens CamonaTvals, raTa davadginoT, ramdenad logikuria kavSiri<br />
warmodgenil ideebs Soris, Sesabamisad, SesaZloa Tu ara maTi dajgufeba. am<br />
teqnikis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia, raTa argumentirebuli esesTvis argu-<br />
10
mentebi an maTi mxardaWera ganvaviTaroT.<br />
rogorc wesi, moulodnel ideebs Tavisufali <strong>wera</strong> mosdevs. es aris <strong>wera</strong><br />
Sesvenebis gareSe. am SemTxvevaSi ideebis msvlelobas mivyvebiT ise, rom ar<br />
vzrunavT paragrafebis struqturasa da gramatikul gamarTulobaze. wina<br />
teqnikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac garkveul sityvasa Tu frazaze, asociaciis<br />
gziT, masTan dakavSirebuli sityva Tu fraza gvaxsendeba, Tavisufali <strong>wera</strong> ara<br />
ganyenebuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba, aramed ideaTa logikuri jaWvia.<br />
Tavisufali werisas, garkveuli limiti unda davawesoT drosa da gverdebis<br />
raodenobaze, da uwyvetad vweroT, sanam mizans ar mivaRwevT. amis Semdeg,<br />
gadavikiTxoT Cveni naweri da is ideebi amovkriboT, rac momavali naSromis<br />
SeqmnaSi dagvexmareba.<br />
Tavisufali weris Semdgom gaRrmavebas `lupireba~ warmoadgens. roca<br />
erTdroulad ramdenime idea gviCndeba, `lupireba~ gvexmareba, ZiriTad ideaze<br />
vfokusirdeT da misi Rrma analizi movaxdinoT. sakiTxis dasmis Semdeg, 5-10<br />
wuTis ganmavlobaSi, uwyvetad vwerT yvelafers, rac masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
gvaxsendeba. gansazRvruli drois amowurvis Semdeg, gadavikiTxavT nawers da<br />
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT, rasac `lupirebis~ meore etapi mosdevs. am<br />
SemTxvevaSi, ukve Sejamebuli winadadeba warmoadgens CvenTvis ZiriTad fokuss<br />
da Cveni azrebic mis garSemo trialebs 5-10 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, rasac kvlav<br />
TiTo winadadebiT vajamebT da `lupirebis~ mesame etaps viwyebT.<br />
savarjiSo #1. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Temas. isini ideebis<br />
generacias moulodneli idebiT iwyeben, Semdeg 10-15 wuTis manZilze Tavisufali<br />
weriT da `lupirebiT~ arian dakavebulni.<br />
ideebis generaciis aranakleb efeqturi teqnikaa `ra, vin, sad, rodis, ratom?~<br />
SekiTxvebis dasma, rac saSualebas iZleva gansaxilveli sakiTxis sxvadasxva<br />
aspeqti vikvlioT. Tumca, es teqnika Zalian popularulia Jurnalistebs Soris,<br />
mas aranaklebi warmatebiT iyeneben socialuri mkvlevarni sakvlevi problemis<br />
dasmisas. vTqvaT, sociologs surs ikvlios azartuli TamaSebis problema, raTa<br />
sakiTxis sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas, man Semdegi SekiTxvebi unda dasvas:<br />
ra iwvevs azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobas? aq aucilebelia imis<br />
gansazRvra, Tu ra iTvleba azartul TamaSad da ra mdgomareoba iTvleba mis<br />
mimarT mijaWvulobad.<br />
vin xdeba azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvuli? gonivruli iqneba, Tu<br />
empiriuli kvlevisas, SemovifarglebiT konkretuli jgufis SeswavliT, vTqvaT,<br />
tineijerebiT, romlebic ver wydebian saTamaSo aparatebs.<br />
sad TamaSoben xolme azartul TamaSebs? Tu, vTqvaT, saTamaSo aparatebis<br />
kvlevas virCevT, umetesad dasasvenebel da gasarTob centrebsa da klubebze<br />
unda gavamaxviloT yuradReba.<br />
rodis xdeba azartuli TamaSebiT gataceba da ra sixSiriT?<br />
ratom warmoadgens socialuri mkvlevarisaTvis yvelaze fundamentur<br />
SekiTxvas. kvlevis mizani xom swored azartuli TamaSebisadmi mijaWvulobis<br />
mizezebis axsnaa [Newel, R. (2002). Constructing Questionneires in Gilbert, N. (ed.). Researching<br />
<strong>Social</strong> Life. London: SAGEE Publications].<br />
rac Seexeba ideebis vizualur gamosaxvas, saukeTeso teqnikad `klasteri~<br />
unda miviCnioT. is gvaTavisuflebs ideebis sworxazovani Tanmimevrobisagan da<br />
axal asociaciebs iwvevs, riTac met SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas uwyobs xels.<br />
klasteris agebisas, gverdis centrSi movaTavsebT ZiriTad sakiTxs da masTan<br />
mimavali xazebiT davakavSirebT Sesabamis ideebs. Semdeg davadgenT axal<br />
kavSirebs sxvadasxva ideebs Soris da maT kategoriebad Tu klasterebad<br />
davajgufebT:<br />
11
Zalian bevr kanfets<br />
miirTmeven<br />
uviTarebs mavne<br />
Cvevebs<br />
bavSvebisaTvis<br />
saziano<br />
finansurad exmareba<br />
Jurnal-gazeTebs da<br />
televizias<br />
msaxiobebi<br />
mag.: kanfetebiviT<br />
miirTmeven vitaminebs<br />
xSirad informacia<br />
realobas ar Seesabameba<br />
problemebi<br />
reklama<br />
asaqmebs sxvadasxva<br />
specialobis adamianebs<br />
mwerlebi<br />
sargebeli<br />
fsiqologebi<br />
aferxebs gadacemebis<br />
msvlelobas<br />
Zalian didi<br />
raodenoba<br />
axal produqcias<br />
gvacnobs<br />
mag.: axali<br />
manqanebi<br />
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -<br />
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].<br />
savarjiSo #2:<br />
studentebi vizualurad gamosaxaven savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenil ideebs.<br />
yvela es teqnika gvexmareba idebis generaciasa da maT Soris logikuri<br />
kavSirebis dadgenaSi. mas Semdeg, rac ideebi yovelgvari struqturis gareSe<br />
`Camoyrilia~ furcelze, aucilebelia maTi struqturuli gamTlianeba, rac<br />
paragrafis doneze xorcieldeba.<br />
paragrafi warmoadgens winadadebebis jgufs, romelic erTi ZiriTadi ideis<br />
anu erTi Temis ganviTarebas emsaxureba. paragrafi iwyeba Tematuri winadadebiT,<br />
romelic gansaxilvel Temas Tu sakiTxs waradgens. argumentirebul eseSi,<br />
12
ogorc wesi, Tematuri winadadeba ZiriTad arguments warmoadgens. Tematur<br />
winadadebas, Cveulebriv, makontrolebeli idea axlavs, romelic gamoxatavs<br />
avtoris emociur damokidebulebas mocemuli sakiTxis mimarT. nimuSis saxiT<br />
ganvixiloT Semdegi paragrafi:<br />
erT-erTi problema, dakavSirebuli leqciebTan, aris is, rom maTi mosmena<br />
rTuli saqmea. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro efeqturi<br />
gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis naTeli ar<br />
gaxdeba. ubralod, yuradRebis koncentraciac ki sakmaod rTulia: adamianebs<br />
SeswevT unari moisminon 400-600 sityva wuTSi, maSin roca yvelaze mondomebuli<br />
profesori amis mesamedsac ki Zlivs axerxebs. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da<br />
gagebis unars Soris, mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs.<br />
aq pirveli winadadeba Tematuri winadadeba, romelic sakiTxs gvacnobs;<br />
sityva `rTuli~ ki makontrolebel ideas warmoadgens, radgan is leqciebis<br />
mimarT avtoris emociur damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. Tematur winadadebas<br />
Sesabamisi mxardaWera mosdevs, romelic avtoris ZiriTadi ideis Tu argumentis<br />
ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. rogorc wesi, is Tematur winadadebaSi warmodgenili<br />
ideis ilustrirebas, axsnas an dasabuTebas axdens. ganxilul magaliTSi, avtors<br />
ori saxis mxardaWera moaqvs, raTa dagvisabuTos, rom leqciebis mosmena sakmaod<br />
`rTuli saqmea~: erTi mxriv, is miiCnevs, rom studentisaTvis ufro martivi da<br />
gasagebia, roca Tavad ecnoba Sesabamis masalas; meore mxriv ki, leqtoris<br />
saubris tempsa da studentis gagebis unars Soris Seusabamoba, yuradRebis<br />
gafantvis ZiriTadi mizezi xdeba.<br />
imis mixedviT, Tu ra tipis mxardaWeras viyenebT, paragrafi SiZleba iyos<br />
naratiuli, aRweriTi da axsniTi. pirveli gulisxmobs Sesabamisi detalebis<br />
qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT organizebas, radgan mogviTxrobs warsul Tu<br />
awmyo istorias; meores mizania, sagnis Tu movlenis aR<strong>wera</strong>, amitom, misTvis<br />
mTavaria obieqtebis sivrciTi ganlageba. axsniTi paragrafi ki specifikur<br />
detalebsa da magaliTebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas; misi Tematuri winadadeba<br />
zogad informacias gvawvdis, mxardaWera ki _ specifikuri detaliT<br />
ganamtkicebs Tematur winadadebas, amitom axsniTi paragrafis Cveuli<br />
Tanmimdevrobaa zogadidan kerZos mimarTulebiT moZraoba.<br />
ra tipisac ar unda iyos paragrafi _ naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi, is<br />
gamarTulad CaiTvleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or ZiriTad pirobas<br />
akmayofilebs, kerZod, mTlianobiTa da logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva.<br />
mTlianoba niSnavs, rom paragrafSi yvela winadadeba Tematur winadadebasTan<br />
dkavSirebulia da mis mxardaWeras emsaxureba. logikuri Tanmimdevruloba ki<br />
gulisxmobs, rom yvela winadadeba logikur kavSirSia mis winamdebare da<br />
momdevno winadadebasTan. logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis uzrunvelyofas didad<br />
uwyobs xels iseTi gardamavali sityvebi, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, magaliTad,<br />
gansxvavebiT, ufro metic, miuxedavad, Tumca, Sesabamisad da a.S.<br />
akademiur weris specialistebi gvTavazoben Semdegi SekiTxvebiT<br />
vixelmZRvaneloT, roca paragrafis gamarTulobas vamowmebT:<br />
paragrafis Semowmeba<br />
1. ra aris paragrafis Tema? axasiaTebs Tu ara paragrafs zogadidan<br />
kerZosaken svla? SesaZlebelia Tu ara misi Semdgomi dakonkreteba?<br />
2. romelia paragrafis ZiriTadi winadadeba?<br />
3. romelia paragrafis makontrolebeli idea? aris is naTeli da<br />
fokusirebuli? rogoraa SesaZlebeli misi gaumjobeseba?<br />
4. aris paragrafi Sekruli? ganamtkicebs yvela winadadeba makontrolebel<br />
ideas?<br />
5. aris paragrafi logikuri? harmoniulad erwymis erTmaneTs yvela<br />
winadadeba?<br />
6. romelia paragrafis yvelaze saintereso nawili?<br />
13
7. ra aris paragrafis yvelaze Zlieri mxare?<br />
8. aris es naratiuli, aRweriTi Tu axsniTi paragrafi?<br />
• mohyavs Tu ara avtors am tipis paragrafisaTvis Sesatyvisi<br />
detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?<br />
• aris Tu ara saWiro damatebiTi detalebi, faqtebi Tu magaliTebi?<br />
• aris struqtura Sesaferisi am tipis paragrafisaTvis?<br />
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -<br />
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning].<br />
savarjiSo #3. studentebi ecnobian statias `erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani~.<br />
masSi paragrafebis Tanmimdevroba areulia; amasTan, TiToeul paragrafSi<br />
zedmeti winadadebaa CarTuli, romelic logikurad ar Seesabameba gansaxilvel<br />
sakiTxs da paragrafis mTlianobas arRvevs. pirvel rigSi, studentebi<br />
Tanmimdevrulad alageben paragrafebs da iReben zedmet winadadebebs; Semdeg,<br />
TiToeul paragrafSi gamoyofen Tematur winadadebasa d makontrolebel ideas;<br />
bolos ki _ ganszRvraven, ra tipis mxardaWeraa warmodgenili TiToeul<br />
paragrafSi.<br />
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani<br />
qeiT elbou<br />
gasamarTi nimuSi<br />
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia droebiTi<br />
inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli<br />
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. dRes amerikis<br />
kolejebi da universitetebi Zlieri Setevis qveS moxvdnen mravali kuTxidan.<br />
devid buxholci, nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan<br />
(baltimori) ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi seriozul darRvevas iwvevs ZilisaTvis<br />
gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon<br />
Zilis gareSe ramdenime Rame ise, rom es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs agreTve,<br />
sxvadasxva minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba<br />
ranJirebs 4-dan 10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania<br />
adamianma icodes, Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.<br />
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.<br />
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis<br />
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad<br />
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon<br />
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad<br />
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame relaqsaciisaTvis,<br />
vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba. bevri<br />
studenti miiCnevs, rom wlobiT televizoris yureba xels uSlis maTi<br />
yuradRebis koncentracias, magram maTi realuri problemaa is, rom yuradRebiT<br />
mosmena gacilebiT ufro rTulia, vidre maT hgoniaT.<br />
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca<br />
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _<br />
zomiereba. maswavleblebs adanaSauleben, rom isini kargad ar aswavlian,<br />
studentebs ki imaSi, rom isini kargad ar swavloben. ra Tqma unda, zogjer<br />
gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois gadaweva, magram nebismieri<br />
seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci<br />
ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”<br />
SuaRamea da spiralur rveulSi furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.<br />
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.<br />
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra<br />
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels megobars. ase grZeldeba mTeli Ramis<br />
ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg, rac orive megobari<br />
14
gaecnoba maT. leqciebi arasodes gaqreba srulad sauniversiteto scenidan,<br />
radgan isini ekonomiurad aucilebelia da didi xnis tradicia aqvT.<br />
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans<br />
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi<br />
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. amdenad, Seusabamoba siCqaresa da gagebis<br />
unars Soris mconarebaSi agdebs studentebs. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi<br />
xSirad ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs<br />
iseTi TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema<br />
da TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.<br />
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri<br />
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas<br />
zrdis. magram isini scdebian. sinamdvileSi stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis<br />
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. kidev ufro uaresia is,<br />
rom leqciebis mosmena pasiuri swavlebis formaa, gansakuTrebiT gamoucdeli<br />
studentebisaTvis. buxholcis azriT, ,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur<br />
darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT. SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is<br />
aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli.<br />
mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi<br />
miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma unda gaiTvaliswinon<br />
kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis, Tavis tkivilis da<br />
Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam unda dalios<br />
daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes, magram zogi iseTi<br />
mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT ufro saSiSia. misi<br />
zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da paranoia. dabolos,<br />
rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis profesori fsiqiatriaSi<br />
aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg<br />
wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba Cavardes mwvave depresiaSi.”<br />
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela<br />
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavli raime periodSi. axalgazrdobis energiiT<br />
aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils<br />
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer<br />
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad<br />
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. studentebi xdebian aqtiurad CarTulni,<br />
roca kiTxvis qveS ayeneben rogorc sakuTar, ise maswavleblis ideebs. Zilis<br />
moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini<br />
marTlebi arian.<br />
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is ver gamoZvreba martivad Ramis<br />
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis<br />
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad<br />
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames<br />
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,<br />
roca sizmari Cndeba. imave masalis wakiTxva saxelmZRvaneloSi swavlis ufro<br />
efeqturi gzaa, radgan studentebs SeuZliaT ikiTxon manam, sanam masala maTTvis<br />
naTeli ar gaxdeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi<br />
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is<br />
uecar zrdasTan.<br />
erTbaSad swavlis saSiSroebani<br />
qeiT elbou<br />
gamarTuli nimuSi<br />
SuaRamea da spiraluri rveulidan furclebis TiTqmis naxevari amoglejilia.<br />
organuli qimiis formulebiT savse es furclebi mofantulia oTaxis iatakze.<br />
yovel 5 wuTSi merxze daxrili figura amoglejs axal furcels, imaxsovrebs ra<br />
rac SeiZleba mets da gadaawodebs furcels gverdiT mjdom megobars. ase<br />
grZeldeba mTeli Ramis ganmavlobaSi da oTaxic ivseba furclebiT mas Semdeg,<br />
15
ac orive megobari gaecnoba maT.<br />
keTili iyos Tqveni mobrZaneba Ramis swrafi swavlis sesiaze, rac yvela<br />
students gamoucdia kolejSi swavlis romelime periodSi. axalgazrdobis<br />
energiiT aRWurvilni, isini ubralod ignorirebas uweven maTi sxeulebis Zaxils<br />
Zilisadmi, cdiloben ra gafanton daRliloba yavis dozebiT, an zogjer<br />
wamlebiTac ki. maswavleblebi da mSoblebi didi xania amtkiceben, rom erTbaSad<br />
swavlas meti ziani moaqvs, vidre sikeTe. Zilis moTxovnilebebisa da saxeobebis<br />
uaxlesma gamokvlevam daadastura, rom isini marTlebi arian.<br />
zogierT adamianSi Zilis regularuli ciklidan amovardnas SeuZlia<br />
droebiTi inteleqtualuri lafsusebis gamowveva, stimulatorebma ki SeiZleba<br />
gamoiwvios mwvave gverdiTi movlenebi. ra elodeba Ramis gamTeneblebs, Zneli<br />
saTqmelia, radgan uZilobis gavlena adamianebze mravalgvaria. devid buxholci,<br />
nevrologi da Zilis Terapevti jons hopkinsis saavadmyofodan (baltimori)<br />
ambobs, rom ,,zog adamianSi ZilisaTvis gankuTvnili drois odnavi Semcirebac ki<br />
seriozul darRvevebs iwvevs, maSin roca sxvebs SeuZliaT gaZlon Zilis gareSe<br />
ramdenime Rame da es arc ki daetyobaT.” adamianebs, agreTve sxvadasxva<br />
minimaluri moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT: Ramis Zilis xangrZlivoba ranJirebs 4-dan<br />
10 saaTamde. eqspertebi miiCneven, rom Zalian mniSvnelovania adamianma icodes,<br />
Tu ra raodenobiT Zili esaWiroeba mas.<br />
stimulatorebis xSirma gamoyenebam SesaZloa ufro gaarTulos saqme. bevri<br />
studenti fiqrobs, rom yavis didi doza an ramdenime amfetamini aqtivobas<br />
zrdis. magram isini cdebian. sinamdvileSi, stimulatorebi niRbaven informaciis<br />
wvdomis, aTvisebisa da SenarCunebis Semcirebul unars. buxholcis azriT,<br />
,,kofeini ver gamoasworebs kognitur darRvevas, gamowveuls uZilobiT.<br />
SesaZloa, adamians ar CaeZinos, magram is aRmoCndeba inteleqtualuri deficitis<br />
winaSe, radgan ver iqneba koncentrirebuli. mas SeiZleba hqondes ,,mikroZili” da<br />
5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi miSterebuli iyos erTidaimave sityvas.” yavis msmelebma<br />
unda gaiTvaliswinon kofeiniT intoqsikaciis sindromic _ aRelvebis, panikis,<br />
Tavis tkivilis da Zilis uunarobis erTdrouli Seteva. adamianebis umravlesobam<br />
unda dalios daaxloebiT 10 Wiqa, rom aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardes,<br />
magram zogi iseTi mgrZnobiarea, rom 2-3 Wiqac yofnis. amfetamini gacilebiT<br />
ufro saSiSia. misi zedmeti doziT miRebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios halucinacia da<br />
paranoia. da bolos, rogorc leri alesi, jons hopkinsis samedicino skolis<br />
profesori fsiqiatriaSi, aRniSnavs, ,,Tu vinme mravali kviris ganmavlobaSi<br />
iyenebs amfetaminebs da Semdeg wyvets maT miRebas, is SeiZleba mwvave depresiaSi<br />
Cavardes.”<br />
sanam adamiani iyenebs stimulatorebs, is martivad ver gamoZvreba Ramis<br />
mTevelis mdgomareobidan. Cveulebriv, erTi sruli Ramis mosveneba xsnis Zilis<br />
48-saaTian deprivaciasac ki. normalur, janmrTel adamianebs SeuZliaT fxizlad<br />
yofna erTi kviris ganmavlobaSic ki yovelgvari ukuCvenebis gareSe. meore Rames<br />
Cveulebriv matulobs REM Zili (anu Zili Tvalis swrafi moZraobiT) _ faza,<br />
roca sizmari Cndeba. rogorc wesi, REM Zili sasargebloa, magram zogierTi<br />
adamiani uCivis grafikul da Semawuxebel Ramis koSmarebs, dakavSirebuls REM-is<br />
uecar zrdasTan.<br />
garda amisa, studentebs uCndebaT problema kargad gamoiZinon gamocdamde.<br />
stresi xSirad warmoSobs insomnias. is ubiZgebs retikularuli aqtivobis<br />
sistemas _ tvinis im struqturas, romelic pasuxs agebs sifxizleze, fxizlad<br />
iyos Zalian didxans, rac xels uSlis Zilis gamomwvev meqanizmebs gaakeTon<br />
TavianTi saqme. ras urCeven eqspertebi students, romelic gauTaveblad<br />
wrialebs sawolSi testis wina Rames? is unda adges da gaakeTos rame<br />
relaqsaciisaTvis, vTqvaT, Wamos an uyuros televizors, sanam ar daiRleba.<br />
avtoritetebis azriT, adamianTa umravlesobas ar unda awuxebdes didxans<br />
Zili. zedmeti Zilis Semdegac ki tvini aRviZebs sakuTar Tavs, roca misi<br />
moTxovnilebebi dakmayofilebulia. klinikurad depresiuli adamianebi xSirad<br />
ixangrZliveben Zilburans, magram namdvil klinikur depresias axlavs iseTi<br />
TvalsaCino simptomebi, rogoricaa madis dakargva, TviTSefasebis dacema da<br />
TviTmkvlelobaze fiqric ki.<br />
16
da bolos, saukeTeso formula, romelsac unda misdios studentma, roca<br />
gamocdebi axlovdeba, aris is, romelsac mas wlebis ganmavlobaSi aswavlian _<br />
zomiereba. ra Tqma unda, zogjer gamocdis Casabareblad gviwevs Zilis drois<br />
gadaweva, magram nebismieri seriozuli cvlileba Zilis grafikSi sifrTxiles<br />
moiTxovs. rogorc buxholci ambobs, ,,mTavaria zomierebis SenarCuneba da ara<br />
ukiduresobaSi gadavardna.”<br />
mas Semdeg, rac ideebis generaciis teqnikasa da paragrafebis struqtuirebis<br />
xelovnebas gavecaniT, uSualod argumentirebuli eses struqturasa da misi<br />
TiToeuli nawilis daxasiaTebaze gadavideT:<br />
saTauri<br />
argumentirebuli ese saTauri dasrulebuli winadadeba, romelic<br />
aucileblad or spirispiro pozicias gamoxatavs, Tumca avtoris gadasawyvetia,<br />
Tu romel poziciis dasabuTebas apirebs. mag.: argumentirebuli eses saTauri<br />
SeiZleba iyos `sikvdiliT dasja gaumarTlebelia~ da am saTauris qveS avtori im<br />
pozicias daasabuTebs, romelsac emxroba _ mas SeuZlia asabuTos, rom<br />
sikvdiliT dasja gamarTlebulia an gaumarTlebeli. magram argumentirebuli<br />
eses saTauri ver iqneba `Tanamedrove msoflioSi sikvdiliT dasja~, radgan<br />
msgavsi saTauri mxolod informaciis gadmocemis saSualebas iZleva da masSi ar<br />
Cans sapirispiro poziciebi, Sesabamisad, arc argumentirebas moiTxovs.<br />
savarjiSo #4: studentebi sTavazoben pedagogs argumentirebuli eses<br />
saTauris nimuSebs da asabuTeben TiToeulis Sesabamisobas.<br />
Sesavali<br />
Sesavali sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:<br />
• `kauWis~ funqcia, rac gulisxmobs, rom Sesavlis pirveli winadadebebi<br />
mimarTulia imaze, rom daainteresos, `daiWiros~ mkiTxveli, cdilobs ra<br />
daarwmunos, rom warmodgenili ese Rirs imad, mkiTxvelma dro daxarjos mis<br />
wasakiTxad.<br />
• safuZvelmdebare informaciis miwodeba. mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebis<br />
Semdeg, avtorma mas eses Seqmnis mizezi unda gaacnos. magram pirdapir avtoris<br />
poziciis wardgena ar iqneboda gamarTlebuli, radgan aman SeiZleba<br />
daabnios mkiTxveli, romelsac garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia<br />
sWirdeba, rom momzadebuli Sexvdes avtoris pozicias.<br />
• Tezisis wardgena. Tezisi avtoris ZiriTad pozicias niSnavs, romlis<br />
dasabuTebasac emsaxureba argumentirebuli ese. rogorc wesi, Tezisi erTi-ori<br />
winadadebisagan Sedgeba (faqtiurad, es aris mTliani eses Sejameba erTi-ori<br />
winadadebiT) da misi mizania gaacnos mkiTxvels, Tu ris dasabuTebas apirebs<br />
avtori da ras Seexeba misi ZiriTadi argumentebi. Cveulebriv, Tezisi Sesavlis<br />
bolo winadadebas warmoadgens [Leki, I. (2 nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring<br />
Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]<br />
savarjiSo #5. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs Tezisis nimuSebs da sTxovs<br />
gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgania argumentirebadi, amdenad, gamodgeba Tezisad.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
• universitetis studentebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT airCion<br />
maTTvis saintereso kursebi;<br />
• Cvens universitetSi gacilebiT meti studentia, vidre Cveni qveynis sxva<br />
universitetebSi;<br />
• 100-baliani Sefasebis sistema akuratulad ver asaxavs studentTa<br />
inteleqtualur miRwevebs;<br />
• studentebis xma gadamwyveti unda iyos, roca fakultetze pedagogebis<br />
datoveba-daTxovnis sakiTxi dgas;<br />
• arsebobs uamravi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom SeiZleba CaiTvalos ese gamocdis<br />
17
Catarebis efeqtur saSualebad.<br />
pirveli, mesame da meoTxe winadadebebi gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan<br />
isini argumentirebadia. magaliTad, erTma mxarem SeiZleba asabuTos, rom<br />
studnetebs sruli Tavisufleba unda mieceT kursebis arCevisas, maSin roca<br />
meore mxare SeiZleba amtkicebdes, rom fakultetma Tavad unda gansazRvros<br />
studentebisaTvis aucilebeli kursebi. meore da mexuTe winadadebebi ar<br />
gamodgeba Tezisis nimuSebad, radgan meore winadadeba faqts warmoadgens,<br />
romlis WeSmaritebis dasadgenad statistikuri monacemebic sakmarisia; mexuTe<br />
winadadebaSi ki avtori ar asabuTebs Tavis pozicias, Sesabamisad, sapirispiro<br />
poziciis wardgenac azrs moklebulia.<br />
Sesavlis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, ramdenime sityviT mis Sinaarssac<br />
SevexoT. studentebi xSirad svamen SekiTxvas, Tu riT daiwyon <strong>wera</strong>. <strong>akademiuri</strong><br />
weris specialistebi gvTavazoben eses Sesavlis oTx ZiriTad variants:<br />
• zogadidan specifikuris mimarTulebiT moZraoba. vidre uSualod sakiTxze<br />
gadavidodes, avtorma garkveuli safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miawodos<br />
mkiTxvels da Tanmimdevrulad unda imoZraos zogadidan konkretulis<br />
mimarTulebiT, rac daexmareba mkiTxvels misdios mis logikas.<br />
• dramatuli Sesavali, romelic pirdapir moqmedebis centrSi (siuJetSi)<br />
`gadaisvris~ mkiTxvels<br />
• Sesabamisi citatis moxmoba, rac pirveli winadadebebidanve emsaxureba<br />
avtoris poziciis ganmtkicebas<br />
• kontrargumentiT dawyeba, Semdeg sakuTari Tezisis SeTavazeba da mkiTxvelisaTvis<br />
sapirispiro poziciebs Soris kontrastis demonstrireba. [Smalley, R. L.,<br />
Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -Rhetoric and<br />
Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]<br />
Tu ra tipis Sesavals airCevs avtori, gansaxilvel sakiTxsa da mis<br />
gemovnebazea damokidebuli.<br />
savarjiSo #6. studentebi irCeven saTaurs savarjiSo 4-Si SemoTavazebuli<br />
saTaurebis siidan da weren argumentirebuli eses Sesavals.<br />
ZiriTadi nawili<br />
argumentebis wardgena<br />
argumentirebuli eses ZiriTad nawilSi avtori sakuTar argumentebsa da maT<br />
mxardaWeras gvTavazobs, agreTve waradgens da ukuagdebs oponentTa savarudo<br />
arguments. argumentebis saSualo raodenobaa 3-4, radgan samze naklebi<br />
argumenti ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom avtorma gansaxilveli sakiTxis<br />
sxvadasxva aspeqti moicvas; oTxze meti argumentis wardgenisas ki, erTi mxriv,<br />
avtoris yvela argumenti ver iqneba erTnairad Zlieri da, rogorc wesi,<br />
argumentebis rodenobis zrdasTan erTad, Cveni fantaziac iwureba, meore mxriv<br />
ki, mkiTxvelic iRleba da interess kargavs.<br />
ar arsebobs mkacri wesi, Tu ra TanmimdevrobiT ganvalagoT argumentebi,<br />
Tumca SegviZlia gamoviyenoT garkveuli teqnika, raTa isini efeqturad<br />
warmovadginoT. aseTad SeiZleba miviCnioT argumentis wardgenis Semdegi<br />
Tanmimdevroba:<br />
• siZlieriT meore adgilze mdgomi argumenti;<br />
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti;<br />
• naklebad Zlieri argumenti;<br />
• yvelaze Zlieri argumenti;<br />
amgvari Tanmimdevroba dagvexmareba imaSi, rom, erTi mxriv, dadebiTi<br />
STabeWdileba movaxdinoT mkiTxvelze, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, adamianebs pirveli<br />
da bolo punqtebi yvelze ukeT amaxsovrdebaT, meore mxriv ki, yvelaze Zlieri<br />
18
argumentiT dasrulebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels vafiqrebinebT, rom araTu ideebi<br />
amogvewura, aramed Segvwevs unari kidev araerTi mniSvnelovani argumenti<br />
warmovadginoT.<br />
argumentebis mofiqrebasa da maTi siZlieris SefasebaSi, momxremowinaaRmdegis<br />
sqema dagvexmareba, romlis nimuSsac qvemoT ganvixilavT.<br />
Tezisi: marixuanis moweva legalizebul unda iqnes<br />
momxre mowinaaRmdege<br />
1. is umtkivneulo gasarTobia 1. is miCvevas iwvevs<br />
2. saxelmwifos SeuZlia misi<br />
gayidvidan Semosavlis miReba<br />
2. saxelmwifom unda akrZalos saziano<br />
narkotikuli saSualebebis<br />
cirkulacia<br />
3. is wamlad gamodgeba 3. misi gavlenis qveS myofma adamianma<br />
SeiZleba ziani miayenos sxvebs<br />
4. mravali adamiani isedac moixmars<br />
mas<br />
4. mis gamoyenebas mivyavarT sxva ufro<br />
