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socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
politikuri<br />
Teoria<br />
momzadebulia socialur mecnierebaTa centris<br />
akademiuri stipendiis safuZvelze<br />
saleqcio kursi<br />
socialuri mecnierebebis magistraturisaTvis<br />
mamuka biWaSvili<br />
Tbilisi<br />
2006
socialur mecnierebaTa seria<br />
mTavari redaqtori:<br />
enobrivi redaqtori:<br />
marine CitaSvili<br />
lia kaWarava<br />
dakabadoneba, ydis dizaini:<br />
giorgi bagrationi<br />
© socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2006<br />
© <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>, 2006<br />
q. Tbilisi, 0108, T. WoveliZis q. # 10<br />
el. fosta: contact@ucss.ge<br />
internet gverdi: www.ucss.ge<br />
wigni momzadebulia da gamocemulia `socialur mecnierebaTa<br />
centris” (<strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>) mier, fondis OSI – Zug,<br />
budapeStis Ria sazogadoebis institutis umaRlesi ganaTlebis<br />
mxardaWeris programis (HESP) finansuri xelSewyobiT<br />
The book has been published by the <strong>Center</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>Social</strong> <strong>Sciences</strong>,<br />
sponsored by the OSI-Zug Foundation and the Higher Education<br />
Support Program (HESP) of the Open Society Institute-Budapest.<br />
ISBN: 99940 - 872 - 4 - X
s a r C e v i<br />
politikuri Teoriis kursi ........................................................................................................5<br />
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”.....................................................................................7<br />
1.samarTlianobis problema........................................................................................................8<br />
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma.........8<br />
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema......................................................................................9<br />
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi.........................................................................9<br />
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo ...................................................................................10<br />
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura ..............................................................................................11<br />
3.3.<br />
1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi......................................12<br />
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea........................13<br />
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia.............................13<br />
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci....................................................................14<br />
6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri <strong>for</strong>mebi...........................................................................15<br />
7. sxva sakiTxebi..............................................................................................................................16<br />
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria .....................................................................17<br />
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani...........................................................................................................17<br />
2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba......................................................................................19<br />
3. moqalaqis cneba..........................................................................................................................20<br />
4. saxelmwifoebis <strong>for</strong>mebi .......................................................................................................22<br />
ciceroni (106-43) ...............................................................................................................................25<br />
1. saxelmwifos msaxureba ...........................................................................................................26<br />
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>ma ...........................................27<br />
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi..................................................................................28<br />
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi<br />
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli) ..............................................................29<br />
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527) ......................................................................................................36<br />
1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia ..............................................................................36<br />
2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis<br />
SemoerTebis da maTi marTvis teqnologiebi ...............................................................38<br />
3.samxedro saqme .............................................................................................................................39<br />
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi ..........................................................................................41<br />
5.politikuri moralis cneba ...................................................................................................43<br />
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia ..................................................................................................45<br />
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea ..........................................................45<br />
sxva sakiTxebi..................................................................................................................................47<br />
Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani” .....................................................................................48<br />
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi ............................................49<br />
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba..................................................................................................51<br />
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba ...............................................................................................51<br />
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebi.................................................................................52<br />
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi.................................................................53<br />
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba .......................................................................................................55<br />
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi................................................................................................................55<br />
3
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb ..................................................................57<br />
1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba......................................58<br />
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi ..........................................................................59<br />
3.sakuTreba.......................................................................................................................................60<br />
4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba......................................................................62<br />
5.saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mebi da xelisuflebis dayofa ...........................................................63<br />
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni” ............................................................65<br />
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi.........................................................................................65<br />
2.saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi......................................................66<br />
2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris.......................................................69<br />
3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba .......................................................................................70<br />
4. omis Sesaxeb..................................................................................................................................72<br />
5.geografiuli determiizmi.....................................................................................................73<br />
Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria...................................................................74<br />
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba.......................................................74<br />
2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba ...........................................................................................77<br />
3.suverenis cneba ...........................................................................................................................78<br />
4. saxelmwifo ..................................................................................................................................79<br />
emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi ...............................................82<br />
omis Sesaxeb......................................................................................................................................83<br />
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb.........................................................................................................84<br />
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi ...............................................86<br />
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816)<br />
“esse samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb” ..................................................89<br />
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.....................................................................89<br />
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb...................................90<br />
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba ...................................................................................92<br />
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb .....................................................................93<br />
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba....................................................................................95<br />
5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb ...................................................................96<br />
edmund berkis konservatizmi .................................................................................................98<br />
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi.............99<br />
memkvidreobiToba .......................................................................................................................100<br />
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli .....................................................................101<br />
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da<br />
adamianis Rirseba rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli ........................103<br />
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg .......................................105<br />
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi” ...............................................................................................107<br />
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi ...............................................................................107<br />
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY...........................................................................109<br />
4
politikuri Teoriis kursi<br />
leqciebis kursi Cafiqrebulia rogorc politikuri da sociologiuri<br />
Teoria. SesaZloa kursis amgvari danawileba, kategorizacia mTlad zusti ar<br />
iyos, radgan kursi mTlianobaSi moiazreba rogorc socialuri Teoria, margam<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac masSi aqcentireba moxdeba politikuri da sociologiuri<br />
Teoriis konkretul aspeqtebze, Cven vamjobineT SemoTavazebuli saxeli<br />
SevinarCunoT. politikuri Teoria SeiZleba gadmocemuli iyos sxvadasxva gziT.<br />
vTqvaT, problemebis Tanmimdevruli gaSlis an Teoriebis tipologiaze<br />
orientirebis gziT. Cven gadavwyviteT davemyaroT konkretul avtorebs da maTi<br />
Teoriebis gadmocemas. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT movicavT rogorc istoriul<br />
masalas, aseve SevZlebT vaCvenoT politikuri Teoriis zogadi buneba da misi<br />
ganviTarebis magistraluri gezi. Tuki Cvens naSroms masalis gadmocemis amgvari<br />
wesis gamo vinme uwodebda politikuri Teoriis istorias, Cven ar<br />
gavaprotestebT saxelwodebas. yvelafers rac ki droSi arsebobs, Tavisi<br />
istoria aqvs da sad SeiZleba sagnis buneba gamovlindes ufrocxadad, Tu ara<br />
missave istoriaSi. Tumca, isic gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv istoriuli mxare<br />
masalis gadmocemisa, Cveni interesis sagans ar warmoadgens.<br />
ra tipis Teoriebze gveqneba saubari, rodesac ganvixilavT politikuri<br />
Teoriis problemebs? Cven SevexebiT Teoriebs, romelTac zogierTi politikur<br />
filosofias an ubralod politikur Teorias uwodebs. avtorebis es nawili<br />
amgvar dayofisas aqcents akeTebs termin politikurze da naklebd interesdeba<br />
misi gamoxatulebis filosofiuri Tu arafilosofiuri mxareebiT. Cvens<br />
leqciebis kursSi gadmocemuli masala iTvaliswinebs amgvar midgomas, rac imaSi<br />
aisaxeba, rom Cven mogviwevs SevexoT rogorc filosofiuri refleqsiiT<br />
dafuZnebul, aseve deskripciuli safuZvelze SemuSavebul Teoriebs. miuxedavad<br />
amisa, Cven vacnobierebT, rom arsebobs gansxvaveba politikur filosofiasa da<br />
wminda politikur Teorias Soris da gvsurs SesavalSi swored am sakiTxs<br />
davuTmoT ramdenime sityva.<br />
politikuri Teoria yalibdeba empiriuli midgomis, movlenebze dakvirvebis<br />
da maTi deskripciuli aRnusxvis safuZvelze. politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi<br />
kiTxvaa “ratom?” — “ratom xorcieldeba esa da es?” mas ainteresebs rogor<br />
vlindeba politikuri cxovrebis konkretul sferoebSi. politikuri Teoria<br />
ikvlevs politikuri institutebis mowyobis principebs da maTi funqcionirebis<br />
teqnologiebs.<br />
politikuri Teoria ZiriTadad orientirebulia faqtebis samyaroze. faqti<br />
hegelis kvalad SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT, rogorc raRac, rac mocemulia “axla”<br />
da “aq”. amgvarad orientirebuli TeoriebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs ara<br />
politikis “subieqtebs”, romlebis nebelobis mqone, RirebulebiTad orientirebuli<br />
arsebebia, aramed ufro “agentebs”an “aqtiorebs”, maT “funqciebs”,<br />
“scenarebs” an, bolos, “rolebs”.<br />
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia aRvniSnoT, rom<br />
politikuri Teoria, misi empiriuli orientaciis miuxedavad, mainc Teoriaa da is<br />
ar unda avurioT politikur movlenebze zegavlenis, individebis masSi<br />
CarTulobis an gnebavT, piriqiT, amorTulobis uzrunvelyofis konkretuli<br />
teqnologiebis kvlevisagan. amgvari meqanizmebis analizi da ukve aprobirebuli<br />
teqnologiebis aRwerebi sul ufro mravalferovan saxes iZens Tanamedrove<br />
politikuri samyaros garTulebis kvalad. Tu politikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi<br />
saorientacio kiTxvaa “ratom?”, teqnologiebis mkvlevari an, iqneb, umjobesia<br />
mas eqsperti vuwodoT, orientirebs kiTxviT “rogor?”<br />
rac Seexeba politikur filosofias, igi klasikuri <strong>for</strong>miT, empiriuli<br />
Teoriebisagan gansxvavebiT, orientirebulia arsebis kvlevaze, xolo Tanamedrove<br />
modifikaciebSi ki xdomilebaTa analizze. misi ZiriTadi kiTxvaa “ra?”<br />
anu “ra aris politikuri, ra vlindeba, ra aCvenebs Tavs politikuri xaisaTis<br />
xdomilebebSi, rogorc arsobrivi diferenci?” amgvari kvleva aucileblobiT ar<br />
unda warmovidginoT siRrmiseuli analizis pretenziis mqone Teoriad. igi<br />
5
saubrobs ara faqtebze, aramed xdomilebebze, rogorc TanmimdevrobaTa<br />
konstelaciebze. politikuri filosofia marTalia ar ugulvebelyofs faqtebis<br />
samyaros kvlevas, magram is mainc orientirebulia sazrisebis, adamianis<br />
RirebulebiT orientaciebis Seswavlaze. xdomilebebi aq gaigeba politikur<br />
qcevaTa SesaZleblobebad da adamianis moqmedebis orientirebad gaiazreba.<br />
politikis Teoriis da politikuri filosofiis gamijvniT, Cven sulac ar<br />
vamzadebT niadags saimisod, rom SemdegSi arCevani gavakeToT maT Soris an<br />
vTqvaT, rom politikuri Teoria misi empiriuli xasiaTis gamo naklebmniSvnelovania<br />
da zedapiruli an piriqiT, rom politikis filosofias araviTari<br />
kavSiri ara aqvs realobasTan daswored misi filosofiuri xasiaTis gamo<br />
ocnebis, utopiis sferos miekuTvneba (saTanado Zalisxmevis gareSe, Znelad Tu<br />
ipovnis vinme raime gamorCeulad filosofiurs Tomas moris “utopiaSi”). Cven<br />
midgomebs Soris gansxvaveba davafiqsireT da SemdgomSi gadmocemT rogorc im<br />
avtorebs, vinc politikuri Teorias ayalibebda, aseve im avtorebsac, vinc<br />
amjobinebda filosofiur midgomas.<br />
gansxvaveba politikur Teoriasa da politikur filosofias Soris ar aris<br />
gansxvaveba sagnis mixedviT. rogorc erTis, aseve meoris sagani erTi garkveuli<br />
movlenebis, politikuri movlenebis rigia. maTi Seswavlis obieqti erTia —<br />
politikuri. amitom, Tuki Cven mainc vlaparakobT maT Soris gamsxvavebaze, es<br />
imitom, rom ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli Seswavlis obieqtisadmi TiToeulis<br />
midgomis specifikaSi, maT meTodilogiur principebSi mdgomareobs, rogorc es,<br />
imedi gvaqvs, zemoT moyvanili daxasiaTebidanac kargad Cans. amgvari<br />
gansxvavebuli midgomis nimuSebad SegviZlia davasaxeloT erTi mxriv, hana<br />
arendis normatiuli midgoma Zalauflebis sakiTxisadmi, vTqvaT, naSromSi<br />
“Human Condition” da meore mxriv, igive sakiTxis empiriul bazisze warmoebuli<br />
analizi maqs veberisa. amrigad, erTi da igive obieqti politikurisa,<br />
gansxvaveuli midgomebiT Seiswavleba da swored amaSi unda veZeboT diferenci<br />
politikur filosofiasa da politikur Teorias Soris.<br />
radganac orive Teorias erTi da igive Seswavlis obieqti aqvs, gvmarTebs es<br />
sferoc SemovsazRvroT. modiT vikiTxoT, ra aris politikuri, ra saxis<br />
xdomilebebze, movlenebze vsaubrobT, rodesac vsaubrobT politikurze?<br />
ra Tqma unda, aqac SeiZleba gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisebze, gansxvavebul<br />
definiciebze SevCerdeT. magaliTad, Tu aviRebdiT politikuris aristotelur<br />
daxasiaTebas, romelic aqcentirebas polisis fenomenze, berZnul qalaq-saxelmwifosa<br />
da misi kanonebiT cxovrebaze axdens. an, Tu, vTqvaT, amisgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
SevCerdebiT politikuris im gagebaze, romelic aqvs karl Smits, romelic<br />
politikurs megobroba-mtrobis konteqstSi iazrebs. davakvirdeT maTi kvlevis<br />
areals da iolad aRmovaCenT, rom maT (iseve, rogorc sxva avtorebis) TvalsazrisebSi<br />
ganxilvis sakiTxebis mTeli wyeba identuria. es ki saSualebas<br />
gvaZlevs vTqvaT, rom politikurTan saqme gvaqvs im da swored im SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rodesac ganixileba Zalaufleba, pirdapiri da sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da am<br />
Zalauflebis konteqstSi, misgan gamomdinare, iseTi problemebis rigi, rogoricaa:<br />
saxelmwifo, mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebi da saxeebi, moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis<br />
problema da a.S.<br />
6
platonis (428/27-348/47) “saxelmwifo”<br />
Sesavali. politikuri filosofiis gadmocemas platonis saxelmwifos<br />
TeoriiT daviwyebT. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleboda ufro adreuli avtorisaTvis,<br />
vTqvaT, TukididesaTvis migvemarTa, magram Cven arCevans platonze SevaCerebT<br />
misi Teoriis srulyofili da sistematuri xasiaTis gamo. Tanac damokidebuleba<br />
platonis “saxelmwifosadmi”, romelic Cveni ganxilvis ZiriTadi sagania, orgvari<br />
SeiZleba iyos. erTi mxriv, SegviZlia vifiqroT, rom am dialogs saTanado adgili<br />
uWiravs mTel platonis filosofiur sistemaSi. meore mxriv, isedac SegviZlia<br />
mas SevxedoT, rom ramdenadac am naSromSi platoni wminda politikuri xasiaTis<br />
sakiTxebis garda, maTive siRrmiseuli gadmocemisaTvis da maT konteqstSi, exeba<br />
Tavisi filosofiuri sistemis TiTqmis yvela danarCen mniSvnelovan problemas,<br />
“saxelmwifo” platonis filosofiis ZiriTadi mizania. platonis Sexedulebebis<br />
gadmocemiT politikuri Teoriis dawyeba savsebiT gamarTlebulad gveCveneba,<br />
radgan orive SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi mainc is aris, rom platoni politikuri<br />
xasiaTis sakiTxebs sxvaTa Soris ki ar yveba, aramed, savsebiT mizandasaxulad<br />
warmogvidgens maT rogorc adamianis msoflmxedvelobis (gnebavT am SemTxvevaSi<br />
sul erTi iyos) organul, Tu damagvirgvinebel Temad. es ki politikuri<br />
TviTcnobirebis aSkara manifestaciaa, rodesac adamianebi ara mxolod<br />
cxovroben politikurad, aramed ician amis Sesaxeb da fiqroben politikuri<br />
cxovrebis avkargianobaze. politikuris fenomenis aseTi refleqsuri xasiaTi ki<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovani sawyisia politikis TeoriisaTvis.<br />
platonis politikuri Teoriis srulyofili gageba, ra Tqma unda, moiTxovs<br />
“saxelmwifos” garda, sxva dialogebis, pirvel rigSi, albaT, “kanonebis”<br />
analizzsac, magram msgavsi detalizacia Zalze scildeba Cvens miznebs.<br />
SemovizRudebiT “saxelmwifos” politikuri sakiTxebiT da sxva problemebs<br />
mxolod imdenad SevexebiT, ramdenadac amas moiTxovs sagnis gadmocemis logika.<br />
am SeniSvnis miuxedavad, vidre uSualod “saxelmwifoze” gadavidodeT, gvinda<br />
oriode sityviT SevexoT politikuri problemebisadmi platoniseul midgomas,<br />
ramac gansazRvra politikuri filosofiis magistraluri xazi makiavelamde.<br />
platonis saxelmwifos idealur saxelmwifos uwodeben. amgvar daxasiaTebas<br />
orgvari, Tanac erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi mniSvneloba aqvs. jer erTi,<br />
“idealuri” niSnavs saukeTesos, am sityvis dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT da,<br />
platonis CanafiqriT, saxelmwifos misi proeqti marTlac saukeTeso iyo yvela<br />
SesaZlo, maT Soris arsebul, saxelmwifoTa Soris. daxasiaTebis meore<br />
mniSvnelobiT, platonis saxelmwifo idealuria rogorc ara realurad arsebuli<br />
saxelmwifos aRwera, aramed rogorc gadmocema im politikuri struqturebisa,<br />
romelic arsebobs mxolod rogorc idea. xolo platonisaTvis is, rac arsebobs<br />
rogorc idea, amave dros flobs Tavis gvarSi saukeTesod arsebobis wess. imis<br />
gasagebad, Tu ratom miudga sakiTxs platoni amgvarad, dainteresebul<br />
mkiTxvels mouwevs platonis ideebis TeoriaSi garkveva, risi gadmocemac Cvens<br />
miznebs scildeba. CvenTvis ufro arsebiTia miTiTeba imaze, rom platonis<br />
Semdgomi politikuri mwerloba makiavelamde, idealuri saxelmwifoebis “proeqtirebiT”<br />
iyo dakavebuli da Tuki exebodnen realurad arsebul politikur<br />
urTierTobebs mxolod imisaTvis, rom eCvenebinaT idealuris buneba.<br />
aqedan ar unda gavakeToT daskvna, rom platoni utopistia. arada arsebobs<br />
garkveuli tradicia, romelic platonis politikuri filosofiis swored aseT<br />
interpretacias gvTavazobs. iseve, rogorc platonis idealuri saxelmwifo, ra<br />
Tqma unda, Tomas moris utopiac ar arsebula sanamdvileSi, margam utopiisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, idealuri saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mxolod ocnebis, adamianis<br />
fantaziis da proeqtirebis sferos. rogori problematuric ar unda iyos kavSiri<br />
idealur da realur sagnebs Soris (da misi problematuri xasiaTi savsebiT naTlad<br />
iyo gacnobierebuli Tavad platonis, Semdeg ukve misi mowafeebis mier), erT rameSi<br />
SegviZlia darwmunebulni viyoT, rom idealur sagnebsa da realur sagnebs Soris,<br />
maT Soris idealur saxelmwifosa da realur saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSiri<br />
platonis filosofiiT garantirebulia da, rom “idealurTan“ “ar arsebulis”<br />
konotacia pirveli terminis moxmarebis mxolod periferiul ubnebzea dasaZebni.<br />
7
1.samarTlianobis problema<br />
platonis saxelmwifo aTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi, sadac sakiTxis<br />
dasmaa warmodgenili mosaubreTa sakmaod vrceli wres vxvdebiT. sxva dialogebis<br />
msgavsad, platoni sakuTar Tvalsazriss aqac sokrates gamoaTqmevinebs.<br />
“saxelmwifos” sawyis kiTxvaze: “ra aris samarTlianoba, vin aris samarTliani<br />
kaci?” — platoni jer gavrcelebul Sexedulebebs mimoixilavs, xolo Semdeg<br />
iwyebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis gadmocemas. amasTan, kiTxva Tavidan adamianT-<br />
Soris samoqmedo normas daesmis ara mxolod wminda Teoriuli aspeqtis dadgenis<br />
mizniT, aramed misi mravalferovani yofiTi mxareebis saCvenebladac. vTqvaT,<br />
“Tuki vinme marTlac cxovrobs samarTlianad, ra xeiri aqvs amisagan”? kiTxvaze<br />
gamoTqmul mosazrebebidan zogierTi gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mdgradi da “Zalze<br />
adamianuri” xasiaTis gamo. platonis epoqis msgavsad, Cvens droSiac Zalze bevri<br />
adamianis eTosisaTvisaa ganmsazRvreli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac icavs Trasimaqe:<br />
samarTlianad cxovreba Zalze wamgebiania. usamarTlobis Cadena adamianebs ar<br />
SeuZliaT ara TavianTi keTilSobilebis, aramed ufro ususurobis gamo.<br />
samarTlianoba keTilSobili sibriyve (3. 348 d) an umaRlesi gulubryvilobaa (2.<br />
348 d). xolo usamarTloba ki ufro saR azrs emyareba da momgebian qcevas<br />
uzrunvelyofs. ase, magaliTad, urTierTvaldebulebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
Tu saqmes erTad uZRvebian samarTliani da arasamarTliani, verasdros<br />
aRmoaCenT, rom saboloo gaangariSebisas, samarTlian kacs ufro meti moegos,<br />
vidre arasamarTlians. am ukanasknels yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba. igive<br />
viTarebaa saxelmwifos mimarT arsebuli valdebulebebis SemTxvevaSi: samar-<br />
Tlians ufro meti Seaqvs, vidre arasamarTlians, magram, rodesac saxelmwifoa<br />
maT mimarT valdebuli, samarTilans yovelTvis ufro naklebi Sexvdeba da a. S.<br />
sokrates piriT, platoni yvela msgavsi mosazrebebis gabaTilebas sakmaod<br />
efeqturad axerxebs. amasTan, sakiTxis ganxilva sul ufro d ufro metad scildeba<br />
yofiT situaciebis aRwerebs. samarTlianobis problema axla ganixileba<br />
moqalaqis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis konteqstSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi<br />
argumentacia sakmaod damajereblad gamoiyureba, platons sakiTxis ganxilva<br />
Tvisebrivad ufro maRal doneze gadayavs mas Semdeg, rac sokrate zogadi<br />
meTodologiuri principis Sesabamisad moiTxovs jer SeviswavloT mTeli, xolo<br />
Semdeg misi nawili, anu samarTlianobis sakiTxi jer ganvixiloT saxelmwifos<br />
mimarT da amis Semdeg davubrundeT igive sakiTxis ganxilvas konkretul,<br />
adamianis doneze.<br />
2. mTelis da nawilis mimarTeba - kvlevis<br />
zogadmeTodologiuri paradigma<br />
nawilis mTelis konteqstSi ganxilvis moTxovna kvlevis zogadmeTodologiuri<br />
paradigmaa. jer unda SeviswavloT mTeli, Semdeg misi nawili. Sesabamisi<br />
principis gavrceleba samarTliani kacis fenomenis dasadgenad, jer unda<br />
SeviswavloT, Tu romeli saxelmwifoSi xorcieldeba samarTlianoba da mxolod<br />
amis Semdeg davadginoT, Tu romeli adamiani iqneba samarTliani. “saxelmwifoSi”<br />
platoni am paradigmis Taobaze gakvriT saubrobs: “Cven vTvliT, rom samarTlianoba<br />
calkeul adamians aqvs, Tumca SeiZleba is mTeli saxelmwifosaTvis iyos<br />
damaxasiaTebeli. ... saxelmwifo ki calkeul adamianze ufro didia. ... ase, rom<br />
savaraudia samarTlianoba ufro did zomebs miiRebs imaSi, rac ufro didia da aq<br />
misi Seswavla gacilebiT ioli iqneba. amitom, Tu gnebavT, modiT, jer<br />
SeviswavloT ra aris samarTlianoba saxelmwifoebSi da Semdeg igive ganvixiloT<br />
calkeul adamianTan dakavSirebiT, anu mcires ideaSi movniSnoT didi ideis<br />
msgavseba” (368 a-369 a). marTlac, “saxelmwifos” momdevno striqonebze kvlevis<br />
mimarTulebis gadanacvleba adamanidan saxelmwifoze calsaxad fiqsirdeba.<br />
msgavssave zogadmeTodologiur princips emyareba Tavis “politikaSi”<br />
aristotelec, romelic ufro mkveTrad warmoadgens xolme meTodologiur<br />
moTxovnebs. is wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ganvixilavT<br />
8
adre aTvisebuli meTodis mixedviT: Tuki sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, aqac rTuls<br />
Semadgenel elementebad (mTelis umcires nawilakebad) davanawilebT da<br />
davakvirdebiT risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven vnaxavT, Tu riT<br />
gansxvavdebian CamoTvlili cnebebi erTmaneTisagan da SeiZleba Tu ara maT<br />
ukeTesi axsna mivceT” (1252a 20-30).<br />
Tumca am sakiTxze aristoteles Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ufro farTod<br />
visaubrebT, ukve aq SegviZlia aRvniSnoT Semdegi: adamianis saxelmwifosTan<br />
mimarTeba, romelic gaiazreba nawilis mTelTan mimarTebis konteqstSi,<br />
platonis skolis mxolod zogadmeTodologiuri principebis dacvis motiviTac<br />
rom Semodiodes kvlevis arealSi da mas ar hqondes ufro siRrmiseuli axsna (rac,<br />
rogorc Cven aristoteles politikuri Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas SevecdebiT,<br />
ase ar aris), erTi ram mainc cxadia _ adamianis gageba SesaZlebelia saxelmwifos<br />
gagebis safuZvelze da mxolod mis konteqstSi.<br />
3.samarTliani saxelwifos problema<br />
amrigad, zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, jer unda gamovikvlioT, Tu ras<br />
warmoadgens samarTliani saxelmwifo da mxolod amis Semdeg gadavideT<br />
“marTali kacis” bunebis gagebaze. samarTlianobis sakiTxis saxelmwifos mimarT<br />
dasma mravali SesaZlo interpretaciis molodins badebs. magaliTad,<br />
saxelmwifos samarTlianoba sxva saxelmwifoebTan mimarTebiT, samarTlianoba<br />
marTlwesrigis dacvis (vTqvaT, izonomiis principis dacvis, anu kanonis winaSe<br />
yvelas Tanasworobis moTxovnis) TvalsazrisiT, samarTlianoba sazogadoebis<br />
sxvadasxva fenebs Soris urTierT- damokidebulebis kuTxiT da a.S. da a.S. is, Tu<br />
romel Temas Tvlis prioritetulad platoni TandaTan gaxdeba cnobili. margam<br />
imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos samarTlianobaze an arasamarTlianobaze visaubroT,<br />
jer Tavad saxelmwifoze unda SeviqmnaT swori Tvalsazrsi. es moTxovna<br />
platonisaTvis daiSleba or qvesakiTxad. erTi, is Tu rogor yalibleba<br />
saxelmwifo da meore is, Tu ra aZlevs adamianTa erTobas iseT safuZvels,<br />
romelsac Cven saxelmwifos vuwodebT. SevexoT jer am ukanasknel sakiTxs.<br />
3.1. saxelmwifos konvencionaluri bazisi<br />
platons miaCnia, rom saxelmwifos safuZvelSi konvencionaluri sawyisi Zevs.<br />
es Tvalsazrisi, romelic bevrs liberaluri politikuri filosofiis novacia<br />
hgonia, savsebiT naTlad aqvs gamoTqmuli platons glavkonis piriT: “mas Semdeg<br />
rac adamianebma gamoscades erTic da meorec, anu moiqcnen samarTlianadac da<br />
arasamarTlianadac da dazaraldnen arasamarTlianobisgan, maSin ... maT<br />
mizanSewonilad CasTvales molaparakeba, raTa samomavlod arc usamarTloba<br />
CaedinaT da arc dazaralebuliyvnen misgan. aqedan diwyo kanonmdebloba da<br />
xelSekruleba” (“saxelmwifo” 359 a). TiTqmis igive mosazrebas gaimeorebs<br />
ramdenime saukunis Semdeg “leviaTanSi” Tomas hobsi, rodesac surs aRweros<br />
adamianTa gadasvla bunebrivi mdgomareobidan samoqalaqo mdgomareobaze, anu<br />
politikur mdgomareobaze. Tu bunebrivi mdgomareobis pirobebSi, hobsis<br />
mixedviT, adamianTSorisi urTierToba emyareba princips —“adamiani<br />
adamianisaTvis mgelia”, rac ufro velurTa yofisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,<br />
konvenciis dadebis Semdeg, adamianebi samoqalaqo anu politikur mdgomareobaze<br />
(rac hobsisaTvis erTi da igivea) gadadian da konvenciiT arsebuli wesebiT<br />
cxovroben.<br />
aq arsebobs erTi problema, romelic SegviZlia Semdomi kvlevis molodinSi<br />
Riad davtovoT. erTi mxriv, aSkara msgavsebis miuxedavad, Cven vfiqrobT, rom<br />
mainc arsebobs principuli gansxvaveba sakiTxisadmi hobsis da platonis<br />
midgomebs Soris. bunebrivi mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani platonis mixedviT ar<br />
aris veluri. is, rom adamianebi usamarTlod eqcevian erTmaneTs, sulac ar<br />
niSnavs maT saxelmwifos gareT arsebobas. mxecuri yofis mqone velurs platoni<br />
9
ar CaTvlida adamianad, radgan misi Teoriis mixedviT, adamianis fysis-i<br />
saxelmwifoSi yofniT realizdeba. magram meore mxriv, glavkonis sityvebidan<br />
isic aSkaraa, rom konvencia saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis wyarod cxaddeba.<br />
amitom Tu orive daSvebas SevinarCunebT, anu, Tu erTi mxriv miviRebT, rom<br />
adamiani, rogorc adamiani, yovelTvis sazogadoebis da saxelmwifos wevria da<br />
amave dros davuSvebT, rom saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis safuZveli konvenciaa,<br />
maSin saganTa logika migviyvans Tvalsazrisamde, rom usamarTlo yofiT<br />
adamianebi cxovrobdnen saxelmwifoSi, sadac warmodgena ar hqondaT arc<br />
xelSekrulebaze da arc kanonebze. margam ra saxelmwifo iqneba iseTi<br />
saxelmwifo, sadac araferi ician kanonis Sesaxeb (aq xom laparakia<br />
kanonmdeblobis principul ar arsebobaze da ara imgvar viTarebaze, rogoric<br />
saqarTveloSi gvaqvs, rodesac kanoni ar kanonobs)?<br />
ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba sakiTxi sxvagvarad gadavWraT da davuSvaT sruli<br />
identoba platonis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. es marTlac agvacilebda bevr<br />
uxerxulobas, Tumca am poziciidan gamomdinareobs, rom platonisaTvis adamiani,<br />
Tavisi bunebiT ar aris sazogadoebrivi arseba, rac Zalze saeWvoa.<br />
3.2. rogor warmoiSveba saxelmwifo<br />
aqedan, gadavdivarT sakiTxze, Tu rogor iqmneba saxelmwifo, ra<br />
uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos sicocxliunarianobas? saxelmwifos warmoSobis<br />
gaazreba platonisaTvis aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, inteleqtualuri<br />
eqsperimenti, azrismieri konstruqcia Sesaswavli obieqtis SesaZlo genezisis<br />
warmosadgenad. saqme isaa, rom <strong>for</strong>mula _ “Tu Cven azrobrivad warmovidgenT<br />
saxelmwifos warmoSobas, ...” (‘saxelmwifo” 369 a-b), jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom amiT<br />
dafiqsirebulia momenti adamianTa cxovrebaSi, rodesac manamde ar arsebobda<br />
saxelmwifo da Semdeg raRac garemoebebis gamo is Seiqmna.<br />
wina paragrafSi Cven saeWvod gavixadeT adamianis sazogadoebis gareT<br />
arsebobis daSveba. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT saxelmwifos konstruirebis<br />
platoniseul models, vpoulobT damatebiT arguments eWvis sasargeblod.<br />
sokrate ambobs: “me mgonia saxelmwifo warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac TiToeul<br />
CvenTagans ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavis uzrunvelyofa da saWiroebs kidev mraval<br />
sxva raimes. ... amrigad, yoveli adamiani saSvelad mouxmobs xan erTs, xanac meores<br />
da maTi daxmarebiT cdilobs ama Tu im moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas..<br />
ganicdian ra mravali ramis saWiroebas, Tavs iyris bevri adamiani raTa erTad<br />
icxovron da erTmaneTs daxmareba gauwion: swored aseTi erToblivi dasaxleba<br />
iZens CvenTan saxelmwifos saxelwodebas” (“saxelmwifo” 369 b, c). rogorc vxedavT,<br />
Tuki saxelmwifos warmoSobis mizezebze daviwyebT fiqrs, pirveli mizezi misi<br />
warmoSobisa, is gaxlavT, rom calkeul adamians ar SeuZlia daikmayofilos<br />
moTxovnilebebi da saamisod saWiroebs sxva mravali adamianis Tanadgomas.<br />
platoni kidev erTxel imeorebs am Tvalsazriss: “modiT gonebaSi avagoT<br />
saxelmwifo sul Tavidan. rogorc Cans mis warmoSobas ganapirobeben Cveni<br />
moTxovnilebebi” (“saxelmwifo” 369 c-d). arada adamianis moTxovnilebebi Zalze<br />
mravalferovania. upirveles yovlisa, es aris sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
sakvebis mopoveba, Semdeg, bina, tansacmeli da a. S. platoni Tanmimdevrulad<br />
mogviTxrobs TiToeuli aseTi saWiroebis da mis SeqmnaSi daxelovnebuli xalxis<br />
Sesaxeb. rac ufro meti cxovrebieuli saWiroeba iCens Tavs, sul ufro da ufro<br />
metad rTuldeba sazogadoebis struqtura, magram amasTanave Tavs iCens Sromis<br />
danawilebis principi, romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sazogadoebis<br />
organizaciasa da erT mTlianobad SekvraSi.<br />
“Sromis danawilebaze” SegviZlia visaubroT ramdenime mniSvnelobiT. erTi,<br />
gaxlavT marqsizmSi gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi, romelic Sromis danawilebas<br />
ukavSirebda sazogadoebrivi <strong>for</strong>maciebis koncepts da Sromis danawilebaze<br />
laparakobda zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobiT. fiqrobdnen, rom momTabare<br />
cxovrebidan adamianebi gadavidnen jer mesaqonleobaze, Semdeg miwaTmoqmedebaze<br />
da a.S.<br />
10
terminis gansxvavebul mniSvnelobas vxdebiT adam smitis cnobil naSromSi<br />
“erebis simdidris mizezebis Sesaxeb”. Sromis danawilebas, romelzedac aq smiti<br />
laparakobs, aSkarad safuZvlad uZevs egoizmi, romelic, ramdenadme<br />
paradoqsulad manufaqturuli warmoebis pirobebSi “gunduri” moRvaweobis<br />
macementirebeli faqtoris rolSi gamodis. romelime produqtis, vTqvaT<br />
qurTukis, warmoeba, Sromis danawilebas emyareba, vTqvaT erTi akeTebs Rilebs,<br />
meore Wris qsovils, mesame keravs, meoTxe Rebavs da a.S. am drosac TiToeuli<br />
ostati moqmedebs misi sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare da dainteresebulia<br />
mxolod imiT, rom awarmoos rac SeiZleba meti produqti da maqsimalurad meti<br />
mogeba naxos Tavisi Sromidan. magram ramdenadac saboloo produqti erTian<br />
Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli yoveli mewarme sxva mewarmis Tanadgomas saWiroebs.<br />
ase yalibdeba SromiTi koleqtivi, romelSiac TiToeuls mxolod sakuTari<br />
interesebi amoZravebs, magram misi realizaciisaTvis aucileblobiT esaWiroeba<br />
sxva.<br />
Sromis danawileba, romelsac adgili aqvs platonis saxelmwifoSi, axlaxans<br />
aRwerils Camohgavs, Tumca is romelime erTi produqtis sawarmoeblad ki ar<br />
xorcieldeba, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis.<br />
miuxdavad imisa, rom platonTan ver vxvdebiT termin “Sromis danawilebis”<br />
konceptualur analizs, Znelia misi roli gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT, radgan mis<br />
safuZvelze sazogadoeba ara mxolod erT mTlianobad ikvreba, aramed iRebs<br />
socialurad diferencirebul xasiaTs. amasTan, sruli saxiT <strong>for</strong>mirebul<br />
saxelmwifoSi Cndeba misi normalurad cxovrebisaTvis sasicocxlod<br />
aucilebeli da zedmeti profesiis adamianebi. am ukanasknelTa arseboba<br />
ganpirobebulia fufunebisaken swrafviT an sxva romelime mankierebiT.<br />
“zedmeti” xalxis siaSi xvdebian monadireebi da mimesisis warmomadgenlebi —<br />
poetebi, musikosebi, mxatvrebi modeliorebi da sxva (“saxelmwifo” 373 b). am gziT,<br />
platoni saubrobs saxelmwifoSi arsebuli fenebis, Tu gnebavT ase vuwodoT,<br />
klasebis Sesaxeb. rogorc SemdgomSi ufro cxadi xdeba, sazogadoebis socialuri<br />
diferenciacia da am fenebis harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis idea, platonis<br />
politikuri filosofiis ZiriTadi sazrunavi xdeba. “saxelmwifos” ZiriTadi<br />
sakvlevi Tema — samarTlianobis Tema, rogorc konkretul adamianTan, aseve mTel<br />
saxelmwifosTan mimarTebis calsaxad ukavSirdeba swored socialuri fenebis<br />
harmoniuli Tanaarsebobis princips.<br />
3.3. sazogadoebis struqtura<br />
gadavideT axla imis deskripciaze, Tu ra fenebi yalibdeba sazogadoebaSi.<br />
zogadad arsebobs sami mTavari fena. mmarTvelebi, mcvlebi da Tavisufali<br />
mewarme xalxi. am fenebis aRmniSvneli fenebis terminologia sakmaod<br />
Tavisuflad gamoiyeneba platonis mier. vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mcvelebze<br />
saubrisas, zogjer is iaraRian xalxsac gulisxmobs da mmarTvelebsac. Tumca aman<br />
ar unda Segviyvanos SecdomaSi, radgan es ori fena Tavisi funqcionaluri<br />
datvirTulobiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. aRniSnuli fenebis<br />
mdgomareoba saxelmwifoSi statikuria. fenebi ar gadadian erTmaneTSi,<br />
miuxedavad amisa, platonis mier SemoTavazebul socialur struqturas kasturs<br />
ver vuwodebT. TiToeuli fenisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia erTi romelime saTnoeba.<br />
ase maraliTad, mmarTvelTa fenaSi aseTia sibrZne, mcvelebSi — simamace, xolo<br />
xelosnebsa da miwaTmoqmedebSi — gamWriaxoba. sxvagan (“saxelmwifos” meoTxe<br />
wignSi, 427 e) laparakia idealuri saxelmwifos sibrZneze, simamaceze,<br />
gamWriaxobasa da samarTliannobaze. amasTan samarTlianoba imgvar saTnoebad<br />
cxaddeba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia yvela da ara romelime erTi fenisaTvis.<br />
ra ganapirobebs sazogadoebis diferenciacias? zemoT aRiniSna, Sromis<br />
diferenciaciis ganmsazRvreli roli da TiTqos kiTxva uadgiloa, magram Cven aq<br />
vgulisxmobT ara zogadad socialuri organizaciis princips, aramed mis<br />
konkretul nairsaxeobas _ riT ganisazRvreba is, rom romelime konkretuli<br />
adamianma Seavso mcvelebis an, vTqvaT, Tavisufali miwamoqmedebis rigebi? Tuki<br />
11
aq warmomavloba da memkvidreobiToba aris wyalgamyofi, maSin platonis<br />
idealuri saxelmwifos socialuri organizacia gamokveTil kastur xasiaTs<br />
miiRebda _ xelosnad dabadebuli verasdros ver gaxdeba mmarTveli, mcveli an<br />
piriqiT. magram platoni ase ar fiqrobs. konkretuli adamianis romelime<br />
socialuri fenisadmi mikuTvnebulobis garkveva damokidebulia ojaxis<br />
organizaciasa da am adamianis personalur Tvisebebze. saboloo jamSi, adamiani<br />
ama Tu im fenis wevri misi piradi Tvisebebis da talantis wyalobiT xvdeba, rac<br />
mkacrad kontrolirdeba xelisuflebis mier. ganvixiloT es sakiTxebi ufro<br />
konkretulad.<br />
3.3.1. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba idealur saxelmwifoSi<br />
ojaxis da axalgazrda Taobis aRzrdis problema idealuri saxelmwifos erTerTi<br />
umniSvnelovanesi problemaa. koncentrirebuli saxiT es sakiTxebi<br />
ganxilulia mesame da meoTxe wignebSi, Tumca dialogis sxva TavebSiac araerTxel<br />
Sevxvdebi sakiTxis ama Tu im aspeqtis xelaxal ganxilvas.<br />
principSi Znelia ojaxi vuwodoT adamianTa urTierTobis im tips, romelsac<br />
iwonebs platoni. is laparakobs saerTo colebsa da Svilebze da kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis akrZalvaze idealur saxelmwifoSi. kerZo sakuTreba gadaWarbebul<br />
indivilualizms warmoSobs da platonis rwmeniT ver egueba idealuri<br />
saxelmwifos mTavar mizans. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba saxelmwifos mankieri<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis aRwerisas, rodesac timokratiaze gadasvlis procesSi saerTo,<br />
saxelmwifo miwebis kerZo sakuTrebaSi gadasvla ganmsazRvrel rols asrulebs.<br />
zogadsaxelmwifoebriv doneze mesakuTruli instinqtebis ganuwyveteli zrda da<br />
maTi degradacia fufunebisadmi miswrafebebSi omis wyarod cxaddeba, romelic,<br />
Tavis mxriv platonisaTvis yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis mizezia<br />
(“saxelmwifo” 373-374).<br />
saxelmwifos mmarTvelebs da mcvelebs ekrZalebaT rogorc aucilebelis<br />
garda sxva kerZo sakuTrebis qona, ise col-Svilis yola (platoni naTlad ar<br />
miuTiTebs es akrZalva mxolod mcvelebze vrceldeba Tu saxelmwifos yvela<br />
moqalaqeze, Tumca sakiTxis miseuli logika am ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisis<br />
sasargeblod laparakobs). saerTo col-Svilis idea srul TanxmobaSia<br />
kerZomesakuTruli suliskveTebis aRmoxvrasTan da dgas igive movlenebis rigSi<br />
rogoricaa mcvelebisaTvis kerZo qonebis ararseboba (“saxelmwifo” 464 c-d). maT<br />
ar unda hqondeT araviTari iseTi sacxovrisi, romelSiac ver SeaRwevda<br />
nebismieri msurveli. sakvebi da sxva aucilebeli saarsebo saSualebebi maT unda<br />
miiRon moqalaqeebisagan imis fasad, rom isini icaven samSoblos. isini cxovroben<br />
erTad, albaT, raRac yazarmuli Senobebis msgavsSi rogorc omis, aseve<br />
mSvidobianobis dros. mcvlebs ar unda hqondeT Sexeba oqrosa da vercxlTan. maT<br />
ar unda hqondeT sakuTari saxli, miwa, fuli, raTa isini ar iqcnen msxvil<br />
mepatroneebad da Sinaur mtrebad ar eqcnen sxva moqalaqeebs (“saxelmwifo” 417 a-<br />
b). mcvelebs ekrZalebaT TviTneburad saxelmwifos sazRvrebis datoveba,<br />
heterebisaTvis saCuqrebis mirTmeva da a.S. dabadebidan mokle vadis gasvlis<br />
Semdeg, bavSvebs specialurad maTTvis momzadebul SenobebSi ganaTavseben<br />
maTTvis miCenili pirebis mzrunvelobis qveS.<br />
amgvari gadawyvetileba platonis mier gamarTlebulia xolme saerTo<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis an sazogadoebaSi gamafebuli saerTo<br />
pativiscemisa da siyvarulis principebis moSveliebiT. vTqvaT im pirobebSi,<br />
rodesac aravin icis vinaa misi Svili an mama, yiveli adamiani mamaSvilur<br />
siyvarul Tanabrad unawilebs erTmaneTs. magram saxelmwifoSi arsebuli sruli<br />
gaurkvevloba adamianTa warmomavlobaSi, gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovan rols<br />
asrulebs sazogadoebis socialur diferenciaciaSi. ra Tqma unda,<br />
mosalodnelia niWieri adamianebis STamomavalic iseTive iyos, rogorc misi<br />
mSoblebi da umeteswilad asedacaa. platoni winaaRmdegi rodia raime<br />
talantebiT dajildoebulma adamianma Sesabamisi adgili daikavos<br />
sazogadoebriv ierarqiaSi. Cven rom vicodeT bavSvis mSoblebis vinaoba, rac<br />
12
ganmsazRvreli iqneboda axalgazrdis sazogadoebis ama Tu im safexurze<br />
gansaTavseblad, maSin arc zedamxedvelebis gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva gaxdeboda<br />
saWiro saamisod da mTeli sazogadoebac gamokveTil kastebad struqturirebad<br />
xasiaTs miiRebda. magram ramdenadac bavSvebis mSoblebis vinaoba ucnobi rCeba,<br />
sakiTxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra adgili unda daikavos am ukve axalgazrda kacma<br />
saxlmwifoSi, gadawydeba misi pirad Tvisebebze, niWsa da talantebze dakvirvebiT<br />
saxelmwifo aRmzrdel-moxeleebis mier.<br />
3.3.2. niWi, talanti da adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea<br />
erT-erTi idea, romelic ganmsazRvrelia klasikuri konservatizmisaTvis,<br />
aris adamianTa bunebiTi uTanasworobis idea. adamianebi TavianTi bunebrivi<br />
TvisebebiT ar arian Tanasworni erTmaneTTan. zogierTi dajildovebulia<br />
saocari fizikuri ZaliT, sxva kvleva-Ziebis unariT, zogierTi Sromismoyvare da<br />
gamrjea, zogic “samusiko” xelovnebisadmi midrekili. platoni, romelic arsad<br />
ar arRvevs izonomiis, anu kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis moTxovnas,<br />
amave dros laparakobs adamianTa bunebiT uTanasworobaze. Tu bunebiTi<br />
uTanasworobis idea, ganmsazRvrelad miviCnieT politikuri konservatizmis<br />
TeoriisaTvis, maSin platoni erT-erT pirvel konservatorad unda CavTvaloT.<br />
igi ara mxolod uSvebs aseTi bunebrivi uTanasworobis arsebobas, aramed am ideas<br />
uqvemdebarebs saxelmwifos socialur organizacias. yovelma adamianma unda<br />
daikavos is adgili saxelmwifos socialur struqturaSi, romelic Seesatyviseba<br />
mis niWs da pirovnul Tvisebebs. ufro metic, rogorc TandaTanobiT naTeli<br />
xdeba swored esaa samarTlianad organizebuli saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mizani. is<br />
saxelmwifoa samarTliani, romelSiac yvela adamians Sesabamisi adgili aqvs<br />
miCenili da ar xdeba sazogadoebrivi fenebis aRreva.<br />
sakiTxis sruli saxiT warmosadgenad dagvrCa erTi kiTxva: ra gansazRvravs<br />
adamianis niWierebas, ra qmnis misi ama Tu im talantis safuZvels? fsiqologiuri<br />
mecniereba icnobs talantis fenomens rogorc faqts, rogorc realobas. ra Tqma<br />
unda, arsebobdnen talantebi da arsebobdnen geniosebic, magram ris gamo, amaze<br />
erTsulovnad sdums rogorc mecniereba, aseve Cveulebrivi gansjac. ufro<br />
metic, Tavad kiTxva SeiZleba mogveCvenos aramarTlzomierad _ faqtia, rom<br />
adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom maT xvadasxva<br />
midrekilebebi gaaCniaT da sruliad uadgiloa imis Zieba, Tu ra iwvevs amas.<br />
iq sadac mecniereba da gansja dums platoni miTs iSveliebs da misi<br />
saSualebiT surs axsnas adamianTa Soris arsebuli bunebiTi uTanasworoba.<br />
platoni gviyveba, Tu rogor Seqmna RmerTma adamianebi miwisagan da rom<br />
qmnadobis am procesSi zogierTs mieria oqro, zogierTs vercxli, xolo zogsac<br />
rkina da spilenZi. is visac oqro mieria mmarTvelebs unda Seadgenen,<br />
vercxlnarebi xalxi mcvelebad gamodgeba, xolo rkiniTa da spilenZiT<br />
Sezavebulebma xelosnebis da miwaTmoqmedebis rigebi unda Seavson (“saxelmwifo”<br />
414 d, e; 415). yoveli mmarTveli, yovelive zemoTTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda<br />
zrunavdes ara imis garkvevaze, Tu visi Svilia esa Tu is axalSobili, aramed imaze,<br />
Tu ra Tvisebebi gaaCnia mas da Tu aRmoaCens, rom savaraudod oqronarevi<br />
mSoblebis SvilSi sWarbobs spilenZisa da rkinis xasiaTi, mas Sesabamis<br />
sazogadoebriv fenaSi unda miuCinon adgili. es ki niSnavs, rom raRac saxiT<br />
socialuri mobiloba idealur saxelmwifoSi mainc arsebobs.<br />
4.idealuri saxelmwifos mizani. samarTlianobis zogadi definicia<br />
axla Cven sakmarisad momzadebulni varT saimisod, rom vilaparakoT<br />
samarTliani saxelmwifos bunebaze da mizanze. mcvelebis cxovrebis aRweris<br />
Semdeg, kiTxvaze — “xom ar iqneba maTi yofacxovrebis normebis aseTi mkacri<br />
reglamentacia gadaWarbebuli?” — sokrate pasuxobs: “roca Cven vayalibebdiT am<br />
saxelmwifos, sulac ar gvsurda gansakuTrebiT bednieri gagvexada misi erTi<br />
13
omelime fena, aramed piriqiT, gvindoda aseTi yofiliyo mTeli saxelmwifo.<br />
Tqven xom imedi gqondaT swored aseT saxelmwifoSi aRmogeCinaT samarTlianoba<br />
da cudad mowyobilSi ki usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 420 b-c) da Smdeg: “amasTan,<br />
Cven iseT saxelmwifos miviCnevT samarTlianad, romelSiac arsebuli sami, Tavisi<br />
bunebiT gansxvavebuli fena, TiToeuli Tavis saqmes akeTebs. brZen, mamac da<br />
gamWriaxad Cven CavTvliT Sesabamisi Tvisebebis da mdgomareobis mqone fenebis<br />
mqone saxelmwifos” (“saxelmwifo” 435 b-c).<br />
amrigad, mTeli saxelmwifos keTildReoba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maSin,<br />
rodesac yoveli adamiani gaakeTebs raRac erTs iqedan (rac Tavis mxriv saWiroa<br />
saxelmwifosaTvis), risi gakeTebis bunebrivi monacemebic mas yvelaze metad aqvs.<br />
samarTlianoba zogadad aris sakuTari saqmis keTeba da sxvis saqmeebSi<br />
Caurevloba (“saxelmwifo” 433 a-c). sxvis saqmeebSi Caurevlobaze saubrisas aq is<br />
ki ar igulisxmeba, rom ikrZaleba xeli SeaSvelo miwis damuSavebaSi vinmes.<br />
laparakia sazogadoebis fenebis principul statusze da maTi funqciebis<br />
aRrevis principul miuReblobaze. sokrate sagangebod ubrundeba socialuri<br />
kibis safexurebis statikurobis sakiTxs da yovelgvar mobilobas ukve dadgenil<br />
fenebs Soris damRupvelad miiCnevs. rodesac xelosani, an sxva romelime saqmiani<br />
kaci sakuTari unarebis, simdidris, Tu zalisa da gavlenini kavSirebis wyalobiT<br />
imdenad amaRldeba, rom moindomebs mcvelebis fenaSi gadainacvlos an raRac<br />
msgavs moindomeben mcvelebi da mmarTvelebSi gadainacvleben, an, bolos,<br />
romelime erTi adamiani moisurvebs yvelafer amis gakeTebas, aseTi Careva sxvis<br />
saqmeSi, erTi fenidan meoreSi gadasvla, aris udidesi boroteba da danaSauli<br />
saxelmwifos winaSe, anu usamarTloba (“saxelmwifo” 434 b-d).<br />
5. saxelmwifo da individi. samarTliani kaci<br />
saxelmwifo adamianebisagan Sedgeba. Sesabamisad, maTi Tvisebebic Zalze<br />
msgavsi unda iyos. mas Semdeg, rac gavarkvieT, Tu ras warmoadgens samarTliani<br />
saxelmwifo, SeiZleba kiTxva daisvas samarTlianobis Sesaxeb konkretul<br />
adamianTan mimarTebiT. Tvisebebis msgavsebis Tezisis safuZvelze SeiZleba<br />
visaubroT, rom saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli saTnoebebi — sibrZne,<br />
vaJkacoba da gamWriaxoba — man adamianebisagan, sakuTari moqalaqeebisagan<br />
SeiZina (“saxelmwifo” 435 e). aqedan platoni gadadis adamianis sulis sami sawyisis<br />
analizze. es sawyisebi koordinaciaSi arian saxelmwifos im ZiriTad TvisebebTan<br />
da saTnoebebTan, romlebzedac zemoT iyo saubari. adamianis suli Sedgeba: a)<br />
gonieri nawilisagan (logisticonmeros), romelic adamianis TavSia koncentrirebuli;<br />
b) mrisxanebis nawilisagan (thimoedes), romlis adgili dulSia da, bolos, RviZlSi<br />
myofi ltolvadi nawilisagan (epithymeticon) (“saxelmwifo” 439 d,e). samarTliani<br />
adamianis buneba am Tvisebebis mimarTebis, ufro zustad maT relaciur<br />
urTierTobaSi vlindeba, oRond saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, amjerad,<br />
relaciebs aqvT ara gare, aramed sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli xasiaTi. samarTliani<br />
iqneba is adamiani, romelic moaxerxebs TiToeul am awyiss Sesabamisi adgili da<br />
funqcia miuCinos: “... is axerxebs TiToeuls miuzRas is, rac misTvisaa<br />
damaxasiaTebeli; mas SeiZlia sakuTari Tavis moTokva, is awesrigebs Tavs da<br />
sakuTari Tavis megobari xdeba; is ise SeuTanadebs Tavisi sulis sam sawyiss<br />
erTmaneTs, rogorc amas akeTeben tkbilxmovanebis sami ZiriTadi bgeris mimarT.<br />
... is akavSirebs erTmaneTTan am sam sawyiss da aRwevs gamWriaxobis da<br />
mowesrigebulobis sakuTriv erTianobas” (“saxelmwifo” 443e).<br />
14
6. politikuri reJimi idealur saxelmwifoSi.<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis negatiuri <strong>for</strong>mebi<br />
ras warmoadgens mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mis mixedviT platonis idealuri<br />
saxelmwifo? idealuri saxelmwifo, romelzedac platoni saubrobs SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes ori konkretuli <strong>for</strong>miT. is SeiZleba iyos an monarqia an<br />
aristokratia (rCeulTa mmarTveloba). rCeulebi, romlebzedac platoni laparakobs<br />
ar aris memkvidreobiTi kasta. idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTveli<br />
rCeulebi filosofosebi arian. aq, albaT, saWiroa davazustoT “filosofosis”<br />
cneba da vTqvaT, rom platoni am terminSi ar gulisxmobs diplomirebul<br />
filosofiis magistrs. erT-erT Tavis dialogSi platoni wers: “maTematika, an<br />
sxva romelome filosofiao” da Tu termin filosofiis etimologias<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rac sibrZnis siyvaruls niSnavs, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom<br />
idealuri saxelmwifos mmarTvelebi inteleqtualebi, mecnierebi arian. platoni<br />
ara erT furcels uTmobs filosofosi mmarTvelis ama Tu im Tvisebis<br />
daxasiaTebas. laparakia rogorc filosofosebis interesebze da mowodebebze —<br />
misiaze _ aseve maT mniSvnelobaze sazogadoebisaTvis. ramdenadac filosofos<br />
mmarTvelebs SevexeT, barem aqve ganvixiloT sakiTxi platonis politikuri<br />
Teoriis totalitarulobis Taobaze. karl poperma, naSromSi “Ria sazogadoeba<br />
da misi mtrebi” platoni totalitarizmis mamad gamoacxada. poperis braldeba<br />
friad soliduria da unda iTqvas, rom rogorc popers aseve platons bevri<br />
damcveli gamouCnda. platonis damcvelTa rigebSi, albaT, pirvel rigSi unda<br />
movixsenioT iseTi avtori rogoricaa leo Strausi, vinc fiqrobda, rom poperma<br />
ubralod ver gaigo platoni da mis politikur filosofias araswori<br />
interpretacia misca. Cven vfiqrobT, rom platonis Teoria marTlac Seicavs<br />
bevr iseT elements, romelic poperis kritrkis simarTleSi gvarwmunebs. kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis akrZalva ukve Seicavs araerT iseT moTxovnas, saidanac sazogadoebis<br />
totaluri kontrolisaken mivdivarT. Tu amas davumatebT xelovnebis da bavSvTa<br />
aRzrdis umkacresi ideologiuri kontrolis moTxovnas platonis mier, Zalze<br />
axlos aRmovCndebiT orvelis samyarosTan, sadac regulirebadia ara mxolod<br />
Svilebis gaCenis asaki (platonis TeoriiT qalebisaTvis 20-40 weli da mamakacebisaTvis<br />
30-55 weli), aramed seqsic: “dae, igive kanoni moqmedebdes im SemTxvevebSiac,<br />
rodesac romelime STamomavlobis gagrZelebis unaris mqone mamakaci<br />
Seexeba, Tundac saqorwino asakis qals, xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi Cven vityviT, rom isini Soben saxlmwifosaTvis ukanono bavSvs” (461 b).<br />
yofis aseTi kontroli, ra Tqma unda, totalitarulobis asociaciebs<br />
aRZravs mkiTxvelSi. magram platonis saxemlwifo ar SeiZleba totalitaruli<br />
iyos ufro teqnikuri viTarebebis, vidrde ideologiuri mosazrebebis gamo. rac<br />
platonis saxelmwifos aklia totalitarulobamde, aris masmedia. aristotele<br />
erTgan wers, rom saxelmwifos sazRvrebi sruldeba iq, sadamdec swvdeba<br />
heroldis xma. ar iqneba swori, Tu saxelmwifos mier moqalaqeebis kontrols<br />
mxolod TvalTvaliT unariT SemovzRudavT da ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi<br />
zegavlenis, politikuri gemovnebis <strong>for</strong>mirebis iseT mZlavr iaraRs, rogoric<br />
masmediaa. jer saerTo nacionaluri presa, Semdeg televizia da, bolos,<br />
interneti, aseT kontrols dRes marTlac totalur xasiaTs aniWebs da mas<br />
uiversalurs xdis. platons amaze ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo.<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis yvela danarCeni <strong>for</strong>ma mankieria da pirvelis<br />
degradacias warmoadgens. idealuri aristokratiuli saxelmwifos garda,<br />
platoni laparakobs mmarTvelobis Semdegi <strong>for</strong>mebis mqone saxelmwifoebze:<br />
timokratiaze, anu qonebriv cenzze damyarebuli reJimi, oligarqiaze, anu<br />
umciresobis mmarTveloba, demokratiaze anu xalxis mmarTveloba da tiraniaze<br />
anu erTis mmarTveloba sakuTari survilis mixedviT. am <strong>for</strong>mebs Soris yvelaze<br />
uaresi tiraniaa da platonic sakmao dros uTmobs jer tiraniis rogorc reJimis<br />
aRweras, xolo Semdeg tiranis Cvevebis da pirovnuli Tvisebebis warmoCinebas.<br />
Cvens droSi uyoymano Rirebulebebis Semcvel demokratiul mmarTvelobas<br />
platoni, rogorc vxedavT, mainc da mainc ar swyalobs da bolodan meore<br />
adgilze ayenebs. Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT is garemoeba, rom<br />
15
platonisaTvis “demokratia” iseve, rogorc Zveli romaelebisaTvis “respublika”<br />
(“plebsis” mmarTveloba) uTanaswordeboda ara imdenad “xalxis mmarTvelobas”,<br />
ramdenadac “mdabioTa mmarTvelobas”.<br />
7. sxva sakiTxebi<br />
platonis filosofiis ganxilvis bolos, minda Sevexo or, Cemi azriT, dRes<br />
mniSvnelovan Temas. pirveli ukavSirdeba qalis rolsa da funqciebs sazogadoebaSi,<br />
xolo meore omis problemas..<br />
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni Tvlis, rom qali iseTive aqtiuri<br />
personaa saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi, rogorc mamakaci. laparakia ara mxolod qalis<br />
socialur da politikur aqtiobaze, aramed mis aqtiobaze samxedro saqmeSiac.<br />
Zalze delikaturad, platoni wers, rom qalebma smxedro saqmeSe unda iTavon<br />
imdenad, ramdensac Tavad CaTvlian SesaZleblad (452a...…; 453... ).<br />
kidev erTi sakiTxi, aris omis problema. Zalze didi xnis Semdeg, faSizmis<br />
erT-erTi ideologi da haidegeris megobari, karl Smiti, dawers statias,<br />
“politikuris cnebis Sesaxeb”, romelic amozrdilia platonis omis gansaz-<br />
Rvrebidan. saerTod, omis klasikur gansazRvrebad iTvleba klauzevicis definicia,<br />
romelic gveubneba, rom omi aris politikis gagrZeleba samxedro<br />
saSualebebiT. am definiciis gasagebad, sul mcire, Cven imis codna mainc<br />
gvWirdeba, Tu ra aris politikuri da platoni swored am sawyisebTan dgas. is<br />
ganasxvavebs omis orgvar mniSvnelobas, sakuTriv oms da ganxeTqilebas: “me<br />
mgonia, rom arsebobs ori saxelwodeba — omi da gamxeTqileba. isini Seu-<br />
Tanxmeblobis ori gamovlinebaa. da orad me maT vTvli ai ratom: erTs adgili aqvs<br />
Tavisianebsa da axloblebs Soris, xolo meores — ucxoebTan, ucxotomelebTan.<br />
mtroba TavisianebTan ganxeTqilebad iwodeba, xolo sxvebTan omad” (470 b-c).<br />
Tumca, es ufro deskripciaa omisa da aq jr kidev ar Cans misi mizezebi imisa,<br />
Tu ratom aqvs elins mtroba ucxotomelTan da aramtroba isev elinTan,<br />
visTanac, rogorc istoriidan viciT aranaklebi sisxlismRvreli brZolebi<br />
hqonia. platoni amis Taobaze wers: “maSasadame, Tu elinebi ebrZvian barbarosebs<br />
da barbarosebi elinebs, Cven vityviT, rom isini brZoloben imitom, rom TavianTi<br />
bunebiT mtrebi arian da amitom maT am mtrobas omi unda vuwodoT. xolo,<br />
rodesac msgavsi ram xdeba elinebs Soris, unda vTqvaT, rom isini bunebiT<br />
megobrebi arian, magram elada aseT SemTxvevaSi avadaa da masSi urTierTqiSpoba<br />
sufevs, rasac ganxeTqileba ewodeba” (470c-d).<br />
savaldebulo literatura<br />
1. platoni — saxelmwifo. Tavebi II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX.<br />
2. Plato - The Republic. Translated with the Introduction by Desmond Lee. Second Edition. Penguin<br />
Books, 1987.<br />