saSiSi narkotikebis gamoyenebamde<br />
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -<br />
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning]<br />
am sqemis safuZvelze, SegviZlia `CamovyaroT~ orive poziciis Sesabamisi<br />
argumentebi, davalagoT isini siZlieris mixedviT da sabolood gadavwyvitoT,<br />
Tu romeli poziciis mxardaWeras vapirebT da ratom. garda amisa, mocemuli sqema<br />
gvexmareba ganvsazRvroT oponentTa savaraudo argumentebic, vinaidan TiToeul<br />
arguments Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs sapirispiro grafaSi.<br />
savarjiSo #7. pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs argumentis nimuSebs da<br />
sTxovs gansazRvron, Tu romeli maTgani gamodgeba argumentad da ratom.<br />
magaliTad:<br />
• zogierTi adamiani mudam saqmes ufuWebs sxvebs (ar gamodgeba argumentad,<br />
radgan Zalian zogadia da gaurkvvlia, Tu risi Tqma surs avtors).<br />
• daufiqrebeli fanebis mier atexili aurzauri skolis safexburTo matCis<br />
CaSlis mTavari mizezia (kargia, radgan zeda winadadebaSi Cadebuli azri ukve<br />
dakonkretebulia da naTelia mkiTxvelisaTvis). amave dros sakamaToa, radgan<br />
viRacas SeiZleba miaCndes, rom matCis CaSlas sxva mizezebi ganapirobebs).<br />
• Tanamedrove pirobebSi korufcia Rrmad fesvgadgmulia sazogadoebaSi<br />
(gamodgeba Tezisad da ara argumentad, radgan avtoris zogad pozicias gamoxatavs.<br />
argumentad gamodgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis sxvadasxva aspeqts davakonkretebT,<br />
kerZod, vityviT, rom korufcia farTod gavrcelebulia umaRlesi<br />
ganaTlebis sferoSi, da Sesabamis mxardaWerasac movitanT).<br />
• vaSli xilia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan obieqturi faqtia<br />
warmodgens)<br />
• vaSli gemrielia (ar gamodgeba argumentad, radgan gemovnebis sakiTxia da<br />
ver ikamaTeb)<br />
• soflis meurneobis saministrom unda waaxalisos glexebi, rac SeiZleba<br />
meti vaSli moiyvanon (kargia, radgan Sesabamisi mxadaWeris SemTxvvaSi,<br />
SesaZlebelia misi dasabuTeba).<br />
savarjiSo #8. studentebi ageben momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqemas savarjiSo 6-<br />
Si arCeuli Temis safuZvelze. sqemebis prezentacia da jgufuri diskusia.<br />
mxolod argumentebis wardgena ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, raTa Tezisi<br />
dasabuTebulad CaiTvalos. ucilebelia, rom argumentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera<br />
axldes, radgan swored Zlieri mxardaWera ganapirobebs argumentis damaje-<br />
19
eblobas; damajerebeli argumenti ki, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs avtoris<br />
poziciis siZlieres.<br />
mxardaWera, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva saxis iyos. es SeiZleba iyos yoveldRiuri<br />
faqtebi, statistikuri monacemebi, cnobil adamianTa citireba, eqspertTa<br />
Sefasebebi, piradi gamocdileba da a.S. avtoris mizania, misi mxardaWera rac<br />
SeiZleba efeqturi da damajerebeli iyos, da konkretulad ra saxis mxardaWeras<br />
gamoiyenebs, konteqstsa da mis gemovnebazea damokidebuli. magaliTad, literaturis<br />
sferoSi, cnobil m<strong>wera</strong>lTa citireba ufro gamodgeba mxardaWerad,<br />
socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi ki, statistikuri monacemebi da eqspertTa<br />
Sefasebebi.<br />
savarjiSo #9: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs paragrafebs da sTxovs<br />
gamoarCion argumenti da misi mxardaWera; amasTan, gansazRvron, Tu ra tipis<br />
mxardaWeraa warmodgenili.<br />
savarjiSo 1#0. studentebs Sesabamisi mxardaWera moaqvT savarjiSo 8-Si<br />
warmodgenili argumentebis gasamyareblad.<br />
kontrargumentis ukugdeba<br />
argumentireba aucileblad gulisxmobs sapirispiro poziciis arsebobas.<br />
amitom, mkiTxvelis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, avtorma ara marto sakuTari<br />
pozicia unda axsnas da daasabuTos, aramed oponentis savaraudo argumentic<br />
unda gansWvritos da ukuagdos. oponentis argumentis ganxilva da ukugdeba<br />
aucilebelia, radgan sazogadoebaSi iarsebebs adamianTa Tundac mcirericxovani<br />
jgufi, romelic sapirispiro mosazrebisaa, rac mkiTxvelisaTvis isedac<br />
cnobilia. am sapirispiro azris gauTvaliswinebloba isev avtoris poziciis<br />
sisusteze metyvelebs, radgan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom mas ar Seswevs unari<br />
`SeeWidos~ oponentebs. Tanac, avtorma oponentTa yvelaze Zlieri argumentis<br />
ukugdeba unda scados, rac kidev erTxel daarwmunebs mkiTxvels misi poziciis<br />
damajereblobaSi. rac Seexeba yvelaze Zlieri kontrargumentis gansazRvras,<br />
amaSi avtors momxre-mowinaaRmdegis sqema daexmareba, sadac mis yovel arguments<br />
Sesabamisi kontrargumenti axlavs.<br />
oponentTa argumentebis Sefasebisas, aucilebelia Semdegi sakiTxebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba:<br />
• ramdenad Zlieria Cemi oponentebis argumentebi?<br />
• misaRebia CemTvis romelime maTgani, Tundac nawilobriv?<br />
• ramdenad axlos idgeba mkiTxveli Cemi oponentebis poziciasTan?<br />
• xom ar aris raime logikuri sisuste Cemi oponentebis poziciaSi?<br />
• namdvilad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac oponentebi<br />
gvTavazoben?<br />
• yvela faqti aqvT maT gaTvaliswinebuli, Tu mxolod maTTvis xelsayreli<br />
faqtebi?<br />
• xom ar aris oponentTa daskvnebi gamotanili sakamaTo ganzogadebebis<br />
safuZvelze?<br />
• xom ar aris oponentTa argumentebi mimarTuli mkiTxvelis emociebze?<br />
• xom ar gvTavazoben oponentebi, rom esa Tu is idea Tu moqmedebis taqtika<br />
kargia mxolod imitom, rom garkveuli individebi/jgufebi iziareben mas an<br />
iqcevian ase?<br />
savarjiSo #11. studentebi ukuagdeben savarjiSo 8-Si warmodgenil<br />
kontrargumentebs.<br />
kompromisuri pozicia<br />
arsebobs gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba oponentTa poziciis mimarT,<br />
romelic cnobili fsiqologis karl rojersis komunikaciis Teoriidan iRebs<br />
20
saTaves. tradiciuli argumentirebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ar cdilobs<br />
`gamarjveba moipovos~ oponentTa poziciaze, aramed garkveuli kompromisis<br />
SemoTavazebis gziT, cdilobs daabalansos sapirispiro poziciebi, iTvaliswinebs<br />
ra orive mxaris Zlier argumentebs.<br />
k. rojersis Tanaxmad, muqara aferxebs komunikacias. isini, vinc muqaras<br />
grZnoben, wyveten komunikacias da aRar usmenen mosaubres. garda amisa, rac ufro<br />
metad Seutev oponents, miT ufro Zlieria misi mxridan winaaRmdegobac. am<br />
muqaris Semcireba SesaZlebelia mxolod neitraluri, obieqturi tonis<br />
SenarCunebiTa da oponentisaTvis imis CvenebiT, rom mis pozicias gagebiT<br />
ekidebi.<br />
rojersiseuli argumentis Semadgeneli komponentebia:<br />
• mokle da obieqturi Tezisi, romelic problemis zogad gansazRvrebas<br />
iZleva;<br />
• oponentTa poziciis Rrma, amave dros, neitraluri analizi, rac imis<br />
gamomxatvelia, rom gagebiT ekidebi sapirispiro pozicias;<br />
• sakuTari poziciis Rrma da neitraluri analizi ise, rom ar asabuTeb<br />
Seni poziciis upiratesobas;<br />
• imis gaanalizeba, Tu ra saerToa Tqvens poziciebs Soris;<br />
• problemis gadaWris SemoTavazeba, romelic orive mxaris interesebs<br />
iTvaliswinebs. [Hairston, M. (1982). A Contemporary Rhetoric (3 rd ed.) Boston. Houghton<br />
Mifflin.]<br />
21
daskvna<br />
daskvna argumentirebuli eses umniSvnelovanesi nawilia, radgan is ajamebs<br />
avtoris pozicias da saboloo STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze. Sesavlis<br />
msgavsad, isic sam ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs:<br />
• avtoris argumentebis Sejameba TiTo winadadebiT;<br />
• Tezisis gameoreba, oRond sxva sityvebiT, rom avtorma kidev erTxel<br />
daafiqsiros pozicia, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis mosabezreblad ar JRerdes;<br />
• problemis ganxilva momavlis WrilSi, rac mkiTxvels safiqrals<br />
dautovebs, vTqvaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenos mocemuli ese realur cxovrebiseul<br />
situaciaSi.<br />
vinaidan daskvna ZiriTad nawilSi warmodgenili argumentebis Sejamebas<br />
axdens, yovelmxriv unda moveridoT am etapze axali sakiTxebis wamoWras. Tu<br />
vfiqrobT, rom raime mniSvnelovani gamogvrCa, axali paragrafi unda davumatoT<br />
ZiriTad nawils da iq ganvixiloT es sakiTxi. mxolod amis Semdeg davweroT<br />
daskvna, romelic modificirebul saxes miiRebs.<br />
savarjiSo #12: studentebi weren argumentirebuli eses daskvnas.<br />
savarjiSo #13: argumentirebuli eses pirveli versiis prezentacia:<br />
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.<br />
roca argumentirebuli eses pirveli versia Seqmnilia, aucilebelia misi<br />
gamarTulobis Semowmeba, risTvisac <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris specialistebi Semdeg<br />
SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas gvTavazoben:<br />
eses Semowmeba<br />
1. ipyrobs Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebas?<br />
2. ra aris eses Tezisi?<br />
3. aris Tezisi naTeli da sakmarisad dakonkretebuli?<br />
4. gaqvT raime rCeva SesavalTan an TezisTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
5. ra principiTaa ese organizebuli? aris misi struqtura efeqturi?<br />
6. aris ese logikuri da Sekruli?<br />
7. yvela paragrafi ganamtkicebs Teziss?<br />
8. gaqvT raime rCeva paragrafebTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
9. aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli mxardaWeriT?<br />
gaqvT raime rCeva mxardaWerasTan dakavSirebiT?<br />
10. aris saWiro esesTvis raimes damateba an raimes amoReba?<br />
11. aris daskvna logikuri? aris is saintereso? gaqvT raime rCeva daskvnasTan<br />
dakavSirebiT?<br />
12. romelia eses saukeTeso nawili? romel nawils sWirdeba gaumjobeseba?<br />
[Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -<br />
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.]<br />
22
savarjiSo #14: argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna.<br />
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia<br />
nimuSi 1<br />
XX saukunis dasawyisidanve SeamCnia msofliom axladganviTarebuli,<br />
swrafadmzardi procesi. ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri progresi veRar<br />
eteoda erTi saxelmwifos farglebSi, gadadioda sxva qveynebSi da iwvevda maT<br />
ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul unifikacias. sociologiuri azrovneba<br />
Zalze gvian dafiqrda am stiqiur procesze da mas globalizacia uwoda.<br />
adamianebi gauTaveblad msjeloben mis mniSvnelobaze. ismis uamravi kiTxva da<br />
arsebobs uamravi pasuxi. globalizacia warmoadgens ukanaskneli periodis<br />
yvelaze farTod gamoyenebul, Tumca yvelaze bundovan, Tezisze gadasvla ufro<br />
TvalsaCino da logikuri unda iyos! amave dros, politikurad yvelaze efeqtur<br />
sityvas. globalizacia dResdReobiT negatiur movlenad gvevlineba, radganac<br />
is araswori formiT warimarTeba.<br />
Tanamedrove msoflioSi globalizaciis procesis ZiriTadi subieqti aris<br />
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom msoflioSi swored aSS-is<br />
ekonomikis, teqnologiis, kulturisa da cxovrebis wesis globaluri gavrceleba<br />
xdeba. msoflios mravali qveynis, maT Soris _ evropeli moazrovneebi mwvaved<br />
reagireben am movlenaze. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis germaneli filosofosi ulrix<br />
beki, romelic ambobs, rom globalizaciis dadebiT Tvisebebze iseve unayofoa<br />
saubari da diskusia, rogorc pudingis kedelze lursmiT miWedeba. msoflio<br />
amerikuli globalizmis xafangSia gabmuli.<br />
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom globalizacia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebasa da<br />
Sromis dabali anazRaurebis qveynebSi eqsports iwvevs. es im dros, roca uwyveti<br />
ekonomikuri da transnacionaluri koncernebisa da sxvadasxva msxvili<br />
arasamTavrobo organizaciebis Semosavlebis zrdis miuxedavad, msoflioSi<br />
mZvinvarebs umuSevrobis problema. globalizmis epoqaSi ekonomikis ganviTareba<br />
erovnul-saxelmwifo kontrols aRar eqvemdebareba. magaliTad, iseTi hegemoni<br />
qveynebi, rogorebic iyvnen safrangeTi da germania, dResdReobiT aSS-sa da didi<br />
britaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, miekuTnebian globalizaciis procesSi wagebuli<br />
qveynebis ricxvs. statistikis mixedviT, am qveynebSi umuSevroba sul mcire 30<br />
procentiT gaizarda. gazeT `Spigelis~ erT-erTi nomeri aseTi fraziT iwyeba:<br />
`Semosavlebi maRla micocavs, samuSao adgilebi mcirdeba~. aRmosavleT<br />
germaniis erT-erTi umuSevari ki wers: `Cven ukve aRara varT adamianebi. adamianis<br />
saxis dakargvis aR<strong>wera</strong> SeuZlebelia~. is, rom samuSaos dakargva `saxis dakargvas~<br />
iwvevs, albaT, msoflios saerTo tragedia unda iyos.<br />
aRsaniSnavia aseve is faqtori, rom globalizmi, romlis virusic mTel<br />
msoflios Seeyara, seriozul safrTxes uqmnis erovnul Rirebulebebs,<br />
TviTidenturobas, warmoSobs saxelmwifoTa Soris konfliqtebs, rac xSirad<br />
omebiT sruldeba. amis magaliTia aSS-erayis omi, romlis mizezi viTomda<br />
msoflioSi demokratiuli principebis aRiareba da ganmtkicebaa, realurad ki<br />
xalxi mxolod aSS-is interesebs ewireba. amasTanave xdeba ukiduresad<br />
gansxvavebul kulturaTa Sejaxeba. magaliTad, Zneli warmosadgenia axlo<br />
aRmosavleTis regionis modernizacia da demokratiis dasavluri modelis<br />
damkvidreba. aviRoT, magaliTad, qalTa uflebebi. Zneli warmosadgenia, rom<br />
arabeTis naxevar kunZulis qveynebis qalebma axlo momavalSi miiRon iseTi<br />
uflebebi, rac dasavleTSi mcxovreb qalebs aqvT. magaliTad, saudis arabeTSi<br />
saxlis gareT myofi yvela qalisaTvis aucilebelia tradiciuli abaias tareba,<br />
romelic qals mTlianad faravs. qals aq manqanis marTvis uflebasac ar aZleven.<br />
yvelaze did ukmayofilebas dasavluri demokratiis modelis mimarT<br />
gamoTqvamen islamuri religiuri partiebi da moZraobebi, romlebic xalxs<br />
samarTlianobisa da maRali zneobis damkvidrebisken mouwodeben. aseT partiebis<br />
SeuZliaT am maRali Rirebulebis mqone principebis damyareba, magram VII-VIII<br />
saukunis normebiT. maT araferi eqnebaT saerTo dasavluri tipis demokratiul<br />
faseulobebTan.<br />
23
yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, albaT, gamoCndebian sawinaaRmdego azris<br />
mqone adamianebic, romlebic ityvian: ratom oponirebT amJamindel politikur<br />
tendenciebs da globalizaciis procesebs? is udavod exmareba sxva<br />
saxelmwifoebs ganviTarebasa da erTmaneTtan mWidro kavSiris damyarebaSi,<br />
amasTanave, xels uwyobs kacobriobis yvelaze didi monapovris _ demokratiuli<br />
procesebis ganmtkicebas. magram Cven SegviZlia davamtkicoT, rom es ase ar aris.<br />
cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti da sazogado moRvawe lindon laruSi ambobs:<br />
`saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma da msoflio bankma da gadawyvites<br />
feodalizmisaken dabruneba, rasac lamazad `globalizacia~ da `Tavisufali<br />
vaWroba~ uwodes. rogorc Cans, romis imperiis magaliTiT moxiblulebma,<br />
faqtobrivad, iwyes msoflio imperiis Seneba, rac aris rogorc zneobrivi, aseve<br />
ekonomikuri da politikuri sigiJe~. romis amJamindelma maSeneblebma TavianTi<br />
miznebis realizacia daiwyes saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis ganadgurebiT. maTi<br />
amocanaa erTi centridan kontrolirebadi saxelmwifos Seqmna, romelic<br />
gadawyvets, Tu romels aqvs ganviTarebis ufleba da romels ekrZaleba arseboba.<br />
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, amJamad msoflios ZiriTadi birTvi amerika cdilobs<br />
xelT igdos msoflios erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba, magram rogorc laruSi<br />
ambobs: `amJamad cxovrebaSi damkvidrebuli utopia daimsxvreva ganviTarebis<br />
zenitSi, iseve rogorc daeca romi~. rac Seexeba demokratias, xdeba ara zogadad<br />
demokratiis ganmtkiceba, aramed msoflioSi dasavluri demokratia vrceldeba,<br />
rac sasargebloa mxolod amerikisaTvis da ara sxva qveynebisaTvis. aSS Tavisi<br />
miznebis misaRwevad yvela xerxs da meTods iyenebs da amas Tavisufal sityvasa da<br />
demokratias uwodebs. amis magaliTia, ukve naxsenebi aSS-erayis omi, romelic<br />
mimarTulia navTobiT mdidari teritoriis xelSi Casagdebad da ara msoflioSi<br />
mSvidobis dasamkvidreblad. vfiqrob, am saeWvo omSi uazrod daRupuli uamravi<br />
adamianis magaliTi sakmaod Zlieri safuZvelia imisTvis, rom amgvari demokratia<br />
negatiur movlenad miviCnioT.<br />
is , rom globalizacia gardauvali procesia, albaT, TiToeuli Cvengani<br />
acnobierebs, magram es movlena kidev ufro mtkivneulad rom ar Seexos<br />
saxelmwifoebs, vfiqrob, yoveli eri unda cdilobdes ipovos masSi qveynis<br />
unikalurobis SenarCunebis resursi. is, rom msoflioSi xdeba yvelaferi<br />
dasavluris popularizacia da gavrceleba, kacobrioba siRatakes ebrZvis da,<br />
rom erovnul Rirebulebebs safrTxe emuqreba, vfiqrob, sakmao argumentebia<br />
imisTvis, rom globalizacia da msoflioSi arsebuli amJamindeli<br />
tendenciebi uaryofiT procesad miviCnioT.<br />
nimuSi 2<br />
globalizacia dadebiTi procesia<br />
`globalizacia asaxavs yvela im process,<br />
romelTa meSveobiTac msoflios xalxebi<br />
erT msoflio sazogadoebaSi, globalur<br />
sazogadoebaSi erTiandebian.~ martin elbrou<br />
xSirad axali termini imitom xdeba popularuli, rom msoflioSi mimdinare<br />
ama Tu im mniSvnelovan cvlilebas asaxavs. axali idea axali viTarebis aRsa<strong>wera</strong>d<br />
aris saWiro. 1980-iani wlebidan gaxSirda saubari globalizaciaze, ramac<br />
yoveldRiur azrovnebaSic iCina Tavi. Znelia im momentis zustad gansazRvra,<br />
rodis daiwyo globalizacia. periodizacia xSirad sakamaToa, Tumca misi gavlena<br />
kacobriobis didi nawilis cxovrebaze yvelaze intensiurad 1960-iani wlebidan<br />
aris SesamCnevi, radgan swored am periodidan xdeba aSkara misi uaryofiTi<br />
gavlena sxvadasxva kulturisa Tu aRmsareblobis erebze. dadga erovnuli<br />
suverenitetisa Tu TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis problemebi, erTi<br />
zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis zrdisa da e.w. mesame samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro<br />
dasustebis safrTxe: yovelive aman naTlad dagvanaxa, rom globalizacia<br />
uaryofiTi movlenaa. dRes ki es procesi kidev ufro intensiuri da<br />
problemuria, vidre odesme.<br />
24
mogvexseneba, rom msoflio metad mravalferovania. xalxebi gansxvavdebian<br />
TavianTi kulturiT, religiiT, tradiciebiT, RirebulebebiTa da cxovrebis<br />
wesiT, rac maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosdgamT da arc aqvT raimes Secvlis<br />
survili. es aixsneba ara maTi CamorCenilobiT, aramed maTi miswrafebiT<br />
SeinarCunon is, rac maTTvis Rirebulia da TviTidentifikaciis saSualebas<br />
aZlevs. amis magaliTia iaponia, romelic teqnologiuri ganviTarebis doniT<br />
pirvelia msoflioSi. magram amave dros, erT-erTi yvelaze mkacri tradiciebis<br />
mqone qveyanaa. globalizacia, Tavis mxriv, iWreba amgvar kuturaTa<br />
TaviseburebebSi da gardaqmnis maT. Sedegad, calkeul xalxebSi xdeba erovnuli<br />
TviTmyofadobisa da TviTSegnebis dakargva, RirebulebaTa gadafaseba, rac<br />
metad mtkivneulia nebismieri erisaTvis. es ar exeba mxolod qcevisa Tu Cacmis<br />
stils. am tipis xalxebis globalur procesebSi CarTva xSirad gulisxmobs garkveul<br />
gardaqmnebs socialur struqturaSi, qalTa genderuli rolis cvlilebebs<br />
da a.S. es yovelive protestis grZnobas aRvivebs maTSi da Sedegad sxvadasxva<br />
formiT aris xolme gamoxatuli. protestis yvelaze ukiduresi formaa<br />
terorizmi, gansakuTrebiT islamur qveynebSi, risi mowmenic xSirad<br />
gavmxdarvarT am bolo periodis ganmavlobaSi. amgvari qmedeba, ra Tqma unda, ar<br />
imsaxurebs gamarTlebas, magram gvafiqrebinebs, rom es xalxebi Zlieri wnexis<br />
qveS imyofebian da iZulebiT gardaqmnebs ganicdian maT sulier Tu yofiT<br />
cxovrebaSi.<br />
am uaryofiT damokidebulebas ganapirobebs kidev erTi faqtori, sadac<br />
mTavar rols saxelmwifoTa politikuri orientacia asrulebs. globalizacia ar<br />
viTardeba ganyenebulad, TavisTavad. mas hyavs fasilitatori Zala,<br />
romlisTvisac momgebiani iqneboda amgvari globaluri procesis fonze sakuTari<br />
Zlieriebisa da gavlenis gavrceleba. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi, gansakuTrebiT<br />
80-iani wlebidan, naTlad gamoikveTa msoflios zesaxelmwifo, romelic<br />
sayovelTao hegemoniisaken miiswrafvis. globalizaciis erT-erTi ganmartebac<br />
`vesternizacia~ swored amis aRmniSvnelia. amdenad globalizacia da<br />
amerikanizacia bevrisaTvis sinonimebia. dRes ukve aSkaraa, Tu rogor arRvevs<br />
zesaxelmwifo demokratiis saxeliT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, rogor<br />
axdens saerTaSoriso organizaciebis umniSvnelovanesi gaawyvetilebebisa da rezoluciebis<br />
ignorirebas, mas SeuZlia omic ki daiwyos `demokratiis saxeliT~.<br />
yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom bevr saxelmwifos ar surs<br />
misi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva. Tumca, patara da susti qveynebi xSirad<br />
iZulebulni xdebian moCvenebiTi keTilganwyobiT moipovon amgvari hegemonebis<br />
daintereseba, magram, amave dros, unda gvesmodes, rom globalizacia am formiT<br />
ar aris mxolod koka-kola da jinsebi, rogorc bevrs miaCnia. es aris asimilacia<br />
mmarTvelobis formebis, sasamarTlos, ganaTlebisa da sxva sistemebis gauazrebeli<br />
struqturuli gardaqmna, rac, Tundac saqarTvelos magaliTze, yovlad<br />
miuReblad da dauSveblad mimaCnia.<br />
aseve saWiroa SevexoT globalizaciis ekonomikur mxares Tanamedrove<br />
msoflioSi, rodesac saerTaSoriso ekonomikurma urTierTobebma sruliad<br />
globaluri xasiaTi SeiZina, metad aqtiurad dadga e.w. mesame samyaros sakiTxi,<br />
romelSic moiazreba ganviTarebadi qveynebis jgufi. ganviTarebuli da<br />
ganviTarebadi samyaros urTierTobebi ZiriTadad batonoba _ daqvemdebarebuli<br />
gamoixateba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba mcire, aratevadi<br />
Sida bazris mqonea. maTi meurneoba ar aris diversificirebuli. amitom isini<br />
didad arian damokidebulni ganviTarebul qveynebze, saidanac Semodis maTi<br />
ekonomikisTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone investiciebi. finansuri sesxisa<br />
Tu daxmarebis gamcemi kompaniebi gavlenas axdenen maT gadawyvetilebebze. amis<br />
Sedegad, ganviTarebadi qveynebi iZulebuli xdebian moaxdinon sul ufro didi<br />
raodenobiT bunebrivi resursebis eqsporti (xe-tye, wiaRiseuli, navTobi,<br />
nedleuli, sxva mineralebi) dabal fasad Tanamedrove teqnologiebisa da investticiebis<br />
misaRebad. nadgurdeba tyis safari da sxva bunebrivi resurebi.<br />
zogierT qveyanaSi, sadac xeliT warmoebaSi iyo Cabmuli adgilobrivi<br />
mosaxleoba, sawarmoo danadgarebis Setanam umuSevrobis zrda gamoiwvia. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, globalizacia mesame samyaros qveynebis ara Tu ganviTarebas,<br />
aramed ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier eqspluatacias da kidev ufro gaRaribebas<br />
25
uwyobs xels. martin qoris ganmartebiT, `globalizacia gaxlavT is, rasac Cven<br />
mesame samyaroSi saukuneebis manZilze kolonizacias vuwodebdiT~.<br />
da bolos, mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT globalizaciis kidev erTi Tanmdevi<br />
procesi, rac faqtobrivad saxelmwifoTa suverenitetis dakargvas niSnavs.<br />
saxelmwifos suverenitetis principi vestfaliis sistemidan iRebs saTaves. es<br />
iyo mmarTvelobis struqtura, romlis saTaveebTan saxelmwifoebriobisa da<br />
suverenulobis principebi idga. saxelmwifoebrioba gulisxmobda msoflios<br />
teritoriul erTeulebad dayofas, romelTagan TiToeuls calke mTavroba<br />
marTavda, xolo suverenuloba _ Tavis kuTvnil teritoriaze yovlismomcvel,<br />
uzenaes, SeuzRudav da eqskluziur kontrols. dReisaTvis SegviZlia vamtkicoT,<br />
rom suverenitetis Zireuli norma aRar moqmedebs da misi aRdgena<br />
globalizebul msoflioSi SeuZlebelia. rodesac arsebobs zesaxelmwifoebrivi<br />
mmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifoebi kargaven uflebas damoukideblad<br />
warmarTon TavianTi saSinao da sagareo politika. magaliTad, evrosabWo<br />
daJinebiT moiTxovs saqarTvelosagan Turqi mesxebis axlo momavalSi<br />
dabrunebas, rac mraval sirTulesTan aris dakavSirebul.<br />
Tumca, globalistebi miiCneven, rom globalizacia progresis, modernizaciisa<br />
da ganviTarebis winapiroba da garantia, magram unda gaviTvaliswinoT<br />
isic, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, es exeba ukve ganviTarebuli qveynebis jgufs,<br />
romlebic kidev ufro Zlierdebian susti da ganviTarebadi qveynebis xarjze,<br />
maTi bunebrivi da SromiTi resursebis eqspluataciis Sedegad, rasac am qveynebis<br />
ekonomika saboloo krizisamde mihyavs. TandaTan sul ufro aSkara xdeba isic,<br />
rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi relurad ver asruleben maTze dakisrebul<br />
funqciebs da mxolod ganviTarebuli samyaros interesebs emsaxurebian.<br />
rac Seexeba kulturul modernizacias, unda gvaxsovdes, rom ama Tu im xalxis<br />
kultura xSirad maTi istoriuli ganviTarebisa da erovnuli TviTmyofadobis<br />
uSualo asaxvaa da misi nebismieri saxiT gardaqmna am RirebulebaTa dakargvis<br />
tolfasia, Tundac qarTveli xalxisaTvis yvelaze did saganZursa da erovnul<br />
siamayes misi kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobaa, risi moSlac ara marto<br />
istoriis, aramed erovnuli TviTSegnebis dakargvis momaswavebelia.<br />
amrigad, globalizacia is msoflios masStabebis movlenaa, romelic uSualod<br />
axdens gavlenas adamianTa cxovrebis yvela sferoze, iqneba es politika,<br />
ekonomika, kultura Tu sxva. procesis im tempebiT ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rogoriTac es dRes xdeba, sxvadasxva xalxebs erTian sazogadoebad gardaqmna<br />
emuqreba, radgan globalizacia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aRwevs calkeul<br />
kulturebSi, laxavs saxelmwifoTa suverenulobis princips, rac ukve imis<br />
maniSnebelia, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTals; iwvevs mesame<br />
samyaros qveynebis kidev ufro dasustebasa da degradacias da, rac yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovania, es yovelive xdeba erTi zesaxelmwifos hegemoniis damkvidrebis<br />
fasad. Sedegad ki viRebT yovlad umarTav procesebs, rac iwvevs calkeuli<br />
xalxebis protests globalizaciisa da globaluri migraciebis mimarT.<br />
SesaZlebelia Tu ara globalizaciis SeCereba da gvaqvs Tu ara arCevani? es<br />
kiTxva gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulia iseTi patara saxelmwifoebisTvis, rogoric<br />
saqarTveloa, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, maTi mTavari sazrunavi da<br />
prioriteti sakuTari enis, TviTSegnebis, kulturuli TviTmyofadobisa da<br />
saxelmwifoebriobis SenarCuneba unda iyos, raTa maTze mTeli sisruliT ar<br />
aisaxos globalizaciis uaryofiTi efeqti.<br />
26
Tema II. kritika<br />
kritikis Janris mizania, xeli Seuwyos studentSi kritikuli azrovnebis<br />
ganviTarebas. kritikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva unarebis rTul<br />
kombinacias, romelTagan ZiriTad unarebs warmoadgens:<br />
• racionaloba<br />
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca veyrdnobiT gonebas da ara emocias;<br />
roca viTvaliswinebT yvela SesaZlo faqts; roca, problemis analizisas, Cveni<br />
mizania ara gamovCndeT gamarjvebulni, aramed movZebnoT sakuTari axsna Tu<br />
gadawyvetileba.<br />
• TviTanalizi<br />
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca Segvwevs unari SevafasoT, Tu ra<br />
motivebi udevs safuZvlad Cvens gadawyvetilebas da ramdenad obieqturni varT.<br />
• miukerZoebloba<br />
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vafasebT yvela SesaZlo Sedegs; roca<br />
viTvaliswinebT yvela mxaris Sexedulebasa da pozicias; roca Ria vrCebiT<br />
alternatiuli interpretaciebis mimarT; roca uars ar vambobT arapopularul<br />
Sexedulebebze mxolod imitom, rom isini naklebaRiarebulia; roca CvenTvis<br />
misaRebia axali modeli Tu paradigma, radgan is ukeT xsnis faqtebs, ufro<br />
martivia, naklebi xarvezi aqvs da a.S.<br />
• disciplina<br />
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca varT zustebi da yvela detals<br />
viTvaliswinebT; uars vambobT manipulaciaze; veridebiT zerele Sefasebebs.<br />
• Sefaseba<br />
Cven vazrovnebT kritikulad, roca vaRiarebT alternatiul mosazrebaTa da<br />
gadawyvetilebaTa Rirsebasa da upiratesobas; roca Cveni argumentebi saTanado<br />
faqtebiTaa ganmtkicebuli.<br />
erTi sityviT, kritikulad moazrovne adamianebi bunebiT skeptikurni arian;<br />
aucileblad aqtiurobiT gamoirCevian, radgan mudmivad cdian sxvadasxva<br />
taqtikasa da strategias, raTa mniSvnelobas swvdnen da gageba gaaRrmavon; garda<br />
amisa, isini Ria arian axali ideebisa Tu poziciebis misaRebad; TviTkritikulobiT<br />
gamoirCevian da mudmivad aanalizeben sakuTar arguments, amasTanave,<br />
mudam mzad arian SeeWidon oponentTa argumentebs. kritikulad moazrovne<br />
adamianebs SeswevT unari gaarCion obieqturi monacemebis subieqturi analizi da<br />
misi safuZvlianoba Seafason, radgan, Tumca faqtebi faqtebad rCeba, maTi<br />
interpretacia SeiZleba gansxvavebuli iyos [Kurland, D. (2002). What is Critical<br />
Thinking. Retrieved October 6, 2004. from http:/www.criticalreading.com/].<br />
mas Semdeg, rac kritikis Janris swavlebis mizani ganvsazRvreT, Tavad<br />
naSromis arssa da struqturaze gadavideT.<br />
`kritika~ warmoadgens mcire zomis naSroms erTi statiis an erTi wignis<br />
Sesaxeb. marTlia, qarTul sinamdvileSi `kritika~ gakritikebis gagebiT ixmareba,<br />
realurad is franguli sityvidan modis da Sefasebas gulisxmobs. Sefaseba ki<br />
SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri, negatiuriz an orives kombinireba, radgan statiis an<br />
wignis kiTxvisas, rogorc wesi, avtoris garkveul mosazrebebs viziarebT da<br />
veTanxmebiT, nawils ki _ ar veTanxmebiT da kritikulad vudgebiT.<br />
Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom studenti kritikis weris teqnikas flobdes,<br />
radgan, erTi mxriv, misi codna aucilebeli pirobaa imisa, rom studentma ufro<br />
rTuli Janris nawarmoebebs (vTqvaT, analitikur referats an kvleviT naSroms)<br />
gaarTvas Tavi; meore mxriv ki, is saukeTeso gzaa pedagogisaTvis Seafasos, Tu<br />
ramdenad yuradRebiT ecnoba studenti sakiRxav masalas da ramdenad Seswevs misi<br />
Rrma analizis unari.<br />
aRsaniSnavia, rom kritikis werisas, sxvadasxva specialobis warmomadgenelni<br />
gansxvavebul sakiTxebze svamen aqcents, kerZod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi<br />
kritikis ZiriTadi yuradReba mimarTulia imaze, Tu ramdenad `sainteresoa~<br />
argumentebi. socialur mecnierebebSi _ ramdenad gamarTulia meTodologia;<br />
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ki _ ra Sedegebia miebuli da ramdenad<br />
mniSvnelovania isini [Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate<br />
27
Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.]<br />
magram, nebismier sferoSi, kritika Sesabamis analizsa da Sefasebas<br />
gulisxmobs; kargi Sefaseba ki, specialistTa azriT, ramdenime ZiriTad<br />
kriteriums emyareba, kerZod:<br />
• faqtebzea agebuli;<br />
• naTel kriteriumebs iyenebs;<br />
• sapirispiro kriteriumebs abalansebs;<br />
• refleqcias gulisxmobs;<br />
• Semoqmedebas moiTxovs.<br />
ras gulisxmobs TiToeuli punqti? imisaTvis, rom Sefaseba damajerebeli<br />
iyos, is sando faqtebs unda emyarebodes, anu iseT faqtebs, romelTa Semowmebac<br />
SesaZlebelia sxvebis mier.<br />
naTeli kriteriumebis gamoyeneba gulisxmobs, rom Sefaseba garkveul<br />
Teoriazea agebuli. is yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxvaTa Sexedulebebis damowmebas,<br />
rac mTlianad konteqstzea damokidebuli. gamoyenebeuli kriteriumebidan<br />
gamomdinare ki, sxvadasxva daskvnis gamotanaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad, udavoa,<br />
rom stalinizmma xeli Seuwyo sabWoTa kavSiris industrializacias da am<br />
kriteriumidan gamomdinare, is warmatebulad unda CaiTvalos, magram meore<br />
mxriv, is damRupveli aRmoCnda inteligenciisaTvis, Sesabamisad, damangreveli<br />
Sedegebi moutana qveynis kulturul cxovrebas.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, roca kriteriumebi winaswar gveZleva; magaliTad, biznesmenisaTvis<br />
wamyvani kriteriumia mogebaze zrunva, socialuri muSakisaTvis ki _<br />
sazogadoebriv sawyisebze muSaoba. magram xSir SemTxvevaSi, Tavad unda<br />
gadavwyvitoT, Tu mocemul situaciaSi ra kriteriumis gamoyeneba iqneba<br />
mizanSewonili.<br />
radgan ramdenime kriteriumi erTdroulad gveZleva, aucilebeli xdeba<br />
sapirispiro kriteriumTa dabalanseba. xSir SemTxvevaSi, mxolod erTi kriteriumis<br />
gamoyeneba ar aris sakmarisi, radgan sando Sefaseba ramdenime<br />
kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. swored amis nimuSi stalinizmi, radgan<br />
misi saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva<br />
danarCeni faqtoris erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba.<br />
refleqsia gulisxmobs, rom individs Seswevs unari, damoukidebeli azrovnebis<br />
gziT, mivides gadawyvetilebamde da naTlad hqondes gacnobierebuli, Tu<br />
rogor da ratom mivida ama Tu im daskvnamde. rogorc wesi, refleqsia Cvens xelT<br />
arsebul codnasa da warsulSi miRebul gamocdilebazea damokidebuli.<br />
kargi Sefaseba yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTia, radgan is gulisxmobs siaxlis<br />
Setanas ukve arsebul codnaSi. azri ara aqvs sxvaTa Sefasebebis ubralo<br />
citirebas Cveni Sexedulebis mxardasaWerad. marTalia, maTi gamoyeneba<br />
SesaZlebelia Cveni SefasebisaTvis meti damajereblobis misaniWeblad, magram<br />
isic faqtia, rom Cveneuli Sefaseba mxolod sxvaTa mosazrebebis motaniT ver<br />
Semoifargleba, amdenad, arsebuli codnis iqiT gasvlas gulisxmobs. es swored<br />
is etapia, roca Cvenive Sexedulebebis kritikul analizs vaxdenT [Gutbrod, H.<br />
(2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]<br />
rogorc vxedavT, saTanado Sefasebis ganxorcieleba sakmaod rTuli saqmea,<br />
radgan individis mxridan solidur codnas, gamocdilebas da fantaziis unars<br />
moiTxovs. swored am mizezis gamo unda miiCnevdes mkvlevarTa didi nawili<br />
Sefasebis unaris ganviTrebas sauniversiteto swavlebis umTavres misiad [Gutbrod,<br />
H. (2004). University Manual. Some Ideas About the Purpose and Method of Higher Education.]<br />
rogor gadavdgaT pirveli nabijebi am rTuli misiis ganxorcielebis gzaze?<br />
daviwyoT mcire zomis statiis analiziTa da SefasebiT.<br />
garkveul statiaze kritikis Sesaqmnelad, pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia<br />
avtoris ideebis mokled Sejameba da Semdeg maTi kritikuli analizi. statiis<br />
Sesajameblad, yuradRebiT unda wavikiTxoT mTliani statia da davfiqrdeT<br />
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebze _ ra argumentebi mohyavs mas da ra faqtebis<br />
safuZvelze axdens maT mxardaWeras? Tqveni sityvebiT rogor gadmovcemdiT<br />
avtoris argumentebsa da mxardaWeras? am SekiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, kidev<br />
erTxel unda gadaikiTxoT statia da darwmundeT, rom sworad SeajameT avtoris<br />
28
ideebi.<br />
Semdegi safexuria teqstis kritikuli analizi da Sefaseba, risTvisac varkvevT,<br />
Tu ramdenad logikuria avtoris argumentebi; ramdenad damajerebelia<br />
maTi mxardaWera; ramdenad mivyavarT faqtebs im daskvnebamde, rasac avtori<br />
gvTavazobs; xom ar gvaxsendeba iseTi faqtebi, romelTac sapirispiro daskvnebamde<br />
mivyavarT da a.S.<br />
garda testis Sejamebisa da analizisa, aucilebelia Tavad avtoris kompetenturobis<br />
Sefasebac _ warmoadgens is mocemuli sferos eqsperts Tu<br />
ubralod gamocdili m<strong>wera</strong>lia, romelic sxvadasxva sferoSi wers? rogor<br />
daasabuTebdiT amas? am sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, roca informaciis<br />
sandoobas vafasebT. amitom, gadamwyvetia, Tu sad aris statia moTavsebuli. Tu<br />
is samecniero Jurnalsa an krebulSia moTavsebuli, SegviZlia ufro mSvidad<br />
iyoT, radgan iciT, rom aseT Jurnalsa Tu krebuls aucileblad hyavs<br />
redaqtori, romelic dargis specialistia, amasTan, amowmebs mas eqspertTa<br />
jgufic. magram Zalian frTxilad unda moekidoT populruli Jurnalis,<br />
gansakuTrebiT ki, internetis masalas, radgan gagiWirdebaT maTSi warmodgenili<br />
informaciis sandoobis dadgena.<br />
zemoTqmulidan naTelia, rom sanam uSualod kritikis <strong>wera</strong>s SeudgebodeT,<br />
aucilebelia kritikuli TvaliT gadaxedoT teqsts. kritikuli kiTxva sxvadasxva<br />
teqnikas aerTianebs, rac, pirobiTad, sam safexurad SeiZleba daiyos: teqstis<br />
winaswari gacnoba, uSualod kiTxvis procesi da wakiTxulis gaanalizeba.<br />
sanam kiTxvas daiwyebT, unda gaiazroT, Tu ra mizniT kiTxulobT teqsts:<br />
garkveuli informacia gWirdebaT ama Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelsac naklebad<br />
icnobT? faqtebi da detalebi gWirdebaT Tqveni argumentebis mxardasaWerad?<br />
Tqvens midgomas adarebT sxvebis midgomebs? roca mizani naTlad gaqvT gacnobierebuli,<br />
teqstis swored im aspeqtebze moaxdenT fokusirebas, romlebic<br />
TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania da fuWad ar gaflangavT dros.<br />
Tqveni miznis gacnobierebis Semdeg, Tvali unda gadaavloT teqsts. raTa<br />
avtoris mizani (ras cdilobs avtori _ informaciis mowodebas, axnas,<br />
dasabuTebas?) da naSromis Seqmnis konteqsti (sad da rodis Seiqmna nawarmoebi,<br />
vin aris misi nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli) daadginoT, agreTve, mis zogad Sinaarss<br />
gaecnoT. rogorc wesi, sakvanZo ideebi Tematur winadadebebSicaa Cadebuli, es<br />
ukanasknelni ki paragrafebis dasawyisSia moTavsebuli. amdenad, naSromis Sesaxeb<br />
warmodgena rom SegeqmnaT, paragrafebis pirvel winadadebebs, agreTve, anotaciasa<br />
da daskvnas gadaxedeT. amasTan, daakvirdiT, xom ar aris teqstSi<br />
qvesaTaurebi; yoveli qvesaTauri Sinaarsobriv seqcias gamoyofs, rac dagexmarebaT<br />
avtoris ideebis logikur msvlelobas misdioT.<br />
mokled rom SevajamoT, teqstis winaswari gacnobisas, sam ZiriTad aspeqtze<br />
amaxvilebT yuradRebas:<br />
1. sakuTari miznis gacnobiereba<br />
• Tqveni mizania informaciis moZieba Tu detaluri analizi?<br />
• rogor dagexmarebaT teqsti miznis miRwevaSi?<br />
2. avtoris miznis, naSromis Seqmnis konteqstisa da naSromis zogadi<br />
Sinaarsis gacnoba.<br />
• ras geubnebaT saTauri?<br />
• ra iciT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad, rodis da visTvis dawer statias?<br />
• ras geubnebaT statiis Sinaarsze avtoris mier warmodgenili mimoxilva<br />
Tu Semajamebeli informacia?<br />
3. teqstis gadaxedva<br />
• naTelia Tu ara teqstis struqtura _ Sesavali, ZiriTadi nawili da<br />
daskvna?<br />
• ra argumentebs gTavazobT avtori?<br />
• ra faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis mxardaWeras<br />
(statistika, eqspertTa Sefasebebi, yoveldRiuri cxovrebiseuli situaciebi...)?<br />
momdevno safexuria uSualod kiTxvis procesi. ra mizniTac ar unda<br />
kiTxulobdeT teqsts, Tqvens winaSe mudam idgeba sami ZiriTadi amocana: yvelaze<br />
29
mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis identifikacia, maTi logikuri Tavsebadobis dadgena<br />
da Tqveni sapasuxo reaqcia. am safexurebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gavdivarT,<br />
vTqvaT, roca garkveul gancxadebas an sareklamo abraze war<strong>wera</strong>s vecnobiT.<br />
magram samecnierio teqstis Tavisebureba isaa, rom is gacilebiT metad<br />
kompleqsuria. aq ar gamogvdgeba informaciis ubralo mosmena Tu wakiTxva, rasac<br />
yoveldRiuri interaqciisas vakeTebT, armed aucileblad dagvWirdeba teqstis<br />
anotacia, winadadebebis xazgasma da maTze komentaris darTva, paragrafebs<br />
Soris logikuri kavSirebis dadgena da a.S.<br />
kritikuli kiTxvisas, bolo safexuri naSromis organizeba, analizi da<br />
Sefasebaa. mas Semdeg, rac teqsti waikiTxeT da misi anotacia moaxdineT, Tqveni<br />
mizania ufro detalurad CauRrmavdeT mis struqturasa da Sinaarss, raTa<br />
SeafasoT rigor warmatebiT miaRwia avtorma mizans. rogorc wesi, teqstis<br />
analizi imiT iwyeba, rom mkiTxveli afasebs avtoris argumentebis damajereblobas<br />
da maTi mxardaWeris siZlieres, agreTve, imas, Tu ramdenad efeqturia<br />
is Tanmimdevroba, romliTac avtori mis argumentebs warmogvidgens. naSromis<br />
analizis Zalian mosaxerxebeli gzaa teqstis struqturisa da Sinaarsis gegmis<br />
saxiT gadmocema, sadac avtoris ZiriTadi mosazrebebia Sejamebuli. statiis<br />
struqturuli gegma dagexmarebaT ukeT misdioT avtoris logikas; amasTan,<br />
martivad SeamCnioT logikuri araTanmimdevruloba avtoris ideebSi. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac struqturuli gegma mzadaaa, saWiroa metad CauRrmavdeT naSomis ZiriTad<br />
seqciebs. dausviT sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva, Tu ras asabuTebs avtori da ratom<br />
moaxdina man teqstis am da ara sxva formiT organizeba. ris miRwevas cdilobs is<br />
SesavalSi? ra funqcia eniWeba calkeul paragrafebs? da a.S. aqve unda SeafasoT,<br />
Tu ramdenad <strong>akademiuri</strong>a avtoris toni da ramdenad stilisturad gamarTulia<br />
naSromi. da bolos, SeafaseT, ramdenad upasuxa avtorma naSromis SesavalaSi<br />
dasmul SekiTxvebs da ra SegemataT am statiis wakiTxvis safuZvelze [Longman,<br />
A.W. (2001). Critical Reading Techniques. A Division of Parson Education. Retrieved September<br />
15,2004. from http:/www.awlonline.com]<br />
rogorc vxedavT, kritikuli kiTxva gvexmareba sakmaod detalurad<br />
CavuRrmavdeT nawarmoebs da srulyofilad gavaanalizoT igi. mxolod am Rrma<br />
analizis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli uSualod weris procesze gadasvla, romelic<br />
Zalian mokled Semdegi saxiT SegviZlia aRvweroT:<br />
• avtoris ideebis warmodgena da axsna, teqstidan Sesabamisi monakveTebis<br />
moxmobis safuZvelze<br />
• sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadmocema _ ras fiqrobT avtoris argumentis<br />
Sesaxeb da ratom? aRwereT is sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenSi yvelaze Zlier<br />
reaqcias iwvevs, iqneba es reaqcia pozitiuri Tu negatiuri; TiToeuli sakiTxis<br />
gadmocemisas, mouxmeT Sesabamis monakveTs teqstidan (Tqven SegiZliaT<br />
SeajamoT, citireba an perifrazireba moaxdinoT).<br />
• TiToeul skiTxs daurTeT sakuTari komentari Tu Sefaseba.<br />
aq erTi mniSvnelovani detalia gasaTvaliswinebeli; gacilebiT martivia<br />
avtoris ideebis gadmocema da rTulia sakuTari Sefasebis wardgena, romelsac<br />
Sesabamisi mxardaWera axlavs da saTanadod dasabuTebulia. amitom, rogor wesi,<br />
studentebi avtoris argumentebs warmoadgenen xolme da erTi-ori winadadebiT<br />
Tu gamoxataven sakuTar pozicias maTTan mimarTebaSi, romelic ufro<br />
`veTanxmebi-ar veTanxmebi~-is waagavs, vidre dasabuTebul pozicias. kargi<br />
Sefaseba ki saTanado mxrdaWeras saWiroebs, raTa studentma dausabuTos mkiTxvels,<br />
rom avtoris ideebis miseuli Sefaseba sando da damajerebelia, radgan<br />
Sesabamis faqtebsa Tu Teoriebzea agebuli. am pirobas Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom studentis naSromSi avtoris argumenti paragrafis mxolod 1/3s<br />
ikavebs, danarCeni 2/3 ki studentis komentarebsa Tu Sefasebas ukavia.<br />
miRebuli informaciidan gamomdinare, mokled SevajamoT kritikis<br />
struqtura:<br />
Sesavali. avtoris poziciis mokle Sejameba; sakuTari<br />
mtkicebuleba misi poziciis miReba / miuReblobis Sesaxeb<br />
30
ZiriTadi nawili. I. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris mniSvnelovani argumenti;<br />
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
II. SeaxseneT mkiTxvels avtoris Semdegi argumenti;<br />
Tqveni komentari Tu rCeva masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
III. avtoris momdevno argumentis ganxilva sakuTari<br />
komentariT da a.S.<br />
daskvna. mokled SeajameT sakuTari Sefasebebi<br />
kritikis struqturis ganxilvis Semdeg, mis ramdenime nimuSsac gavecnoT.<br />
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa<br />
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”<br />
nimuSi 1<br />
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT” yuradRebas amaxvilebs<br />
internetis macdunebel Zalasa da im saSiS Sedegebze, rasac is sazogadoebebs<br />
moutans. avtori miiCnevs, rom interneti mogvevlina im vakuumis Sesavsebad,<br />
romelic komunisturi reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCnda da msgavsad Zveli<br />
egalitaruli sistemisa, warmoadgens utopiur ideologias, romelic yvelas<br />
Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas hpirdeba. avtori amtkicebs, rom sinamdvileSi interneti<br />
qmnis socialurad dapirispirebul adamianebs, da ufrosi asakis da Raribi<br />
qveynebis warmomadgenlebi am net-SejibrSi ukan rCebian. xolo mZime da msubuqi<br />
mrewvelobis sawarmoTa mflobelni did sargebels naxuloben internetidan.<br />
bantingi paralels avlebs XX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi nuklearuli energiiT<br />
gamowveul mRelvarebasa da Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetiT gamowveul<br />
mRelvarebas Soris. is miiCnevs, rom orive SemTxvevaSi adamianebi ugulebelyofen<br />
maT saSiS zegavlenas, radgan nuklearuli energia gvpirdeba SeuzRudavi<br />
raodenobiT iaf da sufTa sawvavs, interneti ki gvpirdeba revoluciur<br />
gardaqmnebsa da cxovrebis tempis daCqarebas. bolos avtori gvafrTxilebs, rom<br />
SeiZleba erT dRes gamovfxizldeT ,,internetis nabaxusevze” da aRmovaCinoT<br />
sakuTari Tavi gakotrebuli im servisis da SenaZenebis wyalobiT, rac internetis<br />
gziT ganvaxorcieleT.<br />
bantingis statiis mizania daarwmunos mkiTxveli, rom interneti saSiS gavlenas<br />
axdens sazogadoebaze. am ideis mxardasaWerad, avtori fokusirebas axdens<br />
Semdeg ZiriTad argumentebze:<br />
• internetma Seavso vakuumi, gaCenili komunizmis Semdeg;<br />
• interneti utopia da totalitarizmia, romelic egalitarizmis mcdar<br />
dapirebas iZleva;<br />
• interneti socialur dapirispirebas qmnis;<br />
• internets sargebeli moaqvs mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis<br />
mflobelTaTvis;<br />
• interneti macdunebeli Zalaa, romelic gakotrebas iwvevs.<br />
amgvarad, raTa davrwmundeT mocemuli statiis miznisa Tu ZiriTadi ideis<br />
validurobaSi, pirvel rigSi, mocemuli argumentebi unda gavaanalizoT. medlin<br />
bantingis pirveli argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti mogvevlina komunisturi<br />
reJimis rRvevis Sedegad gaCenili vakuumis Sesavsebad, aRZravs SekiTxvas:<br />
Tu interneti postkomunisturi vakuumis Sedegia, niSnavs es, rom yvela qveyana,<br />
romelic internets iyenebs, postkomunisturia? Sesabamisi mtkicebulebis<br />
uqonlobis gamo, rTulia msgavsi ganzogadebis gakeTeba yvela sazogadoebaze.<br />
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, interneti utopiaa, avtoris pirad daskvnebs<br />
emyareba da Semdegi gadaWarbebuli da sinonimuri frazebiTaa gamoxatuli:<br />
dotkompaniebis masiuri reklamireba miznad isaxavs Cvens ,,stimulirebas, waxalisebas,<br />
daSinebas, manipulirebas,” raTa gavxdeT internetSi gaTviT-<br />
31
cnobierebulni. avtors ar mohyavs magaliTad dot-kompaniebis mier realurad<br />
motyuebuli da daSinebuli adamianebi. mas erTaderTi fraza moqvs internetgverdidan:<br />
,,ar CamorCeT dros, Torem...” _ da xsnis mas, rogorc bundovan<br />
muqaras. magram Cven SeiZleba aRviqvaT es fraza pozitiuri gafrTxilebis saxiT,<br />
rom ar CamovrCeT dros, viyoT energiulni da vicodeT drois fasi.<br />
avtoris erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumentia is, rom interneti qmnis socialur<br />
uTanasworobas. is cdilobs am ideis dasabuTebas sabanko sistemis magaliTis<br />
moyvaniT, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu onlains mivmarTavT sabanko momsaxurebisaTvis,<br />
daviviwyebT adgilobriv banks; onlainis gareSe ki mogviwevs kvlav leibis qveS<br />
SevinaxoT fuli. am mosazrebis logikaSi daveWvdebiT, Tu winadadebis pirvel<br />
nawils mis meore nawilTan SevadarebT, radgan gagviCndeba Semdegi SekiTxvebi: 1.<br />
ratom unda daixuros adgilobrivi bankebi, Tu arseboben adamianebi, romlebic<br />
maTiT sargebloben. Tavad avtoric xom amtkicebs, rom interneti yvelasTvis<br />
xelmisawvdomi ar aris. amdenad, visTvisac onlainis sabanko sistema xelmisawvdomi<br />
ar aris, albaT, kvlav adgilobrivi bankebiT isargeblebs, rac niSnavs,<br />
rom am ukanasknelT ar mouwevT daxurva; 2. saidan viciT, rom yvela, visTvisac<br />
interneti xelmisawvdomia, onlainis sabanko sistemas iyenebs da ar sargeblobs<br />
adgilobrivi bankebiT?<br />
socialuri uTanasworobis kidev erT magaliTad moyvanilia ganviTarebadi<br />
qveynebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, jer kidev dafis carcis saSovnelad<br />
ibrZvian, amdenad, zedmetia leptopebze saubari. aq sruliad gaugebaria, Tu ras<br />
gvTavazobs avtori. ganviTarebulma qveynebma Tavi unda Seikavon internetiT<br />
sargeblobisagan imitom, rom milionobiT adamians ganviTarebadi qveynebidan ara<br />
aqvs leptopi? Tu maT unda moaxdinon internetisaTvis gankuTvnili Tanxis<br />
investireba ganviTarebad qveynebSi?<br />
avtori amtkicebs, rom mxolod mZime da msubuqi mrewvelobis mflobelni<br />
naxuloben sargebels internetidan. axdens ra fokusirebas internetis mxolod<br />
fizikur aspeqtebze, is ver acnobierebs internetis mniSvnelovan rols<br />
informaciis, codnis (distanciuri swavla), komunikaciis ganviTarebasa da<br />
cxovrebis bevr sxva sferoSi. avtoris calmxrivi pozicia maSinac ki TvalsaCinoa,<br />
roca is cdilobs isaubros internetis pozitiur aspeqtebze: ,,udavoa, rom is<br />
cvlis sadistribucio sistemebs da sacalo vaWrobis Zireul gardaqmnas axdens,<br />
magram ra? es aris sxvaoba xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.”<br />
avtori sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, roca wers, rom interneti bevrs<br />
arafers warmoadgens da imavdroulad mas nuklearuli energiis saSiS SedegebTan<br />
adarebs.<br />
amgvarad, Cvens sazogadoebaze internetis saSiSi zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ideis<br />
validuroba sustdeba, roca mas kontrargumentebs wavuyenebT. yovelTvis ufro<br />
SemoqmedebiTi da damajerebelia, roca Tavad avtori gvTavazobs sawinaaRmdego<br />
argumentebs, riTac exmareba mkiTxvels, sakiTxs mravali mxridan Sexedos da<br />
obieqturad Seafasos igi.<br />
kritika medlin bantingis statiisa<br />
,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT”<br />
nimuSi 2<br />
medlin bantingis statia ,,Cven aq ukve vyofilvarT,” gamoqveynebuli<br />
“Guardian”-Si 2000 wels, ganixilavs Tanamedrove pirobebSi internetis gavlenas,<br />
ufro zustad, ,, internetis mier gamowveul isterias.” avtoris azriT,<br />
internetiT gamowveuli enTuziazmi Secvala namdvilma totalitarulma maniam<br />
da momavalSi am teqnologiis ganviTareba mavne iqneba kacobriobisaTvis.<br />
avtori adarebs internetis ganviTarebis mxardasaWer propagandas 30-iani<br />
wlebis nacistur da komunistur ideologiebs da miiCnevs, rom nebismieri<br />
totalitaruli ideologiis msgavsad, internetis ganviTarebas SeuZlia<br />
seriozuli negatiuri Sedegebis gamowveva. pirvel rigSi, mas SeuZlia gamoiwvios<br />
garkveuli adamianebis gariyva, gansakuTrebiT, asakovani adamianebisa, Tumca misi<br />
mxardasaWeri propaganda amtkicebs, rom is gvTavazobs ,,informaciis Tanabar<br />
32
xelmisawvdomobas.” amis sailustraciod bantings moaqvs im adamianis magaliTi,<br />
romelic ver sargeblobs onlainis sabanko sistemiT da amitom iZulebulia fuli<br />
leibis qveS Seinaxos. bantingi imasac amtkicebs, rom internetis mxardasaWeri<br />
sityvebis miRma mxolod ekonomikuri interesebi imaleba da internetis<br />
dapirebebi sxva araferia, Tu ara utopia.<br />
bantingis momdevno argumenti internetis winaaRmdeg isaa, rom es ar aris<br />
pirveli SemTxveva, roca kacobriobam didi imedi Cado teqnologiaSi, magram<br />
marcxi ganicada. am konteqstSi avtori analogias akeTebs im rwmenasa da<br />
aRelvebasTan, rac nuklearulma energiam gamoiwvia 50-ian wlebSi. saboloo<br />
jamSi, am uzarmazarma teqnikurma ganviTarebam mZime daRi daasva garemos.<br />
amdenad, Tu SevadarebT ukanaskneli 150 wlis iseT teqnologiur ganviTarebas,<br />
rogoricaa rkinigza, eleqtroba an telefoni, interneti bevrs arafers warmoadgens.<br />
interneti udavod iwvevs garkveul cvlilebebs, magram bantingis<br />
azriT, isini ar aris maincdamainc mniSvnelovani, radgan sakiTxi exeba ,,sxvaobas<br />
xelmisawvdomobasa da siCqareSi, da ara SinaarsSi.” magaliTad, internetidan<br />
novelis gadmoqaCva nakleb Rirebulia, radgan ufro mniSvnelovania misi<br />
realurad wakiTxvis gamocdileba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas internetiT vaWrobaze.<br />
drois dazogvis mizniT, Sua RamiT internetiT vaWrobis upiratesoba iluziaa,<br />
radgan gacilebiT ufro Semawuxebelia internet-maRaziaSi misvla da amanaTis<br />
wamoReba. bantingi ironiulad aRniSnavs, rom SuaRames ukeTesi saqmeebis keTebac<br />
SeiZleba.<br />
bantingis Sexedulebebi rom SevajamoT, aRmoCndeba, rom, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
is namdvilad aWarbebs, roca veb-manias totalitaruls uwodebs da komunistur<br />
da nacistur ideologiebTan adarebs. aseve, rogorc saTauri ,,Cven aq ukve<br />
vyofilvarT” gveubneba, sxva SemTxvevebis arseboba, roca adamiani mixvda, rom<br />
amao imedi daamyara teqnologiis ganviTarebaze (vTqvaT, nuklearuli energia 50ian<br />
wlebSi), ar warmoadgens internetis ganviTarebis winaaRmdeg myar arguments.<br />
sinamdvileSi, am ori problemis dakavSireba azrs moklebulia. es mxolod imaze<br />
miuTiTebs, rom istoria wreze midis da adamians SeuZlia gadawyvitos, romeli<br />
fenomeni warmoadgens saSineli saqmis ganmeorebas da romeli _ kargi saqmisa.<br />
bantingis argumentaciaSi mTlianad uaryofilia internetis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
upiratesobebi. is mxolod internetis uaryofiTi mxareebis demonstrirebas<br />
axdens da am SemTxvevaSic ki misi argumentacia aradamajerebelia. ra Tqma<br />
unda, umjobesia waikiTxo novela, vidre gadmoqaCo internetidan da Seinaxo<br />
kompiuterSi, magram yvelaze mniSvnelovania am novelis xelmisawvdomoba. igive<br />
unda iTqvas internetiT vaWrobazec. avtori bevrs saubrobs masTan dakavSirebul<br />
uxerxulobaze da arc ki aRiarebs, rom is aris vaWrobis alternatiuli<br />
gza. magaliTad, gacilebiT martivia SeiZino internetiT iseTi ram, rac ver<br />
moiZie Sens qalaqSi.<br />
da bolos, im gzas, romliTac avtori cdilobs aCvenos, rom internetis<br />
ganviTarebis mxardasaWeri propaganda totalitaruli xasiaTisaa, internetis<br />
SesaZleblobebis winaaRmdeg protestamde mivyavarT.<br />
savarjiSo #1. ramdenad gamarTulia struqturulad kritikis ganxiluli<br />
nimuSebi? daasaxeleT TiToeuli maTganis Zlieri da susti mxaareebi. SeadareT<br />
isini erTmaneTs.<br />
rogorc kritikis struqturidan naTelia, Sesavali avtoris poziciis mokle<br />
SejamebiT iwyeba. imisaTvis, rom avtoris pozicia saTanadod SevajamoT, aucileblia,<br />
kargad vflobdeT perifrazirebis teqnikas. garda imisa, rom perifrazireba<br />
gvexmareba ukeT gavaanalizoT avtoris ideebi da Cveni TvalTaxedvidan<br />
warmovadginoT isini, amasTanave, is umTavresi iaraRia plagiatis winaaRmdeg<br />
brZolaSi.<br />
raSi mdgomareobs perifrazirebisa da Sejamebis arsi?<br />
perifrazireba niSnavs teqstis garkveuli monakveTis sakuTari sityvebiT<br />
gadmocemas. Sejameba ki warmoadgens teqstis ZiriTadi ideebis mokle Sinaarss,<br />
sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemuls.<br />
perifrazirebisaTvis, waikiTxeT teqsti, raTa ZiriTadi idea gaigoT. Semdeg<br />
33
meored gadaikiTxeT teqsti, rom detalebic daimaxsovroT. Semdeg gadadeT wigni<br />
da dawereT yvelaferi, rac gaxsovT. am etapze jer kidev SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT<br />
zusti frazebi da ena teqstidan. momdevno etapze Tqveni sityvebiTa da sakuTari<br />
stiliT gadmoeciT warmodgenili informacia. oRond araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar<br />
daurToT sakuTari ideebi, Tu komentari. isini perifrazirebuli Tu Sejamebuli<br />
monakveTis Semdeg unda warmoadginoT, raTa mkiTxvelma gaarCios, romelia<br />
avtoris mosazrebebi da romeli _ Tqveni. da yovelTvis miuTiTeT avtori<br />
perifrazirebul Tu Sejamebul monakveTSi, radgan es Tqveni sakuTari ideebi ar<br />
aris.<br />
perifrazirebisas, Tanmimdevrulad mivyvebiT avtoris ideebsa da maT Cveni<br />
sityvebiT gadmovcemT, amitom perifrazirebuli monakveTi TiTqmis originalis<br />
zomisaa. rogor viqceviT Sejamebisas? vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi mxolod avtoris<br />
ZiriTadi pozicia unda gavacnoT mkiTxvels, yuradRebiT unda amovarCioT<br />
avtoris mTavari argumentebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mxardaWera ise, rom<br />
detalebs ar CavuRrmavdeT. am dros sakuTar sityvebsa da winadadebebis<br />
struqturas viyenebT ise, rom arsad ar vurTavT sakuTar komentars da periodulad<br />
vaxsenebT mkiTxvels, rom sxvisi ideebis Sejamebas vaxdenT.<br />
amdenad, kargi Sejameba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva:<br />
• masSi aucileblad miTiTebulia ZiriTadi wyaro;<br />
• is zustad da akuratulad axdens originalis interpretirebas;<br />
• is ar Seicavs damatebiT komentarebs;<br />
• is mxolod ZiriTad sakiTxebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas da ara konkretul<br />
detalebze;<br />
• masSi avtoris ideebi mxolod studentis sityvebiTaa gadmocemuli.<br />
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: studentis cnobarSi<br />
gansazRvrulia pirobebi, romlis drosac studentebi, SesaZloa, garicxul iqnen<br />
universitetidan, iseTi araeTikuri <strong>akademiuri</strong> qcevisaTvis, rogoricaa<br />
plagiati, dokumentebis falsifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da<br />
msgavsi arakeTilsindisieri saqcieli.<br />
aviRoT sami nimuSi, romelic miznad isaxavs ganxiluli winadadebis sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT gadmocemas.<br />
1. studentis cnobaris Tanaxmad, isini, vinc Tavisad gaasaReben sxvis naSroms,<br />
universitetidan gairicxebian.<br />
2. studentis cnobari gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, rom studentebs,<br />
romlebic arakeTilsindisier saqciels Caidenen, iqneba es sxvaTa sityvebisa Tu<br />
ideebis gamoyeneba ise, rom avtori ar iqneba miTiTebuli, dokumentebis gayalbeba<br />
da a.S., SesaZloa universitetis datovebac ki mouwioT.<br />
3. studentTa cnobari gvacnobs im pirobebs, romlebic, SesaZloa, universitetidan<br />
studentebis garicxvis mizezi gaxdes. es pirobebia: plagiati,<br />
dokumentebis falasifikacia, sxva studentTa naSromebis gamoyeneba da sxva<br />
arakeTilsindisieri qceva.<br />
pirveli nimuSi Sejamebaa, radgan ganxiluli winadadebis ZiriTad ideas<br />
gvacnobs. meore nimuSi perifrazia warmoadgens, radgan studenti sakuTari sityvebiTa<br />
da winadadebis miseuli struqturiT gadmogvcems ganxiluli winadadebis<br />
arss. mesame winadadeba ki araadekvatur perifrazirebas axdens, radgan<br />
masSi ena da winadadebis struqtura originalis msgavsia; amdenad, es ukanaskneli<br />