3.Платон – Государство, в кн. Платон Сочинения в трех томах, том 3, часть 1. Изд. «Мысль»,<br />
Москва 1971.<br />
damatebiTi sakiTxavi<br />
4. uiliam gaTri — berZeni filosofosebi. Talesidan aristotelamde.” (platoni.<br />
moZRvreba ideebis Sasaxeb) gv.96-114, gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo. 1983.<br />
5.frensis fukuiama ”istoriis dasasrul da ukanaskneli adamiani”. nawili III 17<br />
(”Timosis aRzeveba da dacema”) gv. 192-203. gamoc. mSvidobis, demokratiis da<br />
ganviTarebis kavkasiuri institutis mier. Tbilisi, 1999.<br />
6. Leo Straus Notion of Nature. in Introduction of ”History of Political Philosophy” Univ. of Chicago.<br />
7.Carl Schmitt ”The Notion of Political”.<br />
8. Leo Straus, Plato, in: ”History of Political Philosophy”.<br />
16
aristoteles (384- 322) politikuri Teoria<br />
Sesavali. platonis mowafeebs Soris yvelaze ufro niWieri, aristotele,<br />
Tavad miiwvia makedoniis mefe filipem Tavisi vaJis, aleqsandres aRmzrdelad. es<br />
erTgvari kompensacia iyo aristotelesaTvis, romelsac molodinis<br />
sawirispirod, platonma ar dautova Tavisi skolis xelmZRvaneloba.<br />
damokidebuleba maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris araerTgvarovania. Tu<br />
gavixsenebT aristoteles cnobil gamoTqmas _ “megobaria platoni, magram<br />
WeSmariteba ufro didi megobaria” _ maswavlebelsa da mowafes Soris sakmaod<br />
mwvave diskusiebis arseboba unda vivaraudoT. rig sakiTxebSi da es iTqmis ufro<br />
metafizikis da epistemologiis problemebze, platonis d aristoteles<br />
Sexedulebebi TiTqmis erTgvaria. sxva sakiTxebSi da maT Sorisaa politikuri<br />
problematika, platonis da aristoteles xedva ara mxolod gansxvavebulia,<br />
aramed xSirad sapirispiroc. Tavisi politikuri doqtrina aristotelem<br />
gadmosca “politikaSi”, “nikomaqes eTikaSi” da “did eTikaSi”. am bolo or<br />
naSromSi politikuri problemebi eTikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis konteqstSi<br />
gadmoicema. sakuTriv politikur problemebs is ZiriTadad “politikaSi”<br />
ganixilavs da Cvenc am naSroms daveyrdnobiT, rmelic sul rva wignisagan<br />
Sedgeba. platonis “saxelmwifosagan” gansxvavebiT, romelic idealuri<br />
saxelmwifos proeqtirebas uTmobs ZiriTad dros, aristotele aranaklebad<br />
interesdeba arsebuli saxelmwifoebis sxvadasxva mxareebis aRweriT, Tanac<br />
imgvarad, rom erTnairi gulmodginebiT warmoadgens rogorc Teoriul da mTeli<br />
misi doqtrinisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone sakiTxebs, aseve, erTi<br />
SexedviT, sruliad umniSvnelo detalebs saxelmwifo cxovrebisa.<br />
1. saxelmwifo da adamiani<br />
yoveli saxelmwifo, wers aristotele “politikis” SesavalSi, aris adamianTSorisi<br />
urTierTobis Taviseburi <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic miznad isaxavs saTnoebas.<br />
aq, albaT, saWiroa aRvniSnoT gansxvaveba rusul da inglisur Targmanebs Soris.<br />
berZnuli “κοινονια”, inglisur teqstSi Temaze, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo,<br />
Targmnilia adamianTSorisi asociaciad (association) Sesaxeb, xolo rusuli teqsti<br />
saubrobs adamianTSoris urTierTobaze (общение). es ukanaskneli Zalze tevadi<br />
terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTriv asociacias, aseve adamianTa Soris<br />
komunikacias, am sityvis ufarToesi gagebiT. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa<br />
aristoteles aseTi gancxadeba: saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi unda ar yvela saqmeSi,<br />
an arc erTSi, an zogSi monawileobdnenda zogSic ara. es savsebiT bunebrivia,<br />
radgan “erTi saxelmwifos mier dakavebuli adgili garkveuli saxis erTobaa,<br />
xolo moqalaqeebi ki erTi saxelmwifos mowileebi (κοινονοι) arian” (1261 a).<br />
am zogadi SeniSvnis Semdgom, aristotele saubrobs meTodze, romelic<br />
saxelmwifos ganxilvis gzis maCvenebeli unda iyos. politikuri analizis<br />
aristoteleseuli meTodi ar aris raime gansxvavebuli kvlevis sxva meTodebisagan.<br />
is am SemTxvevaSi igive meTods iyenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebis<br />
analizisas. erTi mxriv, problemisadmi misi midgoma ar aris didad gansxvavebuli<br />
sakiTxis kvlevis im wesisagan, romelsac palatoni amjobinebda. aristotele<br />
wers: “gadmosacemi masala ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki mas adre gadmocemuli<br />
meTodis mixedviT ganvixilavT _ sxva SemTxvevebis msgavsad, Tu rTuls martiv<br />
elementebd davanawilebT da davakvirdebiT, Tu risgan Sedgeba saxelmwifo<br />
...”(1252 a 20). “politikis” meore wignis dasawyisSi, aristotele gvamcnobs, rom<br />
ararsebuli idealuri saxelmwifo modelebis misi analizi TviTmiznuri ar aris.<br />
naSromis mizania Seswavlili iqnes adamianTa urTierToba maTi yvelaze<br />
srulyofili im <strong>for</strong>miT, romelic adamianebs aZlevs saSualebas icxovron<br />
TavianTi miswrafebebis Sesabamisad. am kvlevis procesSi, gvafrTxilebs<br />
aristotele, ganxiluli iqneba realurad arsebuli saxelmwifoebi, xolo Tu<br />
iseT saxelmwifoebs SevexebiT, romlebic arsebulTagan gansxvavdeba, es moxdeba<br />
17
ara TviTmiznurad, aramed mxolod imitom, rom arsebulebi mravalmxriv<br />
srulyofilebi arian, da ver axdenen TvianTi bunebis (“fysis”) realizacias (1260 b<br />
30-35).<br />
is rac saxelmwifos safuZvelSi Zevs, aris qalis da mamakacis urTierToba,<br />
urTireToba arsebebisa, romelTac ar SeuZliaT erTmaneTis gareSe yofna. maTi<br />
erTimeorisadmi ltolva gonivruli gadawyvetilebis Sedegi ki ar aris, aramed<br />
aris imis msgavsi instinqti, rogorsac vxvdebiT cxovelTa samyaroSi datovon<br />
STamomavloba.<br />
aqedan gamomdinare, adamianTaSorisi urTierTobis pirveli da uZiriTadesi<br />
<strong>for</strong>ma aris ojaxi: “... urTierToba, romelic yalibdeba bunebrivad yoveldRiuri<br />
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, aris ojaxi” (1252 b 10-15). Sesabamisad,<br />
ojaxebisagan Semdgari asociacia aris sofeli, xolo soflebis erTianoba ki<br />
Seadgens saxelmwifos. “srulyofilad warmodgenili soflebisgan Semdgari<br />
gaerTianeba aris saxelmwifo (polisi), ... romelic TviTkmar arsebobas aRwevs da<br />
romelic iqmneba sasicocxlo aucileblobis karnaxiT, magram arsebobs saTno<br />
cxovrebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli saxelmwifo bunebrivi<br />
produqtia da iseve, rogorc adamianTa Sorisi pirveladi urTierTobebi, am<br />
bunebrivi tendenciis dasrulebas warmoadgens, xolo dasrulebaSi ki Tavs<br />
aCvenebs buneba. Cven vuwodebT yoveli obieqtis bunebas ... mis iseT mdgomareobas,<br />
romelic miiReba misi ganviTarebis dasrulebis Semdeg. ufro metic, saboloo<br />
miznis ganxorcielebaSi vlindeba umaRlesi srulyofileba, xolo imas, rasac<br />
TviTkmari arseboba gaaCnia, is dasrulebulicaa da umaRlesi arsebobis mqonec”<br />
(1252 b 25-1253 a). aqedan aristotele akeTebs daskvnas, rom saxelmwifo aris raRac<br />
bunebiTad arsebuli da, rom adamianic Tavisi bunebiT, politikuri arsebaa. es ki<br />
niSnavs, rom Tuki romelime adamiani, Tavisi bunebis mixedviT da ara SemTxveviTi<br />
garemoebebis gamo, saxelmwifos gareT icxovrebs, is an zneobrivad<br />
ganuviTarebeli arsebaa da, an zeadamainia (1253 a 5-10).<br />
amrigad, adamiani arsebobs mxolod saxelmwifoSi, romelic pirveladia<br />
masTan mimarTebiT. rogorc platonTan, aqac adamianis saxelmwifosTan<br />
damokidebuleba mTelis da nawilis paradigmis konteqstSi ganixileba.<br />
izolirebulad ganxiluli adamiani ar iqneba TviTkmari arsebuli. mas yovelTvis<br />
daWirdeba sxva adamianTan asociacia. aristotele kvlav imeorebs, rom Tu<br />
adamianma mainc miaRwia TviTkmar arsebobas da mas sxva aRaravin Wirdeba, maSin is<br />
adamiani ki ara an cxovelia da an RmerTi (1253 a 25-30). sxva cocxali arsebebisagan<br />
adamians, upirveles yovlisa, metyvelebis unari ganasxvavebs. es uzrunvelyofs<br />
imas, rom mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seiqmnas warmodgena iseT cnebebze,<br />
rogoricaa sikeTe da boroteba, samarTlianoba da usamarTloba. zneobrivi<br />
ganzomileba, romliTac aristotele adamians axasiaTebs, saxes ucvlis mis<br />
saxelmwifoebrivad cxobrebis sazriss. marTalia adamianebi sazogadoebrivad<br />
erTiandebian erToblivad arsebobis saWiroebis karnaxiT, magram agrZeleben<br />
amgvar yofas saTno cxovrebis misaRwevad, raSiac adamiani sakuTari Tavis<br />
realizacias axdens: “sisrules miRweuli adamiani, yvelaze ufro srulyofilia<br />
cocxal arsebebs Soris da, piriqiT, kanonisa da samarTlis gareSe mcxovrebi<br />
adamiani yvelaze uaresia. ... sikeTes moklebuli adamiani yvelaze ukeTuri da<br />
veluria Tavis sqesobriv ltolvebSi da miswrafebebSi. samarTlianobis cneba<br />
ukavSirdeba warmodgenebs saxelmwifoze, radganac samarTali (kanoni) aris ra<br />
samarTlianobis sazomi, imavdroulad aris politikuri qcevis maregulirebeli<br />
normac” (1253 a 30,35 — 1253 b).<br />
amrigad, mxolod polisSi myofi adamiani cxovrobs politikurad, cxovrobs<br />
polisis kanonebis mixedviT, rac zneobrivad cxovrebas utoldeba da adamianis<br />
gamorCeul maxasiaTebels warmoadgens.<br />
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2. ojaxi da kerZo sakuTreba, monoba<br />
ramdenadac polisi soflebisagan Sedgeba, xolo soflebi ojaxebisagan,<br />
analitikurad aristotele ojaxis ganxilvaze gadadis. am sakiTxSi sruli<br />
kontrastia mis da platonis Sexedulebebs Soris.<br />
yoveli ojaxi Sedgeba Tavisuflebisagan da araTavisuflebisagan. ojaxi sxva<br />
araferia, Tu ara mimarTebebis sistema, romelic myardeba batonsa d monas, qmarsa<br />
da cols, mamasa da Svilebs Soris. aristotele sakmao dros uTmobs am dros<br />
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis “verifikacias”, romlis mixdviTac ojaxis elementebs<br />
Soris ufrosobis <strong>for</strong>ma erTi wyarodanaa warmoSobili. laparakia batonis da<br />
mamis Zalauflebis identurobaze. aristotele sTvlis, rom batonis Zalaufleba<br />
principulad gansxvavdeba mamis Svilze da qmris colze Zalauflebisagan, radgan<br />
Tu pirveli aris Tavisufal da araTavisufal subieqtebs Soris mimarTeba, bolo<br />
ori Tavisufal arsebaTa Soris arsebuli mimarTebaa. marTalia aristotele<br />
mimarTebebis am saxeebs mijnavs Tavisufals da araTavisufals Soris arsebuli<br />
gansxvavebis bazaze, magram dainteresebuli mkiTxveli tyuilad dauwyebs mis<br />
SromebSi Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cnebis analizs Ziebas.<br />
amgvari analizi aristoeles ar gaaCnia. erT-erTi mizezi amisa, rogorc es unda<br />
gamoCndes monobis fenomenis aristoteleseuli gaazrebisas, aris “monis”<br />
sakuTrebis da samuSao iaraRis terminebiT aRwera. aristotelesaTvis ucnobia<br />
ara mxolod Tavisuflebis, rogorc arCevanis SesaZleblobis cneba, aramed<br />
monobis, rogorc amgvari SesaZleblobis daTrgunvis cnebac. magram ra aris<br />
sakuTreba?<br />
ojaxis ganmsazRvreli aRniSnuli sami mimarTebis garda aristotele axsenebs<br />
kidev erT elements, romelsac xan ojaxis organizacias uwodebs, xanac<br />
dagrovebis xelovnebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aq laparakia ojaxis da meurneobis<br />
gaZRolaze. ojaxis da meurneobis cnebaSi igulisxmebs sakuTrebis cneba.<br />
“sakuTreba aris saxlis nawili, xolo SenaZeni ki ojaxis organizaciis <strong>for</strong>ma”.<br />
meurnisaTvis sakuTreba arsebobis SesanarCunebeli Taviseburi iaraRia. rac<br />
Seexeba iaraRebs, Sromis iaraRebi orgvaria: erTi is, romelic gamiznulia<br />
produqtiuli moRvaweobisaTvis (ποιετικα) meore, romelic Tavad warmoadgens<br />
aqtiur moRvaweobas (πρακτικον). mona, romelic aristoteles gaTanabrebuli<br />
hyavs Sromis iaraRTan, aqtiuri Sromis iaraRia (1253 b 25-1254 a 10). bunebiT mona<br />
aris is, vinc Tavis Tavs ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed sxvas da Tanac ise, rom am dros<br />
adamianad rCeba. mona aris adamiani, romelic sxvisi sakuTreba xdeba. is aqtiuri<br />
iaraRia. monobis arseboba savsebiT gamarTlebulia, radgan arseboben adamianebi,<br />
romlebic uxeSi fizikuri Zalis garda arafriT gamoirCevian. maT gansjis unari<br />
mxolod imdenad aqvT, rom batonis brZaneba gaigon da Seasrulon. sxva mxriv<br />
sruliad moklebulni arian gansjis unars. amitom isini arseboben imisaTvis<br />
batons daemorCilon da maTi aseTi mdgomareoba samarTlianic aris da<br />
sasargebloc (1255 a 5). bunebaSi xom yvela movlenaSi gamoiyofa mbrZanebeli da<br />
daqvemdebarebuli nawili. es bunebis uzenaesi kanonia da mas adamianebic<br />
emorCilebian. monoba orgvaria. erTi, rodesac adamiani bunebiTaa mona da meore,<br />
rodesac vinme mona xdeba kanonis mixedviT (vTqvaT, omSi datyvevebis Sedegad).<br />
rogorc erT, aseve meore SemTxvevaSi, monad qceva sxvis sakuTrebad da Sromis<br />
iaraRad qcevas niSnavs.<br />
sakuTrebis ufro zogad konteqstSi ganxilvisas, gasagebi xdeba, rom<br />
aristoteles pozocia radikalurad gansxvavdeba platonis poziciisagan,<br />
romelic ara mxolod ar uSvebda sakuTrebas idealur saxelmwifoSi, aramed mas<br />
erT-erT ZiriTad sazogadoebriv ubedurebad Tvlida. aristotele marTalia ar<br />
uaryofs saxelmwifos arsebobas, magram misTvis sakuTrebis ZiriTadi <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
mainc kerZoa.<br />
sakuTrebis, qonebis mopovebis xelovnebis ganxilvisas, aristoteles<br />
ganxiluli aqvs gacvlis idea, amasTan mis msjelobebSi ikveTeba ganasxvaveba<br />
saqonlis sacvlel da saxmar Rirebulebebs Soris. Tumca, ra Tqma unda,<br />
aristoteles es terminebi ar aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi, is laparakobs sagnis<br />
(magaliTad, fexsacmelis) gamoyenebaze daniSnulebis mixedviT (rodesac mas<br />
19
icmeven), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki igive sagnis gamoyenebaze sxva obieqtze<br />
gadasacvlelad (1257 a 5-15).<br />
gacvliTi operaciebis saWiroebam moitana monetis saWiroeba, mas Semdeg, rac<br />
saqonlis Semosatanad sxvisi daxmareba gaxada saWiro, an rodesac sasaqonlo<br />
operaciebma zedmeti gaxada didi moculobis saqonlis gadaadgileba. “yovelive<br />
amis gamo, mividnen SeTanxmebamde, rom urTierTgacvlisas erTimeorisaTvis<br />
miecaT raRac iseTi, rac Tavad warmoadgenda Rirebulebas. aseTi iyo Tavidan<br />
rkina, vercxli da sxv. dasawyisSi maT zomavdnen da wonidnen, raTa daedginaT<br />
Rirebuleba. Semdeg, daiwyes monetis moWra da zed monetis Rirebulebis niSnis<br />
amotvifra daiwyes. ase gaCnda gacvlis saWiroebiT fuli” (1257a-1257b).<br />
sazogadoebaSi gacvlis procesis SesaZleblobas Sromis diferenciacia<br />
warmoadgens. Sromis diferenciaciis aristoteleseuli modeli platonis<br />
modelisagan gansxvavebiT ar ukavSirdeba socialur diferenciacias da ar aris<br />
misi ganmsazRvreli procesi. gansxvaveba adamianebs Soris sxvadsxva cxovrebis<br />
wess Soris, fiqrobs aristotele, aris bunebaSi cxovelebis arsebobis sxvadasxva<br />
wesebs Soris gansxvavebis msgavsi. zogierTi cxoveli mxolod balaxeuli safariT<br />
ikvebeba, sxvebi xorcismWamelebi arian, xolo cxovelTa kidev erTi nawili<br />
yvelafers etaneba, rasac ki moixelTebs. adamianebTanac raRac msgavss vxvdebiT:<br />
yvelaze ufro zarmacebi momTabare cxovrebas ewevian. maTi ZiriTadi sakvebi<br />
Sinauri cxovelebis xorcia. momTabareebi TaviaT saqonels miuyvebian ukeTesi<br />
saZovrebis mosaZieblad da niadagis bunebriv ganoyierebas uwyofen xels. sxvebi,<br />
momTabareebze ufro dauzarlebi, monadireobas ewevian. monadireobis saxeebia<br />
omi da yaCaRoba, meTevzeoba da gareul cxovelebze nadiroba. da bolos, yvelaze<br />
Sromismoyvareebi, arseboben niadagis damuSavebiT da kulturuli mcenareebis<br />
moyvaniT da movliT. dasawyisSi, yvela eseni iseT saqmianobas ewevian, romelsac<br />
ar Wirdeba gacvla, vidre es saqmianoba erTi ojaxis farglebs ar gascilebia.<br />
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac ojaxebi mravldeba da aucilebeli xdeba maTi gayofa,<br />
aucilebeli xdeba produqtis gacvlac.<br />
arsebobs sakuTrebis mopovebis ramdenime gza. sakuTrebis SeZenis<br />
standartuli gza vaWrobaa. aristotele saubrobs vaWrobis Semdeg saxeebze:<br />
sazRvao vaWroba, tranzituli vaWroba da sacalo vaWroba. maT Soris ZiriTadi<br />
gansxvaveba imaSi mdgonareobs, rom Tu erT maTgans naklebi riski axlavs Tan,<br />
meore ufro didi mogebis momtania. sakuTrebis SeZenis sxva <strong>for</strong>mebia: mevaxSeoba,<br />
sakuTari Sromis gaqiraveba da bolos raRac iseTi, rac, erTi mxriv, sakuTari<br />
Sromis gaqiravebas utoldeba, margam, meore mxriv, saqmes iqoniebs bunebis<br />
produqtebTan. aseTia, vTqvaT, tyis gakafva, samTo saqme da a.S.<br />
sainteresoa, rom omze aristotele saubars iwyebs maSin, rodesac<br />
sakuTrebaze msjelobs. rogorc irkveva, sakuTrebis moxveWis kidev erTi <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
omia. Tu platoni omSi yvela sazogadoebrivi ubedurebis wyaros xedavda,<br />
aristotele, gasagebia, oms imdenad CasTvlis aseTad, ramdenadac naklovani<br />
SeiZleba iyos sakuTrebis moxveWis survili. “samxedro saqme, SeiZleba<br />
ganxiluli iyos sakuTrebis mopovebis garkveulwilad bunebriv saSualebad.<br />
nadiroba xom samxedro saqmis nawilia: nadiroba ki SeiZleba rogorc velur<br />
cxovelebze, aseve im adamianebze, romlebic bunebiT gansazRvrulni arian<br />
morCilebisaTvis, magram ar surT es; aseTi omi, Tavisi bunebiT, samarTliania”<br />
(1256 b 20-25).<br />
3. moqalaqis cneba<br />
“saxelmwifos” mTeli II wigni platonis da sxva avtorebis SexedulebaTa<br />
kritikas exeba. aristotele axsenebs vinme qalkedonel fales, romelic romael<br />
grakxusebze didi xniT adre moiTxovda moqalaqeebs Soris miwis tol<br />
sakuTrebaSi gadacemas. (1266 b). aqve detaluradaa ganxiluli saxelmwifo<br />
mowyobis istoriuli SemTxvevebi lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo, kreta da kar-<br />
Tageni. TiToeuli maTgani saxelmwifos (polisis) konkretul nairsaxeobebs<br />
warmoadgendnen, magram erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavebuli niuansebis<br />
Semcvlels, rom savsebiT bunebrivia daisvas kiTxva zogadad saxelmwifos saerTo<br />
20
principebis Sesaxeb. vidre gavarkvevdeT, Tu romeli sjobs CamoTvliTagan, jer<br />
is unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris saxelmwifo saerTod. amasTan, aristotele aq<br />
sakiTx svavs Zalze saintereso konteqstSi, rac didi diskusiebis sagani iyo da<br />
SeiZleba aseTad CaiTvalos Cvens droSi. kerZod, rodesac adgili aqvs raime<br />
qmedebas, romlis drosac dazaralda moqalaqe, ra SeiZleba iTqvas aseT<br />
SemTxvevebSi, rom moqalaqe dazaralda saxelmwifos, Tu oligarqiis an tiraniis<br />
ZalisxmeviT?<br />
Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom aq laparakia, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv<br />
saxelmwifoze, xolo, meore mxriv, reJimze anu mmarTvelobaze. Tumca, sakiTxis<br />
ganxilvis konteqsti ise marjvedaa SerCeuli, rom gaugebari xdeba, Tu ra<br />
moimoqmeda saxelmwifom da ra mmarTvelma wreebma.<br />
aristoteles Semdegi nabiji aseTia: “saxelmwifo moxelis mTeli moRvaweoba<br />
mimarTulia mxolod saxelmwifoze (πολισ), xolo saxelmwifo mowyoba (πολιτεια) ki<br />
aris saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa garkveuli organizacia. imis gamo, rom saxelmwifo<br />
raRac Sedgenilia, yoveli mTelis msgavsad, romelic nawilebisagan Sedgeba<br />
gasagebia, rom jer unda gavarkvioT, Tu ra aris moqalaqe (πολιτεσ), radgan<br />
saxelmwifo sxva araferia, Tu ara moqalaqeebis erToblioba. amrigad, unda<br />
ganvixiloT, Tu vin SeiZleba miviCnioT moqalaqed da ras warmoadgens moqalaqe”<br />
(1274 b 30 _ 1275 a 5).<br />
amrigad, imis garkvevis mcdeloba, Tu ra aris polisi, moiTxovs moqalaqis<br />
raobis garkvevas. am cnebis dasadgenad arafers iZleva im pirebis statusis<br />
gaazreba, visac moqalaqeoba eboZa. verc isini gagviweven samsaxurs, vinc aseT<br />
saxels imsaxurebs mxolod qalaqSi cxovrebis gamo, radgan qalaqSi cxovroben<br />
metikebic da monebic, magram isini ar rian moqalaqeebi. ori ZiriTadi parametri,<br />
romelTan mimarTebaSic unda gairkves saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba aris sasamarTlo<br />
da xelisufleba, sul erTia es uakanaskneli warmodgenili iqneba<br />
saxalxo krebiT, Tu romelime sapasuxismgelo saxelmwifo postiT (1275 a 20-25).<br />
aqedan, “moqalaqe” ganisazRvreba ase: “Cven moqalaqeebad miviCnevT imaT, vinc<br />
monawileobs sasamarTlosa da saxalxo krebaSi. Cans aseTi gansazRvreba ukeT<br />
Seesabameba yvela imaT, vinc moqalaqed iwodeba” (1275 a 30-35). am damaimedebeli<br />
gancxadebis miuxedavad aristotele aRiarebs, rom SemoTavazebuli gansaz-<br />
Rvreba zustia ZiriTadad demokratiuli mowyobis qveynebisaTvis. rac Seexeba<br />
sxva saxelmwifoebs, marTalia maTac mieyenebaT es definicia, magram igi ar iqneba<br />
aucilebeli. arademokratiul qveynebSi xom arc saxalxo krebaa da sasamarTloc<br />
sxvagvaradaa organizebuli. amitom Tu yvela sazRvriT SemTxvevas gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
da mainc orientirebulebi viqnebiT sasamarTlosa da sakanonmdeblo<br />
struqturebze, rogorc moqalaqeobis ganmsazRvrel elementebze, SegveZleba<br />
SevinarCunoT definicia da vTqvaT kvlav, rom “mocemuli saxelmwifos moqalaqea<br />
is, vinc monawileobs mis sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi, xolo<br />
saxelmwifo aris moqalaqeebis iseTi erTianoba, romelic sakmarisia am saxelmwifos<br />
TviTkmari arsebobisaTvis” (1275 b 20). aSkaraa SemoTavazebuli<br />
gansazRvrebebis mixedviT, moqalaqeoba Tanamdebobis flobaze orientirebiT<br />
dgindeba, rac aristotelesaTvis ar aris SeumCneveli.<br />
iqneb aseTi midgoma arasworia. gana gaviTvaliswineT teritoria, romelzedac<br />
arsebobs saxelmwifo an misi mosaxleoba? orive saWirod gamoiyureba saxelmwifos<br />
identifikaciisaTvis. SeiZleba Tu ara iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo erTi da<br />
igivea, mxolod erTsa da imave mosaxleobis da teritoriis SemTxvevaSi?<br />
aristoteles azriT, ar SeiZleba saxelmwifos kedlebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba<br />
hqondes, radgan kedlebi SegviZlia SemovavloT mTel peloponess. rac<br />
Seexeba mosaxleobas, mosaxleoba mudmivad icvleba _ erTi Taoba midis, xolo<br />
axli Taoba modis. es mudmivi procesia, romelic Zalze gviZnelebs pasuxs<br />
kiTxvaze, es erTi da igive saxelmwifos mosaxleobaa, Tu mas erTiani mxolod<br />
saxeli aqvs mdinaresaviT. amitom, “Tu saxelmwifo raRac asociaciaa da<br />
saxeldobr, is aris moqalaqeTa politikuri asociacia, maSin bunebrivia, rom<br />
rogorc ki Seicvleba saxelmwifo mowyoba, Seicvleba saxelmwifoc. ...<br />
saxelmwifos identuroba umTavresad mis wyobasTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreba”<br />
(1276 b 10-15). Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis arsi imiT ganisazRvreba, rom<br />
21
daiqvemdebaros Tavisi swori da Tavisufali xalxi. amiT gansxvavdeba aseTi<br />
xelisufleba batonis Zalauflebisagan monaze (1277 b 5-10).<br />
amrigad, moqalaqe aris is, vinc saxelmwifos politikur morvaweobaSi iRebs<br />
monawileobas. magram ra SeiZleba iTqvas xelosnebi, miwaTmoqmedebis Sesaxeb?<br />
isinic moqalaqeebi arian, Tu maTze ar vrceldeba moqalaqis zemoT Semo-<br />
Tavazebuli daxasiaTeba? am kiTxvaze erTi pasuxi ukve viciT. kerZod, rom zog<br />
SemTxvevaSi (demokratiul reJimebSi) isini moqalaqeebi arian da zogierT<br />
SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad oligarqiebSi) ara. amitom aristoteles saboloo<br />
“verdiqti” dasmul kiTxvaze sakmaod damajereblad JRers: “zemoT Tqmulidan<br />
gamomdinare, gasagebia, rom arsebobs moqalaqis ramdenime nairsaxeoba; aseve<br />
gasagebia isic, rom moqalaqed umTavresad iTvleba is, vinc samoqalaqo<br />
uflebebis mflobelia” (1278 a 35-40).<br />
amrigad, Zneli ar aris SevamCnioT, rom moqalaqis aristotelur daxasiaTebebSi<br />
Zlze daaxloebulia erTi mxriv, saxlmwifos da politikuri reJimis<br />
kategoriebi, xolo meore mxriv moqalaqis da saxelmwifo moxelis cnebebi.<br />
berZnuli, polisuri demokratiis an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, pirdapiri<br />
demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, es asec unda iyos. sxva SemTxvevebSi (aristokratiis,<br />
oligarqiis, Tu tiraniis) SemTxvevaSi, aristoteles SemoTavazebuli gansaz-<br />
Rvreba ar imuSavebs da rogorc Tavad gvafrTxilebs, saWiro gaxdeba moqalaqis<br />
sxva kategoria, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi isTi, romlis moqalaqeoba uflebrivad<br />
iqneba gansazRvruli. magram, Tu moqalaqe upirveles yovlisa uflebrivad<br />
ganisazRvreba polisSi, da Tavisi moRvaweobisas amodis saerTo sikeTis idealidan,<br />
maSin SesaZlebeli xdeba dadgindes misi iseTi cneba, romelic zogadad<br />
gamoyenebadi iqneba yvela tipis politikuri reJimis dros. “moqalaqe, zogadi<br />
azriT — wers aristotele — aris is, vinc monawileobas iRebs batonobasa da<br />
morCilebaSi; yoveli saxelmwifo mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqis arseba ar<br />
icvleba. saxelmwifos saukeTeso mowyobis pirobebSi, moqalaqe aris is, visac<br />
SeuZlia da surs morCileba da batonoba imgvarad, rom am dros igi gamodis<br />
saTnoebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis wesidan” (1284 a). Tavad morCilebis fenomenSi,<br />
romelic principulad gansxvavdeba monuri morCilebisagan, aristotele<br />
moqalaqis Rirsebis veraviTar SemzRudvel faqtors ver xedavs, radgan rogorc<br />
mmarTveli da mbrZanebeli, asve mis gadawyvetilebebis Semsrulebeli<br />
moqalaqeebi, orive emorCileba saerTo sikeTisa da sargeblianobis moTxovnebs.<br />
4. saxelmwifoebis <strong>for</strong>mebi<br />
saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mebis ganxilvisas ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli sakvlevi mimar-<br />
Tuleba samarTliani saxelmwifoze gadis. platoni saukeTesod da samarTlianad<br />
miiCnevda mxolod idealur saxelmwifos. aristotelesTan viTareba sruliad<br />
sxvagvaria: “rodesac erTi adamiani, an ramdenime, an gnebavT umravlesoba marTavs<br />
sazogadoebrivi sargeblianobis principis Sesabamisad, bunebrivia saxelmwifo<br />
mowyobis aseTi <strong>for</strong>mebi swori <strong>for</strong>mebia, xolo isini, romlebic erTi adamianis,<br />
ramdenimes, an, Tundac, umravlesobis gamorCenaze arian orientirebulni, aseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebi sworidan gadaxrebs warmoadgenen” (1279 a<br />
25-35). SeniSvnidan gamomdinare, arsebobs swori marTvelobis Semdegi <strong>for</strong>mebi:<br />
a) monarqia;<br />
b) aristokratia;<br />
g) politia.<br />
am <strong>for</strong>mebidan gadaxvevas warmoadgens:<br />
a) monarqiidan _ tirania;<br />
b) aristokratiidan _ oligarqia;<br />
g) politiadan _ demokratia.<br />
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom vargisianoba ganisazRvreba saerTo<br />
sargeblianobis kriteriumis safuZvelze, Zalze saintereso saxes miiRebs<br />
aristoteles mier demokratiis, rogorc araswori <strong>for</strong>mis Sefaseba. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom mas miznad aqvs sargeblianoba moutanos uqonlebs, magram realuri<br />
22
sargebeli arc sakuTari TavisaTvis moaqvs da arc sxvisTvis. aristoteles es<br />
sityvebi ar unda gavigoT demokratiis mimarT mis mier sabolood gamotanil<br />
verdiqtad. aristotele demokratiis mimarT gacilebiT ufro tolerantuli<br />
iyo, vidre platoni. amasTan aristotele cdilobs daazustos demokratiis<br />
cneba, romelic misTvis “xalxTan” ki ar aris asocirebuli, aramed “uqonelebTan”.<br />
rodesac kiTxva dgeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu aRwerilTagan mmarTvelobis romel<br />
<strong>for</strong>mas unda mivaniWoT upiratesoba, warmatebulad miCneuli <strong>for</strong>mebidan,<br />
aristotele <strong>for</strong>mas da mowyobis wesis safuZvelze ki ar pasuxobs, aramed<br />
saTnoebis fenomenze miTiTebiT: “saxelmwifo mowyobis sami <strong>for</strong>midan, romalTac<br />
Cvens wor <strong>for</strong>mebad miviCnevT, ra Tqma unda, saukeTeso is aris, romelSiac<br />
marTvis berketebi saukeTesoTa xelSia. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, rodesac<br />
romelime erTi an mTeli gvari, an Tundac adamianTa mTel masa iqneba saTnoebiT<br />
gamorCeuli da, rodesac, amasTanave, erTs SeeZleba ubrZanos, xolo sxvebs ki<br />
daemorCilon yvelaze ufro sasurveli cxovrebis wesis SesanarCuneblad (1288 a<br />
30-35).<br />
aristoteles ukve am daxasiaTebaSi, romelic saxalxo mmarTvelobis lamis<br />
aristokratiad interpretacias gvTavazobs, Cans aristoteles saxelmwifoebis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis specifika. kerZod reluri, gnebavT istoriidan<br />
cnobili, romelime saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebi gacilebiT ufro rTuli<br />
da maravlferovania, vidre es igulisxmeba TiToeulis definiciaSi. ganvixiloT<br />
am sityvebis dasturad demokratiuli mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebi. mxolod<br />
demokratiul saxelmwifoebSi (aseve, sxvadasxva variaciebSi ganxilulia<br />
danarCeni saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebic) aristotele gamoyofs maT<br />
Semdeg nairsaxeobebs:<br />
• demokratiis pirveli <strong>for</strong>ma gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs Tanasworobis<br />
princips. am saxelmwifoSi gamefebuli gagebiT, “Tanasworoba” niSavs imas, rom<br />
arc mqoneblebs da arc uqonelebs ar gaaCniaT raime upiratesoba. ra Tqma unda,<br />
am saxelmwifoSi mdidrebic arseboben da Raribebic, magram kanonTan oriveni<br />
pasuxismgeblebi arian;<br />
• demokratiis meore <strong>for</strong>ma dasaSvebad miiCnevs, rom Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad<br />
qveyanaSi mainc unda arsebobdes, Tundac mcire zomis qonebrivi cenzi.<br />
• demokratiis mesame <strong>for</strong>maSi yvela moqalaqes aqvs Tanamdebobis dakavebis<br />
ufleba da maT es ufleba miniWebuli aqvT warmoSobis safuZvelze. qveyana<br />
imarTeba kanonis Sesabamisad;<br />
• meoTxe <strong>for</strong>ma mesamisagan ufro meti tolerantulobiT gamoirCeva<br />
moqalaqeobis dadgenis da, maSasadame imis dadgenis sakiTxSi, Tu vin SeiZleba<br />
daikavos saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba. Tu mesame <strong>for</strong>maSi moqalaqeobisaTvis<br />
aucilebelia orive mSobeli mocemuli qveynis moqalaqe iyos, am <strong>for</strong>maSi<br />
dasaSvebia Tundac erTi iyos moqalaqe da meore Tavisufali adamiani. aqac<br />
qveyanas kanoni marTavs;<br />
• bolo, mexuTe <strong>for</strong>mis saxelmwifoebSi SenarCunebulia yvela win aRwerili<br />
piroba, magram qveyana imarTeba ara kanonis mixedviT, aramed mas marTavs xalxi<br />
saxalxo krebis saSualebiT, xolo xalxs Tavis Wkuaze daatareben demagogebi<br />
(1291 b 30 — 1292 a 10).<br />
aRwerili xuTi <strong>for</strong>midan yvelaze uaresia bolo <strong>for</strong>ma, romelSic ar muSaobs<br />
kanoni da romelSiac qveyana demagogebis mier imarTeba. “im demokratiul<br />
qveynebSi — wers aristotele — romlebSic gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs kanons,<br />
demagogebisaTvis kanoni ar aris, aq mowinave adgilebi saukeTeso moqalaqeebs<br />
ekuTvniT, magram iq, sadac umaRlesi xelisufleba ar emyareba kanons, Cndebian<br />
demagogebi” (1292 a 10). saxelmwifos es <strong>for</strong>ma yvelaze uaresia imitom, rom<br />
kanonis ar arsebobis pirobebSi, xalxi xdeba masSi erTmmarTveli (monarqi) da<br />
aseve marTavs is qveyanas. ramdenadac tirania monarqiis nairsaxeobaa, amdenad<br />
xalxic tiranulad iqceva — anadgurebs saukeTeso moqalaqeebs da did gasaqans<br />
aZlevs demagogebs. sabolood gamodis, rom aq demagogebi yovlisSemZle Zalad<br />
23
iqcevian, ramdenadac umaRlesi xelisufleba xalxis xeSia, xolo xalxis azri ki<br />
maT xelSi. msgavsi safrTxisagan Tavis daRwevis ZiriTad saSualebad<br />
aristoteles imgvari zogadi konstituciis msgavsi kanonmdeblobis Semotana<br />
miaCnia, romelsac aRar Seexeba kerZo sakiTxebiT dakavebuli arc saxalxo kreba<br />
da arc saxelmwifo moxeleebi (1292 a 30-35).<br />
rogorc demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis aRwerili <strong>for</strong>mebidan Cans, isini<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. erTSi moqalaqeobas yvelas<br />
aZleven, meoreSi - mxolod imas, visi mSoblebic moqalaqeebi iyvnen. erTs marTavs<br />
kanoni, meores - demagogebi. amisda miuxedavad, isini yvelani, gvarwmunebs<br />
aristotele, demokratiuli saxelmwifoebis nairsaxeobebs warmoadgenen. niSnavs<br />
Tu ara es mtkiceba imas, rom maT gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, raRac aqvT saerTo da<br />
es saerTo gansxvavebulebze ufro mniSvnelovania?<br />
yvela demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis saerToa ori ZiriTadi principi,<br />
romlebic, rogorc irkveva, ara mxolod aristoteles epoqaSi, aramed dReac<br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis moucilebel niSnebad iTvleba. esenia: Tavisufleba<br />
da Tanasworoba. “demokratiuli wyobis ZiriTadi niSani — wers<br />
aristotele — aris Tavisufleba. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli azriT, mxolod am<br />
saxelmwifo wyobis dros yvela sargeblobs TavisuflebiT, radgan, rogorc<br />
amtkiceben, swored Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis demokratia. xolo Tavisuflebis<br />
erT-erTi pirobaa iyo mmarTveli da marTuli morigeobiT” (1317 b) ...<br />
“samarTlianobis safuZvelze, rogorc is gaigeba demokratiuli TvalTaxedviT,<br />
kerZod, yvelasaTvis toli wilis migebiT, miiReba is wyoba, romelsac aRiarebs<br />
demokratia. ... Tanasworoba, xom isaa, rom uqonelebs araferSi hqondeT ufro<br />
meti Zalaufleba, vidre SeZlebulebs da, rom umaRlesi xelisufleba unda<br />
miekuTvnebodes ara romelime erTs, aramed yvelas Tanabrad. swored am wesiT —<br />
fiqroben isini — xorcieldeba saxelmwifoSi Tanasworoba da Tavisufleba” (1318<br />
a — 10). aseTia demokratiuli mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva konkretuli <strong>for</strong>mebis<br />
saerTo maxasiaTeblebi. aseTive detaluri wesiT axasiaTebs aristotele<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelois sxva <strong>for</strong>mebsac, romelTac aq aRar ganvixilavT.<br />
demokratia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, interpretirebulia uqonelTa da<br />
xalxis mmarTvelobad. rac Seexeba sauTriv xalxs, is yvela saxelmwifo<br />
mowyobisaTvis Tanamdevi erT-erTi yvelaze myari struqturaa da Sedgeba Semdegi<br />
stratebisagan:<br />
a) miwaTmoqmedebisagan,<br />
b) xelosnebisagan,<br />
g) vaWrebisagan,<br />
d) daqiravebuli muSaxelisagan.<br />
aRniSnuli mosaxleobis garda, saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian<br />
mcvelebic. aristotele gamoyofs oTxi saxeobis jars:<br />
a) mxedrobas;<br />
b) mZimedSeiaraRebul qveiTebs;<br />
c) subuqad SeiaraRebul qveiTebs;<br />
d) sazRvao flots (1321 a 5-10).<br />
savaldebulo literatura<br />
1.Aristotele – “Politics”. Ox<strong>for</strong>d Univ. Press., 1998; 7-20; 84-200; 229-242; 251-279 pp.<br />
2.Аристотель – Сочинения в четырех томах. Том четвертыйю Изд. «Мысль», М., 1984. 376-387;<br />
444-544; 569-580; 588-615.<br />
24
ciceroni (106-43)<br />
Sesavali: platonis da aristoteles politikuri Teoriebi antikuri<br />
saberZneTis, marTalia ara erTaderTi, magram samagierod, yvelaze mniSvnelovani<br />
Teoriebi iyo. maTi doqtrinebi koncentrirebuli da sistematuri saxiT gadmoscemda<br />
berZnuli politikuri azris monapovars. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania<br />
aristoteles Sromebi, romelsac wesad hqonda sakuTari Sexedulebebis<br />
gadmocemamde sxva, wina epoqis moazrovneTa Tvalsazrisebi gadmoeca<br />
(rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, “politikis” meore wignSi). antikuri politikuri<br />
azris bolo avtori, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, aris romaeli moazrovne,<br />
ciceroni. ciceronis damokidebuleba klasikuri berZnuli Teoriebis mimarT<br />
msgavsia zogadad Zvel berZnul da romaul kilturebs Soris damokidebulebisa.<br />
romaelebma, rogorc cnobilia, praqtikulad gadmonerges sakuTar niadagze da<br />
gaimeores berZnuli kultura. gavrcelebuli azriT, arsebobs antikurobis<br />
romarlTa sul ramdenime originaluri monapovari: es, upirveles yovlisa,<br />
gaxlavT samarTali, romlis kodifikaciasa da warmoebaSi romaelebma ara<br />
mxolod berZnebi daCagres, aramed mravalmxriv gansazRvres Tanamedrove<br />
evropuli samarTali. Semdegi sfero, romelSiac romaelebma sakuTari sityva<br />
Tqves, gzaTmSeneblobaa. romaelTa naSenebma gzebma saukuneebs gauZlo im<br />
donemde, rom Zalze cudi samsaxuri gauwia gviandel evropelebs. amboben,<br />
sarkinozebis mTavarsardals, jebel al tariks swored romaulma gzebma gauwia<br />
naxevarkunZulze saorientaciod fasdaudebeli samsaxuri mas Semdeg, rac<br />
sarkinozebi pireneebze gadmosxdnen. am or miRwevas zogierTi umatebs romaul<br />
biusts, romelic, rogorc fiqroben ara da ar warmoadgens berZnulis ubralo<br />
kopirebas. rac Seexeba filosofias, saberZneTidan romSi gavrclda ZiriTadad<br />
sami mimdinareoba: skepticizmma, epikureizmma da stoicizmma, romelTa mimarTac<br />
romaelma warmomadgenlebma saocari “erTguleba” gamoiCines elini fuZemdeblebisadmi.<br />
Tavad ciceroni Znelad Tu CaTvleba romelime am konkretuli<br />
mimdinareobis warmomadgenlad. piriqiT, gavrcelebulia azri, rom ciceroni<br />
rogorc filosofosi ekleqtikosi iyo da, Sesabamisad, mis nawerebSi SevxvdebiT<br />
rogorc stoicizmis, aseve epikureizmisaTvis da akademiuri skeptocozmisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebel araerT tipur Teziss. Cven ar vapirebT am mosazrebebis revizias.<br />
miT ufro, rom misi politikuri Teoriac mTlianad platonis da aristoteles<br />
Tematikis irgvliv trialebs. rac CvenTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, is gaxlavT, rom<br />
amgvari siaxlovis miuxedavad, ciceronis politikuri politikuri nawerebi<br />
moklebuli ar aris originalobas da maTSi wamoWrilia rogorc Tvisebrivad<br />
axali Tematika, aseve, ukve cnobilis, berZeni avtorebisagan radikalurad<br />
gansxvavebuli gadawyveta. platonis da aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni<br />
ara mxolod Teoretikosi, aramed moqmedi politikosic iyo. katalinas amboxis<br />
mxilebis da CaxSobis Semdeg, erTi periodi ciceroni senatis da zogadad<br />
respublikuri romis TvalsaCino politikosad iqca. ciceronis mniSvneloba<br />
daaknina romaeli mTavarsardlebis qiSpobam. krasusis, pompeusis da keisris<br />
zeZliereba imis imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom romis respublika ukanasknel dReebs<br />
iTvlida. aSkara gaxda, rom warmatebuli samxedro kampaniebis Sedegad Zalze<br />
gazrdili romi imperiul mmarTvelobas saWiroebda da rom respublikuri<br />
idealebi ukve istoriis sakuTreba xdeboda. respublikuri romis senatis<br />
TvalsaCino moRvawis, ciceronis politikuri karieris da sabolood ki<br />
sicocxlisaTvis damRupvelad iqca e.w. meore triumvirati, romelmac ciceroni<br />
proskripciebSi Seiyvana.<br />
ciceronis politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi ori naSromis,<br />
“saxelmwifos” da “kanonebis” mixedviT. ciceronis es Sromebi mniSvnelovania ara<br />
mxolod Zveli cnobili saxelmwifo moRvawis da filosofosis ideebis gacnobis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, aramed im mxrivac, rom masSi Semonaxulia in<strong>for</strong>macia elinizmis<br />
epoqis araerTi iseTi avtoris Sesaxeb, romelTa Sexedulebebis gasagebad ciceronis<br />
Sromebi erTaderTi wyaroa. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom ciceronis naSromi,<br />
“saxelmwifo” dakargulad iTvleboda. sakmaod dazianebuli saxiT is mxolod XIX<br />
saukuneSi (1820 wels) aRmoaCina vatikanis biblioTekis prefeqtma, anjelo maim.<br />
25
1. saxelmwifos msaxureba<br />
saxelmwifos msaxureba aris pirveli mniSvnelovani Tema, romelsac exeba<br />
ciceroni “saxelmwifos” dasawyisSi. mas Semdeg, rac igi CamoTvlis cnobil<br />
romaelTa saxelmwifo moRvaweobas, svams savsebiT bunebriv kiTxvas _ ra rjida<br />
maT esoden did safrTxeSi CaegdoT gamudmebiT Tavi maSin, rodesac TiToeuls<br />
yvela Sansi hqonda mSvidi da uzrunveli cxovrebiT ecxovra? am kiTxvaze<br />
pasuxad, ciceroni miuTiTebs or erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul fenomenze,<br />
romelTac axsna unda misces dasmul kiTxvas. kerZod, saerTo sikeTis msaxurebasa<br />
da bunebis mier adamianisaTvis momadlebul Rirsebis (ανανκε) grZnobaze.<br />
Rirsebis grZroba, rogorc gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomeni Tavs iCens swored<br />
iseT sazRvriT situaciebSi, romelic adamianisagan ukidures Tavdadebas da<br />
xSirad ki Tvaganwirvasac saWiroebs. ukiduresi safrTxis pirobebSi sxva yvela<br />
cocxalma arsebam SeiZleba imoqmedos mxolod iseTi sasicocxlo instinqtebis<br />
karnaxiT, rogric STamomavlobaze zrunva an sakvebis mopovebaa. aristoteles<br />
azriT, cxovelTa samyarodan adamians metyvelebis unari gamoarCevs, rac mas<br />
sikeTis da siqvelis cnebiTi Semecnebis saSualebas aZlevs. ciceroni ki, rogorc<br />
vxedavT, upirveles yovlisa, “bunebisagan boZebul” Rirsebaze saubrobs,<br />
romelic gamorCeulad adamianuri fenomenia. ra Tqma unda, aq aristotelesa da<br />
cicerons Soris Znelia davinaxoT winaaRmdegoba. saqme isaa, rom marTalia,<br />
aristoteles mosazreba misi politikuri traqtatidan ki movitaneT, magram<br />
masSi araferia sakuTriv politikuri. is adamianis ufro zogadi daxasiaTebaa<br />
(politikur konteqstSi, aristotele, romelic, Rirsebis Taobeaze sxva adgilas<br />
bevrs saubrobs, adamians sul sxva gansazRvrebas aZlevs). misgan gansxvavebiT,<br />
ciceroni Rirsebis grZnobas saxelmwifo moRvaweobasTan akavSirebs. Rirsebis<br />
floba, fiqrobs is, codnis floba rodia, romelsac TavisTavadi Rirebuleba<br />
aqvs. mecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac, Tu ar gamoviyenebT, SevinarCunebT<br />
mainc, mxolod misi codnis wyalobiT, Rirseba mTlianad Cvens qmedebazea<br />
damokidebuli da am qmedebebs Soris ki gamorCeuli adgili saxelmwifos<br />
msaxurebas uWiravs (1.7).<br />
erTi SexedviT, ciceronis am da sxva msjelobebSi politikuri problemebis<br />
analizisas Semotanilia subieqtivisturi ganzomileba, radgan ciceroni<br />
cdilobs maT axsnas adamianis sulieri Tvisebebis safuZvelze. ganmeorebiT<br />
dasmul kiTxvaze, Tu romeli saxelmwifo wyobaa yvelaze ukeTesi, “saxelmwifoSi”<br />
scipioni, romelic Tavad ciceronis Sexedulebebis gamomTqmelia, ambobs<br />
Semdegs: “simdidres, warmomavlobas, zegavlenas — sibrZnis, cxovrebisa da sxva<br />
adamianebis marTvis unaris gareSe — mxolod Rirsebis dakargvasTan da<br />
ampartavnebasTan mivyavarT. ar arsebobs mmarTvelobis ufro maxinji <strong>for</strong>ma,<br />
vidre is romlis drosac yvelaze ukeTesad iTvlebian umdidresi adamianebi. ra<br />
sjobs mdgomareobas, rodesac sxelmwifos marTavs Riseba; rodesac is, vinc sxvis<br />
cxovrebas ganagebs, Tavad ar imyofeba arc erTi vnebis tyveobaSi” (1. 25).<br />
platonidan wamosuli tradiciiT, Cveulebriv, vfiqrobT, rom wyoba imgvari<br />
obieqturi maxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis, romelic srulad gansazRvravs mis<br />
vargisianobas. ciceroni, rogorc aRiniSna, TiTqos ufro subieqtivistur axsnas<br />
iZleva moyvanil fragmentSiac, rodesac is mmarTvelTa “moralze” saubrobs.<br />
magram, Tu moyvanil fragments kargad davukvirdebiT, sadac saubaria Rirsebis<br />
mier saxelmwifos marTvaze, romelTan konfliqtSi modis mmarTvelis<br />
vnebaTaRelva, unda davafiqsiroT saxelmwifo wyobis ganmsazRvreli kidev erTi<br />
iseTi obieqturi ganzomileba, rogoricaa masSi aRiarebuli Rirebulebebis<br />
ZiriTadi sistema. amiT ki, rogorc Tavad romis istoria mowmobs, ganxilvis<br />
TvalsawierSi Semodis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxi. faqtia, rom erT dros<br />
Rirsebasa da saxelmwifos msaxurebaze damyarebuli romaelTa yofam,<br />
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi regresuli trans<strong>for</strong>macia ganicada. berZnuli polisebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac ucxo iyo kulturuli siWrele, romis<br />
imperiaSi, warmatebuli dapyrobiTi politikis da sazRvrebis ganuwyveteli<br />
gafarToebis pirobebSi, fexi moikida mravalferovanma religiur-filosofurma<br />
mimdinareobebma da mistikurma seqtebma. isini sruliad gansxvavebul<br />
26
RirebulebaTa sistemas sTavazobdnen xalxs. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rogorc<br />
Sedegma, amgvari mravalferovnebisa, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda kosmopolitizmi,<br />
msoflio moqalaqis centraluri ideiT. ara “saxelmwifoSi”, aramed<br />
“kanonebSi” msoflio moqalaqis ideas farTo Teologiuri dsabuTeba eZleva.<br />
msjelobis jaWvi daaxloebiT aseTia: RmerTma Seqmna adamiani rogorc sxva<br />
cocxali arsebisagan gamorCeuli ram. am gamorCeulobis mizezi aris goneba.<br />
goneba raRac saerToa adamiansa da RmerTs Soris da maT Soris kavSiric swored<br />
gonebaSi unda veZioT. magram goneba igive kanoni da kanonzomierebaa. es ki<br />
niSnavs, rom Cven RmerTTan kanoniT varT dakavSirebuli. aqedan, unda vaRiaroT,<br />
rom yvela maTTan, visTanac arsebobs erTianoba kanonSi, arsebobs erTianoba<br />
samarTalSiac, xolo yvela is visac kanoni da samarTali saerTo aqvs miekuTvneba<br />
erT sazogadoebas. Tu adamianebi amgvarad arian CarTulni erTsa da imave<br />
ZalauflebasTan kontaqtSi, maSin isini CarTulni iqnebian, amave dros, kavSirSi<br />
RvTaebrivTananac da, maSin mTeli samyaro SegviZlia ganvixiloT adamianebis da<br />
RmerTebis erT samoqalaqo Temad (1. 96).<br />
ciceronis sawyisi mosazrebebi adamianuri Rirsebis Sesaxeb, erTgvari<br />
Sesavalia misi Sedgomi Temis gaSlisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi sagani saxelmwifoa.<br />
vidre vimsjelebde saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, ambobs is, me vcade gameanalizebina,<br />
Rirs Tu ara kacma xeli mohkidos saerTod saxelmwifo saqmes (1. 10). pasuxi, ra<br />
Tqma unda, dadebiTia, radgan Rirsebis adamianis arsobriv maxasiaTeblad<br />
gamocxadebiT, saxelmwifosaTvis msaxureba adamianis bunebriv mowodebad<br />
gamocxadda.<br />
2.saxelmwifos buneba da mmarTvelobis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
ratom iqmneba saxelmwifo? — kiTxva, romelic Zalze aqtualuri iyo antikuri<br />
saberZneTis avtorebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, aqtualobas ar kargavs arc<br />
ciceronis TxzulebebSi. vidre saxelmwifos avkargianobaze vimsjelebdeT, jer<br />
zogadad saxelmwifos cneba unda davadginoT. ciceroni miiCnevs, rom saxelwifo<br />
raRac iseTia, rac uSualodaa dakavSirebuli xalxTan, rac misi xvedria. aqedan<br />
saxelmwifos bunebis kvleva gadaejaWveba xalxis raobis sakiTxs. xalxi ki,<br />
rogorc irkveva, sxva araferia, Tu ara adamianTa iseTi erToba, romelsac aqvs<br />
erTiani samarTali da saerTo interesebi: “amrigad, wers ciceroni, saxelmwifo<br />
xalxis xvedria, xolo xalxi adamianTa nebismieri gaerTianeba ki ar aris, aramed<br />
iseTTa erTianobaa, romelTac Tavi mouyriaT samarTlis ama Tu im sakiTxis<br />
gadasawyvetad da, romelTac gaaCniaT saerTo interesebi. aseTi gaerTianebis<br />
pirveli mizezi maTi sisuste ki ar aris, aramed bunebrivi miswrafeba erTad<br />
cxovrebisaken” (1. 20).<br />
adamianebis bunebrivi miswrafeba Tanacxovrebisaken, romelic SesaZloa iyos<br />
Zlieri impulsi saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mirebisaTvis, saWiroebs raRac iseT damatebiT<br />
fenomens, romelic saxelmwifos ara mxolod did mdgradobas mianiWebs, aramed<br />
regularuls gaxdis adamianTaSorisi damokideblebis misaReb saxeebs. aseTi ram<br />
gaxlavT samarTali da konkretuli kanonmdebloba, romelic saxelmwifos yvela<br />
wevrisaTvis saerTo unda iyos. da, saerTod, sxva ra aris saxelmwifo, Tu ara<br />
saerTo weswyobileba, romelic ganmtkicebulia samarTalsa da kanonebSi.<br />
magram saidan iRebs dasabams Tavad kanoni da samarTali? am kiTxvaze<br />
aristoteluri tradicia gvamcnobs, rom arsebobs erTi mxriv, bunebiTi da, meore<br />
mxriv, konvencionaluri samarTali. misgan gansxvavebiT, ciceroni ar cnobs<br />
bunebiTi samarTlis ideas. bunebiTi samarTlis normebi rom arsebobdnen,<br />
fiqrobs is, maSin gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ratom ara aqvs yvela xalxs erTi da<br />
igive samarTlebrivi normebi. es normebi xom icvleba ara mxolod sxva da sxva<br />
xalxTan, aramed isini gansxvavebulia erTi da igive xalxTan sxvadasxva dros.<br />
aqedan, erTaderTi safuZveli, romelic SeiZleba saxelmwifoSi arsebul kanonebs<br />
SeiZleba hqondeT, aris urTierTTanxmoba.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac gairkva, rom saxelmwifos arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa<br />
adamainTa Tanacxovrebis mareglamentirebeli wesebis arseboba, ukve SeiZleba<br />
daisvas kiTxva saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyobis Sesaxeb. ciceroni Zvel berZnul<br />
27
politikur traqtatebSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>mebidan, sam yvelaze<br />
mniSvnelovan <strong>for</strong>mas gamoyofs: samefo xelisuflebas, aristokratias da<br />
demokratias. saukeTeso saxelmwifo mowyoba, ciceronis azriT, aris ra romelime<br />
maTgani, aramed yvela maTi kombinacia erT politikur sxeulSi. Zneli ar aris<br />
davinaxoT, rom amiT romis respublikis politikuri wyobaa mowonebuli. amis<br />
Taobaze ciceroni pirdapir miuTiTebs “saxelmwifoSi”, rodesac is sagangebod<br />
emijneba platonis msgavs gamonagonebs saxelmwifos Sesaxeb da aRniSnavs rom misi<br />
interesis sagani romis realobaa (1. 47-48). marTlac, saxalxo kreba romSi<br />
gamoxatavda xalxis interesebs, senati anu uxucesTa sabWo, icavda<br />
aristokratiis interesebs, xolo rac Seexeba samefo xelisuflebas, mis msgavs<br />
instituts respublikur romSi konsulTa xelisufleba warmoadgenda.<br />
respublikuri romis konsulebi lakedemonelTa mefeebis msgavsad iyofdnen<br />
Zalauflebas. maTi ZiriTadi funqcia konfliqtebis SemTxvevaSi qveynis<br />
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardloba da qveyanaSi marTlwesrigis ganmtkiceba<br />
iyo. ukve is faqti, rom spartis mefe ori iyo da ara erTi, gamoricxavda (iseve<br />
rogorc Semdgom romSi) Zalauflebis saxifaTo koncentracias erTi piris xelSi.<br />
sami ZiriTadi politikuri institutis msgavsad, saukeTeso saxelmwifoSi sami<br />
ZirTadi socialuri fenaa — aristokratia, mxedrebi da xalxi.<br />
3.sazRvao da xmeleTis saxelmwifoebi<br />
ciceronis interesis sferoSi Semodis iseTi sakiTxic, rogoricaa,<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriuli an rogorc axla vityodiT, geopolitikuri<br />
mdebareoba. msgavs sakiTxs masze adre aristotele Seexo da maTi Sefasebebi<br />
zRvis piras mdebare polisis problemebTan dakavSirebiT, didad ar gansxvavdeba<br />
erTmaneTisagan. arc aristoteles da, arc cicerons ar miaCniaT gamarTlebulad<br />
zRvispiras qalaqis daarseba ramdenime ZiriTadi mosazrebis gamo. jer erTi, aris<br />
ra msxvili savaWro centri, aseTi qalaqi eqvemdebareba ucxotomelTa Cvevebis<br />
arasasurvel zegavlenas. garda amisa, fiqroben isini, sazRvao qalaqi ufro<br />
sustia samxedro TvalsazrisiTac. ciceroni sagangebiT iwonebs romulusis<br />
gadawyvetilebas daearsebina qalaqi zRvasTan sakmaod axlos, magram ara zRvaze.<br />
aseT qalaqs SeuZlia isargeblos sazRvao qalaqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela<br />
sikeTiT (ciceroni sazRvao qalaqis mxolod negatiur mxareebs rodi xedavs) _<br />
ucxoeTidan daubrkolebliv miiRos aTasgvari saxis saqoneli da, piriqiT, aseve<br />
didi raodenobiT iafad gaitanos sakuTari produqti. samagierod, xmeleTze<br />
mdebareoba misTvis momgebiania wminda samxedro TvalsazrisiT. xmeleTidan<br />
mosuli mtris kontroli ufro iolia, vidre, zRvidan Tavdasxmis dros. am da sxva<br />
(moraluri xasiaTis), argumentebis safuZvelze, ciceroni xmeleTis saxelmwifos<br />
aniWebs upiratesobas. am sakiTxze, SesaZloa arc Rirdes yuradRebis SeCereba, Tu<br />
ara ciceronis mcdeloba istoriis mimdinareoba axsnas sazRvao-saxmeleTo<br />
saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebis konteqstSi. cxadia, ramdenime gverdze (1. 35,<br />
36,37) gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo, cicerons ver CavTvTvliT geopolitikis<br />
fuZemdeblad. mas ara aqvs arc Talasokratia-telurokratiis cnebebi, magram<br />
meore mxriv, verc im faqts avuvliT gverds, rom cicroni berZnuli samyaros<br />
sisustis ZiriTad mizezs mis sazRvao xasiaTSi xedavs. Tumca, igive<br />
poziciebidanaa Sefasebuli sxva sazRvao saxelmwifoebic. kerZod, is fiqrobs,<br />
rom korinTo da karTageni daRupa gadaWarbebulma miswrafebam zRvaosnobisaken<br />
da vaWrobisaken. aman, jer erTi, mosaxleobis gaumarTlebeli emigracia gamoiwvia<br />
da meore, maT moqalaqeebs daaviwya miwis damuSaveba da iaraRis floba (1. 36).<br />
savaldebulo literatura<br />
1. Марк Тулий Цицерон «Диалоги». Изд. «Наука», Москва, 1966. ( стр. 7-8; 20-26; 35-39; 41-<br />
54; 59-65; 94-97; 102-105)<br />
2. James.E.Holton, Marcus Tullius Cicero., in “History of Political Philosophy”. (Eds) Leo Strauss,<br />
Joseph Cropsey. Univ. of Chicago. 1963.<br />
28
Sua saukuneebis politikuri Teoriebi<br />
(netari avgustine, al farabi, Toma aqvineli)<br />
Zveli msoflio istoriis dasasrulad romis imperiis damxoba iTvleba. avtorebis<br />
erTi nawili, amgvar SefasebaSi evropocentrizmis aSkara kvals xedavs,<br />
radgan romis imperiis daSlam ki moitana radikaluri cvlilebebi evropaSi,<br />
magram es cvlilebebi saerTod ar Sexebia CineTSi an afrikis kontinentze<br />
mimdinare procesebs. amitom, amboben evropocentrizmis mowinaaRmdegeebi, romis<br />
imperiis dacema ufro evropis istoriaSi mimdinare procesebs asaxevs da ara<br />
Zveli msofliosi. vfiqrobT, argumentacia iseTi TvalsaCinoa da aSkara faqtebs<br />
emyareba, rom Znelia misi umtkivneulod ugulvebelyofa. ufro momgebiani<br />
iqneba, Tu vaRriarebT mis samarTlianobas da davsZenT, rom evropis istoriis<br />
prioritetulad qceva CvenTvis ori mizeziTaa ganpirobebuli. jer erTi, es aris<br />
regioni, romelTanac saqarTvelo odiTganve iyo CarTuli umWidroes<br />
kulturul kontaqtebSi da meore, es aris civilizacia, romelic gamarjvebuli<br />
gamovida saukuneebis manZilze mimdinare civilizaciaTa konfliqtSi da danarCen<br />
msoflios Tavs moaxvia Tavisi cxovrebis wesi.<br />
qristianuli msoflmxedveloba da religia jer kidev romis imperiaSi<br />
damkvidrda oficialur sarwmunoebad. “msoflio qalaqma” bolos da bolos<br />
SeiTvisa “msoflio religia” da is Tavis provinciebsa da koloniebze gaavrcela.<br />
ierarqiulad mkacrad mowyobili monoTeisturi religia saimedo dasayrdeni<br />
unda gamxdariyo uzarmazar teritoriaze gadaWimuli, erTi imperatoris mier<br />
marTuli, monarqiuli reJimisaTvis. enaTa da eTniuri siWrele saerTo religias<br />
unda daeZlia. yovelive es romma nawilobriv ganaxorciela kidec, magram<br />
“msoflio qalaqi”, romelic sruliad sxva principebze aRmocenda, ver gadaarCina<br />
axalma RirebulebaTa sistemam.<br />
periodi qristianuli samefoebisa da samTavroebis Camoyalibebamde, ramac<br />
axali evropis ruqas raRac garkveuloba SesZina da eTniuri niadagi Seamzada<br />
momavali eri-saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sakmaod detalurad aqvs gadmocemuli Tavis<br />
“florenciis istoriaSi” nikolo makiavelis. Semdegi, sakmaod xangrZlivi<br />
periodi, zogjer Sua saukuneebad, zogjer, feodalizmis epoqad moixsenieba.<br />
igive xana SegviZlia movixsenioT dinastiuri samefoebis epoqadac (gansxvavebiT<br />
antikuri qalaq saxelmwifoebis epoqidan).<br />
samive termins _ Sua saukuneebs, feodalizmis epoqas da, bolos, dinastiur<br />
samefoebs _ Sesabamisi “ideologiuri datvirTva” aqvs da erTsa da imave<br />
periodis cxovrebis wesis daxasiaTebas gulisxmobs sxvadasxva TvalTaxedviT. ase<br />
magaliTad, “Sua saukuneebi” afiqsierbs raRac saSualo periods istoriis<br />
msvlelobaSi da Tu terminis implikaciebze viqnebiT orientirebulini, is<br />
mxolod imas gveubneba, rom CvenTvis saintereso am periodamdec arsebobda<br />
raRac (Zveli msoflio) da Semdegac (axali msoflio istoria). “feodalizmis<br />
epoqa” — es termini intencionalurad mimarTulia sakuTrebiT urTirTobaze.<br />
feodi, maioratis principi, senioris da vasalis urTierToba am xedvisaTvis<br />
amosavali principebia da politikuri anallizic am principebis kvlevidan unda<br />
gamodiodes. da bolos, rodesac vsaubrobT “dinastiur samefoebze”, am dros<br />
yuradRebas mivapyrobT umaRlesi xelisuflebis organizaciis wess, Sesabamis<br />
epoqis saxelmwifoebisaTvis rom iyo damaxasiaTebeli.<br />
mTeli Sua saukuneebis evropis msoflmxedveloba, yofa, politikuri da<br />
socialuri urTierTobani religiuri SinaarsiT iyo gajerebuli. jer kidev<br />
gasul saukuneSi SemorCenili iyo, standartuli daxasiaTebis saxiT, Sua<br />
saukuneebis “bnel epoqad” Sefaseba. ufro Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi ar iziareben<br />
aseT mkacr Sefasebas. maT miaCniaT, rom Sua saukuneebis erTgvar wyvetad<br />
warmodgena istoriis erTian procesSi, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. piriqiT,<br />
fiqroben, rom Sua saukuneebma moamzada aRorZinebisa da axali drois<br />
sabunebismetyvelo aRmoCenebi da mecniereba. pirovnebis, Tavisuflebis da<br />
pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis analiziT gza gauxsna liberalur politikur<br />
filosofias da axal politikur Teorias.<br />
Sua saukunebis politikuri Teoria warmodgenili iqneba remdenime Zalze<br />
29
mniSvnelovani avtoris SexedulebaTa saxiT. ioli aRmosaCenia, rom miuxedavad<br />
maTi gansxvavebuli aRmsareblobisa, TiToeuli maTgani Zalze msgavs sakiTxebs<br />
ganixilavs. es gamowveulia ori mizeziT: jer erTi, am periodis swavlulebi,<br />
rogorc qristianebi, aseve sxva religiis warmomadgenlebi eyrdnobian erTsa da<br />
imave wyaros _ antikur politikur Teorias da biblias. meore, rac maTi<br />
Sexedulebebis siaxloves ganapirobebs, aris epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli<br />
homogenuroba epoqis kulturebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iseTi maxasiaTeblebis<br />
mixedviT, rogoricaa xelisuflebis organizacia, qalaqis infrastruqtura da<br />
yofa, samxedro saqmis organizacia da a.S. am parametrebs Soris met-naklebad<br />
Tanabari donis arseboba ar niSnavs srul identoba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs<br />
Soris ideologiasa da socialur-politikur mowyobaSi. msgavsi daSvebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saswauli Tu agvixsnida im garRvevas, romelic evropulma<br />
civilizaciam moaxdina. ufro zofadi daxasiaTebis saxiT, haidegeris kvald,<br />
SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom ukve berZnuli kultura Seicavda “τεχνε “-ze,<br />
orientaciis Zalze mZlavr impuls, romelsac qristianobam ufro noyieri<br />
niadagi Seuqmna, vidre, vTqvaT, islamma.<br />
netari avgustine (354-430)<br />
netari avgustine qristianis avtoria, rac Zalze kargad Cans “RvTis qalaqis”<br />
avgustineseul interpretaciaSi, romelic wminda werilis amosaval dogmatikas,<br />
WeSmaritebebs emyareba. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi epoqa jer kidev Sors iyo<br />
dinastiuri samefoebis xanisagan, misi ZiriTadi politikuri xasiaTis Txzuleba —<br />
“RvTis qalaqi” - iTvaliswinebs Semdgomi periodisaTvis specifikur mTel rig<br />
sakiTxebs. garda mravali Teologiuri xasiaTis Sromebisa, avgustines kalams<br />
ekuTvnis Zalze specifiuri, kidev erTi naSromi, “aRsareba”, romelSiac<br />
gadmocemulia adamianis RmerTTan mimarTebis siRrmiseuli Sreebi da Tavad<br />
rwmenis fenomenis Zalze faqizi analizi. “aRsareba” adamianis sulis codniT<br />
SegviZlia iseTi avtorebis sxva Sromebis gverdiT davayenoT, rogoricaa markus<br />
avreliusis “fiqrebi” an paskalis “azrebi”.<br />
rogorc varaudoben “RvTis qalaqi” dawerili unda iyos 413-426 wlebSi.<br />
wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba qristianobis dacvas warmarTuli religiisagan,<br />
xolo danarCen furclebze gadmocemulia pozitiuri Sinaarsi.<br />
avgustines politikur doqtrinaSi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba eklesia da<br />
saxelmwifo — zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. wminda werili warmoadgens<br />
ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlis fonzedac interpretirdeba<br />
socialuri da politikuri movlenebi. avgustines mier gaanalizebuli ZiriTadi<br />
kategoriebia eklesia, saxelmwifo, zeciuri qalaqi da miwieri qalaqi. eklesia<br />
RvTaebrivad gansazRvruli sazogadoeba, wminda werilis mcvelia. swored es<br />
uakanaskneli utovebs adamianebs RmerTis xilvis imeds, romelic avgustines<br />
interpretaciaSi samyaros mTavari saTnoebaa. eklesia da saxelmwifo, ori<br />
amqveyniuri sazogadoebaa, romlebic am saTnoebisaken miiswrafvis, Tumca, imis<br />
kvalad, rac ufro metad vswavlobT Cveni sulis siRrmiseul Sreebs, gasagebi<br />
xdeba, rom miwieri, naklovani qalaqis garda arsebobs zeciuri qalaqic. isini,<br />
vinc eklesiis swavlebas miuyveba, inarCunebs Sanss zeciuri qalaqis wevrobisa,<br />
xolo amqveyniuri siameebis motrfialeni ki ganwirulni arian maradiuli<br />
tanjvisaTvis. maT qcevas gansazRvravs ambiciuroba da ampartavneba. igive<br />
Tvisebebi, sinanulis deficiti aris ganmsazRvreli miwieri qalaqis cxovrebis<br />
wesisaTvis.<br />
avgustine imeorebs klasikuri berZnuli filosofiis zogierT Teziss. mas<br />
miaCnia, rom adamiani bunebiT socialuri arsebaa. miuxedavad amisa, mxolod<br />
adamianis miswrafeba koleqtiuri cxovrebisaken sakmarisi ar aris imisaTvis<br />
qalaqis mcxovrebi moqalaqed iqces. ZiriTadi fenomeni, romelic moqalaqes<br />
aseTad aqcevs da mimarTavs maT aqtivobas saerTo sikeTisaken, aris<br />
samarTlianoba. samarTlianoba da, Sesabamisad, samarTali uzrunvelyofs<br />
adamianTa sazogadoebis erTianobas. aregulirebs ra admianTa urTierTobas<br />
sazogadoebaSi, samarTali ganamtkicebs sazogadoebriv mSvidobas, romlis<br />
gareSe ar arsebobs arc erTi sazogadoeba. saxelmwifos gansazRvrebas avgustine<br />
cicerons esesxeba da acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo aris adamianTa iseTi<br />
30
gaerTianeba, romelic efuZneba saerTo uflebebs da interesebs.<br />
zogadTeoriul debulebebs avgustine iyenebs romis imperiis kritikisaTvis.<br />
imperiis periodis roms is respublikur roms amjobinebs, Tumca imasac aRniSnavs,<br />
rom arc es ukanaskneli dgas axlos zeciuri qalaqis idealur modelTan. qveyana,<br />