plagiatis nimuSia.<br />
savarjiSo #2. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs statias, romelzec momavalSi<br />
kritika unda daweron, sTxovs gaecnon statias da moxdinon misi perifrazireba,<br />
Semdeg ki erT paragrafad Seajamon perifrazirebuli teqsti (es Sejamebuli<br />
paragrafi momavalSi kritikis SesavalSi moTavsdeba).<br />
34
sxva kulturebidan danaxva:<br />
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,,qalebis saqmisa?”<br />
meri stiuart van liuveni<br />
anTropologebma aRmoaCines, rom mTel msoflioSi is, rac ,,mamakacebis saqmed”<br />
iTvleba, TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro maRali statusis mqonea, vidre ,,qalebis<br />
saqme.” Tu erT kulturaSi mamakacebi saxlebs aSeneben da qalebi kalaTebs wnaven,<br />
am kulturaSi saxlebis mSenebloba ufro mniSvnelovan saqmed iqneba miCneuli.<br />
meore kulturaSi, romelic karis mezoblad mdebareobs, SesaZloa sapirispiro<br />
mdgomareoba iyos da amitom kalaTebis damzadebas ufro maRali socialuri<br />
statusi eniWebodes.<br />
anTropologebi miiCneven, rom biologia srulyofilad ver xsnis mamakacis<br />
dominanturobas. Cven ganvixilavT sam gansxvavebul Teorias, romelTac<br />
anTropologebi gvTavazoben mamakacTa dominanturi da qalTa subordinirebuli<br />
mdgomareobis asaxsnelad.<br />
buneba kulturis sapirispirod. yvela kulturaSi qalebs miiCneven<br />
bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad, vidre mamakacebs, romlebic ufro metad<br />
ganixilebian kulturaSi CarTulebad. radgan kulturuls yvelgan ufro met<br />
Rirebulebas aniWeben, vidre ubralod bunebrivs, qalebs, bunebasTan siaxlovis<br />
gamo, naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT.<br />
qalebs bunebasTan meti siaxlovis mqoned ganixilaven, radgan rom maT<br />
sxeuls igive reproduqciuli funqciebi aqvs, rac sxva mdedrobiT ZuZumwovarTa<br />
sxeulebs. es gulisxmobs met dros, energias da sxeulebriv risks, vidre<br />
mamakacebis reproduqciuli roli. amitom mamakacebs meti Tavisufleba da<br />
energia rCebaT teqnologiis, vaWrobis, xelovnebis, politikis da religiisaTvis.<br />
da bolos, vinaidan qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan, romlebic<br />
TavSeukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebad ibadebian, riTac ufro axlos<br />
dganan cxovelebTan, qalebsac, bavSvebze zrunvis gamo, bunebasTan ufro mWidro<br />
kavSirSi ganixilaven. swored am mizeziT, Tavad qalebic sakmaod ,,bavSvur”<br />
arsebebad arian miCneulni.<br />
Sinauri sazogadoebrivis sapirispirod. Tumca qalebis reproduqciuli<br />
aqtivobebi ar aiZulebs maT aucileblad saxlTan axlos yofnas, isini ufro<br />
metad arian orientirebulni saSinao saqmeebze, rac martivad uTavsdeba bavSvis<br />
movlas. imave mizeziT, mamakacebi ufro metad arian CarTulni ,,sazogadoebriv”<br />
aqtivobebSi, rac maT saxlsa da bavSvebs aSorebs. sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac<br />
mamakacebi dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul<br />
pativiscemas, vidre qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi.<br />
obieqturi urTierTobebi da ojaxuri cxovreba. fsiqologebi akvirdebian,<br />
Tu ra gziT acnobiereben bavSvebi TavianT sqesobriv kuTvnilebas. sam wlamde<br />
bavSvi ver acnobierebs, vaJia is Tu gogona. sami wlidan ki misi ganviTarebis erTerTi<br />
amocanaa emociurad daculad da bednierad igrZnos Tavi imis gamo, rom is<br />
vaJia an gogona.<br />
swored aq xdeba ganmsazRvreli dedis, rogorc bavSvis ZiriTadi aRmzrdelis<br />
roli. patara gogonebic da vaJebic mijaWvulni arian dedaze da surT hgavdnen<br />
mas. magram patara vaJi male aRmoaCens, rom is ver gaxdeba dedis msgavsi; is unda<br />
iyos mamis msgavsi _ im didi mamrobiTi sqesis pirovnebisa, romelsac mcire xniT<br />
Tu xvdeba dilas da saRamos. vaJi xelfexSeboWilia, radgan is ver darCeba dedaze<br />
mijaWvuli, magram amave dros misi misabaZi nimuSi xSirad ar aris saxlSi. amitom<br />
is SeiZleba Seipyros Rrma da aracnobierma eWvebma _ moaxerxebs Tu ara Tavi<br />
gaarTvas mamakacis rols.<br />
magram zrdis kvaldakval, vaJi acnobierebs, rom mamakacad yofna privilegiebis<br />
matarebelia. Tu kaci ,,namdvili mamakacia,” socialurad is qalze ufro<br />
mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs. aq kvlav safrTxe emuqreba mis maskulinobas: axla<br />
mTeli mondomebiT unda daumtkocos sakuTar Tavs da mTel samyaros, rom is<br />
namdvili mamakacia. rogor unda gaakeTos es? yvelaze martivi da usafrTxo gzaa,<br />
rac SeiZleba metad CamoSordes qalebs da maT aqtivobebs, Caiklas da uari Tqvas<br />
yvela ,,qalur” Tvisebasa da impulsze sakuTar TavSi. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, amis<br />
gakeTeba SeiZleba qalisadmi Ria zizRiTa da cudi mopyrobiT. an mamakaci ubralod<br />
35
Tavs aridebs qals, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca saSinao da sqesobrivi moTxovnilebebi<br />
unda daikmayofilos, atarebs ra danarCen dros mamakacebisagan Semdgar<br />
jgufebSi; an, raoden paradoqsuladac ar unda JRerdes, man SeiZleba gaaidealos da<br />
gaaRmerTos qalebi. esec uzrunvelyofs qalebTan usafrTxo distancias, Tumca Tan<br />
axlavs ,,qaluri srulyofilebis” warmoudgeneli moTxovnebi.<br />
ra strategiac ar unda iyos gamoyenebuli, is saSualebas aZlevs daucvel<br />
mamakacs SeniRbos aracnobieri ,,SiSi qalebisadmi.” misi yvelaze adreuli<br />
asociaciebi xom dedas ukavSirdeba, romelic Zlevamosilad eCveneboda. es<br />
grZnoba, kombinirebuli mis adreul deprivaciasTan aiTvisos mamakacis roli,<br />
Trgunavs mas da arwmunebs, rom qalebs SeuZliaT raRacnairad Semoacalon misi<br />
maskulinuri identuroba.<br />
amgvarad, CvenTvis TvalsaCinoa, Tu rogor gadadis Taobidan Taobaze<br />
maskulinuri daucveloba. umamo vaJs uviTardeba susti da ambivalenturi<br />
maskulinuri identuroba. am daucvelobis kompensaciis mizniT, siymawvilesa da<br />
mozrdil asakSi is axdens distancirebas qalebisagan da ,,qalebis saqmisagan.” ra<br />
warmoadgens qalis ZiriTad saqmes? bavSvebis movla. amdenad, is Tavs aridebs<br />
sakuTar vaJebTan kontaqts da gaucnobiereblad uwyobs xels maTSi daucveli<br />
maskulinobis, qalebisadmi SiSis da qalis uarmyofeli qcevis ganviTarebas.<br />
aris raime gamosavali am mojadoebuli wridan? radganac kulturebi<br />
gansxvavdebian imiT, Tu ra moculobiT usvamen xazs kerZo/sazogadoebrivs,<br />
albaT, kargi iqneboda migvebaZa kulturisaTvis, romelsac minimumze dahyavs<br />
sqesobrivi rolebi mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris. minda nimuSad moviyvano<br />
sakuTari gamokvleva centralur afrikaSi mcxovreb pigmis erTan dakavSirebiT,<br />
romelic jer kidev nadiroba-SegrovebiT irCens Tavs.<br />
Tumca pigmis erSi sqesobrivi rolebi garkveulwilad diferencirebulia,<br />
eris simcire da mobiloba moiTxovs yvela wevris mWidro TanamSromlobas.<br />
qalebi da bavSvebi exmarebian mamakacebs nadirobaSi; qals SeuZlia daavalos<br />
qmars bavSvis movla, sanam TviTon sadils amzadebs. bebia-babuebi uvlian<br />
SviliSvilebs, roca maTi mSoblebi nadiroba-SegrovebiT arin dakavebulni. aq<br />
kerZo/sazogadoebrivad dayofa nakleb mniSvnelovania. gansakuTrebiT<br />
saintereso ki is faqtia, rom mcire sxvaoba monadire-SemgrovebelTa sqesobriv<br />
rolebs Soris da maTi mWidro TanamSromloba iwvevs mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris<br />
Zlier inteleqtualur msgavsebas.<br />
ra SeiZleba aqedan viswavloT sakuTari situaciis Sesaxeb? zogierTi<br />
kulturanTropologi amtkicebs, rom savaldebuloa vimoZraoT ori mimar-<br />
TulebiT: mamakacebi unda dauaxlovdnen saojaxo sferos, miiReben ra<br />
monawileobas bavSvebis socializaciasa da saojaxo saqmeebis keTebaSi; qalebma ki<br />
Tanabari monawileoba unda miiRon sazogadoebriv saqmianobasa da kulturaSi.<br />
mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSi gaizrdeba maTi statusi.<br />
aseTi cvlilebebi ar aqcevs mamakacebs qalebad da qalebs mamakacebad. rac<br />
arsebiTia qalis saqmianobis statusis asamaRleblad, aris ara sqesobrivi<br />
rolebis arsebobis ignorireba, aramed daaxloeba, TanamSromloba da moqniloba<br />
im rolebisa, romelTac mamakacebi da qalebi inawileben. sinamdvileSi, maSinac ki,<br />
roca mamakacebi da qalebi saerTo amocanas asruleben, magaliTad, bavSvis movla,<br />
maTi midgoma sakmaod gansxvavebulia da bevri am stilistur sxvaobaTagan<br />
namdvilad aRmoCndeba xolme damkvidrebis Rirsi.<br />
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 1<br />
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda<br />
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?” ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur<br />
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis<br />
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv<br />
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,<br />
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi<br />
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi<br />
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs.<br />
36
statiis Sejamebis nimuSi 2<br />
meri stiuart van liuvenis statia `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda eSinodeT<br />
mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~ exeba TiTqmis yvela sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul<br />
genderul stereotipebs, rac qalebs dabal statuss aniWebs, mamakacebs ki -<br />
maRals. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, avtori ganixilavs ramdenime Teorias.<br />
pirveli Teoriis Tanaxmad, mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenelTa maRali statusi<br />
aixsneba imiT, rom isini ufro axlos dganan kulturasTan; rac Seexeba<br />
mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs, sxva ZuZumwovar cxovelebTan saerTo<br />
reproduqciuli funqciebis gamo, maT bunebasTan ufro axlos mdgomad miiCneven.<br />
rogorc aRniSnuli Teoria ambobs, reproduqcia da TavianTi TvisebebiT<br />
cxovelebTan axlos mdgomi bavSvebis aRzrda, qalebisgan did energiasa da<br />
Zalisxmevas moiTxovs, ris gamoc maT aRar rCebaT dro kulturuli<br />
saqmianobisTvis _ religiisTvis, xelovnebisTvis da sxva. meore Teoriis<br />
Tanaxmad, mamakacTa maRali statusi imiT aixsneba, rom isini ewevian<br />
sazogadoebriv moRvaweobas, qalebi ki umetesad saSinao saqmeebiT arian<br />
dakavebulni. mesame Teoriis Tanaxmad, fsiqologebis mier dadgenilia, rom bavSvi<br />
3 wlidan iwyebs sqesTan mikuTvnebulobis gacnobierebas. am droidan biWma uari<br />
unda Tqvas dedisadmi mijaWvulobaze da survilze hgavdes mas. igi cdilobs<br />
mibaZos mamas, magram vinaidan mas iSviaTad xedavs, uCndeba SiSi, Tu ramdenad<br />
kargad daeufleba mamakacis rols. amave dros, biWi TandaTan aRmoaCens, rom<br />
`mamakacobasTan~ bevri upiratesobaa dakavSirebuli da meti mondomebiT<br />
cdilobs iqces namdvil mamakacad, ris gamoc uars ambobs yovelgvar `qalur~<br />
Tvisebasa da qcevaze, anu gaurbis `qalurobas~. xdeba ra mama, is gaurbis<br />
SvilebTan urTierTobas, rogorc qalebis saqmes da Tavisi saqcieliT, mis<br />
vaJebSic nergavs qalebisadmi SiSs. statiis avtori sqesobrivi rolebis<br />
daaxloebis da TanamSromlobis momxrea, rac udavod mowonebas imsaxurebs. bolo<br />
unda moeRos araswor genderul crurwmenebs da qalisa da mamakacis rolebis<br />
mkveTr gamijvnas, vinaidan amas araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs.<br />
savarjiSo #3. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.<br />
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
rogorc aRiniSna, yovelTvis rekomendebulia avtoris ideebis sakuTari<br />
sityvebiT gadmocema, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca avtori imdenad efeqturad<br />
gadmoscems saTqmels, rom Zalian gagviWirdeba perifrazirebis gziT mkiTxvels<br />
misi ideebis `mTeli eSxi~ davanaxoT; anda mocemul frazaSi avtoris sakvanZo<br />
ideebia Cadebuli, rac CvenSi yvelaze Zlier reaqcias (pozitiurs Tu negatiurs)<br />
iwvevs da gvsurs, mkiTxvels mTeli sisruliT warmovudginoT es monakveTi; aris<br />
SemTxvevebi, roca mkiTxvels swored avtoris Txrobis stilsa Tu enis specifikas<br />
vacnobT. udavoa, rom aseT dros aucileblad mogviwevs avtoris sityvebis<br />
citireba.<br />
citirebas Tavisi mkacri wesebi aqvs, romlebic yovelTvis unda davicvaT:<br />
• Tu citatis sigrZe 3-4 xazs (daaxloebiT 50 sityvas) ar aRemateba,<br />
maSin is pirdapir Cvens teqstSi unda CavrToT da ormag brWyalSi CavsvaT;<br />
• Tu citatis sigrZe 5 xazi da metia (daaxloebiT 50 sityvaze meti),<br />
maSin is Cveni teqstisagan unda gamovacalkevoT, gverdis SuSi<br />
gavaTanabroT, veli davuviwrovoT (aris SemTxvevebi, roca intervalsac<br />
amcireben xolme) da, rac mTavaria, araviTar SemTxvevaSi brWyalebSi ar<br />
movaTavsoT;<br />
• Tu vaxdenT iseTi monakveTis citirebas, sadac avtors Tavad aqvs<br />
gamoyenebuli citata, maSin avtoris sityvebi, Cveulebrivad, or brWalSi<br />
Caismeba, masTan citirebuli monakveTi ki _ TiTo brWyalSi;<br />
• Tuki avtoris grZel citatas movuxmobT, romelSic, agreTve citataa<br />
moTavsebuli, rogorc viciT, grZeli citata brWyalSi ar Caismeba, masSi<br />
arsebuli citata ki, Cveulebriv, or brWyalSi;<br />
• Tu citataSi garkveuli sityvis an Tundac frazis gamotoveba gvsurs,<br />
37
sam wertils vsvamT gamotovebuli sityvis/frazis adgilas;<br />
• Tuki citatis koreqtirebis da masSi sakuTari ideis CarTvis survili<br />
gagviCnda, sakuTari sityvebi frCxilebSi unda movaTavsoT.<br />
rac Seexeba, citataSi sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebas, wertili da mZime<br />
yovelTvis brWyalis SigniTaa, danarCeni sasveni niSnebi ki _ brWyals gareT,<br />
Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Tavad avtoris citatas ar axlavs. [Leki, I. (2 nd ed.). (1998).<br />
Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]<br />
citirebaze saubrisas, aucilebelia gavecnoT, Tu rogor xdeba citirebuli,<br />
an Tundac perifrazirebuli da Sejamebuli monakveTis bolos avtoris miTiTeba.<br />
rogorc wesi, bibliografiis miTiTebis sxvadasxva sistemas am mxriv Tavisi<br />
specifika aqvs. Cven amerikis fsiqologiuri asociaciis (APA) mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli bibliografiis miTiTebis sistemiT vixelmZRvanelebT, radgan,<br />
erTi mxriv, is Tanamedrove msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulia, meore<br />
mxriv ki, samaod popularulia socialur mecnierebebSi.<br />
APA sistemis Tanaxmad, iseT mcire zomis nawarmoebSi, rogoricaa kritika,<br />
analitikuri referati, an Tundac Jurnalis statia, wyaro sqolioSi ki ar unda<br />
mivuTiToT, aramed pirdapir teqstSi, uSualod moxseniebisTanave. aseT<br />
miTiTebas `CarTuli~ hqvia da misi gamoyenebisas mkacrad unda davicvaT Semdegi<br />
wesebi:<br />
• mTliani naSromis Sejamebisas, Sejamebuli paragrafis bolos, frCxilebSi<br />
moTavsdeba avtoris gvari da publikaciis TariRi, romlebic mZimiT gamoiyofa;<br />
• Tu avtori moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi, frCxilebSi mxolod<br />
publikaciis TariRi iqneba miTiTebuli;<br />
• Tu avtorica da publikaciis TariRic moxseniebulia Sejamebul teqstSi,<br />
`CarTulis~ gamoyeneba saWiro aRaraa;<br />
• Tu garkveuli qveTavis an paragrafis perifrazirebas vaxdenT, anda<br />
uSualod citata mogvyavs, avtoris gvarTan da publikaciis TariRTan erTad,<br />
aucileblad idgeba gverdis nomeric;<br />
• roca naSroms ori avtori hyavs, yoveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi orive<br />
avtoris gvari iqneba;<br />
• roca naSroms sami da meti avtori hyavs, pirveli miTiTebisas, CarTulSi<br />
yvela avtoris gvari iqneba warmodgenili, Semdgomi miTiTebebisas ki _ mxolod<br />
pirveli avtoris gvari da aRniSvna `et al.,~ rac niSnavs `da sxvebi.~;<br />
• Tumca piradi werilebi, satelefono saubrebi da msgavsi masala, romlis<br />
aRdgenac SeuZlebelia, ar aris miTiTebuli bibliografiaSi teqstis Semdeg,<br />
isini aucileblad miTiTebulia `CarTulSi~;<br />
• Tu garkveuli idea ramdenime wyaroSia moxseniebuli, misi miTiTeba<br />
Semdegi saxiT xdeba:<br />
_ erTi avtoris ramdenime naSromis miTiTeba, maTi gamocemis TariRis<br />
mixedviT xdeba: (blumi, 1956, 1962).<br />
_ Tu avtors ori naSromi erT welsaa gamocemuli, isini Semdegi saxiT unda<br />
ganvasxvavoT: (blumi, 1956a, 1956b).<br />
_ sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebi maTi gvarebis anbanuri Tanmimdevrobis<br />
mixedviT unda miuTiToT da erTmaneTisagan wertil-mZimiT unda davaSoroT<br />
(gouldi, 1989; smiti, 1983; terneri, 1989). [APA Catations. Retrieved 22 May, 2005, from<br />
http:/www.webster.comment.edu/apa.htm.]<br />
da bolos, perifrazireba-Sejameba-citirebaze saubrisas, SeuZlebelia<br />
gverdi avuaroT plagiatis Temas.<br />
plagiat nebiT Tu uneblied, sxvisi ideebis sakuTar ideebad gasaRebelia. es<br />
`ideebi~ SeiZleba iyos nabeWdi an sityvieri masala, dawyebuli martivi<br />
winadadebebiTa da damTavrebuli mTeli paragrafebiT; amasTan, es SeiZleba iyos<br />
statistikuri monacemebi, laboratoriuli Sedegebi, xelovnebis nimuSebi da a.S.<br />
`sxvebis~ qveS moiazreba rogorc naSromTa avtorebi, Jurnalebis kritikosebi,<br />
enciklopediaTa Semdgenelni da sxv., ise eleqtronuli wyaroebi.<br />
38
plagiati imiT isjeba, rom studentis naSromi pirdapir Rebulobs aradamakmayofilebel<br />
Sefasebas, Tundac masSi genialuri ideebi iyos warmodgenili;<br />
zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki, students kursis gavlac xelaxla uwevs. konkretuli<br />
magaliTis safuZvelze, ganvixiloT plagiatis Tavidan acilebis teqnika. warmogidgenT<br />
monakveTs e. t. meis naSromidan `amerikuli ojaxis miTebi da realoba~:<br />
`radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlavac im mcdari warmodgenis amsaxvelia, rom<br />
swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni, martoxela dedebs iSviaTad Tu<br />
SeswevT unari adekvaturad uzrunvelyon sakuTari Tavi da maTi Svilebi. da<br />
radgan samuSao kvlav im mosazrebis safuZvelzea organizebuli, rom qalebi<br />
saxlSi unda darCnen SvilebTan erTad, Tumca ki dedebis sakmaod mcire<br />
raodenobas aqvs amis saSualeba, bavSvebis movlis SesaZleblobebi, samwuxarod,<br />
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba SeerTebul StatebSi~.<br />
I versia: radgan qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari Sexedulebis gamomxatvelia,<br />
rom swored mamakacebi arian Semomtanni ojaxSi, martoxela dedebs Zalian uWirT<br />
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi Svilebis rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao kvlav im<br />
principzea agebuli, rom qalebi ZiriTad dros ojaxSi unda atarebdnen<br />
SvilebTan erTad, bavSvze zrunvis xelSemwyobi garemo SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba.<br />
es versia plagiatis nimuSia, radgan masSi zedmiwevniTaa warmodgenili originalSi<br />
mocemuli winadadebebis wyoba da sityvebis Tanmimdevroba. studenti<br />
sinonimebiT anacvlebs sityvebs da gamotovebs erT frazas, magram mTliani<br />
teqsti Zalian waagavs originals.<br />
II versia: rogorc e.t. mei aRniSnavs, `qalebis xelfasi kvlav im mcdari warmodgenis<br />
amsaxvelia, rom swored mamakacebi arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv.<br />
88), amitom mraval martoxela dedas uWirs sakuTari Tavisa da Svilebis<br />
adekvaturi rCena. garda amisa, radgan samuSao im principzea agebuli, rom qalebi<br />
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen SvilebTan erTad, dRis centrebis mier SemoTavazebuli<br />
momsaxureba am qveyanaSi `samwuxarod, kvlav araadekvaturi rCeba~ (mei, 2001, gv,<br />
89).<br />
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca studenti ukve meis citirebas<br />
axdens, misi teqsti mainc sakmaod axlosaa originalTan.<br />
III versia: Cveni ekonomika kvlav im mcdari principiT xelmZRvanelobs, rom<br />
mamakacebi ojaxis mTavari marCenalni arian. amitom qalebs kvlav mamakacebze<br />
dabali xelfasi aqvT. Sedegad, mravali martoxel deda ver axerxebs ojaxis<br />
saTanadod rCenas. garda amisa, adeqvaturi dRis centrebi jer kidev problemas<br />
warmoadgens SeerTebul StatebSi, im gavrcelebuli araswori Sexedulebis gamo,<br />
rom dedebi umetes dros saxlSi atareben SvilebTan erTad.<br />
es versiac plagiatis nimuSia, radgan, Tumca avtori ukeT axdens teqstis<br />
perifrazirebas da winadadebebis struqturasac cvlis, is arsad ar aRniSnavs,<br />
rom es meis ideebia da ara misi sakuTari. marTalia, meis mosazrebaTa nawili<br />
cnobil faqtebs warmoadgens (qalebs mamakacebze naklebi xelfsi aqvT, martoxela<br />
dedebis didi nawili siRaribeSi cxovrobs), magram mei iyenebs maT specifikuri<br />
da originaluri koncefciis asagebad, rasac studenti ugulebelyofs.<br />
IV versia: dRes qalebs naklebi Semosavali aqvT, vidre mamakacebs — imdenad<br />
naklebi, rom mraval martoxela dedas da maT Svilebs siRaribis zRvarze an mis<br />
miRmac ki uwevT cxovreba. e.t. mei asabuTebs, rom es situacia nawilobriv imiTaa<br />
gamowveuli, rom kvlavac arsebobs mcdari Sexeduleba, rom `swored mamakacebi<br />
arian ojaxis marCenalni~ (2001, gv. 89). mei imasac ambobs, rom amerikaSi kvlav<br />
dominanturia azri, rom bavSviani dedebi umetesad saxlSi rCebian, raTa Svilebs<br />
mouaron (2001, gv. 89).<br />
Cemi azriT, msgavsi situacia nakleb tipuria dRes, roca qveyanaSi sul ufro<br />
meti dRis centri ixsneba da arc ZiZebis raodenobas unda vuCiodeT...<br />
am versiaSi adgili aris plagiati. studenti iyenebs cnobil fqtebs meis<br />
naSromidan, magram xazs usvams avtoris dakvnebs da ar cdilobs maT miTvisebas.<br />
39
meis ideebi saTanadod perifrazirebulia da saWiroebis adgilas brWyalebic<br />
gamoyenebulia [The Guide to Grammar and Writing (2001). Capital Community College<br />
Foundation. Retrieved April, 26, 2004, from http:/www.webster.comment.edu.grammar/index.htm]<br />
amdenad, plagiatis Tavidan asacileblad:<br />
• brWyalebSi CasviT yvelaferi, rasac uSualod teqstidan iRebT;<br />
• perifrazireba moaxdineT, magram darwmundiT, rom sityvebs ubralod ki<br />
ar ucvliT adgils an sinonimebiT anacvlebT, aramed avtoris mxolod ideebs<br />
tovebT da maT sakuTari sityvebiT gadmoscemT. amisaTvis, teqsts rom waikiTxavT,<br />
wigni daxureT da ise gadmoeciT Sinaarsi;<br />
• SeadareT Tqvens mier perifrazirebuli monakvTi originals, raTa<br />
darwmundeT, rom SemTxveviT msgavsi frazebi an winadadebebi ar gamogiyenebiaT<br />
da rom informacia akuratulad gaqvT gadmocemuli.<br />
savarjiSo #4. pedagogi aZlevs studentebs teqsts da sxvadasxva winadadebebs<br />
am teqstidan, romlebic plagiatis nimuSebs warmoadgens. pedagogi sTxovs<br />
studentebs moaxdinon am winadadebebis perifrazireba im formiT, rom isini aRar<br />
warmoadgendnen plagiatis nimuSebs.<br />
mas Semdeg rac studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen perifrazirebisa da citirebis,<br />
agreTve, plagiatobis Tavidan acilebis teqnikas, da kritikis SesavlisaTvis,<br />
miTiTebuli statiis Sejamebac moaxdines, isini kritikis ZiriTad nawilze<br />
gadadian da avtoris argumentebis Sefasebasa da maTze refleqsias axdenen.<br />
savarjiSo #5: zemoT ganxiluli kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyenebiT,<br />
studentebi axdenen savarjiSo 2-Si wardgenili statiis analizsa da Sefasebas,<br />
kerZod, isini avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs aanalizeben da TavianT pozicias<br />
gamoxataven maTTan mimarTebaSi, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT<br />
ganamtkiceben.<br />
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 1<br />
avtori aRniSnavs, rom qalebs yvela kulturaSi bunebasTan ufro axlos<br />
mdgomad miiCneven, vidre mamakacebs, ris gamoc maT naklebi Rirebuleba eniWebaT<br />
da, maTi bunebrivi reproduqciuli funqciebidan gamomdinare, naklebad monawileoben<br />
politikur, ekonomikur, savaWro, teqnologiur procesebSi; aseve<br />
xelovnebasa da religiaSi. magram unda SevniSnoT, rom arc erT adamians ar<br />
SeuZlia realurad gansazRvros da gadaWriT amtkicos raime sakiTxisadmi<br />
damokidebuleba yvela kulturaSi. vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs gamonaklisi,<br />
albaT, umjobesi iqneboda eTqva, CvenTvis cnobil umetes kulturebSi, radgan<br />
arsebobda matriarqatis xana, roca qals wamyvani roli ekisreboda da arsebobs<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, sadac qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo Tu<br />
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis TiTqmis 50%-s qalebi Seadgenen, mag.: SvedeTi,<br />
fineTi da a.S.<br />
avtoris poziciis Sefasebis nimuSi 2<br />
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan<br />
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis<br />
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar<br />
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom<br />
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian<br />
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro<br />
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,<br />
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT<br />
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria<br />
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _<br />
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camou-<br />
40
vardebian kacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom qalebs<br />
xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar<br />
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili<br />
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
savarjiSo #6: SeadareT erTmaneTs avtoris poziciis Sefasebis warmodgenili<br />
nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
savarjiSo #7: kritikis pirveli versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.<br />
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac kritikis saboloo versiis<br />
Seqmna mohyveba.<br />
kritikis nimuSi 1<br />
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa `sxva kulturebidan danaxva:<br />
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?~<br />
meri stiuart van liuveni Tavis statiaSi `sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda<br />
eSinodeT mamakacebs `qalebis saqmisa~ ganixilavs qalTa da mamakacTa socialur<br />
statusebs, maT saqmianobasa da mniSvnelobas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. avtori<br />
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom qalTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba _ bavSvebis<br />
aRzrda, saojaxo saqme _ ver imsaxurebs saTanado Sefasebas da erTgvar martiv<br />
bunebriv procesad aRiqmeba; maSin, rodesac mamakacTa nebismieri saqmianoba,<br />
iqneba es nadiroba pirvelyofil tomebSi Tu Tanamedrove did politikaSi<br />
monawileoba, yvela kulturaSi yovelTvis meti pativiscemisa da dafasebis Rirsi<br />
xdeba. amis mizezebs ki avtori qaluri bunebis TaviseburebebSi eZebs. Tumca,<br />
umjobesia ufro dawvrilebiT SevexoT zogierT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.<br />
avtoris mier ganxiluli mosazreba, rom qalebi ufro axlos dganan<br />
bunebasTan, xolo mamakacebi kulturasTan, sworad ar mimaCnia. marTalia, qalis<br />
reproduqciuli funqciebi moiTxovs met dros da energias, magram es imas ar<br />
niSnavs, rom qalebi kulturas mowyvetilebi arian. cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom<br />
qalebi ufro religiurni arian da xelovnebis siyvarulSic ar Camouvardebian<br />
mamakacebs. garda amisa, socialuri fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom maTTan ufro<br />
metad vlindeba iseTi wminda adamianuri Tvisebebi, rogoricaa empaTia,<br />
TanagrZnoba, filantropia, altruizmi, maSin rodesac mamakacebTan gacilebiT<br />
Warbadaa agresia. agreTve, dadgenilia, rom mamrobiTi sqesisTvis mTavaria<br />
sqesobrivi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba, xolo mdedrobiTi sqesisTvis _<br />
grZnoba. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamodis, rom qalebi srulebiTac ar Camouvardebian<br />
mamakacebs `adamianurobisa~ da kulturuli aspeqtiT. is faqti, rom<br />
qalebs xangrZlivad uwevT yofna arasocializebul arsebebTan _ bavSvebTan, ar<br />
SeiZleba CavTvaloT maT minusad. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTi wvlili<br />
ganmsazRvrelia aseTi arsebebis kulturul adamianebad CamoyalibebaSi.<br />
rogorc meore Teoria ambobs, qalebis dabali statusi ganisazRvreba maTi<br />
saSinao saqmianobaSi CarTulobiT. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom mravali qali axerxebs<br />
sazogadoebriv aqtivobasac saxlis saqmeebis gverdiT. imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom<br />
isini xels uwyoben mamakacebis sazogadoebriv saqmianobas, uvlian ra maT da maT<br />
Svilebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, bevri ram mamakacebis gasakeTebeli iqneboda da<br />
naklebi dro darCebodaT sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobisaTvis.<br />
ganviTarebis fsiqologiidan cnobilia, rom ojaxuri urTierTobebi marTlac<br />
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs sakuTar sqesTan identifikaciaSi. patara biWebs<br />
Tavidanve aswavlian, rom gogonebze `kargebi~ unda iyvnen. `ra gogosaviT<br />
iqcevi?~; `ra gatirebs, gogo xom ara xar?~; `biWebs arafris ar unda eSinodeT!~ _<br />
aseTi SeniSvnebi yoveldRiurad esmiT maT. garSemomyofebis miTiTebebis<br />
Sesabamisad, isini iZulebulni xdebian uari Tqvan `qalur~ gamovlinebebze, raTa<br />
daimsaxuros mowoneba. marTalia isic, rom mama Tavisi saqcieliT xels uwyobs<br />
biWSi qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis ganviTarebas, ramdenadac bavSvi baZavs mas,<br />
rogorc avtoritets. aqedan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `qalurobisadmi~ SiSi<br />
daswavlis Sedegia.<br />
41