romlis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TavisufalTa mier gangebis karnaxiT,<br />
garemoculia qveynis siyvaruliT, aRmatebuli RirebulebebiT, megobrobis<br />
rwmeniT, kargi qcevis mibaZviT _ aseTi qveyana bunebrivi wesebiT moewyoba.<br />
WeSmarit morwmuneTa qveyanaSi mmarTvelebi maTi msaxurebi arian, vinc imarTeba.<br />
qveynis marTvas aq gansazRvravs ara ambiciebi, aramed movaleobis grZnoba.<br />
amgvaria RvTis mier dawesebuli bunebrivi wesrigi. ra Tqma unda, aseT<br />
saxelmwifoSic arsebobs xelisufleba, magram is Tavisufalia ambiciebisa da<br />
ampartavnebisagan. magram, rogori srulyofilic ar unda iyos amqveyniuri<br />
saxelmwifo, is mxolod droebiT mSvidobas da sazogadoebriv sikeTes<br />
ganamtkicebs.<br />
alfarabi (870-950)<br />
Turquli warmoSobis alfarabi daibada dRevandeli samxreTis yazaxeTis<br />
teritoriaze. qlaq farabas midamoebSi. pirveldawyebiTi ganaTleba man farabas<br />
medreseSi miiRo. Semdeg igi samogzaurod arabul qveynebSi gaemgzavra da<br />
moinaxula am drois yvela didi qalaqi: baRdadi, qairo, damasko, alepo. alfarabi<br />
pirveli muslimi avtoria, romelic antikur klasikur politikur<br />
filosofiasTan islamis Seguebas cdilobda. saamisod arsebobs garkveuli<br />
safuZvelic. kerZod, rogorc klasikuri filosofia, aseve islami Tvlis RmerTs<br />
kanonierebis saboloo safuZvlad. orives miaCnia, rom swor rwmenas gadamwyveti<br />
mniSvneloba eniWeba gamarTuli politikuri reJimis SeqmnisaTvis.<br />
alfarabis ZiriTadi Sromebia “saukeTeso qalaqi”, “saukeTeso religia” da<br />
“politikuri reJimi”. saukeTeso saxelmwifos alfarabi gansazRvravs imgvar<br />
politikur mowyobad, romelSiac adamianebi TanamSromloben ise, rom miznad<br />
aqvT Rirseuli yofa da bedniereba.<br />
alfarabi moiTxovs mmarTveli fenis maRal inteleqtualur dones da<br />
momzadebas politikuri xelmZRvanelobisaTvis. danarCeni mosaxleobisaTvis<br />
aseTi momzadeba saWiro araa, Tumca sasurvelia. miuxedavad amisa, alfarabi<br />
mainc saWirod Tvlis, rom moqalaqeebis farTe fenebs unda hqondeT<br />
damakmayofilebeli warmodgena samyaroze, adamianze da politikuri cxovrebis<br />
elementebze. zogadad moqalaqeebi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg klasebad:<br />
1. brZenni anu filosofosebi, romelTac ician saganTa buneba;<br />
2. maTi mimdevrebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba filosofosebisagan da<br />
iziareben maT Sexedulebebs;<br />
3. danarCeni moqalaqeebi, romlebmac ician saganTa buneba msgavsebis<br />
mixedviT. zogs meti codna aqvs, zogs naklebi, rac damokidebulia moqalaqeTa<br />
rangze.<br />
es klasebi unda imarTebodes mmarTvelis mier, romelic moqalaqeTa<br />
ganaTlebis organizaciazedac zrunavs. is TiToeul moqalaqes misi<br />
SesaZleblobebis Sesabamis saqmianobas miuCens. amis garda mmarTvelis<br />
funqciebSi Sedis kanonebis SemuSaveba da saxelmwifos xelmZRvaneloba omis<br />
dros. mmarTvelis fenomenSi alfarabi aerTianebda politikuri liderisa da<br />
winaswarmetyvelis Tvisebebs. aseTi pirovneba WeSmariti xelmZRvanelia. is<br />
iseTia, rom SiZleba gaxdes gamocxadebis Rirsi. aseTi mmarTveli ySualod iqneba<br />
dakavSirebuli WeSmaritebis pirvelwyarosTan da uSualod misgan miiRebs<br />
sazogadoebis marTvis amosaval principebs. es mmarTveli umaRlesi rangis<br />
mmarTveli unda iyos, romelsac sabolood daeyrdnoba yvela sxva samoqalaqo<br />
mmarTveloba. umaRlesi mmarTvelis am daxasiaTebaSi Cans, rom alfarabi ver<br />
eteva antikuri politikuri filosofiis tradiciaSi, romlis mixedviTac<br />
xelisuflebis wyaro ar yofila gamocxadeba da RvTaebrivi nebis uSualo<br />
emenecia mmarTvelze. arada alfarabisTan amgvari kavSiri mmarTvelsa da<br />
RvTaebas Soris TavisTavad igulisxmeba. umaRlesi mmarTveli, ambobs is, aris<br />
wyaro yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da kanonierebis.<br />
sazogadoeba unda dalagdes aRniSnuli klasebis ierarqiis Sesabamisad ise,<br />
31
om TiToeul klasSi myofi moqalaqe srulyofilad iqneba ganviTarebuli Tavisi<br />
klasis saWiroebebis mixedviT, xolo yoveli klasi moemsaxureba zemdgom klass.<br />
aRniSnuli reJimi unda iyos monarqistuli an aristokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobisa, romlis sxvadasxva fenebi marTulebic arian da mmarTvelebic,<br />
vidre ar mivalT umdables reJimamde, romelic mxolod marTulia. moqalaqeTa<br />
rangi ganisazRvreba TiToeulis persinaluri TvisebebiT da unarebiT, kanonis<br />
dacviT. amasTan ar gamoiricxeba moqalaqeTa gadasvla erTi rangidan meore,<br />
ufro maRal rangSi. saukeTeso saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs aqvT codna RvTaebrivi<br />
da bunebrivi arsis Sesaxeb, adamianuri srulyofilebis, Tu bednierebis Sesaxeb<br />
da cxovroben am codnis Sesabamisad.<br />
mas Semdeg, rac dadginda saukeTeso politikuri reJimis Tvisebebi, alfarabi<br />
ioda axasiaTebs sxva politikur reJimebsac:<br />
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac ara aqvT codna RvTaebrivi da<br />
bunebrivi movlenebis Sesaxeb, adamianis srulyofilebis Sesaxeb. aseT reJimebs<br />
alfarabi umecarTa reJimebs uwodebs. aseTi reJimebis mcxovreblebma ar ician<br />
arc WeSmariti srulyofileba da arc WeSmariti bedniereba;<br />
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebsac marTalia aqvT amgvar saganTa<br />
codna, magram ar cxovroben TavianTi codnis Sesabamisad, ar asruleben mis<br />
moTxovnilebebs. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi uzneoTa saxelmwifoebs,<br />
imoralur reJimebs uwodebs;<br />
• saxelmwifoebi, romelTa moqalaqeebs marTalia mopovebuli aqvT<br />
garkveuli codna, magram es codna arasworia. isini raRacas sTvlian RvTaebrivi<br />
Tu bunebrivi saxis movlenad maSin, rodesac es sagani sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris<br />
aseTi. aseT saxelmwifoebs alfarabi dabneulTa an SemcdarTa rejimebs uwodebs.<br />
saukeTeso politikuri reJimisagan gansxvavebiT, arc erTi aRniSnuli<br />
saxelmwifo ar iyenebs WeSmarit codnas da amitom, verc erTi maTgani ver miiyvans<br />
Tavis moqalaqeebs WeSmarit bednierebamde. alfarabi iZleva mankieri<br />
saxelmwifoebis ufro konkretul daxasiaTebas iZleva. kerZod, is laparakobs<br />
jer Tavisuflebis da koleqtiurobis qalaqze. am qalaqSi Tanaarsebobs sikeTec<br />
da borotebac, cxovroben brZeni adamianebi da oratorebi, Rirseuli xalxi.<br />
saxelmwifos es <strong>for</strong>ma, marTalia Sors aris idealurisagan, magram is yvelaze<br />
ukeTesia sxva qalaqis <strong>for</strong>mebTan SedarebiT. mas jer kidev ar daukargavs sikeTis<br />
gzis Sansi. saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis Semdegi <strong>for</strong>ma aris aucileblobis<br />
saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebic ZiriTadad dakavebulni arian aucilebeli<br />
minimumiT, romelic ki saWiroa sxeulisaTvis. aq Sedis sakvebze, sasmelze,<br />
tansacmelze zrunva, ris gareSe adamianTa cxovreba SeuZlebelia. am<br />
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi am sazRunavs TavianTi arsebobis ZiriTad miznad<br />
miiCneven. meore tipis saxelmwifo, romelzedac msjelobs alfarabi, aris<br />
gacvlis qalaqi, (oligarqiuli reJimi) , romlis moqalaqeTa saboloo mizani aris<br />
maTi piradi simdidre da ayvaveba. simdablis qalaqis mcxovrebTa sazrunavi<br />
sxeulebriv siameebze zrunva, zrunva iseT siamovnebebze, romlebic zemoqmedebas<br />
moaxdenen grZnobebze da warmosaxvaze da garTobisa da drostarebis<br />
atmosferos Seqmninen. pativmoyvareTa qalaqis (tomokratia) mcxovrebni<br />
erTmaneTs exmarebian, margam mxolod imisaTvis, rom sxva xlxebma maT pativi scen,<br />
aqon da adidon sityviT da saqmiT. am sazogadoebis ZiriTadi sazrunavia<br />
didebulebiT da brwyinvalebiT warmoudgnen rogorc sxvebs, aseve erTmaneTs.<br />
Zalmomreobis qalaqis mkvidrT erTaderTi sazrunavi aqvT — sxvebis damorCileba<br />
da damoneba. maTi mTeli safiqrali mimarTulia im sixarulis mosalodnel<br />
gancdaze, romelsac iZleva omSi gamarjvebis gancda.<br />
Zneli ar aris davinaxoT, rom alfarabi saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis<br />
TiToeuli tipis miRma gulisxmobs misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ama Tu im<br />
fenis daxasiaTeba. samxedro elita warmodgenilia Zalmomreobis qalaqis saxiT,<br />
vaWarTa fena gacvlis qalaqis saxiT, mSromeli masa aucileblobis qalaqis saxiT<br />
da a.S.<br />
alfarabis erT-erT Teoriul amocanas warmoadgenda politikuri da<br />
32
RvTaebrivi codnis imgvari kombinireba, romelic xelsayreli iqneboda<br />
musulmanuri sazogadoebisaTvis. am gzaze, Zveli platonuri Tezisi imis<br />
Taobaze, rom filosofosebi (am SemTxvevaSi, RvTismetyvelebi) gamxdariyvnen<br />
sazogadoebis warmarTveli Zala, mis srul mxardaWeras poulobs.<br />
alfarabis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri kategoriaa bedniereba.<br />
bedniereba miuRwevelia individualuri adamianebis mier. bedniereba miiRweva<br />
mxolod adamianTa TanamSromlobis safuZvelze, koleqtivSi.<br />
Toma aqvineli (1225-1274)<br />
Toma aqvineli dRevandeli vatikanis oficialur filosofosad iTvleba,<br />
romlis Sexedulebebi Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens.<br />
aqvinelis politikuri Sexedulebebi gabneulia mis mravalricxovan SromebSi.<br />
aqvinelis ZiriTadi naSromia “Summa Theologiae”, romelic akumulirebuli saxiT<br />
Seicavs im droindel codnas TiTqmis yvela sferoze, maT Soris adamiansa da<br />
sazogadoebaze. maSindeli sqolaastikuri tradiciiT, samarTali gamoiyvaneboda<br />
zneobrivi sawyisidan. amitom, samarTlis mTeli Teoria eqvemdebareba adamianis<br />
zneobriv arss. aqvinelma zogadad gaiziara aristoteles ideebi saxelmwifosTan<br />
mimarTebiT, Tumca is exeba rig sakiTxebs, romelTac aristotele ar Sexebia da<br />
romelTa damuSavebaSi aqvineli aristoteles filosofiis farglebs gascda.<br />
aqvineli iwyebs adamianis daniSnulebis kvleviT. adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia<br />
dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad moqmedeba. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba mis-<br />
Tvis imdenad, ramdenadac is dajildovebulia gonebiT da nebiT. neba mimarTulia<br />
mizanze. magram ramdenadac miznis fenomeni esoden did rols asrulebs adamianis<br />
moqmedebebSi, arsebobs Tu ara saboloo mizani adamianuri cxovrebisa. aseTi<br />
mizani arsebobs da is saboloo jamSi cxonebaSi mdgomareobs. am ukanasknelTan<br />
ver movlen verc amqveyniuri pativi da dideba, verc sxeulebrivi siamovnebebi,<br />
radgan yoveli qmnili da maSasadame amqveyniuri bedniereba cvalebadi da<br />
warmavalia. netarebis <strong>for</strong>maluri gansazRvrebiT, is mdgomareobs sasurveli<br />
sagnis flobaSi. am gzaze did mniSvneloba aqvs gonebas da gonebis mimarTulobas<br />
saganze. Tavis mxriv goneba iyofa Teoriul da praqtikul aqtivobebad. netareba<br />
ar SeiZleba iyos praqtikuli gonebis obieqti, radgan is ar arsebobs RmerTis<br />
rogorc saboloo miznis gaazrebis gareSe, xolo amis ganxorcieleba ki mxolod<br />
Teoriul gonebas ZaluZs. Teoriuli gonebis mier RmerTis Secnoba aris<br />
adamianis saboloo moRvaweobis mizani da swored esaa netareba. magram amis<br />
miRweva, avgustines mixedviT, adamians am cxovrebaSi ar SeuZlia, radgan sruli<br />
netareba gamoricxavs yovelgvar borotebas, es ki miwieri cxovrebis manZilze,<br />
Cveulebrivi gziT, adamianisaTvis miuRwevelia. arsebuli gamonaklisebi miuTi-<br />
Teben RvTaebriv wyalobaze, rasac adamianis mxridan unda daxvdes Sesabamisi<br />
mzaoba.<br />
am msjelobebidan aqvineli gadadis kanonis cnebaze. kanoni aris im wesebis<br />
erToblioba, romliTac gaikvaleba gza miznisaken. am wesebTan SeTanadebiT<br />
dgindeba adamianis qcevaSi rogorc sikeTe, aseve codvac. kanoni arsebobs<br />
yvelgan da yvelaferSi. bunebis movlenebSi is aris bunebis kanonebi, xolo<br />
adamianis moqmedebebSi da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi maradiuli moraluri<br />
kanonebi. maradiuli kanonebi saboloo jamSi aris RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic<br />
marTavs samyaros. mTeli samyaro, am azriT, warmoadgens srulyofil<br />
sazogadoebas, romelic imarTeba RvTaebrivi kanoniT. ramdenadac RmerTs<br />
yvelaferi maradiulobis niSniT esmis, es kanonebic maradiulia.<br />
RvTaebrivi kanonebis asaxva adamianur gonebaSi, aris bunebrivi kanoni.<br />
pirveli am bunebriv kanonTagan gveubneba, rom unda vakeToT sikeTe da Tavis<br />
avaridoT borotebas. aqve unda viguloT TviTSenarCunebisaken mimarTuli<br />
adamianis moqmedebebic. Semdeg, yvelaferi is rac saerTo gvaqvs cxovelur<br />
samyarosTan.<br />
adamianis cxovreba, aqvinelis mixdeviT, sulac ar aris gamiznuli amqveyniuri<br />
bednierebisaTvis. yoveli adamiani, ra Tqma unda, miaRwevs imas, rasac imsaxurebs,<br />
magram ara am qveynad. am qveynad adamianis mowodebaa icxovros WeSmaritad<br />
Rirseuli cxovrebiT da icxovros imisaTvis, rom eziaros RmerTs. RmerTTan<br />
ziareba ar SeiZleba mxolod swori politikuri yofiT, rasac mefeebi ganageben.<br />
33
amisaTvis saWiroa kidev RvTaebrivi wyalobac. am miznisaken ki mivyavarT mxolod<br />
RvTaebriv kanons da ara mxolod kacTa mondomebas. RvTaebrivi kanonis mcveli<br />
amqveynad aris eklesia. eklesia maradiul provlemebze zrunavs, xolo<br />
saxelmwifo ki amqveyniur problemebze mzrunvelia. magram eklesias SeuZlia<br />
saWiroebis SemTxvevebSi saxelmwifos saqmeebSi Carevac. samoqalaqo kanons<br />
samoqalaqo xelisufleba amagrebs. papma, romelic samoqalaqo avtoritets<br />
emyareba, SeiZleba angariSi ar gauwios mas, rodesac samoqalaqo xelisufleba<br />
aWarbebs Tavis kompetencias. saqme isaa, rom politikuri samarTali nawilobriv<br />
bunebiTia da nawilobriv konvencionaluradaa miRebuli. samarTlis konvenciuri<br />
saxe damokidebulia sazogadoebaze, misi marTlSegnebaze da sxvadasxva<br />
pirobebze, romlis drosac mas iReben. samarTali bunebiTia maSin, rodesac<br />
yvelgan erTnairadaa gaziarebuli da damokidebuli ar aris adamianebis mier mis<br />
aRiareba-araRiarebaze. aqedan Toma aqvinels gamoyavs mtkiceba, rom<br />
konvencionaluri samarTali damokidebuli ar aris bunebiT samarTalze.<br />
politikuri samarTlis bunebiTi nawili miekuTvneba RvTaebriv-bunebiT kanons<br />
da ar warmoadgens pirdapiri saxiT “samoqalaqo fenomens”. is ar iqmneba imis<br />
Sesabamisad, Tu ras fiqroben adamianebi ama Tu im sakiTxze. bunebiTi samarTali<br />
win uswrebs yovelgvar samoqalaqo samarTals. bunebiTi samarTlis zogadi<br />
principebi unda gaTvaliswinebuli iyos yvela samoqalaqo xelisufalis mier.<br />
eklesia, romelic RvTaebrivi kanonis mcvelia, kompetenturia gaarkvios<br />
xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa marTlzomiereba RvTaebriv<br />
mecnierebaTa Suqze. rwmenis da eresis sakiTxebSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac,<br />
piriqiT, saxelmwifos daxmarebas sTxovs eklesia.<br />
da bolos SevexoT pozitiuri samarTlis cnebas, romelic aqvinels<br />
damuSavebuli aqvs aristoteles filosofiis safuZvelze. am fenomenze<br />
SegviZlia visaubriT ori mimarTullebiT. erTi bunebiT samarTalze, rodesac<br />
adamianis uflebebze SegviZlia vimsjeloT isev saganTa bunebidan gamomdinare,<br />
meore, rodesac vmsjelobT pozitiur samarTalze anu adamianTa<br />
konvencionalurad dadgenil uflebebze. yoveli dawerili kanonmdebloba<br />
orives elementebs Seicavs da ganamtkicebs, Tumca sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli<br />
dawerili kanoni Seicavs bunebiT samarTals, magram ar aarsebs mas, radgan am<br />
ukanasknelis Zala dadgenili kanonidan ki ar modis, aramed bunebidan. amsagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, dawerili kanoni, romelic warmoadgens pozitiur samarTals Zalas<br />
flobs mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac mis ukan dgas xelisufleba.<br />
pozitiuri samarTali gamomdinareobs bunebrivi sanarTlidan ara rogorc<br />
garkveuli daskvna pirveli orincipebidan, aramed cnebaTa zogadi determinaciis<br />
gziT. amrigad, is, rac miiReba pozitiur smarTalSi, davuSvaT daskvnis saxiT, ar<br />
SeiZleba ewinaaRmdegebodes bunebiTi samarTlis amosaval principebs.<br />
dafuZnebis funqciis mixedviT, adamianuri kanoni aris praqtikuli gonebis<br />
produqti da, amitom, misma principebma angariSi unda gauwios damokidebulebas<br />
naturalur kanonze. aqvineli ar ganasxvavebs samarTlebriv normebsa da<br />
moralur normebs. nebismieri kanonis mizani aris adamianis ukesesad gaxdoma,<br />
Tumca saTnoeba, romelsac SeiZleba miaRwios adamianma mxolod adamianuri<br />
saTnoeba iqneba. adamianebi mravalmxriv arasrulyofili arsebebi arian, amitom<br />
saxelmwifos sikeTisaTvis sruliad sakmarisia moqalaqeebi ise mihyvebodnen<br />
mmarTvelis zogad miTiTebebs, rom verc ki erkveodnen kanonebSi.<br />
saxelmwifo xelisuflebis gageba Toma aqvinelis mier damokidebulia<br />
”bunebis” cnebis mis gaazrebaze, raSic is aristoteles eyrdnoba. “buneba” aris<br />
sagnebSi ganxorcielebuli RvTaebrivi goneba, romelic aris saganTa saboloo<br />
miznisaken mimarTulebis mimcemi. kanoni, bunebiTi samarTali swored aseTi<br />
Tvisebebis matarebelia. Sesabamisad gagebuli bunebrivi samyaro iseTsave<br />
mimarTebaSia RmerTTan, rogorc subieqti mmarTvelTan. RvTaebrivi inteleqtis<br />
mier adamianSi “Cadebuli”ltolva gamovlindeba racionaluri xasiaTis saxiT,<br />
rogorc codna; adamianSi bunebrivi kanonis miswrafeba _ es aris adamianis<br />
swrafva gonebis mier Secnobili sikeTisakan.<br />
bunebrivi kanonis aRqma adamianis mier aris sakuTar Tavze zrunva,<br />
TviTSenaxva. es aris adamianis bunebis pirveli saxe. meorea seqsualuri<br />
ltolvebi, romelic adamians saerTo aqvs yvela cxovelur organizmTan. mesame<br />
34
aris mTlianad gonebiT nakarnaxebi swrafva sikeTisaken. aseTia, magaliTad,<br />
adamianSi “Cadebuli” WeSmariti codna RmerTis Sesaxeb an misi sazogadoebaSi<br />
cxovrebisaken miswrafeba.<br />
adamiani aris Tavisufali buneba. bunebaSi ki arsebobs marTvis ori <strong>for</strong>ma:<br />
universaluri anu RvTaebrivi da partikularuli anu aRmoCenadi adamianTa<br />
mikrosamyaroSi. am ukanasknelSi adamianis goneba asrulebs igive funqcias, rasac<br />
RmerTi samyaroSi. aqedag gagebuli politikuri erToba TavisTavis mmarTveli<br />
adamianebi arian. Tavisufal adamianTa erToba ganamtkicebs kanoni, konstitucia,<br />
romelic homogenuria yvela individis mimarT. adamianTa am erTobaSi<br />
gamoiricxeba individualuri sikeTis miRweva saerTo sikeTis miRwevis gareSe.<br />
amitom, Tuki vinme moisurvebs saxelmwifos daarsebas, es moxdeba imdenad,<br />
ramdenadac es miswrafeba gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs mTeli xalxis nebas. aqedan<br />
ukve SeiZleba gamoyvanili iyos konvencionaluri (konstituciuri)<br />
xelisuflebis ori mTavari principi:<br />
a) Tanxmoba, romelic Tavis mxriv eyrdnoba adamianTa moralur Tavisuflebas<br />
da<br />
b) marTva, romelic eyrdnoba Tanxmobas.<br />
Tavad xelisuflebis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>mis garkvevis mcdelobisas, aqvineli<br />
cdilobda aristoteles Sexedulebebi moergo Sua saukuneebis<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis. igi laparakobs Sereul monarqiaze, rogorc mmarTvelobis<br />
saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>maze. Sereuli monarqiis aqvineliseuli <strong>for</strong>mis gasagebad unda<br />
gavixsenoT inglisSi, XV saukuneSi henri VI karze umaRlesi mosamarTle,<br />
swavluli, ser jon <strong>for</strong>teski (Fortescue), romelic naSromSi “inglisis<br />
mmarTveloba” erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda samefo xelisuflebis or <strong>for</strong>mas:<br />
sakuTriv samefo mmarTvelobas (dominium regale-sa) da politikur da samefo<br />
mmarTvelobas (dominium politicum et regale-s). pirveli mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mefe xalxs marTavs Tavis mier dadgenili kanonebis Sesabamisad. meore<br />
SemTxvevaSi mefe xalxs marTavs mxolod im kanonebiT, romlebic mowonebulia<br />
Tavad xalxis mier. mmarTvelobis es ukanaskneli <strong>for</strong>ma SemdgomSi ganviTarda<br />
rogorc konstituciuri monarqia da, rodesac Toma aqvineli saubrobs Sereul<br />
reJimze, samefo xelisuflebis qveS swored aseT mmarTvelobas gulisxmobs. sxva<br />
mxriv, Sereuli reJimi nawilobriv samefoa, radgan mas saTaveSi udgas erTi piri,<br />
nawilobriv es aris aristokratia anu im pirTa mmarTveloba, vinc Sesabamisi<br />
avtoritetiT aris mosili da, nawilobriv, ki es aris demokratia, radgan qveynis<br />
mmarTvelebi arCeulni arian xalxis mier.<br />
literatura<br />
1.Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Augustine in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and<br />
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (176-205 pp.)<br />
2.Muhsin Mahdi - Alfarabi in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph<br />
Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).<br />
3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo<br />
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (248-275 pp.).<br />
4.А.Х. Касымжанов - Абу-Наср аль-Фараби. Изд. «Мысль», Москва, 1982 in: “ History of<br />
Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of<br />
Chicago Press, 1987 (206-227 pp.).<br />
35
nikolo makiaveli (1469-1527)<br />
XV-XV saukuneebis florencieli politikuri moRvawe da politikuri<br />
filosofiis Teoretikosi, nikolo makiaveli mTeli Tavisi cxovrebiT aqtiurad<br />
iyo dakavSirebuli florenciis respublikasTan, sadac erTi periodi<br />
mniSvnelovani politikuri Tanamdebobebi eWira. respublikis dacemis Semdeg,<br />
makiavelis politikuri karierac dasrulda. mediCebis florenciaSi dabrunebis<br />
Semdeg, 1512 wels, makiaveli kancleris postidan gadaayenes da sxva respublikelebis<br />
msgavsad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas Camoaciles. arcTu asakovanma<br />
kacma, makiavelim darCenili cxovreba politkur Teorias miuZRvna da unda<br />
iTqvas, rom am mimarTulebiT is gacilebiT ufro iRbliani gamodga, vidre<br />
praqtikosi politikosis rolSi. makiaveli dRemde iTvleba saetapo mniSvnelobis<br />
avtorad, erTgvar Semobrunebis wertilad politikur TeoriaSi. makiavelis<br />
politikuri ideebi gadmocemulia Semdeg cnobil SromebSi: “mTavari”, “florenciis<br />
istoria”, “komentarebi titus liviusis pirveli dekadis Sesaxeb”.<br />
makiavelis Sexedulebebis gadmocemisas ZiriTadad daveyrdnobiT “mTavars”.<br />
1.politikuri Teoriis sazrisi da misia<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wvlili, ris gamoc makiaveli dafasebulia politiuri<br />
Teoriis avtorTa Soris, aris politikuri Teoriis daniSnulebis<br />
xelaxali gadaazreba aratradiciul konteqstSi. unda, amave dros, gaviTvaliswinoT,<br />
rom makiaveli misi droisaTvis, zogjer specifikuri amocanebisaTvis<br />
werda, rac cxadia, zegavlenas iqoniebda mis Semoqmedebaze. magram<br />
miuxedavad aseTi lokaluri miznebisa, makiavelis gamoTqmuli aqvs araerTi<br />
sayuradRebo mosazreba iseT sakiTxebze, romelTa mniSvneloba yovelTvis Zalze<br />
didi iyo kacobriobisaTvis.<br />
klasikuri politikuri Teoria antikuri tradiciis kvalad amuSavebda<br />
gansxvavebul interpretaciebs adamianis sazogadoebrivi da politikuri<br />
aqtiobis Sesaxeb da yuradRebas amaxvilebda iseT problemebze, rogoric iyo<br />
samarTlianoba sazogadoebaSi, mmarTvelobis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>mebi, idealuri<br />
saxelmwifo mowoba da a.S. makiaveli zogadad miuyveba iseT klasikur paradigmas<br />
rogoricaa saerTo sikeTe, Tumca, sruliad miuReblad eCveneba is gzebi, romlis<br />
daxmarebiTac klasikuri politkuri Teoria cdilobda mis miRwevas. es gzebi<br />
umeteswilad utopiuri iyo. makiaveli bavSvur warmodgenebad miiCnevda iseTi<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebs rogoricaa, vTqvaT, platonis saxelmwifo,<br />
romelic realurad aravis enaxa, Tumca bevrs ki msjelobdnen masze. mediCisadmi<br />
miZRvnil winasityvaobaSi makiaveli wers mis mier gadmocemul codnaze: “...<br />
romelic Tanadroul cxovrebaze xangrZlivi dkvirvebis da warsulis<br />
gulmodgine Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZina ... (1.92) ... rac amdeni wlis mnZilze<br />
uricxvi simZimilisa, Tu WirTaTmenis fasad Seviswavle da Sevimecne, da, rac ar<br />
Semimkia, arc amivsia vrceli wiaRsvlebiT, arc maRalfardovani Tu mikibulmokibuli<br />
sityvebiT, anda rogoric gnebavT garegnuli samkaulebiT, romlebiTac<br />
ara erTi da ori avtori kazmavs xolme Tavis Txzulebas. radgan me msurda<br />
naSromis mTavari samkauli yofiliyo an Sinaarsis simarTle da Txrobis simkacre,<br />
an — araferi” (1.93).<br />
amgvari midgomisagan gansxvavebiT, klasikuri Teoriebis standartebi<br />
naklovanni arian imis gamo, rom maTi realurad ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. ra<br />
Tqma unda, romelime mmarTvelma SeiZleba saxelmwifo mowyobis standartebad<br />
zemaRali idealebi SearCios. man SeiZleba xalxs Tavic Seayvaros rogorc<br />
sikeTisa da saTnoebis msaxurma da Semdeg Zalze swrafad daeces, radgan<br />
Zalauflebas, rogorc wesi, inarCunebs ara is, visi gamorCeuli siyvarulic aqvs<br />
xalxs, aramed is, visic ufro metad eSiniaT.<br />
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, makiaveli cdilobs warmosaxviT-sasurveli<br />
politikidan kvleva realuri politikuri sinamdvilisaken Semoabrunos.<br />
realuri politika ki imis irgvliv trialebs, rasac adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi<br />
36
akeTebs da ara imis irgvliv, rasac is unda akeTebdes. makiaveli xSirad msjelobs<br />
imis Taobaze, Tu ra gaakeTa mavanma da rac man gaakeTa, aris Tu ara is, rac mas<br />
unda gaekeTebina. amasTan, makiaveli ar erideba pirdapir saTqmels. epoqis<br />
politikuri samyaro mkacria da daundobeli, xolo adamiani Tavisi bunebiT,<br />
borotebasTanaa naziarebi (1. 219). am da msgavsi mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
Zalze sainteresod JRers, magaliTad, “mTavaris” pirveli Tavis saTauri: “ramdennairia<br />
samTavro da ra gziT SeiZleba maTi dapyroba”. am saTaurSi sainteresod<br />
JRers ara imdenad eqstremizmi, Tumca, ra Tqma unda, isic ipyrobs<br />
yuradRebas, aramed mTlianad am Tavis pragmatuli xasiaTi. makiaveli ubralod ki<br />
ar aRwers movlenebs, aramed aRwers savsebiT konkretuli praqtikuli<br />
rCevisaTvis.<br />
kvlevis mimarTulebis aseT Semobrunebas realobisaken gambedaoba esaWiroeboda,<br />
radgan makiavelis epoqa gamoirCeoda erTgvari keklucobiT antikuri<br />
epoqisadmi. iqmneboda paradoqsuli viTareba, rodesac avtorebi antikuri<br />
politikuri kategoriebiT operirebdnen, xolo realuri politikuri praqtika<br />
ki sruliad sapirispiro iyo msgavsi Teoriuli konstruqciebisa. misi kvlevis<br />
zogdmeTodologiuri paradigmis da am ukanasknelis klasikuri Teoriebisgan<br />
gansxvavebis Taobaze, makiaveli wers: “da raki vici, rom Cemamdec bevrs uweria am<br />
sakiTxze, vSiSob, rom TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTvan, Tuki TviTonac davapireb<br />
davwero rame, miT umetes, rom yvelaze mkveTrad swored am sakiTxis ganxilvisas<br />
vemijnebi sxvebis Tvalsazriss. magram, raki Cemi ganzraxva gaxldaT, raRac<br />
sasargeblo mimeca misTvis, vinc isurvebda Caswvdomoda zemoaRnisnuli sakiTxis<br />
arss, amitom ufro marTebulad miviCnie warmomeCina sagnis namdvili buneba da<br />
ara moCvenebiTi garsi, romliTac mas mosaven sxvebi. bevrs Seuqmnia Tavisi<br />
warmosaxviT respublikebi, Tu samTavroebi, romlebic aravis uxilavs da arc<br />
smenia, rom isini marTlac arseboben sinamdvileSi. magram erTia rogor<br />
cxovroben da meore is, Tu rogor unda cxovrobdnen kacni da maT Soris imxela<br />
sxvaobaa, rom vinc imis gulisaTvis, rac unda momxdariyo, iviwyebs imas, rac axla<br />
xdeba — umal Tavis damxobas uwyobs xels, vidre Tavis dRegrZelobas” (1.170-171).<br />
klasikuri filosofiis erT-erTi ZiriTadi problema, rogorc gvaxsovs, imis<br />
garkvevis mcdeloba iyo, Tu rogori reJimia yvelaze samarTliani. avtorebi<br />
eZebdnen erTaderT swor reJims, romelSic gaSlili iqneboda erTaderTi swori<br />
cxovrebis wesi. avtorebis umravlesoba saukeTeso mmarTvelebad filosofosebs<br />
asaxelebda (filosofosis sxvadasxva gagebis variaciebiT), romlebic saxelmwifo<br />
cxovrebas Rrma inteleqtualur spekulaciebs unda uqvemdebarebdnen.<br />
sxvagvarad es imas niSnavda, rom saukeTeso politikuri reJimis gamarTleba<br />
sruliad arapolitikuri kategoriebis moxmobiT xorcieldeboda. pirveli, rac<br />
makiavelma gaakeTa, is gaxlavT, rom politika sakuTar niadagze daayena da uari<br />
Tqva mis daqvemdebarebaze arapolitikuri Rirebulebebisadmi. gansakuTrebiT es<br />
Seexeba politikuri fenomenis da moralis gaTavisuflebas maSindeli gabatonebuli<br />
Teologiisagan, romelsac hqonda pretenzia, rom universalurad<br />
gamoyenebadi WeSmaritebebis mflobeli iyo. amgvari programis ganxorcielebas<br />
makiaveli Seecada ori mimarTulebiT: mis epoqaSi arsebuli politikuri<br />
reJimebis legitimurobis uzrunvelyofiT da, meore, konvencionalurobis<br />
fenomenis Tavis uflebebSi aRdgeniT. es ukanaskneli wamowyeba gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan, marTalia klasikuri politikuri Teoria pirdapir,<br />
uxeSad ar uaryofda konvencionalurobas, magram samagierod, imiT, rom cdilobda<br />
politikuri mravalferovnebis erT universalur naturaluri xasiaTis<br />
standartze reducirebas, saqmiT sapirispiros akeTebda. ase, magaliTad,<br />
adamianis qcevis interpretirebisas, klasikuri Teoria, bibliur WeSmaritebebze<br />
dayrdnobiT, misaRebad Tvlida srulyofilebisaken mimarTul qcevas, romelic<br />
amave dros gagebuli iyo universalur nimuSad yvela adamianis, yvela xalxisa da<br />
yvela epoqisaTvis. msgavs standartebSi makiavels ar moswons swored misi<br />
universaluri xasiaTi, romelic damangrevlad miaCnia rogorc sazogadoebis,<br />
aseve eklesiisaTvis, radgan maTi sazRvrebis uzomod gafarToebis gamo, erTsac<br />
da meoresac gaurkvevlobas sZens.<br />
37
2.samTavroebis buneba da axali teritoriebis SemoerTebis da<br />
maTi marTvis teqnologiebi<br />
makiavelis Sromebis kiTxvisas kargad igrZnoba epoqis xasiaTi. aq mxedvelobaSi<br />
mxolod is ki ar gvaqvs, rom politikuri movlenebi fasdeba antikuri<br />
xanis zneobriv politikuri kategoriebis an qristianobis eklesiis swavlebis<br />
safuZvlis gareSe, aramed TviT politikuri institutebi da politikis subiqtebi.<br />
karolingebis epoqis Semdeg evropaSi mtkiced moikida fexi memkvidreobiTma<br />
mmarTvelobam. Seiqmna dinastiebi, romelTac mTeli samTavroebi, rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi samefoebi ekuTvnodaT. omis warmoeba, gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis<br />
italiaze, profesiad iqca. amitom, umravles SemTxevaSi, saxalxo laSqars<br />
daqiravebuli kondoterebi cvlian. zogierTi avantiuristis kariera, rogorc<br />
s<strong>for</strong>cebis SemTxvevaSi milanSi, Zalze warmatebuli gamodis da isini mTavris<br />
savarZels ikaveben. sxvebi, magaliTad, mediCebi florenciaSi, xelisuflebisaken<br />
gzas TavianTi finansuri Zlierebis safuZvelze ikafaven.<br />
saxelmwifoebi ki am dros arsebobs ori saxisa, respublikebi da samTavroebi.<br />
Tavad samTavroebi ramdenimenairia: saeklesio samTvro, romlis nimuSsac papis<br />
sabrZanebli warmoadgenda, meore, dapyrobiT mopovebuli da Semdeg,<br />
memkvidreobiT miRebuli. arsebobs samTavros kidev erTi tipi, romelsac<br />
makiaveli “samoqalaqo samTavros” uwodebs. aseTi saxelmwifos mmarTvelic erTi<br />
pirovnebaa, magram is mTavari arc memkvidreobiT gamxdara da arc teritoriis<br />
dapyrobiT. rodesac kerZo piri borotmoqmedebisa, Tu sxva ram autaneli<br />
Zaladobis gziT ki ara, aramed Tavisi Tanamoqalaqeebis keTilganwyobis Sedegad<br />
xdeba mTavari, aseT mmarTvelobas SeiZleba samoqalaqo mmarTveloba ewodos<br />
(1.139).<br />
respublikuri mmarTvelobaze makiaveli msjelobs “komentarebSi titus<br />
liviusis pirvel dekadaze” da “florenciis istoriaSi”. am ukanasknelSi, italiuri<br />
respublikebidan makiaveli ganixilavs genius, veneciis da gansakuTrebiT,<br />
florenciis mowyobas da mmarTvelobas. qalaqi florencia dayofili iyo 6<br />
nawilad. qalaqis mmarTvelobaSi TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgenda or moqalaqes.<br />
ase, rom mTeli mmarTveloba anu senati Sedgeboda 12 wevrisagan, romelTac<br />
uxucesebs (anziani) uwodebdnen. uxucesebi marTavdnen qalaqis popolanur<br />
nawils. xalxis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen: qalaqis moqalaqeebi, xelosnebi,<br />
vaWrebi. uxucesebis sakrebulos Semadgenloba ganaxlebadi iyo yovelwliurad.<br />
1250 wels florenciaSi ganxorcielda saqalaqo mmarTvelobis re<strong>for</strong>ma da<br />
qalaqis popolanuri nawilis xelmZRvaneloba daevala kapitans. mTel qalaqs, e.i.<br />
rogorc plebeur nawils aseve nobilitets marTavda podesta. kapitani da<br />
podesta florenciaSi iyo ori samoxeleo Tanamdeboba, romelTa ZiriTadi saqme<br />
moqalaqeTa Soris arsebuli davebis aRmofxvra iyo. marTlwesrigs respublikaSi<br />
ganaxorcielebda soflis raionebSi 76, xolo uSualod qalaqSi 20 SeiaraRebuli<br />
razmi. am razmebSi ganTavsebuli iyo mTeli florenciis brZolisunariani<br />
axalgazrdoba, romlebic valdebulni iyvnen pirveli daZaxebisTanave iaraRasxmulni<br />
gamocxadebuliyvnen winaswarmiTiTebul razmSi (2.56).<br />
italiis memkvidreobiTi samTavros tipur nimuSs warmoadgenda milani.<br />
milanis aRzeveba daiwyo mas Semdeg, rac is SeuerTda fridrix barbarosas<br />
winaaRmdeg Seqmnil italiuri qalaqebis kavSirs. XIII saukunidan milanSi<br />
pirvelobisaTvis ibrZoda dela toresis da viskontis gvarebi. brZola am<br />
ukanasknelis gamarjvebiT dasrulda. viskontebis bolo STamomavali iyo filipo<br />
viskonti, romelsac vaJi ar hyavda da Sedegad samTavros marTva gadavida<br />
s<strong>for</strong>cas gvarze. memkvidreobiTi samTavro, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis ufro<br />
myar reJims warmoadgens. ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba misi mmarTvelisaTvis imas<br />
aqvs, rom man ar daarRvios winaprebis mier SemoRebuli marTvis wesi da rigi.<br />
arsebobs SemTxveva, rodesac samTavro memkvidreobiT ki ekuTvnis mmarTvels,<br />
magram mas mainc ZaliT uwevs misi SemoerTeba. aseT samTavroSi reJimis<br />
ganmtkiceba yovelTvis gacilebiT ufro Znelia, vidre misi mopoveba. makiaveli<br />
aq miuTiTebs xalxis ucvlel iluziaze, romlis mixedviTac yoveli axali<br />
mmarTveli Zvelze ukeTesia. daswyisSi is mxars uWers axal mmarTvels, magram mas<br />
Semdeg, rac xalxi Tavis Secdomas gaacnobierebs, reJimis SenarCuneba Zneldeba.<br />
38
am zogadi daxasiaTebebis gverdiT, makiaveli iZleva ufro konkretul<br />
rekomendaciebs da miTiTebebs. ase magaliTad, saokupacio eqspedicia ucxo<br />
qveyanaSi warmatebuli iqneba mxolod maSin, Tu mTavari moaxerxebs kargi<br />
urTierTobis damyarebas adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan. mosaxleobis keTilganwyobis<br />
mosapoveblad ki erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi piroba iq arsebuli<br />
Cvevebis, yofis da gadasaxadebis akrefis wesis ucvlelad SenarCunebaa. Semdeg,<br />
gacilebiT ufro iolia erTenovani an moanTesave enaze mosaubre samTavros<br />
xelSi Cagdeba. magram Tu moxerxda gansxvavebuli eTnosiT dasxlebuli qveynis<br />
xelSi Cagdeba, aq mravalricxovani siZneleebi iCenen Tavs da yvela maT dsaZleva<br />
erT-erTi yvelaze ukeTesi xerxi, dampyrobis axal dakavebul teritoriebze<br />
gadasaxleba iqneba, rogorc es ganaxorciela TurqeTis sulTanma konstantinepolis<br />
dakavebis Semdeg. iseT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac aseTi gadasaxleba ar<br />
xerxdeba, saukeTeso gza iqneba dakavebul teritoriebze koloniebis daarseba.<br />
ucxo eTnosiT dakompleqtebuli axalSenebi dampyrobTa mcvelebis rols<br />
Seasruleben da mis reJims moemsaxurebian. es gza gacilebiT ufro iafia, vidre am<br />
qveyanaSi mobiluri samxedro korpusis SenarCuneba, romelic mudmiv mzadyofnaSi<br />
unda iyos swrafad gadaadgildes konfliqtis zonaSi. makiavelis es<br />
rekomendacia gasagebs xdis Zveli imperiebis, magaliTad, ruseTis imperiis<br />
calkeuli regionebis eTniur siWreles da xalxTa gansaxlebis arabunebriv<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebs.<br />
warmatebuli samxedro kampania ucxo qveyanaSi mxolod saokupacio razmebis<br />
xelmZRvanelis moxerxebulobasa da SorsmWvretelobaze ki ar aris damokidebuli,<br />
aramed im reJimis bunebaze, romelic arsebobs dasakavebel teritoriaze.<br />
arsebobs uzomod centralizebuli da SedarebiT Tavisufali regionebis<br />
Semcveli smTavroebi. maT yvelaze ufro karg nimuSebs, makiavelisaTvis, TurqeTi<br />
da safrangeTi warmoadgenda. TurqeTSi arsebobda erTaderTi mbrZanebeli,<br />
sulTani, xolo yvela danarCeni misi ymebi iyvnen. rodesac TurqeTis romelime<br />
warCinebuli ama Tu im sanjayis samarTavad midioda, mosaxleoba mis brZanebebs<br />
asrulebda mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi sulTanis<br />
nebas ganaxorcielebdnen. safrangeTSi xelisufleba aRweilisagan radikalurad<br />
gansxvavebuli iyo. mefes aq uamravi patara mbrZanebeli exvia Tavs, romelTac<br />
Tavad hyavdaT sxva mravali qveSevrdomi. xelisuflebis organizaciis aseTi<br />
gansxvavebuli <strong>for</strong>mebis gamo, gacilebiT ufro Znelia iseTi qveynis dapyroba,<br />
rogorc ki TurqeTia, magram Tu am mimarTulebiT vinmes bedma gauRima, ukve<br />
dakavebuli teritoriis SenarCuneba bevrad ufro ioli gaxdeba, vidre<br />
safrangeTisnair qveyanaSi, sadac regionebis avtonomiurobis xarisxi da<br />
mmarTvelTa damoukidebloba centraluri xelisuflebisagan gacilebiT ufro<br />
didia da, amitom, yovel maTganTan praqtikulad calke samxedro-politikuri<br />
urTierTobebi iqneba gasabmeli.<br />
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mmarTveli, samxedro konfliqtis, Sendgomi<br />
mosalodneli garTulebebis Tavidan acilebis motiviT, gaumarTlebel<br />
daTmobebze midis. aseTi daTmobebi, makiavelis azriT, yovelTvis uaRresd<br />
wamgebiania, radgan am gziT verc oms ver avicilebT, da teritoriebsac<br />
davkargavT.<br />
3.samxedro saqme<br />
damoukidebeli gansjis Temaa makiavelisaTvis samxedro saqmis organizacia<br />
samTavroSi. omi da samxedro saqme am epoqis saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanes mxares<br />
warmoadgenda, romelic ganapirobebda mis Zlierebas. saxelmwifos Zalas<br />
makiaveli am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli politiuri praqtikidan gamomdinare,<br />
gansazRvravs, bunebrivia, ara mrewvelobis potencialiT an omis saWiroebisaTvis<br />
gadanaxuli finansebis maragiT, aramed mosaxleobis raodenobiT da samxedro<br />
ZaliT. Tuki davsvamdiT kiTxvas _ “riT SeiZleba gaizomos ama Tu im saxelmwifos<br />
Zliereba”? _ makiavelis pasuxi masze aseTia: Tu samTavros hyavs<br />
mravalricxovani laSqari (risTvisac aucilebelia rogorc mravalricxovani<br />
mosaxleoba, aseve didZali simdidre), romelic skadris pasuxs gascemda yvela<br />
39
momxvdurs ise, rom dasaxmereblad ar mimarTavda aravis sxvas, aseTi samTavro<br />
Zlieria (1.145).<br />
samxedro saqmis mniSvneloba makiavelisaTvis gadauWarbebladaa Sefasebuli<br />
da is politikis warmarTvis erT-erT ZiriTad iaraRad gvevlineba. “am xelovnebis<br />
Zala - wers makiaveli — imdenad didia, rom ara marto Zalauflebas unarCunebs<br />
mas, vinc mTavrad Sobila, aramed kerZo pirsac aRazevebs xolme mTavris<br />
simaRlemde. ... am xelovnebis ugulvebelyofa samTavros dakargvis ZiriTad<br />
iaraRad gvevlineba, xolo misi zedmiwevniT floba — samTavros dauflebis<br />
saSualebad” (1.166). mTavari, politikuri moRvawe, imavdroulad meomaricaa.<br />
Tundac Sidapolitikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, makiavelis epoqidan jer<br />
kidev Zalze Sors aris im dromde, rodesac gaimijneba samxedro da politikuri<br />
sakiTxebi. piriqiT, makiavelisaTvis sruliad auxsnelia SemTxveva, Tuki mas vime<br />
aRmoaCenda, rodesac SeiaraRebuli xalxi (samxedroebi) emorCilebian<br />
uiaraRoebs (politikosebs) da uiaraRo ki uSiSrad grZnobs Tavs iaraRasxmulTa<br />
garemocvaSi (1.166-167). Tumca, es ar aris erTaderTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar<br />
gansxvavdeba politikosi meomrisagan. arsebobs meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis<br />
mizezic, romeliz amozrdilia adamianis naklovani, mxecuri bunebidan. “unda<br />
gvaxsovdes, wers makiaveli, rom arsebobs brZolis ori saxe — erTia brZola<br />
kanonebis, xolo meore brZola Zalis meSveobiT. pirveli niSneulia adamianebisaTvis,<br />
meore ki mxecebisaTvis. magram raki pirveli xSirad arasakmarisia,<br />
Zalauneburad unda mivmarToT xolme meores. amitom mTavrisaTvis aucilebelia,<br />
rom Tanabrad warmatebiT ibrZodes rogrc mxeci da rogorc kaci” (1.182).<br />
yoveli saxelmwifos safuZveli makiavelisaTvis kargad gawvrTnili laSqari<br />
da kargi saxelmwifo kanonebia. es ori ram erTmaneTs avsebs, radgan kargad<br />
gawvrTnili laSqari warmoudgenelia kargi kanonebis gareSe, xolo kargi laSqari<br />
Tavad uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi kargi kanonebis Seuferxebel dacvas.<br />
samxedro Zalebi rogorc wesi organizebulia Semdegi saxiT:<br />
1. upirveles yovlisa igi Sedgeba mTavris sakuTri SeiaraRebuli<br />
nawilebisagan. Semdeg,<br />
2. daqiravebuli profesionali meomrebisagan;<br />
3. maSveli jarisagan da bolos,<br />
4. Sereuli Zalebisagan.<br />
makiavelis miaCnda, rom maSveli da daqiravebuli jari qveynisaTvis Zalze<br />
wamgebiania. italiis misi periodis mZime mdgomareobas, avtori swored<br />
daqiravebulTa ukontrolo parpaSiT xsnis qveyanaSi, romelic aseT viTarebaSi,<br />
dacvis gareSea darCenili. daqiravebulebi pirvelad italiaSi papebma d<br />
Tavisufali qalaqebis mcxovreblebma Semoiyvanes imis gamo, rom araferi<br />
gaegebodaT omis xelovnebisa da iZulebulebi iyvnen ucxoeli profesionalebi<br />
moewviaT.<br />
aranakleb dazaralda qveyana maSveli jarisagan. “maSvel Zalas” makiaveli<br />
uwodebs mezobeli Zlieri qveynis (am periodSi italielebisaTvis aseTi iyo<br />
safrangeTi) samxedro Zalas, romelic Txovnis safuZvelze Semovida qveyanaSi. am<br />
samxedro Zalis problema isaa, rom qveyanaSi Semosvlis Semdeg, mas metad<br />
eZneleba qveynis datoveba da axal dampyroblad gadaiqceva xolme.<br />
oms aristotele igive rigis movelenebSi aTavsebda, rogorc nadirobas.<br />
cnebaTa aseTi daaxloebis gamamarTlebel sabuTad is gvTavazobda ideas, rom<br />
nadirobac da omic, orive Semosavalze orientirebuli saqmianobaa.<br />
aristotelesagan gansxvavebiT, platoni oms yovelgvari ubedurebis wyarod<br />
miiCnevvda da mas mtrobisa da megobrobis terminebSi aRwerda. makiavelis<br />
mosazrebebi omis Sesaxeb, rogorRac iTavsebs irive avtoris Tvalsazriss. omi —<br />
fiqrobs igi _ or mtrul mxarse Soris CaRdeba, magram is ar aris TviTmizani.<br />
omis mizani imdenad mtris ganadgureba ki ar aris, ramdenadac sakuTari<br />
keTildReobis uzrunveyofa. amrigad, oms praqtikuli sazrisi gaaCnia. “yvela<br />
imis mizani, visac ki odesme omi dauwyia, yovelTvis imaSi mdgomareobda _ rac<br />
savsebiT gonivrulia _ rom Tavad gamdidrebuliyvnen, xolo mteri ufro<br />
gaeRaribebinaT. sxva arafrisTvis ar sWirdebaT gamarjveba, xolo mosaxveWeli ki<br />
imitom unaT, rom kidev ufro gazardon Tavisi Zala da daasuston mowinaaRmdege.<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom yovelTvis, roca gamarjvebam ufro Raribi gagxada,<br />
40
vidre manamde iyavi, xolo dapyrobebma dagasusta, maSin Sen an gascdi im miznis<br />
sazRvrebs, risTvisac omi daiwye, an ver miaRwie mas” (2.225).<br />
4.mTavris personaluri Tvisebebi<br />
calke ganxilvis sagania mTavris, rogorc politikosis persona. ganixileba<br />
misi damokidebuleba rogorc xalxis farTo masebTan, aseve garemocvis mimarT.<br />
rogori unda iyos politikosi, rogori unda iyos mTavri, unda eSinodeT misi, Tu<br />
sayovelTao saxalxo siyvaruliT unda iyos garemoculi? Tu gaviTvaliswinebT<br />
makiavelis azrs xalxis meryevi guneba-ganwyobis Taobaze, pasuxi am kiTxvaze<br />
Zneli ar unda iyos. am Tvalsazriss makiaveli kidev ufro amZimebs xakxis<br />
Tvisebebis iseTi kategoriebiT daxasaTebisas, rogoricaa adamianTa biwieri<br />
buneba, umaduroba, orguleba da a.S. rac Seexeba mTavris garemocvas, is Zalze<br />
frTxilad unda SirCes. arsebobs erTi utyuari wesi imis dasadgenad, Tu<br />
ramdenad vargisia qveSevrdomi. Tu is sakuTar keTildReobaze ufro metad<br />
zrunavs, vidre mTavrisa da saxelmwifos saqmeebze, aseTi msaxuri ndobas ar<br />
imsaxurebs. Tumca, garemocvasTan mimarTebiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs imas,<br />
Tu ra individualuri TvisebebiTaa dajildoebuli politiuri lideri.<br />
makiavelisTvis es Tvisebebi, rogorc gvaxsovs, mmarTvelis konceptidan ki ar<br />
gamoiyvaneba analitikurad, aramed aiReba reluri politikuri politikuri<br />
praqtikidan. swored am praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT ambobs avtori, rom zogi<br />
mTavari guluxvad iwodeba, zogic Zunwad, wuwkad, qalaCunad da a.S. msgavs<br />
kvliafikaciebSi mniSvnelovania is, rom mTavari, ramdenadac is rogorc<br />
politikuri lideri sxvebisagan amaRlebulia, sazogadoebis TvalSi erTi<br />
romelime gamorCeuli TvisebiTaa daxasiaTebuli da sxva misi Tvisebebi<br />
SeumCneveli rCeba. ra Tqma unda, SesaniSnavi iqneboda, rom moiZebnebodes yvela<br />
RirsebiT Semkuli mTavari, romelic arasodes ar SebRalavda am Rirsebebs,<br />
magram sinamdvileSi aseTi pirovneba iSviaTad gvxvdeba da, ramdenadac mTavari<br />
upirveles yovlisa politikuri lideria, misi ZiriTadi safiqrali politikuri<br />
warmatebaa da ara zneobriv srulyofaze dReniadag zrunva. swored amitom,<br />
mTavari pirvel rigSi, Tavidan unda icilebdes yvela im biwierebas, rasac<br />
SeuZlia Zalaufleba daakargvinos. yvela SemTxvevaSi makiavelis mixedviT,<br />
politiuri amocanebi lideris pirveli rigis orientirs Seadgens. sazRvriT<br />
situaciebSi, rodesac warmovidgenT an marTlac arsebobs realuri konfliqti<br />
politikuri moRvawis moralur kredosa da realur politikur praqtikas Soris,<br />
politikoss SeuZlia angariSi ar gauwios sazogadoebriv azrs an sakuTar sulier<br />
miswrafebebs. miT ufro, “Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, aris zogi ram, rac SeiZleba<br />
siqveled mogveCvenos, magram gardauval daRupvas uqadis mTavars, romelic<br />
miznad daisaxavs bolomde uerTgulos mas, da aris zogic iseTi rame, rac<br />
biwierad gamoiyureba, magram simSvides da keTildReobas uqadis mas” (1.172).<br />
am Tvalsazrisis, romelic saboloo dafuZnebas politikuri moralis cnebaSi<br />
poulobs, gagrZelebad unda miviCnioT mTavris xelgaSlilobis aRwera mwerlis<br />
mier. ra Tqma unda, mosaxleobisaTvis xelgaSlili xelisufali wuwuraqsa da<br />
Zunwze umjobesia. magram makiaveli iolad gvixatavs sapirispiro suraTs,<br />
rodesac xelgaSlili da qveli xelisufalis saxelis SeZenis msurveli<br />
politikuri lideri rogor TandaTanobiT gadadis gadasaxadebis zrdaze da<br />
gamocarielebuli xazinis Sevsebaze. Sesabamisad, is, vinc erT dros qvelis<br />
saxels atarebda, axla xalxis Semaviwroveblad da myvlefavis saxelis mqone<br />
xdeba. aviRoT axla im mTavris mier xalxisaTvis gaRebuli daxmareba, vinc aqamde<br />
Zunwad iyo cnobili. makiaveli gvarwmunebs, rom mis mier gaRebuli wyaloba<br />
orjer ufro faseuli iqneba sazogadoebis TvalSi. saerTod araferia<br />
gulixvobaze swrafad milevadi ram. rac ufro guluxvi xar, miT ufro naklebi<br />
Sansi grCeba momavalSic aseTive darCe. amitom, mTavars ar unda aRelvebdes<br />
Zunwis saxeli, miT ufro, Tu momavalSi is iZulebuli ar gaxdeba tyavi gaaZros<br />
Tavis qveSevrdomebs da autaneli mmarTvelis reputacia moipovos. Tu mxolod<br />
Zunwis saxels moixveWavs, mTavari iZulebuli gaxdeba Seurigdes erT im<br />
samarcxvino biwierebaTagans, romelic isev mis taxts ganamtkiceben, maSin,<br />
41
odesac, Tu gaRaribdeba, da mosaxleobis yvlefas daiwyebs, maSin is ver ascdeba<br />
verc sircxvils da verc siZulvils.<br />
politikosis moRvaweoba erTgvari TamaSia, rolia Sesasrulebeli. yvela<br />
xedavs imas, radac gvaCveneben Tavs da Zalze cota Tu grZnobs ra aris mavani<br />
sinamdvileSi. mTavari yovelTvis unda iyos frTxili warmoTqmuli sityvis<br />
mimarT. is mudam unda cdilobdes, rom mis bages ar dascdes raime iseTi, romelic<br />
beWeddasmuli ar iqneba iseTi sityvebiT rogoricaa siyvaruli, patiosneba,<br />
adamianuroba da morwmunoeba. Sedegad, msmenels igi yovelive amis xorcSesxmul<br />
xatebad warmoudgeba.<br />
sxva mxriv, keTilgonierebis karnaxiT, mTavari ar unda gadaegos erTxel<br />
micemul sityvas, Tu erTguleba misTvis saziano aRmoCndeba. Tu aRar arseboben<br />
mizezebi, romelTac mTavrs aRTqma daadebines, igi Tavisufalia Tavis<br />
gadawyvetilebaSi. SeiZleba uamravi magaliTis moyvana, Tu ramdeni xelSekruleba<br />
darCenila uqmad da mizans aRwevda is, vinc melas rols asrulebda.<br />
am daxasiaTebam, agreTve iman, rom “mTavars” is mediCebis memkvidres uZRvnis,<br />
ar unda gvafiqrebinos, rom makiaveli aSkara, faruli, Tu ra gnebavT <strong>for</strong>miT<br />
monarqiuli diqtaturis an tiraniis momxrea. saTanado RirsebebiT Semkul<br />
erTmmarTvelSi, is ufro kanonierebis aRmsrulebels xedavs. visac waukiTxavs<br />
florenciis gauTavebeli SidaaSlilobebis makiaveliseuli aRwerebi, is gagebiT<br />
moekideba makiavelis simpaTias erTmmarTvelisadmi, Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes,<br />
rom ZiriTad Rirebulebas am SemTxvevaSi mwerlisaTvis kanoni da kanonierebis<br />
dacva warmoadgens: “saxelmwifoebi, gansakuTrebiT es exeba cudad mowyobil<br />
respublikebs, xSirad icvlian mTavrobebs da marTvelobis wess, rasac isini,<br />
rogorc SecdomiT fiqroben, Tavisufalidan monur mdgomareobaSi ki ar<br />
gadayavT, aramed monuridan uwesrigi TviTnebobis mdgomareobaSi. ... da Tuki<br />
moxdeba, arada es xdeba Zalze iSviaTad, rom bedis wyalobiT, romelime<br />
saxelmwifoSi gamoCndeba sakmarisad brZeni, wesieri da Zalmosili moqalaqe,<br />
romelic SesZlebda yvelnisaTvis iseTi kanonebis micemas, rom an<br />
daakmayofilebda popolanebis da nobilitetis miswrafebebs, an daTrgunavda da<br />
borotebis qmnis saSualebas mouspobda maT _ maSin am saxelmwifos ufleba<br />
eqneba sakuTar Tavs Tavisufali, xolo mis mTavrobas myari da Zlieri uwodos.<br />
samarTlian kanonebze da swor weswyobilebaze damyarebuli aseTi sxelmwifo,<br />
sxvebis msgavsad SemdegSi aRar saWiroebs usafrTxo arsebobisaTvis romelime<br />
erTi kacis saTnoebas” (2.143).<br />
mixedavad imisa, rom yoveli politikosisaTvis aucilebelia amdeni<br />
wvrilmanis gaTvaliswineba da gamorCeuli Zalisxmeva, raTa man warmatebas<br />
miaRwios, arsebobs raRac, rac SeiZleba yvelafers win arudges da<br />
individualurad Zlieri politikosi savsebiT xelmocarul adamianad<br />
warmogvidginos. es raRac, makiavelis rwmeniT, aris bediswera. mTavars marTebs<br />
gaiTvaliswinos isic, rom amqveyniur movlenebze bevr SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvet<br />
zegvlenas iqoniebs RmerTi da bediswera. saerTod am movlenaze fiqrma bevr<br />
avtorSi warmoSva qvietizmis idea, romelic, rakiRa amqveynad yvelaferi RvTis<br />
nebiTa da bedisweriTaa gansazRvruli, srul uazrobad miiCnevs wamatebisaTvis<br />
brZolas da mondomebas. makiavelis, swams bedisweris, da, ra Tqma unda, swams<br />
RmerTis, magram mainc ar iziarebs absolutur determinizms. ZiriTadi misi<br />
argumenti Tavisufali nebis fenomens emyareba, romlis arsebobaSi makiavelis<br />
eWvi ar epareba. “rakiRa dauSvebelia Cveni Tavisufali nebis ugulvebelyofa, me<br />
mzad var WeSmaritebad vaRiaro imis SesaZlebloba, rom bediswera ganapirobebs<br />
Cveni moqmedebis naxevars, xolo meore naxevars, mTlianad Tu ara odnav nakleb<br />
mainc Cven gvandobs. ... asevea bediswerac, romelic Tavis Zalmosilebas avlens iq,<br />
sadac aravis uzrunia imaze, rom sapirispiro Zala daexvedrebina misTvis, da<br />
romelic mZvinvarebas mimarTavs im mxares, sadac ar eguleba misi damaokebeli<br />
jebirebi Tu simagreebi” (1.223).<br />
42
5.politikuri moralis cneba<br />
makiaveli gamorCeuli figuraa politikuri azris istoriaSi ara mxolod<br />
zogadmeTodologiuri novaciebisaTvis, ara mxolod imitom, misi Sromebi<br />
warmoadgenen erTgvar Semobrunebis punqts klasikuri Teoriidan kvlevis<br />
sruliad axali paradigmebisaken, aramed imitomac, rom daamkvidra politikuri<br />
moralis kategoria, rogorc sakuTriv politikuri mecnierebebis kategoria da<br />
gamijna is Cveulebrivi adamianuri moralis cnebisagan. am viTarebis<br />
gauTvaliswinebloba orgvar problemas Segviqmnis. jer erTi, gaugebari<br />
dagvrCeba “mTavarSi” gadmocemuli makiavelis ZiriTadi ideebis safuZveli da<br />
Sesabamisad gaugebari dagvrCeba makiavelis politikuri filosofiac da meore,<br />
araferi gveqneba sapirispirod saTqmeli gavrcelebul, ukve veRar vityviT<br />
banalobaze, aramed yalb mosazrebaze, TiTqos yovelgvari politika amoraluris<br />
da siyalbis sferoa. SevexoT jer meore sakiTxs ufro farTod.<br />
CvenSi didi gavrceleba moipova Tvalsazrisma, romlis mixedviTac, politika<br />
zogadad amoraluri saqmianobaa, xolo politikosebi zneobasTan mwyralad<br />
myofi xalxi. SesaZloa, bolo TxuTmeti wlis qarTuli sinamdvile amgvari<br />
SefasebebisaTvis noyier niadags warmoadgens, magram msgavs msjelobebs<br />
safuZvlad udevs erTi sakamaTo dispozicia. kerZod, politikosebis ama Tu im<br />
qcevis moralurobaze msjeloben ara politiuri moralis sferodan gamomdinare<br />
(dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom disputSi Cabmuli qarTveli inteleqtualebis<br />
naxevrisTvis mainc sruliad ucnobia amgvari kategoria), aramed Cveulebrivi<br />
adamianuri zneobrivi kodeqsis safuZvelze, rac ontiuri sferoebis aRrevas<br />
iwvevs. ra Tqma unda, adamiani zneobrivi arsebaa, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs misi<br />
yoveldRiuri yofa zneobrivi kategoriebiT SevafasoT. amaSi miuRebeli<br />
araferia. sakamaToa, mxolod, marTlzomiereba imisa, igive Sefasebis wesi rom<br />
gavavrceloT adamianis moRvaweobis sxva iseT sferoebze, romelTac moralis<br />
Tanaswori suverenuloba gaaCniaT. garda imisa, rom adamiani moraluri arsebaa,<br />
is aris socialuri, esTeturi, samarTlebrivi, ekonomikuri, politikuri da a.S.<br />
arseba. SegviZlia Tu ara igive movimoqmedoT TiToeuli am sferos mimarT da<br />
vTqvaT, rom ama da am qveynis ekonomika amoraluria, amoraluria medicina da<br />
eqimebi (romelTa mizani, Tu aristoteles davujerebT adamianis absoluturi<br />
janmrTeloba unda iyos, magram sinamdvileSi absoluturi qonebis mopovebaa) da<br />
a.S. ? ar vapirebT vTqvaT, rom am da msgavs kiTxvebze martivi da calsaxa pasuxebi<br />
arsebobs. risi Tqmac Cven gvsurs, is gaxlavT rom dasmul kiTxvaze SesaZlo<br />
pasuxi didadaa damokidebuli ufro zogad poziciaze. miuxedavad sxva poziciis<br />
arsebobisa, is, vinc icavs ontiuri sferoebis suverenulobas da momxre ar aris<br />
maTi erTmaneTSi aRrevisa (makiavelis erT-erTi ZiriTadi novacia ki swored am<br />
poziciis ganmtkicebaSi mdgomareobs), winaaRmdegi iqneba Sesabamisi sferoebis<br />
kategoriebis aRrevisac. moralur da amoralur politikaze saubari, am azriT,<br />
msgavsi iqneba “rentabeluri ekonomikuri dargebis mSvenierebaze” an “respiratoruli<br />
daavadebebis devianturobaze” diskusiebisa. amrigad, politika, am<br />
Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, adamianis specifikuri moRvaweobis suverenui sferoa da<br />
Tu Cven gvsurs misi wminda saxiT warmodgena, Tavi unda SevikavoT politikaze<br />
arapolitikuri kategoriebiT saubrisagan.<br />
magram ra aris politikuri morali? ra gansxvavebaa massa da Cveulebriv<br />
adamianur morals Soris? Cveulebrivi qcevis moraluroba-amoralurobis<br />
kriteriumi qcevis motivaciaa. Tuki vinmem ixsna wyalwaRebuli, es kidev ar<br />
niSnavs, rom Cveni gmiri saTnoebis gansaxierebaa. marTlac, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom<br />
dazaralebuli soliduri qonebis patronia da misi gadarCeniT sakuTari<br />
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba hqondaT miznad, qceva keTilad<br />
namdvilad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
yovelive amisgan gansxvavebiT, moraluroba politikaSi ganisazRvreba ara<br />
qcevis motividan, aramed, rogorc makiaveli gvaswavlis, miRebuli Sedegidan. Tu<br />
Sedegi damRupvelia, mniSvneloba ara aqvs ra motivebi amoZravebda politikoss.<br />
jer erTi, aseTi motivaciis dasadgenad obieqturi kriteriumi ar arsebobs da<br />
meore, dabejiTebiTac rom vicodeT sawyisi keTili ganzraxvebis Taobaze, Znelia<br />
moralurad CavTvaloT didi ubedurebis momtani saqcieli (anu cnobili<br />
43
gamoTqma, rom gamoviyenoT, “mSvenieri grZnobebiT iqmneba cudi literatura”).<br />
politikuri moralis swored aseTi gagebaa SemoTavazebuli makiavelis mier<br />
“mTavarSi”, risi gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, es naSromi gaugebari dagvrCeba da<br />
iZulebulni gavxdebiT SevuerTdeT yalb interpretatorTa im jgufs, romelic<br />
makiavelis politikaSi amoralizmis Semotanis iniciatorad gvisaxavs.<br />
Cveulebrivi zneobriobisagan gansxvavebuli, politikuri moralis reversuli<br />
buneba, romelic orientirs Sedegebze iRebs, erTi SexedviT paradoqsul<br />
Sefasebebs gamoaTqmevinebs makiavelis, rodesac is sisastikiT ganTqmul<br />
moRvawes saTnoebis gansaxierebad gvixasiaTebs, xolo mSvidobismoyvare<br />
sazogadoebas qveynis damRupvel xalxad. “Cezare borjas sastik kacad Tvlidnen,<br />
magram swored am sisastikis wyalobiT daamyara wesrigi romaniaSi, gaaerTiana,<br />
daaSoSmina da Semoiriga igi. Tu kargad avwon-davwoniT yovelive amas, im<br />
daskvnemde mivalT, rom is ufro gulmowyale iyo, vidre florencieli xalxi,<br />
romelsac surda sastikis saxeli aecilebina Tavidan da pistoiis daqcevas ki<br />
Seuwyo xeli “(1.177) da, Semdeg: “egec ar iyos, yvela kacisa da, miT umetes,<br />
mTavarTa moqmedebas, romelTac gansasjelad ver warudgen sasamarTlos, misi<br />
saboloo Sedegebis mixedviT afaseben. amitom, mTavarma dae, mxolod<br />
gamarjvebisa da Zalauflebis SenarCunebisaTvis izrunos da saSualebebs,<br />
romliTac am mizans aRweven, yovelTvis patiosnad da qeba-didebis Rirsad<br />
Seracxaven, vinaidan brbos mxolod saqmis garegnuli mxare da saboloo Sedegi<br />
xiblavs” (1.185).<br />
literatura<br />
1.nikolo makiaveli — mTavari. gamomc. ”sabWoTa saqarTvelo”. Tbilisi. 1984.<br />
(gv.92-233)<br />
2.Николло Макиавелли – История флоренции. Изд. «Наука», 1987<br />
44
Tomas moris (1477-1535) utopia<br />
Tomas mori daibada ingliseli sasamarTlo moxelis ojaxSi. ganaTleba miiRo<br />
oqs<strong>for</strong>dis universitetSi da henri VIII samsaxuSi ekava sakmaod maRali Tanamdebobebi.<br />
iyo jer lankasteris sahercogos, xolo Semdeg inglisis kancleri.<br />
megobrobda holandiel humanistTan, erazm roterdamelTan. naSromma “utopiam”<br />
mas saqveyno saxeli moupova. mors gadulaxavi problemebi Seeqmna mas Semdeg, rac<br />
henri VIII Tavi inglisis eklesiis meTaurad gamoacxada. mori ar iziarebda<br />
protestantul Tvalsazriss da erTgulebda romis paps. protestantizmis<br />
gavrceleba inglisSi mas qristianobis sawinaarmdego aqciad, qristianuli<br />
eklesiis gaxleCvis dasawyisad miaCnda. am motivaciiT, man fici ar misca henri VIII,<br />
rogorc inglisis eklesiis meTaurs. Sedegad, Tomas mori saxelmwifo Ralatis<br />
braldebiT jer tauerSi gamoamwyvdies, xolo Semdeg wels sikvdiliT dasajes.<br />
1886 wels kaTolikurma eklesiam mori wmindanad Seracxa.<br />
“utopia” gamoica 1516 wels levenSi (belgia). is aris ori nawilisagan<br />
Semdgari nawarmoebi, romelic ararsebuli kunZulis, utopiis politikur da<br />
socialur wyobas. naSromis berZnuli sityvebisagan nawarmoebi saxelwodeba “utopia”,<br />
rac daaxloebiT SeiZleba “uadgilod” an “adgilis armqoned” iTargmnos,<br />
mkiTxvels mianiSnebda, rom wignSi laparaki iyo realurad ararsebul<br />
saxelmwifoze. wignis pirveli nawili eZRvneba inglisis politikuri da<br />
socialuri wyobis mZafr kritikas, xolo meore nawilSi gadmocemulia utopiuri<br />
saxelmwifos pozitiuri Sinaarsi. wignis kompozicia imgvarad aris Sekruli, rom<br />
kritikulad Sefasebuli inglisis saxelmwifo mowyoba utopielTa saxelmwifos<br />
srul antipods warmoadgens.<br />
platonis saxelmwifoze saubrisas, avRniSneT gansxvaveba platonis idealur<br />
saxelmwifosa da moris utopias Soris. axla kvlav gavimeorebT ra azrs maT Soris<br />
arsebiTi gansxvavebis Taobaze, gvinda mivuTiToT saerTo momentebzedac. mori,<br />
ra Tqma unda, icnobs platonios saxelmwifos Teorias da iziarebs bevr mis ideas.<br />
es exeba rogorc qonebriv sakiTxebs, aseve utopiuri saxelmwifos yofis<br />
calkeul detalebs.<br />
kerZo sakuTreba da qonebrivi Tanasworobis idea<br />
mori albaT erT-erTi pirvelia maT Soris, vinc Tavisi Sromis kritikul<br />
nawilSi Zalze mZafrad ayenebda socialuri uTanasworobis problemas da saxavda<br />
gzebs mis aRmosafxvrelad. xalxis mZime mdgomareoba, romlis aRwerasac is<br />
dauzareblad ubrundeba xolme sxvadasxva gverdebze, Cans erT-erTi mZlavri<br />
impulsi iyo “utopiis” Sesaqmnelad.<br />
mori asaxelebs or mTavar mizezs qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime mdgomareobis<br />
asaxsnelad: erTi gaxlavT gauTavebeli konfliqturi urTierTobebi mezobel<br />
qveynebTan, rac xelisuflebas aiZulebda mudmiv sabrZolo mzadyofnaSi yoloda<br />
soliduri samxedro Zala. misi Senaxva ki Zalze Zviri ujdeboda gadasaxadebis<br />
gadamxdelebs.<br />
meore, mizezad mori imas asaxelebs, rom am dros inglisSi “cxvarma SeWama<br />
adamiani”. es ukanaskneli gamoTqma, romelic SemdgomSi qveyanaSi kapitalizmis<br />
ganviTarebiT gamowveuli socialuri kataklizmebis <strong>for</strong>mula gaxda, xatovnad<br />
asaxavs inglisSi mimdinare realur procesebs. kerZod, inglisis msxvil<br />
qalaqebSi manufaqturuli warmoebis rentabelobam mZlavri biZgi misca soflis<br />
raionebSi tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSlas. cvlilebas saTaveSi memamuleebi<br />
Caudgnen, romelTaTvis sasoflo sameurneo produqciis moyvanaze ufro<br />
momgebiani, matylis warmoeba gaxda. daiwyo cxvris intensiuri moSeneba da<br />
maTTvis aucilebeli saZovrebisaTvis sivrcis uzrunvelsayofad glexobis<br />
masiuri ayra sacxovrebeli adgilebidan. daingra soflebi, daingra meurneobis<br />
tradiciuli wesi. gamoTavisuflebuli samuSao Zala srulad ver Seisruta<br />
ganviTarebadma qalaqebma. darCa uamravi usaxlkaro mawanwala, romelTac<br />
maTxovrobiT da qurdbacacobiT gahqonda Tavi. Seqmnili diskom<strong>for</strong>tis<br />
45
aRmosafxvrelad, xelisuflebam Zalze mkacri kanonebi miiRo maT winaaRmdeg.<br />
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tomas mori aRniSnavda, rom qurdobisaTvis<br />
sikvdiliT dasja yovlad gaumarTlebelia, radgan jer erTi, is adekvaturia —<br />
fulis warTmevisaTvis ar SeiZleba kacs wavarTvaT sicocxle — da meorec, is<br />
sulac ar spobs qurdobas. aranakleb uvargisi Cans es kanoni im TvalsazrisiTac,<br />
rom erTi da igive sasjelia dawesebuli qurdobisa da mkvlelobisaTvis. vinc<br />
aqamde mxolod Zarcvas dasjerdeboda, axla SeiZleba mowmis mosaspobad<br />
mkvlelobazedac ki wavides. amitom kanoni boritebas ki ar aRmofxvravs, piriqiT,<br />
amravlebs mas.<br />
mori gvTavazobs konkretul RonisZiebebs viTarebis gamosasworelad:<br />
• fermerebis, soflebis gamanadgureblebma an aRadginon soflebi, an miscen<br />
amis saSualeba imaT, visac Sesabamisi survili d mondomeba gaaCnia;<br />
• mdidrebs SeezRudoT sasoflo savargulebis Sesyidvis ganusazRvreli<br />
ufleba, SeizRudos monopoliebi da aikrZalos muqTaxorebis rCena;<br />
• aRdges soflebSi matylis damuSaveba da miwaTmoqmedeba.<br />
aRniSnuli RonisZiebebi mainc konkretuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad<br />
mimarTuli nabijebia. arsebobs socialur ubedurebaTa ufro zogadi mizezi —<br />
kerZo sakuTreba. sadac batonobs kerZo sakuTreba, sadac yvelaferi fuliT<br />
izomeba — wers avtori — TiTqmis SeuZlebelia saxelmwifos saqmeTa sworad da<br />
warmatebiT marTva. sxvagvarad aseT sazogadoebaSi gamarTlebulad unda<br />
CaiTvalos is garemoeba, rom yvelaferi saukeTeso yvelaze ufro uRirsebs<br />
xvdeba, an is, rom yvelaferi xalxis mxolod Zalze mcire nawils aqvs<br />
ganawilebuli da, warmoidgine, rom isinic ver cxovroben rogorc saWiroa,<br />
danarCenebs ki srul siRatakeSi ZvrebaT suli (1. 64-65).<br />
qonebrivi gaTanasworebis ideas mori platonis analogiuri ideis<br />
avtoritetiT mosavs. qonebrivi Tanasworoba, iseve rogorc platonisaTvis,<br />
misTvisac sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis wyaroa da piriqiT, kerZo sakuTreba<br />
sazogadoebrivi erTianobis rRvevis ZiriTad mizezad saxeldeba. ramdenadac<br />
kerZo sakuTrebis sruli mospoba SeuZlebelia, mori moiTxovs miwis nakveTebis<br />
moculobis an fulis odenobisaTvis garkveuli zRvaris dawesebas. amasTan,<br />
avtoris mier qonebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelsayofad Semotanilia Tanabari<br />
da samarTliani ganawilebis meqanizmi. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom SezRudvebi qonebis<br />
moxveWaSi vrceldeba ara mxolod nobilitetze, aramed mefezedac. masac<br />
uwesdeba garkveuli zRvari, romelic aregulirebs mis qonebas.<br />
qonebrivi sakiTxis mogvareba qmnis aseT suraTs: utopiaSi araferi piradi ar<br />
arsebobs, yvela sazogado saqmes emsaxureba. ... aq ki, sadac qoneba serToa,<br />
gaWirvebaSi Cavardnis aravis eSinia, Tuki saxelmwifo beRlis gavsebaze izrunebs.<br />
radgan dovlaTs isini Tanabrad inawileban da ar zunwoben, iq ar arsebobs Raribi<br />
da upovari. da, Tumc ki TiToeuls piradi qoneba ar gaaCnia, mainc yvela<br />
mdidaria” (1. 136).<br />
safiqrebelia, mSromeli xalis duxWiri cxovrebis TanagrZnobiT, mors<br />
gamoumuSavda Sromisadmi Zalze specifiuri damokidebuleba, romelic gamoixata<br />
totaluri Sromis moTxovnasa da muqTaxorebis kritika-SeviwrovebaSi.<br />
muqTaxorebis rigebs Seadgenen: qalebi, mRvdlebi, berebi, keTilSobilebi da maTi<br />
ojaxebi, maTxovrebi. muqTaxorobis sawinaaRmdegod mors SemoRebuli aqvs raRac<br />
savaldebulo SromiTi begaris msgavsi. “utopiaSi” xSirad waawydebiT imis msgavs<br />
frazebs, rogoricaa - “yvela qals da kacs erTi saqme aqvs — miwaTmoqmedeba —<br />
romlisganac aravin Tavisufldeba”. ... “aravin ijdes uqmad” da a.S. aseTi “SromiTi<br />
begara”, romelic mxolod fizikur saqmianobas gulisxmobs, vrceldeba<br />
jariskacebzec da mecnierebzedac, radgan arc erTi maTganis saqmianoba Sromad<br />
ar iTvleba.<br />
moqalaqeebis SromiTi valdebuleba SemdgomSi utopiuri sazogadoebis sxva<br />
SezRudvebis wyarod iqceva. kerZod, izRudeba moqalaqeTa gadaadgileba qveynis<br />
SigniT. es ki xdeba ara adamianTa Tavisuflebis SezRudvis surviliT, aramed isev<br />
muSaxelis deficitis gaCenis safrTxidan gamomdinare. moris rekomendaciiT,<br />
46
mezobel raionSi aucilebel saqmeze wasuli moqalaqe unda iRebdes specialur<br />
nebarTvas da iq asrulebdes savaldebulo samuSaos. Cans mors imedi hqonda, rom<br />
qveyanaSi, sadac yvela gamwarebiT muSaobs da produqti Tanabrad nawildeba,<br />
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos cxovrebis maRali done.<br />
utopiaSi arsebobs monoba. monebad aqceven ara omSi datyvevebulebs an<br />
monebis Svilebs, aramed im Tanamoqalaqeebs, visac sikvdili aqvT misjili an<br />
utopiaSi, an sxva qveyanaSi. sainteresoa, rom SromiTi valdebulebebis<br />
TvalsazrisiT, Tu monis borkilebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, gansxvaveba<br />
moqalaqesa da monas Soris mxolod raodenobrivia. moqalaqe Sromobs 6 saaTis<br />
ganmavlobaSi, mona “maradJams”.<br />
sxva sakiTxebi<br />
sxva sakiTxebdan, romelTa gadmocemas mori nakleb dros rodi uTmobs Tavis<br />
naSromSi aRvniSnavT mxolod ramdenimes. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, morma<br />
SeinarCuna ojaxis fenomeni. saerTo colebsa da Svilebze is arsad laparakobs.<br />
Tumca qorwinebas Camocilebuli aqvs sakraluri Sinaarsi da is qceulia<br />
samoqalaqo aqtad. samagierod, swavla-aRzrdis sakiTxebi TiTqmis platonur<br />
stilSia gadawyvetili. yoveli bavSvi 5 wlis asakamde, ojaxis gareT, ZiZaTa<br />
TavSesafarSi izrdeba. aRiarebs ra swavlis did rols moqalaqeebis aRzrdis<br />
saqmeSi, mors saWirod miaCnia ganaTlebis mkacri regulireba xelisuflebis mier.<br />
sagangebod miCenilma moxeleebma unda uzrunvelyon sajaro kiTxva. ganaTleba,<br />
rogorc sulieri siamovnebis miniWebis saSualeba, cxovrebis bednierebis wyarod<br />
cxaddeba.<br />
moqalaqeTa tansacmeli utopiaSi uni<strong>for</strong>masaviTaa da is gansxvavdeba mxolod<br />
imis mixedviT,Tu ra asakis adamians mosavs. qveynis SigniT ar funqcionirebs<br />
fuli. marTalia arsebobs bankebis msgavsi dawesebulebebi, magram maT sagareo<br />
vaWrobis da omis SemTvevaSi saxsrebis gaRebis amocana ekisrebaT.<br />
qveynis nameti mosaxleoba Tanabrad gansaxldeba qveynis teritoriaze sxva da<br />
sxva raionebSi. mosaxleobis Sida migracias gegmazomierad axorcielebs<br />
saxelmwifos xelisufleba. utopielebi ar eridebian kooniebis daarsebas ucxo<br />
teritoriebze da arc omze amboben uars sakuTari interesebis dasacavad.<br />
omis mizezia an samSoblos dacva da momxvduris gandevna, an tiraniiT<br />
Seviwrovebuli xalxebis daxmareba. omisaTvis samzadisi Tanabrad vrceldeba<br />
rogorc qalze, aseve mamakacze. orive gadis samxedro wvrTnas. utopielTa armia<br />
moxaliseebisagan Sedgeba. omis warmoebisas, SeiaraRebul Setakebas mxolod<br />
ukiduresi niSvneloba aqvs. Tanac, am dros utopielebi Zalze ufrTxildebian<br />
sakuTar mosaxleobas da cdiloben brZolebSi pirvel rigSi daqiravebulebi<br />
gaoiyenon. Tumca, isini warmatebis misaRwevad amjobineben sxva mravalferovan<br />
gzebs mimarTon, maT Sorisaa: mtris meTauris mokvla, mtris mosyidva, gaTiSvis<br />
politika, mtrebis winaaRmdeg mezobeli xalxebis waqezeba da a.S.<br />
qveynis politikuri institutebis aRweras mori SedarebiT nakleb dros<br />
uTmobs. naxsenebia senati, saxalxo kreba da rigi Tanamdebobis pirebis<br />
arCeviTobac, magram mTlianobaSi aRwera Zunwia da mraval kiTxvas tovebs.<br />
mTlianobaSi, qveynis politikur institutebze STabeWdilebas gviqmnis moris<br />
mier aRwerili socialuri struqturebi, radgan es ukanaskneli ufro metadaa<br />
moris interesis sagani.<br />
1. Tomas mori — utopia. Tsu gamomc., 1983.<br />
literatura<br />
2. Алберто Петручани – Вымысел и поучение. «Утопия» Томаса Мора как исходная модель.<br />
В кн. «Утопия и утопическое мышление». Изд. «Прогресс», Москва 1991. (стр. 98-113).<br />
47
Tomas hobsis (1588-1679) “leviaTani”<br />
liberaluri filosofiisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis<br />
daxasiaTeba SegviZlia daviwyoT Tomas hobsis Sexedulebebis gadmocemiT.<br />
mis politikur SromebSi warmodgenilia TiTqmis yvela mniSvnelovani<br />
debuleba, romelic SemdgomSi ganmsazRvreli iqneba liberalizmisaTvis.<br />
miuxedavad imisa, rom hobss ar Ralatobs arc gadmocemis stili da arc siTamame,<br />
mis nawerebSi mainc SeiniSneba erTgvari araTanmimdevruloba, rac, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, im epoqis sirTuliT unda avxsnaT, romelSiac hobss mouwia cxovreba da<br />
moRvaweoba. mwerlis araTanmimdevruloba, romelzedac Cven vsaubrobT, ufro<br />
konkretulad, Cans gamowveulia ori ZiriTadi mizeziT: jer erTi, revoluciis<br />
epoqis Tavad politikuri movlenebis uaRresad rTuli da bundovani xasiaTiT,<br />
rac mkvlevars problemas uqmnida maT Sesaxeb martivi da calsaxad gasagebi<br />
msjelobebis da daskvnebis gadmosacemad; meore, mwerlis mdgomareobiT, romelic<br />
iZulebuli iyo angariSi gaewia dapirispirebuli politikuri ZalebisaTvis.<br />
grZeli parlamentis xanaSi, 1640 wlidan, manamde mefisadmi loialuri hobsi<br />
ingliss gaerida. frangul emigraciaSi myofi, hobsi gadaurCa revoluciis qaoss<br />
da samoqalaqo oms. samSobloSi hobso mxolod 1651 wels kromvelis nebarTviT<br />
dabrunda. diqtatori, Cans kmayofili iyo met-naklebad neitralur inglisel<br />
inteleqtualebTan TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobiT. SemTxveviTi rodi iyo, rom<br />
hobss jer saxelmwifo mdivnis posti SesTavazes, xolo Semdeg, daavales<br />
moemzadebina britanuli universitetebis re<strong>for</strong>mis proeqti.<br />
igive 1651 wels, londonSi gamoica hobsis naSromi “leviaTani”, romelmac mis<br />
avtors msoflio saxelTan erTad emigracieSi myofi klerikalebis da<br />
roialistebis risxva moutana. kritikosebis mier “leviaTani” aRqmuli iqna iseT<br />
naSromad, romelic revolucionerebis wisqvilze asxamda wyals. hobss<br />
revoluciisadmi simpaTiis garda, aTeistoba dabralda. traqtatis Sinaarss rom<br />
Tavi davaneboT, mat gasaRizianeblad sakmarisi iqneboda mxolod naSromis<br />
gamoce,is garekani, romelzedac gamosaxul Zlevamosili saxelmwifos simbolos,<br />
leviaTans, kromvelis saxe hqonda.<br />
samefo xelisuflebis restavraciam mZime mdgomareobaSi Cayena hobsi. misi<br />
“leviaTani” akrZaluli literaturis siaSi moxvda.. damatebiT, mas mefem<br />
aukrZala religiur da politikur Temebze Sromebis gamoqveyneba. albaT, swored<br />
es iyo erT-erTi mizezi imisa, ratomac misi Semdegi mniSvnelovani politikuri<br />
xasiaTis naSromi, “behemoti, anu grZeli parlamenti” ar gamoqveynda. am SromaSi<br />
hobsi ganixilavda samoqalaqo omis mizezebs imgvarad, rom samefo xelisuflebis<br />
TvalSi reabilitacias cdilobda.<br />
rebilitaciis ufro aSkara mcdelobas warmoadgenda 1668 wels laTinur<br />
enaze gamocemuli “leviaTani”. is mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda inglisuri<br />
variantisagan, radgan hobsma axal gamocemas sakmaod ucvala saxe. ase magaliTad,<br />
termin “saxelmwifos” aRmniSvnelad inglisur variantSi gamoiyeneboda<br />
revolucionerebisaTvis saTuTi sityva “Commonwelth” maSin, rodesac laTinur<br />
oreulSi mis adekvatur terminad aRebuli iqna “civitas”, xolo umravles<br />
SemTxvevaSi ki “monarchia”. laTinur “leviaTanSi” avtorma amoiRo inglisuri<br />
gamocemis araerTi paragrafi da Caanacvla iseTi TavebiT, romlebic, Tu<br />
xelisuflebis mimarT loialobis nimuSad ar gamodgeboda, neitraluri pozicia<br />
mainc unda daefiqsirebina. marto is faqti rad Rirs, rom garekanze leviaTanis<br />
gamosaxulebaSi kromvelis saxes mefis saxe Caenacvla.<br />
am mcdelobebis miuxedavad, sruli reabilitacia samefo karze hobsma ver<br />
SesZlo. yvelas esmoda, rom mTavarma saTqmelma ukve gaiJRera. esec ar iyos,<br />
gadamuSavebuli “leviaTanic” Seicavda araerT iseT mtkicebas, romelic savsebiT<br />
sakmarisi iyo Tavisuflebisa da sxva arsebiTi liberaluri Rirebulebebis<br />
dasafuZneblad.<br />
48
1.adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba da misi implikaciebi<br />
aristoteluri tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, romelsac miaCnda, rom aris ra<br />
politikuri arseba, adamiani arsebobs mxolod politikur mdgomareobaSi,<br />
hobsis azriT, adamianTa politikur yofas, win uswrebs bunebrivi mdgomareoba.<br />
bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRweriT hobsi cdilobs ukeT aCvenos, Tu ra<br />
xdomilebebi ganapirobebs saxelmwifos warmoSobas.<br />
pirveli Tezisi, romelsac hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis gasacnobad<br />
gvTavazobs, liberalizmis qvakuTxedad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. gvaxsovs, rom<br />
platonma sakmaod didi adgili dauTmo imis mtkicebas, rom adamianebi bunebiT<br />
araTanasworni arian. hobsi bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwerisas amis sapirispiro<br />
postulatidan amodis. is wers: “bunebam adamianebi fizikuri da gonebrivi<br />
unarebis mixedviT Tanasworni Seqmna, radgan marTalia, zogjer Cven vakvirdebiT,<br />
rom erTi adamiani meoreze ufro Ronieri an Wkviania, magram Tu maT yvelas<br />
erTianobaSi ganvixilavT, aRmoCndeba, rom gansxvaveba maT Soris arcTu ise<br />
didia, rom romelime adamians mis safuZvelze SesZleboda moeTxova TavisTvis<br />
raime sasikeTo imgvarad, rom sxva adamians ar hqondes igives moTxovnis<br />
analogiuri ufleba” (1.149).<br />
hobsis am citataSi sayuradReboa Semdegi kontraversia: a) hobsi, rogorc<br />
vxedavT, sulac ar laparakobs imaze, rom adamianebi erTmaneTisagan seriuli<br />
warmoebis produqtebiviT ganusxvavebelni arian. is mxolod imas ambobs, rom maT<br />
Soris umniSvnelo sxvaobidan ar gamomdinareobs romelime maTganis gamorCeuli<br />
ufleba akeTebdes an flobdes raimes. b) Tuki romelime adamians aqvs<br />
samarTlebrivi safuZveli sxvisgan gansxvavebiT moiTxovos an flobdes raimes, es<br />
safuZveli ar momdinareobs misi bunebrivi Tvisebebidan.<br />
es ukanaskneli debuleba hobsis amocanadac ki SegviZlia CavTvaloT, radgan<br />
vxedavT ra sazogadoebaSi arsebul socialur-politikur diferenciacias da<br />
amave dros viziarebT Teziss bunebiTi Tanasworobis Sesaxeb, albaT, (am<br />
SemTxvevaSi hobsis) politikur Teorias unda movTxovoT agvixsnas, ra qmnis aseT<br />
gansxvavebas.<br />
hobsi gvTavazobs Semdeg amxsnel nabijebs: adamianebs Soris unarebis<br />
erTgvaroba aris urTierTundoblobis da konfliqtis wyaro. bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobaSi iqmneba totaluti konfliqtis viTareba — yvelas omi yvelas<br />
winaaRmdeg. mas aRvivebs adamianis Tandayolili iseTi mankierebani, rogoricaa<br />
undobloba, metoqeoba, didebis wyurvili. pirvelis mizeziT adamianebi ibrZvian<br />
usafrTxoebisaTvis, meoris — nadavlis xelSi Casagdebad, xolo mesamis gamo ki<br />
Rirsebis gansamtkiceblad.<br />
imis gasaazreblad, Tu rogor unda gavigoT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg,<br />
hobsi aseT ganmartebas aZlevs oms: omi ar aris mxolod SeiaraRebuli konfliqti.<br />
konfliqtebs Soris arsebobs Sualedebi, romlis drosac metoqeebi avlenen<br />
aSkara samzadiss an mzaobas SetakebisaTvis. rogorc “cud amindSi” igulisxmeba<br />
dro wvimasa da wvimas Soris, aseve omi aris periodi SeiaraRebuli Setakebebisa da<br />
maT Soris arsebuli droiTi Sualedebis. mTeli danarCeni dro mSvidobad<br />
iwodeba.<br />
mTeli im drois ganmavlobaSi, vidre xorcieldeba totaluri urTierTmtroba,<br />
da undobloba, rodesac ZalaSia principi — “adamiani adamianisaTvis<br />
mgelia” — aravin grZnobs Tavs daculad. fizikurad gacilebiT sust adamians<br />
Zalze iolad SeuZlia sicocxle mouswrafos masze ufro Zliers. aRniSnul<br />
viTarebas didad ganapirobebs saerTo xelisuflebis ararseboba. sadac ar<br />
arsebobs xelisufleba, iq ar asrsebobs arc samarTali da kanoni da, Sesabamisad,<br />
verc erT qmedebaze ver vityviT samarTliania is, Tu usamarTlo. rasakvirvelia,<br />
rom amgvar viTarebaSi yoveli adamiani Tavs daucvelad grZnobs (1.154).<br />
hobss Zalze surs, rom mis mier adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis aRwera ar<br />
daemsgavsos fiqcias, ar miiRos miTiuri gamonagonis xasiaTi. amitom kiTxvaze,<br />
sad SeiZleba viguloT aseTi bunebrivi mdgomareoba, is gvapasuxobs, rom amgvar<br />
mdgomareobaSi arian amerikaSi mcxobrebi tomebi da ara mxolod isini. aseTive<br />
situaciaSi arian adamianebi revoluciebisa da didi socialuri areulobebis<br />
dros. magram, sdac ar unda xdebodes msgavsi ram, yvela SemTxvevaSi, adamians<br />
49
surs gamovides situaciidan. aseT dros mas vnebebi (sikvdilis SiSi, miswrafeba<br />
usafrTxo da kom<strong>for</strong>tuli cxobrebisaken) da goneba. lorens bernsi, Tavis<br />
hobsis politikuri filosofiisadmi miZRvnil SromaSi imgvarad aRwers<br />
viTarebas, TiTqos hobsis TeoriaSi gonebis roli bunebiTi samarTlis<br />
principebis dadgenaSi umniSvnelo iyos. is wers: “bunebiTi mdgomareoba<br />
gamoiyvaneba adamianis vnebebidan; es ki niSnavs, rom Cven mogviwevs gavigoT, Tu<br />
rogoria adamianis bunebrivi midrekilebebi, raTa CamovayaliboT swori<br />
politikuri wesrigi. ... Sedegad, TviTSegadarCena, SiSis, Zaladobrivi sikvdilis<br />
SiSis gamo, Zalze mniSvnelovan, ganmsazRvrel vnebad iqceva” (2.357). Cven<br />
vfiqrobT, rom miuxedavad adamianis emociuri samyaros didi mniSvnelobisa,<br />
Tundac bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, ganmsazRvreli mainc gonebaa, radgan swored<br />
goneba axdens adamianis bunebiTi uflebebidan bunebiTi kanonebis gamoyvanas da<br />
amiT dasabams aZlevs politikur da socialur wesrigs. ra gansxvavebaa bunebiT<br />
uflebasa da bunebiT kanons Soris?<br />
aristotele ganasxvavebda erTmaneTisagan saxemlwifo kanonmdeblobis<br />
bunebiT da konvencionalur wyaros (ix. “nikomaqes eTika” 1134 b 18-20). mis<br />
msgavsad, hobsi saubrobs bunebiTi uflebis (jus naturale) da bunebiTi kanonis (lex<br />
naturalis) Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba maT Soris isaa, rom pirveli aris adaminis<br />
Tavisufleba sakuTari sicocxlis SesanarCuneblad gamoiyenos yvela is<br />
saSualeba, romelsac saWirod CaTvlis. amisgan gansxvavebiT, bunebiTi kanoni<br />
aris gonebis proskripcia, mocemuli zogadi samoqmedo wesis saxiT, romelic<br />
adamians ukrZalavs imis keTebas, rac misi sicocxlisaTvis saxifaToa iseve,<br />
rogorc imis ugulvebelyofas, rac igivesaTvis sasargebloa (1.155). amrigad,<br />
gansxvaveba jus-sa da lex-s Soris emsgavseba gansxvavebas Tavisuflebasa da<br />
valdebulebas Soris erTi da igive xdomilebis mimarT. Tu pirveli afiqsirebs<br />
adamianis moqmedebis Tavisuflebas akeTos misTvis saWiro ram, meore ayalibebs<br />
amis gakeTebis valdebulebas. amasTan, ukanasknelis bunebiTobaze SegviZlia<br />
visaubroT imdenad, ramdenadac adamianis bunebiT moniWebuli gonebrivi uarebiT<br />
dgindeba da gamoiyvaneba bunebiTi uflebebisagan.<br />
am gamijvnis Semdeg, gasagebia, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamiani<br />
mTlianad jus naturale-s moqmedebis zonaSi imyofeba, radgan araferi<br />
avaldebulebs mas Tavisi Sexedulebebisamebr uari sTqvas nebismier aqciaze,<br />
romelsac ki misTvis saWirod CaTvlis. es viTareba bunebiTi samarTlis enaze,<br />
SeiZleba dafiqsirdes <strong>for</strong>muliT — “yvelas bunebiTi ufleba yvelaferze”.<br />
magram, ramdenadac arsebul viTarebaSi aravis aqvs usafrTxoebis elementaruli<br />
garantia da arseboba momravlebul riskebTanaa dakavSirebuli, saqmeSi ereva<br />
goneba, romelic ayalibebs ramdenime bunebiT kanons. maT Soris: 1. an unda<br />
ganvamtkicoT mSvidoba, an unda yvela SesaZlo xerxiT uzrunvelyoT sakuTari<br />
usafrTxoeba. Semdeg, 2. Tu mSvidobaze Tanaxmaa erTi mxare, maSin meore<br />
valdebulia uari sTqvas Tavis uflebaze yvela sagnis mimarT im xarisxiT, ra<br />
xarisxiTac sxva ityvis uars igiveze da a.S. am wesiT sul gamoyvanilia cxrameti<br />
kanoni da rigi damatebiTi principebi, romelTac unda uzrunvelyon niadagi<br />
bunebiTi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze gadasasvlelad. am gziT<br />
midian adamianebi sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebamde, romelic sxva araferia, Tu<br />
ara bunebiTi uflebebis urTierTze gadatana, anu uflebaTa gacvla (1.159; 161.).<br />
hobsi miuTiTebs, rom bunebiTi kanonebi maradiulia. magram amave dros ar<br />
unda dagvaviwydes arc is, rom isini geometriuli wesiT deducirebulia<br />
bunebiTi uflebidan. aq adgili ar aris e.w. geometriuli meTodis deskripciisaTvis.<br />
masze damakmayofilebel warmodgena eqneba imas, vinc icnobs am<br />
meTodiT agebul spinozas “eTikas”. magram, im viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom<br />
kanonad wodebuli Tezisebi swored asea deducirebuli avtoris Tavis miwuruls<br />
akeTebs Semdeg SeniSvnas: “gonebis am ganCinebeba adamianebi Cveulebriv kanonebs<br />
uwodeben, rac sinamdvileSi ar Seesatyviseba maT arsebas. es preskripciebi<br />
mxolod daskvnebi an Teoremebia imis Taobaze, rac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa<br />
SenarCunebas da dacvas maSin, romdesac kanoni, sakuTrivi zriT, gulisxmobs imis<br />
mer gaxorcielebul ganCinebas, visac sxvisi mbrZaneblobis ufleba aqvs. Tumca,<br />
Tu Cven am Teoremebs RvTisagan boZebulebad ganvixilavT, maSin isini<br />
50
samarTlianad iwodebian kanonebad” (1.185). bunebiTi kanonebi, Sinaarsis mixdeviT,<br />
emTxvevian samoqalaqo kanonebs. bunebiTi kanonebi, ityvis ufro gvian hobsi,<br />
sulac ar arian kanonebi am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT, aramed ufro<br />
sxvadasxva saxis principebs warmoadgenen, romelTac SeuZliaT adamianebis<br />
ganwyoba mSvidobisa da samoqalaqo wesrigisaken. mxolod saxelmwifos<br />
xeldasmiT, misi umaRlesi warmomadgenlis gansakuTrebuli brZanebulebiT<br />
iqcevian isini samoqalaqo kanonebad (1. 283).<br />
2. pirovnebis (personis) cneba<br />
pirovnebis (personis) cneba saWiroa saxelmwifos hobsiseuli koncefciis<br />
srulyofilad gasaazreblad. uzenaesi persona, rogorc Semdegi Tavidan gaxdeba<br />
naTeli aris saxelmwifo. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, Tu ra konkretuli Sinaarsi<br />
ideba am cnebaSi, unda gavarkvioT jer “personis” ra mxareebze akeTebs aqcents<br />
hobsi.<br />
pirovneba aris is, visi sityvebi an moqmedebebi ganixileba, an rogorc misi<br />
sakuTari, an rogorc sxva adamianis sityvebi da moqmedebebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi,<br />
pirovneba bunebrivia, meore SemTxvevaSi — xelovnuri. sityva pirovnebis,<br />
laTinuri “person”-is Sesatyvisad berZnebi iyenebdnen “προσωπον”-s, romelic<br />
aRniSnavda saxes, gamometyvelebas msgavsad imisa, rogorc laTinuri persona<br />
gamoxatavda morTulobas, adamianis gare Sesaxedaobas. am mniSvnelobiT<br />
gamoixateboda es termini Teatris moqmed pirTa morTulobis mimarT da<br />
umravles SemTxvevaSi aRniSnavda morTulobis swored im nawils, romelic<br />
faravda saxes, anu aRniSnavda niRabs. Teatris sferodan am terminma Semdeg<br />
gadainacvla sasamarTlosaken da aRniSnavda yvela sityvis warmomTqmel am<br />
momqmed pirs. amitom, pirovneba (persona) aris momqmedi (Tu sityviT gamosvlas<br />
moqmedebis nairsaxeobad gavigebT), piri. sul erTia sasamarTloSi, scenaze, Tu<br />
yofiT viTarebebSi. aqve igulisxmeba, rom es piri Tavis moqmedebebSi an Tavis<br />
Tavs warmoadgens, an sxvas.<br />
3.saxelmwifo da xelSekruleba<br />
finaluri mizezi imisa, ratomac amjobineben saxelmwifos saxiT lagams<br />
Tavisuflebismoyvare adamianebi, aris zrunva TviTgadarCenaze da cxovrebis<br />
ukeTes pirobebze.saxelmwifos daarsebiT adamianebi cdiloben daarwion Tavi<br />
omis ubadruk yofas, maTTvis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi vnebebs rom mouxvevia<br />
Tavs. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi xom ar arsebobs aSkara Zalaufleba, romelic<br />
dasjis muqariT aiZulebda adamianebs SeesrulebinaT bunebiTi kanonebi.<br />
xelSekruleba maxvilis gareSe — fiqrobs hobsi — mxolod carieli sityvaa,<br />
romelic adamians ver miscems usafrTxoebis garantias.<br />
maSin, ra SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo Sedga? SegviZlia Tu<br />
ara, vTqvaT, aristoteles kvalad CavTvaloT, rom erTad Tavmoyrili soflebis<br />
garkveuli raodenoba Seadgens saxelmwifos? Tu saxelmwifos erT-erTi<br />
ZiriTadi funqcia adamianTa usafrTxoebaa, erTi mizniT Tavmoyrili adamianebis<br />
didi masa xom sakmarisi unda iyos amisaTvis? hobss mravlad moyavs aseTi SesaZlo<br />
kiTxvebis sxvadasxva variaciebi imisaTvis, rom negatiuri pasuxis marTebulobaSi<br />
dagvarwmunos. marTlac, Tuki adamianTa mxolod didi raodenobaa saknarisi<br />
imisaTvis, rom yovelgvari sajaro xelisuflebis gaeSe daculi iyos bunebiTi<br />
uflebebi da TiToeulma Tavi usafrTxod igrZnos, ratom ar SeiZleba igive<br />
gavrceldes mTel kacobriobaze? magram, sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris.<br />
imisaTvis, rom adamianTa xelSekrulebas hqondes mudmivi xasiaTi da<br />
xangrZlivad, ara raRac mokle periodiT, aregulirebdes sazogadoebriv<br />
urTierTobebs, garda adamianTa masisa da Tavad SiSveli xelSekrulebisa,<br />
saWiroa kidev raRac, rac uzrunvelyofs am xelSekrulebis Sesrulebas. es raRac<br />
aris sajaro xelisufleba, romelis sasjelis SiSis qveS amyofebda adamianebs da<br />
51
mimarTavda maT saerTo miznebis Sesasruleblad.<br />
rogor, ris safuZvelze unda Seiqmnas sajaro xelisufleba? hobsi wers:<br />
“aseTi sajaro xelisufleba ... SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mxolod erTi gziT,<br />
kerZod, mTeli Zalauflebis, adamianTa Zalis erT adamianSi an adamianTa<br />
sakrebuloSi TavmoyriT” (1.196). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom xelisufleba<br />
xalxis warmomadgeneli unda iyos da TiTueulma moqalaqem sakuTari neba unda<br />
dauqvemdebaros saerTo nebis matarebel personas. aseTi erTianoba — hobsis<br />
azriT — ufro metia, vidre ubralo Tanxmoba an, gnebavT erTsulovneba. es aris<br />
realuri erTianoba xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli erT personaSi imgvarad,<br />
rom xelSekrulebis TiToeul monawile yovel sxva monawilesTan erTad, am erT<br />
personas an sakrebulos Tvlis sakuTari Tavis marTvis uflebis matareblad.<br />
“Tuki aseT raimes adgili eqna — wers hobsi — maSin am wesiT erT personaSi<br />
gaerTianebuli adamianTa erTianoba, iwodeba saxelmwifod, laTinurad — civitas.<br />
aseTia didi leviaTanis, an ufro meti pativis migebiT rom vTqvaT — im mokvdavi<br />
RmerTis dbadeba, romelsac ukvdavi RmerTis safarqveS myofni unda<br />
vumadlodeT mSvidobas da dacvas” (1.196). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifos<br />
yoveli wevri Tavis ufllebamosilebas gadaabarebs erT an ramdenime pirs, am<br />
ukanasknelTa xelSi Tavs iyris uzarmazari Zalaufleba, romelic sruliad<br />
sakmarisia saxelmwifos yoveli wevris, mTeli xalxis nebis misamarTad gare mtris<br />
winaaRmdeg an SidaaSlilobis aRsakveTad. am SeniSvnebisa da dazustebebis Semdeg,<br />
saxelmwifos gansazRvreba sabolood ase JRers: “saelmwifo aris erTiani<br />
persona, romlis moqmedebaze pasuxismgebloba xelSekrulebis dadebiT aiRo<br />
didi raodenobis xalxma, imisTvis, rom am erT personas SesZleboda yvela maTi<br />
Zalis da saxsaris gamoyeneba imgvarad, rogorc is saWirod CaTvlida maTive<br />
mSvidobisa da dacvisaTvis” (1.197). am erTiani personis matarebels ewodeba<br />
suvereni, anu is, vinc aris umaRlesi xelisuflebis matarebeli da, vinc<br />
xelSekrilebis ZaliT wamoadgens yvelas. yvela danarCens ewodeba qveSevrdomi.<br />
am umaRlesi postis miRweva SesaZlebelia ori gziT: an unda gamoyenebuli iyos<br />
fizikuri Zala da aseT SemTxvevaSi, Cven gveqneba moxveWiT miRebuli saxelmwifo,<br />
an moqalaqeebma unda dadon nebayoflobiTi xelSekruleba da maSin Cven miviRebT<br />
politikur saxelmwifos.<br />
saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi Teoria Semdgom ganviTarebas povebs<br />
liberaluri frTis sxva warmomadgenlebTan. is gansakuTrebiT sruladaa<br />
damuSavebuli rusosTan. rusosagan gansxvavebiT, hobsis xelSekrulebis Teoriis<br />
specifika isaa, rom xelSekruleba ideba mxolod qveSevrdomebs Soris da ara<br />
qveSevrdomebs da suverens Soris. am safuZvlidan gamomdinare, hobsi uaryofs<br />
suverenis xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis marTlzomierebas. hobsi pirdapir<br />
wers, rom am wesiT saxelmwifos Semdgenlebs ukve aRar SeuZliaT axali<br />
xelisuflebis dadeba, romlis ZaliTac isini morCilebas axal pirs gamoucxadebdnen.<br />
amitom, aravis aqvs monarqis damxobis, qveynis qaosSi Cagdebis da axali<br />
suverenis arCevis ufleba. es wesi, ramdenadme paradoqsulad, ar icvleba arc<br />
maSin, rodesac suvereni daarRvevs raime valdebulebas (1.199). SegviZlia<br />
aRvniSnoT, rom rusos xelSekrulebis Teoriam, romelic subieqtebad mzolod<br />
moqalaqeebs ki ara, aramed TiToeul moqalaqesTan suverenis mier dadebul<br />
garigebasac gulisxmobda, savsebiT logikurad CaTvala SesaZleblad, am<br />
ukanaskneli pasuxismgebloba xedSekrulebiT aRebuli valdebulebebis dar-<br />
Rvevis SemTxvevaSi. aman ki revoluciis Teoriuli dasabuTebas gauxsna gza.<br />
3.1. saxelmwifos mowyobis <strong>for</strong>mebi<br />
hobsi calke aRar ganixilavs sakiTxs imis Taobaze, saxelmwifos xelSekrulebiTi<br />
dafuZneba mxolod monarqiul saxelmwifoze vrceldeba, Tu yvela<br />
danarCen <strong>for</strong>mazedac, radgan dadebiTi pasuxi am kiTxvaze sakmaod naTlad<br />
gamosWvivis mis msjelobebSi. aseTi pozicia SesaZloa gaugebrobis wyaro gaxdes,<br />
Tuki ar gaviTvaliswineT misi zogierTi SeniSvna. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba<br />
saxelmwifo mowyobis iseT <strong>for</strong>mas, rogoricaa tirania. ra azriT SeiZleba iTqvas,<br />
52
om moZalade suverenis xelisufleba (gnebavT, Zaladobis principuli <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
rom aviRoT saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mirebis TvalsazrisiT, rodesac saxelmwifo<br />
dapyrobebis Sedegad iqmneba) xelSekrulebis Sedegia? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis<br />
SegviZlia mivakiTxoT hobsis mier berZnuli terminis “ δεσποτηζ“ (batoni,<br />
patroni) analizs.<br />
rodis xdeba mavani ama Tu im piris batoni? pasuxisaTvis hobsi laparakobs<br />
damonebis erT <strong>for</strong>maze — omSi mopovebul monebze. mavani batoni xdeba ara maSin,<br />
rodesac is daamarcxebs, miwaze dascems metoqes, aramed mxolod mas Semdeg,<br />
rodesac es ukanaskneli sakuTari sicocxlis fasad gamarjvebulis sakuTreba<br />
xdeba. es ki niSnavs, rom TviT am sazRvriT SemTxvevaSiac urTierTobas batonsa da<br />
monas Soris xelSekruleba adgens. aqedan, Znelia ar aris igive principebis<br />
gavrceleba ZaladobiT mopovebul saxelmwifo suverenobis im <strong>for</strong>maze, romelic<br />
Zaladobrivi gziT Camoyalibda. es ki niSnavs, rom moZalade xelisufalze<br />
zustad igive principebi xorcieldeba, romelic vrceldeba Cveulebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebiT warmoSobil xelisuflebis sxva <strong>for</strong>maze (1.226).<br />
saxelmwifoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian imis mixedviT, Tu ras<br />
warmoadgens am saxelmwifoSi is, vinc warmoadgens yvelas da TiToeuls, anu ras<br />
warmoadgens suvereni. (1.209). am principis Sesabamisad, hobsisaTvis arsebobs<br />
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis sul sami ZiriTadi <strong>for</strong>ma: monarqia, aristokratia da<br />
demokratia. rac Seexeba tiraniasa da oligarqias, isini mxolod monarqiis da<br />
aristokratiis uaryofiTi nairsaxeobebia. ufro zustad, “tirania” da<br />
“oligarqia” aris negatiuri daxasiaTebebi monarqiisa da aristokratiisaTvis. es<br />
sami ZiriTadi <strong>for</strong>ma imiT gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, Tu romeli maTgani ufro<br />
gamosadegia ZiriTadi miznis ganxorcielebaSi — qveSevrdomebis usafrTxoebis<br />
uzrunvelyofaSi. hobsi miuTiTebs, rom kriteriumad aseT SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia<br />
aviRoT interesebis Tanxvedra. sadac sazogadoebis interesebi yvelaze metad<br />
emTxveva xelisuflebis saTaveSi mdgomTa interesebs, iq ufro ukeT realizdeba<br />
saxelmwifos funqciebi da amocanebi. es ki, upirveles yovlisa, monarqiaSi xdeba,<br />
radgan monarqis saxels, didebas da simdidres gansazRvravs misi qveSevrdomebis<br />
saxeli, dideba da simdidre. amisgan gansxvavebiT, gvarwmunebs, hobsi,<br />
demokratiasa da aristokratiaSi, isini, vinc suverens ganaxorcieleben, maTi<br />
piradi interesebi gansxvavebulia saxelmwifos interesebisagan.<br />
4. suverenuli xelisufleba da misi sazRvrebi<br />
Cven ukve viciT, rom “suvereniT”, hobsis TeoriaSi, aRiniSneba xelisuflebis<br />
uzenaesi piri, sul erTia am pirs warmoadgens erTi adamiani, Tu adamianTa jgufi.<br />
rogorc vnaxeT, mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT fuZndeba aseTi<br />
saxelmwifo posti, romelsac ikavebs esa Tu is adamiani, Semdeg kontraqtis<br />
gauqmeba masTan da axali kontraqtis dadeba sxva pirTan aRar SeiZleba. suverenis<br />
xelisuflebisagan Camocilebis erTaderTi <strong>for</strong>maa misi sakuTari nebiT postidan<br />
gadadgoma. ramdenadme paradoqsulad es niSani vrceldeba ara mxolod im tipis<br />
suverenze, romelic warmoiSva sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis mixedviT, aramed<br />
imazedac, vinc suverenuli uflebebi moipova Zalis gamoyenebiT da Cven ukve<br />
viciT, rom hobsi am or saxes Soris principul gansxvavebas ver xedavs. maT Soris<br />
msgavsebaa SiSis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiTac. Tu suverenis posti politikurad<br />
myardeba, amisaken adamianebs ubiZgebs erTmaneTis SiSi, xolo Tu saxelmwifo<br />
yalibdeba dapyrobiT, maSin SiSis sagani dampyroblis Zalmomreobaa. TviT aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSic, mxolod sakuTari nebiT gadadgoma iqneba suverenis xelisuflebisagan<br />
Camocilebis erTaderTi <strong>for</strong>ma.<br />
amis garda, suverens aqvs sxva niSnebic, romelic SemosazRvravs mis Zalauflebasa<br />
da kompetencias. SevexoT ramdenime maTgans. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes,<br />
rom suverenis yvela ufleba momdinareobs misi, rogorc qveSevrdomebis<br />
usafrTxoebis garantorobidan. Sesabamisad, pirveli misi uflebaa iyos saboloo<br />
gadawyvetilebis mimRebi yvela im sakiTxSi, romelic exeba misi qveSevrdomebis<br />
mSvidobas da dacvas.<br />
53
• igive mosazrebebiT igi uflebamosilia gansajos saxelmwifoSi gamocemuli<br />
literaturis avkargianoba. daadginos principebi imisa, Tu ra saxis<br />
literaturaa saWiro da romeli avtorebi unda iyvnen rekomendirebulni;<br />
• suverens ekuTvnis, agreTve gansakuTrebuli aqtis ufleba, romelic adgens<br />
sakuTrebis uflebas (da sakuTreba ki arsebobs mxolod adamianTa<br />
politikur mdgomareobaSi, radgan bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yvelas<br />
yvelaferze aqvs sakuTrebis ufleba), mis sazRvrebs da kanonebs sakuTrebis<br />
irgvliv arsebuli sxvadasxva saxis problemebis mosagvareblad;<br />
• suvereni iTavsebs umaRlesi mosamarTlis funqciasac, rodesac sadavo<br />
xdeba Tavad kanoni, sulerTia, es kanoni aris bunebiTi, Tu samoqalaqo;<br />
• suverenis kompetenciaSi Sedis omis da mSvidobis sakiTxebi. is aris<br />
umaRlesi mTavarsardali da marTavs qveynis SeiaraRebul Zalebs;<br />
• suvereni Tavad irCevs yvela samoqalaqo pirs, rogorc samxedro, aseve<br />
samoqalaqo Tanamdebobaze. mas SeuZlia warCinebis niSnebiT daajildovos<br />
yvela piri, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina saxelmwifos samsaxurSi. daRildoebaSi<br />
Sedis rogorc Rirsebis sxvadasxva ordeniT, aseve titulebiT da qonebiT<br />
dajildoeba.<br />
am ZiriTadi uflebebis garda, ra Tqma unda, kidev arsebobs sxva uflebebic,<br />
romelTa CamoTvlas aq aRar gavagrZelebT. ufro mniSvnelovania miTiTeba imaze,<br />
rom suverens am funqciebis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. amave dros, arsebobs sruliad<br />
sxva saxis sakiTxebis rigi, romelTa gadawyveta suverens SeuZlia sruliad<br />
usafrTxod miandos romelime Tavis qveSevrdoms. aseTia, magaliTad, fulis<br />
moWra, mcirewlovanTa memkvidreobis sakiTxebi, bazris regulirebis problemebi<br />
da sxva. magram mas ar SeuZlia gaasxvisos umaRlesi mTavarsardlis funqcia,<br />
radgan Tu is mTavarsardlobas sxvas Caabarebs, maSin, realur Zalas moklebuli,<br />
veRarc umaRles mosamarTleobas ganaxorcielebs. Tu is uars ityvis qveynis<br />
finansebis gankargvaze, maSin ver gamokvebavs jars da a.S.<br />
hobsis es da yvela sxva msgavsi msjelobebi garkveul komentarebs saWiroebs.<br />
jer erTi, isini metyveleben imaze, rom arsebobs suverenis kompetenciis<br />
ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi da araarsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi da rom arsebiTi<br />
maxasiaTeblebis suverenis cnebis gareT gatana angrevs mis kompetencias. garda<br />
amisa, hobsis kvalifikaciebidan sakmaod naTlad Cans, rom igi mowinaaRmdegea<br />
xelisuflebis danawilebisa. suvereni aris rogorc umarlesi kanonmdebeli,<br />
aseve umaRlesi aRmasuflebeli moxele da mosamarTle. avtori arc malavs, rom<br />
aq laparakia arsebiT ZalTa danawilebaze. mizezi misi aseTi poziciisa, aris<br />
samoqalaqo omi, rac hobsis azriT, ori xelisuflebis, ori armiis logikuri<br />
Sedegi iyo. <strong>for</strong>mula “gaxleCili samefo ar SeiZleba SenarCunebuli iyos” (1.206) -<br />
swored am viTarebas afiqsirebs.<br />
umaRlesi xelisufalis xelSi aseTi Zlauflebis koncentracia bunebrivad<br />
warmoSobs eWvs qveSevrdomTa saerTo mdgomareobis Taobaze. isini SeiZleba<br />
ukmayofiloni gaxdnen monarqiiT da TavianTi uuflebobiT. hobsi SeniSnavs, rom<br />
sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebiT raRac ukmayofileba yovelTvis arsebobs da rpm is<br />
araferia im sikeTeebTan SedarebiT, rac politikur cxovrebas moaqvs bunebiTi<br />
mdgomareobisagan gansxvavebiT. Tu vityviT, rom mmarTvelobis monarqiuli<br />
<strong>for</strong>maa qveSevrdomTaTvis mZime, avtors amazedac aqvs pasuxi (sxva sakiTxia, ra<br />
Tqma unda, gaviziarebT Tu ara Cven mas), rom viTareba didiad gansxvavebuli ar<br />
aris arc demokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, radgan, rogorc gamocdileba<br />
gviCvenebs, demokratiuli saxelmwifos mcxovreblebi vela TavianT ubedurebas,<br />
mmarTvelobis am wess miaweren. “xelisufleba ki — SeniSnavs hobsi — rodesac is<br />
miaRwevs Tavis srlyofil <strong>for</strong>mas, erTgvaria yvela mis <strong>for</strong>maSi” (1.208).<br />
54
5. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba<br />
Zalze zogadad Tavisufleba niSnavs winaaRmdegobis ar arsebobas subieqtma<br />
ganaxorcielos misTvis sasurveli qceva. am qcevis mTavari moqmedi agenti, yvela<br />
SemTxvevaSi adamiania da ara misi calkeuli mxare. ase magaliTad, rodesac<br />
saubaria metyvelebis Tu Tu nebis Tavisuflebaze, aq yovelTvis adamianis<br />
Tvisufleba igulisxmeba. igulisxmeba, rom mas araferi uwevs winaaRmdegobas<br />
gaakeTos is, saiTac misi neba, survili, Tu midrekileba ubiZgebs. Tavisufleba<br />
savsebiT Seesatyviseba SiSs. Tu adamiani kanonis SiSiT asrulebs saxelmwifo<br />
valdebulebebs, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom is ar aris Tavisufali. igive<br />
mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tavisuflebis RvTaebriv aucileblobasTan mimarTebiT.<br />
RmerTs rom ar surdes adamianis Tavisufleba, maSin Tavisufeli nebis arseboba<br />
winaaRmdegobaSi movidoda RvTaebriv wesrigTan.<br />
magram arsebobs sul sxva saxis SemzRudveli garemoebebi, romelTac ufro<br />
xelovnuri xasiaTi aqvT da momdinareoben im xelSekrulebidan, romlis ZaliTac<br />
adamianebma Seqmnes samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba. am mimarTulebiT uzrunvelyofili<br />
adamianis Tavisufleba iqneba samoqalaqo Tavisufleba, anu rogorc<br />
hobsi uwodebs, qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba. qveSevrdomTa Tavisufleba<br />
vrceldeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela im sferoze, romelsac suverenma<br />
mdumared auara gverdi. maT Sorisaa yidva-gayidvis Tavisufleba, sacxovrebeli<br />
adgilis SerCevis Tavisufleba, sxvadasxva xelSekrulebebis dadebis Tavisufleba,<br />
sakvebi, cxovrebis wesi bavSvebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr aRzrdis<br />
Tavisufleba da, mravali, mravali sxva, rac gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris<br />
kanonmdeblobaSi. sinamdvileSi, ar arsebobs iseTi saxelmwifo, romelSiac yvela<br />
msgavsi detali gaTvaliswinebuli da reglamentirebuli iqneboda. igulisxmeba,<br />
rom qveSevrdomebs am mimarTulebiT sruli Tavisufleba aqvT. es Tavisufleba,<br />
amasTan savsebiT SeTavsebadia suverenis SeuzRudvel ZalauflebasTan. qalaq<br />
lukas mcxovreblebs iseve aqvT valdebulebebi xelisuflebis mimarT, rogorc<br />
konstantinepolis mcxovreblebs. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba erTgvaria rogorc<br />
monarqiaSi, aseve demokratiul saxelmwifoSi (1.237).<br />
garda im Tavisuflebebisa, romlebic qveSevrdomebs gaaCniaT yofiT situaciebis<br />
umetes nawilSi, rig SemTxvevebSi maT rCebaT Tavisufleba TviT<br />
suverenTan mimarTebiTac ki. aseTia, magaliTad, viTareba, rodesac suvereni qve-<br />
Sevrdoms mosakvdineblad miuCens vinmes (mniSvneloba ara aqvs, am dros,<br />
qveSevrdomi msjavrdadebulia Tu ara), yvela SemTxvevaSi, qveSevrdoms rCeba<br />
Tavdacvis, winaaRmdegobis gawevis ufleba. meorea viTareba, rodesac vinme dakiTxvaze<br />
imyofeba. adamiani valdebuli ar aris aRiaros danaSauli, radgan arc<br />
erT xelSekrulebas ar SeuZlia daavaldebulos adamiani daidanaSaulos Tavi da<br />
a.S.<br />
6. ekonomikis sakiTxebi<br />
saxelmwifos finansuri keTildReoba damokidebulia produqtis siWarbeze,<br />
momzadebaze, gagzavnaze daniSnulebis adgilze da mis ganawilebaze moqalaqeTa<br />
Soris. produqtis siWarbe ganisazRvreba Sromaze da adamianis gulmodginebaze.<br />
adamianis Sroma, hobsis azriT, aris saqoneli, rac yvelaze ufro cxadad imaSi<br />
vlindeba, rom igi warmatebiT SeiZleba gaicvalos nebismier sxva saqonelze.<br />
sakuTrebis ganawilebis problema yvela mmarTvelobis pirobebSi umaRles<br />
xelisuflebas miekuTvneba. sakuTrebis Semotana saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi,<br />
xorcieldeba suverenis mier. hobsis es mtkiceba ufro wonadi gaxdeba mas<br />
Semdeg, rac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aq laparakia ara imdenad calkeuli nivTebis<br />
flobaze, aramed sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrel saxeebze. sakuTrebis ZiriTadi <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
am periodSi aris sakuTreba miwaze, romlis ganawilebisa da SenarCunebis<br />
sakiTxebSi, cxadia, ereva suvereni.<br />
calke exeba hobsi fulis arss, mis bunebas da funqciebs saxelmwifoSi.<br />
Tavidan is laparakobs oqro-vercxlis Sesaxeb, romelTac igi yvela sagnis<br />
Rirebulebis xelsayrel sazoms uwodebs. am sazomis saSualebiT, adamians<br />
55
SeuZlia Tan waiyolos Tavisi qoneba, sadac ki wava. Rirebulebis am sazomisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, romelsac saerTaSoriso mimoqcevisaTvis saWiro valutis<br />
funqcias ufro asrulebs, hobsi saubrobs kidev adgilobriv monetazedac, anu<br />
fulis imgvar erTeulze, romelsac ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi mxolod adgilobriv<br />
bazarze aqvs gamoyeneba.<br />
saxelmwifosac hyavs STamomavloba, Svilebi. saxelmwifos Svilebi misi<br />
koloniebia. kolonistebs hobsi gansazRvravs Semdegnairad: “es aris adamianTa<br />
jgufebi, meTauris, gubernatoris xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic gagzavnilia<br />
saxelmwifos mier im mizniT, rom daasaxlos sxva qveyana, romelsac an adreve ar<br />
hyavda mosaxleoba, an es mosaxleoba dakarga omebis gamo” (1.271). arsebobs<br />
koloniis sul mcire ori saxe. erT SemTxvevaSi, kolonia, Tavisi axalmosaxleebiT,<br />
Tavisufldeba suverenis qveSevrdomobidan da misTvis gadasaxadis<br />
gadaxdis valdebulebisagan. igi ayalibebs damoukidebel saxelmwifos. aseTi iyo<br />
Zveli samyaros koloniebis umravlesoba. saxelmwifo, saidanac es koloniebi<br />
gamovidnen metropoliad, deda saxelmwifod iwodeba da masTan koloniebs<br />
SesaniSnavi ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSrebi hqondaT. rac Seexeba<br />
kolonialobis meore <strong>for</strong>mas, mis yvelze gavrcelebul <strong>for</strong>mad hobsi romis<br />
kolonializms miiCnevs, romlisaTvis, ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba uqonda<br />
koloniis samarTlebriv da politikur daqvemdebarebas metropoliisadmi, rac,<br />
rogorc varaudoben, erTi mxriv, romis imperiis sazRvrebis zrdis wyaro Seiqmna,<br />
magram, meore mxriv, warmoSobda mudmiv daZabulobas romsa da mii calkeul<br />
provinciebs Soris.<br />
sayuradReboa, rom kolonializmis swored am or <strong>for</strong>maze aCerebs<br />
yuradRebas adam smiTi Tavis “erebis simdidris mizezebSi”, oRond sakiTxs<br />
gacilebiT ufro detalurad exeba mas rogorc zogadpolitikuri kuTxiT, aseve<br />
ekonomikuri maCveneblebis TalsazrisiTac. axla, ramdenadac am sakiTxis ufro<br />
detaluri gadmocemis arc droa da arc adgili, Cven ubralod SegviZlia<br />
davafiqsiroT, rom koloniebis problemis kvlevis prioriteti Tomas hobss<br />
ekuTvnis<br />
literatura<br />
1. Томас Гоббс – «Левиафан или материя, форма и власть государства церковного и<br />
гражданского», в кн. Томас Гоббс, Избранные произведения в двух томах. Изд. «Мысль».<br />
Москва 1965., том 2 (c. 149-169; 192-244; 265-272).<br />
2. Laurence Berns – Thomas Hobbes., in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss<br />
and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 (?-? pp.).<br />
56
jon lokis traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb<br />
jon loki cnobilia rogorc empirizmis, asociaciuri fsiqologiis erT-erTi<br />
fuZemdebeli. loki aris Zalze mniSvnelovani Sromebis avtori tolerantizmis<br />
da aRzrdis Sesaxeb. politikur problemebze lokis ZiriTadi Sromaa “ori<br />
traqtati mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb”, romelsiac man daicva da ganaviTara hobsis<br />
liberalizmi. naSromi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, romelsiac jer mocemulia ser<br />
robert filmeris doqtrinis sarkastuli kritika, xolo meore nawilSi<br />
dalagebulia lokis sakuTari liberalistuli doqtrina. ser robert filmeri,<br />
romelsac loki ase daundoblad akritikebs Tavis naSromSi, gaxlavT is avtori,<br />
romelmac Tavs ido hobsis sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze damyarebuli<br />
saxelmwifos Teoriis kritika da am mizniT gamoaqveyna sakuTari nawarmoebi _<br />
“patriarqi” — romelSiac is monarqiuli politikuri sistemis (konkretul<br />
SemTxvevaSi, laparaki iyo stiuartebis samefo gvarze) RvTaebrivi warmoSobis<br />
doqtrinis ganviTarebas cdilobda. filmeris es mcdeloba ar yofila<br />
restavrirebuli samefo karis mxolod gulismosagebi maamebluri aqcia. aseT<br />
SemTxvevaSi namdvilad ar Rirda masze yuradRebis SeCereba. filmeris mizans,<br />
“levaTanSi” warmodgenili saxelmwifos konvencionaluri Teoriis uaryofa<br />
warmoadgenda, risTvisac is aviTarebda moanarqiuli xelisuflebis sul<br />
sxvagvari warmoSobis Tvalsazriss. “leviaTanSi” wamoyenebul Teorias damcvelad<br />
loki moevlina. amisaTvis, ra Tqma unda, sakmarisi ar iyo filmeris<br />
doqtrinis ususurobis demonstarcia. lokma, Cans, gaiTvaliswina hobsis Teoriis<br />
susti mxareebi da scada gaeSala konvencionalizmis pozitiuri Sinaarsi.<br />
lokis meore traqtati iwyeba erTgvari zogadi poziciis moniSvniT, romelic<br />
lokTan saerTo unda hqondes yvelas, vinc fiqrobs, rom saxelmwifos<br />
Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Zaladoba ar aris da, rom arsebobs sul sxva<br />
sawyisebi, gansxvavebuli mxecebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli “Zalismieri samarTlisagan”.<br />
amitom, am poziciis sapirispirod warmodgenili unda iyos politikuri<br />
xelisuflebis alternaliuli dafuZneba.<br />
filmeris Teoria emyareboda ojaxis mamis Zalauflebis eqstrapolacias<br />
monarqiaze. es sakiTxi axali ar aris. igi cnobilia jer kidev antikuri<br />
politikuri Teoriidan. gavixsenoT, misi analizi aristotelesTan. lokic<br />
arsitoteles kvalad moiTxovs erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT saxelmwifo moxelis<br />
Zalaufleba kerZo pirze, mamisa — Svilze, batonis Zalaufleba Tavis msaxurebze,<br />
qmrisa — colze da, bolos monaTmflobelisa — monebze. yvela aRniSnuli<br />
mimarTeba aris ZalauflebiTia, margam ara yvela maTgania politikuri. am<br />
ukanasknels mxolod pirveli wyvili warmoadgens da mis bunebaSi gasarkvevad,<br />
unda jer politikuri Zalauflebis fenomeni gaviazroT. politikuri<br />
Zalaufleba — gansazRvravs loki — aris sakuTrebis da adamianTa dacvisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli kanonebis gamocemis ufleba, im kanonebis gamocemis ufleba,<br />
romlebic, damatebiT, saSualebas mogvcemda gamogveyenebina saerTo Zalisxmeva,<br />
raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos aRniSnuli kanonebis Sesruleba da saxelmwifos<br />
usafrTxoeba gare Tavdasxmebis SemTxvevaSi (1.263). vnaxoT axla, Tu ra principebs<br />
emyareba politikuri Zalaufleba, ra unda vigulisxmoT mis fundamentSi.<br />
vidre uSualod lokis argumentacias SevexebodeT, gvinda oriode sityviT<br />
SevCerdeT lokis mier masalis gadmocemis maneraze, romelic Camohgavs wlebis<br />
Semdeg, hegelis mier gamoyenebul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobda sakvlevi<br />
obieqtis carieli cnebis aRebas dasawyisSi, romelic TandaTan unda Sevsebuliyo<br />
pozitiuri SinaarsiT. amis msgavsad, ar unda gagvikvirdes, roca aRmovaCenT, rom<br />
naSromSi loki araerTxel ubrundeba Tundac sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis<br />
fenomens, magram Temis yoveli xelaxali garCevis dros ueWveli xdeba, rom<br />
gacilebiT meti viciT sakiTxze, vidre wina gverdebze vicodiT.<br />
57
1.bunebrivi mdgomareoba da sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba<br />
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba lokis interpretaciiT, gulisxmobs<br />
adamianTa srul Tavisuflebas nebismieri mimarTulebiT. adamiani akeTebs<br />
yvelafers, rac misTvis sasargeblod uCans bunebis kanonis sazRvrebSi.<br />
Tavisuflebis garda, igive mdgomareobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Tanasworobis<br />
mdgomareobac, rodesac mTel samarTlebriv sivrceze aravis aqvs sxvaze metis<br />
ufleba. mosazrebaTa simtkicisaTvis, loki aq axsenebs, cnobil inglisel<br />
Teologs da samarTalmcodnes, riCard hukers (1554-1600) rvatomiani naSromis —<br />
“The Laws of Eclesiastical Polity” — avtors, romelic Tavis gamokvlevaSi cdilobda<br />
gaetarebina azri saxelwifos xelSekrulebiT safuZvelze warmoSobis da samefo<br />
xelisuflebis kanoniT SezRudvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb).<br />
Tumca, am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebiT, axlave SegviZlia davafiqsiroT<br />
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis poziciebs Soris. hobsTan adamianTa<br />
bunebrivi mdgomareoba ZiriTadad negatiur terminebSia aRwerili. is aris raRac<br />
velurTa, winaciviluri cxovrebis msgavsi ram, saidanac unda moxdes gadasvla<br />
samoqalaqo, anu politikur mdgomareobaze. rac Seexeva loks, bunebrivi<br />
mdgomareobidan mas ori fenomeni ainteresebs — Tavisufleba da samarTlianoba.<br />
lokisaTvis gadamwyveti azri aqvs imas, rom erTic da meorec, adamianis bunebiTi<br />
maxasiaTebelia da ara SeZenili.<br />
adamianis Tavisufleba unda gavmijnoT TviTnebobisagan. bunebiTad adamians<br />
aqvs Tavisufleba, magram ara TviTneboba ganaxorcielos Tudac bunebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego ram. vTqvaT mas ar aqvs ufleba moiklas Tavi an moklas sxva, Tuki<br />
es moesurveba. bunebiT mdgomareobas aqvs Tavisi kanonebi, romlebic wvdomadi da<br />
interpretirebadia adamianis gonebisaTvis. adamianis goneba igive misi kanonia.<br />
bunebis kanoni da gonebis kanoni erTgvaria, radgan, is vinc bunebis kanonebs<br />
gadaabijebs, dadgeba gonebis kanonebs miRma. bunebiTis da gonebrivis aseT<br />
daaxloeba SemdgomSi Zalze Sors mimaval Sedegebs moitans. jerjerobiT, iqedan<br />
rasac, lokis azriT, goneba gvkarnaxobs, SegviZlia davafiqsiroT pirveli<br />
bunebiTi kanoni, romelic adamians meore adamianis mokvlas ukrZalavs da<br />
zogadad mowinaaRmdegea Zaladobisa. meore kanoni, pirvels exmianeba da miiCnevs,<br />
rom yovel adamians aqvs ufleba dasajos TiToeuli maTgani, vinc ki pirvel<br />
bunebis kanons daarRvevs.<br />
bunebiTi samarTali lokisaTvis raRac realuria da ara mkvlevris xelT<br />
arsebuli xelsayreli konstruqcia, romelic gagviiolebs movlenebis axsnas.<br />
sabuTad gamodgeba romelime saxelmwifos mier ucxoelis gamamtyunebeli<br />
sasamarTlo ganaCeni. bunebiTis garda romeli samarTali unda edos am ganaCens<br />
safuZvlad, Tu aRniSnuli piri mocemuli qveynis iurisdiqciis gareT dgas?<br />
pasuxi aq erTia — mas bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze sjian. mocemul<br />
SemTxvevaSi, sasjels igive funqcia aqvs, rac sxva standartul SemTxvevebSi _ es<br />
aris samagieros migeba danaSaulisaTvis da momaval SesaZlo borotqmedebaTa<br />
prevencia. loks kidev moyavs sxva magaliTebi, romlebSiac Cans, rogorc<br />
bunebiTi, aseve samoqalaqo samarTali. maTi cal-calke fenomenebad dafiqsireba,<br />
warmoSobs kiTxvas maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebis Taobaze, rasac loki Semdeg<br />
axsnas aZlevs: “... yoveli qveynis samoqalaqo kanonebi, samarTlianebi arian<br />
imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis kanonebs emyarebian, regulirdebian da<br />
interpretirdebian mis safuZvelze” (1.268).<br />
axla vfiqrobT met-naklebad gasagebia gansxvaveba lokis da hobsis<br />
poziciebidan bunebiTi samarTlis mimarT. magram aseTive sicxade rodi gvaqvs<br />
saxelmwifos warmoSobis sakiTxis mimarT. piriqiT, Tu bunebiTi samarTali da<br />
ufro zogadad samarTlianoba iseTi TavSekavebulia da zomieri, rogorc amas<br />
loki gvixatavs, maSin gaugebaria saxelmwifos Seqmnis saWiroeba. lokis pasuxi am<br />
kiTxvaze, romelsac axla gadmovcemT, mTlad damajereblad ver JRers.<br />
im faqtidan, rom bunebiTi samarTlis safuZvelze adamianebi ganaxorcieleben<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisufelbas, maTi vnebebisa da miswrafebebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, advili dasaSvebia, rom isini ver SeinarCuneben obieqturobas,<br />
rac areulobis da ukmayofilebis wyaro gaxdeba. amitom, agrZelebs loki, ra<br />
58
gasakviria, rom RmerTma daawesa samoqalaqo mmarTveloba adamianTa TviTnebobis<br />
SesazRudaT (1.269). es pasuxi aradamakmayofilebelia ara imitom, rom RmerTi<br />
dainteresebuli ar iqnebod adamianebs moewyoT samarTliani cxovreba da, Tu<br />
aseTi ram mxolod saxelmwifoSia SesaZlebeli, maSasadame saxelmwifoc, aramed<br />
imitom, rom RmerTi yvela arsebuli movlenisa saboloo mizezia da amitom masze<br />
dayrdnobiT saxelmwifos warmoSobis axsna, Zalian bundovania, radgan Cven<br />
gvainteresebs ara saboloo, aramed uaxloesi mizezi. loki rogorRac<br />
iTvaliswinebs am viTarebas da kidev erTxel emyareba hukeris Sromas, romlis<br />
citirebiTac migvaniSnebs ukve antikurobaSi cnobil saxelmwifos warmoSobis<br />
erT-erT mizezze — miswrafeba Rirseuli da uzrunvelyofili arsebobisaken<br />
adamianebs Tanacxovrebisaken ubiZgebs. ase iqmneba saxelmwifo (1.270).<br />
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom lokis midgoma adamianTa bunebrivi mdgomareobisadmi,<br />
hobsisgan gansxvavebulia. amaSi kidev erTxel SegviZlia davrwmundeT, lokis<br />
aseTi pasuxiT kiTxvaze — “sad arsebobs an sad arsebobdnen aseT bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi”? — yvela damoukidebeli Temis mmarTveli bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobaSi myofad unda miviCnioT imitom, rom ara yoveli xelSekruleba<br />
daasrulebs adamianTa bunebriv mdgomareobas (adamianebma SeiZleba erTmaneTTan<br />
mravali xelSekruleba dadon da mainc darCnen bunebriv mdgomareobaSi), aramed<br />
mxolod is, romelSiac adamianebi Tanxmdebian Seadginon erTi sazogadoeba, erTi<br />
politiuri sxeuli. magram asaxsneli xom swored es aris — Tu bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi mraval xelSekrulebas deben rTmaneTTan, da avad Tu<br />
kargad rogorRac Tavsac icaven, cxovroben Temebad da a.S. maSin ra iwvevs<br />
saxelmwifos warmoSobas? pasuxi romelic lokma warmoadgina, aradamakmayofilebelia.<br />
loki kidev bevrjer Seexeba sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra udevs safuZvlad<br />
adamianTa saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas. erTi pasuxis mixedviT, aseT safuZvels<br />
mSvidobisaker swrafva warmoadgens. marTlac, gonebis principebis Sesabamisad<br />
cxovreba gamoricxavs mudmivi omis warmoebas adamianTa Soris. arsebobs mniSvnelovani<br />
gansxvaveba omis mdgomereobas da bunebriv mdgomareobas Soris.<br />
bunebrivia mdgomareoba, rodesac ar arsebobs saerTo mosamarTle, romelic<br />
miukerZoeblad gaarCevda modave mxareebs Soris da aRasrulebda ganaCens. Zala<br />
gamoyenebis uflebis garaSe, imisda miuxedavad, arsebobs Tu ara saerTo mosamarTle,<br />
qmnis omis mdgomareobas. omisagan Tavis daRweva, ai mTavari mizezi imisa,<br />
ratomac ayalibeben adamianebi sazogadoebas da amboben uars bunebriv mdgomareobaze<br />
(1.173). omi Sewydeba maSin, Tu iarsebebs iseTi Zala, romelsac SegiZlia<br />
mimarTo gaWirvebis dros daxmarebisaTvis da es daxmareba realuri iqneba.<br />
2. Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis cnebebi<br />
lokis liberalizmis erT-erTi amosavali Tezisi gulisxmobs, rom yvela<br />
adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia (1.292). es Tanasworoba ar unda gaviogoT<br />
absoluturad. loks SesaniSnavad esmis, rom adamianebi mravali niSniT arian<br />
gansxvavebulni da, amitom maT Soris Tanasworobis arsebobis mtkiceba am<br />
gansxvavebulobaTa srul nivelirebaSi ar gamoixateba. adamianebi gansxvavdebian<br />
asakiT, saTnoebiT warmomavlobiT, nacnob-megobrebis wriT, gavleniT da a.S.<br />
uamravi sxva niSniT. magram es gansxvevebani ar ewinaaRmdegebian imas, rom yvela<br />
adamiani Tanaswori iyos iurisdiqciasTan mimarTebiT, anu laparakia adamianTa<br />
Tanabar uflebaze iyvnen bunebiTi Tavisuflebis mqoneni. aseT axsnas<br />
Tavisuflebis problemis analizisaken gadavyavarT.<br />
loki erTmaneTisagan mijnavs bunebiT Tavisuflebas da Tavisuflebas<br />
sazogadoebaSi. adamiani bunebiT Tavisufalia maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba<br />
amqveynad masze maRla mdgom araviTar Zalauflebas, ar emorCileba sxva adamianis<br />
arc kanonebs da arc nebas, aramed xelmZRvanelobs mxolod bunebis kanoniT. aseT<br />
dros bunebis kanoni erTaderTi SemzRudveli barieria sakuTari survilebis<br />
aRsrulebis gzaze. es bunebrivi Tavisufleba adamianis mouwyveteli<br />
kuTvnilebaa. adamians ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas bunebiT Tavisuflebaze ise, rom<br />
kiTxvis niSnis qveS ar dadges misi pirovnuli usafrTxoeba da TviT sicocxlec<br />
59
ki. amitom, bunebiT Tavisuflebaze uaris Tqma, sicocxleze uaris Tqmis<br />
tolfasia. loks aq mxedvelobaSi is garemoeba aqvs, rom, adamiani flobs<br />
absolutur Zalauflebas Tavis Tavze, romlis gasxviseba ar SeuZlia. yvelaze<br />
ufro mZime monobis pirobebSiac ki mas yovelTvis rCeba Sansi uari Tqvas<br />
sicocxelze da am SesaZleblobas is verafriT gaasxvisebs. magram igive msjeloba<br />
imasac aRniSnavs, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi adamiani ar flobs absolutur<br />
Zalauflebas sakuTar Tavze (winaaRmdeg SemTxevaSi ra daudgeboda am<br />
Tavisufleis gasxvisebas) da amitom Tuki monoba Tavisuflebis dakargvad<br />
gaviazreT, is realurad ar arsebobs, radgan rogor SeuZlia vinmes gasces is<br />
rasac Tavad ar flobs (1.275). Tuki vinme moindimebda waerTmia CvenTvis<br />
Tavisufleba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi _ ambobs loki — maSin is amiT moindemebda<br />
waerTmia CvenTvis yvelaferi danarCeni, rdgan Tavisufleba yvelaferi<br />
danarCenis safuZvelia (1.271). danarCenSi aq SeviZlia vigulisxmoT mravali ram<br />
da maT Soris adamianis Sansi Sevides sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaSi sxva<br />
adamianebTan. es ki niSnavs, rom bunebiTi Tavisufleba, rogorc es principi<br />
saerToa klasikuri liberaluri doqtrinebis umravlesobisaTvis, aris<br />
saxelmwifos arsebobis winapiroba.<br />
bunebiTi Tavisuflebis garda, rogorc iTqva, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi<br />
Tavisuflebac. adamiani Tavisufalia sazogadoebaSi maSin, Tu is ar emorCileba<br />
araviTar sxva kanons, garda imisa, rac dadgenilia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT.<br />
loki akritikebs Tavisuflebis gavrcelebul gagebas, romlis mixedviTac<br />
Tavisufalia is, vinc akeTebs imas, rac surs rom gaakeTos da am dros ar aris<br />
SezRuduli araviTari kanoniT. am Tvalsazrisisagan gansxvavebiT, loki fiqrobs,<br />
rom mmarTvelobis politikuri sistemis pirobebSi, adamiani Tavisufalia maSin,<br />
Tu is cxovrobs kanonis Sesabamisad. loki aRniSnavs, rom kanoni, misi sakuTrivi<br />
azriT, imdenad Sezudvas ki ar gulisxmobs, ramdenadac saxelmZRvanelo wesebs<br />
Tavisufali da gonieri adamianisaTvis da adgens mxolod imas, rac mxolod<br />
sikeTis momtania kanonmorCilTaTvis. gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis sapirispirod,<br />
kanonis mizani sulac ar aris Tavisuflebis mospoba da adamianis<br />
SezRudva, aramed misi Tavisuflebis Senaxva da gafarToeba.Tavisuflebis<br />
ganxorcieleba xom mxolod iq SeiZleba, sadac aravin gaviwrovebs, es ki mxolod<br />
maSin gveqneba, rodesac arsebobs da funqcionirebs kanoni. adamiani ibadeba<br />
Tavisufal gonier arsebad, magram saWiroa gavides garkveuli dro, imisaTvis,<br />
rom man gonebis gamoyeneba SesZlos da misiT ixelmZRvanelos. xolo gonebis<br />
principebiT cxovreba igive Tavisuflebis tolfasia.<br />
amrigad, Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi aris SesaZlebloba misdio Sens survils da<br />
imoqmedo misi karnaxiT yvela im sferoSi, romelic ar aris akrZaluli kanoniT. Tu<br />
amisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani damokidebulia sxva adamianis araprognozirebad,<br />