veTanxmebi avtoris Sexedulebas, rom sqesobrivi rolebis daaxloeba da<br />
TanamSromloba sasargeblo iqneba. am SemTxvevaSi orive sqess meti SesaZlebloba<br />
eqneba maqsimalurad gamoavlinos sakuTari potenciali da ar SemoizRudos<br />
mxolod arsebuli stereotipebiT miniWebuli rolebiTa da aqtivobis saxeebiT.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli, rac<br />
gaamarTlebda qalebis dabal statuss mamakacebTan SedarebiT. qalebTan ufro<br />
metadaa gamoxatuli mTeli rigi iseTi Tvisebebi, romlebic adamians<br />
cxovelisagan ganasxvavebs. garda amisa, qalebi aranakleb sasargeblo saqmeebs<br />
akeTeben sazogadoebisTvis. vinaidan qalebis saqmisadmi SiSis gamowveva<br />
ZiriTadad daswavliT xdeba, is SeiZleba arc ganviTardes aRzrdis saTanado<br />
zomebis miRebis SemiTxvevaSi, es ki gamoiwvevs rolebis daaxloebas, rasac<br />
udavod dadebiTi Sedegebi mohyveba.<br />
kritikis nimuSi 2<br />
kritika meri stiuart van liuvenis statiisa ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva:<br />
unda eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”<br />
meri stiuart van liuveni statiaSi ,,sxva kulturebidan danaxva: unda<br />
eSinodeT mamakacebs ,qalebis saqmisa’?”-cdilobs axsnas sazogadoebaSi mamakacis<br />
maRali socialuri statusisa da qalis dabali socialuri statusis gamomwvevi<br />
mizezebi, risTvisac sam anTropologiur Teorias imowmebs. maT Tanaxmad, qalis<br />
reproduqciuli qcevis Taviseburebani, ZiriTadi pasuxismgebloba bavSvis<br />
socializaciis procesze, saSinao saqmeebSi metad CarTuloba, is mizezebia, ris<br />
gamoc qalebi nakleb moiazrebian sazogadoebriv asparezze, Sesabamisad, nakleb<br />
socialur statussac floben. ar akisriaT ra msgavsi pasuxismgebloba, mamakacebs<br />
meti dro rCebaT sazogadoebrivi aqtivobebisaTvis da ufro ,,kulturul”<br />
arsebebadac arian miCneulni. avtori gvirCevs, rom mivbaZoT kulturebs, sadac<br />
mamakacisa da qalis sqesobriv rolebs Soris sxvaoba minimaluria, radgan amiT<br />
maTi statusebis gaTanabrebas vuwyobT xels. unda aRiniSnos, rom avtoris<br />
argumentebi udavod sainteresoa, Tumca, imis Sesafaseblad, Tu ramdenad<br />
damajerebelia isini, aucilebelia maTi detaluri ganxilva.<br />
is faqtic ki, rom qalebi met dros atareben bavSvebTan — sakmaod ,,Tav-<br />
Seukavebel da arasocializebul arsebebTan,” ver gamoiwvevs qalis ,,bavSvur”<br />
arsebad formirebas. ara bavSvTan xangrZlivi urTierToba aqcevs qals<br />
infantilur arsebad, aramed xSirad, piriqiT, qalis xangrZlivi mzrunveloba<br />
iwvevs misi vaJis infantilur mamakacad Camoyalibebas. xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca<br />
meuRleebis xangrZlivi aryofnis gamo, aseTi qalebi vaJkacur Tvisebebsac<br />
iTavseben, sakmaod aqtiurebi da mebrZolebi xdebian, da ojaxis marTvis<br />
sadaveebsac euflebian. amdenad, xSirad swored mamakacebi ufro infantilur<br />
arsebebad gvevlinebian, gansakuTrebiT, iseT tradiciul koleqtivistur<br />
kulturebSi, rogoric saqarTveloa, razec qarTvelTa yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi<br />
farTod gavrcelebuli xatovani gamoTqmebic metyvelebs, kerZod,<br />
,,dedikos biWi,” ,,dedis nebieri,” ,,dedis kalTas amofarebuli” da sxv. swored is<br />
epiTetebia, romelTac dedis moWarbebuli mzrunvelobiT garSemortymul,<br />
infantilur qarTvel mamakacebs amkoben xolme.<br />
ver daveTanxmebi avtors imaSic, rom umamod gazrdili vaJis xvedri<br />
aucileblad ,,susti da ambivalenturi maskulinuri identurobaa,” risi<br />
kompensirebis meqanizmsac qalebisa da maTi saqmisgan — bavSvebis movlisgan<br />
distancireba warmoadgens, rac, Tavis mxriv, momdevno TaobebSi mamasa da vaJs<br />
Soris gaucxoebis mizezi xdeba. xSirad swored umamod gazrdili vaJebi xdebian<br />
saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi, radgan maT Tavad iwvnies umamobis mZime xvedri,<br />
mTeli bavSvoba xedavdnen, Tu rogor itanjeboda deda, iTavsebda ra<br />
erTdroulad qalisa da mamakacis funqciebs, ganicades mamis Tanadgomis arqona<br />
cxovrebis yvelaze krizisul periodebSi, amdenad, sakuTari gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze, isini, piriqiT, cdiloben saukeTeso meuRleebi da mamebi gaxdnen da<br />
mudam mxarSi daudgnen sakuTar vaJebs, raTa es ukanasknelni msgavs<br />
mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen. istoriaSi araerTi gamoCenili adamiania, romlis<br />
42
cxovrebac am faqts gvidasturebs; aviRoT, Tundac saqarTvelos mefeebi,<br />
romelTa umravlesoba amis nimuSs warmoadgens.<br />
amave sakiTxis ganxilvisas, avtori aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri strategiis<br />
gamoyenebisas, ,,daucveli mamakaci” cdilobs ,,SeniRbos aracnobieri ,SiSi<br />
qalisadmi’,” rac kidev erTxel ganamtkicebs Cvens arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
swored mamakaci da ara qalia ,,bavSvuri” arseba, radgan, rogorc Tavad avtori<br />
ambobs, swored qals (,,Zlevamosil” da ,,saSiS’’ arsebas) SeuZlia ,,daucvel” da<br />
umweo mamakacs ,,maskulinuri identuroba Semoacalos.” romelia am SemTxvevaSi<br />
ufro ,,bavSvuri’’ da ususuri?<br />
rac Seexeba avtoris arguments, rom ,,sazogadoebrivi sfero, sadac mamakacebi<br />
dominireben, TiTqmis yovelTvis imsaxurebs met kulturul pativiscemas, vidre<br />
qalebis Sinauri, nakleb TvalsaCino aqtivobebi,” ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT.<br />
cnobili fsiqologi devid maiersi aRniSnavs, rom mTel msoflioSi socializacia<br />
miznad isaxavs vaJebis gareojaxuri, sazogadoebrivi saqmianobisaTvis,<br />
gogonebis ki — Sidaojaxuri saqmianobisaTvis momzadebas. misi sityvebiT,<br />
genderuli socializacia uzrunvelyofs vaJebs ,,frTebiT,’’ gogonebs ki -<br />
,,fesvebiT.” Tundac es Sedareba cxadyofs, rom vaJebs adreuli asakidanve meti<br />
Tavisufleba, meti gasaqani da samomavlod meti perspeqtiva gaaCniaT. miRwevebi<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoSi iwvevs socialur dawinaurebas, Sinauri saqmeebis<br />
Tundac brwyinvale Sesruleba ki veravis moutans sazogadoebriv aRiarebas.<br />
ufro metic, arsebobs kulturebi, sadac sazogadoebrivi statusi gansazRvravs<br />
adamianis statuss ojaxSi, magaliTad, tradiciul kulturebSi, sadac metad<br />
difuzuri urTierTobebia, menejeri menejerad rCeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi,<br />
ojaxSic ki, da Tavad col-Svilic aRiqvams mas, rogorc menejers da usityvod<br />
emorCileba.<br />
unda daveTanxmo avtoris ZiriTad argumentsa Tu rekomendacias mamakacebisa<br />
da qalebis sqesobrivi rolebisa da saqmianobis daaxlovebis Sesaxeb, rasac,<br />
udavod, ormxrivi pozitiuri Sedegi mohyveba. erTis mxriv, aRarc mamakacebs<br />
moeCvenebaT saTakilod da mosarideblad ,,qalebis saqme,” da aRarc maT vaJebs<br />
SeeqmnebaT safrTxe, mamasTan arasakmarisi kontaqtis gamo, ,,daucveli<br />
maskulinoba” da ,,qalisadmi SiSi” ganuviTardeT. Tu es aracnobierad damkvidrda<br />
pigmis erSi, Tanamedrove ganviTarebulma qveynebma kargad gaacnobieres es<br />
tendencia, razec is faqti metyvelebs, rom evropasa da amerikaSi sul ufro<br />
xSirad SexvdebiT situacias, roca mama mondomebiT amzadebs sadils patara<br />
Svilebis garemocvaSi, axalgazrda mama gaRimebuli moabijebs quCaSi<br />
,,kenguruTi” Camokidebuli ToTo bavSviT, anda mama da patara vaJebi<br />
enTuziazmiT exmarebian dedas sarecxis gafenaSi. aseTi siuJetebiT uxvad aris<br />
daxunZluli sareklamo abrebi, Jurnalebi da sabavSvo enciklopediebic ki.<br />
meores mxriv, qalebic aimaRleben socialur statuss da met pativiscemas<br />
moipoveben sazogadoebis TvalSi, roca sazogadoebriv asparezze dawinaurdebian<br />
da met wvlils Seitanen socialur-ekonomikur-politikur cxovrebaSi, rac,<br />
agreTve naTlad gaacnobieres mTels msoflioSi, razec metyvelebs Tanamedrove<br />
pirobebSi sul ufro meti sazogadoebrivi moRvawe qalis gamoCena. statistika<br />
cxadyofs, rom msoflioSi arasodes yofila imdeni politikosi da ministri<br />
qali, rogorc dRes.<br />
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gabatonebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom<br />
sazogadoebriv sferoSi moRvaweoba mxolod mamakacebis prerogativaa, qalebi ki<br />
ojaxSi unda rCebodnen da mxolod bavSvebis movliT iyon dakavebulni, TandaTan<br />
icvleba da adgils uTmobs Sexedulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, orive sqesis<br />
warmomadgenlebi Tanabari uflebebiT unda sargeblobdnen rogorc ojaxSi, ise<br />
sazogadoebaSi, rac TavisTavad scems pasuxs avtoris mier dasmul SekiTxvas, rom<br />
mamakacebs ar unda eSinodeT ,qalebis saqmisa’.<br />
43
Tema III. analitikuri referati<br />
analitikuri referati warmoadgens <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris Janrs, romlis mizania<br />
debatis arsis wvdoma da werilobiTi formiT gadmocema, studentisaTvis<br />
SerCeuli ori an sami statiis safuZvelze. Tavis struqturiT analitikuri<br />
referati Zlier waagavs kritikas, im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu kritikis werisas<br />
studenti erT statias ganixilavs, aq ukve or, zogjer ki sam statiasTanac aqvs<br />
saqme. rogorc wesi, es aris ori an sami sxvadasxva avtoris statia garkveul<br />
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da maT am sakiTxis mimarT gansxvavebuli pozicia ukaviaT.<br />
studenti axdens mocemuli statiebis SedarebiT analizs da gamoxatavs sakuTar<br />
pozicias avtorebis mier ganxiluli sakiTxis mimarT. magram umTavresi<br />
gansxvaveba analitikur referatsa da kritikas Soris mainc isaa, rom Tu es<br />
ukanaskneli izolirebulad iwereba anu studenti mxolod erTi statiis<br />
analiziTa da SefasebiT Semoifargleba (Tumca ki misi poziciis ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />
sxva avtorTa Sexedulebis damowmebas axdens), analitikuri referatis<br />
SemTxvevaSi is mocemul statiebs ara izolirebulad, aramed Sesabamisi<br />
disciplinis Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis WrilSi ganixilavs, anu<br />
universalizacias Tu konteqstualizacias axdens. Sesabamisad, analitikuri<br />
referatis struqtura Semdeg saxes iZens:<br />
Sesavali: avtorTa poziciebis mokle Sejameba;<br />
konteqstualizacia.<br />
ZiriTadi nawili: I. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli<br />
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi; Zalian<br />
mokled TiToeuli avtoris argumenti masTan dakav-<br />
SirebiT; Tqvens mier avtorTa mosazrebebis Sefaseba<br />
da sakuTari poziciis warmodgena.<br />
II. warmodgenil statiebSi ganxiluli meore mniSvnelovani<br />
sakiTxi; isev mokled TiToeuli avtoris<br />
argumenti masTan dakavSirebiT, rasac Tqvenive Sefaseba<br />
mosdevs.<br />
III. Semdegi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis ganxilva _ avtor-<br />
Ta poziciebis analizi Tqveni komentarebiT da a.S.<br />
daskvna: sakuTari Sefasebebis Sejameba da saboloo refleqsia.<br />
amdenad, Zalian mokled rom SevajamoT analitikuri referatis<br />
struqtura, Semdegi elementebis gamoyofas SevZlebT: Sejameba,<br />
konteqstualizacia, analizi, Sefaseba da refleqsia.<br />
aq erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi unda gaviTvaliswinoT: studentebi xSirad<br />
svamen SekiTxvas, Tu rogor gaaanalizon statiebi — jer erTi avtoris<br />
Sexedulebebi ganixilon da mere — meorisa, Tu is sakiTxebi gamoyon, rasac<br />
orive/samive avtori ganixilavs da amis safuZvelze Tematurad gaaanalizon<br />
statiebi. <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris specialistebi gvirCeven, miuxedavad imisa, rom<br />
dasavlur akademiur <strong>wera</strong>Si mravlad moipoveba orive SemTxvevis nimuSebi,<br />
umjobesia Tematurad gavaanalizoT statiebi da ara avtorebis mixedviT, radgan<br />
analitikuri referatis umTavresi mizania fokusireba moaxdinos problemebze<br />
da debatebze mocemul disciplinaSi da swored es fokusi ganapirobebs imas, rom<br />
misi umTavresi komponentia konteqstualizacia.<br />
ufro detalurad gavecnoT analitikuri referatis struqturis Semadgenel<br />
TiToeul nawils.<br />
jer kidev kritikis Janrze saubrisas, ganvixileT statiis Sejamebis teqnika,<br />
rac perifraziT iwyeba (raTa Tavidan aviciloT plagiati) da mxolod amis<br />
Semdeg axdens avtoris ideebis mokled Sejamebas, kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis<br />
gamoyenebis kvaldakval; kritikuli kiTxvis teqnikis gamoyeneba ki aucile-<br />
44
elia imitom, rom mxolod is iZleva saSualebas, Rrmad gavaanalizoT avtoris<br />
ideebi, ris gareSec ubralod warmoudgenelia maTi adekvaturi Sejameba.<br />
savarjoSo #1: pedagogi aZlevs studentebs or statias, romelzec momavalSi<br />
analitikuri referati unda daweron da sTxovs maT perifrazirebasa da<br />
Sejamebas.<br />
niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen<br />
qeneT moti (cnobili pedagogi)<br />
niWiers vuwodeb iseT bavSvebs, romlebic floben raime gansakuTrebul<br />
Tvisebasa Tu Sinagan unars, rac araerTma testma Tu dakvirvebam daadgina da vinc<br />
avlens interess da aRwevs warmatebas fizikur, inteleqtualur Tu artistul<br />
sferoebSi.<br />
es SeiZleba iyon bavSvebi, romlebic niWieri aTletebi arian, magram uWirT<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> sagnebis aTviseba, anda studentebi, romlebic ar gamodgebian<br />
aTletebad, magram Zalian kargi inteleqtualuri monacemebi aqvT. ,,niWieri”<br />
SeiZleba ewodos saSualo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavles,<br />
romelmac iSviaTi unari gamoavlina musikasa Tu xelovnebaSi, anda bavSvs, romlis<br />
IQ 135 aRwevs da yvelaferSi warmatebulia.<br />
rogor unda moviqceT aseT niWier bavSvebTan? mtkiced mwams, rom<br />
aucilebelia maTi dajgufeba Sesabamisi interesebisa da unarebis mixedviT da<br />
iseT programebSi CarTva, romlebic xels Seuwyobs maTi unarebis mTeli<br />
sisruliT gaRvivebas.<br />
am dajgufebas SeiZleba hqondes garkveuli sagnebis mixedviT dajgufebis<br />
forma dawyebiT klasebSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi klasi heterogenulad aris<br />
dajgufebuli dRis umetes nawilSi, magram drodadro, specialuri instruqtaJis<br />
miRebis mizniT, sagangebo interesebisa Tu unarebis jgufebad iqneba dayofili.<br />
maRal klasebSi moswavleebi SesaZloa dajgufebul iyvnen Cveulebriv klasebad,<br />
oRond sxvadasxva sagnobrivi profilis mixedviT, garkveuli interesisa da<br />
codnis flobis (arflobis) Sesabamisad.<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi argumenti niWierTa dajgufebis winaaRmdeg, inteleqtualuri<br />
snobebis kastis Seqmnis saSiSroebaa. Sesabamisad, zog pedagogs eSinia,<br />
rom saSualo da susti studentebi sakuTar Tavs arasrulfasovnad CaTvlian. Tu<br />
niWierTa Sesaxeb Cemi definiciiT vixelmZRvanelebT, es SiSi usafuZvlo iqneba.<br />
skolebi xom wlebis ganmavlobaSi ajgufeben niWier aTletebs. miuxedavad amisa,<br />
ramdeni aTleti miiCnevs sakuTar Tavs elitis nawilad? gana es aTletebi zemodan<br />
uyureben sxva moswavleebs? maTi aSkara umravlesoba ase ar iqceva.<br />
ramdeni ,,niWier bavSvTa wrea” metyvelebaSi, musikaSi, xelovnebasa da<br />
JurnalistikaSi. skolebma siamovnebiT daajgufes niWieri bavSvebi am sferoebSi,<br />
yovelgvari mavne Sedegis gareSe. Cemi dakvirvebiT, niWier oratorTa, musikosTa,<br />
mxatvarTa da m<strong>wera</strong>lTaTvis maTi niWis Semdgomi ganviTarebis xelSewyoba, ar<br />
aRvivebs Surs an arasrulfasovnebis grZnobas nakleb niWier studentebSi.<br />
Tu pedagogebs gulwrfelad surT xeli Seuwyon individualur ganviTarebas,<br />
maT araviTari safuZveli ara aqvT eSinodeT nebismieri saxis dajgufebisa.<br />
swored maswavlebeli da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs studentebis<br />
ganwyobas individualur gansxvavebaTa mimarT. sanam Seecdeba Sesabamisi<br />
ganwyobis damkvidrebas, pedagogma am gansxvavebaTa mimarT sakuTari ganwyobis<br />
kritikuli analizi unda moaxdinos.<br />
Tu niWieri da araniWieri moswavleebis jgufs mcdari warmodgena Camouyalibdeba<br />
sakuTar Tavze, es, albaT, maswavleblebis, mSoblebis an administratorebis<br />
bralia. Rrmad mwams, rom Tu maswavleblebi pativs scemen individualur<br />
Rirsebas, Tu isini aRviveben interesebs axalgazrdebSi, TiToeuli<br />
moswavle warmatebiT ganaviTarebs sakuTar unarebs. ubralod momxre var, rom<br />
msgavsi ,,niWiT” dajildovebulni erTad iyon da siamovneba miiRon am<br />
erTianobisagan.<br />
45
evri pedagogi ewinaaRmdegeba niWierTa dajgufebis ideas, radgan miaCnia,<br />
rom es ver axdens arsebiT gavlenas Sedegebze. pilotaJuri gamokvleva aCvenebs,<br />
rom arsebiT cvlilebebi ar aris Tu bavSvebi dayofilni arian nel da swraf<br />
klasebad. isic faqtia, rom pilotaJur gamokvlevaTa umravlesobaSi bavSvebi<br />
dajgufebul iyvnen maTi IQ qulebis mixedviT, romlebic nakleb sandoa, daskvnebi<br />
ki damyarebulia miRwevis qulebze, romlebic zomavs mxolod ostatobas an<br />
konkretul detals. samwuxarod, ar arsebobs raime sando instrumenti iseT<br />
sferoebSi ganviTarebis gasazomad, rogoricaa Semoqmedeba, ganwyobebi,<br />
latenturi interesi da niWi, agreTve, Sinagani unari.<br />
Cemi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, romelic emyareba 10 welze met gamocdilebas<br />
saklaso oTaxSi, swavlis procesi gacilebiT warmatebulia, roca individebi<br />
dajgufebulni arian maTi interesebis da unarebis Sesabamisad, motivirebulni<br />
da STagonebulni arian saskolo samuSaoTi.<br />
heterogenuli saklaso oTaxebi xSirad frustracias iwvevs im bavSvebSi,<br />
romlebic mudmivad CamorCebian umravlesobas. frustracia maSinac Cndeba, roca<br />
niWier bavSvebs ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo samuSao, rac xSirad xdeba<br />
heterogenul saklaso oTaxebSi.<br />
naklebad maqvs imis SiSi, rom niWieri moswavleebi ukan daixeven, vinaidan maT<br />
TavianT SesaZleblobebze mets mosTxoven, radgan mjera, rom maswavleblebis<br />
umravlesobas Seswevs unari igrZnos zRvari moswavlisadmi wayenebuli<br />
moTxovnebisa. meore mxriv, mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos marto imitom, rom<br />
niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda pirvelia maT Soris,<br />
visac naklebi unarebi aqvs.<br />
ramdenime CemTvis nacnobma skolam daajgufa niWieri bavSvebi saki- Txavi<br />
programis mixedviT (Cveulebriv erTi saklaso oTaxi iyofoda mkiTxvelTa 3-4<br />
jgufad da maswavlebels uwevda TiToeuli jgufisaTvis Sesabamisi drois<br />
gamoyofa). eqsperimenti gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saklaso oTaxebidan neli mkiTxvelebis<br />
erT oTaxSi moTavsebas, saSualo mkiTxvelebisa _ meoreSi da swrafi<br />
mkiTxvelebisa _ mesameSi. TiToeul saklaso oTaxs hyavda erTi maswavlebeli,<br />
magram mas aRar uwevda yuradRebis gadanawileba sxvadasxva jgufebze.<br />
sakontrolo jgufs warmoadgenda klasi, romelsac Zveli wesiT aswavlidnen.<br />
ori wlis Semdeg, mkvleverebma aRmoaCines sagrZnobi saerTo progresi<br />
eqsperimentuli jgufis yvela doneze. zogi neli mkiTxveli SeuerTda saSualo<br />
mkiTxvelTa jgufs da zogi saSualo mkiTxveli gadavida swraf mkiTxvelTa<br />
jgufSi.<br />
darwmunebuli var, rom msgavsi Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia sabunebismetyvelo<br />
da socialur mecnierebebSi, maTematikasa Tu inglisurSi. interesisa<br />
da/Tu unaris doneebis raodenobis SemcirebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia meti<br />
gaakeTos individualuri zrdis dasaxmareblad.<br />
Tumca ar vTvli, rom bavSvebi unda ganixilebodnen im resursis saxiT,<br />
romelsac forma unda mieces sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad, mjera,<br />
rom rogorc individebi, isini dajildovebulni arian garkveuli TvisebebiTa da<br />
unarebiT _ bunebisagan boZebuli ,,niWiT,” rac maTi potenciuri warmatebis<br />
maCvenebelia. sadac bavSvebs erTnairi ,,niWi” aqvT, maT erTad muSaobisa da<br />
swavlis saSualeba unda mieceT.<br />
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi erTad unda swavlobdnen<br />
bruno betelhaimi (cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi)<br />
argumenti, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen,<br />
emyareba im mosazrebas, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxebSi maTi inteleqtualuri<br />
zrda ferxdeba imis swavlebiT, rac Cveulebrivi bavSvisTvisaa gaTvaliswinebuli.<br />
udavoa, rom specialur klasebs niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, SeuZlia<br />
daexmaros maT ufro adre daamTavron swavla da daikavon TavianTi adgili<br />
sazogadoebaSi. meore mxriv, aseTi moswavleebis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxebidan<br />
gayvanam, SesaZloa, seriozuli problemebi Seuqmnas rogorc maT, ise<br />
sazogadoebas.<br />
46
gveubnebian, rom Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi niWieri bavSvi kargavs interess<br />
swavlisadmi. es saCivari ufro xSirad ufrosebisagan _ mSoblebisa da<br />
pedagogebisagan gvesmis, vidre Tavad moswavleebisagan. amis safuZvelze,<br />
zogierTi mSobeli da pedagogi midis daskvnamde, rom niWieri bavSvebisaTvis<br />
specialuri klasebi unda arsebobdes.<br />
Tumca zogi mowinave moswavle marTlac wuwunebs, rom interess kargavs<br />
skolaSi, amis mizezi gacilebiT ufro Rrmaa, vidre skolis samuSao. Tu<br />
grZnobebis fsiqoanalitikuri Seswavla validuria, mobezrebis grZnoba Cndeba,<br />
rogorc dacviTi meqanizmi aRelvebis grZnobis winaaRmdeg. mogbezrdes niSnavs<br />
aRelvebuli iyo. moswavle, romelsac mobezrda swavla, aris adamiani, romelic<br />
ver umklavdeba sakuTar aRelvebas. sinamdvileSi, man unda sTxovos<br />
maswavleblebs, rom mudmivad dakavebuli amyofon swavliTa da inteleqtualuri<br />
SejibriT, da is aRar igrZnobs aRelvebas. niWieri bavSvi, romelsac mobezrda,<br />
aris aRelvebuli bavSvi. misi nevrozuli dacviTi meqanizmebis kveba SesaZloa<br />
sazogadoebis garkveul moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebdes, magram nevrozis kveba<br />
ar exmareba mas, rogorc adamians. fsiqologia, bunebis msgavsad, ar uSvebs<br />
vakuums. Tu moswavles ar ainteresebs masala imitom, rom advilad iTvisebs mas,<br />
Sedegi ar iqneba aucileblad mobezreba. sxva inteleqtualur interesebs<br />
SeuZlia Tavisufali drois Sevseba. nuTu azriania vifiqroT, rom niWieri<br />
bavSvebi swavloben mxolod kurikulumis wnexis qveS?<br />
ramdenime wlis win Tavad davakvirdi, Tu ra daemarTaT niWier bavSvebs,<br />
romlebic specialuri kerZo skolidan, sadac swavlis Zalian swrafi tempi da<br />
Zlieri konkurencia iyo, gadaiyvanes kargi <strong>akademiuri</strong> moswrebis mqone saxelmwifo<br />
skolaSi, sadac skolis samuSao imdenad martivi unda yofiliyo maTTvis,<br />
rom ,,interesi dakargvodaT.”.<br />
dakvirvebam gamoavlina saintereso ganviTareba axladgadmosul axalgazrdebSi.<br />
specialur skolaSi niWieri bavSvebisaTvis, isini sakmarisad ver iyenebdnen<br />
kritikuli Sefasebis unars da umetesad maswavleblebis mier arCeul mimar-<br />
Tulebas misdevdnen. ufro neli tempis mqone skolaSi, sadac aRar eSinodaT<br />
CamorCenisa, maT spontanuri reagireba daiwyes mraval problemaze, romelTagan<br />
zogierTi arc ki iyo Setanili saskolo programaSi. maT iswavles cxovrebis,<br />
xelovnebis, literaturis da sxva adamianebis ufro metad dafaseba. aRar<br />
iRlebodnen ra rTuli davalebebis mzadebiT, maT rCebodaT energia, rom<br />
gaefarToebinaT interesebi da ufro Rrmad Caswvdomodnen sakiTxs.<br />
gaxangrZlivebuli da daculi usafrTxoeba, SesaZloa, saukeTeso samzadisi<br />
iyos rTul inteleqtualur problemebTan gasamklaveblad. radgan niWieri<br />
bavSvi advilad swavlobs, mas eufleba usafrTxoebis grZnoba Cveulebriv klasSi.<br />
meore mxriv, Tu aseT bavSvs moaTavseben specialur klasSi, sadac swavla misTvis<br />
martivi ar aris, sadac is saSualo moswavlea Zalian niWier axalgazrdebs Soris,<br />
man SeiZleba CaTvalos, rom saSualo SesaZleblobebi aqvs da ver SeeWideba rTul<br />
amocanebs; rac xSirad xdeba.<br />
meore argumenti, romlis Tanaxmad, niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda<br />
swavlobdnen, amtkicebs, rom gansakuTrebuli unarebis mqone bavSvebis saklaso<br />
oTaxidan gayvana amcirebs saSualo moswavleTa aRelvebas. SesaZloa es asea;<br />
magram rogor unda gadavlaxoT aRelveba, Tu ara maTTan megobruli<br />
TanamSromlobis gziT, vinc Cvenze maRla mdgomad gveCveneba, am SemTxvevaSi, vinc<br />
Cvenze ukeT swavlobs.<br />
dRes, Zalian bevr did qalaqSi, moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian akademiur<br />
programebSi, uunarod miiCneven. sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba Raribi, dabali<br />
klasis ojaxebidanaa. cxovroben ra im axalgazrdebis garemocvaSi, romelTac<br />
nakleb ainteresebT ganaTlebis miReba, da aqvT ra naklebi urTierToba maTTan,<br />
vinc swavlas mowyurebulia, amasTanave, ver Rebuloben ra mxardaWeras ojaxidan,<br />
aseT bavSvebs uWirT identifikacia, rac naklebad moxdeboda klasSi kargi<br />
moswavleebic rom yofiliyvnen. warmatebis misaRwevad, bevr bavSvs ekonomiurad<br />
gaWirvebuli ojaxidan, sWirdeba nimuSi, romelic motivacias gauzrdis.<br />
dajgufeba ki tovebs maT yovelgvari stimulis gareSe. isini ubralod<br />
CamorCebian, rac imedgacruebas ufro gamoiwvevs, vidre aRelvebas Seamcirebs.<br />
Tu romelime maTgans gamorCeuli unari aRmoaCndeba, mas niWierTa jgufSi<br />
47
gagzavnian, toveben ra kidev ufro imedgacruebulT araniWierTa jgufis<br />
danarCen wevrebs.<br />
inteleqtualuri unarebis mixedviT, bavSvebis dajgufebas bevri saerTo aqvs<br />
mTamsvlelobasTan. mTaze asvlisas, Cveulebriv, win gidi midis, ukan ki damwyebni<br />
an nakleb gamocdili mTamsvlelebi mihyvebian. Tu damwyebs gamocdil<br />
mTamsvlelTa Soris moaTavseben, is ukeT da ufro swrafad iswavlis. Tuki yvela<br />
karg mTamsvlels erT mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore<br />
mxares, meore jgufi saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos<br />
kidec.<br />
roca debati bavSvisaTvis ,,saukeTeso” ganaTlebis Sesaxeb mwvervals aRwevs,<br />
ZiriTadad imaze kamaToben, Tu ra aris saukeTeso sazogadoebisaTvis. dRes<br />
gveubnebian, rom gvWirdeba meti mecnieri da inJineri, raTa ,,gadavrCeT.” amitom<br />
unda davaCqaroT Sesabamisi niWis mqone axalgazrdebis aRzrda. icis vinmem, Tu ra<br />
iqneba Cveni sazogadoebis moTxovnileba 30 wlis Semdeg? SeuZlia mecnierebas<br />
gadarCenis garantia mogvces? nuTu sazogadoebas ufro metad ar sWirdeba axali,<br />
SemoqmedebiTi ideebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor movaxdinoT msoflio sazogadoebis<br />
organizeba? nuTu, mecnierebze metad, farTo socialuri xedvis mqone adamianebi<br />
ar gvesaWiroeba? da radganac ideebi nela mwifdeba, iqneb tempis aCqareba ki ar<br />
Rirs, aramed, piriqiT, Cveni zedmetad swrafi cxovrebis Seneleba.<br />
ar vambob, rom Cven ar gvesaWiroeba niWieri adamianebi da rom maT gareSe ukeT<br />
vicxovrebdiT. piriqiT, Cveni skolebi aucileblad unda gaumjobesdes. ubralod<br />
vambob, rom argumenti niWieri bavSvebisaTvis specialuri ganaTlebis Sesaxeb,<br />
moklebulia seriozul mecnierul safuZvels. is, rac amJamad gvWirdeba, aris ara<br />
swrafi kompensacia, aramed Rrma gaazrebasa da dagegmvaze agebuli frTxili<br />
eqsperimentebi.<br />
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 1<br />
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT<br />
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad<br />
Tu calcalke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom<br />
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo<br />
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.<br />
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba<br />
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.<br />
statiebis Sejamebis nimuSi 2<br />
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi<br />
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da<br />
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.<br />
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens<br />
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,<br />
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. amdenad,<br />
saboloo SefasebisaTvis aucilebelia, safuZvlianad ganvixiloT niWier moswavleTa<br />
specialur klasebSi dajgufeba-ardajgufebis sakiTxi da gavaanalizoT<br />
is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic motsa da betelhaims mohyavT.<br />
savarjiSo #2. SeadareT erTmaneTs Sejamebis warmodgenili nimuSebi.<br />
miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
Semdegi safexuria konteqstualizacia, rac rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,<br />
gulisxmobs mocemuli statiebis da maTSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi ideebis<br />
disciplinis konteqstSi (an kidev ufro farTod — sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis<br />
WrilSi) ganxilvas. imisaTvis, rom konteqstualizacia saTanado doneze iyos<br />
Sesrulebuli, studenti sakmao codnas unda flobdes mocemul sferoSi da<br />
icnobdes disciplinaSi moRvawe avtoritetTa damokidebulebas gansaxilveli<br />
sakiTxis mimarT, raTa sakuTari Sefasebebis dasasabuTeblad, soliduri<br />
48
mxardaWera hqondes. garda amisa, mas unda SeeZlos sakiTxis istoriul perspeqtivaSi<br />
warmodgena, raTa mkiTxvelma igrZnos, rom studenti mocemuli<br />
sakiTxis istoriul ganviTarebasac icnobs, amdenad, sakmaod kompetenturia.<br />
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, sakiTxis socialur da istoriul konteqstSi<br />
ganxilvasTan erTad, studenti mas kroskulturul perspeqtivaSic aanalizebs.<br />
warmogidgenT, mocemuli statiebis safuZvelze, studentebis mier<br />
konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebis ramdenime mcdelobas:<br />
1. ganaTlebis organizebis problemas didi xnis istoria aqvs. swavlebis<br />
efeqturi meTodebi, jer kidev antikuri xanidan (platoni, aristotele...)<br />
moyolebuli mwvave debatebs iwvevda, ramac klasikuri saxe XIX saukuneSi miiRo,<br />
rodesac sazogadoebriv asparezze ian komenski da misi kolegebi gamoCdnen.<br />
swored maTi didi mondomebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli im meTodebis ganviTareba,<br />
ramac Tanamedrove pedagogikas Cauyara safuZveli. marTalia, mas Semdeg bevri<br />
ram Seicvala, magram sakiTxma ara Tu aqtualoba dakarga, aramed kidev ufro<br />
aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove msoflioSi mimdinare swrafi socialurekonomikuri<br />
cvlilebebis fonze...<br />
2. ganaTlebis sistema erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia socialur institutTa<br />
Soris, romlis gareSec SeuZlebelia socializaciis procesis ganxorcieleba anu<br />
sazogadoebis RirebulebaTa Taobidan Taobaze gadacema. ganaTlebis sistemis<br />
ZiriTadi elementia saswavlo dawesebulebani, dawyebuli skolebiT da<br />
damTavrebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebiT. skola, ojaxTan erTad, upirvelesi da<br />
ganmsazRvreli rgolia socializaciis procesSi da swored skoliT iwyeba<br />
aucilebeli codnisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis dagroveba. amdenad,<br />
sakiTxi, Tu ra formiT gadascems skola am codnas momaval Taobas da rogoraa<br />
organizebuli swavlebis procesi, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobisaa...<br />
3 ,,swavla sikvdilamdeo” — naTqvamia da Tundac es mcire fraza sakmarisia<br />
imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino gaxdes adamianisaTvis ganaTlebis miRebis udidesi<br />
mniSvneloba. iyo dro, roca ganaTlebis miReba fufunebad iTvleboda da mxolod<br />
warCinebulTa xvedri iyo, sxvebisaTvis ki auxdenel ocnebad rCeboda. samrewvelo<br />
da demokratiulma revoluciebma ganaTlebis sistemis mniSvnelovnad<br />
gafarToebas Seuwyo xeli da dRes saSualo ganaTlebis miReba ukve savaldebulodaa<br />
miCneuli msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi. saskolo swavlebisas<br />
miRweuli warmatebebi da ganviTarebuli interesebi ki did gavlenas axdens<br />
umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebaze, Sesabamisad, samomavlo karierazec. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi yvelaze mwvave problemas<br />
dasaqmeba warmoadgens, samsaxurSi miRebis mTavar kriteriumad ki SeZenili<br />
codna gvevlineba, swored saTanado ganaTleba yofila pirovnebisaTvis Semdgomi<br />
warmatebis sawindari. aqedan gamomdinare, didi yuradReba unda mieqces<br />
mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavlebis formebs...<br />
savarjiSo #3. pedagogi sTxovs studentebs Seafason konteqstualizaciis<br />
warmodgenili nimuSebi da miuTiTon TiToeulis Zlieri da susti mxareebi. amis<br />
Semdeg studentebi qmnian konteqstualizaciis sakuTar nimuSebs.<br />
Semdeg etapze studentebi uSualod statiebis SedarebiT analizs axdenen da<br />
avtorTa poziciebs afaseben. kritikis Janris ganxilvisas, ukve gavecaniT<br />
teqstis analizisa da Sefasebis teqnikas, amitom aq Zalian mokled SevajamebT da<br />
mxolod ZiriTadi punqtebis saxiT warmovadgenT mas. teqstis analizis ZiriTadi<br />
safexuria:<br />
teqstis analizi<br />
• rogoria avtoris ZiriTadi pozicia?<br />
• ra aris avtoris mizani?<br />
• vin aris avtoris mier nagulisxmevi mkiTxveli?<br />
• ra argumentebs warmogvidgens avtori misi poziciis mxardasaWerad?<br />
• ra monacemebis/faqtebis safuZvelze axdens avtori misi argumentebis<br />
mxardaWeras?<br />
• ra mosazrebebi udevs safuZvlad avtoris daskvnebs?<br />
49
teqstis Sefaseba<br />
• aris avtoris argumenti logikuri?<br />
• aris teqsti kargad organizebuli, naTeli da advilad wakiTxvadi?<br />
• aris avtoris faqtebi akuratuli?<br />
• aris mniSvnelovani terminebi naTlad gansazRvruli?<br />
• aris argumentebi sakmarisad ganmtkicebuli Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT?<br />
• ganamtkicebs Tu ara argumentebi ZiriTad pozicias?<br />
• Seesabameba Tu ara teqsti nagulisxmev mkiTxvels?<br />
• ganixilavs da ukuagdebs Tu ara teqsti oponentTa mosazrebebs?<br />
• gexmarebaT Tu ara teqsti mocemuli sakiTxis gagebaSi?<br />
• aris teqstSi iseTi sityvebi da winadadebebi, rac TqvenSi Zlier reaqcias<br />
iwvevs? rogoria es reaqcia?<br />
• ra udevs safuZvlad mocemuli sakiTxisadmi Tqvens amgvar reaqcias? sad<br />
da rodis SeityveT pirvelad mis Sesaxeb? ra kavSirSia es yvelaferi<br />
mocemul teqstTan?<br />
ra SekiTxvebs wamoWris mocemuli teqsti? [Katz, S. and Scerl, J. (2003). Critiques.<br />
Retrieved May, 23, 2004, from http://www.criticalreading.com/]<br />
ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze movaxdenT TiToeuli statiis analizsa<br />
da Sefasebas, da Semdeg maT SedarebiT analizs SevudgebiT. amisaTvis Zalian<br />
efeqturi saSualebaa venis diagrama, romelic vizualurad gvixatavs da ufro<br />
TvalsaCinos xdis avtorTa poziciebs Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebas. venis<br />
diagrama Semdegi saxisaa:<br />
A C B<br />
A zona erTi avtoris specifikur argumentebs moicavs, B zona — meorisas, C —<br />
ki imas, rac maT Soris saerToa. amdenad, A da B zonebi avtorTa poziciebs Soris<br />
gansxvaveba-kontrasts gvixatavs, C — ki msgavsebas. ideebis am formiT gadmocema<br />
gvexmareba logikurad gavmarToT da efeqturad davgegmoT analitikuri<br />
referatis struqtura.<br />
savarjiSo 4. zemoT ganxiluli safexurebis safuZvelze, studentebi axdenen<br />
savarjiSo 1-Si warmodgenili statiebis SedarebiT analizsa da Sefasebas.<br />
studentebi klasSi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs.<br />
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 1<br />
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT<br />
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT<br />
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi<br />
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma<br />
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri<br />
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da<br />
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da<br />
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.<br />
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos<br />
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda<br />
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle<br />
50
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia<br />
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is<br />
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma<br />
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore<br />
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da<br />
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,<br />
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
avtorTa poziciebis Sedarebis nimuSi 2<br />
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul<br />
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver<br />
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es<br />
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan<br />
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis<br />
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi<br />
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle<br />
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli<br />
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli<br />
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi<br />
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erTerTi<br />
klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi<br />
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise<br />
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura<br />
maswavleblis mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi<br />
anebivrebda. am yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu<br />
dadga swored is frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic<br />
saubrobs da romlis saSiSroebasac isev da isev grZnobs.<br />
savarjiSo #5. SeadareT erTmaneTs avtorTa poziciebis Sefasebis<br />
warmodgenili nimuSebi. miuTiTeT maTi Zlieri da susti mxareebi.<br />
savarjiSo #6. analitikuri referatis I versiis Seqmna da jgufSi prezentacia.<br />
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs, rasac analitikuri referatis<br />
saboloo versiis Seqmna mohyveba.<br />
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb<br />
(analitikuri referati)<br />
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 1<br />
cnobili bavSvTa fsiqologi bruno betelhaimi da cnobili pedagogi qeneT<br />
moti, gamoTqvamen TavianT argumentebs niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebis erTad<br />
Tu cal-calke swavlasTan dakavSirebiT. bruno betelhaimi amtkicebs, rom<br />
niWieri da Cveulebrivi bavSvebi aucileblad erTad unda swavlobdnen; xolo<br />
qeneT moti miiCnevs, rom niWieri bavSvebi specialur klasebSi unda swavlobdnen.<br />
me bruno betelhaimis pozicias viziareb da vTvli, rom saSualo ganaTleba<br />
erTnairad unda miiRon niWierma da Cveulebrivma bavSvebma.<br />
ganaTlebis sakiTxi erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuria sazogadoebisTvis.<br />
dResdReobiT yvelaze mwvave problemas dasaqmeba warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,<br />
samsaxuris dawyebis mTavari kriteriumia, Tu rogori ganaTleba aqvs miRebuli<br />
adamians. swored ganaTlebaa pirovnebisTvis Semdgomi warmatebis sawindari, ris<br />
gamoc xSiria konkurencia ganaTlebul adamianebs Soris. amitomac aucilebelia<br />
yuradReba mieqces mozardTa swori da efeqturi swavla-ganaTlebis formebs.<br />
rodesac laparakia niWieri bavSvebis calke jgufis Seqmnaze, qeneT motis<br />
mosazrebiT, sxvadasxva unarisa da interesis mqone bavSvebi unda dajgufdnen<br />
51
Sesabamis jgufebSi, raTa SeZlon ukeT gaaRvivon sakuTari interesebi.<br />
betelhaimis azriT ki, niWieri bavSvisaTvis Cveulebriv saklaso oTaxSi swavlis<br />
gaxangrZliveba sulac araa saziano, piriqiT, am dros mas eufleba usafrTxoebis<br />
grZnoba, xolo niWier bavSvebSi man SeiZleba Tavi sustad igrZnos, ris Sedegadac<br />
sruliad daekargos swavlis survili.<br />
aucilebelia Tanatolma mozardebma ganaTleba miiRon erTi da imave<br />
programiT, raTa msgavsi sastarto pirobebi hqondeT. garda amisa, calke<br />
dajgufebis SemTxvevaSi, xSiria cinikuri damokidebuleba niWieri moswavleebis<br />
mxridan, Tanabari pirobebis SemTxvevaSi ki adgili aRar eqneba Cagvrasa da<br />
cinizms.<br />
betelhaimi imasac amtkicebs, rom neli tempis skolaSi, sadac moswavleebs ar<br />
eqnebaT CamorCenis SiSi, isini daiwyeben reagirebas klasgareSe sakiTxav<br />
literaturasa Tu xelovnebaze, riTac gaifarToveben codnis areals da<br />
gaiRrmaveben interesebs. rogorc qeneT moti amtkicebs, neli tempis skolebSi<br />
niWieri bavSvebi frustracias ganicdian, radgan ar eZlevaT Sesabamisi saskolo<br />
samuSao, magram arsebobs uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac niWieri bavSvebi gadahyavT<br />
niWierTa skolebSi. swored maSin uCndebaT frustraciis SegrZneba, roca<br />
aRmoCndeba, rom danarCen niWier moswavleebTan SedarebiT, isini naklebad<br />
niWierni arian. Cemi azriT, amasTan dakavSirebiT kidev erTi problema<br />
wamoiWreba. Sefasebis gansxvavebuli sistema. cxadia, niWierTa jgufebSi ufro<br />
mkacrad xdeba Sefaseba, vidre Cveulebriv jgufebSi, Sesabamisad, rTulia<br />
winaswar gansazRvra, Cveulebrivi klasis xuTosani moswavle ra niSnebze<br />
iswavlida niWierTa klasSi. es SeiZleba gaxdes frustraciis erT-erTi mizezi.<br />
SemiZlia moviyvano piradi magaliTi: rodesac me-7 klasSi viyavi, CvenTan<br />
gadmovida axali moswavle komarovis skolidan, romelic teqnikur sagnebSi Cveni<br />
klasis erT-erTi xuTosani moswavle gaxda, rodesac vkiTxeT, Tu ratom<br />
gadmovida Cvens skolaSi, man gvipasuxa, rom iq teqnikur sagnebSi maswavleblebi<br />
samebs uwerdnen, maSin roca Cvens klasSi igive sagnebs warCinebiT swavlobda.<br />
betelhaims mohyavs erTi saintereso Sedareba, igi inteleqtualuri unarebiT<br />
dajgufebul bavSvebs mTamsvlelebs adarebs: `Tuki yvela karg mTamsvlels erT<br />
mxares daayeneben, yvela damwyebsa da susts ki _ meore mxares, meore jgufi<br />
saSinel marcxs ganicdis, an SeiZleba erTianad daiRupos kidec~. cxadia, amgvarma<br />
dajgufebam, SesaZloa uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos bavSvis fsiqoloiguri<br />
ganwyobaze. rodesac romelime bavSvs aRmouCenen gansakuTrebul unars da<br />
gaagzavnian niWierTa jgufSi, danarCeni moswavleebi rCebian imedgacruebulni da<br />
ekargebaT swavlis stimuli, radgan Tavs uunarod da daCagrulad Tvlian.<br />
amis Sesaxeb qeneT motis pozicia aseTia: `mjera, rom niWi ar unda daikargos<br />
marto imitom, rom niWier moswavles uwevs lokokinis tempiT moZraoba, anda<br />
pirvelia maT Soris, visac naklebi unarebi aqvT~. Cemi azriT, TiToeuli moswavle<br />
unda aRiqmebodes calke pirovnebad, romelic bunebisagan dajildoebulia<br />
individualuri TvisebebiTa da unarebiT, xolo Tu rodis gamoamJRavnebs is<br />
gansakuTrebul niWs, esec drois faqtorzea damokidebuli. Tu Tanatolma<br />
daaswro meores raime gansakuTrebuli niWis gamovlena, es ar niSnavs, rom meore<br />
uniWoa, radgan isini mozardebi arian da yovel dRe axal-axali interesebiTa da<br />
codniT avseben sakuTar samyaros, da radgan Camoyalibebis procesSi imyofebian,<br />
ar SeiZleba naadrevad gadavwyvitoT jer kidev Camouyalibebeli bavSvebis<br />
SesaZleblobebi.<br />
amrigad, qeneT motis da bruno betelhaimis statiebSi ganxiluli<br />
sakiTxebidan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna: aucilebelia niWierma da Cveulebrivma<br />
bavSvebma Tanabar pirobebSi miiRon saSualo-saskolo ganaTleba, radgan maT<br />
eqnebaT saSualeba gansakuTrebuli unarebi da interesebi gamoavlinon, rodesac<br />
daamTavreben skolas da airCeven momaval specialobas. ase rom, miuxedavad<br />
gansxvavebuli niWisa da unarebisa, Tanatoli mozardebi, Tanabar pirobebSi unda<br />
swavlobdnen da sxvadasxva unarebis mqone bavSvebTan urTierTobiT, iZendnen<br />
mravalmxriv gamocdilebas.<br />
52
swavlebis procesis organizebis Sesaxeb<br />
(analitikuri referati)<br />
analitikuri referatis nimuSi 2<br />
Cveni mizania gavarkvioT, unda swavlobdnen Tu ara niWieri bavSvebi<br />
specialur klasebSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT gavecaniT pedagog qeneT motisa da<br />
bavSvTa fsiqolog bruno betelhaimis erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul mosazrebebs.<br />
pirveli amtkicebs, rom niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba ar warmoadgens<br />
saSiSroebas arc erTi donis moswavlisaTvis. meore ki ewinaaRmdegeba am azrs,<br />
radganac fiqrobs, rom amgvari midgoma ver axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. zogadad<br />
rom vimsjeloT, ganaTlebis sistema aris sfero, romelic yvelaze met<br />
sifrTxiles da dakvirvebas moiTxovs, sanam raime gadawyvetileba iqneba miRebuli,<br />
radgan moswavleebi, mozardebi, studentebi arian adamianebi, romelTa<br />
ganaTlebis safuZvelzec qveynisa Tu msoflios momavali igeba. am SemTxvevaSi ki<br />
Secdomis daSveba dauSvebelia. amdenad, aucilebelia safuZvlianad ganvixiloT<br />
es konkretuli sakiTxic _ niWier moswavleTa specialur klasebSi dajgufeba da<br />
gavaanalizoT is argumentebi Tu kontrargumentebi, romlebic mohyavT motsa da<br />
betelhaims.<br />
pirveli mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec orive avtori amaxvilebs<br />
yuradRebas, aris arasrulfasovnebis SegrZneba, romelic uCndeba saSualo da<br />
sust moswavleebs. bruno betelhaimis azriT, rodesac niWieri moswavle<br />
specialur jgufSi gadahyavT, mas eWvi Seaqvs sakuTar ZalebSi da ipyrobs<br />
SegrZneba, rom rTul amocanebs ver SeeWideba. Tumca am azrs ar eTanxmeba qeneT<br />
moti da ambobs, rom amis saSiSroeba ar arsebobs; amasTanave, mas magaliTad<br />
mohyavs is niWieri aTletebi, romlebic specialur klasebSi daajgufes da<br />
ambobs, rom arc erTi maTgani zemodan ar dascqeris Tavis SedarebiT sust<br />
tanatols. pirvel rigSi, aucilebeli gavarkvioT, saerTod ras niSnavs iyo<br />
niWieri. aq, albaT, saubari inda iyos zogad azrovnebasa da codnaze da ara<br />
aTletebze, risi magaliTic mohyavs qeneT mots da rac savsebiT ar warmoadgens<br />
aucileblobas sxva moswavleTaTvis. aseve vfiqrob, rom mis sityvebs `niWieri<br />
moswavleebi zemodan ar dascqerian sustebs~, sWirdeba saTanado dasabuTeba,<br />
radganac, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma eWvi Seitanos mis sandoobaSi. swored<br />
sawinaaRmdegos amtkicebs 2000 wels safrangeTis erT-erT skolaSi momxdari<br />
mkvleloba, romelic imitom moxda, rom erT-erTma gamorCeulma moswavlem<br />
abuCad aigdo Tavisi Tanatoli, romelic gonebrivad da fizikurad ar iyo<br />
srulfasovani; misma megobarma ki daicva igi da situacia ise gamwvavda, rom<br />
sicocxles gamoasalma megobris damCagvreli klaseli.<br />
aseve mniSvnelovania maswavleblisa da mSoblis roli srulfasovani<br />
moswavleebis, rogorc `Rirsebebis mqone individebis,~ CamoyalibebaSi. am<br />
sakiTxze saubrobs qeneT moti. misi azriT, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs<br />
gveSinodes niWierTa specialur klasebSi dajgufebisa, radgan swored pedagogi<br />
da ara klasis organizebis tipi gansazRvravs moswavleebis ganwyobas individualur<br />
gansxvavebaTa mimarT. vfiqrob, maswavleblis faqtori umniSvnelovanesia,<br />
magram ar aris sakmarisi mtkicebuleba imisTvis, rom amgvari dajgufeba<br />
samarTlianad miviCnioT. pedagogs didi wvlili miuZRvis ara marto bavSvebis<br />
aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis saqmeSi, aseve klasSi saerTo atmosferos SeqmnaSi,<br />
magram maze Zlieri faqtori, romelic ufro metad axdens gavlenas moswavleebis<br />
fsiqikaze, swored maTive urTierTdamokidebulebaa. pedagogi yovelTvis ver<br />
akontrolebs moswavleTa qcevas, mas ZiriTadi aqcenti Tavis saganze da mis<br />
Seswavlaze aqvs gadatanili, amitom SesaZloa mxedvelobidan gamorCes is<br />
araswori qmedeba, romelsac, vTqvaT, erTi moswavle meoris mimarT axorcielebs.<br />
zemoT naxsenebi magaliTis msgavsi faqtebi bevri arsebobs, Tumca es ar<br />
miuTiTebs imaze, rom am SemTxvevebSi araprofesional pedagogebTan gvaqvs saqme.<br />
es TavisTavad maTgan damoukideblad xdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, vfiqrob, qeneT<br />
motis Sexeduleba pedagogis rolze SeiZleba gaziarebul iqnas, Tumca, vTvli,<br />
rom argumentad ar gamodgeba imisTvis, rom daveTanxmoT niWierTa dajgufebas<br />
53
specialur klasebSi.<br />
aRsaniSnavia aseve mosazreba, romlis gamoc bevri ewinaaRmdegeba gamorCeul<br />
moswavleTa calke klasSi dajgufebas. maT miaCniaT, rom amgvari midgoma ver<br />
axdens gavlenas Sedegebze. imis miuedavad, rom pilotaJurma gamokvlelebma es<br />
Sexeduleba daadastura, cnobili pedagogi ar miiCnevs mas sando sabuTad, radgan<br />
fiqrobs, rom ar arsebobs instrumenti niWis, interesebisa da Semoqmedebis<br />
gasazomad. rac Seexeba cnobil fsiqolos, is ambobs, rom niWieri bavSvebi<br />
specialur jgufebSi SezRudulebi arian. rodesac niWieri moswavle<br />
gadmoiyvanes Cveulebriv skolaSi, man gamoavlina ufro Rrma kritikuli<br />
azrovneba, risi saSualebac ar hqonda specialur jgufSi. amis damadasturebeli<br />
magaliTi SemiZlia Cemive cxovrebiseuli praqtikidan moviyvano. meSvide klasSi<br />
maTematikis saukeTeso codnisTvis maswavlebelma da mSoblebma aiZules erTerTi<br />
klaseli komarovis saxelobis skolaSi gaegrZelebina swavla. merve klasSi<br />
ki is biWi Cemi klaseli gaxda im mizeziT, rom ver daZlia sirTuleebi ise<br />
Tavisuflad, rogorc amas Cvens skolaSi axerxebda da ver daimsaxura maswavleblis<br />
mxridan is saqebari sityvebi, romliTac aqauri pedagogi anebivrebda. am<br />
yovelivem ki masSi erTgvari protestis SegrZneba gamoiwvia, anu dadga swored is<br />
frustraciis problema, romelzec SemdgomSi qeneT motic saubrobs da romlis<br />
saSiSroebasac isevdaisev grZnobs.<br />
mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ekonomikuri pirobebi da amiT gamowveuli problemebi,<br />
romlebic gavlenas axdenen moswavleebze. samwuxarod, am sakiTxze ar<br />
saubrobs pedagogi, Tumca damajereblad msjelobs bavSvTa fsiqologi, bevr did<br />
qalaqSi moswavleebs, romlebic CamorCebian sxvadasxva programebSi, uunarod<br />
miiCneven, sinamdvileSi, maTi umravlesoba dabali fenis ojaxebidanaa. es<br />
xelisSemSleli pirobebi uaryofiTad moqmedebs moswavleebze da iwvevs<br />
stimulis dakargvasa da imedgacruebas. istorias Tu gadavavlebT Tvals, amis<br />
damadasturebel magaliTebs uamravs moviZiebT. rogorc cnobilia, warsulSi<br />
mxolod didgvarovan ojaxebSi aRzrdil bavSvebs hqondaT ufleba mieRoT<br />
ganaTleba. Raribi bavSvebi ki, didi survilis miuxedavad, uswavlelni rCebodnen.<br />
Tundac gavixsenoT i. WavWavaZis `glaxis naambobi~, romelic maSindel relobas<br />
asaxavs. codnas mowyurebuli Raribi gabro verasodes SeZlebda ganaTlebis<br />
miRebas, rom ara is bednieri SemTxveva, romelmac glexis biWi uangarod momuSave<br />
maswavlebels Seaxvedra.<br />
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa davaskvnaT, rom specialur<br />
klasebSi niWier moswavleTa dajgufeba ar aris mizanSewonili, radganac<br />
SevamCnevdiT, rom ufro zustad mis uaryofiT Tvisebebze mogviwia saubari,<br />
vidre dadebiTze. absoluturad miuReblad mimaCnia nebismieri wamowyeba Tu<br />
reforma, romelic bavSvebSi emociuri mdgomareobis gamZafrebas iwvevs da<br />
difuzurs xdis maT Sinagan samyaros. es ar niSnavs, rom Cven ar gvWirdeba niWieri<br />
adamianebi. piriqiT, maTi arsebobis gareSe ver ganviTardeboda msoflio ise,<br />
rogorc dRes aris; ubralod saWiroa sxvadasxva kargad dagegmili, frTxili<br />
eqsperimentebisa da kvlevebis Catareba, raTa davadginoT Tu rogor miviRoT<br />
sasurveli Sedegi ise, rom arc sust moswavles gavuCinoT arasrulfasovnebis<br />
gancda da arc niWieri moswavle davCagroT.<br />
54
Tema IV. kvleviTi naSromi<br />
kvleviTi naSromi warmoadgens <strong>akademiuri</strong> problemis werilobiTi formiT<br />
gadaWras sabiblioTeko gamokvlevis an Tavad studentis mier Catarebuli<br />
empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze. Sesabamisad, is ori saxisaa: sabiblioTeko da<br />
eqsperimentuli. es ori saxis kvleviTi naSromi sxvadasxva mizans emsaxureba:<br />
pirveli ajamebs da afasebs arsebul wyaroebs, raTa sakuTari Tezisi ganaviTaros;<br />
meore ki moipovebs pirvelad informacias socialuri kvlevis<br />
sxvadasxva meTodis gamoyenebiT, iqneba es eqsperimenti, interviu, kontentanalizi,<br />
Tu sxv. miznidan gamomdinare, maTi struqturac gansxvavebulia. Tumca<br />
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamarTuli kvleviTi naSromi, iqneba es sabiblioTeko Tu<br />
eqsperimentuli, msgavsi niSnebiT gamoirCeva:<br />
• naSromSi gansazRvrulia problemis aqtualoba, kvlevis mizani da<br />
amocanebi;<br />
• naSromSi naTladaa gaazrebuli problemis irgvliv arsebuli wyaroebi;<br />
• naSromi struqturulad gamarTulia;<br />
• naSromi logikuri TanmimdevrulobiT gamoirCeva;<br />
• naSromi <strong>akademiuri</strong> stiliT aris Sesrulebuli;<br />
• naSromi sworad da akuratulad axdens citirebas, perifrazirebasa da<br />
Sejamebas;<br />
• naSromSi sworad da akuratuladaa miTiTebuli ,,CarTulebi”;<br />
• naSromSi mkacrad aris daculi wyaroebis miTiTebis erTi gansazRvruli<br />
formati.<br />
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri kvleviTi naSromi — sabibilioTekoa is Tu<br />
eqsperimentuli, garkveulwilad msgavsadaa organizebuli, rasac qvemoT<br />
SemogTavazebT APA formatis farglebSi. rogorc iTqva, amerikis fsiqologiuri<br />
asociaciis _ APA-s mier SemoTavazebuli formati, erT-erTi yvelaze<br />
gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi da, kritikaze saubrisas, ukve<br />
ganvixileT, Tu rogor unda mivuTiToT ,,CarTulebi” misi gamoyenebiT. gavecnoT<br />
APA stilis gamoyenebas naSromis mTlian struqturaSi:<br />
saTauris gverdi moicavs sam ZiriTad saTaurs:<br />
• naSromis saTauri (maqsimum 10-12 sityva.);<br />
• studentis saxeli da gvari;<br />
• saswavlo dawesebuleba.<br />
TiToeuls Soris daSoreba ori 2-2 intervalia da gaTanabrebulia gverdis<br />
centrSi marcxnidan marjvniv da zemodan qvemoT. Tu naSromis saTaurs erT<br />
striqonze meti ukavia, isic 2-intervaliania.<br />
saTauris gverds mosdevs anotacia anu abstraqti, rac naSromis Sejamebaa. is<br />
moTavsebulia gverdis centrSi, 2 intervaliTaa daSorebuli saTauridan da<br />
warmoadgens erT paragrafs, romelic abzacis gareSea dawerili. anotacia<br />
Sedgeba 75-100 sityvisagan Teoriuli naSromebisaTvis da 100-150 sityvisagan<br />
empiriuli naSromebisaTvis.<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili iTvaliswinebs Semdeg detalebs:<br />
• gverdi yoveli mxridan 1.5 intervaliTaa daSorebuli;<br />
• mTeli naSromi 2-intervaliania, garda mcirericxovani gamonaklisebisa:<br />
cxrilebsa da grafikebSi nebadarTulia 1-intervalis gamoyeneba; qvesaTaurebisa<br />
da sqolios win, agreTve teqstSi cxrilebis win da Semdeg, 3-4 intervalis<br />
gamoyenebaa nebadarTuli;<br />
55
• naSromis pirveli gverdi imeorebs saTaurs, romelic moTavsebulia<br />
gverdis centrSi da 2-intervaliTaa daSorebuli teqstidan;<br />
• yvela paragrafi 5-intervaliani abzaciT iwyeba;<br />
• Sesavali usaTauroa, yvela danarCeni nawili ki (meTodebi, Sedegebi,<br />
diskusia/daskvna, bibliografia) — saTauriani; isini damoukidebel Tavebs<br />
warmoadgenen, amitom TiToeuli maTgani axali gverdidan iwyeba;<br />
• yvela saTauri didi SriftiT aris dabeWdili da centrSi<br />
gaTanabrebuli;<br />
nebismieri cxrili da grafiki moTavsebulia Sesabamis adgilas teqstSi:<br />
• mokle cxrilebi da grafikebi CarTulia teqstebs Soris imave gverdze;<br />
• grZeli cxrilebi da grafikebi calke gverdzea moTavsebuli, uSualod<br />
im gverdis Semdeg, romelzec isini pirveladaa naxsenebi;<br />
• saTaurebi dgas cxrilebis dasawyisSi da grafikebis bolos;<br />
nebismieri danarTi, romelic statistikur monacemebs gvacnobs,<br />
moTavsebulia sul bolos, bibliografiis Semdeg;<br />
• TiToeuli danarTi iwyeba axali gverdidan;<br />
• gverdis nomeri danarTSic unda iyos miTiTebuli;<br />
• danarTis saTaurebi ,,danarTi 1“, ,,danarTi 2“ da a.S. gaTanabrebulia<br />
gverdis centrSi. [Sorenson, S. (3 rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York:<br />
Macmillan Reference USA.]<br />
am saerTo maxasiaTeblebis ganxilvis Semdeg, uSualod kvleviTi naSromis<br />
struqturasa da Sinaarsze gadavideT. daviwyoT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi<br />
naSromiT.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnisas, studentma Semdegi safexurebi<br />
unda gaiaros miTiTebuli TanmimdevrobiT:<br />
• sakvlevi problemis dasma;<br />
• sakvlevi Tezisis Camoyalibeba;<br />
• wyaroebis moZieba;<br />
• wyaroebis Sefaseba;<br />
• wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna, amoReba;<br />
• citatebze muSaoba;<br />
• perifrazireba da Sejameba;<br />
• naSromis pirveli versis Seqmna;<br />
• bibliografiis miTiTeba;<br />
• naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna.<br />
sakvlevi problemis dasmisas, studentma unda gaiTvaliswinos Semdegi:<br />
• sakiTxi aucileblad aqtualuri da saintereso unda iyos, winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli iqneba mkiTxvelis daintereseba da misi darwmuneba<br />
imaSi, rom Rirs drois daxarjva am naSromis wakiTxvisas;<br />
• sakiTxi aucileblad Semowmebadi unda iyos, anu sxva mkvlevars,<br />
survilis SemTxvevaSi, unda SeeZlos Tqveni monacemebis gadamowmeba,<br />
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, isini arasandod CaiTvleba;<br />
56
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad farTo, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver<br />
SeZlebT saTanado Tezisis Camoyalibebasa da warmatebiT mxardaWeras;<br />
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ver<br />
moiZiebT sakmaris masalas mis dasasabuTeblad;<br />
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad teqnikuri anu moiTxovdes specialur<br />
codnas, romelic ar gagaCniaT;<br />
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad ordinaluri, romlis Sesaxebac yvelam<br />
icis da amitom mkiTxvelisTvis mosawyenad JRers;<br />
• sakiTxi ar unda iyos zedmetad winaaRmdegobrivi, radgan am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
gagiWirdebaT misi dasabuTeba.<br />
[Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from<br />
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].<br />
savarjiSo #1: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi problemebis<br />
nimuSebs da sTxovs gansazRvron, romeli gamodgeba sakvlev problemad da ratom.<br />
magaliTis saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:<br />
1. axalgazrdebis mier 2004 wels saqarTveloSi Cadenili danaSaulebani;<br />
2. riTi SevamciroT axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebani<br />
saqarTveloSi?<br />
3. axdens ganaTleba gavlenas axalgazrdebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebebze<br />
saqarTveloSi?<br />
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian viwroa<br />
da statistikuri monacemebis moyvanac ki sakmarisia, raTa mas vupasuxoT; meore<br />
winadadebac ar gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is Zalian farToa da mTeli<br />
rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas miTxovs, kerZod, fsiqologiuris,<br />
socialuris, iuridiulis da ekonomikuris, rac erTi disciplinis farglebs<br />
scdeba; mesame problema gamodgeba sakvlev problemad, radgan is fokusirebulia<br />
erT konkretul sakiTxze, romlis kvleva da Semowmeba SesaZlebelia.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac sakvlevi problema dasmulia, aucilebelia sakvlevi Tezisis<br />
Camoyalibeba, sakvlevi Tezisi warmoadgens savaraudo pasuxs Cvens mier dasmul<br />