bundovan da cvalebad nebaze, is, cxadia, Tavisuflad ver CaiTvleba.<br />
3.sakuTreba<br />
sakuTreba ar arsebobs bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. RmerTma dedamiwa da<br />
yvelaferi is, rac masze izrdeba adamianebs uboZa. es ki imas niSnavs, rom is<br />
yvelas sakuTrebaa da ara romelime erTi maTganis. sakuTreba — rogorc loki<br />
gvarwmunebs — aris pirovnebis nawili da am piris garda ravisa aqvs masze ufleba.<br />
ra aqvs mxedvelobaSi avtors? udavoa, rom adamianis Sroma da misi xeliT<br />
gakeTebuli saqme mSromels ekuTvnis. Tu adamiani raRacas ukeTebs imas, rac<br />
bunebrivad arsebobs; daTess, moimkis, erTi sityviT, saxes, arsebobis <strong>for</strong>mas<br />
ucvlis bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofs, es niSnavs, rom am dros, Tavisi<br />
saqmianobiT iseT rames uerTebs bunebrivs, rac mas ekuTvnis da rac am sagans mis<br />
sakuTrebad aqcevs. es raRac aris Sroma. swored Sromis saSualebiT gamoyavs<br />
adamians esa Tu is nivTi im saerTo sakuTrebidan, romelSiac is bunebam moaTavsa.<br />
ramdenadac Sroma mSromelis bunebrivi sakuTrebaa, amdenad sxvas aravisa aqvs<br />
ufleba pretenzia ganacxados am nivTze, romelsac erTxel mainc miekara<br />
mSromeli. Sromas Seaqvs gansxvaveba sazogados da kerZos Soris, radgan man iseTi<br />
ram miumata nivTs, rac am saganSi ar Caudevs bunebas. yovelive amiT, nivTi<br />
60
mSromeli adamianis kerZo sakuTrebaSi Semovida (1.277).<br />
aRniSnuli msjelobebi kidev erTi implikaciis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod,<br />
Sroma qmnis gansxvavebas saganTa RirebulebebSi. ueWvelia, rom damuSavebul da<br />
daumuSavebel miwis nakveTebs sxvadasxva fasi eqnebaT iseve, rogorc arsebobs<br />
gansxvaveba dakrefil da bazarze gamotanil nayofs da igive xis nayofs Soris<br />
xeluxlebel mdgomareobaSi.<br />
nivTis vinmes sakuTrebaSi gadasvlas ar sWirdeba danarCeni adamianebis<br />
Tanxmoba, raime konvencia. nivTi sazogadoebriv sakuTrebaSi jer bunebam, xolo<br />
Semdeg sazogadoebrivma xelSekrulebam moaTavsa da mis iqedan gamoyvana<br />
SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis safuZvelze. Sroma ganamtkicebs adamianis<br />
sakuTrebas nivTze gonebis kanonebis karnaxiT. is gveubneba, rom indielis mier<br />
monadirebuli iremi misi sakuTrebaa. es igive bunebis kanonia. bunebis kanoni<br />
gangvisazRvravs ara mxolod sakuTrebis arsebas, aramed mis zomasac, anu imas, Tu<br />
ramdenis sakuTrebaze SeuZlia adamians hqondes pretenzia saerTo<br />
mflobelobaSi arsebuli nivTebidan. sakuTari Sromis fasad adamians SeuZlia<br />
imdenis miTviseba, ramdenic saWiroa misTvis, vidre nivTi ar daiwyebs gafuWebas.<br />
rac zomis am kanons scildeba, is ukve sxvisi sakuTrebis sferoSia.<br />
mocemul istoriul momentSi - ambobs loki — sakuTrebad iqceva ara imdenad<br />
is, rac modis miwaze, aramed Tavad miwa. miwac SeiZleba zomis farglebSi<br />
ganisazRvros. kerZod, miwis is nakveTi, romelic SeuZlia daamuSaos erTma<br />
adamianma da sakmarisad moixmaros masze moyvanili produqti, aris am adamianis<br />
sakuTreba. erT dros miwis nakveTis amgvarad miTviseba ar uqmnida problemebs<br />
sxva adamianebs, radgan miwa sakmaod iyo. sakuTrebis wesi ambobs — yovel adamians<br />
unda hqondes imdeni, ramdenis miTvisebasac is SesZlebs. ufro metisadmi<br />
miswrafeba, vidre es Wirdeba adamians, Secvala saganTa Sinagani Rirebuleba. aq<br />
loki ise msjelobs, rom Cndeba azri, TiTqos Tavdapirveli miTviseba da<br />
sakuTreba iyo samarTliani, rac mas Semdeg dairRva, rac gaCnda fuli da oqrom<br />
SeiZina is Rirebuleba, romelic mas dRes gaaCnia. miwis nakveTis miTvisebiT xom<br />
sulac ar dazaralebula sxva. am miwaze axla gacielebiT meti modis, vidre mis<br />
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi yofnisas.<br />
is, rac dasawyisSi sakuTrebad iqca Sromis saSualebiT, SemdgomSi, sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis ZaliT iqna aseTad nacnobi. oqros vercxls da<br />
briliants Rirebuleba mianiWa TviTnebobam an xelSekrulebam, Torem maT<br />
TavisTavad araviTari sargebeli adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da uzrunvelyofisavis<br />
ar moaqvs. lokis mier fuli ganisazRvreba rogorc grZelvadiani<br />
nivTi, romelic SeiZleba gaufuWeblad iyos adamianis sakuTrebaSi didi xnis<br />
manZilze da romelic konvencionalurad gaxdeba sxva saWiro nivTebze gacvlis<br />
saSualeba. is gamoiyeneba rogorc saqonlis Rirebulebis sazomi. Tumca, loki<br />
SeniSnavs, rom is aseTia mxolod konvencionalurad da, rom realuri sazomi<br />
mainc Sromaa. qonebrivi Tanasworobis balansi irRveva mas Semdeg, rac Cndeba<br />
fuli rogorc dagrovebis saSualeba. magram Tavad qonebrivi uTanasworobis<br />
gaCena, lokis azriT, xorcieldeba sazogadoebis xelSekrulebis gareT, mas<br />
Semdeg, rac Cumi SeTanxmebiT, oqrosa da vercxls miaweres Rirebuleba da misi<br />
fulad gamoyeneba daiwyes. saxelmwifos arsebobis pirobebSi sakuTrebas da miwis<br />
mflobelobas gansazRvravs arsebuli konstituciebi.<br />
magram, ras warmoadgens “Cumi SeTanxmeba”? am terminTan dakavSirebiT rigi<br />
siZneleebi arsebobs. upirveles yovlisa, es exeba Tavad terminis Sinaarss. garda<br />
amisa, gaurkvevelia, Cumi Tanxmoba avaldebulebs Tu ara adamians moiqces iseve,<br />
rogorc Cveulebrivi Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi. imaze, Tu rogor unda gavigoT Cumi<br />
Tanxmoba da ra saxis funqcionireba gaaCnia mas, loki ambobs Semdegs: “yoveli<br />
adamiani, romelic flobs an iyenebs romelime saxelmwifos teritorias, iZleva<br />
Cum Tanxmobas. aq laparakia ara mxolod sakuTrebis flobaze, aramed saboloo<br />
jamSi, adamianis Tavad arsebobaze mocemuli teritoriis farglebSi” (1.332). Tu<br />
romelime pirovneba SeTanxmebaSi Sedis saxelmwifosTan, es niSnavs, rom<br />
SeTanxmebis sagani xdeba am pirovnebis sakuTrebac. Tu piri SexebaSi modis<br />
saxelmwifos teritoriaSi Semaval miwasTan (an mflobelobis, an masze moyvanil<br />
produqtze sakuTrebis azriT) is imyofeba Cumi Tanxmobis mdgomareobaSi.<br />
61
4. politikuri anu samoqalaqo sazogadoeba<br />
RmerTma adamiani iseTi Seqmna, rom is yovelTvis eswrafvis sazogadoebaSi<br />
yofnas. pirveli sazogadoeba Sedgeboda qmrisa da colisagan, ramac biZgi misca<br />
sazogadoebis warmoSobas — mSoblebi da Svilebi. droTa ganmavlobaSi, amas<br />
daemata batons da msaxuris asociaciac. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq mmarTvelic<br />
aris da marTulic, aseTi sazogadoeba, rac ar unda didi iyos is, araviTar<br />
SemTxvevaSi ar aris politikuri sazogadoeba. loki araerTxel aRniSnavs, rom<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mTavari mizania sakuTrebis SenarCuneba (1.310).<br />
politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma TiToeulma<br />
wevrma nebayoflobiT uari Tqva sakuTari Tavis da sakuTari qonebis dacvis<br />
bunebiT uflebaze da es ufleba gadasca sazogadoebas, romelsac nebismier dros<br />
SeuZlia mimarTos dxmarebisaTvis, im SemTxvevebis garda, romelic gamoricxulia<br />
am sazogadoebis kanonebiT. es ki gamoricxavs adamianTa Soris kerZo sasamarTloebs<br />
da maT adgils, rogorc Suamavali, ikavebs saxelmwifo. amrigad, Tu<br />
adamianebi garTianebulni arian erT mTlianobad ise, rom aqvT saerTo kanoni da<br />
sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZliaT mimarTon saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi da romelic<br />
uflebamosilia gadawyvitos individTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebi da dasajos<br />
damnaSaveebi — maSin vaqvs samoqalaqo sazogadeba (1.311). Tu adamianebs aseTi<br />
kanoni da sasamarTlo ar gaaCniaT da yoveli individi Tavadaa rogorc<br />
mosmarTle, aseve jalaTi, maSin es xalxi bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.<br />
politikuri sazogadoebis da mmarTvelobis mTavri mizani sakuTrebis<br />
SenarCunebaa imitom, rom bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia<br />
ramdenime mizezis gamo, romelTa Soris gamoiyofa: a) dadgenili kanonis<br />
ararseboba, romelic iqneboda samarTlianoba-usamarTlobis sazomi; b) kanonebSi<br />
ganswavluli, mcodne da miukerZoebebli mosamarTlis ar arseboba; da bolos, g)<br />
ar arsebobs Zala, romelic kanonebs moiyvanda moqmedebaSi.<br />
loki bevrs laparakobs sasamarTlos mniSvnelobasa da funqciebze, Tumca<br />
sasamarTlo, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelisuflebo Sto, mis SromaSi ar figurirebs.<br />
loki calke gamoyofs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas, calke aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebas. bunebrivi mdgomareobidan politikur sazogadoebaze<br />
gadasasvlelad, orive saWirod miaCnia (1.312). rac Seexeba sasamarTlos, is<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis nawiladaa warmodgenili: da amas gadavyavarT<br />
bunebrivi mdgomareobidan saxelmwifoSi, ramdenadac Cndeba mosamarTle,<br />
romelsc aqvs ufleba gadaWras yvela sadavo sakiTxi da aunazRauros zarali,<br />
romelic SeiZleba miadges saxelmwifos nebismier wevrs.<br />
es mosamarTle warmoadgens sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an mis mier daniSnul<br />
Tanamdebobis pirs. am mosazrebidan loks gamoyavs mtkiceba, monarqiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis samoqalaqo sazoagdoebasTan SeuTavseblobis Sesaxeb. marTlac,<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mizania Tavidan aicilos bunebrivi mdgomareobis is niSani,<br />
romlis drosac yoveli adamiani Tavadaa Tavis saqmeSi mosamarTle. es ki<br />
xorcieldeba imgvari saxelisuflebo organizaciis SeqmniT, romelsac miakiTxavda<br />
yovel wuTs adamiani. Tu sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piri, romelsac araviTari<br />
saWiroeba ara aqvs aseT dawesebulebas mimarTos, maSin es piri (gasagebia, rom aq<br />
laparakia monarqze) bunebriv mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. marTlac, monarqad yofna<br />
gulisxmobs, rom am pirs abaria rogorc sakanonmdeblo, asve aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba da ar arsebobs mosamarTle, romelsac is mimarTavda saqmis gasarCevad.<br />
Cven ukve viciT, rom politikuri sazogadoeba Cndeba iq, sadac adamianebi uars<br />
amboben ra bunebiT Tavisuflebaze (adamianebi ki bunebiT Tavisuflebi, Tanasworebi da<br />
damoukideblebi ibadebian da amitom erTaedrTi gza sxvis Zalauflebas<br />
daqvemdebarebisa aris am adamianebis sakuTari uari Tavis Tavisuflebaze) im mizniT,<br />
rom sxva adamianebTan erTad uzrunvelyon usafrTxo da bednieri cxovreba. rogorc ki<br />
adamianebi amgvarad gaerTiandebian politikur organizmad, im droidan umravlesobas<br />
eZleva ufleba miiRos gadawyvetileba da imoqmedos sxvebis saxeliTac (1.317). rac<br />
Seexeba umciresobas, is rogorc erTiani organizmis nawili, valdebulia daemorCilos<br />
umravelesobis mosazrebas da imoqmedos maTi gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad. swored<br />
amitom aris xolme rom sakanonmdeblo organizaciebSi umravlesobis azri mTelis<br />
azradaa miCneuli. amrigad, xelSekruleba organizebulia sazogadoebis yoveli wevris<br />
62
mier yovel sxva wevrTan d TiToeuli iRebs valdebulebas daemorCilos da mihyves<br />
umravlesobis nebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tuki sazogadoebis romelime wevrs rCeba Tavisi<br />
Sexedulebisamebr moqmedebis Tavisufleba, maSin xelSekruleba Semdgarad ar<br />
CaiTvleba (1.318).<br />
rodesac svaven kiTxvas bunebrivi mdgomareobis realurobis Taobaze, loki<br />
marTalia aRiarebs istoriuli cnobebis ar arsebobas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor<br />
ganxorcielda es gadasvla, magram miaCnia, rom aqedan ar unda davaskvnaT TiTqos<br />
gadasvlas saerTod ar hqonda adgili. realur nimuSad, loki asaxelebs romis da<br />
venecis istorias (1.320). amrigad — askvnis magaliTebis mimoxilvis Semdeg loki —<br />
maTi politikuri szogadoebebi yvela daiwyo nebayoflobiTi kavSirebiT da<br />
urTierTTanxmobiT adamianebisa, romlebic mmarTvelebis arCevisas da<br />
mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebis SerCevaSi moqmdebdnen Tavisuflad (1.321). lokis es<br />
mosazreba sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac aq SegviZlia davafiqsiroT<br />
“sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis” ufro da ufro didi Sinaarsobrivi datvirTva.<br />
marTlac, jer laparaki iyo iseT gaerTianebaze, romelSiac ikveTeba adamianTa<br />
saerTo neba, romlis ZiriTadi mizania sakuTrebis dacva. Semdeg koncefciaSi, mis<br />
aucilebel pirobad, Semovida sasamarTlo, Semdeg xelisuflebis danawileba,<br />
umravlesobis mmarTveloba da axla, bolos vigebT, rom sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekruleba gulisxmobs mmarTvelis da mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebis arCeviTobas.<br />
ganvixiloT axla calke saxelmwifosa da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebi.<br />
5.saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mebi da xelisuflebis dayofa<br />
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva <strong>for</strong>mebidan, loki detalurad ganixilavs mxolod<br />
demokratias, oligarqias da monarqias. monarqiaSi gamoiyofa erTi mxriv,<br />
memkvidreobiTi monarqia, xolo meore mxriv ki, arCeviTi monarqia. rac Seexeba<br />
ara mmarTvelobis romelime konkretul <strong>for</strong>mas, aramed zogadad saxelmwifos,<br />
rogorc aseTs, loki mas aseT daxasiaTebas aZlevs: “saxelmwifos qveS me<br />
yovelTvis vgulisxmob ara demokratias, an mmarTvelobis sxva romelime <strong>for</strong>mas,<br />
aramed nebismier damoukidebel sazogadoebas, romelsac laTinebi ‘civitas’-s<br />
uwodebdnen, rasac Cven enaze ukeT Seesabameba “commonwelth” (1.338)<br />
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>ma — wers loki — irkveva imis mixedviT, Tu vis<br />
xelSia umaRlesi xelisufleba. amasTan, umaRles xelisuflebaze saubrisas,<br />
loks mxedvelobaSi aqvs umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba. arc erTi<br />
ganCineba, romelic sanqcionirebuli ar aris xalxis mier arCeuli sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebis mier, ar SeiZleba Sevides ZalaSi, radgan swored aseTi<br />
sanqcionirebis SemTxvevaSi iRebs es ganCineba saxalxo Tanxmobis Zalas. zogadad<br />
ki “sakanonmdebloa xelisufleba, romelsac aqvs ufleba miuTiTos, Tu rogor<br />
unda iyos gamoyenebuli saxelmwifos Zala imisaTvis, rom SenarCunebuli iyos<br />
Tanamegobroba da misi wevrebi” (1.346). sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis<br />
ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, lokis mixedviT, mas gaaCnia<br />
mniSvnelovani SezRudvebi. kerZod, a) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba umaRlesi<br />
xelisuflebis <strong>for</strong>maa, magram is Zalze Sors aris misi moqalaqeebisadmi<br />
absoluturi, despoturi xelisuflebis flobisagan. es mtkiceba avtors<br />
gamoyavs im Tezisisgan, rom aravis aqvs absoluturi, despoturi Zalaufleba<br />
sakuTar Tavze da Tu aseTi ram ar gaaCniaT individebs, gasagebia, rom maT ar<br />
SuZliaT gadascen es xelisufleba sxvas. bunebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanonia<br />
kacobriobis SenarCuneba; b) sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba<br />
ganxorcieldes despoturi myisieri ganCinebebis saSualebiT. piriqiT, misi<br />
mmarTveloba unda emyarebodes winaswar cnobil, mdgrad kanonmdeblobas, rasac<br />
ganaxorcieleben specialurad amisaTvis arsebuli pirebi; g)umaRlesi<br />
xelisufleba uflebamosili ar aris sakuTreba CamoarTvas romelime adamians<br />
misi Tanxmobis gareSe. es gasagebia, radgan rogorc araerTxel iTqva,<br />
xelisufleba iqmneba sakuTrebis dasacavad, risTviac adamianebi erTiandebian<br />
sazogadoebd. aqedan, saxelmwifos da, maSasadame, xelisuflebis arsebobis<br />
winapiroba sakuTrebis flobaa; xelisuflebas SeuZlia sakuTrebis<br />
63
mareglirebeli kanonebis miReba, magram ara misi mospoba an miTviseba. da bolos,<br />
d) sakanonmdeblo organos ar SeuZlia sxvis xelSi gadasces kanonis gamocemis<br />
ufleba. “mxolod xalxs SeuZlia saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mis gansazRvra da amas is<br />
akeTebs sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SeqmniT da maTi daniSvniT, vis xelSiac<br />
iqneba es xelisufleba” (1.345). am SezRudvebis garda, gasaTvaliswunebelia isic,<br />
rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba warmoadgens sakrebulos, romlis Semadgenloba<br />
mTlianad icvleba garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi. am sakrebulos wevrebis<br />
daSlis Semdeg, Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi arian da sxva moqalaqeebis msgavsad<br />
emorCilebian sxelmwifos kanonebs. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis sxva principebze<br />
mowyobis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, Tu sakrebulos Semadgenloba mudmivia<br />
an erTi adamianis xelSia), arsebobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis safrTxe.<br />
ramdenadac kanonebi iqmneba drois garkveul momentSi, magram gamiznulebi arian<br />
xangrZlivi gamoyenebisaTvis, saxelmwifo saWiroebs myar Zalas, romelic<br />
uzrunvelyofs maT ganxorcielebas, an ganxorcielebis kontrols. xelisuflebis am<br />
gansxvavebuli funqciidan gamomdinare, loki moiTxovs sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebisagan gaimijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisufleba SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos erTi piriT, romelic umaRlesi<br />
aRmasrulebeli iqneba. Tu es piri an monawileobs amave dros sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisuflebaSi, is mTlianad angariSvaldebulia mis mimarT. aRmasrulebeli<br />
xelisuflebis mniSvnelovani niSania misi mudmiv samuSao mdgomareobaSi yofna.<br />
marTlac, sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba,Tuki is Seikribeba drodadro, uproblemod<br />
gaarTmevs Tavs dakisrebl amocanas, rasac ver vityviT aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisuflebaze. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencias ganekuTvneba, agreTve<br />
axali arCevnebis daniSvna sakanonmdeblo sakrebuloSi. es SeiZleba orgvarad<br />
ganxorcieldes: an amgvari arCevnebis pirobebi gawerilia konstituciaSi da maSin<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas isRa darCenia, rom zogado xelmZRvaneloba gauwios am<br />
arCevnebs, an aseTi kanoni ar arsebobs da aRmasrulebeli Tavad gansazRvravs mis<br />
vadebs da arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs.<br />
loki saubrobs xelisuflebis kidev erT Stoze, romelic Tanamedrove<br />
politikur praqikasa da TeoriaSi ar aris gamoyofili damoukidebeli saxiT.<br />
Tumca Tavad lokic SeniSnavs paragrafis bolos, rom xelisufleis am Stos<br />
aRmasrulebelisagan damoukidebeli saxiT warmodgena, SesaZloa wamgebianic ki<br />
iyos saxelmwfosaTvis. es aris, e.w. federaluri xelisufleba. federaluri<br />
xelisufleba igive aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebaa misi im gansxvavebiT, rom Tu<br />
Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dkavebulia sazogedoebis municipaluri<br />
kanonebis aRsrulebiT Tavad sazogadoebis SigniT, federaluri<br />
xelisuflebis sazrunavia sazogadoebis sagareo interesebis dacva da qveynis<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa. am federalur xelisuflebas, rig SemTxvevebSi,<br />
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifosaTvis, magram misi specifikidan<br />
gamomdinare, Cveulebrivi aRmasrulebeli xalisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, is<br />
naklebad uwevs angariSs qveyanaSi momqmed mdgrad kanonmdeblobas. aq gacilebiT<br />
metia damokidebuli im pasuxismgebeli pirebis gonierebasa da ostatobaze, visac<br />
saxelmwifom politikis es sfero miando.<br />
marTalia saxlemwifoSi realurad arsebobs erTi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisufleba, romelsac emorCileba yvela sxva, saboloo jamSi masze maRali<br />
instanciac arsebobs. saboloo Zalauflebis wyaro mainc xalxia, romelsac, Tu<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba uvargisia, SeuZlia gadaaayenos an Sescvalos<br />
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebis Semadgenloba (1.349). Tu aseTi ram moxda, es niSnavs,<br />
rom xelisufleba daubrunda pirvelwyaros, radgan sazogadoeba, xalxi yovelTvis<br />
inarCunebs uflebas sakuTari Tavis xsnisaTvis warmoadgendes uzenaes<br />
saxelisuflebo Zalas saxelmwifoSi, romelic misi miznebis Sesabamisad Seiqmna.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. 1. Джон Локк – «Два трактата о правлении», в кн. Джон Локк, Избранные произведения в<br />
трех томах. Изд. «Мысль». Москва 1988., том 3 (c. 263-290; 306-356).<br />
2. Laurence Berns – John Locke, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo Strauss and<br />
Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .<br />
64
Sarl lui monteskies (1689-1755) “kanonTa goni”<br />
“kanonTa goni” cnobili frangi ganmanaTleblis, monteskies ZiriTadi naSromia,<br />
romliTac man msoflio saxeli moipova. naSromi or tomad gamovida 1748<br />
wels. “kanonTa goni” ar yofila monteskies pirveli nawarmoebi socialurpolitikur<br />
sakiTxebze. sazogadoebis yuradReba monteskiem jer kidev 1721 wels<br />
miipyro, rodesac “sparsuli werilebi” gamoaqveyna, rasac 1734 wels mohyva misi<br />
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Txzuleba — “gaazrebani romis didebisa da dacemis<br />
Sesaxeb”. miuxedavad imisa, rom adreuli nawarmoebebi originalobiTa da azris<br />
siTamamiT gamoirCeoda, isini, ra Tqma unda, ver Seedrebian “kanonTa gons”,<br />
romelzedac monteskiem oci weli imuSava da unda iTqvas savsebiT gamar-<br />
Tlebuladac, radgan ortomiani gamokvleva warmoadgenda imdroindeli<br />
politikuri mecnierebis erTgvar enciklopedias, an iqneb umjobesia vTqvaT,<br />
Semajamebel naSroms. gamokvlevaSi Tavi moiyara istoriis, politikuri Teoriis,<br />
filosofiis, sociologiis, samarTlisa da saxlemwifoTmcodneobis sakiTxebis<br />
mTelma wyebam. TiToeul maTganSi monteskiem ara mxolod SesaniSnavi ganswavluloba<br />
gamoavlina, aramed Rrmaazrovain da damajerebeli pasuxebi gasca<br />
mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas. monteskies politikuri Sexedulebebis<br />
gadmocemisas, Cven swored am naSromis ZiriTad momentebs ganvixilavT.<br />
1. bunebiTi da pozitiuri kanonebi<br />
monteskies naSromi im kanonebis bunebis, suliskveTebis Sesaxebaa<br />
saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas rom uZevs safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, upirveles<br />
yovlisa, saWiroa gavecnoT Tavad kanonis cnebas. kanonis erTi gansazRvreba<br />
identobis niSans svams adamianis gonebas da kanons Soris. kanoni, am azriT, igive<br />
adamianis gonebaa, romlis sxvadasxva mimarTebebi iZleva politikuri da<br />
samoqalaqo kanoonebis saxiT gonebis mimarTebaTa kerZo SemTxvevebs. kanonis<br />
monteskies meore definicia ar gansxvavdeba am cnebis standartuli,<br />
filosofiaSi gavrcelebuli gansazRvrebisagan. kerZod, “kanonebi, am sityvis<br />
yvelaze ufro farTo gagebiT — aRniSnavs monteskie — aucilebeli mimarTebebia,<br />
romlebic gamomdinareoben saganTa bunebidan” (1.30). es gansazRvreba, cxadia<br />
yvela saganze, da maT Soris, Tu mas azrovnebis sagnad ganvixilavT, adamianzec<br />
vrceldeba. rogorc fizikuri arseba, adamiani, mTlianad bunebis kanonebis<br />
gavlenis qveS imyofeba. magram misi fizikuri mxare ar aris erTaderTi, romelic<br />
bunebis zegavlenas eqvemdebareba. bunebis principebi vrceldeba adamianis<br />
yofazedac da amitom, vidre adamianis sazogadoebriv yofis kanonebs<br />
SevexebodeT, is unda ganvixiloT im mdgomareobaSi, romelic win uswrebs<br />
sazogadoebrivs. bunebrivi mdgomareobis Temis analiziT, montekie exmaureba<br />
hobsis Semdeg damkvidrebul tradicias, Tumca, gansxvavebas bunebiT samarTalsa<br />
da sazogadoebriv samarTals Soris, jer kidev aristotele atarebda.<br />
ra daxasiaTebas aZlevs monteskie adamians bunebriv mdgomareobaSi? mis mier<br />
SemoTavazebuli daxasiaTeba hobsis poziciis sruliad sapirispiroa. kerZod,<br />
ganxilvis nimuSad aRebuli “tyeebSi mokankale velurebi”, misi azriT, Zalze<br />
Sors dganan hobsis mier aRwerili mebrZoli suliskveTebis mqone<br />
adamianebisagan, romlebasc gaCaRebuli hqondaT yvelas omi yvelas winaaRmdeg.<br />
piriqiT, bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis uZlurebis grZnoba da<br />
SiSis gancdaa pirveli. amitom, bunebrivi mdgomareobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia ara<br />
omis mdgomareoba, aramed mSvidoba. meore, rac adamianebs ubiZgebs moqmedebisaken,<br />
SimSili da sakvebis Ziebis moTxovnilebaa. mesame, sapirispiro<br />
sqesebs Soris urTierTltolva, rac adamianTa pirveli daaxloebis wyaroa. da<br />
bolos, meoTxe da saboloo damakavSirebeli momenti, aris cnobierebis, Semecnebis<br />
aqtiurobis Sedegi, rac adamianebs Soris aCens im saxis kavSirebs, rac ar<br />
gaaCniaT cxovelebs. sazogadoebrivad cxovrebis survili, ambobs monteskie,<br />
meoTxe, bunebrivi kanonia (1.34).<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis specifika, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mis sawyis etapze,<br />
65
hobsisagan gansxvavebiT, monteskies omis mdgomareobad aqvs gaazrebuli.<br />
sazogadoebaSi adamianebs uqrebaT SiSi iseve, rogorc Tanasworoba grZnoba. maT<br />
nacvlad yalibdeba sakuTari Zalis SegrZneba, rac saomar Setakebebs uZevs<br />
safuZvlad. sazogadoebaSi gaCaRebuli omi orgvaria: omi sazogadoebebs Soris<br />
da omi adamianebs Soris. am orgvari omis Sedegad yalibdeba ori ZiriTadi saxis<br />
kanoni:<br />
• kanonebi, romlebic arsegulireben urTierTobas sxvadasxva xalxebs Soris;<br />
saerTaSoriso samarTali.<br />
• kanonebi, romlebic aregulireben urTierTobas erT sazogadoebaSi mmar-<br />
Tvelebs da marTulebs Soris. es kanonebi Seadgenen politikuri samarTlis<br />
masalas, rasac unda davumatoT,<br />
• kanonebi igive sazogadoebis wevrTa Soris (moqalaqeTa Soris) urTierTobebs<br />
rom aregulirebs da Seadgens samoqalaqo samarTals.<br />
aRniSnuli kanonebis TiToeul jgufs, moqmedebis Sesabamisi mimarTuleba<br />
aqvs. saerTaSoriso, anu xalxTa samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebs Sorisi<br />
urTierTobis, omis da mSvidobis, savaWro kavSirebis da a.S. sakiTxebs. amgvar<br />
problemebs erTmaneTs Soris mTavrobebi wyveten da, gasagebia, amitom, rom maTi<br />
arseboba gulisxmobs xelisuflebis da, politikuri sazogadoebis arsebobas.<br />
politikuri sazogadoeba an politikuri mdgomareoba, romlis SigniTac<br />
politikuri kanonebi moqmedeben, monteskies mixedviT, iqmneba yvela calkeuli<br />
Zalauflebis (mamisa Svilebze, qmrisa colze batonisa msaxurze) gaerTianebis<br />
Sedegad. da bolos, politikuri sazogadoebis Sesqmnelad gaerTianebuli<br />
Zalauflebebi gulisxmoben moqalaqeTa nebis gaerTianebas, rac ukve iZleva<br />
samoqalaqo mdgomareobas. monteskie kidev erTxel aRniSnavs, rom es sxvadasxva<br />
kanonebi gonebis gansxvavebuli relaciebis Sedegebia da ar aRniSnaven sxvadasxva,<br />
Tundac erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul sxvadasxva sferoebs. amitom SemdgomSi calcalke<br />
aRar ganixileba politikuri da samoqalaqo kanonebi. mimarTebebs Soris<br />
did zegavlenas axdens rogorc qveynebis fizikuri monacemebi, aseve am<br />
faqtorebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli xalxTa gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesi.<br />
Sesabamiad, Cven viRebT xalxebis gansxvavebul kanonebs, Tumca, maT safuZvlad<br />
SesaZloa gonebis erTi da igive relacia idos.<br />
2. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis kanonebi da principebi<br />
monteskie ganasxvavebs sul sami tipis mmarTvlobas: respublikas (saxalxo<br />
mmarTvelobas mTeli xalxis an misi nawilis saSualebiT), monarqias (erTmarTveobas<br />
kanonis Sesabamisad) da despotias (aseve erTmarTvelobas yovelgvari kanonis gareSe,<br />
mmarTvelis survilebis mixedviT). TiToeul maTganze avtori cal-calke ayalibebs<br />
marTvis ganmsazRvrel kanonebsa da principebs. Tu mmarTvelobis am <strong>for</strong>mebs<br />
SevadarebT antikuri avtorebis mier ganxilul <strong>for</strong>mebs, TvasaCino gaxdeba Tavad<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis mwiro raodenoba. es ar aris SemTxveviTi ori TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,<br />
minteskie makiavelis Semdeg, naklebad interesdeba saxelmwifos idealuri<br />
proeqtebiT da cdilobs aRweros arsebuli viTareba. swored am midgomis Sedegia mis<br />
mier naSromSi moyvanili mdidari empiriul-istoriuli masala. amis gaTvaliswinebiT,<br />
meore, rac unda davafiqsiroT, is gaxlavT, rom am periodis evropuli politikuri<br />
wyoba met-naklebad homogenuria. principSi, makiavelis kvalad, monteskiec saubrobs<br />
respublikaze da samTavroze, cxadia maTi sxvadasxva variaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT.<br />
respublikuri mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori, demokratiis<br />
(mTeli xalxis marTvelobis) an aristokratiis (misi nawilis) <strong>for</strong>miT.<br />
demokratiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom<br />
xalxma SesZlos mmarTvelTa dasaxeleba-arCeva. xalxs Tavad ar SeiZlia kargi<br />
marTva, magram mas SeuZlia kargi mmarTvelebis arCeva. SeiZleba uamravi<br />
magaliTis moxmoba Zveli istoriidan, romelic daadasturebda xalxis bunebriv<br />
unars gaarCios Rirseuli xelmZRvaneli uRirsosagan. ramdenadac demokratiaSi<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania arCevnebi, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba xalxis fenebad<br />
66
dayofas arCeviTobis principTan mimarTebiT. ase magaliTad, romaelebma mTeli<br />
TavianTi mosaxleoba qonebrivi diferenciaciaze dayrdnobiT, eqvs klasad,<br />
romlebic Tavis mxriv centuriebad iyofodnen, (igulisxmeba servius tuliusis<br />
kanonmdebloba) dayves. rac ufro maRali iyo fena, miT ufro naklebi moqalaqe<br />
Sedioda masSi. bolo centuriebi moicavda RaribTa yvelaze did masas. mas Semdeg,<br />
rac TiTo centurias TiTo xma mieniWa, mTelma sazogadoebrivma wyobam<br />
gamokveTili aristokratiuli ieri miiRo.<br />
gansxvavebuli organizacia misca solonma aTnis respublikas, romlis fenebi<br />
dlagda ara imis mixedviT vis SeeZlo aerCia, aramed, imis mixedviT, Tu vin<br />
SeiZleboda yofiliyo arCeuli.<br />
am magaliTebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monteskie askvnis, rom respublikis pirveli<br />
kanonia xmis micemis uflebis mqone moqalaqeTa garkveva da danawilebaorganizacia.<br />
respublikuri mmarTvelobis meore umniSvnelovanesi kanoni ukve arCeviT<br />
procedurebs Seexeba. ZvelTaganve aq uamravi sakiTxi arsebobs wilisyrasa da<br />
arCevasTan dakavSirebiT, xmis micemi Ria da farul saxeebs da a.S. monteskies<br />
miaCnia, rom demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari kanoni gulisxmobs, rom Tu xalxi xmas<br />
aZlevs, xmis micema Ria unda iyos.<br />
Tu respublikas mmarTvelobis aristokratiuli <strong>for</strong>misaken aqvs gadaxra,<br />
maSin saukeTeso iqneba is mmarTveloba, romelSiac Raribebi mosaxleobis<br />
umciresobas Seadgenen da piriqiT. es ki imitom, rom aristokratiuli<br />
mmarTvelobis pirobebSi, wers monteskie, xalxi araraobaa (1.42).<br />
amrigad, rom SvajamoT, respublikuri mmarTvelobisaTvis ganmsazRvreli<br />
kanonebi, SegviZlia maTi aseTi saxiT dalageba:<br />
• xmis mqone moqalaqeTa ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;<br />
• saarCevno xmis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi;<br />
• moqalaqeTa stratifikacia;<br />
• moqalaqeTa balotirebis wesis ganmsazRvreli kanonebi da, bolos,<br />
• xmis micemis <strong>for</strong>ma da wesi.<br />
respublikisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi gadamwyveti mnSvneloba aqvs ara<br />
xalxs, aramed erT, umaRles mmarTvels. aq yovelgvari politikuri da<br />
samoqalaqo Zalauflebis wyaro TviTon xelmwifea, romelic qveyanas ganagebs<br />
ZiriTadi kanonebis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, monarqiis ZiriTadi kanonebi<br />
aucileblobiT iTvaliswineben Zalauflebis Sualedur rgolebs, romliTac<br />
unda ganxorcieldes monarqis xelisufleba. uZiriTadesi kanoni aseT funqcias<br />
Tavadaznaurobas aniWebs: “Tu ar aris monarqi, ar aris Tavadaznauroba. Tu ar<br />
aris Tavadaznauroba, arc monarqiaa” —gveubneba es kanoni. am Sualeduri<br />
saxelisuflebo korpusis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, monarqias aqvs didi Sansi<br />
gadaiqces despotiad.<br />
Zalauflebis Sualeduri elementebis gaTvaliswinebiT, monarqiaSi SeiZleba<br />
gamoiyos Semdegi saxis subordinaciuli elementebi:<br />
• xelmwife;<br />
• didebulebi (nobiliteti);<br />
• Tavadaznauroba.<br />
ramdenadac monarqias despoturi mmarTvelobisagan kanonebis mocemuloba<br />
ganasxvavebs, amdenad Sualeduri, Tavadaznaurobis garda, monarqias sWirdeba<br />
kanonebis “Semnaxavi” korpusi, romelic gaiTvaliswinebs ra, Tavadaznaurobis<br />
tradiciul agdebul damokidebulebas kanonebis mimarT, Tvali eWireba maT<br />
arsrulebaze. aq monteskie sakmaod bundovnas saubrobs, Tumca gasagebia, rom<br />
mas, dawunebuli monarqis sabWosagan gansxvavebiT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sadeputato<br />
korpusi da parlamenti.<br />
da bolos, despotia, romelic mmarTvelobis yvelaze uaresi <strong>for</strong>ma,<br />
67
monteskies interpretaciiT, principSi marTvaze uaris Tqmis kanons emyareba.<br />
sabuTebad mas moaqvs misi epoqis TurqeTis sasulTno d papis marTveloba. orive<br />
politikuri reJimis ZiriTadi knoni gulisxmobs umaRlesi xelisuflis mier<br />
marTvasTan dakavSirebuli davidarabis Tavidan acileba da mis gadabarebas<br />
pirveli vezirisaTvis.<br />
mmarTveobis samive <strong>for</strong>mas Sesabamisi principebi aqvs. ra aris principi?<br />
principis cnebs monteskie bunebis cnebasTan SepirispirebaSi gansazRvravs:<br />
“mmarTvelobis bunebasa da mis princips Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom misi buneba<br />
aris is, rac mas aseTad xdis, xolo principi ki is, rasac igi moqmedebaSi moyavs.<br />
pirveli misi damaxasiaTebeli struqturaa, meore ki is adamianuri vnebebia,<br />
romlebic am struqturas amoZraveben” (1.48).<br />
am gansazRvrebaSi, uTuod aris garkveuli filosofiuri xasiaTis problema,<br />
romelsac Cven aq ar ganvixilavT, Tumca, davafiqsirebT. kerZod, gansazRvrebaSi<br />
aSkarad igrZnoba antkiuri politikuri filosofiis kvali. Zveli berZnebic,<br />
msgavsadve “bunebas” gansazRvravdnen, rogorc imgvar raimes, rac sagans aqcevs<br />
imad, rac is aris saboloo jamSi. monteskiec raRac msgavss ambobs, magram<br />
principis saxiT bunebas umatebs kidev mis amamoZravebel moments. amgvari<br />
mamoZravebeli berZnuli msoflmxedvelobisaTvis sruliad zedmeti iyo, radgan<br />
buneba ara mxolod sagnis saxe iyo, aramed am saxis mimcemic. aqedan, aSkaraa, rom<br />
Tumca terminologiis mniSvnelovani nawili monteskiesTan klasikuria, misi<br />
xasiaTi arsebiTadaa Secvlili da Cvenc sakvlev Temad SegviZlia viguloT am<br />
cvlilebis mizezebi, xasiaTi da sazRvrebi.<br />
aqamde aRiwera mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli kanonebi, Tumca<br />
aRiniSna TiToeuli mmarTvelobisaTvis aucilebeli buneabc. kerZod,<br />
respublikis buneba xalxis mmarTvelobaSia, monarqiisa kanonebiT mmarTvel<br />
xelmwifeSi, xolo despotiisa ki erTmarTvelis nebasurvilebSi.<br />
rac Seexeba TiToeuli maTganis mamoZravebel principebs, demokratiis<br />
principad avtori miiCnevs siqveles (SeiZl. saTnoebas), monarqiisa — Rirsebas,<br />
xolo despotiis principad — SiSs. monarqiaSi, wers monteskie, yvelafers<br />
gansazRvreavs kanonTa Zala, xolo despotiaSi ki mmarTvelis mudam SemarTuli<br />
xeli.. rac Seexeba respublikur mmarTvelobas, sulerTia is warmodgenili iqneba<br />
demokratiiT, Tu aristokratiiT, igi saWiroebs damatebiT mamoZravebels da es<br />
damatebiTi mamoZravebeli aris siqvele. siqvelis moSla moqalaqeebis cxovrebis<br />
wesis degradaciis sawindaria. Tu, magaliTad, adre Tavisufleba surdaT kanonis<br />
Sesabamisad, siqvelis dacemis Semdeg, moqalaqeebi Tavisuflebas kanonis<br />
sawinaaRmdegod moiTxoven. respublikuri marTvelobis pirobebSi standartul<br />
siqveleTa Soris SegviZlia vixiloT: samSoblos siyvaruli, ltolva WeSmariti<br />
didebisaken, Tavdadeba, sakuTari interesebis Sewirva da a.S. siqveleze<br />
msjelobisas abtors mxedvelobaSi politikuri siqvele aqvs, Tumca, aRniSnavs,<br />
rom is moraluri siqvelecaa, radgan misi mizani sayovelTao keTildReobaa.<br />
respublikuri mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, monarqiaSi siqvele SeiZleba<br />
axasiaTebdes calkeul mmarTvels, magram ara mTel xalxs (1.53). amitom<br />
monarqiuli reJimis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli aris Rirseba. misi damaxasiaTebeli<br />
qcevis gansakuTrebuli kodeqsiTa da preferenciebiT. Rirsebis kodeqsi<br />
moiTxovs gansakuTrebuli pativis migebas ama Tu im pirisadmi, ris gareSe is Tavs<br />
Seuracxyofilad igrZnobs.<br />
da bolos, despotiis mTavari principi, rogorc iTqva, SiSia. despotiaSi<br />
xelmwifis garda yvela monaa da gasagebia, rom mona mudmiv SiSSi unda gyavdes,<br />
raTa is moZraobaSi moiyvano. amasTan monis SiSi ar aris carieli warmosaxvis<br />
TamaSiT Seqmnili safrTxobela. monis SiSi aRmocenebulia realur niadagze da<br />
gulisxmobs despotis mudam SemarTul xels, romelic, rogorc ki modundeba, im<br />
donemde, rom aRar ZaluZs saxelmwifos Tundac pirvel waCinebulTa TavisTvis<br />
sasurvel dros dasja,, despotiis simyares maSinve niadagi ecleba.<br />
ganxiluli sami principi marTvis TiToeuli <strong>for</strong>mis ideidan gamomdinareobs.<br />
monteskie aRniSnavs, rom es sulac ar niSnavs, TiTqos ar arsebobs gamonaklisebi.<br />
magram rac ueWvelia, is gaxlavT, rom am principebis ganuxorcielebloba<br />
TiToeul marTvelobis <strong>for</strong>mas naklovans xdis.<br />
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2.1. Sesabamisoba kanonebsa da principebs Soris<br />
monteskiesaTvis kanonebi mimarTebebia. isini arseboben obieqturad da<br />
aucileblobiT. monteskie upirispirdeba Tomistur tradicias, romelic<br />
pozitiur samarTals gaigebda maradiul, naturalur da gamocxadebul<br />
kanonebTan kvaSirSi. kanonis saboloo wyaro, Tomistiuri tradiciiT, RmerTia.<br />
saerTo sikeTis gaTvaliswinebiT kanons adgenda mmarTveli. amgvari Tvalsazrisisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, monteskies mier kanonis gansazRvreba jer erTi<br />
adgils aRar tovebda saswaulebisaTvis da meorec kanons gaigebs maradiul<br />
aucileblobad, romelsac gamokveTili racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. RvTaebrivi da<br />
naturalisturi teleologiis Tavidan mocilebiT, monteskie imedovnebda<br />
mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb aeyvana kartezianuli da niutonianuri fizikis<br />
doneze. kanonebis Sesabamisobas mmarTvelobis principebTan moqmedebaSi moyavs<br />
mmarTvelobis yvela elementi da amdenad maTi Tanmimdevruli analizi<br />
monteskies Wirdeba saxelmwifos meqanizmis funqcionirebis sruli suraTis<br />
dasadgenad.<br />
SevexoT jer respublikas. respublikaSi siqvele sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />
respublikis siyvaruli. respublikis siyvaruli demokratiuli mmarTvelobis<br />
Jams, igive TviT demokratiis siyvarulia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Tanasworobis<br />
(romelsac didi mniSvneloba aqvs ufro demokratiisaTvis) da zomierebis (rac<br />
ganmsazRvreli xdeba aristokratiisaTvis) siyvarulze daiyvaneba. gaTanabrebis<br />
principis moqmedeba demokratiis pirobebSi, pirvel rigSi Tanaswor qveynis<br />
samsaxurs gulisxmobs. Tu am mimarTebiT gansxvavebebi arseboben, es isev<br />
Tanasworobis principis zeobis gamo, radgan marTalia yvela Tanabrad cdilobs,<br />
margam SeZlebiT ki gansxvavebulad axerxeben qveynis samsaxurs. respublikisaTvis<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania saSualo adamianebis fenis Seqmna. saSualo fena<br />
zomierebiT da gonivrulobiT gamoirCeva da ganuxrelad ukavSirebs sakuTar<br />
keTildReobas saxelmwifos keTildReobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom siqvele<br />
Sesabamis emociur ganwyobas gulisxmobs, monteskie savsebiT marTebulad Tvlis<br />
saWirod mis ganmtkicebas kanoniT. “imisaTvis, rom Tanasworoba da zomiereba<br />
giyvardes respublikaSi, saWiroa isini kanoniT iyvnen dadgenilni”.<br />
rogor SeuZlia kanons Tanasworobis da zomierebis uzrunvelyofa?<br />
istoriulad amis sxvadasxva gza iyo napovni. erTi maTgani moiTxovda miwis<br />
Tanabrad ganawilebas. sxva gza areguilrebda memkvidreobis kanonebs da a.S. Tu<br />
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanasworobis damyareba Tundac demokratiaSi, sadac<br />
Tanasworoba saxelmwifos suli da gulia, Zalze Znelia da bevr riskebTanaa<br />
dakavSirebuli, yvelaze gonivrulad unda CavTvaloT am mimarTebiT Semotanili<br />
is kanonebi, romlebic uTanasworobis SesazRudad qobenriv cenzs awesebs da<br />
amcirebs gansxvavebebs. amis Semdeg, ukve SeiZleba socialuri fenebis<br />
regulireba gadasaxadebiT, Tu mdidrebi daibegrebian ufro metad, vidre<br />
naklebad SeZlebuli ojaxebi.<br />
Tu respublikuri mmarTvelobidan monarqiaze gadavinacvlebT, orientirebulni<br />
unda viyoT Rirsebaze, romelic am tipis mmarTvelobis principia.<br />
kanonebic, cxadia, misi Sesatyvisi unda iyos. kanonebma aq ar unda imoqmedon<br />
keTilSobilTa wodebis dasacavad. es wodeba Tavad daicavs sakuTar Tavs.<br />
kanonebis didi nawili unda mimarTuli iyos memkvidreobiTobis gasarkvevad,<br />
radgan Rirseba aq mibmulia gvarze, mamulze da memkvidreobaze. monarqia ufro<br />
myari saxelmwifoa, vidre despotia, radgan masSi ramdenime fena arsebobs,<br />
romlebic morgebulni arian saxelmwifosTan da mmarTvelobis wesTan.<br />
rac Seexeba despotias, ramdenadac aq mmarTvelobis mTavari principi SiSia,<br />
dabeCavebuli xalxi bevr kanonebs ar saWiroebs. sakmarisia ori-sami martivi wesi,<br />
romlebic uyoymanod aRsruldeba. despotoaSi saxelmwifos usafTxoeba igive<br />
despotis dacvaa. rac mis gareT xdeba despots naklebad aRelvebs. misi ZiriTadi<br />
mizani siwynarea, Tumca siwynare aq mSvidobis macne sulac ar aris. yvelaferi<br />
damyarebulia Zaladobaze, magram Zalis patroni saxelmwifo ki ar aris, aramed<br />
armia, romelic marTalia saxelmwifos dasacavad ki Seiqmna, magram<br />
despotisaTvis isic safrTxes warmoadgens. despoturi saxelmwifoebis tipur<br />
nimuSebad monteskie islamur qveynebs da moskovitias ganixilavs.<br />
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3. politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba<br />
“Tavisufleba” zogadad mravalmniSvnelovnebiT gamoirCeva. erT SemTxvevaSi<br />
is SeiZleba niSnavdes, vTqvaT tiranis damxobis uflebas, meore SemTxvevaSi<br />
xelisuflebis arCevis uflebas, sxvagan SeiaraRebis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi<br />
Zalis gamoyenebis uflebas da a.S. Tu yuradRebiT gadavavlebT Tvals am<br />
daxasiaTebebs, maTSi ufro politikuri Tavisuflebis cneba Cans, vidre<br />
“Tavisuflebis” romelime sxvamniSvneloba. arada, “Tavisuflebaze” SegviZlia<br />
visaubriT rogorc politikuri Tavisuflebis azriT, aseve socialuri da ufro<br />
zogadi, metefizikuri Tavisuflebis azriT. am ukanaskneli mniSvnelobiT anu,<br />
rogorc monteskie uwodebs “filosofiuri” mniSvnelobiT, Tavisufleba<br />
SeiZleba ganisazRvros ase: “filosofiuri Tavisufleba mdgomareobs moqalaqis<br />
mier Tavisi nebis ganxorcielebaSi ... imSexedulebaSi, rom moqalaqes SeuZlia<br />
sakuTari nebis ganxorcieleba” (1.213).<br />
qveyana, romelSiac kanonebi uzrunvelyofs Tavisuflebas, monteskies azriT,<br />
aris inglisi. inglisis politikur yofaze dakvirvebam monteskie miiyvana<br />
Tvalsazrisamde, romelis saWirod sTvlis xelisuflebis samad dayofas.<br />
monteskies mier xelisuflebis danawilebis modeli gansxvavdeba lokiseuli<br />
modelisagan. loki calke gamoyofda sagareo politikis warmaTvis funqcias da<br />
mas uwodebda “federaciuls”. amasTan, loks erTad hqonda mocemuli Sida<br />
kanonmdebloba da sasamarTlo kanonmmdebloba da maT aerTianebda erTi saxelwodebis,<br />
“aRmasrulebelis” qveS. imiT, rom saSinao da sagareo kanonmdebloba<br />
erT korpusSi gaaerTiana da maTgan gamijna sasamarTlo kanonmdebloba,<br />
monteskiem moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebis meti garantia Seqmna. monteskie adarebda<br />
ra ingliselTa politikur Tavisuflebas antikuri periodis demokratiis<br />
Tavisuflebebs, upiratesobas pirvels aniWebda. ingliselebma, misi azriT,<br />
gamoaRviZes xalxis masiuri energia da erTmaneTi SeazRudvines nobilitets da<br />
Tems. magram ingliselebis gansakuTrebuli upiratesoba Cans umTavresad<br />
kriminallur samarTalSi. arsebobs oTxi saxis kriminali: religiis<br />
sawinaaRmdego, moralis sawinaaRmdego, simSvidis sawinaRmdego da, bolos,<br />
uSiSroebis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. monteskies azriT, SeuZlebeli unda iyos<br />
Tavisufal saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo devna moraluri an religiuri<br />
SecodebisaTvis, garda zogoerTi aRviraxsnilobisa.<br />
amas mosdevs inglisis saxelmwifos Tavisufal moqalaqeTa yofis Sefaseba,<br />
raSiac monteskie ufro dadebiT elementebs xedavs. aq erTmaneTsaa Serwymuli<br />
monarqiis da respublikis saukeTeso <strong>for</strong>mebis Tvisebebi. saxelmwifos<br />
Zalauflebis siZliere uzrunvelyofilia masSi xalxis masiuri monawileobiT,<br />
Tumca es ise xdeba, rom amiT ar izRudeba individualizmi — yoveli konkretuli<br />
piris moqmedebis areali Tavisufalia. es yvelaze kargad Cans religiis<br />
sakiTxebSi; religia individebis privatuli saqmea da masTan dakavSirebiT<br />
araviTari maiZulebeli instanciebi ar erevian saqmeSi.<br />
Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom monteskie mijnavs politikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
cnebas samoqalaqo Tvisuflebis cnebisagan. msgavsi gamijvna safuZvlad uZevs<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bunebis da principebis gaazrebas dasavlur<br />
azrovnebaSi. monteskie asxvavebs kanonebs saxelmwifosTan mimarTebiT, rac<br />
uzrunvelyofs politikur Tavisuflebas da kanonebs moqalaqesTan mimarTebiT<br />
(1.179). politikuri Tavisufleba, avtoris azriT, aris imis gakeTeba, risi<br />
gakeTebac SegviZlia rom gvsurdes da iZulebulni ar viyoT vakeToT is, risi<br />
gakeTebis survili SeiZleba rom ar gvqondes. erTi sityviT, Tavisufleba aris<br />
kanoniT dasaSvebis keTebis ufleba (1.180).<br />
monteskies miaCnia, rom politikuri Tavisuflebisadmi sazogadoebis swrafva<br />
aisaxeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos bunebasa da struqturaze. Tu gadavxedavT<br />
zogierTi saxelmwifos wyobas da kanonebs, cxadi gaxdeba, am saxelmwifos<br />
mizanic. ase magaliTad, romaelTa mizani teritoriebis gafarToeba iyo,<br />
lakedemonelebisa — omi, iudevelebis — religia, CineTis — simSvide da a.S.<br />
arsebobs erTi saxelmwifo, romlis mizani, moqalaqeta politikuri<br />
TavisuflebiT uzrunvelyofaa da es saxelmwifo, avtoris azriT, aris inglisi.<br />
amitom igi Tavisuflebis Temis analizs am saxemwifos institutebis da kanonebis<br />
70
daxasiaTebiT cdilobs, Tumca aqve SeniSnavs Semdegs: “Cemi saqme araa Seviswavlo,<br />
marTlac sargebloben Tu ara amJamad ingliselebi TavisuflebiT.<br />
vkmayofildebi imis TqmiT, rom Tavisufleba dadgenilia maT kanonebSi, sxva<br />
araferi mainteresebs” (1.192).<br />
rasac ingliselebis politikuri mowyoba sakuTar moqalaqeebs aZlevs, es<br />
gaxlavT samoqalaqo simSvide da qveynis Sida stabiluroba. “moqalaqis<br />
politikuri Tavisufleba aris is sulieri simSvide, romelic TiToeulis<br />
usafrTxoebis Segnebidan momdinareobs; imisaTvis, rom gvqondes es Tavisufleba,<br />
saWiroa iseTi mmarTveloba, roca erT moqalaqes meoris SiSi ar eqneba (1.182).<br />
amisaTvis ki xelisuflebis sam Stod danawileba erTi upirvelesi pirobaTagania.<br />
xelisuflebis danawilebis moTxovnas cxadad vafiqsirebT ukve lokis<br />
TeoriaSi. manamde, hobsisaTvis es idea Tumca ucnobi ar yofila, magram<br />
revoluciisa da samoqalaqo omis ubedurebTa gaTvaliswinebiT, hobsma araTu<br />
uari Tqva am principze, aramed dagmo is da saxelmwifosaTvis Zalze mavned<br />
miiCnia. monteskie lokze ufro Sors wavida, radgan savsebiT garkveviT mianiSna<br />
sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze, rogorc xelisuflebis iseT damoukidebel<br />
damoukidebel Stoze, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos politiuri Tavisufleba. is<br />
wers: “Tavisufleba aseve ar gvaqvs im SemTvevaSi, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba<br />
gancalkevebuli araa kanonmdebeli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi<br />
SeerTebuli iqneba kanonmdebel xelisuflebasTan, maSin misi Zalaufleba<br />
moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis mimarT TviTneburi iqneba, radgan<br />
mosamarTle TviTon iqneba kanonmdebeli; Tu es xelisufleba SeerTebuli iqneba<br />
aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaSTan, mosamarTles SesaZlebloba eqneba mCagvreli<br />
gaxdes. yvelaferi waxdeba, Tu erTi adamiani, an mTavarTa da keTilSobilTa erTi<br />
korpusi ganaxorcielebs samsave xelisuflebas ... ” (1.182). amasTan meti<br />
obieqturobisaTvis, monteskie moiTxovs mosamarTleebis xalxis farTo<br />
wreebidan arCevas.<br />
meore mniSvnelovani momenti, romelmac unda uzrnvelyos politiuri<br />
Tavisufleba, aris xalxis monawileoba qveynis marTvaSi. “vinaidan, Tavisufal<br />
saxelmwifoSi yoveli adamiani, romelic Tavisufali sulis mqoned iTvleba,<br />
TviTon unda ganagebdes Tavis Tavs, kanonmdebeli xelisufleba iq mTel xalxs<br />
unda ekuTvnodes” (1.184). saxalxo mmarTveloba, romelsac monteskie moiTxovs,<br />
ar aris berZnuli demokratiis ubralo gadamRereba. berZnuli demokratiis<br />
uSualo <strong>for</strong>misagan gansxvavebiT, monteskie laparakobs warmomadgenlobiT<br />
demokratiaze. misi azriT, uSualo demokratiisagan gansxvavebiT, warmomadgenlobiTi<br />
<strong>for</strong>ma saWiroa jer erTi imitom, rom did saxelmwifoebSi mosaxleobis<br />
simravlis gamo sxva gza ar arsebobs, meore imitom, rom “warmomadgenlebi”<br />
monteskiesaTvis profesionalebi arian (“... SeswevT unari saqmeebze msjelobisa.<br />
xalxi amisaTvis ar gamodgeba; esaa demokratiis erT-erTi didi uxerxuloba”<br />
(1.185) ). ufro metic, Zveli demokratiebis nakls is swored imaSi xedavs, rom<br />
qveynis marTvas uSualod cdilobda xalxi, risi unaric mas ar hqonda.<br />
warmomadgenlobis instituti Semoitanes ara Zvelma berZnebma an romaelebma,<br />
aramed germanelma tomebma, romlebic, evropis sxvadasxva regiunebSi<br />
gabneulebi, saerTo yrilobaze warmomadgenlebs agzavnidnen.<br />
da bolos mesame mniSvnelovani faqtori politikuri Tavisuflebis<br />
uzrunvelsayofad aris armiis swori organizacia. ramdenadac armia aRmasrulebel<br />
xelisufelbas eqvemdebareba, saWiroa armiis xalxis warmomadgenlebiT<br />
dakompleqteba da misi ganmsWvalva saxalxo suliskveTebiT. amisaTvis ki<br />
saukeTeso saSualebaa jariskacebis ufleba flobdnen sakmao qonebas da meore,<br />
iyvnen pasuxismgebelni TavianT moqmedebaze sxva moqalaqeebis winaSe.<br />
Tu politikuri Tavisulebis ZiriTadi garantori xelisuflebis ganawilebaa,<br />
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi marTebul sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobazea<br />
damokidebuli, radgan sazogadoebaSi moqalaqis qcevis Tavisufleba<br />
ganisazRvreba imiT, Tu ramdenad daculad grZnobs is Tavs (1.212; 213). garda<br />
amisa, samoqalaqo Tavisufleba didadaa damokidebulisazogadoebaSi<br />
gabatonebul zneobaze da Cvevebze. zneobas, rogorc vxedavT, aq TiTqmis<br />
kanonTan gaTanabrebuli statusi aqvs miniWebuli, rac savsebiT esadageba<br />
avtoris Tvalsazriss kanonsa da znes Soris arsebui gansxvavebis Sesaxeb.<br />
71
monteskies gansazRvrebiT, kanoni moqalaqis qcevas aregulirebs, xolo zne ki<br />
adamianisa (1.332). am gamijvniT dafiqsirebulia antikuri tradiciisagan<br />
gansxvavebuli, albaT ufro makiavelisturi pozicia. monteskie ar miiCnevs, rom<br />
morali da politika erTi medlis or mxares warmoadgenen. piriqiT, saqme ufro<br />
TiToeuli maTganis sferos avtonomiurobas exeba.<br />
4. omis Sesaxeb<br />
avtori ganixilavs aristoteles droidan xSiard ganxilul sakiTxs saxelmwifos<br />
zomebis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba igive saxelmwifos<br />
usafrTxoebis sakiTxebs. ara mxolod sakiTxis dasmaSi, aramed misi gaazrebaSiac<br />
avtori aristoteles miyveba: saxelmwifo ar unda iyos arc Zalian mcire, magram<br />
arc Zalian didi. saukeTeso teritoriis mqone saxelmwifoebad miCneulia<br />
safrangeTi da espaneTi. gansakuTrebiT momgebiani pozicia aqvs safrangeTs,<br />
romlis dedaqalaqi qveynis SuaSia ganlagebuli. es mas saSualebas aZlevs<br />
Tanabrad gaanawilos Tavisi Zalebi qveynis nebismier sazRvramde.<br />
arsebul respublikebs Soris Siangani konstituciiT, gare TavdasxmisaTvis<br />
yvelaze mouxerxebelia Sveicariis an holandiis msgavsi federaciuli<br />
gaerTianeba. Tu federaciis wevrebs Soris sruli Tanxmoba da tamnamSromloba<br />
sufevs is zalze mouxerxebeli dasapyrobia rogorc gare mtrisaTvis<br />
(centraluri xelisuflebis damxobis Semdeg Semadgeneli subeqtebi isev<br />
gaagrZeleben brZolas), aseve SidaaSlilobis SemTxvevaSiac (ajanyeba erT<br />
romelime provinciaSi SeiZleba warmatebiT SeCerebuli iyos danarCen<br />
provinciebSi). respublikuri mmarTvelobis qveynebi safrTxis moaxloebisas<br />
cdiloben erTmaneTs daexmaron da saamisod politikur da samxedro kavSirebs<br />
deben. amisagan gansxvavebiT despotia sapirispirod iqceva _ is msxverplad<br />
gaiRebs qveynis romelime erT nawils, gaaukacrielebs sasazRvro raionebs raTa<br />
SeinarCunon xeluxleblad saxelmwifos birTvi. aseTi samxedro praqtika ufro<br />
misaRebia did teritoriis mqone despotiebisaTvis, vidre patarebisaTvis. Tu<br />
despotiebi erTmaneTs Seesevian xolme, monarqiaSi omebi Cveulebrivi movlenaa.<br />
monarqiebi Cveulebriv cixe-simagreebis mTeli sistemiT arian daculebi (amgvar<br />
gamagrebul punqtebs ufrTxian despotiaSi), rac mters Zalze urTulebs yoveli<br />
gojis dakavebas.<br />
TiToeuli reJimis TavdacviTi potencialis am daxasiaTebis Semdeg,<br />
monteskie exeba ufro zogadi xasiaTis sakiTxs da saubrobs saxelmwifoebis<br />
TavdasxmiT da TavdacviT Zalebze. es ori ram ki erTidaigove ar aris. arseboben<br />
saxelmwifoebi, romelTa TavdasxmiTi potenciali gacilebiT sWarbobs<br />
TavdacviTs. aseTia, magaliTad inglisi. saxelmwifos WeSmariti Zala imiT ki ar<br />
ganisazRvreba, rom mas uadviledeba sxvebis dapyroba, aramed imiT, rom masze<br />
Tavdasxmaa Zneli (1.160-161).<br />
avtori saxelmwifoTa cxovrebas adamianebis cxovrebas adarebs. rogorc<br />
adamians aqvs Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi ufleba moklas Tavdamsxmeli, aseve erT<br />
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba omi awarmoos meore saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg da es omi<br />
monteskies mie samartlianad iTvleba. is amarTlebs omis dawyebasac, Tu<br />
saxelmwifo xedavs, rom mSvidobis gagrZeleba misTvis daRupvis tolfasi<br />
iqneboda. omis uflebidan gamomdinareobs dapyrobis uflebac. rodesac erTi<br />
qveyana daipyrobs meores, igi mas oTxi SesaZlo wesiT eqceva:<br />
• Tavis Tavze iRebs mis marTvas igive kanonebiT, rac am dapyrobil qveyanas<br />
manamde hqonda da TavisTvis itovebs mxolod zogad politikur mmar-<br />
Tvelobas;<br />
• cvlis dapyrobili qveynis kanonebs;<br />
• angrevs sazogadoebas da fantavs mas sxvadasxva regionebSi;<br />
• amoJlets yvela moqalaqes.<br />
avtori ganmartavs, rom yvela “moqalaqis amoJleta” ar niSnavs dapyrobil<br />
qveyanaSi adamianebis gawyvetas. moqalaqe SeiZleba daiRupos ise, rom adamiani<br />
gadarCes (1.165). monteskies am mosazrebis ukan dgas “dapyrobis uflebis” Semdegi<br />
72
saxis gansazRvreba: esaa aucilebeli, kanonieri da sabediswero ufleba, romelic<br />
uzarmazar vals adebs gadasaxdelad dampyrobs, raTa man SesZlos iyos<br />
pirnaTeli adamianuri bunebis winaSe (1.168).<br />
5.geografiuli determiizmi<br />
erT-erTi damsaxureba socialuri Teoriis winaSe, romelsac sxvadasxva saxis<br />
literaturaSi aucileblad vipovniT monteskies aqtivSi, gaxlavT misi e.w.<br />
geografiuli determinizmi. marTalia, SeniSvnebs saxelmwifos mdebareobaze<br />
dedamiwis ama Tu im adgilas da am mdebareobis zegavlenaze Sesabamisi<br />
saxelmwifos politikaze, vkiTxulobT Zvel avtorebTanac (aristotele,<br />
ciceroni), magram monteskie uTuod pirveli iyo, romelmac cada saxelmwifoTa<br />
kanonmdebloba da politikuri struqtura misi geografiuli mdebareobiT, haviT<br />
da sxva faqtorebiT aexsna.<br />
Zalze mokled monteskies Sexedulebebi am mimarTulebiT ase SeiZleba<br />
gadmoices: CrdiloeTis hava mkacria da cxovrebisaTvis mzime pirobebs qmnis.<br />
samxreTisa ki piriqiT; rbili hava aiolebs sakvebis mopovebas da Sesabamisad, aq<br />
adamians arsebobisaTvis saWiro minimumis mosapoveblad mciredic ki yofnis.<br />
didi xnis manZilze, aseT pirobebSi cxovrebam adamianebSi gamoimuSava Sesabamisi<br />
xasiaTebi da Sesabamisi cxobrebis wesi, ramac zegavlena iqonia maT politikur da<br />
socialur yofaze. ase magaliTad, samxreTis xalxebi gamoirCevian gonebrivi da<br />
misi zegavleniT sxeulis sizantiT, teqnikis da teqnologiebis dabali doniT.<br />
igive viTareba gansazRvravs despotiebis moZalebas am regionSi da Tavisuflebis<br />
did deficits. aqedanve SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi religiuri kanonic. ase<br />
magaliTad, mahmadis kanoni, romelic krZalavs Rvinis smas, TviT arabeTis cxeli<br />
havis kanonia. amaze mogviTiTebs msgavs klimatSi mcxovreb karTagenelTa kanoni,<br />
romelic aseve krZalavda Rvinis smas. samxreTis xalxebisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
evropelTa winaprebi, germanelebi iseT pirobebSi cxovrobdnen, rom maT<br />
saarsebod mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva sWirdebodaT. Sesabamisad vnebebi aq<br />
gacilebiT mSvidi iyo, xolo Sromismoyvareoba gacilebiT didi. da a.S.<br />
samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom Tavis geografiul determinizmSi<br />
monteskie ar wasula ise Sors, rom adamianTa monoba an Tavisufleba am<br />
faqtoridan gamoeyvana. miuxedavad amisa, mis nawerebSi vxvdebiT dRevandeli<br />
mkiTxvelisaTvis daujerebel msjelobebs SavkanianTa Sesaxeb. misi azriT,<br />
SavkanianTa monad qcevis praqtika savsebiT misaRebia, radgan:<br />
• Saqari Zalze gaZvirdeboda, lerwami rom monebs ar daemuSavebinaT samxreT<br />
amerikaSi;<br />
• isini Tavidan fexebamde savkanianebi arian da imdenad miWyletili cxviri<br />
aqvT, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia maTi Sebraleba;<br />
• SeuZlebelia imis daSveba, rom RmerTma — uaRresad brZenma arsebam — suli<br />
da miT ufro keTili suli Cado mTlianad Sav sxeulebSi;<br />
• SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom isini adamianebi arian, radgan Tu maT<br />
adamianebad miviCnevT, maSin saeWvo gaxdeba Cven Tavad varT Tu ara<br />
qristianebi (1.270).<br />
1.Sarl lui monteskie — kanonTa goni.<br />
literatura:<br />
2. David Lowenthal – Ch. L. Montesquieu, in: “ History of Political Philosophy”. Edited by Leo<br />
Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987 .<br />
73
Jan Jak rusos (1712-1778) politikuri Teoria<br />
warmoSobiT Sveicarelma, Jenevis moqalaqem, rusom yvelaze didi zegavlena<br />
iqonia mis Tanamedrove frangul sazogadoebaze im avtorebs Soris, romelTa<br />
kvlevis mTavari obieqti politikuri da socialuri problemebi iyo.<br />
Tanasworobis da Tavisuflebis principebis radikaluri <strong>for</strong>miT dacvam, rogorc<br />
savsebiT samarTlianad SeniSnavda berki, ara mxolod moamzada franguli<br />
revolucia, aramed gansazRvra misi odiozuri mxareebic. ruso sruliad sxva<br />
poziciebze idga, vidre monteskie. Tavisufleba, romelic misi pirveli ZiriTadi<br />
sakvlevi kategoriaa, man warmogvidgina rogorc adamianis mouwyveteli da<br />
bunebrivi ufleba, romelsac ewinaaRmdegeboda mTeli maSindeli sazogadoebrivi<br />
wyoba da Sesabamisad, mis Teorias, romelic Tavisuflebis fenomenis<br />
relizaciisaken iyo mimarTuli, misi sazogadoebisaTvis damangreveli Zala<br />
hqonda.<br />
rusom pirvelad saxeli mas Semdeg gaiTqva, rac diJonis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiam 1750 wels gamoacxada konkursi Sromaze “Seuwyo Tu ara mecnierebis<br />
ganviTarebam sazogadoebis zneobis progress xeli”? rusos Txzuleba, romelmac<br />
umaRlesi Sefaseba daimsaxura am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleoda. SromaSi<br />
gamoxatuli ideologia Znelad egueboda ganmanaTleblobis progresistul xazs<br />
da, SesaZloa, met saerTos gviandeli leikistebis moZraobasTan poulobda.<br />
miuxedavad amisa, rusos Semdegi Sromebi politikur Temebze, meti optimizmiT<br />
gamoirCeoda. zogierTi maT franguli revoluciis bibliadac ki aRiqvamda.<br />
marTlac da rusomde aravis moucia ubiri xalxis politikuri uflebamosilebis<br />
aseTi damajerebeli dafuZneba. xalxi mis TxzulebebSi gamoyvanilia politikuri<br />
movlenebis ZiriTad subieqtad da piruTvnel msajulad. uflebamosilebebis<br />
aseTi dasabuTebis fonze, ra gasakviria safrangeTSi exilaT demosis iseTi<br />
arnaxuli aRzeveba, rogoric manamde ar hqonia arc erT xalxs arc erT qveyanaSi.<br />
rusos politikuri Sexedulebebi gadmocemuli iqneba misi Semdegi Sromebis<br />
mixedviT: “gaazrebani adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis gaCenis Sesaxeb” (1754);<br />
“politikuri ekonomia” (1755); “sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba” (1752).<br />
1.bunebiTi mdgomareoba da bunebiTi uTanasworoba<br />
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Tema, romelic aqtiurad ganixileboda<br />
rusos winamorbed iseT avtorebTan, rogoric iyo hobsi, loki monteskie,<br />
Sesabamis gagrZelebas da gamoyenebas povebs rusos doqtrinaSi. ganaTlebis<br />
problemebze Seqmnil naSromSi, “emili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb”, pirveli, rasac<br />
bavSvze dakvirvebisas aRmoaCens ruso bavSvze dakvirvebisas, aris misi bunebiTi<br />