sakvlev problemaze, amitom SesavalSi mas hipoTezis forma aqvs, daskvnaSi ki —<br />
dasabuTebuli da Camoyalibebuli Tezisisa. is imave moTxovnebs unda<br />
akmayofilebdes, rasac sakvlevi problema, anu Semowmebadi unda iyos, arc<br />
zedmetad farTo unda iyos da arc zedmetad viwro, winaaRmdegobrivi ar unda<br />
iyos da a.S. vinaidan Tezisi sakvlevi problemis pasuxia mas aucileblad<br />
argumentis forma unda hqondes da ara SekiTxvisa.<br />
savarjiSo #2: pedagogi sTavazobs studentebs sakvlevi Tezisis nimuSebs da<br />
sTxovs gansazRvron romeli warmoadgens saTanado Teziss da ratom. magaliTis<br />
saxiT ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadebebi:<br />
1. mozardTa uwignuroba safrTxes uqmnis Tanamedrove saqarTvelos<br />
2. rogor gadavWraT mozardTa uwignurobis problema Tanamedrove<br />
saqarTveloSi?<br />
3. saqarTveloSi, mozardTa uwignurobaze ganmsazRvrel gavlenas<br />
socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi axdens.<br />
pirveli winadadeba ar gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is zedmetad<br />
farToa. arc meore winadadeba gamodgeba sakvlev Tezisad, radgan is problemas<br />
wamoWris da ara masze SesaZlo pasuxs gvTavazobs (Tanac SekiTxvis forma aqvs);<br />
mesame winadadeba ki namdvilad warmoadgens sakvlev Teziss, radgan is<br />
gvTavazobs arsebuli viTarebis axsnisa da problemebis SesaZlo gadaWris<br />
57
konkretul gzas.<br />
roca sakvlevi problema dasmulia da Tezisi Camoyalibebuli, Semdegi<br />
nabijia uSualod wyaroebis moZieba, raTa dasmul problemas vupasuxoT da Cveni<br />
Tezisi Sesabamisi Teoriis safuZvelze ganvamtkicoT. arsebobs informaciis sami<br />
ZiriTadi wyaro, romlis gamoyenebac students SeuZlia: biblioTeka (wignebi,<br />
Jurnalebi, leqsikonebi da sxva nabeWdi masala), interneti da sxva wyaroebi (CD,<br />
kasetebi, kinofirebi da a.S.).<br />
magram sanam am wyaroebs uSualod gamoviyenebT, aucilebelia maTSi<br />
warmodgenili informaciis Sefaseba, risTvisac studentma Semdeg SekiTxvebze<br />
unda gasces pasuxi:<br />
• ramdenad pasuxobs mocemuli wyaro Cems sakvlev problemas?<br />
• ramdenad sandoa informacia, anu aris Tu ara is eqspertis mier<br />
mowodebuli?<br />
• ramdenad sandoa Tavad wyaro?<br />
• arsebobs mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxva wyaroebic?<br />
pirvel SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom zogadad vecnobiT ama Tu im wyaros<br />
Sinaarss, vTqvaT, gadavxedavT wignis an Jurnalis sarCevs an indeqss, gavecnobiT<br />
mis anotacias, Tvals gadavavlebT qvesaTaurebs da a.S., ris safuZvelzec zogadi<br />
warmodgena gveqmneba misi struqturisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb.<br />
meore SekiTxvas vpasuxobT imiT, rom vadgenT, Tu ramdenad xSirad<br />
moixsenieben avtors specialur literaturaSi, ramdenad avtoritetulia is<br />
aRniSnul sferoSi, ramdeni naSromis avtoria da a.S.<br />
mesame SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemisas, unda gaviTvaliswinoT Semdegi: 1.<br />
ramdenad miukerZoebelia avtori (ar xelmZRvanelobs politikuri, religiuri<br />
Tu sxva mosazrebebiT); 2. miTiTebuli aqvs Tu ara Tavad avtors sakuTari<br />
informaciis wyaroebi; 3. aRwers Tu ara Tavad avtori ara marto miRebul<br />
Sedegebs, aramed kvlevis meTodologiasac, raTa, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
SesaZlebeli iyos am Sedegebis gadamowmeba; 4. ramdenad axalia wyaro. SesaZloa,<br />
istoriaSi amas naklebi yuradReba eTmoba, magram socialur mecnierebebSi Zalian<br />
mniSvnelovania, rom informacia, rac SeiZleba axal kvlevebze iyos agebuli,<br />
vinaidan socialuri samyaro mudmivad icvleba da SesaZloa garkveuli<br />
monacemebi kargad aRwers 10 wlis win arsebul viTarebas, magram sruliad ar<br />
Seesabameba Tanamedrove realobas.<br />
da bolos, isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu ramdeni wyaros moZiebaa<br />
SesaZlebeli mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, radgan, rac ufro met wyaros<br />
moipovebs studenti da maT SedarebiT analizs moaxdens miT ufro sandod da<br />
dasabuTebulad CaiTvleba misi informacia [Steps in Writing a Research Paper. Retrieved<br />
22 May, 2005 from http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/ menue.htm].<br />
rac Seexeba moZiebuli wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoRebas,<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> weris specialistebi gvirCeven, rom informaciis moniSvnisaTvis<br />
Zalian efeqturia SeniSvnebis baraTebis keTeba. es aris momcro zomis baraTebi<br />
da TiToeulze erTi konkretuli saxis informaciaa warmodgenili (wyaros sruli<br />
miTiTebiT, gverdebis CaTvliT). es informacia SeiZleba iyos citata,<br />
perifrazirebis nimuSi, avtoris idealebis Sejameba an piradi komentari<br />
naSromis garkveul nawilTan, an avtoris garkveul argumentTan dakavSirebiT. ra<br />
saxis informaciasTanac ar unda hqondes saqme, studentma unda daimaxsovros,<br />
rom erT baraTze mxolod erTi saxis informacia unda miuTiTos. mogvianebiT, mas<br />
SeuZlia Tematurad daalagos baraTebi da, am gziT, naSromis garkveuli Tavebi<br />
Tu qveTavebi miiRos. baraTebis sistema students im mxrivac umartivebs<br />
amocanas, rom, radgan TiToeul baraTze srulad aris miTiTebuli wyaro<br />
(gverdebis CaTvliT), students aRar sWirdeba wyarosTan mibruneba da<br />
informaciis sandoobis gadamowmeba; da Tundac metad detaluri informacia<br />
dasWirdes, gacilebiT martivad moiZiebs mas, radgan baraTze misi zusti<br />
adgilmdebareoba aqvs miTiTebuli.<br />
Semdeg etapze students uSualod citatebTan, perifrazirebasa da<br />
SejamebasTan aqvs saqme, rac detalurad ganvixileT kritikis Janrze saubrisas.<br />
58
am yvelafers ki jer naSromis struqturuli gegmis, Semdeg ki — misi pirveli<br />
versiis Seqmna mosdevs.<br />
rogor unda Seiqmnas kvleviTi naSromis struqturuli gegma da ra mizans<br />
emsaxureba is?<br />
naSromis gegma avtorisTvis gzismkvlevs warmoadgens, radgan is naSromis<br />
mTliani struqturis sqematuri gamosaxulebaa. masSi Tanmimdevruladaa<br />
warmodgenili avtoris ZiriTadi argumentebi da qveargumentebi; amdenad,<br />
naSromis gegmis umTavresi funqciaa daexmaros avtors, rac SeiZleba efeqturi<br />
gziT gadmosces saTqmeli. kvleviTi naSromis saboloo gegma xSirad misi sarCevis<br />
funqciasac asrulebs.<br />
nimuSis saxiT ganvixiloT kvleviTi naSromis gegma, romelSic sami<br />
politikuri Teoriaa ganxiluli: neomarqsizmi, pluralizmi da elitizmi.<br />
vTqvaT, studenti adgens naSromis sawyis gegmas da am etapze saTanadod mxolod<br />
pirvel or Teorias icnobs, mesamis Sesaxeb ki met informacias saWiroebs. misi<br />
sawyisi gegma Semdegi saxis iqneba:<br />
• neomarqsizmi<br />
Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia<br />
aqcents svams ekonomikaze<br />
• pluralizmi<br />
Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia<br />
aqcents svams jgufebs Soris koaliciaze<br />
• elitizmi<br />
definicia<br />
aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
• analizi: SeerTebuli Statebi<br />
neomarqsizmi<br />
pluralizmi<br />
elitizmi<br />
zemoT ganxiluli nimuSi samuSao gegmaa, romelic avtors naSromis sawyisi<br />
versiis SeqnaSi exmareba da saSualebas aZlevs upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: rogor<br />
vapireb informaciis warmodgenas, viTvaliswineb ra Cems mizans, mkiTxvelsa da<br />
ZiriTad pozicias?<br />
Semdgom etapze stundenti gaecno mesame Teoriasac. axla misi mizania,<br />
aRweris samive Teoria da Seadaros isini erTmaneTs konkretuli qveynis<br />
mTavrobis magaliTze; imavdroulad asabuTebs ra, rom neomarqsizmi mocemul<br />
pirobebSi yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa. marTalia, misi naSromis samuSao gegma ar<br />
aris Zalian formaluri, magram is kargi struqturuli gegmis pirobebs akmayofilebs,<br />
radgan ganamtkicebs studentis pozicias, Tanmimdevrulad warmoaCens<br />
ZiriTad sakiTxebs da naTelyofs kavSirs pirvelxarisxovan da meorexarisxovan<br />
sakiTxebs Soris. warmogidgenT naSromis gegmis meore versias:<br />
• Sesavali<br />
_ Teoriebi ufro martivia, vidre realuri cxovreba<br />
_ Teoriebi iaraRad gamogvadgeba<br />
• sami politikuri Teoria<br />
_ neomarqsizmi<br />
Zalaufleba umciresobis xelSia<br />
aqcentirebulia ekonomikuri kontrolis mniSvneloba<br />
_ pluralizmi<br />
Zalaufleba interesebis mqone jgufebis xelSia<br />
interesebis mqone jgufebi qmnian koalicias<br />
_ elitizmi<br />
Zalaufleba elitis xelSia<br />
elitis definicia<br />
• SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
_ neomarqsizmi<br />
_ pluralizmi<br />
59
_ elitizmi<br />
naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmnisas, students SeuZlia samuSao gegmidan<br />
aRweriT gegmaze gadavides. aRweriTi gegma naSromis TiToeul paragrafs aRwers,<br />
amdenad, students SeuZlia kritikuli TvaliT Seafasos misi naSromis mTliani<br />
struqtura. is exmareba avtors upasuxos Semdeg SekiTxvebs: logikurad misdevs<br />
erTi paragrafi meores? msgavsi ideebi erT seqciaSi ganvixile Tu gabneuli maqvs<br />
mTel naSromSi? warmogidgenT aRweriT gegmas, romelic studentma naSromis<br />
pirveli versiis Seqmnis Semdeg SemogvTavaza. man paragrafebis mixedviT Seajama<br />
naSromi da Semdegi suraTi miiRo:<br />
paragrafi I _ zogadi Sesavali politikur TeoriebSi. Tezisi: neomarqsizmi<br />
yvelaze xelsayreli Teoriaa<br />
paragrafi II _ neomarqsizmis aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
paragrafi III _ pluralizmis aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
paragrafi IV _ interesebis mqone jgufTa koalicia<br />
paragrafi V _ elitizmis aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
paragrafi VI _ pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
paragrafi VII _ neomarqsizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi<br />
paragrafi VIII _ neomarqsizmis Zlieri mxareebi, neomarqsizmisa da<br />
pluralizmis susti mxareebi<br />
paragrafi IX _ elitizmis susti mxareebi<br />
paragrafi X _ daskvna<br />
studentma SeamCnia, rom neomarqsizmisa da elitizmis aR<strong>wera</strong>s TiTo<br />
paragrafi ukavia, pluralizmis aR<strong>wera</strong>s ki _ ori paragrafi. man gadawyvita, rom<br />
me-3 da me-4 paragrafebi SeeerTebina. studentma isic SeamCnia, rom naSromis<br />
meore nawili erTi Teoriidan meoreze xtoda, warmogvidgenda ra TiToeuli<br />
Teoriis analizs da Semdeg TiToeuli Teoriis sisustes. man gadawyvita erT<br />
paragrafSi gaeerTianebina pluralizmis analizi SeerTebul StatebSi da am<br />
Teoriis sisusteebi (me-6 paragrafi); agreTve erTad moeTavsebina elitizmis<br />
analizi da misi sisusteebi; Semdeg ki ori paragrafi daeTmo neomarqsizmis<br />
analizisa da misi Zlieri da susti mxareebis ganxilvisaTvis.<br />
students SeiZleba daevalos naSromis formaluri gegmis Seqmnac, romelic<br />
misi naSromis saboloo versias daerTveba da mkiTxvelisaTvis gzismkvlevi<br />
iqneba. formaluri gegmis Seqmnis ori gzaa: 1. Tematur gegmebSi, ideebi paraleluri<br />
frazebis saxiTaa warmodgenili anu msgavsi gramatikuli struqtura<br />
aqvT. rogorc wesi, aseTi gegma SedarebiT mokle da lakonuria; 2.<br />
winadadebebisgan Semdgar gegmebSi, ideebi sruli winadadebebis saxiTaa<br />
warmodgenili, Tumca isini SeiZleba arc iyos paraleluri. winadadebebisagan<br />
Semdgari gegma ufro detalurad acnobs mkiTxvels avtoris argumentebs.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra saxis formalur gegmas airCevs studenti, man<br />
aucileblad TezisiT unda daiwyos da mkacrad gansazRvrul Tanmimdevrobas<br />
misdios, vTqvaT, I., A., 1., a., (1), (a). warmogidgenT formalur-Tematuri gegmis<br />
nimuSs:<br />
I. politikuri Teoriebis funqciebi<br />
A. iaraRi mkvlevaris xelSi mTavrobis gasaanalizeblad<br />
1. kategorizacia<br />
2. Sedareba<br />
B. SezRudva: zedmetad martivi<br />
II. sami politikuri Teoria<br />
A. neomarqsizmi<br />
1. definicia<br />
2. aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
B. pluralizmi<br />
1. definicia<br />
2. aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
C. elitizmi<br />
60
1. definicia<br />
2. aR<strong>wera</strong><br />
III. SedarebiTi analizi SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis magaliTze<br />
A. pluralizmi<br />
1. analizi<br />
2. susti mxareebi<br />
B. elitizmi<br />
1. analizi<br />
2. susti mxareebi<br />
C. neomarqsizmi<br />
1. analizi<br />
2. kritika<br />
a. susti mxareebi<br />
b. susti mxareebi<br />
IV. daskvna<br />
[Using Outlines (2004). Writing Tutorial Services. Indiana University. Retrieved March 18,<br />
2005, from http:/www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/]<br />
rogorc vxedavT, detaluri struqturuli gegma, faqtiurad, naSromis mokle<br />
Sinaarssa Tu Sejamebas warmoadgens da mxolod misi gaSlaRa gvrCeba, ris<br />
safuZvelzec naSromis pirvel versias vRebulobT.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromi, sxva ganxilul naSromTa msgavsad, sami<br />
ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da daskvnisagan.<br />
mokled ganvixiloT, Tu ra funqcias asrulebs TiToeuli.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Sesavali mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mopovebas,<br />
mis dainteresebas emsaxureba. masSi aucileblad unda iyos warmodgenili<br />
problemis aqtualoba, naSromis mizani da amocanebi; agreTve mkiTxvels saWiro<br />
safuZvelmdebare informacia unda miewodos, sanam avtori sakuTar Teziss<br />
gaacnobdes mas, radgan swored es informacia amzadebs mkiTxvels avtoris<br />
Tezisis misaRebad.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis ZiriTadi nawili moZiebuli wyaroebis<br />
sinTezsa da SedarebiT analizs axdens. is Zlier waagavs analitikuri referatis<br />
ZiriTad nawils, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom, Tu analitikur referatSi 2-3<br />
wyaroa ganxiluli, aq ukve 5 wyaroze metis analizi da Sefaseba xdeba<br />
gansaxilveli problemis WrilSi.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis daskvna Semdeg moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes:<br />
avtoris ZiriTad argumentebs unda ajamebdes; problemis momaval<br />
ganviTarebas unda gvixatavdes; moqmedebisaken unda mouwodebdes mkiTxvels, anu<br />
garkveul samomavlo gegmas sTavazobdes ganxilul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi;<br />
universalizaciasa Tu konteqstualizacias unda axdendes; provokaciuli<br />
SekiTxvis dasmiTa Tu gafrTxilebiT unda dasruldes, raTa mkiTxvels<br />
safiqrali dautovos da Zlieri saboloo STabeWdileba moaxdinos.<br />
roca kvleviTi naSromis pirveli versia mzadaa, avtorma guldasmiT unda<br />
waikiTxos da Seamowmos igi. arsebobs 2 saxis Semowmeba: Rrma _ struqturul-<br />
Sinaarsobriv doneze da zedapiruli _ gramatikul-stilistur doneze.<br />
studenti struqturul-Sinaarsobrivi SemowmebiT iwyebs da mxolod amis Semdeg<br />
aqcevs yuradRebas naSromis stilistur gamarTulobas.<br />
am SemTxvevaSi studentma Semdegi sakiTxebi unda gaiTvaliswinos:<br />
• naSromis daweridan Sesworebamde ramdenime dRem unda ganvlos.<br />
students sWirdeba garkveuli dro, rom weridan redaqtirebaze gadaerTos;<br />
• studentma orjer mainc unda gadaxedos naSroms saboloo versiis<br />
Seqmnamde;<br />
• naSromis Sesworebisas, studentma nela da xmamaRla unda ikiTxos,<br />
raTa daakvirdes, Tu yurs rogor xvdeba xmamaRla gamoTqmuli sakuTari<br />
azrebi;<br />
61
• studentma yuradReba unda miaqcios, xom ar aris saWiro sadme<br />
magaliTebis damateba, an paragrafebs Soris logikuri kavSiri xom ar aris<br />
darRveuli;<br />
• studentma unda dausvas sakuTar Tavs SekiTxva _ kidev ris gagebas<br />
isurvebda mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, Sesabamisad, ukmarisobis<br />
grZnoba xom ar rCeba. amis Semdeg, sasurvelia, man megobarsac waakiTxos<br />
naSromi, rac kargi saSualebaa sakuTar TavSi rwmenis ganmtkicebisa da<br />
Rirebuli SeniSvnebis misaRebad.<br />
am yvelafris safuZvelze, warmogidgenT sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis<br />
struqturul gegmas, rac naSromis Seqmnasa da gamarTvaSi dagexmarebaT.<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis struqtura<br />
sakvlevi sakiTxis moZebna da dakonkreteba<br />
• moZebneT sakiTxi, romelic realurad gainteresebT<br />
• aRwereT is gza, romelic gaiareT am sakiTxis Ziebisas<br />
• esaubreT xelmZRvanelsa da jgufelebs Tqvens mier arCeuli sakiTxis<br />
Sesaxeb<br />
• CamoayalibeT Tqveni sakiTxi SekiTxvis saxiT, romelsac unda upasuxoT, an<br />
problemis saxiT, romelic unda gadaWraT<br />
wyaroebis moZieba, arCeva da kiTxva<br />
dagWirdebaT Semdegi tipis wyaroebis moZieba:<br />
• baraTis katalogebi, periodul gamocemaTa indeqsebi, bibliografiebi;<br />
• pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebi;<br />
• Jurnalebi, wignebi, enciklopediebi, internetis masala.<br />
informaciis dajgufeba da dokumentireba<br />
Semdegi sistemebi dagexmarebaT iyoT organizebulni:<br />
• bibliografiul baraTebze wyaroebis miTiTebis sistema;<br />
• SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis mixedviT masalis miTiTebis sistema;<br />
• informaciis CaniSvnis sistema;<br />
naSromis gegmis Sedgena<br />
amaSi Semdegi SekiTxvebi dagexmarebaT:<br />
• ra sakiTxs ganvixilav?<br />
• ratomaa is mniSvnelovani?<br />
• ra safuZvelmdebare informacia mWirdeba?<br />
• ra aris Cemi Tezisi (ZiriTadi pozicia)?<br />
• ra struqturuli gegma gamoxatavs saukeTesod Cems mizans?<br />
naSromis Sesavali<br />
• warmoadgineT Sesabamisi safuZvelmdebare Tu konteqstualuri masala<br />
• gansazRvreT saWiro cnebebi da terminebi<br />
• axseniT naSromis ZiriTadi mizani<br />
• warmoadgineT Tqveni struqturuli gegma<br />
naSromis ZiriTadi nawili<br />
• ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni struqturuli gegmiT<br />
• aageT Tqveni naSromi sakiTxebis mixedviT (da ara masalis mixedviT)<br />
• SeajameT, gaaanalizeT, axseniT da SeafaseT wyaroebi (da ara ubralod<br />
moyeviT maTi Sinaarsi)<br />
• imoZraveT zogadidan kerZosaken da kvlav zogadisaken<br />
62
naSromis daskvna<br />
• Tu Tqveni argumenti kompleqsuria, saWiro iqneba mkiTxvelisaTvis misi<br />
Sejameba<br />
• Tu naSromis daskvniT nawilamde ar agixsniaT Tqveni daskvnebis<br />
mniSvneloba, aucileblad gaakeTeT es axla<br />
• imoZraveT detaluridan zogadisaken, rac daabrunebs sakiTxs SesavalSi<br />
warmodgenil konteqstSi<br />
• SemogvTavazeT, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis ra mxareebi iTxovs Semdgom kvlevas<br />
Sesworeba da naSromis saboloo versia<br />
• SeamowmeT naSromis mTliani struqtura: Sesavlis logikuri mdinareba,<br />
ZiriTad nawilSi analizisa da Sefasebis siRrme, daskvnis efeqturoba<br />
• paragrafis doneze SeamowmeT: ZiriTadi mtkicebuleba, misi mxardamWeri<br />
detalis logikuroba, paragrafis Tanmimdevruloba da harmoniuloba<br />
• winadadebis doneze SeamowmeT: winadadebis struqtura, sityvebis arCeva,<br />
punqtuacia<br />
• wyaroebis dokumentireba: arCeuli sistemis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba,<br />
yvela masalis miTiTeba, rac ar ganixileba sayovelTaod aRiarebul<br />
WeSmaritebad, sqolioebis Sesabamisi gamoyeneba<br />
[Planning a Researcg Paper. (2006). The Writing <strong>Center</strong>. University of Wisconsin-Madison.<br />
Retrieved 17 Jane, 2006, from http:/www.wiscedu/writing/Handbook/ PlaneResearchPaper.html.]<br />
da bolos, sanam sabiblioTeko kvleviT naSromze saubars davasrulebdeT,<br />
SemogTavazebT specialistebis rCevas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor dagegmoT dro<br />
sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis weris procesSi.<br />
Tu sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmnamde dagrCaT:<br />
8 kvira<br />
3 dRe _ sakvlevi problemis arCeva<br />
5 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba<br />
10 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba<br />
5 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba<br />
1 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba<br />
1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena<br />
7 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna<br />
3 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi<br />
5 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna<br />
1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba<br />
4 kvira<br />
1 dRe — sakvlevi problemebis arCeva<br />
2 dRe _ wyaroebis moZieba da Sefaseba<br />
6 dRe _ wyaroebidan informaciis moniSvna/amoReba<br />
2 dRe _ moniSnuli informaciis dalageba<br />
1 dRe _ naSromis struqturuli gegmis Sedgena<br />
3 dRe _ naSromis pirveli versiis Seqmna<br />
1 dRe _ Sesworebis procesi<br />
3 dRe _ wyaroebis dokumentireba da naSromis saboloo versiis Seqmna<br />
1 dRe _ saboloo Semowmeba<br />
danarCeni dReebi eTmoba naSromis kompiuterze akrefas da amobeWdvas.<br />
[Sorenson, S. (2002). How to write Research Papers (3 rd ed.). Thomson ARCO]<br />
vinaidan eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi uSualod studentis mier<br />
Catarebul socialur kvlevazea agebuli, is met dros saWiroebs da met<br />
xarjebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. kvlevis dagegmvas, Catarebasa da monacemebis<br />
damuSavebas sakmao dro miaqvs da mxolod amis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli monacemebis<br />
63
analizi da Sefaseba.<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Sesaqmenlad, studentma Semdegi<br />
safexurebi unda gaiaros:<br />
• sakvlevi problemis dasma;<br />
• sakvlevi hipoTezebis formulireba;<br />
• kvlevis meTodebis gansazRvra;<br />
• Teoriuli wyaroebis moZieba da gacnoba;<br />
• kvlevis dagegmva da kvlevis programis Sedgena;<br />
• monacemebis Segroveba;<br />
• monacemebis analizi;<br />
• eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis Seqmna.<br />
[Blaxter, L., Hugles, C., and Tighti M. (1996). How to Research. Philadelpia. Open University<br />
Press].<br />
rogor vxedavT, uSualod naSromis Seqmnas sakmaod xangrZlivi da<br />
Sromatevadi procesi uswrebs win. am procesSi Semavali TiToeuli safexuris<br />
gaazrebulad da akuratulad ganxorcieleba, saTanado eqsperimentuli<br />
kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis aucilebeli pirobaa.<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi, sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, oTxi ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi da<br />
diskusia/daskvna. imis gansazRvraSi, Tu ra mizans emsaxureba TiToeuli nawili<br />
da rogoria eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis mTliani struqtura, Semdegi<br />
savarjiSoebi gvexmareba:<br />
savarjiSo #3. Tqvens winaSea eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis seqciebi,<br />
TanmimdvrobiT mocemuli. qvemoT areuladaa warmodgenili TiToeulis<br />
ganmarteba. miusadageT naSromis TiToeul seqcias misi Sesabamisi ganmarteba.<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqtura<br />
1. saTauri<br />
2. madlobis gadaxda<br />
3. sarCevi<br />
4. cxrilebis/grafikebis CamonaTvali<br />
5. abstraqti<br />
6. problemis dayeneba<br />
7. literaturis mimoxilva<br />
8. gamokvlevis dizaini<br />
9. gamoyenebuli meTodologia<br />
10. Sedegebi<br />
11. diskusia<br />
12. daskvnebi<br />
13. bibliografia<br />
14. danarTi<br />
a) informaciisa da monacemebis prezentacia, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli<br />
xdeba gadawyvetilebis miReba hipoTezebis miRebisa Tu ukugdebis Sesaxeb.<br />
b) mniSvnelovani monacemebi da sailustracio masala, moTavsebuli ZiriTadi<br />
teqstis farglebs miRma.<br />
g) naSromis ZiriTadi seqciebi, TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebuli.<br />
d) SerCeuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis mimoxilva da maTi originaluri<br />
da kritikuli analizi.<br />
e) miRebuli SedegebiT nakarnaxevi principebis, kavSirebis, korelaciebisa da<br />
ganzogadebebis prezentacia; Sedegebis interpretacia da sakvlev<br />
problemasa da hipoTezebTan maTi kavSiris Cveneba; deduqciurinduqciuri<br />
daskvnebis gamotana da rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.<br />
v) yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros akuratuli miTiTeba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.<br />
64
z) mTeli naSromis Zalian mokle mimoxilva.<br />
T) kolegebis, xelmZRvanelebis, sponsorebisa da sxv. madlobis gadaxda<br />
gaweuli daxmarebisaTvis.<br />
i) monacemebis sandoobisa da validurobis Cveneba; im analizis ganxilva,<br />
romelic unda emsaxurebodes hipoTezebis Semowmebas.<br />
k) miRebuli Sedegebisa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebis mokled Sejameba.<br />
l) hipoTezebis SemuSaveba da ganxilva; im Teoriuli struqturisa da<br />
meTodebis miTiTeba, romlis farglebSi da romelTa gamoyenebiTac unda<br />
Semowmdes hipoTezebi.<br />
m) cxrilebisa da diagramebis miTiTeba im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es<br />
teqstSia mocemuli.<br />
n) naSromis adekvaturi aR<strong>wera</strong> rac SeiZleba naklebi sityviT.<br />
o) gamokvlevis xasiaTisa da misi ganxorcielebis mizezebis mokle mimoxilva;<br />
gamokvlevis miznebisa da hipoTezebis naTlad formulireba.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis struqturas gavecaniT,<br />
mokled warmogidgenT misi Semdgeneli ZiriTadi nawilebis funqcias.<br />
eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromi<br />
saTauri<br />
• saTaurma unda asaxos kvlevis sagani<br />
• saTauri zustad unda asaxavdes naSromis fokuss (arc zedmetad farTo<br />
unda iyos, arc zedmetad viwro)<br />
• saTauri TviTamxsneli unda iyos mocemuli sferos specialistebisaTvis<br />
abstraqti<br />
kvleviTi naSromis abstraqti Sedgeba erTi paragrafisagan, romelSic 4-10<br />
winadadebaa. arsebobs ori saxis abstraqti: I koncentrirebas axdens miRebul<br />
Sedegebsa da maTgan gamomdinare daskvnebze; II ki axdens naSromis 4 ZiriTadi<br />
nawilis (Sesavali, meTodebi, Sedegebi, diskusia) TiTo-TiTo winadadebiT<br />
Sejamebas.<br />
Sesavali<br />
Sesavlis mizania sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna da mkiTxvelebis mopoveba. is sami<br />
ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:<br />
1. sakvlevi sivrcis Seqmna<br />
• problemis aqtualobis CvenebiT (savaldebulo)<br />
• mocemul sferoSi ukve arsebuli gamokvlevebis ganxilviT (savaldebulo)<br />
2. konteqstis Seqmna<br />
• wina gamokvlevebis safuZvelze yuradRebis miRma darCenili sakiTxebis<br />
miTiTebiT da arsebuli codnis Sevsebis mcdelobiT (savaldebulo)<br />
3. konteqstis aTviseba<br />
• gamokvlevis miznisa da xasiaTis miTiTebiT (savaldebulo)<br />
• ZiriTadi daskvnebis warmodgeniT (arCeviTi)<br />
• naSromis struqturis gadmocemiT (arCeviTi)<br />
meTodebi<br />
socialur mecnierebebSi meTodebis seqcia Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba:<br />
• detaluradaa gadmocemuli yvela procedura<br />
• ar xdeba arsebuli kvlevebis ganxilva<br />
• moicavs dasabuTebebs, axsna-ganmartebebsa da magaliTebs<br />
• terminologia xSirad meordeba<br />
Sedegebi<br />
• meTodologiis dasabuTeba<br />
65
• Sedegebis interpretacia<br />
• arsebul gamokvlevebTan Tanxmobis dadgena<br />
• komentari miRebulmonacemebTan dakavSirebiT<br />
• interpretaciis procesSi sirTuleebis Cveneba<br />
diskusia / daskvna<br />
daskvna sami ZiriTadi safexurisagan Sedgeba:<br />
• sakvlevi sivrcis gamTlianeba (savaldebulo)<br />
• mocemuli gamokvlevis SezRudvebis Cveneba (arCeviTi, Tumca<br />
gavrcelebuli)<br />
• momavali kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis miTiTeba (arCeviTi da<br />
gavrcelebuli mxolod zogierT sferoSi)<br />
bibliografia<br />
yvela gamoyenebuli wyaros miTiTeba erTi arCeuli formatis farglebSi (vTqvaT,<br />
APA stiliT).<br />
kvleviTi naSromis seqciebSi arsebuli sakiTxebis sixSire<br />
Sesavali meTodebi Sedegebi diskusia<br />
axlandeli dro maRali dabali dabali maRali<br />
warsuli dro saSualo maRali maRali saSualo<br />
vnebiTi gvari dabali maRali cvalebadi cvalebadi<br />
citireba maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali<br />
SezRudvebi saSualo dabali saSualo maRali<br />
komentari maRali dabali cvalebadi maRali<br />
[Swales, J.M. and Feak, C.B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The<br />
Univesity, Michigan Press]<br />
rogorc sabiblioTeko, ise eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromebis gacnobis<br />
Semdeg, warmogidgenT bibliografiis miTiTebis teqnikas APA formatis<br />
farglebSi.<br />
• wigni, romelsac erTi avtori hyavs:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis adgili:<br />
gamomcemeli.<br />
kidi, u. (2002) kultura da identuroba. niu iorki: palgreiv makmilani.<br />
• wigni, romelsac ori an meti avtori hyavs:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali., da avtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri.<br />
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
sueilsi, j.m., da fiki, q.b. (1994). <strong>akademiuri</strong> <strong>wera</strong> magistraturis<br />
studentebisaTvis. miCigani: miCiganis universitetis presa.<br />
• wigni, romelsac redaqtori hyavs:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gamocemis<br />
adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
stantoni, d.q., da farbmani, e. (red.). (2003). qalis avtografi:<br />
avtobiografiis Teoria da praqtika. midltauni: ibis presi.<br />
• statia an damoukidebeli Tavi wignidan, romelsac erTi an<br />
ramdenime redaqtori hyavs:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis an Tavis saTauri.<br />
wignSi redaqtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). wignis saTauri (gverdebi). gamocemis<br />