Tavisufleba, romelic SemdgomSi SezRuduli unda gaxdes mravali sazogadoebrivi<br />
pirobiTobiT da aTasgvari politikuri meqanizmebiT. pirveli<br />
mniSvnelovani Tezisi, romelsac ruso wamoayenebs “gaazrebebSi adamianTa Soris<br />
uTanasworobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb”, Seexeba, erTi mxriv, im uTanasworobis<br />
bunebiTad rom arsebobs adamianebs Soris da meore mxriv, im uTanasworobas<br />
Soris gamijvnas, romelic gaCenilia Tavad adamianTa ZalisxmeviT (1.31). kvlevis<br />
gavrcelebuli modelis mixedviT, am ukanasknelis Sesaswavlad, jer unda ganvixiloT<br />
adamiani pirvelSobili, daumaxinjebeli saxiT da, mxolod amis safuZvelze<br />
unda vcadoT gavarkvioT, Tu ras warmoadgens da rogor Seiqmna<br />
uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi.<br />
adamianTa yofas bunebriv mdgomareobaSi aregulirebs bunebiTi samarTali.<br />
ras warmoadgens is konkretulad ioli aRmosaCeni rodia, radgan sxvadasxva<br />
avtorTan mis sxvadasxva interpretacias vpoulobT. Seswavlis erTi gza<br />
gulisxmobs dakvirvebas pirvelyofil sazogadoebaze, maTi cxovrebis wesis da<br />
valdebulebebis analizs. meore gza iqneba, Tu am Temaze Seqmnil politikur<br />
literaturas gverdiT gadavdebT da davakvirdebiT Tavad adamianis sulis<br />
umartives impulsebs. am gziT aRmovaCenT or umTavres sawyiss, romlebic win<br />
74
uswreben goniT aqtivobas.. erTi maTgani adamians ubiZgebs izrunos sakuTar<br />
TviTSenarCunebaze, meore ki zizRis grZnobiT aRgvavsebs, rodesac vxedavT sxva<br />
mgrZnobiare arsebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Cveni msgavsi arsebis daRupvas. Tu am or<br />
sawyiss, fiqrobs ruso, mesames, Tanacxovrebis princips davumatebT, SegveZleba<br />
gamoviyvanoT bunebiTi samarTlis yvela danarCeni kanoni. ase magaliTad, maTi<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom vidre adamians ar gauCndeba<br />
TanagrZnobisadmi bunebrivi Semakavebeli impulsebi, manamde is vnebas ar<br />
miayenebs sxvas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca iZulebulia Tavi daicvas.<br />
gamokvlevam adamianis bunebiTi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, unda “daiWiros” is<br />
momenti, rodesac bunebisa da Zaladobis adgili uflebam daikava da pirveli ori<br />
dauqvemdebara kanons ise, rom amas mohyva saswauli da ufro Ronieri daemorCila<br />
ufro susts, xolo xalxma iyida warmosaxviTi simSvidis bedniereba. amrigad,<br />
meTodi, romlis gamoyenebasac ruso problemis analizisaTvis cdilobs,<br />
gulisxmobs: a) ganyenebas faqtiuri masalidan da b) ara imdenad istoriaze<br />
dayrdnobas, aramed daSvebebs da da maTgan gamomdinare pirobebis kvlevas,<br />
romlebic saganTa bunebas ufroSeesabameba, vidre namdvil warmoSobas.<br />
am gafrTxilebis fonze, ruso cdilobs gakvriT mainc Seexos im avtorebis<br />
Tvalsazriss, romlebic bunebiT mdgomareobas ikvlevdnen. adamianis bunebiTi<br />
yofa maT mier sxvadasxvanairadaa daxatuli. Tu hobsi mas warmoidgenda<br />
Zalmomreobis sferod, grociusi da pufendorfi, piriqiT, Tvlidnen, rom<br />
adamiani bunebiT iseTi mfrTxali arsebaa, rom SeuZlebelia is Zaladobis momxre<br />
iyos. adamianis pirveli niSani, romliTac ruso interesdeba, aris ena. am sakiTxze<br />
rusos calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi tovebs STabeWdilebas, rom ruso adamianis<br />
“bunebiT mdgomareobaze” msjelobisas, mxedvelobaSi iqoniebs pirvelyofili<br />
adamianis yofas, romelic imTaviTve mWernetyveli rodia. ena, rogorc amaSi<br />
kondiliakis Sromebi gvarwmunebs, SeZenilia da Tanac xangrZlivi gamocdilebis<br />
safuZvelze. Tavis mxriv, enaze msjeloba rusos esaWiroeba daskvnas — bunebam<br />
Zalze cota ram gaakeTa imisaTvis, rom adamianebi erTmaneTTan<br />
daaxloebuliyvnen da egrZnoT urTierTsaWiroeba. “SeuZlebelia warmovidginoT<br />
— wers ruso — Tu risTvis SeiZleba dasWirdes adamians meore adamiani ufro<br />
metad, vidre maimuns an mgels Wirdeba Tavisi msgavsi” (1.62). Tuki romelime erT<br />
adamians marTlac hqond amgvari saWiroeba, auxsneli rCeba, ram ubiZga kavSirze<br />
wasasvlelad meores. da bolos, gadaulaxav problemad rCeba is, Tu rogor<br />
moaxerxes maT molaparakeba. bolos, ruso Semdegnairad ajamebs Tavis<br />
mosazrebebs adamianis pirvelyofili arsebobis Taobaze: tyeSi mawanwala veluri<br />
adamiani, sulac ar gamoirCeoda SromismoyvareobiT. mas ar hqonda sacxovrebeli,<br />
ar hqonda ena da ar saWiroebda Tavis msgavsebTan kontaqts Tavis gasatanad. ar<br />
arsebobda arc ganaTleba da arc progresi. unayofod mravldebodnen Taobebi,<br />
radgan TiToeuli maTgani igive wertilidan iwyebda, saidanac winamorbedi.<br />
mTeli saukuneebi miedineboda pirvelyofil velurobaSi: modgma ukve beberi iyo,<br />
roca adamiani bavSvad rCeboda. ruso wers: “me gamudmebiT mimtkiceben, rom ufro<br />
Zlieri aucileblad daCagravda am dros ufro susts. magram minda amixsnan, Tu<br />
ras gulisxmoben “CagvraSi”. imas, rom erTni ibatoneben Zalis gamoyenebiT da<br />
meoreni daemorCilebian maT yvela survils. magram es xom igive viTarebaa,<br />
romelsac Cvens irgvliv myofTa Soris vamCnev, Tumca ver gamigia, rogor<br />
SeiZleba igive viTareba velurTa Soris arsebuliyo, romelTaTvisac bolomde<br />
gaugebari iqneboda, Tu ras niSnavs damoneba da batonoba” (1.70). SegviZlia<br />
davuSvaT, rom erTma velurma meores waarTva gamoqvabuli, nanadirevi, magram<br />
gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeuZlia man aiZulos vinme mis sasargeblod imuSaos,<br />
radgan amis mcdelobiT is Tavs ufro mZime dReSi Caigdebs, vidre manamde iyo. is<br />
xom mudmivad Cemi yarauli unda gaxdes, rom ar gaviqce, an raime ar movparo, an<br />
sulac ar movkla. riskenac rusos msjelobis wayvana surs is gaxlavT, rom<br />
bunebiT situaciaSi ar arsebobs erTi adamianis meoreze batonobis meqanizmebi.<br />
ruso akeTebs daskvnas, rom monoba SeiZleba mxolod mas Semdeg gaCndes, rac<br />
adamianebs gauCndebaT urTierTsaWiroeba. imisaTvis, rom adamiani daimono, is<br />
unda Caayeno jer iseT mdgomareobaSi, rom arseboba gauZneldes meore adamianis<br />
gareSe. bunebriv mdgomareobaSi amgvari ram SeuZlebelia ganxorcieldes.<br />
adamiani Tavisufalia yvelafrisagan, maT Soris kanonisaganac, xolo Zalis<br />
75
kanoni aq ar muSaobs.<br />
rogorc zemoT iTqva, arsebobs ori saxis uTanasworoba adamianebs Soris.<br />
erTia bunebrivi, anu fizikuri uTanasworoba, rodesac adamianebi<br />
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian iseTi maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa asaki,<br />
janmrTeloba, sxeulebrivi, Tu gonebrivi Zalebi da, a.S. meorea pirobiTi, anu<br />
politikuri uTanasworoba. is myardeba adamianTa Soris garkveuli konvenciis<br />
safuZvelze. ase ganisazRvreba vin aris ufro mdidari da es mdidari sxvebs<br />
aiZulebs morCilebas.<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Seqmna man, vinc pirvelma SemoRoba miwis nakveTi da<br />
Tqva _ “es Cemia”! (1.72). vinme RvTisnieri rom gamoCeniliyo, fiqrobs ruso,<br />
romelic Robes moarRvevda da ityoda, rom miwa yvelasTvis saerToa, is<br />
gadaarCenda kacobriobas. miT ufro, rom aseT xanaSi “sakuTrebaze” saubari jer<br />
naadrevia, radgan unda gasuliyo sakmao xani, raTa adamians Sesabamisi idea<br />
gasCenoda. sinamdvileSi, veluri adamianis pirveli grZnoba sakuTari arsebobis<br />
SegrZneba iyo, xolo misi pirveli sazrunavi TviTSenarCuneba. SimSilma da sxva<br />
grZnobebma adamiani aiZula eZebna TviTSenarCunebis gzebi. pirvelyofil jogad<br />
adamianebi gaerTiandnen ukeTesi cxovrebis miRwevis moTxovnilebiT. aqedan<br />
gaCnda saerTo interesebis gacnobiereba, rasac mosdevs urTierTvaldebulebebis<br />
idea da enis, komunikaciis saWiroeba. ase movdivarT ojaxis ideamde,<br />
xolo ojaxi ukve Tavad aris sakuTrebis pirveli, Taviseburi <strong>for</strong>ma, radgan<br />
ojaxi aris patara sazoagdoeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom “sazogadoebriv<br />
xelSekrulebaSi” ruso ojaxs sazogadoebis gareT ayenebs, radgan dRevandel<br />
konvencionalur sazogadoebaSic ojaxi rCeba erTaderT bunebiT <strong>for</strong>mad. magram<br />
mas Semdeg, rac Svilebi wamoizrdebian, maT SeuZliaT bunebiTi TavisuflebiT<br />
isargeblon, magram Tu isini gaagrZeleben mSoblebTan cxovrebas, aseTi ojaxi<br />
ukve konvencionaluria (3.153).<br />
swored aq Cndeba pirvelad sakuTreba: “im wuTidan, rogorc ki erT adamians<br />
gauCndeba meoris saWiroeba, rogorc ki adamianebma SeamCnies, rom Zalze<br />
sasargebloa or kacze meatad sakuTrebis momoarageba _ gaqreba Tanasworoba.<br />
Sroma aucileblobad iqceva. sazogadoebis am mimaTulebiT ganviTarebas xeli<br />
Seuwyo metalis aRmoCenam da soflis meurneobis ganviTarebam. miwis ganviTrebas<br />
Tan axlavs misi danawileba. rogorc ki gaaCnda sakuTreba miwaze, maSinve gaCnda<br />
samarTalic, romelsac unda daekanonebina es sakuTreba. ruso aq imeorebs lokis<br />
debulebas, rom sakuTreba Sromis safuZvelze warmoiSveba, radgan adamians<br />
araferi hqonda Sromis garda nivTisaTvis rom miematebina.<br />
sakuTrebis ufleba, rogorc ruso fiqrobs, gansxvavebulia im uflebaTagan,<br />
romlebic bunebiTi samarTlidan gamomdinareoben. mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda<br />
sakuTreba, avtomaturadve ar gaCenila uTanasworoba. es ukanaskneli gaCnda mas<br />
Semdeg, sakuTrebas daemata bunebiTi uTanasworobac. swored am ori elementis<br />
erTianobam Seadgina politikuri anu samoqalaqo uTanasworoba.<br />
sazogadoebbis ganviTarebis Semdgom gzas ruso ase warmogvidgens: simdidris<br />
sawyisi wyaroebis miwa da saqoneli. mas Semdeg, rac sakuTrebam memekvidreobiTi<br />
xasiaTi miiRo, man Zalze swrafad daiwyo zrda. adamianTa samflobeloebis<br />
SexebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, Semdgomi zrda mxolod erTmaneTis xarjze iyo<br />
SesaZlebeli. aqedan, warmoiSva Zaladoba, Zarcva, mezoblebis damoneba da maTi<br />
qonebis miTviseba. adamianTa Soris Tanasworobis darRvevas mohyva Sexla-<br />
Semoxla. damkvidrda Zlieris ufleba, ris Semdegac viTarebis Semdgomi svla<br />
hobsis, mudmivi omis scenariT mimdinareobs. omi sruldeba adamianTa<br />
gaerTianebiT, romlis iniciatori mdidaria. gaerTianebis Sedgi aris<br />
politikuri organizmi. Cndebian mmarTvelebi da marTulebi, romelTa<br />
urTierTobas safuZvlad udevs xelSekruleba. am ukanaskneliT ganisazRvreba<br />
politikuri mmarTveloba, romelic isev xalxis arCeulia, Tumca xelSekrulebis<br />
orive mxarea valdebuli daicvas misiT gaTvaliswinebuli kanonebi. adamianebma<br />
xom mmarTveli airCies ara imisaTvis, rom damonebodnen, aramed imisaTvis,<br />
TavianTi Tavisuflebis dasacavad.<br />
76
2. sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba<br />
“emilSi” (wigni II, $35) ruso laparakobs daqvemdebarebis or wesze: erTi aris<br />
adamianis damokidebuleba sagnebze, xolo meore sxva adamianebze (rac<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis pirobebSi iqmneba). pirveli damokidebuleba arafer<br />
naklovans ar aCens adamianebSi. rac Seexeba meores, Tu is mouwesrigebel<br />
mdgomareobaSi iqna, aucileblad ubedurebis wyarod iqceva. adamianTa Soris<br />
urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba<br />
samarTals, romelic mTlianad konvencionalur safuZvelazea amozrdili.<br />
imisaTvis, rom konvencia Sedges, adamiani Tavisufali unda iyos. Tavisufleba<br />
adamianis bunebiTi maxasiaTebelia da masze uaris Tqma adamianur bunebaze uaris<br />
Tqmas utoldeba. marTalia, adamianebs ar SeuZliaT axali Zalebis Seqmna, magram<br />
maT SeuZliaT ukve arsebuli Zalebis gaerTianeba da erTi mimarTulebiT wayvana.<br />
es SesaZlebelia sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, romlis mizania asociaciis<br />
iseTi <strong>for</strong>mis povna, romelic SemosazRvravs da icavs saerTo ZaliT asociaciis<br />
TiToeul wevris pirovnebas, da qonebas da romlis wyalobiTac, yoveli adamiani,<br />
sxvebTan gaerTianebiT, amave dros, emorCileba mxolod sakuTar Tavs da iseTive<br />
Tavisufali rCeba, rogoric manamde iyo (3.160). ruso aRniSnavs, rom SesaZloa,<br />
aseTi sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba, Ria saxiT, ar dafiqsirebula arsad. magram<br />
misi punqtebi identuria yvela droSi yvela xalxisaTvis da isini miRebulia xmis<br />
amouReblad. Tu sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebas ganveyenebiT yvela im punqtSi,<br />
romelic ar Seadgens mis arsebas, aRmovaCenT, rom is daiyvaneba Semdeg<br />
debulebebamde: yoveli CvenTagani saerTo sakuTrebaSi gadascems da umorCilebs<br />
Tavis pirovnebas da mTel Tavis Zalebs erTiani nebis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas,<br />
ris Sedegedac, yvela CvenTagani gadaiqceva mTelis mouwyvetel nawilad” (3.161).<br />
ase iqmneba pirobiTi koleqtiuri mTeli, romelic imdeni pirisagan Sedgeba,<br />
ramdenic erTiandeba masSi. aRniSnuli aqtis ZaliT, es mTeli iZens Tavis<br />
erTianobas, Tavis saerTo me-s, sicocxles, da nebas. is aris iuridiuli piri, sxva<br />
pirTa gaerTianebiT Seqmnili, romelic amieridan iwodeba samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebad, respublikad an politikur organizmad. am gaerTianebis wevrebi<br />
pasiur mdgomareobaSi myofs, mas uwodeben saxelmwifos, xolo aqtiur<br />
mdgomareobaSi ganxiluls ki suverens. erTianobaSi ganxiluli Tavad asociaciis<br />
wevrebi xalxad iwodeba, xolo Tu maT cal-calke aviRebT, isini Seadgenen<br />
moqalaqeebs. maTve SeiZleba qveSevrdomebi ewodoT imdenad, ramdenadac isini am<br />
saxelmwifos kanonebs eqvemdebarebian. ruso sazogedoebrivi xelSekrulebis<br />
konstituciaSi ganasxvavebs “yvelas nebas” da “saerTo nebas”. mxolod am<br />
ukamasknels kravs saerTo interesebi da mxolod es uakanaskneli qmnis erTian<br />
subieqts maSin, rodesac pirveli aris kerZo interesebis krebuli. swored<br />
saerTo neba qmnis rusos Teoriis iseT mniSvnelovan elements, rogoricaa<br />
suvereni.<br />
ra saxis cvlilebebze SegviZlia vilaparakoT bunebrivi mdgomareobidan<br />
sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaze gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi? adamianSi samarTlianobis<br />
grZnoba Seenacvleba instinqts da amiT adamianis qcevas eniWeba iseTi zneobrivi<br />
xasiaTi, romelsac is aqamde sruliad moklebuli iyo. mas Semdeg, rac samarTlis<br />
grZniba Sescvlis midrekilebebs, vnebebze amaRldeba valdebulebis grZnoba.<br />
aseT pirobebSi, cxadia, adamiani dakargavs bevr Tvisebas, romelic manamde,<br />
bunebriv mdgomareobaSi hqonda. Tumca, amasTanave SeiZens bevr axal niSans,<br />
romeli mas ufro keTilSobils da ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofs gaxdis.<br />
praqtikulad, samoqalaqo xelSekruleba adamians gamogleijs cxovelur yofas<br />
da SezRuduli arsebidan, gonier arsebad aqcevs. adamiani kargavs bunebiT<br />
Tavisuflebas, romlis sazRvarsac individis fizikuri Zala warmoadgenda da<br />
iZens samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas, romelic sarTo nebiTaa SezRuduli. davurToT<br />
am samoqalaqo Tavisuflebas moraluri Tavisufleba da maSin ufro meti<br />
safuZvlianobiT SegveZleba ganvsazRvroT Tavisuflebis zogadi cneba, radgan<br />
moraluri Tvisufleba aris is, rac adamians aqcevs Tavis Tavis uflad. mxolod<br />
sakuTari survilebis da vnebebis karnaxiT moqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara<br />
monoba maSin, rodesac im kanonis mixedviT moqmedeba, romelic Tavad daudgine<br />
sakuTar Tavs, aris WeSmariti Tavisufleba.<br />
77
3.suverenis cneba.<br />
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, yoveli individi Sedis ra sakuTar TavTan<br />
xelSekrulebaSi, Tavis Tavze iRebs, ase vTqvaT, ormag valdebulebas a) rogorc<br />
suverenis wevri kerZo pirebis mimarT da b) rogorc sxelmwifos wevri suverenis<br />
mimarT. Tu individi ormag mimarTebaSi imyofeba amiT suverenTan, Tavad<br />
suverenis mimarTeba mxolod erTadgiliania. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom rusos<br />
mixedviT suvereni Tavad xalxia, SegviZlia aqedan gamomdinare gaviazroT mis<br />
kompetencia, romelic avtoris mier aRiwereba ase: “ramdenadac suverens<br />
sakuTari Tavis ganxilva mxolod erTi mimarTebiT SeuZlia, is aRmoCndeba kerZo<br />
piris mdgomareobaSi da radganac es asea, maSin ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba<br />
arsebobdes araviTari ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic savaldebulo iqneboda<br />
xalxisaTvis mTlianobSi. savaldebulo misTvis ar aris arc sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekruleba”(3.162-163). Tumca xalxs SeuZlia aiRos valdebuleba ucxos<br />
mimarT, sakuTari Tvis mimarT raime valdebulebis aRebas xalxis mier ruso<br />
gamoricxavs. suvereni, ra Tqma unda, iqmneba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT,<br />
magram am xelSekrulebas misTvis ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. de jure mas SeuZlia<br />
xelSekrulebis darRveva, de facto ar daarRvevs mas, radgan im aqtis darRveva,<br />
romlis wyalobiTac is arsebobs, sakuTari Tavis ganadgurebas niSnavs. suverens<br />
ar gaaCnia arc sakuTari Tavis, arc misi Semadgeneli individebis interesebis<br />
sawinaaRmdego ganzraxva. is aris erTaderTi politikuri subieqti, romelSiac<br />
xorciekdeba de facto- de jure mxareebis sruli Taxvedra. mxolod imis gamo, rom<br />
arsebobs, suvereni yovelTvis aris is, rac unda iyos (3.163).<br />
niSnavs Tu ara aRwerili viTareba individis srul daqvemdebarebas<br />
sazogadoebisadmi? ruso sapirispiroSi cdilobs dagvarwmunos. individs, misi<br />
azriT, mainc rCeba Tavisufali qmedebis veli. “yovel individs — wers is —<br />
rogorc adamians, SeiZleba hqondes Tavisufali neba, romelic sapirispiroa, ar<br />
emTxveva saerTo nebas, romelic aqvs mas rogorc moqalaqes. misma kerZo<br />
interesebma mas SeiZleba STaunergon gansxvavebuli azri imisagan, rasac saerTo<br />
interesebi moiTxovs” (3.163). niSnavs Tu ara es, rom individs SeuZlia ganudges,<br />
ar daeTanxmos saerTo nebas? ra moxdeba aseT SemTxvevaSi? rusos azriT,<br />
xelSekruleba iTvaliswinebs aseT SemTxvevebsac. Tu vinme uars ityvis daemorCilos<br />
serTo nebas, mas sapirispiros aiZulebs mTeli organizmi, rac imas<br />
niSvans, rom mas aiZuleben iyos Tavisufali. es gaTvaliswinebulia xelSekrulebis<br />
pirobiT. yovel moqalaqes, xelSekruleba uqvemdebarebs ra samSoblos,<br />
imavdroulad aTavisuflebs yovelgvari piradi damokidebulebisagan. es<br />
viTareba warmoadgens politikuri manqanis saidumlos da mis ZiriTad<br />
mamoZravebel Zalas.<br />
aseT Sedegebamde midis ruso yovel individSi orgvari nebis fenomenis<br />
daSvebis Sedegad, razedac zemoT iyo saubari. rogorc moqalaqe, individi<br />
emorCileba saerTo nebas, magram amave dros, mas rogorc adamians Tavisufali<br />
moqmedebis SesaZlebloba gaaCnia. sinamdvileSi, rasac aq aRvniSnavT “ori nebiT”,<br />
aris oradgiliani relacia — erTi individisa sakuTar TavTan, meore ki<br />
saxelmwifosTan, anu sxvebTan. aRniSnuli relaciis buneba, romelic mTlad<br />
naTeli rodia rusos msjelobebSi, iZens Semdgom dakonkretebas samoqalaqo<br />
samarTlis konteqstSi. am normebis mixedviT, aravis evaleba Seasrulos is<br />
valdebulebani, romelic man aiRo sakuTari Tavis winaSe, radgan erTia<br />
valdebuleba sakuTar TavTan da meore valdebuleba mTelTan romlis wevrebic<br />
Cven varT. igive viTarebis eqstrapolacia individualuri adamianidan suverevze,<br />
STambeWdav Sedegebs iZleva. kerZod, Tu mTeli xalxi miiRebs gadawyvetilebas,<br />
mas Zala eqneba yvela qveSevrdomisaTvis suverenTan mimarTebiT, magram igive<br />
gadawyvetileba veraviTar valdebulebas ver daadebs Tavad suverens. winaaRmdeg<br />
SemTxvevaSi, Seiqmneboda situacia raRac msgavsi imisa, roca suverens SeuZlia<br />
SemoiRos kanoni, romlisaganac is ver gaaTavisuflebda sakuTar Tavs, rac<br />
ewinaaRmdegeba politikuri organizmis bunebas (3.162).<br />
ra qmnis xelSekrulebis sazrisismier safuZvels? arsebobs Tu ara raRac<br />
iseTi, riskenac mimarTulia yvela moqalaqis Zalisxmeva? rusos pasuxi<br />
78
dadebiTia. aseTi ram arsebobs da sworad is qmnis sazogadoebrivi kavSiris<br />
safuZvels. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva wevrebi erTiandebian saerTo interesebis<br />
safuZvelze, romelTa mizansac saerTo sikeTe warmoadgens. Tu davsvamT kiTxvas,<br />
raSi mdgomareobs xalxisaTvis saerTo sikeTe, ruso miuTiTebs or ZiriTad<br />
fenomenze _ Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze. Tavisuflebaze, radgan<br />
yovelgvari damokideuleba, kerZo pirze, amcirebs saxelmwifos Zalas da<br />
Tanasworobaze imitom, rom Tavisufleba ver iarsebebs mis gareSe (3.188). swored<br />
mis misaRwevad iqmneba saerTo neba, romlis realizaciasac warmoadgens suvereni.<br />
“suvereniteti, romelic mxolod saerTo nebis ganxorcielebaa, arasdros ar<br />
SeiZleba gaucxovdes. suvereni sxva araferia, Tu ara koleqtiuri arseba.,<br />
romelic SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos mxolod sakuTari TaviT. SavsebiT<br />
SesaZlebelia vinmesTvis Zalauflebis gadacema, magram ara nebisa” (3.168).<br />
Zneli SesamCnevi ar aris, rom rusos Tvalsazrisi suverenis Sesaxeb<br />
TandaTanobiT iseTi SinaarsiT ivseba, romelic ufro hobsis absolutisturi<br />
TeoriisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. gansxvaveba mxolod isaa, rom<br />
suvereni rusosaTvis aris xalxi. rusos mtkiceba adamianis individualuri<br />
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, ar flobs did damarwmunebel Zalas im totalobis fonze,<br />
rasac Seadgens xalxi, rogorc suvereni. individis bedi rusos saxelmwifoSi<br />
kargad Cans erT aseT fragmentSi: “visac sakuTari sicocxlis SenerCuneba surs<br />
sxvis xarjze, mzad unda iyos maTTvis sakuTari sicocxlis gasaRebad, Tu es<br />
saWiri Seiqna. ... rodesac mas eubnebian ‘saxelmwifos sWirdeba rom Sen mokvde’ —<br />
maSin is unda mokvdes, radgan mxolod am pirobiT cxovrobda is aqamde<br />
usafrTxod da imitomac, rom misi cxovreba mxolod bunebis wyaloba ki ar aris,<br />
aramed saCuqaria, romelic garkveuli pirobebis fasad man miiRo<br />
saxelmwifosagan” (3.175).<br />
suverenis yovlismomcveli Zalaufleba kidev ufro mZimdeba mas Semdeg, rac<br />
ruso uars ambobs imaze, rac monteskiesaTvis samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa erTerTi<br />
mTavari piroba iyo - xelisuflebis danawilebis principze. ruso<br />
akritikebs “Cvens politikosebs”, romelTac ar esmiT suverenis arsi da mijnaven<br />
mis iseT gamovlinebebs, rogoricaa Zala da neba. anu mijnaven sakanonmdeblo,<br />
aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebs. amis Sedegad erTmaneTSia<br />
aRreuli umaRlesi xelisuflebis gamovlenis <strong>for</strong>mebi da umaRlesi<br />
xelisuflebis nawilebi. suvereni — rogorc xalxis nebis gamovlena, rogorc<br />
umaRlesi xelisufleba, daunawevrebelia. amisda miuxedavad, ruso mainc<br />
ganasxvavebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs. sakanonmdeblo<br />
xelisufleba ekuTvnis mxolod xalxs. rac Seexeba mTavrobas, is aris<br />
gamaSualebeli organizmi, romelic aregulirebs urTierTobas xalxsa da<br />
suverens Soris, axorcielebs rogorc samoqalaqo, aseve politikur<br />
Tavisuflebebs.<br />
4. saxelmwifo<br />
saxelmwifos rangSi ruso ganixilavs respublikis cnebas. “respublika” rusos<br />
enaze ewodeba nebismier saxelmwifos, romelic imarTeba depersonalizebuli<br />
xelisuflebiT, anu kanonebiT. amitom respublka SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos ara<br />
mxolod demokratiiTa da aristokratiiT, aramed nebismieri mmarTvelobis<br />
<strong>for</strong>miT, romelsac saerTo neba ganagebs, romelis faqtiurad aris kidec kanoni.<br />
es ki niSnavs, rom dauSvebelia mmarTvelis mier sakuTari Tavis gaigiveba<br />
suverenTan. Tavis mxriv, kanonebi mxolod moqalaqeTa asociaciis pirobebia.<br />
yvela organizmi ganwirulia sikvdilisaTvis da maT Soris saxelmwifoc.<br />
saxelmwifos, rogorc politikur organizms, sxva organizmebis msgavsad,<br />
arsebobisaTvis esaWiroeba Sesabamis sivrce. rusos msjelobebis mTeli wyeba<br />
mimarTulia imis dasadgenad, Tu rogori unda iyos saxelmwifos optimaluri<br />
zoma. am zomis gasarkvevad rusos Semoaqvs ori kriteriumi _ teritoria da<br />
mosaxleobis raodenoba. saxelmwifos zoma gamoiyvaneba am ori elementis<br />
kombinaciidan, romelic sakmaod martivi msjelobiT dgindeba: “saxelmwifos<br />
Seadgenen adamianebi, xolo adamianebs kvebavs miwa. amrigad, mimarTeba maT Soris<br />
79
unda iyos iseTi, rom miwa sakmarisi aRmoCndes saxelmwifos mcxovrebTa<br />
gamosakvebad, romlebic imdeni unda iyvnen, ramdenic SeiZleba gamoikvebos am<br />
miwiT. ZalTa swored aseTi balansi qmnis mosaxleobis ZalTa maqsimums” (3.186).<br />
kanonebis konkretuli struqtura ganisazRvreba im mimarTebebidan, romelsac<br />
saxelmwifo amyarebs Tavis TavTan da sxvasTan. suverenis saxelmwifosTan<br />
mimarTebidan, mravali Sualeduri <strong>for</strong>mis gavliT, gamoiyvaneba politikuri<br />
kanonebi. isini warmoadgenen ZiriTad kanonebs.<br />
mimarTebaTa meore <strong>for</strong>mas warmoadgenen organizmis calkeuli wevrebis<br />
mimarTeba erTmaneTTan, anu mimarTeba mTal organizmTan. am kanonebis buneba<br />
iseTia, rom yoveli moqalaqe marTalia sruliad damoukidebelia meore<br />
moqalaqisagan, magram samagierod damokidebulia samoqalaqo Temze. am<br />
mimarTebidan warmoiSveba samoqalaqo kanonebi.<br />
mesame tipis mimarTeba myardeba adamiansa da kanons Soris, daumor-<br />
Cileblobasa da sasjels Soris. am mimarTebidan gamoiyvaneba sisxlis samarTlis<br />
kanonebi. Tumca es kanonebi gansakuTrebuli saxis kanonebs ki ar warmoadgenen,<br />
aramed sxva kanonebs aniWeben gansakuTrebul saxes.<br />
da bolos, kanonebis meoTxe tipi, romelic yvela moqalaqes gulSi unda iyos<br />
Cadebuli da, romlebic CamoTvlilTa Soris, rusos azriT, yvelaze ufro<br />
miSvnelovania, aris kanonebi, romlebic gamoxataven saxelmwifos WeSmarit arss,<br />
aris zneoba, Cveulebani, sazogadoebrivi azri (3.190-191).<br />
politikur organizmSi mamoZravebel Zalad ganasxvaveben Zalas da nebas. es<br />
ori termini rusos asocirebuli aqvs pirveli aRmasrelebel, xolo meore<br />
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan. sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ekuTvnis xalxs<br />
da mxolod xalxs. rusos es msjeloba aris erTgvari preludia mmarTvelobis<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebis dasaxasiaTeblad. suverens SeuZlia, jer erTi, mmarTveloba gadasces<br />
mTel xalxs an mis nawils da aseT SemTxveveSi saqme gveqneba demokratiasTan. unda<br />
iTqvas, rom ruso mainc da mainc didi mowonebiT ar egebeba demokratiul<br />
mmarTvelobas. is ambobs, rom namdvili demokratia, am terminis sruli<br />
mniSvnelobiT, arasdros arsebula da arc SeiZleboda arsebuliyo. namdvili<br />
demokratia ufro RmerTebis kuTvnilebaa, vidre adamianebis. rusos ara mxolod<br />
WeSmariti demokratiis miRweva miaCnia SeuZleblad, aramed ar moswons arc<br />
warmomadgenlobiTi <strong>for</strong>ma demokratiisa. mas miaCnia, rom yoveli moqalaqis<br />
valia uSualod iyos CarTuli saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. am moTxovnis Teoriuli<br />
safuZveli rusos argumentaciaSi ase JRers: “suvereniteti ar SeiZleba vinmes<br />
mier iyos warmodgenili iseve, rogorc is ar SeiZleba iyos gaucxoebuli. is<br />
arsebiTad mdgomareobs saerTo nebaSi, xolo nebas ki ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes<br />
sxva” (3.221-222). aqedan ruso askvnis, rom e.w. “xalxis deputatebi” sulac ar arian<br />
xalxis warmomadgenlebi. ruso ufro Sors midis da amtkicebs, rom yoveli kanoni,<br />
romelic ar aris damtkicebuli xalxis mier, ar SeiZleba realurad CaiTvalos<br />
kanonad.<br />
im SemTxveveSi, rodesac suvereni mmarTvelobas miandobs mcire raodenobis<br />
adamianebs da maSin saqme gvaqvs aristokratiul mmarTvelobasTan. arsebobs<br />
aristokratiis ramdenime saxe: bunebrivi, arCeviTi da memkvidreobiTi. pirveli<br />
maTgani damaxasiaTebeli iyo xalxTa istoriis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze. am<br />
<strong>for</strong>mebs Soris mesame <strong>for</strong>ma rusos yvelaze ufro uvargisad miaCnia, xolo meore<br />
yvelaze ukeTesad, radgan, sakuTrivi azriT, swored isaa aristokratia.<br />
Tu mmarTveloba koncentrirebulia erTaderTi mmarTvelis xelSi, maSin<br />
qveyanaSi monarqiuli mmarTvelobaa. monarqi rusosaTvis aris krebiTi arseba,<br />
romelic warmodgenilia fizikuri piris saxiT.<br />
mTavrobis daniSvna ar aris xelSekruleba. mTavrobis daniSvna kanonia (3.226).<br />
mTavrobis daniSvnis aqti Sedgeba ori qvemdebare aqtisagan. es gaxlavT a)kanonis<br />
dadgena da b)kanonis Sesrulebisagan. pirveliT suvereni adgens samTavrobo<br />
korpusis arsebobas, xolo meoreTi xalxi asaxelebs mTavrobas. erTaderTi<br />
kanoni, romelic mosaxleobis erTsulovan Tanxmobas saWiroebs, aris<br />
sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba. am asociaciaSi Sesvla mopqalaqis Tavisufali<br />
nebis aqtia da mas veravin aiZulebs SeuerTdes asociacias. magram ra moxdeba, Tu<br />
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRmoCndeban adamianebi, vinc am<br />
xelSekrulebis winaaRmdegia? es, fiqrobs ruso, sulac ar uSlis xels<br />
80
sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis ganxorcielebas. maTi uari verafers avnebs<br />
xelSekrulebas, aramed mxolod zRudavs xelSekrulebaSi monawileTa<br />
raodenobas am pirebis saxiT. isini sxva qveynis moqalaqeebiviT iqnebian, radgan<br />
rogorc ki Camoyalibdeba saxelmwifo, maSin xelSekrulebaSi monawileobaarmonawileoba,<br />
praqtikulad sacxovrebeli adgilis SerCevas utoldeba.<br />
religiis sakiTxebSi ruso araTanmimdevrulia. cnobili faqtia, rom man<br />
mrwamsi gamoicvala da protestantizmi kaTolicizmze gacvala. “aRsarebaSi”<br />
rusos mier mxiarulad aRwerili es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom ruso seriozulad<br />
ar aRiqvamda arc erTs da arc meores. ruso laparakobs rwmenis sazogadoebriv<br />
aRmsareblobaze, romlis statiebsac suvereni unda adgendes. saxelmwifos<br />
marTalia ar SeuZlia maTi rwmenis moqalaqeebisaTvis davaldebuleba, magram is<br />
ki SeuZlia, rom qveynidan gaaZevos yvela, vinc am rwmenis gareT darCeba.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Ж.Ж.Руссо Рассуждение о происхождении неравенства между людьми в кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо<br />
Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.<br />
2. Ж.Ж.Руссо – О политической экономии. В кн. Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва<br />
1969.<br />
3. Ж.Ж.Руссо – Об общественном договоре или принцины политического права. В кн.<br />
Ж.Ж.Руссо Трактаты. Изд., «Наука», Москва 1969.<br />
4. J.J Rousseau. 3. Charls N.R.McCoy - St. Thomas Aquinas in: “ History of Political Philosophy”.<br />
Edited by Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey. Third Edition. The Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987<br />
(248-275 pp.).<br />
81
emanuil kantis (1724-1804) politikuri Sexedulebebi<br />
emanuil kantma saxeli sakmaod gvian gaiTqva mas Semdeg, rac hiumis<br />
skeptikuri filosofiis zagavleniT, uari Tqva volfis mimdevrobaze da<br />
kritikuli filosofiis Seqmna daiwyo. Tavisi erT-erTi ZiriTadi naSromis,<br />
“wminda gonebis kritikis” SesavalSi kanti wers, rom amasobaSi is sakmaod moxucda<br />
da samoc wels miaRwia. yvelaferi Rirebuli kantma am asakis Semdeg Seqmna.<br />
emanuel kantis politikur Sexedulebebs gavecnobiT misi ori naSromis, “ra<br />
aris ganmanaTleblobis” da “maradiuli mSvidobis” mixedviT. am Sromebis garda,<br />
politikuri Teoriis kuTxiT kantis Sromebidan SeiZleba gamoiyos “zneobis<br />
metafizikis safuZvlebi” (1785) da “zneobis metafizika” (1797), romelic, Tavis<br />
mxriv, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: “samarTalmcodneobis metafizikuri sawyisebi”<br />
da “saTnoebaze moZRvrebis metafizikuri sawyisebi”. kanti umeteswilad<br />
cnobilia misi kritikuli filosofiiT, romelsac xan kopernikul revolucias<br />
adarebdnen da xanac ptolemeurs. kantis. politikuri Teoria misi filosofiis<br />
organul nawils warmoadgens kanti ganmanaTleblobis ukanaskneli soliduri<br />
warmomadgenelia. rogor esmoda Tavad kants ganmanaTleblobis arsi? “ganmanaTlebloba<br />
— ambobs kanti — aris adamianis gamosvla misi arasrulyofilebidan,<br />
sadac is imyofeboda isev sakuTari braleulobiT. Tavis mxriv, arasrulyofileba<br />
sxva araferia, Tu ara uunaroba mavanma isargeblos sakuTari gansjiT,<br />
xolo arasrulyofileba misive braleulobiT, aris gansjiT operirebis<br />
uunaroba, aramed adamianis gaubedaoba gareSe vinmes Carevis gareSe gamoiyenos<br />
sakuTari gansja. aqedan, ganmanaTleblobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi devizia — geyos<br />
vaJkacoba gamoiyeno sakuTari Wkua” (1.27).<br />
sizarmace da gaubedavoba adamianis gonebis zedamxedvelebad aqcevs<br />
Semecnebis miRwevis iseT mniSvnelovan instrumentebs, rogoricaa mecnierebis<br />
debulebebi da <strong>for</strong>mulebi. am problemis gadaWris erT-erTi saSualeba<br />
TviTganaTlebaa, Tumca mis gzas rom adamiani daadges, mas saaamisod gambedaoba<br />
da, rac mTavaria Tavisufleba esaWiroeba. Tuki adamiani Tavisi Tavisuflebis<br />
Segnebidan amova da ganaTlebis gzas daadgeba, maSin “zedamxedvelebs” pozitiuri<br />
rolis Sesrulebac ki SeuZliaT, romlebic Tavad moxsnian ra adamianis arasrulfasovnebis<br />
uRels, Tavs mouyrian adamianTa garkveul jgufebs da<br />
mouwodeben maT iazrovnon damoukideblad.<br />
kantis am citataSi, ganmanaTleblobis cnebis analizis konteqstSi, figurirebs<br />
ramdenime fundamenturi termini. ganmanaTleblobis kantiseuli<br />
gagebisaTvis, rogorc vxedavT, gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs gansjis gonismier<br />
unars da personis pasuxismgeblobas imoqmedos sakuTari gansjis karnaxiT, sxva,<br />
gareSe Zalebis dauxmareblad. “gareSe Zalebi” am SemTxvevaSi, Zalze farTe<br />
moculobis terminia da gulisxmobs rogorc eklesiis, aseve xelisuflebis<br />
avtoritets. es ki niSnavs, rom kantis ganmanaTleblobis cneba moicavs<br />
individualizms, racionalizms, individis Tavisuflebas da gambedaobas<br />
imoqmedos sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis Sesabamisad.<br />
am ramodenime mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels Soris, kantis Semdgom daxasiaTebebSi<br />
wina planze wamoiwevs Tavisufleba da goneba, romlebic<br />
urTierTTanamSromlobas sajaro xasiaTs SesZenen da ganaTlebas saxalxo<br />
xasiaTs mianiWeben.<br />
ganaTlebisaken swrafva aris aRmavali epoqis moTxovna, progresis da mas<br />
veravin, maT Soris verc qveynis umaRlesi xelisufleba ver SeaCerebs. kantis<br />
SefasebiT, misi epoqa ar aris ganaTlebuli. is jer mxolod ganmanaTleblobis,<br />
anu fridrixis epoqaa. prusiis mmarTveli kants warmoedgina Tavisebur laissezfaire-stad<br />
kulturis, aRmsareblobis da ganaTlebis sakiTxebSi. igi ar ereva,<br />
magaliTad, religiis sakiTxebSi. uars ambobs miiTvisos Semwynareblis tituli da<br />
acxadebs, rom Tavad moqalaqeebis saqmea gadawyviton Tavisi rwmenis sakiTxebi.<br />
sindisis sakiTxebSi adamianTa pozicia unda gamomuSavdes ara vinmes<br />
zedamxedvelobiT, aramed sakuTari gonebis karnaxiT. aqcentireba religiis<br />
sakiTxebze aq Segnebulia, radgan, rogorc kanti SeniSnavs, Cveulebriv<br />
xelisufleba ar cdilobs Caerios iseT sferoebSi, romlebic gansazRvraven<br />
82
moqalaqeTa esTetiur da samecniero Sexedulebebs. TviT aseTi progresuli<br />
xelisuflebis pozicia, ramdenadme ucnaurad gamoiyureba da daiyvaneba<br />
<strong>for</strong>mulaze: “imsjeleT da idaveT ramdenic geneboT, magram damemorCileT!”<br />
aseTia ganaTlebuli absolutistis pozicia, romelsac sakuTari ganaTlebulobis<br />
wyalobiT, marTalia ar eSinia sakuTari aCrdilisa, magram mainc<br />
gamzadebuli hyavs armia sazogadoebrivi simSvidis dasacavad. Sedegad iqmneba<br />
viTareba, romelsac kanti paradoqsuls uwodebs. erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSi<br />
modian samoqalaqo Tavisufleba da xalxis sulis Tavisufleba, romelsac<br />
pirveli gadaulaxav winaRobebs uyenebs. rac ufro didia samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis<br />
xvedriTi wili sazogadoebaSi, miT ufro mcirea xalxis sulis<br />
Tavisuflebis gamovlena da piriqiT. xalxis suli CanasaxSive flobs did<br />
saazrovno potencials, romelsac gasaSlelad ZiriTadad Tavisufali azrovnebisaken<br />
midrekileba da mowodeba da am tendenciis xelisSewyoba esaWiroeba.<br />
kantis warmodgeniT, progresis gza, romelic, Cans, aris ganmanaTleblobis<br />
magistraluri xazi, warmatebis SemTxvevaSi, aucileblad gamoiwvevs Tavisufali<br />
azris gadasvlas adamianTa Tavisufal moqmedebaSi da saboloo jamSi,<br />
zemoqmedebas moaxdens TviT mTavrobis principebze, romlisaTvisac ufro<br />
sasargebloa saqme hqondes adamianTan, romelic ufro metia, videre manqana.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, ganmanaTleblobis idealia ganaTlebis gziT sazogadoebis<br />
modernizacia, rac Tavis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes pirobad ayenebs<br />
Tavisuflebas. am proeqtis meore arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli aris mSvidoba. rasac<br />
kantma miuZRvna traqtati “maradiuli mSvidobisaTvis” (1795).<br />
unda iTqvas, rom kanti ar yofila pirveli, vinc mSvidobis problemas Seexo.<br />
evropuli Sidaomebis gamocdilebis safuZvelze maradiuli mSvidobis Sesaxeb<br />
jer kidev re<strong>for</strong>maciis epoqaSi fiqrobdnen. am Temas miZuRvna erazm<br />
roterdamelma naSromi “vedreba mSvidobisaTvis” (1517). sxva avtorebidan<br />
gamoiyofa sebastian frankis “mSvidobisaTvis mebrZoli wigni” (1539), amerikeli<br />
penis “esse awmyo da momavali mSvidobisaTvis evropaSi” (1693), sen pieris “werils<br />
evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis SenarCunebisaTvis” (1712) da missave samtomian<br />
gamokvlevas ”evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”. da bolos kantamde<br />
mSvidobis mosurne gamodga rusoc “evropaSi maradiuli mSvidobis proeqti”<br />
(1782).<br />
Cans, kanti cdilobda Tavisi naSromisaTvis dasawyisSi mainc mkacri<br />
regulatoruli saxe mieca. Sromis pirveli debulebebi swored aseT saxes<br />
atarebs. ase magaliTad, pirveli Tezisebi amboben imis Sesaxeb, rom arc erTi<br />
samSvidobo xelSekruleba ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos aseTad, Tu is Seicavs omis<br />
gaCaRebis farul punqtebs. es msjeloba kants TviT maradiuli mSvidobis<br />
cnebidan gamoyavs, radgan Tu maradiuli mSvidobis xelSekruleba arRvevs<br />
aRniSnul punqts, is mxolod droebiTi sazavo xelSekruleba iqneba.<br />
kantis Semdegi TezisiT, arc erTi damoukidebeli saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba<br />
SeiZinos meore saxelmwifom arc memkvidreobiT, arc gacvliT, arc yidviT da arc<br />
saCuqaris saxiT. sawinaaRmdego mtkiceba upirispirdeba saxelmwifos cnebas.<br />
saxelmwifo xom (im miwisagan gansxvavebiT, romelzedac is imyofeba) im adamianTa<br />
Tanamegobrobaa, romlebic masze cxovroben, romelTa marTvis da gankargvis<br />
ufleba aravisa aqvs, garda isev im xalxisa, romlebic am saxelmwifos Seadgenen.<br />
saxelmwifos sxva saxelmwifosaTvis mierTeba mospobs pirvels, rogorc<br />
moralur pirs. kantis es msjelobebi vrceldeba memkvidreobiT monarqiazedac,<br />
romelic ar SeiZleba memkvidreobis uflebiT gadavides sxva saxelmwifos xelSi.<br />
romelime fizikur pirs SeiZleba memkvidreobiT ergos mxolod saxelmwifos<br />
marTvis ufleba da aseT SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli ki ar iZens qveyanas, aramed,<br />
piriqiT, qveyana iZens mmarTvels.<br />
omis Sesaxeb<br />
kantamde monteskie wuwunebda evropaSi gavrcelebuli axali modis Sesaxeb —<br />
mmarTvelebma srul mzadyofnaSi iyolion didi armiebi. aseTi armiebis arsebobiT<br />
arc kanti ar aris moxibluli da gamoTqvams imeds, rom mudmivi armiebi<br />
TandaTanobiT unda gaqrnen. saamisod mas ori argumenti aqvs: a) armia imdenad am<br />
83
armiis myoli qveynis usafrTxoebis garanti ki ar aris, rogorc es<br />
sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli dRes, aramed sxva saxelmwifoebisaTvis mudmivi<br />
muqaris wyaro. b) Semdegi argumenti ufro moraluri xasiaTisaa. adamianebis<br />
daqiraveba imisaTvis, rom maT an sxvebi daxocon, an Tavad iyvnen daxocilebi<br />
sxvebis mier, SeuTavsebelia adamianis uflebebTan.<br />
omis Tavidan asacileblad arc erTma qveyana ar unda Caerios meore qveynis<br />
Sida saqmeebSi, ar unda mimarTos iseT aqciebs, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida SemdegSi<br />
mSvidobas. aseTia, magaliTad, daqiravebuli mkvlelebis gamoyeneba, kapitulaciis<br />
pirobebis darRveva da a.S. saqme isaa, rom msgavsi moqmedebebi mospobs<br />
mowinaaRmdegeSi ndobas da Seqmnis safrTxes, rom omi gagrZeldes urTierTamowyvetamde.<br />
omi aris samwuxaro, iZlebiTi saSualeba bunebriv mdgomareobaSi (maSin,<br />
ordesac ar arsebobs araviTari saSuamavlo instancia sasamarTlos saxiT,<br />
romelic gamoitanda mxareebisaTvis savaldebulo ganaCens), raTa ZaliT<br />
ganmtkicdes ama Tu im mxaris uflebebi maSin, romdesac arc erTi modave mxare ar<br />
SeiZleba gamocxaddes mtyuanad. swored aseT SemTxvevebSi wyvets omi Tu romeli<br />
mxarea uflebamosili (2.263). qveynebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes sadamsjelo<br />
omi — azustebs kanti — radgan qveynebs Soris ar arsebobs zemdgomis mimarTeba<br />
qvemdgomTan.<br />
kantis es msjelobebi gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ar arsebobas,<br />
samarTlisa, romelic gaarCevda mtyuansa da marTals. swored amis gamo xdeba omi<br />
aucilebeli saSualeba saerTaSoriso sadavo sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. mas<br />
Semdeg rac Sedgeba saerTaSoriso samarTali rogorc erTaSorisi sakiTxebis<br />
mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba, man unda gamoricxos Tavisi leqsikonidan omis<br />
cneba, radgan saerTaSoriso samarTlis cneba gamoricxavs omis uflebas.<br />
adamianTa mSvidobiani cxovreba ar aris maTi yofis bunebrivi mdgomareoba<br />
(status naturalis); bunebrivi mdgomareoba, piriqiT, oms gulisxmobs, oms Tu ara<br />
mudmivad gagrZelebuls, yovel SemTxvevaSi, omis mudmiv muqaras mainc. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, mSvidoba mizandasaxulad unda Sedges.<br />
mtrobas, kantis mixedviT, gansazRvravs ori viTareba: jer erTi, mtrulad<br />
SegviZlia moveqceT mxolod imas, vinc saqmiT arRvevs Cems uflebebs da, meore,<br />
is, visac vcnobT mtrad, unda imyofebodes samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. saqme isaa,<br />
rom am mdgomareobaSi SesvliT, aRniSnuli sazogadoeba sxvas usafrTxoebis<br />
garantias aZlevs. amisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxi, romelic bunebiT mdgomareobaSi<br />
imyofeba aseT garantias sxva xalxs ver miscems da mxolod imiT, rom is bunebriv<br />
mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, arRvevs mezoblebis uflebebs. misi yofa xom<br />
yovelgvari kanonis miRma imyofeba?<br />
yvela xalxi, visac ki SeuZlia erTmaneTze zegavlena, romeliRac samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebas miekuTvneba. masTan kavSirSi myof pirTa samarTlebrivi mowyoba<br />
aseT saxes iRebs:<br />
1. samarTali romelic vrceldeba pirovnebaze imdenad, ramdenadac is ama Tu<br />
im saxelmwifos wevria (jus civitatis);<br />
2. samarTali, romelic myardeba saxelmwifoebs Soris da romelic<br />
vrceldeba rig SemTxvevebSi pirovnebaze da,<br />
3. samarTali, romelic vrceldeba individze, imdenad, ramdenadac is aris<br />
msoflio moqalaqe (jus cosmopoliticum). es ukanaskneli xalxebis da<br />
adamianebis urTierTobis ufro maRali <strong>for</strong>maa, imdenad ramdenadac<br />
saxelmwifoebi Sedian erTmaneTTan iseT urTierTobaSi, romelic saSualebas<br />
iZleva TiToeuli maTgani ganxiluli iyos zogadkacobriuli saxelmwfos<br />
moqalaqed.<br />
kanti saxelmwifos Sesaxeb<br />
maradiuli mSvidobis saboloo, Semejamebeli statia adgens, rom samoqalaqo<br />
mSvidoba yovel saxelmwifoSi unda iyos respublikuri. is unda emyarebodes :<br />
a) sazogadoebis wevrTa Tavisuflebas;<br />
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) yvela qveSevrdomis damokidebulebas erTian kanonmdeblobaze;<br />
g)yvela moqalaqis Tanasworobas.<br />
rogorc vxedavT, respublikuri saxelmwifos bunebis ganmsazRvrel ZiriTad<br />
elementebad kanonmorCilebis garda, figurirebs Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba.<br />
kanti iZleva Tavisuflebis (amasTan, aq laparakia garegan, anu smarTlebriv<br />
Tavisuflebaze) da Semdeg Tanasworobis aseT gansazRvrebas: “es Tavisufleba<br />
aris uflebamosileba ar davemorCilo araviTar garegan kanonebs, garda im<br />
kanonebisa, romlebzedac me mzad var mivce Tanxmoba. zustad aseve, garegani<br />
(samarTlebrivi) Tanasworoba saxelmwifoSi aris misi moqalaweebis iseTi<br />
mimarTeba, rodesac TiToeuls SeuZlia samarTlebrivad daavaldebulos meore<br />
mxolod maSin, Tuki pirveli Tavad emorCileba kanons, romelic, moiTxovs, rom es<br />
piri, Tavis mxrivac iyos samarTalvaldebuli” (2.267). kanti Tvlis, rom<br />
aRniSnuli ulebebi mouwyvetelia adamianisagan da bunebiTadaa mas<br />
mikuTvnebuli.<br />
respublikuri mmarTveloba unda gamomdinareobdes im pirveli konvenciidan,<br />
romelsac adamianebi gadahyavs samoqalaqo mdgomareobaSi. masve unda<br />
emyarebodes ama Tu im xalxis yovelgvari samarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba.<br />
respublikanizmi, Tavis mxriv, qmnis gansxvavebas qveSevrdomsa da moqaaqes Soris.<br />
kanti wers: “im wyobaSi, sadac qveSevrdomi ar aris mqalaqe (maSasadame,<br />
ararespublikuri wyobis SemTxvevaSi) es sakiTxi yvelaze nakleb kamaTs iwvevs,<br />
radgan saxelmwfos meTauri ar aris saxelmwifos wevri, aramed mxolod misi<br />
mesakuTre”(2.269).<br />
saerTod saxelmwifos <strong>for</strong>mebi unda gavarCioT an imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni<br />
piri flobs umaRles mrTvelobas, an im wesis mixedviT, romliTac umaRlesi<br />
xelisufali, mniSvneloba ara aqvs vin daniSna is) marTavs xalxs. pirveli — kantis<br />
azriT _ aris batonobis <strong>for</strong>ma (<strong>for</strong>ma imperi) da arsebobs mxolod sami saxiT: a)<br />
rodesac umaRlesi xelisufali erTi piria — avtokratia; b) rodesac umaRlesi<br />
xelisufali ramdenime piria _ aristokratia; g) rodesac umaRlesi xelisufleba<br />
ekuTvnis mTel xalxs _ demokratia.<br />
meore <strong>for</strong>ma aris marTvis <strong>for</strong>ma (<strong>for</strong>ma regiminis). igi exeba konstituciaze,<br />
anu saerTo nebaze (romelic brbos aqcevs xalxad) dafuZnebul marTvis im wess,<br />
romliTac saxelmwifo gankargavs srul Zalauflebas. aqedan marTvelobis <strong>for</strong>ma<br />
sul aris ori: respublika an despotia. “respublikanizmi aris saxelmwifo<br />
principi, romelic aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas mijnavs sakanonmdeblosagan.<br />
despotia — umaRlesi mmarTvelis mierve SemoRebuli saxelmwifo kanonmdeblobis<br />
TviTmpyrobluri aRsrulebis principia. aseT dros sajaro neba<br />
gamodis mmarTvelis kerZo nebis rangSi” (2.269).<br />
saxelmwifos bunebaze msjelobis Semdeg, kanti gadadis msoflio<br />
saxelmwifos ideaze. msoflio saxelmwifoSi kanti xedavs maradiuli mSvidobis<br />
garantors. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, wesi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi cdiloben<br />
TavianTi uflebebis ganxorcielebas, aris ara sasamarTlo, aramed omi.<br />
samSvidobo xelSekruleba marTalia bolos uRebs ama Tu im oms, magram ara<br />
saomar mdgomareobas rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTliT, aseve bunebiTi<br />
samarTlis princpebiT. magram goneba moralis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo<br />
Zalauflebis simaRlidan, ra Tqma unda, kicxavs oms rigorc samarTlebriv<br />
proceduras da savaldebulod acxadebs mSvidobas, romelic ar SeiZleba<br />
damyardes xalxTa Soris urTieTmolaparakebis gareSe. aqedan, unda arsebobdes<br />
gansakuTrebuli saxis kavSiri, romelic samSvidobo kavSiris (foedus pacificum)<br />
saxels unda atarebdes da romelic Cveulebrivi samSvidobo xelSekrulebidan<br />
unda gansxvavdebodes imiT, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobs mxolod erTi omis<br />
dasrulebas, maSin, rodesac pirveli bolos mouRebs yvela oms da gaakeTebs amas<br />
samudamod (2.273-274). yovelive es aris mxolod Sesavali ZiriTadi TezisisaTvis,<br />
romelic gulisxmobs saxelmwifoebrivi iseTi gaerTianebis <strong>for</strong>mirebas,<br />
romelic SezRudavs mis wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris konfliqtebis SesaZleblobas.<br />
kants imedi aqvs, rom “SesaZlebelia naCvenebi iyos iseTi federaciis ideis<br />
ganxorcielebadoba, romelic TandaTanobiT moicavda yvela saxelmwifos da<br />
miivanda maT maradiul mSvidobamde”(2.274).<br />
ufro konkretuli nabiji amgvari gaerTianebis Sesaqmnelad iqneba, Tuki<br />
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omelime saxelmwifo Seqmnida respublikas romlis ZiriTadi funqcia<br />
mimarTuli iqneboda maradiul mSvidobaze. aseT respublikas SeeZlo erTgvari<br />
centris funqcia Seesrulebina, romlis irgvlivac gaerTiandebodnen sxva<br />
saxelmwifoebi.<br />
morali da politika maradiuli mSvidobis konteqstSi<br />
maradiuli mSvidobis problemebis konteqstSi kanti ganixilavs CvenSi xSirad<br />
aqtualurad qceul sakiTxs — moralis politikasTan mimarTebis sakiTxs.<br />
miuxedvad imisa, rom kanti sakiTxs ganixilavs Zalze specifikuri kuTxiT,<br />
kerZod, rogorc maradiuli mSvidobis miRwevis xelisSemSlel an xelisSemwyob<br />
pirobas, vfiqrobT, mainc sainteresoa problemis kantiseuli analizi.<br />
”ra aris morali?” _ es gaxlavT pirveli kiTxva, romliTac kanti iwyebs<br />
sakiTxis kvlevas. morali mis mier ganisazRvreba rogorc upirobod momTxovni<br />
kanonebis erTianoba, romelTan Sesabamisadac unda iqceodes adamiani (2.289-290).<br />
Tu vaRiareT valdebulebis mocemuli cneba, maSin misi ganuxorcieleblobis<br />
mtkiceba winaaRmdegobrivi iqneba. is mTlianad gaaqrobda moralidan valdebulebis<br />
cnebas. amitom kanti aqedan akeTebs daskvnas, rom saubari SeuTavseblobis<br />
Taobaze morals (rogorc Teoriul samarTalmcodneobasa) da<br />
politikas (rogorc praqtikul samarTalmcodneobas) Soris araswori iqneba<br />
iseve, rogorc araswori iqneba winaaRmdegobaze saubari zogadad Teoriasa da<br />
praqtikas Soris. politikis devizia _ ”iyavi brZeni viTarca gveli”, rasac<br />
morali umatebs Semzrudvel pirobad _ ”da umanko viTarca mtredi”. moralsa da<br />
politikas Soris winaaRmdegobis arseboba mravalmxrivaa damokidebuli imaze,<br />
Tu ramdenad SeTavsebadia es ori principi. axali principi, romelic pirvel ors<br />
Soris winaaRmdegobis moxsnas da maT TanamSromlobas gulisxmobs Semdegia:<br />
”patiosneba saukeTeso politikaa”, xolo misi modificirebuli <strong>for</strong>ma gveubneba<br />
— ”patiosneba yovelgvar politikaze ukeTesia”. es principi, gvimtkicebs kanti,<br />
ar SeiZleba davisa da eWvis sagani gaxdes. piriqiT, is yovelgvari politikis<br />
winapirobas warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, Tu ar arsebobs Tavisufleba da rac<br />
xdeba, xdeba bunebis kanonebis karnaxiT, maSin politika rogorc xalxis<br />
samarTavad am kanonebis gamoyenebis xelovneba Tavis TaviSi unda moicavdes mTel<br />
praqtikul sibrZnes, xolo moralis cneba ki sruliad uSinaarso gaxdeba. amis<br />
sapirispiroa weRan SemoTavazebuli principebis Sesabamisad, samarTlis cnebis<br />
politikis cnebasTan mierTeba da mis SemzRudav pirobad qceva, rac maTi<br />
SeTavsebadobis sawindari iqneba. SemiZlia warmovidgino moraluri politikosi,<br />
anu piri, vinc politikis iseT principebs ayalibebs, romlebic SeTavsebadia<br />
moralTan, magram ar SemiZlia warmovidgino politikuri moralisti, romelic<br />
moralis principebs Seuguebs saxelmwifo moRvawis interesebTan — wers kanti<br />
(2.292). moraluri politikosi unda gamodiodes Semdegi maqsimidan: Tu<br />
saxelmwifos mowyobaSi an saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi raime iseTi nakli<br />
SeiniSneba, romlis Tavidan acilebac savsebiT SesaZlebli iyo, maSin aucilebelia<br />
am naklovanebaTa dauyovnebeli aRmofxvra da saxelmwifo mowyobis an<br />
saxelmwifoTSorisi urTierTobebis bunebiT samarTalTan, rac saboloo jamSi<br />
gonebis ideaa, daaxloeba. swored es aris saxelmwifo moRvaweebis ZiriTadi<br />
saqmianoba.<br />
imisaTvis rom kantis Tvalsazrisi sworad gavigoT, saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom<br />
misi midgoma problemisadmi <strong>for</strong>malisturia. swored am sityviT gvinda aRvniSno<br />
Semdegi saxis specifika: kanti ar kiTxulobs realurad eTavseba Tu ara politika<br />
da morali erTmaneTs. sinamdvileSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, is eTanxmeba da rig<br />
SemTxvevebSi ara. rac kants ufro metad ainteresebs, aris is <strong>for</strong>maluri<br />
pirobebi da maqsimebi, romlebic gansazRvraven SeTavsebis an SeuTavseblobis<br />
saxeebs. anu Tu morali da politika SeTavsebadia, maSin unda daculi iyos aseTi<br />
da aseTi moTxovnebi, Tu ara maSin xorcieldeba esa da es ..... . es ki niSnavs, rom<br />
kantis damokidebuleba politikisa da moralis SeTavsebadobisadmi normatiulia,<br />
is jerarsis sferoSi trialebs da ara arsisa. yovelgvar kanonSi kanti<br />
86
ganasxvavebs or mxares: materias da <strong>for</strong>mas. materia am konteqstSi igive Sinaarsia<br />
da igi gulisxmobs im mravalferovan miznebs, rasac adamiani isaxavs xolme Tavisi<br />
moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi. imis gamo, rom am miznebs empiiuli xasiaTi aqvT,<br />
gasagebia, rom isini ver iqnebian aucilebeli xasiaTisa adamianisaTvis.<br />
samagiarod, aseTia kanonis wminda <strong>for</strong>ma, romelic Tavisi warmoSobis mixedviT<br />
apriorulia da rogorc aseTi flobs saWiro aucileblobas da valdebulebas. am<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri gansazRvrulobis mixedviT, ZiriTadi moraluri wesi, romelsac<br />
gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs adamianis yovelgvari xasiaTis, maT Soris politikuri<br />
xasiaTis moqmedebebze aris kategoriuli imperativi, romelic ase<br />
JRers: ”moiqeci ise, rom Seni moqmedebis wesi sayovelTao kanonad iqces yvela<br />
gonieri arsebisaTvis.” kategoriuli imperativis aseTi saxe gansazRvrulia misi<br />
wminda <strong>for</strong>maluri xasiaTiT. adamiani rom yovelTvis am wesis Sesabamisad<br />
cxovrobdes, is wmindani iqneboda, magram ramdenadac adamians mravalferovani<br />
midrekilebebi gaaCnia, romelTagan yvela ver daitrabaxebs maRalzneobriobiT,<br />
amdenad msgavs SemTxvevebSi, kantis mier Semotanil proncips aqvs maiZulebeli,<br />
anu imperatiuli xasiaTi. is Tavis TavSi Seicavs umaRles praqtikul mizans,<br />
romelic amave dros sazomia yvela sxva miznisa.<br />
yovelive es, ra Tqma unda, ar gulisxmobs kantis idealizms anu politikuri<br />
urTierTobebis meocnebe gaidealebas. kantma kargad icis rom arsebobs<br />
amoraluri politikac. termini ”politikuri moralisti” swored amas aRniSnavs.<br />
is yovelTvis cdilobs gaamarTlos Tavisi antixalxuri politika da samarTlis<br />
sawinaaRmdego saxelmwifo principebi da amave dros cdilobs gaakeTos es<br />
adamianis bunebis saxeliT, romelic TiTqos moklebulia unars eswrafodes<br />
sikeTes gonebis mier nakarnaxebi ideis Sesabamisad. msgavsi gancxadebebiT, es<br />
politikosebi, ramdenadac es xelewifebaT, mudmivad arRveven samarTals da<br />
viTarebis gaumjobesebas SeuZlebels xdian. msgavsi praqtika ar gulisxmobs, rom<br />
politikur moralistebs Sexeba ara aqvT normatiul principebTan da Tavidan<br />
bolomde realuri politikuri principebiT xalmWZvaneloben. amgvari<br />
politikosebisaTvis saxelmZRvanelo xasiaTi aqvs Semdeg maqsimebs: (1) Fac et<br />
excusa. gulisxmobs yoveli xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebas, romelic ki<br />
gaaiolebs dapyrobas da sxvisi sakuTrebis xelSi Cagdebas. msgavsi moqmedebebis<br />
Semdeg, rogorc wesi, xdeba xolme raime Rirebuli sababiT xalxwe mimarTuli<br />
Zaladobis gamarTleba. yovelive es xorcieldeba gaugonari TavxedobiT, rac<br />
tovebs Cadenili qmedebis kanonierebasTan SeTavsebadobis STabeWdilebas. (2) Si<br />
fecisti nega. ama Tu im politikosis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebis<br />
totaluri uaryofa. uaryfa imisa, rom mavans monawileoba aqvs miRebuli am<br />
moqmedebaSi; ase magaliTad, Tu Tu ama Tu im politikosma sakuTari xalxi miiyvana<br />
amboxebamde, unda amtkico, rom brali mxolod mourjulebel moxeleebs<br />
miuZRviT. (3) Divide et impera. am principis gamoyeneba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi<br />
kargadaa cnobili. ufro sainteresoa principis gamoyeneba qveynis<br />
Sida politikis mimarT. kerZod, Tu qveyanaSi arian warCinebuli pirebi, romelTa<br />
wyalobiTac umaRles xelisuflebaSi moxvda mavani, is yovelmxriv ecdeba<br />
ganxeTqileba daTesos am adamianebs Soris an am adamianebsa d xalxs Soris.<br />
uzneo politikas winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, rac imaSi Cans, rom aravin<br />
cdilobs uzneobis gamarTlebas Riad. piriqiT, Tundac mxolod sityviT, isini<br />
yovelTvis cdiloben TavianTi mzakvruli gegmebis gamarTlebas sxvadasxva<br />
motivebiT. sinamdvileSi ki isini yovelTvis emyarebian ara samarTals, aramed<br />
Zalas. politikuri moralistis Sexeba moralTan TviTwinaaRmdegobrivia. is<br />
cdilobs morali dauqvemdebaros politikur miznebs, anu saqme gaakeTos piruku,<br />
rac principulad SeuZlebels xdis politikis moralTan morigebas.<br />
aq gadasaWrelia erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxi _ Rirs Tu ara gamovideT da<br />
daveyrdnoT materialur principebs, anu Cvens miznebs praqtikuli gonebis<br />
amocanebis gansazRvrisas. xom ar iqneba umjobesi vixelmZRvaneloT mxolod<br />
<strong>for</strong>maluri principiT, rac SeiZleba niSnavdes mxolod Semdegs: moiqeci ise, rom<br />
Seni moqmedebis saxelmZRvanelo maqsima sayovelTao kanonad iqces. materialuri<br />
da <strong>for</strong>maluri principebidan kanti upiratesobas <strong>for</strong>malur princips aniWebs,<br />
radgan is rogorc samarTlis principi upirobod aucilebelia maSin, rodesac<br />
87
pirvels maiZulebeli Zala mxolod mocemuli miznis realizaciisaTvis<br />
aucilebeli empiriuli pirobebis mocemulobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs Zala. es<br />
ukanaskneli politikuri moralistis principia maSin, rodesac meore moraluri<br />
politikosisa. moraluri politikis principi isaa, rom xalxi saxelmwifoSi unda<br />
gaerTiandes mxolod iseTi samarTlebrivi cnebis irgvliv, rogoricaa Tavisufleba<br />
da Tanasworoba. politikuri moralistebi ki piriqiT, maT sapirispirod<br />
emyarebian bunebis meqanizmebis cnebas, romelic unda gamoyenebuli unda iyos,<br />
raTa brbo gardaiqmnas sazogadoebad.<br />
am Tvalsazisebis Sejerebis sauZvelze, kanti askvnis, rom obieqturad, e.i.<br />
TeoriaSi, politikasa da morals Soris ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba, Tumca es<br />
daskvna ar vrceldeba subieqtur sferoze, adamianis egoisturi midrekilebebis<br />
sferoze, sadac dapirispireba politikasa da morals Soris arsebobs da SeiZleba<br />
aseTad darCes kidec samomavlod.<br />
sabolood sajaro samarTlis transcendentaluri <strong>for</strong>mula JRers Semdegnairad:<br />
usamarTloa yvela sxva adamianis uflebaTa mimarT ganxorcielebuli<br />
qceva, romelic SeTavsebadi ar aris sajaroobasTan (2.303). es principi, kantis<br />
azriT, aris erTdroulad samarTlebrivic da moraluric. mis sapirispirod, Tu<br />
me ar SemiZlia gavamxilo sajarod Cemi moqmedebis maqsima ise, rom amiT ar vavno<br />
sakuTar saqmes (radgan sajaroobis SemTxvevaSi unda movelode rom Cemi<br />
zraxvebis aRsrulebas win aRudgeba yvela), maSin Cemi qmedeba aris usamarTlo.<br />
aseTia kantis mier politikisa da moralis momarTebis <strong>for</strong>malisturi analizi,<br />
romelic upirveles yovlisa, imas aCvenebs, Tu rogor unda moviqceT, raTa Cveni<br />
qceva moraluri iyos da ara imas, Tu ramdenad moraluria politikosis, sul<br />
erTia rogori, qmedebebi.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Имануел Кант – Что такое просвещение в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль»<br />
Москва. 1966.<br />
2. Имануел Кант – О вечном мире в кн. И.Кант Сочинения т. 6, Изд. «Мысль» Москва. 1966.<br />
88
adam fergiusonis (1723-1816) “esse samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”<br />
fergiusoni im inteleqtualebis ricxvs miekuTvneboda, romlebic XVIII<br />
saukunis “Sotlandiuri aRorZinebis” saTaveebTan idgnen. fergiusonis garda,<br />
inteleqtualebis am wres miekuTvnebodnen devid hiumi, edinburgis universitetis<br />
reqtori, uiliam robertsoni da ekonomisti adam smiti. fergiusonma,<br />
romelic samxedro-sasuliero piri, polkis pastori iyo, 1759 wels edinburgis<br />
universitetSi miiRo naturaluri filosofiis kaTedra. evropaSi ramdenjerme<br />
mogzaurobis Semdeg man jer pnevmaturi da moraluri filosofiis kaTedra<br />
(1764), xolo Semdeg ki, 1766 wels, miiRo edinburgis universitetis doqtoroba.<br />
1793 wels fergiusoni evropaSi mogzaurobisas gaxda prusiis mecnierebaTa<br />
akademiis ucxoeli wevri. “cda samoqalaqo sazogadoebis istoriis Sesaxeb”<br />
daiwera 1767 wels. is adam fergiusonis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli politikuri<br />
xasiaTis naSromia. am Sromis garda, fergiusonis kalams ekuTvnis: “qadageba”,<br />
“moraluri filosofiis Segonebani”, “romis respublikis progresis da dacemis<br />
istoria”, “moraluri da politikuri mecnierebis principebi”.<br />
1. adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb<br />
adamianis bunebrivi mdgomareoba fergiusonTan interpretirebulia rogorc<br />
kacobriobis adreuli ganviTarebis etapi. fergiusoni sakmaod mkacrad afasebs<br />
am Temaze gamoTqmul sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs. am SexedulebaTa umravlesoba<br />
gamowveuli iyo sakuTari Teoriis ukeT dafuZnebis surviliT, tumca maTi didi<br />
nawili sruliad unayofo gamodga. raSi mdgomareobs Tavad fergiusonis<br />
midgomis specifika? yvela im mravalferovan Tvisebebs Soris, romelsac flobs<br />
kacobrioba, fergiusoni gamoyofs ramodenimes rogorc safuZvelmdebels Cveni<br />
TeoriisaTvis da ase iqmneba suraTi imisa, Tu rogori SeiZleba yofiliyo<br />