66
adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
Silzi, e. (2002). centri da periferia. wignSi spilmeni, l. (red.). kulturis<br />
sociologia. oqsfordi: bleqveli.<br />
• xelaxla gamocemuli wigni:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa).<br />
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
sorensoni, S. (2002). rogor davweroT kvleviTi naSromi. (me-3 gam.). niuiorki:<br />
arko.<br />
• wigni, romelsac avtori an redaqtori ara hyavs:<br />
wignis saTauri. (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
vebsteris axali leqsikoni. (1961). spingfildi: meriami.<br />
• mravaltomiani naSromi:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (red.). (gamocemis TariRi). wignis saTauri. (tomebi).<br />
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
beri, j.v., segali, m.h., da kagicibasi, s. (red.). (1996). kroskulturuli<br />
fsiqologiis cnobari. (1-3 t.). londoni: seigi.<br />
• leqsikoni:<br />
saTauri. (meramdene gamocemaa). (gamocemis TariRi). gamocemis adgili:<br />
gamomcemeli.<br />
oqsfordis mokle inglisuri leqsikoni. (me-5 g.). (2002). niu-iorki:<br />
oqsfordis universitetis presa.<br />
• statia Jurnalidan:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). statiis saTauri. Jurnalis<br />
saTauri, tomis nomeri, gverdebi (ar iwereba gv.)<br />
uitkrofti, g. (2004, ivnisi). toni bleris tragedia. atlantika, 293, 56-72.<br />
• statia gazeTidan:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. gazeTis saTauri,<br />
gverdebi (iwereba gv.).<br />
mourisi, d. (2003, 17 marti). politika _ binZuri TamaSi? niu iork Taimsi, gv.<br />
11-12.<br />
• disertacia an avtoreferati:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (gamocemis TariRi). saTauri. disertacia,<br />
universiteti, misi mdebareoba.<br />
wulaZe, l. (2003). socializaciis zogierTi problema qarTuli kulturis<br />
konteqstSi (avtonomiuroba da sanqciebi ) . sakandidato disertacia, iv.<br />
javaxiSvilis sax.-is Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, Tbilisi.<br />
• leqciaze micemuli masala:<br />
leqtoris gvari, iniciali. (TariRi). saTauri. masala warmodgenili ama da am<br />
leqciaze, universiteti, misi mdebareoba.<br />
wulaZe, l. (2005, aprili). mSobelTa rwmenis sistemebi kulturaSi. masala<br />
warmodgenili kulturis sociologiis leqciaze, iv. javaxiSvilis sax.-is<br />
Tbilisi sax.-fo universiteti, Tbilisi.<br />
• samTavrobo dokumenti:<br />
saministrosa Tu dawesebulebis saxelwodeba. (gamocemis TariRi).<br />
dokumentis saTauri (publikaciisa Tu brZanebis nomeri). gamocemis adgili:<br />
gamomcemeli.<br />
mentaluri janmrTelobis nacionaluri instituti. (1982). televizia da<br />
67
qceva: samecniero progresis 10 weli (DHHS publikacia A 82-1195). vaSingtoni:<br />
aSS-s mTavrobis gamomcemloba.<br />
• aranabeWdi wyaroebi:<br />
gvari, iniciali. (pozicia). (TariRi). saTauri [filmi, telegadacema...].<br />
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemeli.<br />
redford, r. (reJisori). (1980). ubralo adamianebi [filmi]. holivudi:<br />
paramaunti.<br />
• masala internetidan:<br />
avtoris gvari, iniciali. (internetSi publikaciis TariRi). dokumentis<br />
saTauri. naSromis saTauri srulad. naSromis internetSi moZiebis TariRi da<br />
saitis misamarTi.<br />
internet-wigni<br />
braiant, p. (1999). biomravalgvaroba da dialogi. moZiebuli 4 oqtomberi,<br />
1999, http:/www. .........<br />
sagazeTo statia internetidan<br />
azari, b., da martini, s. (oqtomberi, 1999). umaRlesi skolis fsiqologia. APA<br />
monitori. moZiebulia 7 oqtomberi, 1999, http:/www....<br />
Jurnalis statia internetidan<br />
faini, m., da kurdeki, l.a. (1993). refleqsia. saganmanaTleblo reformis<br />
sakiTxebze. amerikeli fsiqologi, 48, 1141-1147. moZiebulia 7 ivnisi, 1995.<br />
http:/www. .........<br />
[APA References. Retrieved 22 May, 2005 from http:/webster.comment.edu/ada.htm]<br />
68
saswavlo kursis kodi:<br />
silabusi<br />
<strong>akademiuri</strong> <strong>wera</strong><br />
saswavlo kursis statusi: magistratura, I kursi, savaldebulo.<br />
saswavlo kursis xangrZlivoba: 1 semestri.<br />
ECTS: 8 krediti. sakontaqto muSaobaze gaTvaliswinebuli saaTebis raodenoba _<br />
32, damoukidebeli muSaoba _ 150 saaTi.<br />
leqtori: lia wulaZe, asistent-profesori, socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa<br />
fakulteti, sociologiis departamenti.<br />
T: 33 30 43; 893 21 38 12; e-mail: likuna282003@yahoo.com<br />
saswavlo kursis mizani: <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris kursi agebulia centraluri evropis<br />
universitetis <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris programis safuZvelze da 4 Janrs moicavs:<br />
argumentirebul eses, kritikas, analitikur referats da kvleviT naSroms,<br />
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori ZiriTadi saxisaa — sabiblioTeko da eqsperimentuli.<br />
aRniSnuli kursi interaqtiuli xasiaTisaa. studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben<br />
leqciis msvlelobaSi da leqciazeve ganixilaven da aanalizeben sxvadasxva<br />
Janris nawarmoebebs. isini etapobrivad qmnian TiToeuli Janris nawarmoebs da,<br />
jgufuri Sefasebis meTodis gamoyenebiT, leqciazeve afaseben erTmaneTis<br />
naSromebs winaswar SemuSavebuli Sefasebis skalebis safuZvelze.<br />
kursis mizania argumentirebis, kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris<br />
ganviTareba studentebSi, agreTve arsebuli Teoriuli masalisa da<br />
gamokvlevebis gamoyeneba sakvlevi problemis gadaWrisa da empiriuli kvlevis<br />
parametrebis gansazRvrisaTvis. amasTan erTad, mocemuli kursis safuZvelze,<br />
studentebi ecnobian plagiatis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swor teqnikas,<br />
gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebas msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis<br />
farglebSi da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovnebas.<br />
Seswavlis winapirobebi: mocemuli kursi acnobs studentebs <strong>akademiuri</strong> weris<br />
safuZvlebs da iwyebs argumentis struqturirebis teqnikiT; amdenad, misi<br />
mTavari moTxovnaa, rom studentebi kargad icnobdnen qarTuli enis<br />
marTl<strong>wera</strong>sa da hqondeT analitikuri azrovnebis Sesabamisi done.<br />
saswavlo kursis formati: leqcia, praqtikuli muSaoba da prezentacia.<br />
saswavlo kursis Sinaarsi:<br />
gakveTili<br />
Tema<br />
1 argumentirebuli eses<br />
Sesavali<br />
miznebi<br />
• studentebi ecnobian kursis silabussa da<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian argumentirebuli eses<br />
Janrs, mis struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs<br />
• studentebi ganixilaven argumentirebuli eses<br />
nimuSebs<br />
69
2 weriTi procesis<br />
safexurebi<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTareba<br />
3 argumentirebuli eses<br />
Sesavali nawili<br />
sakuTari argumentebis<br />
prezentacia<br />
kontr-argumentebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba da<br />
ukugdeba<br />
4 argumentirebuli eses<br />
daskvna<br />
logika da mTlianoba<br />
argumentirebuli eses<br />
saboloo versiis Seqmna<br />
da prezentacia<br />
• studentebi ecnobian weriTi procesis ZiriTad<br />
safexurebs da varjiSoben ideebis generaciaSi,<br />
Temebis arCevasa da saTaurebis formulirebaSi<br />
• studentebi ecnobian efeqturi paragrafis<br />
struqturas<br />
• studentebi varjiSoben paragrafebis<br />
ganviTarebaSi<br />
• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli Sesavlis<br />
rolsa da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs<br />
• studentebi varjiSoben Sesavlis da<strong>wera</strong>Si<br />
• studentebi swavloben sakuTari argumentebis<br />
wardgenasa da dasabuTebas<br />
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT<br />
• studentebi swavloben kontr-argumentebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebasa da ukugdebas<br />
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT<br />
• studentebi ecnobian warmatebuli daskvnis rolsa<br />
da misTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs<br />
• studentebi varjiSoben daskvnis da<strong>wera</strong>Si<br />
• studentebi ecnobian naSromis gamTlianebisa da<br />
logikuri Tanmimdevrobis uzrunvelyofis<br />
teqnikas da varjiSoben masSi<br />
• argumentirebuli eses saboloo versiis Seqmna da<br />
prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis<br />
naSromebs<br />
5 kritikis Sesavali • studentebi ecnobian kritikis Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian kritikis Janrs, mis<br />
struqturasa da ZiriTad elementebs<br />
• studentebi ganixilaven kritikis nimuSebs<br />
6 perifrazireba Sejameba<br />
citireba<br />
plagiatis Tavidan<br />
acileba<br />
7 Sefaseba-refleqsia<br />
8 weris stili da logika<br />
kritikis saboloo<br />
versiis Seqmna da<br />
prezentacia<br />
9 analitikuri referatis<br />
Sesavali<br />
• studentebi axdenen avtoris ideebis<br />
perifrazirebas<br />
• studentebi ecnobian teqstis Sejamebis teqnikas<br />
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT<br />
• studentebi swavloben citirebis swor teqnikas<br />
studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor aicilon<br />
Tavidan plagiati<br />
• studentebi gamoxataven TavianT pozicias<br />
avtoris ideebTan mimarTebaSi<br />
• studentebi kritikulad afaseben statias<br />
• praqtika werilobiTi formiT<br />
• studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da<br />
logikaze<br />
• kritikis saboloo versiis Seqmna da prezentacia;<br />
studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis naSromebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis<br />
Sefasebis kriteriumebs<br />
70
• studentebi ecnobian analitikuri referatis<br />
ZiriTad elementebs<br />
• studentebi ganixilaven analitikuri referatis<br />
nimuSebs<br />
• studentebi adareben kritikisa da analitikuri<br />
referatis ZiriTad elementebs<br />
10 konteqstualizacia • studentebi ecnobian konteqstualizaciis arss da<br />
varjiSoben konteqstualizaciis ganxorcielebaSi<br />
11 avtorTa poziciebis<br />
analizi da Sefaseba<br />
Sexedulebebis<br />
ganmtkiceba<br />
12 weris stili da logika<br />
analitikuri referatis<br />
saboloo versiis Seqmna<br />
da prezentacia<br />
13 kvleviTi naSromis<br />
Sesavali<br />
14 sabiblioTeko kvleviTi<br />
naSromi<br />
15 eqsperimentuli<br />
kvleviTi naSromi<br />
16 bibliografiis<br />
miTiTebis APA-stili<br />
Sefaseba:<br />
daswreba — 15%<br />
naSromebis Seqmna — 60%<br />
naSromebis prezentacia — 25%<br />
savaldebulo literatura:<br />
• studentebi adareben avtorTa poziciebs, nabijnabij<br />
afaseben ra msgavseba-gansxvavebebs<br />
• studentebi swavloben, Tu rogor ganamtkicon<br />
Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT sakuTari da sxvebis<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
• studentebi fokusirebas axdenen weris stilsa da<br />
logikaze<br />
• analitikuri referatis saboloo versiis Seqmna<br />
da prezentacia; studentebi afaseben erTmaneTis<br />
naSromebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Sefasebis<br />
kriteriumebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian kvleviTi naSromis Janrs da<br />
mis ZiriTad elementebs<br />
• studentebi ecnobian sabiblioTeko kvleviTi<br />
naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,<br />
etapebs sabiblioTeko kvleviTi naSromis Seqmnis<br />
procesSi<br />
• studentebi ecnobian eqsperimentuli kvleviTi<br />
naSromis struqturas, mis ZiriTad seqciebs,<br />
etapebs eqsperimentuli kvleviTi naSromis<br />
Seqmnis procesSi<br />
• studentebi ecnobian bibliografiis miTiTebis<br />
APA-stils<br />
• studentebi varjiSoben APA-stilis mixedviT<br />
bibliografiis miTiTebaSi<br />
*radgan <strong>akademiuri</strong> <strong>wera</strong> SedarebiT axali disciplinaa saqarTveloSi da<br />
Zalian rTulia qarTulenovani literaturis moZieba mis Sesaxeb, leqtori<br />
aZlevs studentebs mis mier Targmnil da damuSavebul masalas, agreTve,<br />
sxvadasxva Janris nimuSebs.<br />
Bailey, S. (2003). Academic Writing: A Practical Guide for Students. London and N.Y.:<br />
RoutledgeFalmer.<br />
71
Leki, I. (2 nd ed.). (1998). Academic Writing. Exploring Processes and Strategies. Cambridge:<br />
Cambridge University Press.<br />
Smalley, R. L., Ruetten, M. K., & Kozyrev, J. R. (5 th ed.). (2001). Refining composition Skills -<br />
Rhetoric and Grammar. Boston: Heinle & Heinle, Thomson Learning.<br />
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1994). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The<br />
University of Michigan Press.<br />
damatebiTi literatura:<br />
Craswell, G. (2005). Writing for Academic Success: A Postgraduate Guide. London: SAGE<br />
Publications.<br />
Ede, L. (2001). Work in Progress: A Guide to Academic Writing and Revising. (5 th ed.). Boston<br />
and N.Y.: Bedford/St. Martin’s.<br />
Giltrow, J. (ed.). (2002). Academic Reading: Reading and Writing in Disciplines.<br />
Hewings, M. (2002). Writing in Context: Implications and Applications.<br />
Jordan, R. R. (3 rd ed.). (1999). Academic Writing Course. Harlow: Longman, Pearson Education<br />
Limited.<br />
Rosen, L. (2005). Handbook of Academic Writing.<br />
Sorenson, S. (3 rd ed.). (2002). How to Write Research Papers. New York: Macmillan Reference<br />
USA.<br />
Teitelbaum, H. (4 th ed.).(1998). How to Write a Thesis. Boston: Arco, Thomson Learning.<br />
http://www.apa.org/<br />
http://www.ceu.hu/writing/sfaccess.html<br />
http://www.criticalreading.com/<br />
http://www.csuohio.edu/writingcenter/<br />
http://www.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/<br />
http://www.powa.org/<br />
http://www.refdesk.com/citations<br />
http://www.rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/index.html<br />
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing<br />
http://webster.comment.edu/<br />
http://www.wisc.edu/writing/<br />
http://writing.richmond.edu/writing/<br />
swavlis Sedegi:<br />
mocemuli kursis safuZvelze, studentebi praqtikulad gaecnen <strong>akademiuri</strong><br />
weris oTx ZiriTad Janrs: argumentirebul eses, romelmac gaacno studentebs<br />
sakuTari argumentebis prezentaciisa da Sesabamisi mxardaWeriT ganmtkicebis,<br />
agreTve, kontrargumentebis ukugdebis teqnika; kritikas, romelic emsaxureba<br />
kritikuli azrovnebisa da Sefasebis unaris ganviTarebas studentebSi;<br />
analitikur referats, romlic aswavlis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebis<br />
Sejamebas, analizs, konteqstualizacias da maTze refleqsias; kvleviT naSroms,<br />
romelic warmoadgens studentebisaTvis megzurs warmatebuli sakursos<br />
dasa<strong>wera</strong>d da amzadebs sadiplomo naSromebis Sesaqmnelad. amasTan erTad,<br />
studentebma gaicnes plagiatobis Tavidan acilebisa da citirebis swori<br />
teqnika, msoflioSi aRiarebuli formatis farglebSi gamoyenebuli<br />
literaturis miTiTeba da prezentaciebis mowyobis xelovneba.<br />
72
naSromis<br />
struqtura<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTareba<br />
da logika<br />
stili da ena<br />
sakuTari<br />
argumentebis<br />
dasabuTeba<br />
kontrargumentebis<br />
gaTvaliswineba da<br />
ukugdeba<br />
argumentirebuli eses Sefaseba<br />
sanimuSo kargi<br />
naSromi<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
organizebuli.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
sanimuSod<br />
ganviTarebuli<br />
da logikuria.<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. gramatika<br />
da punqtuacia<br />
uSecdomoa.<br />
avtoris<br />
argumentebi<br />
Zlieria da<br />
damajerebladaa<br />
dasabuTebuli.<br />
kontrargumentebigaTvaliswinebuli<br />
da<br />
warmatebiT<br />
ukugdebulia.<br />
naSromi kargad<br />
organizebulia.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da umetesad<br />
efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
kargadaa<br />
ganviTarebuli<br />
da logikuria,<br />
magram<br />
periodulad<br />
aklia saWiro<br />
detali.<br />
kargadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ZiriTadad<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. umniSvnelo<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
avtoris<br />
argumentebi<br />
sakmaod<br />
damajerebelia<br />
da kargadaa<br />
dasabuTebuli.<br />
kontrargumentebigaTvaliswinebuli<br />
da<br />
umetesad<br />
ukugdebulia.<br />
73<br />
damakmayofilebeli<br />
organizebis<br />
mcdeloba. an<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi<br />
saxezea, magram<br />
ar aris<br />
efeqturad<br />
gamoyenebuli,<br />
an erT-erTi<br />
elementi<br />
aklia.<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
magram xSirad<br />
aklia saWiro<br />
detali da<br />
nakleb<br />
logikuria.<br />
met-naklebad<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi<br />
ena. aklia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni.<br />
garkveuli<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
avtoris<br />
argumentebi<br />
damajerebelia,<br />
magram aklia<br />
dasabuTeba.<br />
kontrargumentebisgaTvaliswinebis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
Tumca isini<br />
naklebadaa<br />
ukugdebuli.<br />
aradamakmayo-<br />
filebeli<br />
araorganizebuli.<br />
araerTi<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi aklia.<br />
paragrafebi ar<br />
aris<br />
ganviTarebuli.<br />
naSromi savsea<br />
individualuri,<br />
daukavSirebeli<br />
winadadebebiT.<br />
ar aris<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ar aris miRweuli<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. bevri<br />
Secdoma<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
avtoris<br />
argumentebi<br />
nakleb<br />
damajerebelia<br />
da ar aris<br />
dasabuTebuli.<br />
kontrargumentebi<br />
ar aris<br />
gaTvaliswinebuli<br />
da<br />
ukugdebuli.
wvdoma<br />
Sefaseba<br />
naSromis struqtura<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTareba da<br />
logika<br />
stili da ena<br />
kritikis Sefaseba<br />
sanimuSo kargi<br />
avtori Rrmad<br />
swvda statias da<br />
masSi mocemul<br />
ZiriTad<br />
argumentebs.<br />
avtori avlens<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis<br />
sanimuSo unars.<br />
is ganixilavs<br />
yvela ZiriTad<br />
arguments,<br />
axdens maT Rrma<br />
interpretacias,<br />
analizs,<br />
Sejamebasa da<br />
Sefasebas.<br />
naSromi<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
organizebuli.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
sanimuSod<br />
ganviTarebuli<br />
da logikuria.<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. gramatika<br />
da punqtuacia<br />
uSecdomoa.<br />
avtorma<br />
saTanadod gaigo<br />
statia da masSi<br />
mocemuli<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebi.<br />
avtori avlens<br />
kritikuli<br />
azrovnebis<br />
unars. is<br />
ganixilavs yvela<br />
ZiriTad<br />
arguments,<br />
kompetenturad<br />
axdens maT<br />
interpretacias,<br />
analizs,<br />
Sejamebasa da<br />
Sefasebas.<br />
naSromi kargad<br />
organizebulia.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da umetesad<br />
efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
kargadaa<br />
ganviTarebuli<br />
da logikuria,<br />
magram<br />
periodulad<br />
aklia saWiro<br />
detali.<br />
kargadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ZiriTadad<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. umniSvnelo<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
74<br />
damakmayofilebeli<br />
avtors<br />
mxolod<br />
zedapirulad<br />
esmis statia da<br />
masSi mocemuli<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebi.<br />
avtori<br />
cdilobs<br />
kritikulad<br />
gaaanalizos<br />
statia, magram<br />
zogierTi<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
argumenti ar<br />
aris saTanadod<br />
interpretireb<br />
uli,<br />
Sejamebuli da<br />
Sefasebuli.<br />
organizebis<br />
mcdeloba. an<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi<br />
saxezea, magram<br />
ar aris<br />
efeqturad<br />
gamoyenebuli,<br />
an erT-erTi<br />
elementi<br />
aklia.<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
magram xSirad<br />
aklia saWiro<br />
detali da<br />
nakleblogiku<br />
ria.<br />
met-naklebad<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi<br />
ena. aklia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni.<br />
garkveuli<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
aradamakmayo-<br />
filebeli<br />
avtors<br />
arasworad esmis<br />
statia da ver<br />
axdens ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebis<br />
diferenciacias.<br />
avtori ver<br />
axdens statiis<br />
kritikul<br />
analizs.<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
argumentebi<br />
ar aris<br />
interpretirebu<br />
li da<br />
Sejamebuli. maTi<br />
Sefaseba<br />
araadekvaturia.<br />
araorganizebul<br />
i. araerTi<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi aklia.<br />
paragrafebi ar<br />
aris<br />
ganviTarebuli.<br />
naSromi savsea<br />
individualuri,<br />
daukavSirebeli<br />
winadadebebiT.<br />
ar aris<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ar aris miRweuli<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. bevri<br />
Secdoma<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.
ZiriTadi sakiTxebisidentifikacia<br />
da konteqstualizacia<br />
pozicia, analizi,<br />
Sefaseba<br />
naSromis<br />
struqtura<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTareba<br />
da logika<br />
stili da ena<br />
analitikuri referatis Sefaseba<br />
sanimuSo kargi<br />
avtori avlens<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis<br />
identifikaciisa<br />
da farTo<br />
konteqstTan maTi<br />
dakavSirebis<br />
sanimuSo unars.<br />
sanimuSo<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizi. avtori<br />
axdens statiaTa<br />
avtorebis<br />
poziciebis<br />
diferenciaciasa<br />
da Sefasebas,<br />
imavdroulad<br />
gvTavazobs ra mis<br />
kargad<br />
dasabuTebul<br />
pozicias.<br />
naSromi<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
organizebuli.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
sanimuSod<br />
ganviTarebuli da<br />
logikuria.<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli toni.<br />
gramatika da<br />
punqtuacia<br />
uSecdomoa.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura<br />
srulad da<br />
sworadaa<br />
miTiTebuli.<br />
avtori axdens<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis<br />
identifikacias da<br />
cdilobs maT<br />
dakavSirebas<br />
farTo<br />
konteqstTan.<br />
avtori axdens<br />
statiaTa<br />
avtorebis<br />
poziciebis<br />
saTanado<br />
diferenciaciasa<br />
da SedarebiT<br />
analizs, magram<br />
misi pozicia ar<br />
aris naTlad<br />
dasabuTebuli.<br />
naSromi kargad<br />
organizebulia.<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi saxezea<br />
da umetesad<br />
efeqturadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
kargadaa<br />
ganviTarebuli da<br />
logikuria, magram<br />
periodulad aklia<br />
saWiro detali.<br />
kargadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ZiriTadad<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli toni.<br />
umniSvnelo<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura<br />
srulad da<br />
sworadaa<br />
miTiTebuli.<br />
75<br />
damakmayofilebeli<br />
avtori cdilobs<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis<br />
identifikacias,<br />
magram yvela<br />
maTgani ar aris<br />
gamoyofili.<br />
maTi farTo<br />
konteqstTan<br />
dakavSirebis<br />
warumatebeli<br />
mcdeloba.<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizisa da<br />
statiebis<br />
avtorTa<br />
poziciebis<br />
Sefasebis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
magram ZiriTad<br />
argumentebs<br />
aklia dasabuTeba<br />
da amitom<br />
avtoris pozicia<br />
ufro<br />
bundovania.<br />
organizebis<br />
mcdeloba. an<br />
yvela<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi<br />
saxezea, magram<br />
ar aris<br />
efeqturad<br />
gamoyenebuli, an<br />
erT-erTi<br />
elementi aklia.<br />
paragrafebis<br />
ganviTarebis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
magram xSirad<br />
aklia saWiro<br />
detali da<br />
nakleb<br />
logikuria.<br />
met-naklebad<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
aklia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. garkveuli<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura<br />
sruladaa<br />
miTiTebuli,<br />
magram<br />
garkveuli<br />
xarvezebiT.<br />
aradamakmayo-<br />
filebeli<br />
avtori ver axdens<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebis<br />
identifikaciasa<br />
da konteqstuali-<br />
zacias.<br />
avtori ar axdens<br />
SedarebiT<br />
analizsa da<br />
statiebis avtorTa<br />
poziciebis<br />
Sefasebas, misi<br />
poziciac ar aris<br />
Camoyalibebuli.<br />
araorganize-<br />
buli. araerTi<br />
struqturuli<br />
elementi aklia.<br />
paragrafebi<br />
ar aris<br />
ganviTarebuli.<br />
naSromi savsea<br />
individualuri,<br />
daukavSirebeli<br />
winadadebebiT.<br />
ar aris<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena. ar<br />
aris miRweuli<br />
profesiuli toni.<br />
bevri Secdoma<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura<br />
arasrulad da<br />
arasworadaa<br />
miTiTebuli.
Sesavali<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
nawili<br />
daskvna<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
literatura<br />
stili da ena<br />
kvleviTi naSromis Sefaseba<br />
sanimuSo kargi<br />
efeqturi Sesa-<br />
vali, problemis<br />
naTeli defini-<br />
ciiTa da<br />
detaluri<br />
safuZvelmdebar<br />
e informaciiT.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
wyaroebis<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizi da<br />
kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba<br />
sanimuSoa.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiT-<br />
xebi sanimuSodaa<br />
Sejamebuli da ar<br />
aris<br />
ganmeorebadi.<br />
daskvnebi da<br />
rekomendaciebi<br />
logikuria da<br />
kavSirSia<br />
sakvlev<br />
problemasTan.<br />
minimum 5-6<br />
wyaroa<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
yvela wyaro<br />
sakvlevi<br />
problemis<br />
relevanturia.<br />
isini srulad da<br />
sworadaa<br />
miTiTebuli.<br />
sanimuSodaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. gramatika<br />
da punqtuacia<br />
uSecdomoa.<br />
problema<br />
gansazRvrulia<br />
adekvaturi<br />
safuZvelmdebar<br />
e informaciiTa<br />
da detalebiT.<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
wyaroebis<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizi kargia,<br />
magram<br />
garkveulwilad<br />
aklia kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
ZiriTadi<br />
sakiTxebi<br />
kargadaa Sejame-<br />
buli da nakleb<br />
ganmeorebadia.<br />
mocemulia<br />
garkveuli<br />
rekomendaciebi,<br />
romlebic<br />
kavSirSia<br />
sakvlev<br />
problemasTan.<br />
5 wyaro mainc<br />
aris gamoyenebuli.<br />
yvela<br />
wyaro sakvlevi<br />
problemis<br />
relevanturia.<br />
isini srulad<br />
aris miTiTebuli,<br />
magram<br />
ramodenime ar<br />
aris sasurvel<br />
formatSi.<br />
kargadaa<br />
gamoyenebuli<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi ena.<br />
ZiriTadad<br />
miRweulia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. umniSvnelo<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
76<br />
damakmayofilebeli<br />
problema ar<br />
aris naTlad<br />
gansazRv- ruli<br />
da aklia<br />
saWiro detali.<br />
safuZvelmdeba<br />
re informacia<br />
ar aris<br />
adeqvaturad<br />
axsnili.<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizis<br />
mcdeloba,<br />
magram aklia<br />
kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba.<br />
ZiriTadi saki-<br />
Txebi zogadad<br />
Sejamebulia,<br />
magram ganme-<br />
orebadia.<br />
rekomendaciebi<br />
Tu sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebebi<br />
ar aris<br />
mocemuli.<br />
5 wyaroze<br />
nakle bia<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
isini srulad<br />
aris<br />
miTiTebuli,<br />
magram maTi<br />
nawili ar aris<br />
sasurvel<br />
formatSi.<br />
met-naklebad<br />
gamoyenebulia<br />
formaluri<br />
werilobiTi<br />
ena. aklia<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni.<br />
garkveuli<br />
Secdomebi<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.<br />
aradamakmayo-<br />
filebeli<br />
problema ar aris<br />
gansazRvruli.<br />
safuZvelmdebare<br />
informacia<br />
bundovania an<br />
ar aris<br />
dakavSirebuli<br />
problemasTan.<br />
SedarebiTi<br />
analizi<br />
bundovania.<br />
kritikuli<br />
Sefaseba ar aris<br />
mocemuli.<br />
ZiriTadi sakiT-<br />
xebi ar aris<br />
adeqvaturad<br />
Sejamebuli.<br />
rekomendaciebi<br />
Tu sakuTari<br />
Sexedulebebi ar<br />
aris mocemuli.<br />
4 wyaroze<br />
naklebia<br />
gamoyenebuli.<br />
isini ar aris<br />
srulad<br />
miTiTebuli,<br />
umravlesobis<br />
formati<br />
arasworia.<br />
ar aris gamoye-<br />
nebuli forma-<br />
luri werilo-<br />
biTi ena. ar aris<br />
miRweuli<br />
profesiuli<br />
toni. bevri<br />
Secdoma<br />
gramatikasa da<br />
punqtuaciaSi.
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