adamiani romeliRac warmosaxviT bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. msgavsi abstraqcia<br />
yuradRebis gareSe stovebs adamians, rogoric is aris mocemul istoriul<br />
momentSi da imasac, rogorc warmogvidgeba igi istoriis furclebidan.<br />
bunebrivi istoriis kvlevis yvela sxva gza aucileblad gulisxmobs mkvlevris<br />
mier faqtebis Segrovebis saWiroebas (1.32).<br />
magram aqvs Tu ara bunebrivi mdgomareobis ganxilvas raRac specifikuri<br />
meTodologouri mniSvneloba? fergiusons miaCnia, rom yoveli aqtiuri arsebis<br />
istoria Cven unda daviwyoT misi im mdgomareobis aRweriT, romelSiac is<br />
Camoyalibda da ara im viTerebebidan, romlebic Tavs moaxvies am arsebas. amitom,<br />
adamianebi unda Tavidan ganxilulni iyvnen sazogadoebaSi myofni, radgan isini<br />
swored amgvarad arsebobdnen yovelTvis. Tu yvela sxva cxoveli dabadebis<br />
Semdeg viTardeba rogorc individi, adamiani viTardeba rogorc gvari. am gzaze<br />
kacobriobis ganviTareba unda warmovidginoT rogorc ganviTarebadi cocxali<br />
mgrZnobelobidan, gonebis, enis da sazogadoebrivi yofis SeZenamde. adamianis<br />
ganviTareba aucileblad mividoda iseT momentamde, romelic sxvadasxva<br />
gamomgoneblobis kvalad moiTxovda iseTi adamianuri unaris ganviTarebas,<br />
rogorcaa fantazia. am da sxva Tvisebebis flobis gamo, adamiani, rogoradac ar<br />
unda daeces is, yovelTvis rCeba adamianad da amitom misi Sedareba sxva romelime<br />
cxovelTan yovlad miuRebelia. adamiani unda ganvixiloT sazogadoebriv<br />
arsebad, romelsac cxovreba SeuZlia mxolod sxva adamianis gverdiT. adamiani<br />
unda ganvixiloT enis mqone arsebad iseve, rogor bunebrivadac mas ganvixilavT<br />
xelebis an fexebis mqone arsebad. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia warmovisaxoT viTareba,<br />
rodesac adamiani mxolod ecnoboda, jar kargad ar flobda sakuTar unarebs,<br />
magram fergiusonis azriT, amgvari periodis Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba ar<br />
mogvepoveba da Cveni msjelobebi am saganze arafriT iqneba gamagrebuli. Cven<br />
fantaziis tyveobaSi viqnebiT da gveqneba iluzia, TiTqos mivuaxlovdiT<br />
yofierebis sawyisebs (1.37-38).<br />
adamianis bunebiTi yofisagan gansxvavebiT, Cven xSirad vsaubrobT xelobebsa<br />
89
da xelovnebebze, rogorc raRac gansxvavebulze bunebisagan. am dros saWiroa<br />
aRiniSnos, rom xelobebi raRac bunebiTia adamianisaTvis, romelic am Cvevebis<br />
wyalobiT sakuTari saxis da bedis demiurgia (artificer). adamianis Semoqmedeba<br />
aris progresisaken ganuwyveteli svla, Tumca is ar akeTebs naxtomebs da<br />
miznisaken Tanmimdevrulad da myari nabijebiT moZraobs. adamianis saqmianoba<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi maTi nebis Tavisuflebis gamovlenas warmoadgens,<br />
dawyebuli sxvadfasxva Sexedulebebidan da survilebidan, rac misi mamoZravebeli<br />
Zalaa. TviTSenarCunebisaTvis adamianisaTvis erTnairad gamosadegia<br />
rogorc brwyinvale sasaxle, aseve xis fuRuro. amitom, kiTxvaze sad SegviZlia<br />
vipovnoT adamiani bunebriv mdgomareobaSi, SegviZlia erTnairi safuZvlianobiT<br />
mivuTiToT britaneTze, keTili imedis koncxze, magelanis sruteze da a.S.<br />
mTavari is gaxlavT, rom adamiani yvelgan erTia, Semoqmedi arsebaa. sasaxle<br />
aranakleb SeiZleba arabunebrivad CaiTvalos, vidre qoxi, xolo politikis da<br />
zneobis umaRlesi gamovlinebebi ar aris ufro metad xelovnuri, vidre grZnobis<br />
da gonebis pirveli moZraobebi.<br />
daSvebidan, rom adamiani mudam winmswrebi da sakuTari Tavis srulmqmneli<br />
arsebaa, romelSiac Cadebulia progresisa da idealisaken swrafvis prncipi maSin<br />
veRar vityviT, rom mas Semdeg, rac man winmsvleli moZraoba daiwyo, igi<br />
daemSvidoba Tavis bunebriv mdgomareobas, radgan misi buneba swored aseT<br />
moZraobaSia (1.41). sxvagvarad, es imas niSnavs, rom bunebrivi mdgomareobis<br />
Tezisi, romelic daafiqsirebda adamians raRac cxoveluri yofis msgavs<br />
viTarebaSi fergiusonisaTvis ar arsebobs, Tumca is mainc SesaZleblad miiCnevs<br />
“kacobriobis gariJraJze” saubars, romlis drosac adamiani “primitiul<br />
mdgomareobaSi” iyo. es primitiuli mdgomareoba ar niSnavs mis srul uZraobas.<br />
teqnikuri da sxva saxis progresi aq mocemulad unda vigulisxmoT. teqnikis<br />
dRevandeli done, axal-axali miRwevebi am mimarTulebiT, aris mxolod im xazis<br />
gagrZelebis mcdeloba, romelic ukve arsebobda kacobriobis gariJraJze.<br />
TandaTanobiTi progresis idea ar yofila fergiusonis winamorbedebisaTvisac<br />
ucxo. rasac aq gamorCeuli saxiT fergiusoni gvTavazobs, aris misi<br />
mtkiceba, rom momenti, saidanac SegviZlia daviwyoT istoria ara mxolod<br />
meTodologiuradaa mouxelTebeli, aramed principulad ar arsebobs. Tu<br />
istoriis ufskrulSi CavixedavT, ver vipovniT moments, rodesac adamiani<br />
adamiani ar iyo (anu iyo maimuni, rogorc amas darvinis Semdeg varaudoben) da<br />
Semdeg, sul erTia ra meqanizmebis ganviTarebis Sedegad, is iqca adamianma (anu<br />
gaiara gza, romlis aRwera scades morganma da engelsma).<br />
adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze msjelobebs sabolood esmeva wertili mas<br />
Semdeg, rac am terminebs fergiusonis daxasiaTebiT, aseTi Sinaarsi eZleva: Tu<br />
“bunebrivi” adamianis Sinagani struqturidan gamomdinare qmedebebs aRniSnavs,<br />
“arabunebrivi”araviTari sazrisismieri qmedebis damfiqsirebeli ar aris, radgan<br />
adamianis yvela qmedeba pirveli wyarodan iRebs saTaves.<br />
2.TviTSenarCunebis, gaerTianebs da omis principebis Sesaxeb<br />
adamianTa sazogadoebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs rigi princiebis realizebas.<br />
avtori am mimarTulebiT upirveles yovlisa, laparakobs instinqtebze,<br />
romlebic jer kidev tkivilis da an siamovnebis aRqmamde ubiZgeben adamians<br />
ganaxorcielos rigi bunebrivi aqciebi sakuTari Tavis da TanamoZmeebis mimarT.<br />
maT Soris, TviTSenarCunebisa da misi, rogorc gvaris gangrZobis instinqti.<br />
aqedan gamomdinareobs meore instinqti _ is faqti, rom adamiani yovelTvis<br />
raRac gvaris da raRac tomis Tu sazogadoebis wevria, aiZulebs mas omis<br />
mdgomareobaSi Sevides sxva adamianebTan.<br />
adamianis cxovrebis miaxlovebiTi Seswavala gvarwmunebs, imaSi, rom erTerTi<br />
ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala misi yvela moqmedebisaTvis aris sakuTar<br />
arsebobaze zrunva. jer kidev sakuTrebis da socialur statusebs Soris<br />
gansxvavebis gaCenamde, adamianebi floben sakuTari pirovnebis da Tavisufali<br />
moqmedebis dacvis uflebas. TviTSenarCunebis instinqti adamianSi arafriT<br />
gansxvavdeba analogiuri instinqtebisagan cxovelSi, magram adamianisaTvis<br />
90
specifiuri viTarebaa is, rom am instinqtebs mis SemTxvevaSi emateba refleqsia<br />
da winaswarxedva., romlebic mas uqmnian warmodgenas sakuTrebaze da acnoben misi<br />
zrunvis im obieqts, romelsac is interess uwodebs. termini interesi mets<br />
arafers niSnavs, Tu ara Cvens damokidebulebas sakuTrebisadmi, Tumca ufro<br />
farTo da gavrcelebuli mniSvnelobiT, igi aRniSnavszogadad sargebels.<br />
sargeblianoba, Tavis mxriv, Zalze bundovani cnebaa da amitom fergiusoni<br />
gvTavazobs interesi gamoviyenoT savsebiT konkretuli mniSvnelobiT im<br />
obieqtebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic Cvens gare pirobebs ukavSirdebian da<br />
uzrunvelyofen Cveni cxoveluri bunebis SenarCunebas.<br />
TviTSenarCunebis instinqtis karnaxiT sxvadasxva cxoveli igrovebs zamTris<br />
marags. maTgan gansxvavebiT adamians aqvs miswrafeba simdidris dagrovebisaken,<br />
rasac ara aqvs sazRvari. imis dagroveba, rac adamianma SeiZleba verasdros ver<br />
gamoiyenos, misi arsebobis umniSvnelovanesi idola xdeba. TandaTnobiT adamians<br />
sul ufro umtkicdeba rwmena imisa, rom misi sakuTreba misive personis nawili,<br />
Tavad misi nawilia, romelic gansazRvravs mis xasiaTs, rangs da mdgomareobas<br />
sazogadoebaSi. sakuTrebisadmi adamianis ltolva imdenad didia, rom Tu es<br />
sakuTreba man ver SeinarCuna samoqalaqo kanonebiT, adamiani mimarTavs<br />
Zaladobas da aTasgvar veragobas Cadis da am mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebuli<br />
adamianis qmedebebi gacilebiT ufro mZime STabeWdilebas tovebs, vidre<br />
romelime cxovelisa.<br />
TviTSenarCunebis principidan gamomdinare ltolvebis mTeli kompleqsi Tavs<br />
iyris erT fenomenSi, romelsac ewodeba Tavmoyvareoba.<br />
ra saxis gaerTianebac ar unda moxdes adamianTa Soris, sul- erTia es iqneba<br />
saZmo, Tu jari, yvela maTgans safuZvlad uZevs aliansis Tu kavSris principi.<br />
fergiusoni amis Sesaxeb wers: “bunebrivi mdgomareoba — es aris omis an mSvidobis<br />
mdgomareoba. adamianebi Sobilni arian ise, rom gaerTiandnen erTmaneTisadmi<br />
ltolviT an SiSiT. sazogadoebis moTxovnileba TviT adamianis bunebaSia Cadebuli.<br />
swored amiT aixsneba velurebis midrekileba Tavis banakSi darCenisaken,<br />
miuxedvad imisa, rom damoukideblad cxoveba mas SesaZloa ufro met sikeTes<br />
moutanda. igive privcipi gvixsnis rogorc Zveli berZnebis optimistur<br />
erTgulebas Tavisi qveynisadmi, aseve Zveli romaelebis patriotizmsac. magram<br />
amgvari mdgomareoba did xans rodi gastans. mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTTan<br />
daaxloebis instinqti Tavis saqmes gaakeTebs, ayalibebs sazogadoebas, interesi<br />
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moqmedebs da adamianebs erTmaneTisagan acilebs. es<br />
gansakuTrebiT iTqmis komerciul sxelmwifoze, romelSiac adamiani Tavis<br />
TanamoZmes molodinis sapirispirod konkurentad ganixilavs da mas ise eqceva,<br />
rogorc Tavis saqonels an miwas.<br />
aq fergiusoni ubrundeba platonis cnobil Teziss “saxelmwifos” V wignidan,<br />
sadac gamijnulia konfliqtis ori saxe: omi — anu mtroba sxvebTan da<br />
ganxeTqileba _ anu mtroba TavisianebTan. safrTxisagan Tavis daxsnis survili<br />
aris is garegani grZnoba, rac adamianebs ubiZgebda saxelmwifoebrivi<br />
gaerTianebisaken. metoqeobam da samxedro wvrTnebis saWiroebam Soba Zalian<br />
bevri iseTi instituti, romelTa gareSe Znelad Tu SegviZlia warmovidginoT<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba. xalxis dacvis karnaxiT Seiqmna araerTi saxelmwifo<br />
dawesebuleba.<br />
magram ra aris mtroba, saidan Cndeba winaaRmdegoba TviTSenaxvasa da<br />
usafrTxoebas Soris, rac erT mxares Tavdacvisaken ubiZgebs manam, vidre meore<br />
mxare daesxmis mas Tavs? mtrobis namdvili mizezebis racionaluri axsna fergiusons<br />
ara aqvs. saxelmwifo moRvaweebi mtrul da samoyvro gadawyvetilebebs<br />
nacionaluri, Tu zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi motivebidan gvixsnian. magram ras<br />
mogvcems aseTi axsna gavigoT mdinaris (vTqvaT reinis) gaRma-gamoRma mcxovrebi<br />
glexebis siZulvili erTmaneTis mimarT? crurwmenebi da nacionaluri vnebebi<br />
SesaZloa ukeTes axsnas iZlevian da swored am mimarTulebiT unda veZeboT<br />
konfliqtis mTavari mizezebi da ara samTavrobo gadawyvetilebebSi. adamianebi,<br />
romlebic aseT dauokebel siyvaruls da siZulvils avlenen erTmaneTis mimarT,<br />
racionalurad ver xsnian TavianT qmedebebs (1.60).<br />
kacobrioba ganviTarebis adreul etapze imyofeboda mudmivi omis<br />
mdgomareobaSi an tomebs Soris, an tomebs SigniT. amgvari mdgomareoba zrdis<br />
91
samxedro beladis mniSvnelobas da sazogadoeba miyavs monarqiuli wyobisaken.<br />
yovel Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi unda gatardes gansxvaveba omis periodis da<br />
mSvidobianobis periodis kanonebi. omis mgomareoba rom kacibriobis cxovrebis<br />
ZiriTadi <strong>for</strong>ma iyos, is aucileblad upiratesobas mianiWebda monarqiul wyobas.<br />
amasTan xelosnobisa dapolitikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebas Tan mohyva<br />
mosaxleobis klasebad dayofa, romelTa Soris umniSvnelovanesia dayofa<br />
meomrebad da moqalaqeebad.<br />
mravali socialuri movlena imdenad institucionaluri cvlilebebiT ki ar<br />
aixsneba, ramdenadac adamianis midrekilebiT, CvevebiT, unarebiT. am<br />
mimarTulebiT fergiusoni or faqtors gamoyofs. erTi exeba Tavad adamianis<br />
statuss TanamoZmeTa TvalSi. imas, Tu rogor moaCvenebs is Tavs sazogadoebas,<br />
rogorc am szogadoebis wevri. swored am “imijidan” SeiZleba gaCndes erTi<br />
mZlavri impulsi am adamianis mimarT sxvebis mtruli Tu moyvruli grZnobebis<br />
gaCenisa TanamoZmeTagan. meore ki Sefasebis gzebs exeba, radgan adamianebi<br />
erTmaneTs umeteswilad afaseben ara imis mixedviT, Tu ra codnis mflobelia<br />
mavani, aramed imis mixedviT, Tu rogor SeuZlia mas cxovrebaSi ganaxorcielos<br />
Tavisi miznebi, ramdenad unariania sakuTari cxovrebis uzrunvelsayofad.<br />
2.1. individisa da eris bedniereba<br />
yovelive msgavsi Sexeduleba gvibiZgebs aRniSnul konteqstSi ganvixiloT<br />
adamianTa Sexedulebani bednierebis Sesaxeb. es termoni, miuxedavad misi xSiri<br />
gamoyenebisa, Zalze bundovania. is gulisxmobs siamovnebis gancdas raime<br />
survilis ganxorcielebis wyalobiT (1.83). Sesabamisad, bedniers uwodeben iseT<br />
adamians, visi survilebic yvelaze ufro xSirad aRsruldeba xolme. Cven<br />
nebismier sagans vafasebT misi sargeblianobiT da bednierebaze misi zegavlenis<br />
SesaZleblobiT, Tanac imgvarad, rom migvaCnia _ Tavad sargeblianobis da<br />
bednierebis cnebebi ar eqvemdebarebian gansazRvrebas. bedniereba sulac ar aris<br />
warmosaxviTi usaqmuroba, romelzedac ase ocneboben da romelic, rogorc ki<br />
miRweuli iqneba, maSinve gadaizrdeba mowyenilobaSi. piriqiT, bedniereba unda<br />
veZeboT ara raime miznis iRwevaSi, aramed adamianis mudmiv saqmianobaSi.<br />
bednierebis saidumlo is ki araa, rom rom zogierTi moqmedebebi garTobad<br />
vaqcioT, aramed is, rom TviT maT aRsrulebaSi davinaxoT ZiriTadi Rirebuleba..<br />
bednierebas adamianebi eZeben Tavis Tavis gareT maSin, rodesac is sakuTar TavSia<br />
saZebni. fergiusoni miesalmeba Tvalsazriss, romlis mixedviTac adamianis vali<br />
sikeTis qmnaa, xolo bedniereba — ki mis miRebaSi, Tumca sikeTis qmna gulisxmobs<br />
ara imis bednierebas, viskenac mimarTulia sikeTis qmna, aramed imisa, vinc gascems<br />
sikeTes.<br />
ramdenadac adamiani Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebis wevria, is ukve aRar<br />
miekuTvneba sakuTar Tavs. is mxood mTelis nawilia. rogoria bednierebis<br />
fenomenis konteqstSi mimarTeba mTelsa da nawils Soris? Tu individis<br />
arsebobis ZiriTadi mizani sazogadoebisaTvis sikeTis miRwevaa, maSin<br />
sazogadoebisaTvis mTavari amocana individis bedniereba unda iyos. avtori<br />
amtkicebs, rom sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis morigeba<br />
savsebiT SesaZlebelia. saerTod, eris Zala, Tu sanimuSod aviRebT omis<br />
sawarmoeblad aucilebel resursebs, ganisazRvreba ara mosaxleobis<br />
raodenobidan an simdidridan, aramed xasiaTidan.<br />
ra Tqma unda, yvela adamiani bunebiT Tanasworia. miuxedavad amisa, adamianebs<br />
sxvadasxva pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba, rasac adaptaciis doneebs Soris sxvaoba<br />
mohyveba. jer kidev yovelgvari politikuri institutebis Seqmnamde, adamianebi<br />
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan TavianTi talantebis mixedviT, rac<br />
sxvadasxva rolebs umzadebs sazogadoebaSi. Tu adamianebs erTad SevyriT,<br />
fergiusons miaCnia, rom TiToeuli maTgani iolad ipovnis Tavis adgils. swored<br />
am wesiT iqmneba pirobebi didi raodenobis adamianebis erTad moqmedebisaTvis,<br />
maTi Tanamegobrobis erTianobis SenarCunebas rom gulisxmobs. manamde, vidre<br />
ganxorcieldeba ufleba movaleobebis <strong>for</strong>maluri ganawileba.<br />
92
3. pirvelyofili xalxebis istoriis Sesaxeb<br />
rogorc ukve vnaxeT, fergiusoni adamianis bunebriv mdgomareobaze saubars<br />
amjobinebs ilaparakos xalxebis realuri warsuli istoriis Sesaxeb. misi Sromis<br />
erT-erTi ZiriTadi paTosi swored isaa, rom aRweros da warmoadginos sazogadoeba<br />
misi uZvelesi, veluri mdgomareobidan civilizaciis da samoqalaqo, anu<br />
politikuri sazogadoebis gaCenamde. amasTan, rogorc iTqva, velurobis periodi<br />
mxolod civilizaciis Zalze dabal dones gulisxmobs da ara gayinul uZraobis<br />
wertils. iqedan, rom velurobis ama Tu im etapis aRweris miRma iolad moiZebneba<br />
ganviTarebis ufro dabali done, SegviZlia Tu ara davaskvnaT, rom kacobriobis<br />
istorias ara aqvs sawyisi wertili? am kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis fergiusons uwevs<br />
angariSi gauwios, erTi mxriv, miTologiur siuJetebs da meore mxriv ki, wminda<br />
istorias. rogorc erTi, aseve meore gvixsnis da gviyveba, Tu rogorc warmoiSva<br />
adamiani. fergiusoni, romelic mogviwodebs frTxilad moveqceT miTologiur<br />
faqtebs, Cans iqeT ixreba, rom kacobriobis istoriis sawyis wertilad<br />
SesaZlebelia wminda istoria aviRoT. am sakiTxisaTvis saWiro in<strong>for</strong>maciis<br />
mosapoveblad, arsebobs kidev erTi wyaro _ afrikel da amerikel velurTa<br />
cxobrebaze dakvirveba. isini, pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi arseboben da<br />
gvacnoben bavSvobis asakSi myof Cvens istorias. cxadia, maTi yofis amsaxveli<br />
masala aseve pozitiurad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos pirvelyofili xalxebis<br />
istoriis Sedgenisas, radgan isini damakmayofilebel warmodgenas gviqmnian<br />
imaze, Tu ra aris veluroba.<br />
amasTan, fergiusoni gvirCevs Zvel wyaroebs sxva mxrivac didi sifrTxiliT<br />
movekidoT: “arc erTi konstitucia ar aris sayovelTao Tanxmobis Sedegi, arc<br />
erTi marTveloba ar ganxorcielebula dadgenili gegmis mixedviT”(1.190).<br />
rogorc wesi, xalxSi did aRfrTovanebas iwvevs genialuri kanonmdeblebis da<br />
saxlemwifoebis Semqmnelebis proeqtebi. magram rac realurad xdeboda, im<br />
Soreul epoqebSi, iyo mxolod mravali SemTxveviTi garemoebebisa da konkretuli<br />
situaciebis Sedegi. avtors Semoaqvs gzis gakvalvis da Secdomis cneba (trail and<br />
error method), rogorc miRebuli Tu ganmtkicebuli ama Tu im Cvevis da institutis<br />
safuZvlismdebeli. es cneba SemdgomSi Zaze mniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs<br />
haiekis TeoriaSi. swored am gziT Seiqmna im institutebis umravlesoba, romelTa<br />
gamomgoneblobasac Cveulebriv romelime geniosis gegmas miaweren da romlebic<br />
SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad Camoyalibebuliyo, Tu ara am wesiT (1.190-191). aqedanve,<br />
plus hava, xalxis xasiaTi da mravali sxva garemoeba, aixsneba aTenis da romis<br />
warmatebebi istoriaSi.<br />
afrikuli da amerikuli tomebis garda, fergiusonis azriT, daaxloebiT igive<br />
yofaSi arian uzarmazar teritoriaze _ dawyebuli kamCatkidan, CineTisa da<br />
indoeTis rigi raionebis CaTvliT, sparseTis sazRvrebamde da wiTeli zRvis<br />
napirebamde _ gabneuli xalxebi. yvela maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia a)kerZo<br />
sakuTrebis ararseboba; b) morCilebis ararseboba; g) marTvis ararseboba. Semdeg<br />
fergiusoni kidev ufro azustebs velurobis cnebas da mijnavs erTmaneTisagan<br />
velursa da barbaross. veluria is, visac ara aqvs kerZo sakuTreba, xolo<br />
barbarosi ki is, visi yofac mainc da mainc didad ar gansxvavdeba pirvelisagan,<br />
Tumca is kerZo sakuTrebis mflobelia. sakuTreba, rogorc vxedavT,<br />
gamoyvenilia progresul movlenad, romlis wyalobiTac xorcieldeba xalxebis<br />
ganviTarebis donis diferenciacia. (1.139). ubralo bunebrivi produqtebis<br />
maragi an saqonlis jogi, yoveli pirvelyofili xalxis simdidris pirveli<br />
saxeobaa. ufro metic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kerZo sakuTrebas ar gaaCnia<br />
araviTari maiZulebeli Zala, is gamodis, agreTve TvalsaCino daqvemdebarebis<br />
mizezad. Tavisi wignis Zvel gamocemaSi fergiusoni werda Semdegs: “adamiani,<br />
romelmac pirvelma ganacxada _ “es veli Cemia. me is unda gadavce STamomavlobas”<br />
_ ver warmoidgenda, rom gaxda samoqalaqo samarTlis da politikuri<br />
dawesebulebebis damaarsebeli, xolo is, vinc pirveli gahyva belads, ver<br />
warmoidgenda, rom Seqmna mudmivi subordineciis modeli”(1.189).<br />
velurebisagan gansxvavebiT, barbarosebTan ukve vxedavT tomis uxucesebs,<br />
romlebic gansazRvraven tomisaTvis saerTo gadawyvetilebebs. es uxucesTa<br />
93
sabWo aris senatis, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis da saxalxo asambleis — im<br />
mmarTvelobis pirveli <strong>for</strong>ma, romlis gamogonebasac antikuri xanis kanonmdeblebs<br />
miaweren. tomis sxva wevrebisagan gansakuTrebuli simamaciT da RirsebiT<br />
gamoirCeva beladi. uxucesebs iseT pativs miageben, romlis ganviTarebis Sedegad<br />
politikosis dRes arsebuli pativiscema miiReba. samxedro beladi ki im rwmeniT<br />
sargeblobs, rac axalgazrdebs atarebs mis kvalze.<br />
am sentimentebidan fergiusons surs gamoiyvanos politikuri Zalauflebis<br />
pirveli elementebi, romelTa erTianobisaTvis jer saxelic ki ar mougonebia<br />
aravis. Zalaufleba aq sxva araferia, Tu ara sulis bunebrivi batonoba (1.142). mis<br />
erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino <strong>for</strong>mas samxreT amerikuli ojaxi warmoadgens.<br />
ojaxi aq ar eqvemdebareba araviTar garegan marTvas da Semowmebas. am<br />
sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs policia da maiZulebeli kanonmdebloba, Tumca es ar<br />
uSlis xels imas, rom sazogadoeba marTuli yofiliyo umtkivneulod, radgan,<br />
borotganzraxulobis ararseboba usafrTxoebis saukeTeso garantiaa. ukve am<br />
sazogadoebaSi, dasawyisidanve Cans, rom samarTlianobis da Tanasworobis<br />
siyvaruli erTi da igivea.<br />
amrigad, sabolood sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegnairad<br />
lagdeba:<br />
• veluroba — kerZo sakuTrebis, morCilebis da marTvis ararseboba;<br />
• barbarosoba _ arsebobs kerZo sakuTreba, mTavari, warCinebulebi,<br />
samxedroebi da xalxi;<br />
• civilizacia _ xorcieldeba samoqalaqo da samxedro marTvelobebad<br />
dayofa. marTvaSi upiratesoba eniWebaT samoqalaqo mmarTvelebs.<br />
amrigad, fiqrobs fergiusoni, daqvemdebarebis wesi yalibdeba stiqiurad,<br />
xolo mmarTvelobis <strong>for</strong>maze gadamwyvet zegavlenas iqoniebs sazogadoebis<br />
pirveladi dayofa fenebad.<br />
kanoni aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris dadebuli xelSekruleba. iq, sadac<br />
ganisazRvreba individis ufleba sakuTrebaze da ganisazRvreba misi mdgomareoba<br />
sazogadoebaSi da misi uflebebi ara mxolod asea gansazRvruli, aramed<br />
daculicaa saxelmwifos mier, individi SeiZleba CaiTvalos Tavisuflad. TviT is<br />
SezRudvebi, romlebic mas danaSaulis Cadenis saSualebas ar aZleven, misi<br />
Tavisuflebis nawilia. Tavisufali aravin ar SeiZleba iyos iseT sazogadoebaSi,<br />
sadac Tundac erTi adamiani iCagreba. es maqsima vrceldeba taxtze mokalaTebul<br />
mefe-despotzedac. rogorc ki is gadawyvets Zalis gamoyenebas sadavi<br />
situaciebSi, masinve monad iqceva: sakuTari xalxis uflebebis gaTelva masve<br />
daubrundeba cudad da mis mier Seqminl sayovelTao daucvelobis viTarebaSi,<br />
Znelia ipovo sxva vinme, romelic masaviT daucveli iqneboda.<br />
mxolod kanonebis SemoReba, Tundac es kanonebi saukeTeso da sazogadoebis<br />
yvela wevris mier aRiarebuli iyos, arafris momcemi iqneboda misi<br />
aRmasrulebeli nebis gareSe. bevri kanoni, romeliic xalxma brZoliT moipova,<br />
male mieca daviwyebas, radgan misi ganxorcielebis erTaderT garantad monarqi<br />
an mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba iqca. sanimuSod fergiusoni asaxelebs<br />
kanons, romelic aregulirebs britaneTis penitencialuri sistemis Riaobas da<br />
dasZens, rom am kanonis moqmedebaSi moyvanas, britaneTis mTeli politikuri<br />
sistemis amoqmedebaa saWiro. amitom, individis piradi Tavisufleba da<br />
sakuTrebis xelSeuxebloba mxolod maSin iqneba amoqmedebuli, rodesac maT<br />
zurgs gaumagrebs Tavisufali xalxis energiuli moqmedebebi. sakuTrebis<br />
SenarCuneba da adamianis gaTavisufleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes samoqalaqo<br />
procedurebiT. rac Seexeba uflebebs, romlebis adamianis suls miekuTvnebian,<br />
isini sxva arafriT ar SeiZleba daculebi iyvnen, Tavad sulis Zalis garda (1.244).<br />
94
4. mosaxleobis yofa da keTildReoba<br />
rac ufro srulyofilia qveynis politiuri institutebi, rac ufro<br />
warmatebiT viTardeba misi meurneoba, miT ufro swrafad izrdeba mosaxleobac.<br />
es, ra Tqma unda, zogadi principia, Torem avtori kargad acnobierebs, rom<br />
mosaxleobis zrdaze did zegavlenas iqoniebs iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa hava,<br />
saxelmwifos mizandasaxuli politika da a.S. Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba<br />
damokidebulia eris raodenobaze, maSin Tavisufleba da piradi usafrTxoeba<br />
orives, eris da mosaxleobis Tvisebebi iqneba. amitom Tu aRniSnuli principebi<br />
realizebulia saxelmwifoSi, mas garantirebuli aqvs rogorc mosaxleobis zrda,<br />
aseve misi Sromismoyvareobac. rac ufro met qonebas Soulobs konkretuli<br />
pirovneba, miT ufro mdidaria misi qveyana. damokidebuleba kerZo mewarmes da<br />
saxelmwifos Soris avtors gagebuli aqvs klasikuri Laissez Faire-s principis<br />
mixedviT: “Tu mewarmes daWirdeba dacva, is uzrunvelyofili unda iyos; Tu mis<br />
winaaRmdeg xorcieldeba danaSauli da TaRliToba, damnaSave unda daisajos _<br />
amiT SemoizRudeba saxelmwifos roli. rodesac gamocdili politikosi<br />
cdilobs yvelafris kontrols, is ufro xelisSemSlelia da ukmayofilebas<br />
iwvevs; msgavsadve, rodesac komersanti iviwyebs sakuTar mogebas da mTeli<br />
saxelmwifos magier iwyebs fiqrs, es fantaziis da qimerebis mozRvavebaze<br />
metyvelebs da arRvevs komerciis safuZvlebs.<br />
Zalze sainteresod gamoiyureba avtoris mier gatarebuli gansxvaveba<br />
vaWrobasa da komercias Soris. rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans, pirvelSi unda<br />
igulisxmebodes biznesi mis sawyis stadiaze, xolo meoreSi ki, igive saqmiqnoba<br />
ayvavebis da warmatebis stadiaze. fergiusoni wers, rom vaWrobisaTvis<br />
damaxasiaTebelia pirobis gatexva da crupenteloba maSin, rodesac komercia,<br />
rogorc ufro maRali stadia aucileblad gulisxmobs punqtualobas,<br />
liberalisms, patiosnebas da momWirneobas. aseT dros, mas saxelmwifosagan aRar<br />
surs araferi, garda dacvisa da umravles SemTxvevaSi, komersanti qveynis<br />
yvelaze racionaluri da pativsacemi moqalaqea (1.215). Zneli ar aris davinaxoT<br />
fergiusonis am sityvebis aSkara msgavseba amerikeli ganmanaTleblis, benjemin<br />
franklinis mier mocemul biznesmenis daxasiaTebasTan. msgavseba SegviZlia<br />
avxsnaT ara mxolod ori moazrovnis zogadkulturuli erTianobiT, aramed<br />
Tavad Sefasebis obieqtis identobiT.<br />
Sromis danawileba fergiusons esmis farTod rogorc ara mxolod xelosnobis<br />
sferoSi gatarebuli difernciacia, aramed rogorc dayofa, romelic<br />
“muSaobs” rogorc politikis, aseve samxedro saqmis sferoSi. diferenciaciis da<br />
Sesabamisad morCilebis erT-erTi mTavari da amasTan, pirveli mizezi aris<br />
bunebrivi gansxvaveba adamianTa talantebsa da unarebs Soris. meore, aris uTanasworoba<br />
sakuTreaSi, xolo mesame aranakleb SesamCnevi gamsxvaveba sxvadasxva<br />
xelobaSi SeZenili profesionalizmi. am gziT, gansakuTrebiT ki komerciuli<br />
saqmianobiT gaCenili uTanasworoba, aris eTaderTi sayveduri, romelsac<br />
gamoTqvamen xolme demokratiuli anu saxalxo mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg. sxvadasxva<br />
profesiiT dakaveba adamianSi ayalibebs Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs. yovel<br />
profesias saimayis sakuTari safuZvelia aqvs da manerebis Tavisebur sistemas<br />
qmnis. ase magaliTad, vaWari gamoirCeva punqtualobiT da patiosnebiT, politikosi<br />
Taviseburi manerebiT da mWermetyvelebiT, Tavadaznauroba — aRzrdiT da<br />
gonebamaxvilobiT. sazogadoebis yovel fenas axasiaTebs Tavis daWeris Taviseburi<br />
wesi, misTvis amaxasiaTebli Cacmuloba da ceremoniali, romelTa wyalobiTac<br />
nacionaluri xasiaTi iyofa fenebad da individualur variantebad. aseTi<br />
diferenciacia marTebulia rogorc aTenisaTvis, aseve romisa da parizisaTvis.<br />
95
5. erebis Zalisa da dacemis mizezebis Sesaxeb<br />
arc erTi eri ar yofila imdenad uiRblo, rom danarCen kacobriobaze dabla<br />
daeyenebinos Tavi. erTi eri amayobs nacionaluri xasiaTiT an Tavisi zogierTi<br />
gamoCenili warmomadgenliT; meore Tavisi politikiT, simdidriT, vaWrobiT,<br />
baRebiTa da Senoba-nagebobebiT; da bolos, is, visac araferi aqvs satrabaxo,<br />
amayobs Tavisi ucodinarobiT.<br />
erebis dacema mxolod imiT, rom iyos gamowveuli, rom maT gverdiT<br />
wrmoiSveba xolme bevrad ufro Zlieri imperia, romelTan metoqeoba mis Zalebs<br />
aRemateba, maSin Zneli asaxsneli iqneboda romis an sxva imperiis dacema. Zalze<br />
xSirad qveyana xelSi uvardeba iseT metoqes, romlis arsebobas pirveli aqamde<br />
sulac ver amCnevda. aseT dros erebSi SeimCneva gaurkveveli sisuste da im<br />
epoqisaken dabruneba, rodesac is sxvebisaTvis SeumCnevlad arsebobda. ase daeca<br />
odesaRac mebrZoli berZnuli polisebi mezobeli samTavros xeliT, romelic<br />
sul ramdenime wlis win aRzevda. anda romi, romelsac arasdros ar eSinoda<br />
aravisi da bolos im barbarosebis xelSi aRmoCnda, vinc samxedro xelivnebiT<br />
bevrad Camouvardebodnen romaelebs. romis dideba ise TandaTanobiT minavlda,<br />
rogor TandaTanobiTac gaxda is msoflio imperia.<br />
am da msgavsi sxva movlenebis erT-erTi axsna SeiZleba aseTi iyos — erebi<br />
berdebian. jer kidev polibiosi werda, rom karTageni, romelic romze ufro<br />
xnieri iyo, masze ufro male daiRala omSi. fergiusons aseTi axsna ar<br />
akmayofilebs. erebi ar arian adamianebi. adamianis sicocxlis xamgrZlivoba<br />
moklea, xolo sazogadoeba ki ganaxldeba yoveli axali Taobis gamoCenisTanave.<br />
iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom rasa maradiuli axalgazrdobis asakSia. ase rom ar<br />
iqneba analogiis gamoyeneba adamiansa da ers Soris da Tqma imisa, rom erebi<br />
berdebian.<br />
sakiTxis fergiusoniseuli axsna ar gulisxmobs raime erTjerad faqts. mas<br />
Semoqavs nacionaluri interesebis cneba, romlis gareSe ar arsebobs<br />
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTmcodneoba da saerTaSorioso urTierTobebi. aris<br />
SemTxvevebi, wers fergiusoni, rodesac eris moqmedebaTa araTanmimdevruloba<br />
daRlasaviT vlindeba maSin, rodesac jer kidev myaria moqmedebis gamomwvevi<br />
mizezebi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas iseTi situacia, rodesac ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rac<br />
aqamde eris warmatebul moqmedebas iwvevda, sulac gaqres. eris warmatebawarumatebloba<br />
didadaa damokidebuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebasa da masTan<br />
dakavSirebul nacionalur interesebze. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia interesebis<br />
Zalze farTo speqtri rogorc qveynis sxavdasxva partiebis, aseve xelosnobiT da<br />
vaWrobiT dakavebul adamainTa konkretuli interesebic. aRniSnulTagan<br />
romelime erTi mimarTulebiT mopovebuli warmateba gansazRvravs nacionaluri<br />
progresis, eris ayvavebis xarisxs. xolo is vneba da energia, romliTac istoriis<br />
mocemul etapze xorcieldeba dasaxuli miznis miRweva eris mier gansazRvravs<br />
eris sulis Zalas. mas Semdeg, rac aseTi miznebi aRar aRafrToveneben xalxs, am<br />
erze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is apaTiaSi vardeba. da Tu didi xnis ganmavlobaSi<br />
aseTi miznebis arseboba daviwyebas miecema xolme, maSin saxelmwifo dacemis gzas<br />
adgas, xolo eri gadaSenebis piras imyofeba. (1.303). raSi mdgomareobs eris Zala?<br />
eris Zala — fergiusonis azriT — mdgomareobs mis simdidreSi, raodenobasa da<br />
xasiaTSi. eris simdedre misi wevrebis simdidridan Sedgeba. is ar unda avurioT<br />
fulSi. saxelmwifos realuri Semosavali Sedgeba piradi qonebis im nawilisagan,<br />
romelsac sazogadoeba gaiRebs saerTo nacionaluri miznebisaTvis. eris<br />
bedniereba ganisazRvreba misi Semosaval-gasavalis TanafardobiT. swored es<br />
unda iyos yoveli politikuri gadawyvetilebis amosavali punqti. eris<br />
moqmedebis, misi manerebis gauareseba SeiZleba iyos Sedegi im pirobebis<br />
darRvevisa, romelic aucilebelia talantis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebisaTvis.<br />
is SeiZleba Secvalos sazogadoebrivi azris cvlilebam imis Taobaze, Tu raSi<br />
mdgomareobs adamianis Rirseba da bedniereba. rodesac warmodgenebi maRali<br />
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb daiyvaneba simdidreze da samefo karTan<br />
daaxloebaze, maSin aRaravis svams kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra piradi Tvisebebi<br />
imsaxureben adamianSi ndobas. aseT dros mxolod im saSualebebs mieltvian,<br />
romlebic gamosadegia piradi karierisa Tu sargebelis misaRwevad. aseT<br />
96
sazogadoebaSi individi garemoculia konkurenciiT, SiSis atmosferoTi<br />
xvalindeli dRisa. isic iZulebulia eWviT, braziT da SuriT aRvsili Caebas<br />
arsebobisaTvis yoveldRiur brZolaSi.<br />
sulis meryeoba ar aris damokidebuli imaze “axalgazrdaa” Tu ara eri.<br />
yoveli erisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc aRmafrenis, aseve modunebis<br />
periodebi. aqve gasaTvaliswinebeblia mravali sxva Tanmxlebi movlenebic. ase<br />
magaliTad, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebisaTvis zrunvas amZafrebs iseTi<br />
movlenebi, rogoricaa provokaciebi, imedismomcemi warmatebebi da autaneli<br />
damcirebebi. qveynis Sida samoqalaqo davebi da diskusiebi xSirad Zalze cxarea.<br />
vnebebi epidemiebiviT moedeba xolme xalxs da misi gamomwvev sababad SeiZleba<br />
gamodges sruliad umniSvnelo, an piriqiT, Zalze mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. romi<br />
daRupa iman, rom xalxis didi masa sruliad neitraluri iyo im<br />
vnebaTaRelvisagan, romelic mmarTvel wreebs moedo. rom arc am dros ar aklda<br />
niWieri pirovnebebi, magram isini TavianTi Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisaTvis<br />
brZolobdnen. xalxi garvnili iyo, xolo imperia upatrono. aranaklebi roli<br />
Seasrula romis daRupvaSi romaelTa ltolvam fufunebisaken. fufuneba im<br />
sagnebisa da saSualebebis erTobliobaa, romelic kacobriobam Tavisi arsebobis<br />
gasaumjobeseblad da kom<strong>for</strong>tis Sesaqmnelad rom gamoigona. Zalze zogadad,<br />
rodesac fufunebaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs an grZnobadi<br />
siamovnebebisaken ltolva, garyvnileba da gamflangveloba, an adamianuri<br />
cxovrebisaTvis aucilebel saSualebaTa is zoma, romlis miRma arsebul yvela<br />
tkboba zedmetad da mankierad unda CaiTvalos. fufuneba da garyvnileba tolad<br />
viTarebian da garkveuli azriT es terminebi SeiZleba sinonimuradac ki<br />
gamoiyenebodnen. adamianSi is ki ar aris dasafasebeli, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia<br />
misTvis fufunebiT cxovreba, aramed is, Tu ramdenadaa is daaxloebuli<br />
saTnoebas da ra piradi unarebi aqvs mas. fufunebiT cxovrebis borkilebi<br />
aRmosavleTSi gamoigones, sadac xelisuflebiT tkbobas Tan axlavs mmarTveli<br />
Zaladobrivi mikvdinebis da ucxo mtris SemoWris mudmivi SiSi. amitom, SeiZleba<br />
iTqvas, rom politikuri Tavisufleba ganaTlebuli erebis xvedria. velurs<br />
gaaCnia piradi Tavisufleba imdenad, ramdenadac SeuzRudav cxovrebas eweva da<br />
Tanasworia TvistomTa Soris. barbarosi xSiradaa Tavisufali movlenebis<br />
ganuwyveteli cvlilebis gamo. magram mxolod swor politikas SeuZlia<br />
uzrunvelyos qveyanaSi samarTlianobis ganmtkiceba da im Zalis Seqmna, romelic<br />
mzad iqneba nebismier momentSi daicvas Tavisi moqalaqeebis uflebebi.<br />
literatura:<br />
1 Адам Фергюсон – «Опыт истории гражданского общества». Изд. Росспен., Моссква 2000.<br />
97
edmund berkis konservatizmi<br />
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT saqarTvelos politikuri cxovrebis ara Tanamedrove<br />
mTvlemare mdgomareobas, aramed politikuri partiebis ufro aqtiuri<br />
yofis periods, gamocdileba dagvarwmunebs politikosebis umravlesobis<br />
gamorCeul simpaTiaSi konservatiuli, gnebavT axla ase vuwodoT, memarjvene<br />
msoflmxedvelobisa da Sesabamisi politikuri praqtikis mimarT. “monarqistebis<br />
partia”, “konservatorebis partia”, “tradicionalistebis partia”, “qristianuldemokratiuli<br />
partia” mxolod ramdenime dasaxelebaa monaTesave politikur<br />
mimarTulebebs Soris, romelTa xvedriTi wona saqarTveloSi gacilebiT sWarbobda<br />
maT ideologiur oponentebisas. am viTarebis mizezebis Zieba sakmaod Sors<br />
wagviyvans Tumca erT-erT SesaZlo mizezad SegviZlia is davasaxeloT, rom<br />
patara erebi yvelgan, da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, ufro konservatulebi arian<br />
da Znelad eguebian siaxles. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT patara erebis politikuri<br />
cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr risk-faqtors, SegiZlia gagebiT movekidoT<br />
msgavs ganwyobebs, radgan, rogorc qalbatoni tetCeri brZanebda, konservatizmi<br />
kargad gakvalul da cnobil gzebze siaruls, yovelTvis upiratesobas aniWebs<br />
jer auTvisebeli bilikebis gamoyenebasTan SedarebiT.<br />
viTareba sagrZnoblad Seicvala SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis miwuruls da<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi “nacionaluri moZraobis” da “demokratebis” mosvlis<br />
Semdeg. farTo gasaqani mieca moliberalo da imavdroulad revoluciur<br />
frazeologias. ufro metic, movlenebi, romlis ZaliTac axali xelisufleba<br />
miviReT saqarTveloSi, aRiarebuli iqna “usisxlo”, “xaverdovan”, “vardebis”<br />
revoluciad. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTveloSi xelisuflebis cvlilebis<br />
manamdel Zaladobriv praqtikas, Znelia gadaWarbebiT SevafasoT axali qarTuli<br />
revoluciis mSvidobiani xasiaTi. axalma xelisuflebam moaxerxa ara mxolod is,<br />
rom Tavi aarida sisxlisRvrasa da represiebs, aramed saocrad didsulovnad<br />
moeqca revoluciis mTavar samiznes, romelic dRemde, safiqrebelia Tavis<br />
mtrebze gacilebiT ufro mSvidad cxovrobs da Tavs irTobs memuarebiTa da<br />
sxvadasxva ceremoniebze sakuTari personis prezentaciiT. vfiqrob, qarTuli<br />
revoluciis ZirTadi xibli, romelmac farTo saerTaSoriso rezonansi da CvenSi<br />
mimdinare movlenebiT mTeli civilizebuli msoflios daintereseba gamoiwvia,<br />
swored mis mSvidobian, ararepresiul xasiaTSi mdgomareobda. ra Tqma unda,<br />
sxvadasxva dros, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mravali revolucia momxdara,<br />
magram yvela maTgans TavianTi klasikuri paradigma, Sinagani logika gaaCnia<br />
safrangeTis XVIII saukunis revoluciis saxiT. am paradigmasTan yvelaze ufro<br />
axlos kidev ori revolucia dgas — ruseTis da iranis islamuri revolucia.<br />
rusulma da iranulma revoluciam gaimeora franguli modelis TiTqmis yvela<br />
ganmsazRvreli xasiaTi — sakuTari moqalaqeebis gaugonari xocva-Jletidan,<br />
saerTaSoriso konfliqtebSi Cabmis gavliT, revoluciebis saboloo Sedegamde -<br />
diqtaturamde. qarTuli revoluciis principulad gansxvavebuli xasiaTi<br />
gvafiqrebinebs, rom an saqarTveloSi mas saerTod ar hqonia adgili, an<br />
Tanamedrove globalizaciis zegavleniT Tavad revoluciebma icvala saxe da<br />
axali, manamde ucnobi <strong>for</strong>miT mogvevlina. rogori gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos<br />
is, rakiRa revolucia revoluciad rCeba da ara sxva movlenad, mas unda hqondes<br />
raRac saerTo revoluciebis Zvel <strong>for</strong>matTan. qvemoT SemoTavazebuli berkis<br />
polimikuri ideebis ganxilva, arada swored es aris winamdebare statiis mizani da<br />
ara verdiqtis gamotana imis Taobaze, Tu ra moxda saqarTveloSi 2004 wels,<br />
saSualebas miscems mkiTxvels Tavadve gaakeTos daskvna qarTul movlenebze da<br />
imavdroulad Seivsos sakuTari warmodgenebi zogadad rogorc revoluciis,<br />
aseve konservatizmis Taobaze.<br />
me-XVIII saukunis ingliseli moazrovnis, edmund berkis ideebi gadmocemulia<br />
sakmaod grZeli saTauris mqone SromaSi: “edmund berkis gaazrebani safrangeTSi<br />
revoluciisa da am movlenisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi sazogadoebis londonSi<br />
Tavyrilobis gamo, gadmocemuli parizeli aznaurisadmi gankuTvnil werilSi”.<br />
berkis es naSromi pirvlad gamovida 1790 wels (is cnobilia mokle saTauriTac<br />
“Reflections on the Revolution in France”), e.i. safrangeTSi revoluciis dawyebidan<br />
98
erTi wlis Tavze da mravalmxriv winaswarmetyveluri gamodga. Tumca, werili<br />
yuradRebas ipyrobs ara imdenad am winaswarmetyveluri mosazrebebis gamo,<br />
aramed safrangeTis revoluciis negatiuri SefasebebisaTvis aucilebeli<br />
imgvari zogadi msoflmxedvelobrivi, RirebulebiTi da politikuri foniT,<br />
romelic sakmarisi gaxda konservatizmis warmoSobisaTvis.<br />
franguli revoluciis ingliseli mxardamWerebi da maTi Sexedulebebi<br />
werilis warmoSobis Sesaxeb masSive mogviTxrobs berki. rogorc irkveva,<br />
werili, romliTac man upasuxa frangi aznauris kiTxvebs ukve 1789 wels yofila<br />
dawerili da, rogorc Tavad berki SeniSnavs, sifrTxilis gamo ar gaegzavna<br />
adresats. yovelive amis Sesaxeb adresats ecnoba patara ganmartebiT werilSi,<br />
rasac berkisadmi franguli revoluciis Sefasebis daJinebuli Txovna mohyva.<br />
berki kvlav daubrunda werilis pirveldawyebiT variants da ufro farTo<br />
<strong>for</strong>matiT gadmosca saTqmeli, Tumca, ukve Txzulebad qceulma nawerma<br />
SeinarCuna werilis pirveldawyebiTi <strong>for</strong>ma.<br />
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romliTac avtori iwyebs Tavisi<br />
Tvalsazrisis gaSlas, Seexeba. safrangeTSi dawyebuli revoluciis inglisel<br />
mxardamWerebs, romelTac qveyanaSi Sesabamisi profilis ramdenime klubi,<br />
saidanac cdilobdnen franguli ideebis (da, SesaZloa saqmis) propagandas<br />
inglisSi. es klubebi iyo konstituciuri sazogadoeba xolo meore revoluciuri<br />
sazogadoeba. Cans am ukanasknels meti warmatebisaTvis miuRwevia Tavis<br />
moRvaweobaSi, rakiRa frangul parlaments — nacionalur krebas — misi wevrebi<br />
parizSi miuRia da pativiT gaumgzavrebia ukan, rogorc misi ideebis gamtarebeli.<br />
ukve Tavad amgvari kontaqtebis faqtSi xedavs berki inglisuri klubebis<br />
gakicxvis safuZvels, radgan arc erTi damoukidebeli qveynis moqalaqe, romelic<br />
am moqalaqeobiT sakuTari qveynis sajaro nebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ar<br />
miscems sakuTar Tavs uflebas sakuTari xelisuflebis nebarTvis gareSe Sevides<br />
oficialur urTierTobebSi sxva qveynis xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.<br />
Tumca, es mxolod praqtikul moraluri poziciaa, romlis gamo berki sagangebod<br />
cdilobs gaemijnos konstituciuri da revoluciuri sazogadoebis saqmianobas.<br />
meore, ufro Teoriuli xasiaTis mizezi Zevs politikuri saxis movlenebis da<br />
ama Tu im mTavrobis moqmedebis Sefasebis im gzebSi, romlebic berks erTaderTad<br />
sworad miaCnia. franguli revoluciiT aRfrTovanebuli Tanamoqalaqeebisagan<br />
gansxvavebiT, berki ar Cqarobs revoluciis da revolucionerebis myisier<br />
Sefasebas Tundac Tavisuflebis abstraqtuli idealis gamokidebiT. im faqtidan,<br />
rom safrangeTSi revolucia ganxorcielda Tavisuflebis saxeliT, frangi<br />
xalxis da Sesabamisi qveynis mTavrobis arc qebis da arc kritikis safuZvels ar<br />
iZleva. politikuri mdgomareobis normaluri Sefaseba saWiroebs ara<br />
egzaltirebul Sefasebebs da calkeuli lozungebis gamodevnebas, aramed<br />
revoluciis Sedegad miRebul reJimze gulmodgine dakvirvebas, mTavrobis<br />
saSinao, sagareo, samxedro da ekonomikuri politikis analizs, misi<br />
ideologiuri xazis Seswavlas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, misalocebis gagzavna frangi<br />
xalxisaTvis mxolod imitom, rom maT raRac moimoqmedes abstraqtuli<br />
Tavisuflebis idealis karnaxiT, msgavsi iqneboda giJis an avazakisaTvis<br />
milocvebisa, raRai man moaxerxa izolaciis kedlebis garRveva da eziara<br />
adamianis bunebriv Tavisuflebas.<br />
revoluciis dasawyisidan mocemul dromde sakmao dro gavida da berkic Tavs<br />
aZlevs uflebas franguli revoluciis ufro safuZvliani Sefasebebi gamoTqvas,<br />
Tumca manamde exeba safrTxes, romelic franguli ideebis gavrcelebam SeiZleba<br />
moutanos mis Tanamedrove ingliss. ramdenadac zemoTaRniSnuli inglisuri<br />
klubebi revoluciuri ideebis TavianT qveyanaSi gavrcelebas cdiloben da<br />
revoluciuri safrangeTis movlenebi am qveyanaSi gavrcelebul sul ufro da<br />
ufro mzard qaosze metyvelebdnen, berki ufro wuxs SesaZlo qaosze<br />
ingliselebis gonebaSi, vidre Sidapolitikur movlenebSi, radgan xelisuflebis<br />
simyareSi mas eWvi ar epareba. am mimarTulebiT, ki mas SemaSfoTeblad eCveneba<br />
ideebi, romlebsac inglisis revoluciuri sazogadoeba daesesxa<br />
99
kontre<strong>for</strong>maciuli eklesiis moZrvars, doqtor praiss.<br />
praisis qadagebidan, romelic ZiriTadad agebulia adamianis uflebebis Temis<br />
irgvliv, praiss gamoyavda Tvalsazrisi, romelic TiTqos moipova ingliselma<br />
xalxma 1688 wlis revoluciis ZaliT da romlebic misi azriT gulisxmobda mefis<br />
arCeviTobas, uvargisi mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi xelisuflebis ZaliT damxobis<br />
uflebas da mTavrobis xalxis Sexedulebis mixedviT dakompleqtebas. berki<br />
Tanmimdevrulad ganixilavs samive am mtkicebas da aCvenebs, rom arc erTi maTgani<br />
ar Sesula revoluciis Semajamebeli dokumentis originalSi, romlis sruli<br />
saxelwodebaa “adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa deklaraciis da taxtis<br />
monacvleobis uflebis aqti”. berki savsebiT samarTlianad urCevs adresats Tuki<br />
mas marTlac ainteresebs inglisis saxelmwifo wyoba, es sakiTxi Seiswavlos<br />
qveynis istoriidan, sakanonmdeblo aqtebidan da sxva dokumentebidan da ara<br />
mRvdlebis mier kaTedrebidan gakeTebuli qadagebebis safuZvelze. amasTan,<br />
berkis azriT, qveynis politikuri mowyobis avtorebi kanonmdeblobas<br />
alagebdnen bunebis kanonebTan TanazomadobiT da ara novaciebis Semotanis<br />
surviliT. sicicxlisunariani arsebuli realobis SenarCunebiT, ingliseli<br />
xalxi sulac ar uaryofs gaumjobesebisaken miswrafebas da progress, romlis<br />
SerCeva SenarCunebis arCevani yovelTvis Tavisuflad rCeba.<br />
“amgvarad gardatydeba bunebis universaluri kanoni saxelmwifos<br />
cxovrebaSi, sadac Cven vsrulyofT imas, rac arasdros ar aris axali da<br />
vinarCunebT imas, rac arasdros ar Zveldeba. winaprebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni<br />
aseTi principebi warimarTeba ara Zveli crurwmenebiT, aramed filosofiuri<br />
analogiiT. vemyarebiT ra taxtismonacvleobis princips, Cven vafuZnebT<br />
mmarTvelobas sisxliT naTesaobaze, xolo qveynis kanonebs vukavSirebT ojaxur<br />
kavSirebs da axloblobas imgvarad, rom mexsierebaSi siyvaruliT da saTnoebiT<br />
vinaxavT warmodgenebs Cvens saxelmwifoze, ojaxur kerebze, winaprebis<br />
saflavebsa da sakurTxevlebze. TavisuflebaTa memkvidreobiTobis ideis Suqze<br />
ganxilviT, Cven viRebT arcTumcire upiratesobebs. Tavisuflebis suli ase<br />
xSirad rom warmoSobs uwesrigobas da eqscesebs, CvenSi moqmedebs, Tu SeiZleba<br />
ase iTqvas, kanonizebuli winaprebis TandaswrebiT da amitomac morCili xdeba<br />
maTi didi pativiscemis da mowiwebis ZaliT. ... swored amitomaa Cveni Tavisufleba<br />
Rirseuli Tavisufleba” (gv. 11). berkis es sityvebi memkvidreobiTobis principis<br />
ganxilvisaken gbiZgeben, romelic konservatizmis erT-erTi fuZemdebluri<br />
principia.<br />
memkvidreobiToba<br />
amrigad, winaprebis danatovaris pativiscema, memkvdreobiToba, rogorc<br />
vxedavT aRmocenebulia bunebis proncipebTan sazogadoebis harmonizaciis<br />
survilze. swored es ganasxvavebs ingliselTa cxovrebis wess da Tavis droze<br />
inglisuri revoluciis Taviseburebebs frangulisagan. pirveli dafuZnebulia<br />
tradiciaze maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli cdilobs yovelgvari tradiciulis<br />
uaryofas.<br />
“rusom ver mogvaqcia Tavis rwmenaze; Cven ar gavmxadvarT volteris<br />
mowafeebi; helveciuss araferi daumatebia Cveni ganviTarebisaTvis. aTeistebi ar<br />
gamxdaran Cveni moZRvrebi, SeSlilebi — kanonmdeblebi. ... Cven araviTari<br />
aRmoCena ar gagvikeTebia, Tumca arc vfiqrobT, rom morali iseve, romgorc<br />
moralisa da mmarTvelobis safuZvlebi saWiroebs aRmoCenas” (40).<br />
am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT berkis mowodeba frangebisadmi aaSenon axali<br />
Senoba Zvel saZirkvelze, rac SesaZlebeli iqneba maSin, Tu frangebi aRar<br />
ganixilaven sakuTar Tavs iseT naciad, romelsac revoluciamde araferi hqonia<br />
saerTo samoqalaqo sazogadoebasTan da monobaSi cxovrobda. winaprebis<br />
pativiscemiT, frangebi ufro met pativs miagebdnen sakuTar Tavs. Tavisuflebis<br />
suls sCvevia mravalgvari eqscesebis da aurzauris gamowveva. magram, Tu is<br />
emyareba memkvidreobiTobis idas, raRac azriT kanonizirebuli winaprebis<br />
uRrmes pativiscemas, maSin yovelTvis dazRveuli iqneba yovelgvari<br />
gaugebrobebisagan. Tu axalma Taobam Tavisuflebis idea miiRo Rirsebis<br />
TanSobil grZnobasTan erTad, is arasdros ahyveba utifarTa gamoxdomebs, rac<br />
100
saukeTeso saSualebaa zomierebis SesanarCuneblad sazogadoebaSi, romelic amiT<br />
daculi iqneba moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebisa da bolomde gauazrebeli<br />
proeqtebis tiraniisagan.<br />
“Tqven rom ar amogeSalaT mexsierebidan winaprebi, cocxlad SegenarCunebinaT<br />
Zveli evropuli kanonis principebi da nimuSebi, mxolod gageumjobesebinaT<br />
da SegeguebinaT isini Tanamedrove situaciasTan, maSin mTel msoflios<br />
uCvenebdiT axali sibrZnis magaliTs. maSin, TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas Tqven<br />
Zalze Rirseul saqmed aqcevdiT yvela xalxis Rirseul adamianTa TvalSi. Tqven<br />
sayrdens gamoaclidiT despoticms, Tuki uCvenebdiT, rom Tavisufleba ara<br />
mxolod SeTavsebada kanonierebasTan, aramed, roca is ar ewinaaRmdegeba<br />
disciplinas, Sesatyvisia kidevac misi” (12).<br />
Tuki ase moiqceodnen, fiqrobs berki, maSin frangebi aCvenebdnen imas, rac<br />
Tavis droze ganaxorcieles ingliselebma. kerZod, rom savsebiT SeTavsebadia<br />
erTmaneTTan Tavisufali saxelmwifo, Zlieri monarqia, disciplinirebuli<br />
armia, re<strong>for</strong>mirebuli da yvelasaTvis pativsacemi eklesia, Serbilebuli da amave<br />
dros energiuli Tavadaznauroba. liberaluri kanonmdeblobis SemoReba mesame<br />
wodebisadmi am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisufali konkurencia<br />
hqonoda da, saboloo jamSi, Tavis mxares gadmoebirebina Tavadaznauroba.<br />
Sedegad, safrangeTi miiRebda yovelmxriv dacul, kmayofil da Sromismoyvare<br />
xalxs, romelic bednierad icxovrebda sruli moraluri Tanasworobis<br />
pirobebSi. rogoria amis nacvlad realoba?<br />
revoluciis mamebis mecadineobiT, frangi xalxi, romelic welSi wydeba<br />
umZimesi SromiT, motyuebulia imiT, rom mas yalb ideebs da ararealuri<br />
proeqtebiT cxovrebis gaumjobesebis imeds unergaven, rac kidev ufro mwares<br />
xdis qveyanaSi gamefebul realur uTanasworobas.<br />
Zaladoba, rogorc revoluciis safuZveli<br />
“safrangeTma iyida maTxovruli yofa danaSaulis fasad” (13). amgvaria<br />
revoluciuri safrangeTis realuri Tanamedrove mdgomareobis Sefaseba berkis<br />
mier. danaSauli, zogadi azriT, aris kanonis ugulvebelyofa, kanonierebis<br />
fexqveS gaTelva da masze maRla dadgomis mcdeloba. pirveli nabiji am dam-<br />
Rupveli mimarTulebiT frangebma kanonieri xelisuflebis damxobiT gadadges.<br />
sazogadoebis politikuri wyoba, romlis warmoSobas safuZvlad ukanonoba<br />
uZevs, verasdros Seegueba mkacrad reglamentirebul sazogadoebriv institutebs.<br />
SiSveli nebis mier sakuTari Tavis sayovelTao wesad qceva mxolod<br />
pirveli nabijia aRviraxsnilobis, TviTnebobis da urwmunoebis gaormagebisaken.<br />
Sedegad, korupcia, manamde simdidris da Zalauflebis Tanmxleb mankierebad rom<br />
iTvleboda, mosaxleobis yvela fenas moedo. postrevoluciuri safrangeTis<br />
mZime mdgomareobas berki ase aRwers: arsebuli viTarebiT miRweulia eris sruli<br />
bankrotoba, rac konkretulad gulisxmobs imas, rom kanonebi ugulvebelyofilia,<br />
sasamarTloebi garekili, mrewveloba dauZlurebuli, suls Rafavs<br />
vaWroba, xalxi gamaTxovrebulia, eklesia gaZarcvuli, armia da samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoeba imyofeba anarqiis mdgomareobaSi. anarqia iqca sazogadoebrivi<br />
mowyobis ZiriTad wesad (14).<br />
ram gamoiwvia aseTi mZime viTareba? qveynis msgavsi totaluri ngreva,<br />
Cveulebriv Sedegia xolme ucxo mtris Semosevis, an, kidev uaresi, samoqalaqo<br />
omis. zogadad revoluciis da pirvelad franguli revoluciis specifikas<br />
swored is Seadgenda, rom qveynis ngreva sruliad mSvidobian istoriul<br />
monakveTSi Sedga. is ganxorcielda periodSi, romlis drosac axali xelisuflebis<br />
mier miiReboda bolomde gauazrebeli, umeteswilad briyvuli gadawyvetilebebi,<br />
rac warmoadgenda revoluciuri mTavrobis arakompetenturobis<br />
da TviTkmayofilebis manifestacias. arada, es gaxldaT xlisufleba, romelsac<br />
araTu aravin ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed mosaxleobis udidesi nawilis sruli<br />
mxardaWera hqonda (14). am adamianebis arsi ngrevaSi mdgomareobs. sxva<br />
SemTxvevaSi maTi arseboba yovelgvar gamarTlebas dakargavda. Sesabamisad, isini<br />
TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis aucileblad Tvlian samoqalaqo xelisuflebis ngrevas<br />
101
da am saqmes eklesiaze Tavdasxmebidan iwyeben (25). xelisuflebam, romelmac<br />
monopolia gamoacxada nacionalur nebaze, piradi angariSsworebis mizniT,<br />
uamravi uknonoba ise Caidina, rom mas praqtikulad araviTari winaaRmdgoba ar<br />
Sexvedria. cxdia, isini ufro mokrZalebulni iqnebodnen TavianT namoqmedarSi,<br />
rom ar hqonodaT sruli garantia piradi usafrTxoebisa, rac rogorc<br />
movlenebis Semdgomma msvlelobam aCvena iseve iluzoruli aRmoCnda, rogorc<br />
maTi socialuri da ekonomikuri proeqtebi.<br />
es rac Seexeba revoluciis zogad princips, romelic gamoixata Zaladobis<br />
mizniT nacionaluri nebis uzurpaciasa da revoluciuri xelisuflebis mier<br />
piradi miznebisaTvis mis gamoyenebaSi. magram zogadi principis cxovrebaSi<br />
gasatareblad konkretuli meqanizmia saWiro. ZiriTad aseT meqanizms franguli<br />
revoluciuri xelisuflebis organizacia warmoadgenda. berki upirveles<br />
yovlisa frangul parlaments, nacionalur asambleas ixdis Tavisi kritikis<br />
sagnad. yvela, gvarwmunebs is, vinc gaecnoba mis Semadgelobas, darwmundeba, rom<br />
Zaladoba da boroteba erTaderTi arCevania, romelic ki maT SeuZliaT gaakeTon.<br />
xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosuli adamianebi rCebian iseTebad, rogoric isini<br />
Seqmna RmarTma, bunebam, ganaTlebam da cxovrebis wesma. am mxriv ki frang<br />
deputatebs dasakvexni mainc da mainc araferi aqvT. parlamentis saerTo<br />
Semadgenloba warmoadgenda naxevrad wignier provinciel advokatebs, mcire<br />
iuridiuli kantrebis mmarTvelebs, soflis notariusebs da municipaluri<br />
Cinovnikebis mTel armias. qveynis ganviTarebis strategiuli proeqtebis da<br />
farTo politikuri xedvis nacvlad, maT xelisuflebaSi moitanes wvril-wvrili<br />
intriga da yovldRiuri mosaxveWelisaTvis daundobeli brZola. arc erT<br />
maTgans ar hqonia saxelmwifos gaZRolis praqtikuli gamocdileba, xolo<br />
saukeTesoebi mxolod Teoretikosebi iyvnen. nebismier saqmeSi arseboben<br />
liderebi da isini, vinc liderebs mihyveba. Sesabamisad, Tu vnaxavT rom<br />
nacionaluri asamblea ZiriTadad Sedgeba umniSvnelo, medrove adamianebisagan,<br />
gasagebia, rom maTi proeqtebic mankieri iqneba. am parlamentSi yvelaze batonobs<br />
umecari umravlesoba. asambleis is mcirericxovani nawili, romelic moklebuli<br />
ar aris Rirsebas, pativmoyvareobis karnaxiT umravlesobas gamoedevneba xolme<br />
da iqceva instrumentad mis xelSi. politikuri xelmZRvanelobis efeqtianad<br />
gansaxorcieleblad, erTi mxriv, liderebi pativs unda scemdnen da<br />
iTvaliswinebdnen maT azrs, visac isini win uZRvian, xolo meore mxriv, piriqiT, am<br />
ukanasknelebs unda SemorCenili hqondeT kritikuli Sefasebis unari da brmad ar<br />
unda mihyvebodnen sxvebs.<br />
Tu parlamentis Semadgenloba iseTia, rogorc davaxasiaTeT, ras SeiZleba<br />
movelodeT misgan? berki fiqrobs, rom es aqtiuri, veragi adamianebi arasdros<br />
dauSveben imas, rom cxovrebam iq daabrunos, saidanac maT Tavi wamoyves. sakuTari<br />
saxelmwifos interesebis sawinaaRmdegod, raSiac isini saerTod ver erkvevian,<br />
nebismieri xerxebiT, isini ixelmZRvaneleben mxolod sakuTari interesebis<br />
karnaxiT, raSiac Zalian kargad erkvevian. es xalxi mzadaa xma misces nebismier<br />
proeqts, romelic ki maR pirad mogebas uqadis. ase iqmneba sruliad<br />
gaumarTlebli konstitucia, romelic maT maRal Tanamdebobebze gadabargebis<br />
saSualebas da qonebis xelaxali, Zaladobrivi gziT gadanawilebis<br />
SesaZleblobas aZlevs. umravlesoba, romelic Tavis droze ver daikvexnida verc<br />
Wkua-gonebiT da verc zneobrivi sispetakiT, vis ZiriTad sazrunavsac piradi<br />
gamorCena warmoadgenda, viTarebam axla maRal saxelisuflebo postebze<br />
wamoaskupa. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mainc saqme gvaqvs im adamianebTan, visi<br />
midrekilebebi da unarebi, an ganzraxulis aRsrulebis wesi odnavac ki ar<br />
Secvlila (17).<br />
berki gamoTqvams eWvs, rom arCevnebi gamiznulad moewyo ise, rom parlamentSi<br />
moxvedriliyo umravlesoba, visac simdidre mxolod suraTebze Tu unaxavs. es<br />
adamianebi moklebulni arian unars win aRudgenen angarebas. isini SeCveulni<br />
arian morCilebas da sanacvlod Tavis TavSi atareben patara karieristis<br />
mentalitets, gaunaTleblobis da TviTkmayofilebis energias, momxveWelobis<br />
vnebas, rasac ukve veRaravin SeaCerebs. umravlesobis yvela wevrma “nacvlad<br />
imisa, rom aRiaros ukve SemuSavebuli konstituciis farglebSi moqmedebis<br />
aucilebloba, gadawyvita Tavad SeimuSaos iseTi konstitucia, rogoric maT<br />
102
gegmebs ufro metad awyobs. maT veravin aRudgeba win an Seasmens rasme verc caSi<br />
da verc miwaze. rogori gonebis, rogori gulis, rogori unarebisa unda iyos<br />
adamiani, romelic Tavs idebs uzarmazari samefos konstituciis SemuSavebas ...<br />
msgavs situaciaSi ki, rodesac Zalaufleba usazRvroa, xolo misi miznebi ki<br />
gaurkveveli da arc eqvemdebareba gansazRvrebas, zneobrivi borotebis<br />
yoveldRiuri gavrceleba da Zalauflebis mflobeli adamianebis TiTqmis<br />
fizikuri uunaroba Seasrulon maTze dakisrebuli movaleoba, saSineli<br />
ngrevebis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes” (17-18).<br />
Tanasworobis revoluciuri idea da adamianis Rirseba<br />
rogorc realuri Tanasworobis safuZveli<br />
safrangeTis revolucia aRiniSna umZafresi SejaxebiT gansxvavebul wodebes<br />
da fenebs Soris. es cnobili Temaa da masze uamravi Sroma dawerila, vTqvaT aseTi<br />
zogadi saTauris qveS — “klasTa brZola”. SeiZleboda am Temaze berkis Tvalsazriss<br />
calke ganvixilavT. amjerad ganvixiloT masTan dakavSirebuli Tanaswrobis<br />
fenomens, romelic TavisuflebasTan erTad politikis mkvlevarebma<br />
demokratiis safuZvelSi moaTavses.<br />
berki asxvavebs Tanasworobis orgvar gagebas: erTi Tanasworobis revoluciur<br />
ideals, romelic emyareba ra adamianis uflebebis cnebas, sazogadoebas<br />
qaosisaken ubiZgebs, xolo meore Tanasworobis konservatiul ideals, romelic<br />
Rirsebis grZnobas emyareba da gulisxmobs rangirebis SeanrCunebas sazogadoebaSi.<br />
frangulma revoluciam win wamoswia bevri adamiani, romelmac sakuTari<br />
Rirsebis sawinaaRmdegod uRalata sakuTar klass, Tavadaznaurobas. inglisSi<br />
revoluciis dros maTi msgvsi pironeba iyo grafi hovardi, romelmac mas Semdeg<br />
rac mravali sikeTe miiRo mefisagan daRupvis piras miiyvana igi. magram hovardis<br />
msgavsebi iSviaT gamonakliss waroadgendnen gansxvavebiT frangebisagan,<br />
romelTa bevrma warCinebulma gvariSvilma mesame wodebaTan kavSirSi xeli<br />
Seuwyo qveynis Tavadaznaurobis ganadgurebas. arada, rodesac maRali rangis<br />
pirebi, piradi gamorCenis mizniT, Ralatoben Rirsebis ideals, maTi Semdgomi<br />
yvela saqme siqveles moklebuli xdeba. franguli revoluciisagan gansxvavebiT,<br />
sxva qveynebSi didi socialuri da politikuri gardaqmnebis liderebi miznad ar<br />
isaxavdnen adaminuri Rirsebis fexqveS gaTelvas. isini Sors iyurebodnen.<br />
xangrZlivi istoriis manZlze safrangeTis saocari gamZleoba, didi kataklizmebis<br />
miuxedavad swrafi aRdgena, swored keTilSobil wodebaze iyo damyarebuli,<br />
romelic yvelafris mouxedavad arasdros kargavda sulis simrTeles,<br />
Rirsebas da pativad Tvlida qveynisaTvis samsaxurs. es fena axla safrangeTSi<br />
nadgurdeba. kidev uaresi, revvoluciur xelisuflebas aTvalwunebuli da<br />
damcirebuli yavs yvela is, vinc Rirsebis wesebis karnaxiT moqmedebs. “yvela is —<br />
miaCnia berks — vinc rangebis arsebobas esxmis Tavs, verasdros miaRwevs namdvil<br />
Tanasworobas. yvela sazogadoebaSi, romelic sxvadasxva kategoriis moqalaqeebisagan<br />
Sedgeba, unda dominirebdes erTi. gamTanabreblebi mxolod<br />
amaxinjeben bunebriv wesrigs” (20).<br />
am fonze berki laparakobs evropis mzis Casvenebaze. evropa, romlis oqros<br />
xana ganuxrelad ukavSirdeboda raindobis fenomens, ukve warsuls Cabarda. es<br />
epoqa Sescvala sofistebis, ekonomistebis, kantoris moxeleebis epoqam da<br />
Sedegad evropis didebaz samudamod Caqra (33). ras warmoadgenda Zveli<br />
sazogadoebis safuZvelTa safuZveli raindoba? berkis azriT, Zvel raindobaSi<br />
realizebuli iyo mTeli zneobrivi sistema. misi principebi marTalia garegnulad<br />
icvlebodnen, ramdenadac icvleboda cxovrebis pirobebi, magram<br />
raindobis arsi agrZelebda arsebobas da berkis dromde zemoqmedebda mTel<br />
Taobebze.<br />
swored es qmnida evropis gamorCeul niSans sxva regionebisagan, Tumca igive<br />
principi brwyinvalebas sZenda ara mxolod aziur imperiebs, aramed,<br />
safiqrebelia, antikuri xanis saxelmwifoebsac. arsebobda feodaluri raindobis<br />
erTgulebis principi, romelic ise ganamtkicebda samefo xelisuflebas, rom<br />
103
vasalebs aRar utovebda tiraniis Tavidan acilebis aucileblobas. rogorc ki es<br />
principi moiSala, maSinve daiwyo SeTqmulebebi da mkvlelobebi, konfiskaciebi<br />
da sisxliani angariSsworebebis mTeli rigi, rac yoveli im xelisuflebis<br />
politikur kodeqss Seadgens, romelic arc sakuTar Rirsebas emyareba da arc maT<br />
Rirsebas, vin marTuli inda iyos. aseT SemTxvevebSi, politikuri mosazrebebidan<br />
gamomdiare, mefeebi tiranebad iqcevian, xolo maTi qveSevrdomebi principze<br />
dayrdnobiT meamboxeebad. evropuli civilizacia saukuneebis manZilze<br />
emyareboda or princips — raindobas da religias. maT gareSe Tavisufleba<br />
tiraniad iqceva, codna ampartavan uwignurobad, xolo humanuroba uxeSobad da<br />
velurobad.<br />
Rirsebis principi gasdevda sazogadoebis yvela rangs ise, ar angrevda<br />
rigiTobis sistemas. misi wyalobiT mefe Tavisufled da megobrulad eqceoda<br />
yvela qveSevrdoms ise, rom isinic monuri morCilebis gareSe pasuxobdnen mas.<br />
yovelgvari Zaldatanebis gareSe es principi aqrobda pativmoyvareobis da<br />
ampartavnebis yovlegvar gamovlenas, avaldebulebda monarqs yuri miegdo<br />
sazogadoebrivi azrisaTvis, koreqtulobas aiZulebda mkacr xelisuflebas,<br />
agebinebda yvelas, rom manerebi SeiZleba kanonebze mniSvnelovani iyos.<br />
ganmanaTleblobis epoqam goneba umaRles prioritetad aRiara. marTalia<br />
berki arafers ambobs ganmanaTleblobaze, magram laparakobs gonebis Suqze,<br />
romlis brwyinvalebam gaaqro rainduli idealebi. yvela saburavi, romelic<br />
esoden alamazebda cxovrebas daundoblad Camoiglija. samaradJamod moiciles<br />
Tavidan zneobis maragebidan aRebuli yvela ideali, romelic adamianis<br />
mankierebis dafarvas emsaxureboda. isini absurdulad da sasacilod<br />
gamoacxades. am axali xedviT mefe ar aris meti, vidre adamiani, xolo dedofali<br />
ki qali; qali — cxovelze meti araa, xolo cxoveli ar ganekuTvneba umaRlesi<br />
kategoriis arsebas. pativiscema susti sqesis mimarT romantiul bodvad<br />
cxaddeba. mefis mkvlelobis, mamis mkvlelobis da saerTod adamianTa msxverplis<br />
warmoudgeneli mankiereba mxolod gamonagoni da crurwmenaa, romelic xels<br />
uSlis samarTlianobis aRsrulebas. am barbarosuli filosofiiT, romelic<br />
SeiZleboda gaCeniliyo mxolod gayinul gulsa da avadmyof gonebaSi<br />
gamoiricxeba yovelgvari sibrZne, gemovneba da keTilSobileba. kanoni unda<br />
emyarebodes SiSs da emsaxurebodaes mas, vinc kanons piradi SurisZiebisa da<br />
interesebis mizniT iyenebs. da es maSin, rodesac Cvevebis da tradiciebis<br />
safuZvlis gareSe kanoni warmoudgenelia. “sazogadoebis zneni da midrekilebebi<br />
— wers berki — zogjer aucilebelni arian rogorc damatebani, zogjer rogorc<br />
koreqtivebi, magram yovelTvis rogorc kanonis safuZvlebi” (34-35).<br />
revolucioner xelisufalTa farisevluri gancxadebebis fonze, adamianTa<br />
bunebiTi uTanaswororobis Zveli platonuri idea, sakmaod naTlad JRers berkis<br />
SexedulebebSi: safrangeTis kanclerma ganacxada, rom yvela profesia sapatioa.<br />
araferia sapatio dalaqisa da farnebis amnTebis profesiaSi, ambobs berki, Tumca<br />
es aravis, maT Soris arc saxelmwifos, ar aZlevs uflebas daCagros am rangis<br />
xalxi. problema ufro sxvaSi, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvela wodebis<br />
Tanasworobis motiviT cdiloben qveynis marTva mewaReebs Caabaron. es<br />
gadaudebel problemebs Seqmnis. amgvari qmedebiT fiqroben, rom cru rwmenebis<br />
winaaRmdeg gamodian da sinamdvileSi ki brZoloben bunebis winaaRmdeg — ambobs<br />
berki. Tumca, aqve, Cqarobs Tavisi mosazrebis komentirebas. sazogadoebaSi mis<br />
mier rangebis dacva sulac ar niSnavs mis mier warmomavlobiTi xelisuflebis<br />
dacvas. ZalauflebisaTvis, misi azriT, mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod sibrZnes da<br />
saTnoebas, xolo Tu adamiani misi mflobelia, es imas niSnavs, rom mas<br />
sazogadoebaSi adgilis da Rirsebis mandati zecidan miuRia (21).<br />
ras sTavazobs revoluciuri safrangeTi Tanasworobis am principebis<br />
sanacvlod Tavis moqalaqeebs? raindobis da Rirsebis principebs aq adamianis<br />
uflebebis Tema enacvleba. “isini safuZvelSi deben naRms, romelic daangrevs<br />
yvela Zvel simbolos, Cvevas, qartias, saparlamento aqts. es naRmi — adamianis<br />
uflebebia” (26). magram ra unda hqondes adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego<br />
berks? rogorc misi sityvebidan Cans araferi, radgan berki upirveles yovlisa<br />
adamianis uflebebis profanacias ucxadebs brZolas.<br />
“magram aris ki saubari adamianis namdvil uflebebze? me Zalze Sors var maTi<br />
104
uaryofisagan TeoriaSi da praqtikaSiac mzad var mTeli guliT davuWiro mxari<br />
adamianis relur uflebebs ... rac Seexeba uflebas xelisuflebis gasanawileblad,<br />
saxelmwifo saqmeebis xelmZRvanelobis uflebas, aq me yovelTvis<br />
ganvagrZob mtkicebas, rom isini mxolod <strong>for</strong>malurad Sedian samoqalaqo<br />
sazogadoebaSi adamianis pirdapir da ZiriTad uflebaTa rigSi” (26). Tu xelisuflebaSi<br />
monawileoba mxolod <strong>for</strong>maluradaa adamianis ZiriTad uflebaTa<br />
rigis Semadgeneli, maSin ra upirates uflebebze SegviZlia visaubroT am<br />
konteqstSi? berki aq ganasxvavebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebas rogorc adamianTa<br />
Tanaarsebobis bunebiT produqts, Sesabamisad adamianis bunebiT uflebebs da<br />
samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aRmocenebuls xelSekrulebis safuZvelze adamianis<br />
uflebebis Sesabamisi gagebiT. rusos ideebze aRmocenebulma frangi revolucionerebis<br />
ideologiam adamianis uflebebis swored es ukanaskneli gageba<br />
SearCia. Tu aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis produqtia, maSin SeuZlebelia moviTxovoT raime, rac ukve<br />
nagulisxmebi ar aris xelSekrulebis mier. aseTi sazogadoebis erT-erTi<br />
umTavresi principi ambobs, rom arc erTi adamiani ar gamodgeba mosamarTled<br />
sakuTar saqmeSi. ukve mxolod es erTi principi arTmevs adamians Tavis bunebriv<br />
uflebas, romelic yovelgvari xelSekrulebis miRma dgas, Tavadve gansajos da<br />
daicvas sakuTari interesebi. man uari unda sTqvas Tavdacvazedac — bunebis am<br />
pirvel kanonze — radgan adamians ar SeuZlia erTdroulad isargeblos<br />
civilizirebuli da aracivilizirebuli saxelmwifos uflebebiT (26-27).<br />
saulisxmoa, rom berki am msjelobebidan ar akeTebs calsaxa dadebiT an<br />
uaryofiT daskvnas romelime Teoriis sasargeblod. misi mizania aCvenos rom<br />
adamianis uflebaTa Tema ganyenebuli Teoriuli problemaa, romelze dayrdnobiT<br />
gaumarTlebelia konkretuli problemebis gadawyveta. mecniereba<br />
saxelmwifos Sesaxeb, berkis azriT, ar aris metafizikuri disciplina. is<br />
arafriT gansxvavdeba nebismieri eqsperimentaluri mecnierebisagan. mas ver<br />
SeviswavliT a priori. piriqiT, politikuri mecniereba, romelic praqtikuli<br />
miznebis ganxorcielebas emsaxureba, damokidebulia adamianur gamocdilebaze.<br />
man udidesi sifrTxiliT unda imsjelos sazogadoebrivi Senobis ngrevaze,<br />
romelic saukineebis ganmavlobaSi aigeboda da pasuxobda Tavis daniSnulebas da<br />
kidev ufro meti sifrTxile unda gamoiCinos maSin, romdesac saqme exeba axali<br />
Senobis agebas. adamianis uflebebis Tema abstraqtuli metafizikuri Temaa da<br />
misi realobasTan Sexeba mniSvnelovnad ucvlis mas saxes im donemde, rom<br />
Teoriuli diskusiebi mis Sesaxeb azrs kargavs da absurdul xasiaTs iRebs.<br />
“uflebebi, romlebzedac msjeloben Teoretikosebi — ukiduresobas<br />
warmoadgens; igive doziT, ra doziTac isini metafizikurad sworia, politikis<br />
da moralis kuTxiT yalbad gamoiyureba. ... politikuri goneba xom moqmedebs<br />
gaTvlis principis meSveobiT — is ajamebs, gamoTvlis, amravlebs da yofs ara<br />
metafizikur, aramed realur moralur realobebs ...”(28).<br />
franguli revolucia eklesiis da sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg<br />
ra Tqma unda, safrangeTis revolucias ar gaaCnda is teqnologiebi, romlebic<br />
misTvis uzrunvelyofda totalur kontrols individze. da mainc, am<br />
mimarTulebiT man mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadaidga. revoluciis logika<br />
gvaswavlis, rom yoveli revoluciuri xelisufleba mosaxleobis sruli<br />
morCilebis misaRwevad epoqis da adgilis Sesabamis samizneebs poulobs. XVIII<br />
saukunis miwurulis frangulma revoluciam aseT samizneebad sakuTrebis da<br />
eklesiis institutebi SearCia. es arCevani sayovelTao da aucilebeli ar aris. is<br />
ufro simboluria.<br />
TavadaznaurobisaTvis sakuTrebis warTmevis mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi rom<br />
ara, eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba sakuTrebis sawinaaRmdego aqciebad<br />
SegveZlo CagveTvala, radgan am droindeli fraguli eklesia qveynis umsxvilesi<br />
mesakuTre iyo. eklesia, ambobs berki, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis safuZveli,<br />
sikeTisa da Svebis wyaroa (43). iqneb swored amitomac Seuties mas revoluciis<br />
liderebma.<br />
105
erkis Sexedulebebi eklesiis funqciebisa da rolis Sesaxeb, namdvilad ar<br />
warmoadgens liberaluri azris ganviTarebis mwvervals. misTvis, visTvisac demokratiuli<br />
sazogadoebis elementarul princips warmoadgens eklesiis saxelmwifosagan<br />
gamoyofa, berkis mtkicebebi miuRebeli iqneba, Tumca isini meore<br />
mxriv, gasagebs xdian berkis gulwrfel aRSfoTebas im damokidebulebis mimarT,<br />
romelsac iCenda franguli revolucia sakuTari qveynis eklesiis mimarT.<br />
inglisSi _ berkis sityvebiT — Cvenamde moRweuli eklesiuri sistemis<br />
farglebSi vcxovrobT. amiT Cven vinarCunebT Zvel adamainur cnobierebas. es<br />
cnobiereba saxelmwifos wminda nagebobad miiCnevs da yvelafers akeTebs mis<br />
SesanarCuneblad, xolo maT, vinc saxelmwifos marTavs, lamis RmerTis<br />
gansaxierebad aRiqvams.<br />
sazogadoebis safuZveli, berkis azriT, marTlac xelSekrulebaa, magram es<br />
aris umaRlesi rangis xelSekruleba, romelsac ver gavutolebT sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekrulebis komerciul garigebad interpretacias, romlis mixedviTac es<br />
xelSekruleba nebismier momentSi SeiZleba dairRves, radgan mas safuZvlad<br />
praqtikuli sargeblianoba aqvs (44). saxelmwifo aris gaerTianeba, romlis mizans<br />
adamianTa sasicicxlo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. aseTi<br />
mizani mravali Taobis urTierTmonacvleobiT Tu miiRweva. amitom,<br />
szogadoebrivi xelSekruleba dadebulia amJamindel, warsul da momaval<br />
Taobebs Soris. ufro meti, yoveli konkretuli saxelmwifos sazogadoebrivi<br />
xelSekruleba mxolod erTi rgolia maradiuli sazogadoebis pirveldawyebiTi<br />
xelSekrulebis jaWvSi, romelic xilul da uxilav samyaroebs aerTianebs (45).<br />
RmerTma, vinc Seqmna CvenTvissrulyofili saTnoebebi, Tavisi nebiT Seqmna<br />
saamisod ganxorcielebis piroba — saxelmwifo da moisurva igi dekavSirebina<br />
yovelgvari srulyofilebis umaRles arqetipTan. visac swams umaRlesi nebis<br />
imisa, vinc Tavadaa kanonTa kanoni da mefeTa mefe, ar SeiZleba ar esmodeT, rom<br />
saxelmwifo dawesebulebebisadmi erTgulebis da pativiscemis korporaciuli<br />
fici, imavdroulad aris RvTis umaRlesi nebis ariarebac (45).<br />
eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia aseTi teologiuri safuZvlidan ioli<br />
gamosayvania. “eklesias Cven ganvixilavT rogorc iseT raimes, rac mTavari da<br />
imTaviTve damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifosaTvis da ara rogorc mis xelsayrel<br />
damatebas, romelic iolad SeiZleba misgan gamovacalkeoT, gadavagdoT an<br />
SevinaxoT. ... eklesia da saxelmwifo Cvens warmodgenebSi mouwyvetelia da Znelad<br />
Tu moixsenieba erTi meoris gareSe (45-46).<br />
revoluciurma xelisuflebam eklesiaze ieriSi ori mimarTulebiT miitana.<br />
jer eklesiebis kuTvnili qoneba miiTvisa, xolo Semdeg usaxsrobiT welSi<br />
gawyvetili eklesiis msaxurebi saxelmwifo moxeleebad aqcia da xelfasebi<br />
dauniSna.<br />
Tu xalxma erTxel aRiara, rom eklesiis qoneba misi sakuTrebaa, maSin<br />
gaumarTlebelia am qonebis raodenobis xelaxali gadaTvla da Cxreka. rac ar<br />
unda uWirdes britaneTs, darwmunebiT ambobs berki, is arasdros Seecdeba<br />
ekonomikuri problemebis mogvarebas eklesiis qonebis xarjze (47).<br />
sxvisi qonebis miTvisebam safrangeTSi SamaZrwunebeli masStabebi miiRo.<br />
amasTan, es iyo daufaravi Zarcva saxelmwifos moxeleebis mxridan, radgan is<br />
xorcieldeboda yovelgvari winaswari braldebis da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis<br />
gareSe. berks kargad esmis saeklesio, Tu kerZo sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg<br />
warmoebuli omis sazrisi. aSkaraa, rom am operacias, garda qonebis gadanawilebisa,<br />
miznad naciis damoneba hqonda: “adamianebisaTvis damoukideblobis<br />
warTmeva, maTi iZuleba gaxdnen wyalobis xelisSemyureni — TavisTavad udidesi<br />
sisastikea” (48). da es maSin, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirveli da<br />
uZiriTadesi amocana sakuTrebis dacvaa (49). es ki Tvis mxriv, niSnavs, rom<br />
momavali sazogadoebis konturebi, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis Semdeg<br />
ikveTeba, Sors dgas samoqalaqo sazogadoebis elementaruli normebisagan.<br />
amasTan, Tu Tvals movadevnebT im sistemas, romliTac nacionaliri asamblea<br />
faravda da aCumaTebda sakuTrebis yovelgvari uflebis Selaxvas safrangeTSi,<br />
miuTiTebs berki, Cvenda gasaocrad aRmovaCenT, rom es moqmedebebi yovelTvis<br />
gamarTlebuli iyo eris interesebiT.<br />
masSemdeg, rac sakuTreba revoluciuri xelisuflebis xelSi aRmoCnda, amiT<br />
106
nominalurad saxelmwifom iTava moqalaqeebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa,<br />
radgan ekonomikur saxsars moklebuli adamianebi damoukidebeli individebidan<br />
saxelmwifos daqvemdebarebul msaxurebad iqcnen. ra warmatebas miaRwia<br />
xelisuflebam am mimarTulebiT gasagebi gaxdeba moqalaqeTa saxelfaso da<br />
sapensio uzrunvelyofiT. pensia, ambobs berki, sxva araferia, Tu ara saxelmwifosaTvis<br />
gaweuli msaxurebis kompensacia. misi gacema iseTive valdebulebaa<br />
saxelmwifosi, rogorc avansad gacemuli msxvili kapitalis dabruneba.<br />
ubedureba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nacionaluri asamblea<br />
Tavad wyvts ra saxis samsaxurisaTvisaa SesaZlebeli pensiis da xelfasis<br />
gacema. Sedegad gamoCndnen didi raodenobis adamianebi, visac xelisufleba im<br />
Tanxebis sakuTari Sexedulebebisamebr gankargvis uflebas aZlevs, romelic nacionalurma<br />
asambleam qonebis konfiskaciiT moipova. xolo rac Seexeba maT, vinc<br />
puris fuls iTxovs, romelic srulad daimsaxura saxelmwifosaTvis sisxlis<br />
TxeviT, maT eubnebian, rom isini emsaxurnen reJims, romelic dRes aRar arsebobs.<br />
sagulisxmoa, rom sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli zomebi Seexo<br />
Tavadaznaurobas da ubralo xalxs. rac Seexeba kapitals, safrangeTis mesame<br />
wodebas, rogorc isini Tavad, aseve maTi kapitali uvnebeli gadarCa. amis mizezi<br />
franguli revoluciis “klasTa brZolis” specifikaSi mdgomareobs. da axla<br />
gvinda mokled masze SevCerdeT. Tumca mravlismetyvelia Tavad is faqti, rom<br />
gamarjvebulma axalma xelisuflebam qonebis konfiskacia SerCeviT da<br />
politikuri koniunqturis gaTvaliswinebiT ganaxorciela.<br />
“klasTa brZola safrangeTSi”<br />
berki mokled aRwers safrangeTis revoluciis mamoZravebel dajgufebebs,<br />
maT interesebs da ZalTa ganlagebas.<br />
franguli monarqiis specifiur niSans warmoadgenda ukiduresi dapirispireba<br />
mowaTmflobelebsa da kapitalistebs Soris. gansxvavebiT didi britaneTisagan,<br />
sadac miwaTmflobelebi Tavad iqcnen umsxviles kapitalistebad,<br />
safrangeTSi es ori klasi, e.w. meore da mesame wodeba gancalkevebulad idga. maT<br />
ar uyvardaT erTmaneTi. kapitalis mflobeli wodeba ver Seegua azrs, rom mas<br />
samefoSi daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba ekava da droTa ganmavlobaSi, moRonierebis<br />
kvalad, ieriSi miitana Tavadaznaurobaze, eklesiasa da samefo<br />
xelisuflebaze. swored amiT aixsneba, rom revoluciurma xelisuflebam<br />
gansakuTrebuli sisastike gamoiCina saTavadaznauro da saeklesio sakuTrebis<br />
mimarT da revoluciis damfinansebeli burJuazia uvnebeli datova. sastik<br />
brZolaSi gamarjvebuli burJuazia gamovida, radgan, berkis azriT, kapitalis<br />
mflobeli Tavisi mentalitetiT ufro riskiania da kargad egueba siaxleebs da<br />
gardaqmnebs. mesame wodebis garda, franguli revoluciis warmatebaSi didi<br />
roli Seasrules e.w. “politikurma mwerlebma”, romlebic aliansSi Sevidnen<br />
kapitalistebTan da mravalmxriv uzrunvelyves revoluciis warmateba. vnaxoT,<br />
Tu vin arian es “literaturuli politikosebi”<br />
franguli revoluciis teqnologiebi<br />
yovel Rrma socialur cvlilebas win unda uZRodes cvlileba adamianTa<br />
gonebaSi. socialuri revolucia ar moxdeba inteleqtualuri revoluciis<br />
gareSe, Rrma politikuri re<strong>for</strong>ma sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mzaobis gareSe,<br />
saxelmwifo gadatrialeba romelime socialuri jgufis dakveTis gareSe. yvela<br />
SemTxvevaSi adamianebisaTvis arsebuli realoba autaneli da mouTmeneli unda<br />
gaxdes, aucilebeli ar aris mis namdvil, adeqvatur gaazrebaSi, aramed savsebiT<br />
sakmarisia mis iseT kopirebaSi, romelsac originali ar gaaCnia. cxadia aq<br />
saubaria adamianis gonebis manipulirebaze. am mimarTulebiT dRes arsebuli<br />
yvelaze qmediTi saSualebebi R teqnologiebis saxeliTaa cnobili. ra Tqma unda,<br />
berks aseTi termini ar gaaCnia, magram rasac is gulisxmobs “literaturul<br />
politikosebSi”, Tavisuflad SeiZleba gagebuli iqnas ori saukunis winandel R<br />
107
teqnologiebad. miT ufro, rom jer erTi, rogorc davrwmundebiT am<br />
teqnologiebis strategia (da ara taqtikur, teqnologiuri novaciebi) didad ar<br />
Secvlila da meore, sakuTriv politikuri werili dRemde rCeba teqnologiebis<br />
mniSvnelovan Semadgenel elenementad.<br />
franguli revoluciis literaturuli politikosebi dRes yvelasaTvis<br />
cnobili xalxia. Tumca berki arc erT maTgans amgvarad ar axsenebs, magram<br />
gasagebia, rom aq saqme exeba rusos, didros, volters helveciuss da maTi saqmis<br />
gamgrZeleblebs revoluciis periodSi. berkis daxasiaTebit, es aris Tavis<br />
gamocenis moyvaruli xalxi, romelmac ludoviko XIV-is sikvdilis Semdeg<br />
dakarga taxtis keTilganwyoba. arc regenti da arc taxtis memkvidre ar iCenda<br />
interess maTi naazrevisadmi. amis sapasuxod maT Tavi anebes samefi karisadmi<br />
tradiciul keklucobas.<br />
literaturuli politikosebis Sorsmimaval gegmebs Zalze Seuwyo xeli ori<br />
franguli akademiis gaerTianebam da enciklopediis gamocemem. am literaturulma<br />
jgufmagarkveuli xnis win SeimuSava qristianuli religiis ngrevis<br />
programa da antiesklesiur moRvaweobas iseTi TavdadebiT Seudga, rogoric<br />
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod religiuri fanatizmisaTvis.<br />
eklesiaze pirvelma Setevam, romelic mourideblad ganxorcielda, ar<br />
gaamarTla. rac ar gamovida uecari SeteviT, misi ganxorcieleba meToduri ngreviT<br />
gadawyda. am mizniT gadawyda sazogadoebrivi azris Semzadeba. sazogadoebrivi<br />
azris samarTavad aucilebeli gaxda imaTi daqvemdebareba, vinc<br />
sazogadoebriv azrs qmnis.<br />
Sesabamisad, maTi pirveli nabiji iyo literaturuli didebisaken mimavali<br />
yvela gzis xelSi Cagdeba. zogierTma, aRiarebs berki, marTlac moaxerxa mecnierebisa<br />
da literaturis simaRleebis dalaSqvra, msoflio saxelis mopoveba,<br />
risi wyalobiTac patiobdnen an nakleb yuradRebas uTmobdnen maTi saxifaTo<br />
miznebis daufarav gamocxadebas. am keTilSobilebas maT imiT upasuxes, rom<br />
sakuTari Tavisa da maTi mimdevrebisaTvis SeeqmnaT erTaderTi Wkviani, ganaTlebuli<br />
da gemovnebiani xalxis reputacia. gamorCeulobisadmi es maniakaluri<br />
miswrafeba, gvarwmunebs berki, ara nakleb damRupveli aRmoCnda literaturisa<br />
da gemovnebisaTvis, vidre filosofiisa da zneobisaTvis. maTi gamosvlebis Ziri-<br />
Tadi <strong>for</strong>ma qadageba iyo. susti da ZirisgamomTxreli argumentacia intrigebiT<br />
iniRbeboda. amas, rogorc Cans aucilebel elementad daerTo oponentebis Savi R,<br />
anu, rogorc Tavad berki wers: “literaturuli monopoliis sistemas maT daumates<br />
nebismieri saSualebebiT yvela imis umowyalo gaSaveba da diskreditacia,<br />
vinc ar iziarebda maT partias. maT qmedebebze xangrZlivi dakvirveba jer kidev<br />
didi xnis win iZleoda saSualebas dagveskvna, rom maT akldaT mxolod<br />
xelisufleba, raTa literaturuli Seuwynareblobidan gadasuliyvnen Tavisi<br />
metoqeebis sakuTrebis, Tavisuflebis da sicocxlis pirdapir devnaze” (51-52).<br />
am adamianebs axlo mimowera hqonaT evropis monarqebTan, maT Soris prusiis<br />
mefesTan. am ukanaskneli mimoweris masalebze dayrdnobiT berki SeniSnavs, rom am<br />
xalxisaTvis sul erTi iyo, safragneTis samefos Signidan, revoluciiT daangrevdnen,<br />
Tu ucxotemeli despotis xeliT. igive mizniT, ra mizniTac ikavSIrdebodnen<br />
ucxoel monarqebs, es xalxi daukavSIrda sakuTari qveynis kapitalistebs da am<br />
ukanasknelTa finansebze dapyrobiT, isini gaaTkecebuli ZaliT Seudgnen<br />
sazogadoebrivi azris dapyrobas da unda iTqvas sakmao warmatebiTac radgan<br />
droTa ganmavlobaSi didad gaiwvrTnen demagogiaSi, rodesac yovelmxriv<br />
autanlad xatavdnen RaribTa mdgomareobas da monarqebis mankierebas.<br />
amrigad, fraguli revoluciis saTaveSi ZiriTadad es ori jgufi — kapitalistebi<br />
da politikuri literatorebi aRmoCndnen. mwerlebi, SeniSnavs berki,<br />
rodesac isini erTad moqmedeben, uzarmazar zegavlenas iqonieben adamianTa<br />
gonebaze. da am mwerlebis kavSirma kapitalistebTan uzrunvelyo is rom masebi<br />
loialurad ganewyvnen im tipis qonebisadmi, rogorsac kapitali warmoadgenda.<br />
literatura:<br />
1. Эдмунд Берк. Размышления о революции во франции и заседаниях некоторых<br />
обществ в Лондоне, относящихся к этим событиям. М. «Рудомино» , 1993.<br />
108
COURSE OF LECTURES IN POLITICAL THEORY<br />
(Summary)<br />
Mamuka Bichashvili<br />
After a period of dormancy, the political theory is beginning to reemerge as an existing<br />
field of theoretical study in Georgia. The given course of lectures manifests this emergence.<br />
The aim and the main idea of course are to provide a collection of both classical and nonclassical<br />
authors in order to bring the resources available in the field up to New Time political<br />
theory. Almost theories of ten authors from Plato’s “Republic” to Rousseau’s “Contract<br />
<strong>Social</strong>” are discussed during the course. The course has the following structure:<br />
Introduction.<br />
” There is given a general plan of the followed of lectures in Introduction. We have<br />
outlined two basic approaches to the study of politics. One of them, Political Philosophy, its<br />
carries the name not only to works of old philosophers, but mostly on the basis of its<br />
methodology. Political Philosophy presents more balanced picture of the politics mainly<br />
oriented to the abstract inquiry of the possible world. Such terms, as “phenomenon”,<br />
“essence”, “value” and so on, have very constructive power <strong>for</strong> such kind of theories.<br />
Scholars recognized in Political Philosophy the great importance of closer ties between<br />
philosophical outlook and ongoing political practice as well as renewed interest in traditional<br />
debates about the character of relationship between nature and social world. Political<br />
Philosophy begins with the question: what it should be a person’s relationship to state and<br />
society or to government and rulers. It generates visions of the good social life: of what it<br />
should be the ruling set of values and institutions. The subject matter is broad and connects<br />
readily with various branches of sub-disciplines of philosophy including philosophy of law<br />
and economics.<br />
In according philosophical examination of political activity, philosophers also divide<br />
between those, who are methodological individualists and those who are methodological<br />
holists. Methodological individualists seek to explain social actions and behavior in terms of<br />
individual action; meanwhile holists seek to explain behavior by considering the nature of<br />
group.<br />
The next important methodological question relates both epistemologies as well as to<br />
ethics is the role that reason plays in social affairs. Positions we have got may be<br />
characterized as rationalism and irrationalism. Political rationalism emphasizes the<br />
employment of reason in social affairs: that individuals ought to submit the logic and<br />
universality of reason rather then their own subjective or cultural preconceptions.<br />
Irrationalists, from their side are criticizing rationalists <strong>for</strong> ignoring the intellectual and social<br />
heritage that often lies beneath contemporary society.<br />
Many authors distinguish Political Science from Political Philosophy. Political Science<br />
predominantly deals with existing states of affairs and insofar as it is possible tries to be<br />
neutral in its descriptions: it seeks a positive analysis of such social events as constitutional<br />
issues, voting behavior, the balance of power etc.<br />
Political Theory, on the other hand, is a kind of empirical science, empirical theory.<br />
Observation and correct description of ongoing political events are its main sources. Further,<br />
the attempt to unify a wide variety of political data, under significant theoretical framework, if<br />
successful, would give a deeper understanding of political reality and would provide powerful<br />
theories with the useful explanatory power.<br />
Offering a difference between Political Philosophy and Political Theory, we do not mean,<br />
that there are two kinds of theories, having nothing in common. Contrary, we have to take<br />
into account, that these theories are distinct not by their object (object is the same <strong>for</strong> both<br />
cases – the political event), but by their methodology, mode of approaches. Theories of<br />
Hanna Arendt and Max Weber are good examples of such different approaches and <strong>for</strong> us,<br />
both are very useful.<br />
109
Plato’s “Republic”.<br />
Although “Republic” is not a single work of Plato in the field of politics, we discussed<br />
mainly just this work, because of its complete character. First of all, we have to note, that<br />
English title of Plato’s main political work, “Republic”, that comes from its Latin equivalent, is<br />
not absolutely correct. The author uses title “Politeia”, that can be translated not only as<br />
“Republic”, but also as “Regime”, or much more better as “Constitution”, “State”, “Society”. At<br />
any case, Plato was writing about state or about society. Plato begins his inquiry with the<br />
problem of justice <strong>for</strong> individual and with the same problem <strong>for</strong> the city-state i.e. his interest<br />
moves to the problems of moral and social character. What he needs to do, first of all, is to<br />
explore the basis of social and moral obligation<br />
. We try to explain why Plato comes from the first question to more complicate<br />
discussion concerning the state. As a matter of fact, Plato begins his theory of just man by<br />
assuming an important parallelism between the city and the individual. He was thinking<br />
ahead of the greatest possible unity of the city. Summarize the position he arrived at the<br />
position, that the just city is not a self-subsisting being like the idea of justice, located so to<br />
speak in a super heavenly place. Its status is rather like that of perfectly beautiful human<br />
being. By an analysis of the elements in the human mind Plato maintained the idea, that its<br />
well-being, full development and happiness are to be secured by doing right and not by<br />
doing wrong, to prove thereby that virtue is its own reward. All other kinds of rewards,<br />
including rewards and punishments after death, are merely secondary consideration.<br />
The elements of mind, which theorist has to take into account are threefold and it has<br />
been suggested that threefold division is a more or less arbitrary reflection into the individual<br />
of the thee classes into which his state is organized. But, what is the class and how does the<br />
class system work in society – is the next question where we come by the previous analysis.<br />
We try to show, that Plato divides citizens not by their incomes, but by their occupations.<br />
Under this criteria all members of the city-state divides into three main parts: rulers,<br />
guardians and the rest population (excluding, of course, slaves). Such division of people<br />
presupposes definite order of subordination among them. We may say, that Plato’s class<br />
system represents a hierarchic society, but not cast system, because <strong>for</strong> individual it is<br />
allowed to move from one, <strong>for</strong> example low class, into another upper classes. Such kind of<br />
social mobility is depended on personal abilities of individual.<br />
In some passages Plato speaks about upper classes (rulers and guardians) so, as if his<br />
three classes are not so much three as two, one of which is further sub-divided. Plato writes<br />
too much on morality and education system <strong>for</strong> upper classes, in despite of third class, which<br />
he does not tell us much. Only thing we know about the members of this class is that they<br />
are not working class, but some, who are engaged in economical activities. All they allowed<br />
to own property. Their function is to provide <strong>for</strong> the material and economic needs of the<br />
community. Their main virtue is obedience and they are under strict control.<br />
How the city-state grew up? – Is one more important question discussed by Plato? The<br />
state arose under the natural conditions of perfect being. The state is a whole and human<br />
being is a part of that whole and always is realizing himself in the rank of citizenship of the<br />
city. City-state is a natural unification of the people. Although the state arose in a natural<br />
way, the mode of its functioning is completely conventional. According to Plato, there are five<br />
kinds of regime: (1) kingdom or aristocracy, the rule of the best man, or the best men, that is<br />
directed toward goodness or, virtue, by the regime of the just city; (2) Thimocracy, the rule of<br />
lovers of honor or of the ambitious men which is directed toward superiority or victory; (3)<br />
Oligarchy or the rule of the rich, in which wealth is most highly esteemed; (4) Tyranny, the<br />
rule of the completely unjust man, in which unqualified and unashamed injustice holds away.<br />
The descending order of the five kind of regime is modeled on Hesiod’s descending order of<br />
five races of men: the races of gold, of silver, of bronze, the divine race of heroes, and the<br />
iron race.<br />
Now we know much more about the positive answer on Plato’s main question – “What is<br />
the justice <strong>for</strong> the city-state”? In the case of individual, it consists of keeping a proper<br />
balance among three elements of soul; each will then be doing its own job. True morality<br />
consists, in fact, in giving due satisfaction to the different elements in us and preventing any<br />
of them dominating at the expense of the others. The justice is defined as minding<br />
individuals own business, fulfill his proper function in society.<br />
110
According to Plato’s methodological parallelism between individual and society, what is<br />
true about individual, is also true about society in the city-state. So, on the basic question –<br />
“which city-state is just?’ - Plato’s final answer sounds like this: the state is just, when and<br />
only when each class and element in society is fulfill its proper function.<br />
Plato had very specific position about family and private property. Plato’s analysis of<br />
these phenomena defined further hot discussion about his being or not being totalitarian.<br />
Although, what Plato wrote on this subject deals only with two upper classes. The third class,<br />
presumable, lives under standard arrangements.<br />
Plato’s specific position, concerning guardians and rulers, presupposes that among<br />
them both family and private property are to be abolished. It seems, Plato thought that<br />
private interest and private affections distracted man from his duty to community. According<br />
Plato the wealth is nothing, but a main cause of destruction of social stability.<br />
Aristotle - “Politics”<br />
Aristotle was a most gifted with sense student of Plato. He played very important role in<br />
development of Plato’s philosophy, although in some decisive questions his own position<br />
was evidently different. All this is true concerning to the problems of political philosophy. For<br />
example, Aristotle abandoned Plato’s theory of family and private property. It seems that the<br />
main reason of his different position was his belief that no ruler could necessarily get rid of<br />
evils by changing institutions of society. The evil might be in human nature and not in a<br />
system of private property. For Aristotle the instinct to possess was natural and provided it<br />
did not degenerate into selfishness. The common property is apt to be treated not with the<br />
care given to something, which is our own, but with the careless so often shown to what<br />
belong to other people.<br />
Such disagreement between teacher and pupil in ancient time was very ordinary one.<br />
Aristotle himself was a teacher of Alexander the Great. Alexander brought to an end the kind<br />
of world, which had been presupposed by the theory of Aristotle – A world in which the basic<br />
political unit was the independent self-sufficient polis, a world in which the distinction<br />
between Greek and barbarian was fundamental.<br />
All this is only one example of disagreement between Plato and Aristotle. There are<br />
many others. But <strong>for</strong> Aristotle the critic of Plato was not self-reasonable thing. He made<br />
valuable contribution <strong>for</strong> development of political theory as a follower of Plato and by the<br />
further development of his ideas.<br />
For right understanding of Aristotle’s political theory, our course of lections we propose<br />
to begin discussion by the analysis of the concept of “nature”. Doing that, we are coming<br />
from the Aristotle’s core definition of human being. He defines “Human being” as a political<br />
animal. Such definition means, that a man is by his nature inhabitant of the polys (city-state).<br />
To understand the term “Physis” (Greek equivalent of “Nature”), we can contrast to it<br />
another Greek term “Nomos”, that can be translated as “custom”, “law”, “convention”.<br />
Nomos, convention, varies from place to place, meanwhile the nature, physis is the same<br />
everywhere. We have to distinguish there<strong>for</strong>e, what holds by physis and what holds by<br />
nomos. In society there exists both kind of rules, so call natural rules and habits and rules by<br />
convention.<br />
What does it mean to exist by nature would be clear if we take <strong>for</strong> discussion such<br />
natural thing, as tree. A tree that exists naturally consists with definite parts. A tree is not a<br />
collection of roots, trunk and branches, but has a definite <strong>for</strong>m. When it loses that <strong>for</strong>m, it<br />
ceases to be a tree. Living things have within them a principle of grow which implies them to<br />
develop towards an end. Aristotle’s concept of natural is thoroughly teleological. Everything<br />
that exists by nature exists <strong>for</strong> an end and one cannot grasp its nature without understanding<br />
the end.<br />
From this point of view, we are ready to go to analysis Aristotelian polis. Polis is not a<br />
collection of men, but something that exists by its nature. Human beings naturally <strong>for</strong>m<br />
families, the village is a natural aggregation of families and the polis is outgrowth of the<br />
village. Aristotle’s definition of the man, that man is a political animal, now means, that man<br />
is made by nature to live in polis.<br />
The polis is an association of the people. All associations or <strong>for</strong>ms of partnership exist<br />
<strong>for</strong> the sake of some good. The purpose of the city-state is thus to enable its citizens to live a<br />
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life of virtue or excellence. The life of virtue is a goal of the city-state’s existence and the<br />
closer a city comes to achieving that goal, the better it is.<br />
In “Politics” Aristotle gives an analytical framework <strong>for</strong> deeper understanding different<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms of government. Differentiation depends on accordance to whether power is in the<br />
hands of one man, or more, or many. In each case, Aristotle distinguishes right and wrong<br />
<strong>for</strong>ms. Among the right <strong>for</strong>ms kingship is on the first place. It is the rule of one man <strong>for</strong> the<br />
common interest. Oppose to kinship, wrong <strong>for</strong>m of ruling is tyranny. Tyranny as well as<br />
kingship is a rule of one man, but tyrant is ruling in his own interest.<br />
Aristocracy is a rule of few. Aristocracy manifests itself in different sub-<strong>for</strong>ms. One of<br />
them presupposes the rule of few under of authority of their ancestors. Genuine aristocrats<br />
owe their positions by their own virtue. Wrong <strong>for</strong>m of aristocracy is oligarchy – the rule of<br />
wealthy. The last two <strong>for</strong>ms of right and wrong ruling are polity and democracy. For Aristotle<br />
democracy is the rule of poor.<br />
The practical focus of “Politics” is most apparent in its three books. In those books<br />
Aristotle concentrates much of his attention on democracy and oligarchy, describing their<br />
different varieties and the means by which they may be preserved.<br />
Aristotle has an evident horror of what he sees as extreme democracy in which the<br />
popular assembly has the power to do whatever it likes, but he has an equal horror of<br />
lawless monarchy or lawless oligarchy.<br />
Cicero<br />
We took Cicero as a Roman author, who was much more closer to political practice,<br />
than any well-known ancient political thinker. He dedicated to political problems two works –<br />
“Republic” and “Laws”. The coincidence of these titles to titles of Plato’ main political dialogs,<br />
presupposes deep ties between Cicero and ancient Greek political writers.<br />
Many commentators wrote, that Cicero did not offer anything new in political theory but<br />
only remove Plato/Aristotelian tradition toward the Roman affairs<br />
Concerning Cicero in our lecture, we try to show the following: a) Cicero as a political<br />
writer, of course, was in great dependence on Greek tradition. Like Plato he wrote dialogs<br />
and the problems he discussed in his writings, have Greek origins. b) Besides of such close<br />
ties, Cicero arose questions with specific Roman nuances. On the traditional question –<br />
which political regime is best, he gave priority to state, which has mixed ruling <strong>for</strong>ms (like<br />
Roman Republic) of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy. c) Cicero’s judgment about<br />
social spirit of people seems to us very original. Coming from the concept of social spirit, he<br />
gained the following definition to “commonwealth” (that is to “state”): A commonwealth is the<br />
affair of people. But a people is not any collection of human beings brought together in any<br />
sort of way, but an assemblage of people, in large number associated in an agreement with<br />
respect to justice and a partnership <strong>for</strong> the common good. d) From the given point of view,<br />
Cicero gave characteristic to foundation of Rome not as an en<strong>for</strong>cement of one single genius<br />
person, but as an act of many persons and, that is more important, as an action, or better,<br />
process, that was continuing during years of history. Constitution of Rome was not produced<br />
by conscious planning of one person, but developed in a great length of time and by great<br />
variety of accidents. Its perfection represents the culmination of a natural process of slow<br />
and almost unconscious growth.<br />
Middle Ages:<br />
St. Augustin<br />
For St. Augustine philosophy serves the faith both in it and in its relation to nonbelievers.<br />
It may be used as a tool to gain a fuller understanding of the divinely inspired truth. Although<br />
the New Testament is primarily concerned with man’s eternal destiny, it has much to say<br />
about the condition of rulers and subjects and about manner in which men are called upon to<br />
live in the city.<br />
St. Augustine’s most extensive work on political subject is “The City of God”. A big part<br />
of this work stands as a controversy with pagans and heretics. At the same time, his treatise<br />
serves as philosophical defense of the faith and at the same time as a theoretical defense of<br />
philosophy <strong>for</strong> which he provides a justification under the basis of Sacred Scripture.<br />
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Most important part of his work Augustine dedicates to the teaching concerning virtue.<br />
This teaching has its roots in both the philosophical and biblical tradition. A man here is<br />
interpreted as a social animal by nature. Human being has been endowed with speech, by<br />
means of which he is able to communicate and enter to various relationships with another<br />
men. By associating with his fellow men, human being is <strong>for</strong>ming with them a political<br />
community that man attains his perfection. Augustine defines “commonwealth” as an<br />
assemblage of men associated by a common acknowledgement of right and by a community<br />
of interests. Later he explains a word “right” by a word “justice”.<br />
The moral order of the society is rooted in a natural order established by speculative<br />
reason. This order in nature requires the universal and complete subordination of the lower<br />
to higher both within man and outside of him. The same hierarchy should be observed in<br />
society as a whole and is encountered when virtuous people obey wise rulers, whose minds<br />
are in turn subject to the divine law.<br />
The Sacred Scripture distinguishes only two kinds of societies, to which all men of all<br />
times belong – the city of God and the earthly city. There is analogy between them and only<br />
by analogy these societies are called cities. The distinction between them corresponds to the<br />
distinction between virtue and vice. According to St. Augustine why a person would be a<br />
member of one or the other of these two cities is not depend on a race or nationality of that<br />
man, but on the end that he pursues and to which he ultimately subordinates all of his<br />
actions.<br />
Alfarabi<br />
Alfarabi recovered classical political tradition and made it intelligible within the new<br />
context provided by revealed religions. His writings concerned with the political regimes and<br />
the attainment of happiness through political life. In his works Alfarabi discussed the problem<br />
of relationship between classical political writings and Islam. He gains such well-known<br />
followers as Avicena and Averroes. His most important work in political philosophy was “The<br />
Virtuous City” and “The Political Regime”. The virtuous regime is such political order whose<br />
guiding principle is the realization of human excellence or virtue. A man needs to archive his<br />
perfection through the activity proceeding from rational understanding, deliberation and<br />
choosing among various alternatives suggested to him by reason. The ultimate perfection of<br />
man is identical with the supreme happiness available to him.<br />
Alfarabi gave the following classification of regimes: (1) the regime whose citizens have<br />
had no occasion to acquire any knowledge at all about divine and natural beings. These are<br />
ignorant regimes. (2) The regime whose citizens possess the knowledge of those things but<br />
do tot act according to their requirements; these are dissolute or immoral regimes. (3)<br />
Regimes whose citizens have acquired certain opinions about these things but false or<br />
corrupt opinions that claim to be about divine and natural beings and about true happiness,<br />
while actually they are not. .Alfarabi calls them erring regimes.<br />
The character of the citizens is <strong>for</strong>med with a view to attain one or more of lower ends.<br />
Alfarabi gives these ends as six and each of the general type can be subdivided according to the<br />
end that dominated in it. (1) The regime of necessity (or indispensable regime) in which the aim<br />
of the citizens is confined to the bare necessities of the life; (2) The vile regime (oligarchy) in<br />
which the ultimate aim of the citizens is wealth and prosperity of their own sakes. (3) The base<br />
regime. The purpose of whose citizens is the enjoyment of sensory or imaginary pleasure; (4)<br />
The regime of domination (tyranny), whose citizens aim at overpowering and subjecting others;<br />
(5) The regime of honor (democracy), whose citizens aim at being honored, praised and glorified<br />
by others; (6) The regime of corporate association (democracy), the main purpose of whose<br />
citizens is being free to do what they wish.<br />
Concerning the best ruler, Alfarabi writes, that such ruler has to unify in himself qualities of<br />
wise ruler and prophet. This man, wrote Alfarabi, is true prince according to the ancients, he is<br />
the one whom it ought to be said that he receives revelation. For man receives revelation only<br />
when he attains this rank – when there is no longer intermediary between him and the Active<br />
Intellect. The rule of this man is the supreme rule; all other human rulers are inferior to it and are<br />
derived from it. Alfarabi’s approach to religion leads to a philosophical science of divine laws. By<br />
presenting divine laws, jurisprudence and theology as parts of political science, he points to the<br />
possibility of a neutral discussion of all religions or sects and of the features common to them all.<br />
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Thomas Aquinas<br />
Thomas Aquinas was born in 1227 in Neapolitan territory. He was from old highborn<br />
south Italian family. His political thoughts are based upon his theological and ontological<br />
considerations, where St. Thomas was the follower of Aristotle. Aquinas did more than<br />
anyone else to establish Aristotle as the leading philosophical authority in the Christian<br />
West. St. Thomas’ political philosophy is best understood as a modification of Aristotle’s<br />
political philosophy the light of Christian revelation. In his main writings, the “Summa<br />
Theologiae”, he does not ask whether besides the philosophic disciplines another science,<br />
<strong>for</strong> example, sacred doctrine is necessary.<br />
Aquinas established the rules under which Christian world was ruled by two distinct<br />
powers and two distinct codes of law: ecclesiastical and the civil. As the result, such specific<br />
issues as the origin of divine and human laws, the relation between the two, and the<br />
communication of divine laws through the medium of prophecy or revelation. These<br />
problems are discussed by St. Aquinas in terms of Plato but not Aristotle.<br />
The civic society is natural to Aquinas. But it is not given by nature. It is something to<br />
which is inclined by nature and which is necessary <strong>for</strong> the perfection of his rational nature.<br />
Human being is nature’s remarkable product. But he is brought into the world more helpless<br />
than any animal. Instead nature has furnished him with reason, which he is eventually able<br />
to provide himself and meet his needs as they arise.<br />
The first society to which man belongs and without which he could not live is the family.<br />
Specific purpose of family is to produce the necessities of life and thus guarantee the<br />
preservation of both the individual and the species. But family cannot supply all the material<br />
goods that man needs <strong>for</strong> his sustenance and his protection. The truly self-sufficient human<br />
association capable of securing the conditions of virtue and satisfying all man’s earthly<br />
needs is the city. The city is the most perfect work of practical reason. Only within the<br />
framework of civil society can man attain the fullness of life, so that the men is far from<br />
human perfection like a beast (such as man leads a solitary life away from company of his<br />
fellow men) or men has already exceeded that perfection and achieved a state of godlike<br />
self-sufficiency.<br />
The common good and the end of political authority are in the first instance peace or the<br />
harmony of different parts that combine to make up the city. Peace exists when each part<br />
adjusted to the whole.<br />
One of the remarkable parts of St. Thomas’ doctrine is his history of natural law that<br />
presents specific synthesis between biblical faith and Aristotelian philosophy. The law of<br />
nature appeared as a natural law cannot be reduced exclusively to the will of God. But as a<br />
law, however, it also contains an explicit reference to God’s will. These and all like them<br />
considerations of St. Thomas finds its metaphysical expression in doctrine of distinction<br />
between essence and existence in all beings outside of God. Although, that distinction is to<br />
be regarded as distinction of reason and not in any way a real distinction.<br />
Nicollo Machiavelli<br />
Machiavelli was born in Florence, when Italy was divided between four dominant citystases<br />
and each of these was continually at the mercy of the stronger <strong>for</strong>eign governments.<br />
Since 1434 Florence was ruled by the wealthy Medici family. After the break of his political<br />
career, Machiavelli became well known political writer.<br />
Classical political philosophy clarifies or elaborates the conflicting claims to rule that are<br />
raised whenever men associate together; it articulates the degree and sense of justice which<br />
each of such claims means to assert. By understanding and clarifying the unity and diversity<br />
in the claims which set men apart, it attempts to provide the answer to how men ought to live<br />
together and is thus a guide to justice and the common good. Detached from the interests<br />
that animate these claims, classical political philosophy is the deliverer of the community a<br />
non-divine benediction to mankind. Machiavelli continued this tradition in such way, at the<br />
same time had elaborated his own new approaches.<br />
Our lecture concerning on Machiavelli’s political theory is based on his main political<br />
work -”The Prince”. Machiavelli opens “The Prince” describing the two principal types of<br />
governments: monarchies and republics. The most controversial aspects of Machiavelli’s<br />
analysis emerge in the middle chapters of the given book Here he proposes to describe the<br />
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truth about surviving as a monarch, rather than recommending lofty moral ideas. He<br />
describes those virtues, which we think a prince should possess. He concludes that some<br />
virtues will lead to a prince’s destruction, whereas some “vices” allow him to survive. Indeed<br />
the virtues we commonly prize in people might lead to his downfall. For Machiavelli it is the<br />
best <strong>for</strong> prince to have a reputation <strong>for</strong> being stingy. He argues also, that it is better <strong>for</strong> a<br />
prince to be severe punish people rather then merciful.<br />
Thomas Hobbes<br />
Hobbes “Leviathan” first appeared in England in 1651. Hobbes wrote the work in France,<br />
where he had been in exile since 1640. After its first publication, “leviathan” was recognized<br />
to be the masterpiece of British political thinking. Hobbes civil philosophy was presented as<br />
growing out of his natural philosophy. The theory itself was constructing in a deductive and<br />
scientific <strong>for</strong>m like philosophical systems of Decartes and Spinoza. At the same time Hobbes<br />
remind humanist that is not surprising, because in his century the status of natural science<br />
was bound up with moral philosophy.<br />
One of the most important notions of Hobbes theory is the notion of Free will. Hobbes<br />
wrote a great deal on this issue. Hobbes denied the classical understanding of the<br />
phenomenon of free will. For him the traditional notion of free will is absurd, because all<br />
intentions and actions must be caused by previous material processes. It does not mean,<br />
that Hobbes thought as if we should not deliberate purposively about our actions. He argued<br />
that when it is determined, that one thing will be chosen be<strong>for</strong>e another by human being, it is<br />
determined also <strong>for</strong> what cause it should be chosen.<br />
Hobbes moral philosophy presupposed the ability to per<strong>for</strong>m complicated thinking about<br />
what kind of person we want to be and how we should live. We merely have to understand<br />
that this subjective sense of freedom to choose how to live is no more based on real<br />
freedom, and then our subjective sense of color is based on real color. Maintaining this,<br />
Hobbes has developed old philosophical tradition coming from Tacitus. Under this tradition<br />
human agents were open to causal manipulation of more or less reliable kind.<br />
Next very interesting position developed by Hobbes is his realistic ethics. He defined<br />
“Good” as whatsoever are the object of any means appetite or desire and the object of his<br />
hate or adversity as “Evil”. Moral language, like color language, constantly tempted its users<br />
to attribute to the external world a set of imaginary attributes and as a consequence to<br />
dispute with one another about the world.<br />
Hobbes discussed about practical effects of his theory. He himself believed that the<br />
correct understanding and application of his philosophy would trans<strong>for</strong>m human life. The first<br />
step toward this direction was recognition of the true nature of conflict of believes, interests<br />
and passions of people. The only common fundamental desire <strong>for</strong> human beings, from this<br />
point of view is to preserve oneself from death. All other passions and desires involve some<br />
belief about one’s position in the world and the threats which one might be facing.<br />
John Locke<br />
In his main political work, “Two Treatise on Government” Locke has two main purposes<br />
in view: to refute the doctrine of divine and absolute right of Monarch, as it had been put<br />
<strong>for</strong>ward by Sir Robert Filmer’s “Patriarchia” and to establish a theory which would reconcile<br />
the liberty of citizen with political order. The criticism of Filmer in the first Treatise is<br />
complete. His theory of absolute sovereignty of Adam has lost all interest. Locke’s argument<br />
has been very effective, but his exhaustive replay to absurd thesis of Filmer becomes itself<br />
wearisome. Second Treatise starts from common sense position. Here is given two<br />
fundamental claim of liberalism, that all men are equal and free. If God could be shown to<br />
have given any man, or any order of men superiority over other men, then these inferences<br />
could not be drawn. This conclusion is main result of First Treatise in Locke’s work on<br />
government.<br />
What is discussed in Second Treatise is Hobbsean notion of natural condition. The first<br />
impression of Locke’s state of nature seems very unlike Hobbes’ state of nature. But in fact it<br />
can be easy discovered similarities. For Locke the state of nature is simply the condition in<br />
which the executive power of the law of nature remains exclusively in the hands of<br />
individuals and has not been made communal. It was the original condition of all humanity.<br />
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The state of nature characterized by the absence of any law. In the state of nature everyone<br />
has executive power. Locke provides many passages to support the conclusion that the<br />
state of nature will frequently be indistinguishable from the state of war. The source of law<br />
<strong>for</strong> society would be found in the strongest desire of men. The law has peace and<br />
preservation as its end. It will be obeyed because of the universal desire <strong>for</strong> preservation of<br />
civil society.<br />
Locke wrote, that the labor is the origin and justification of property and that contract or<br />
consent is the ground of government. Behind this doctrine lies the idea of the independence<br />
of the individual person. Men are born free and equal in rights. Whatsoever a man, mixes his<br />
labor with, is his own. The civil society originates when men agree to delegate function of<br />
administrate to certain officers. Thus government is instituted by a “social contract”; its<br />
powers are limited and they involve reciprocal obligations. Locke’s theory is rendering of the<br />
facts of constitutional government in terms of thought and it served as justification of the<br />
Revolution settlement in accordance with the ideas of the time.<br />
Rousseau<br />
Citizen of Geneve, Rousseau reacted against the corruption of social order and<br />
institutions of his time. Error and prejudice in the name of philosophy had stifled reason and<br />
nature and had corrupted morals. The <strong>Social</strong> Contract was his most influential work. Its<br />
decisive thesis was that all men are both free and equal. Regards the state that is a<br />
manifestation of contract, individuals’ surrender non of their natural rights, but rather agree<br />
<strong>for</strong> the protection of them. Most remarkable in Rousseau’s projected republic was the<br />
provision to banish aliens to the state religion and to punish dissenters with death. <strong>Social</strong><br />
contract became the textbook of French Revolution.<br />
Rousseau disliked Enlightenment. The main basis of his attack on the Enlightenment is<br />
Rousseau’s belief that progress of the arts and sciences was not the condition of progress of<br />
civil society. The arts and the sciences require an atmosphere of luxury and leisure in order<br />
to flourish. They themselves emerge, in general, from vices of soul. The society dominated<br />
by the arts and sciences is one full of inequality. Society is trans<strong>for</strong>med to support the arts<br />
and the sciences and their products and this very trans<strong>for</strong>mation creates a life full of vain<br />
self-regard and injustice.<br />
Rousseau put old philosophical question - what is justice? Which society is just? In<br />
times and society, thinks Rousseau, justice consists in maintaining the privileges of those in<br />
positions of power. All known states are full of inequalities of birth, wealth and honor. These<br />
inequalities can be justified in terms of the preservation of the regime, but that does not<br />
make them more tolerable <strong>for</strong> those who do not enjoy them.<br />
Civil society is not something natural. One can go to a time prior to the civil society to<br />
find man as he is naturally. This investigation is necessary to determine the origins of the<br />
state. Such approach provides the possibility to see, that civil society is conventional.<br />
Since man is not primarily political and social, he must be divested of all qualities that<br />
are connected with life in a community if we are to understand him as he is by nature. The<br />
first is the reason. Reason depends upon speech and speech implies social life. The<br />
movement from the natural state to the civil state provides a very great change in man.<br />
Formerly he was a beast, now he has become a moral being. In the state of nature man<br />
acted only from instinct, now he must consider his action in relation to principle so that the<br />
chose and freedom take on a moral sense. If man continues to act according to the level of<br />
animals. From this point Rousseau goes to the idea of common will that provide necessary<br />
basis <strong>for</strong> contract social. The common will in other words explained as “sovereign” and<br />
indicates to the source of all legitimacy that is in the people as of bearer of free will.<br />
Government receives its instructions from the general will and uses its authority to<br />
determine the acts of the citizens according to the sense of the sovereign. There exists<br />
something intermediary between sovereign and individual citizen. The <strong>for</strong>m of government<br />
determined the <strong>for</strong>m of society and with the change of government a new society would be<br />
constituted. The government is a necessary evil because men need direction in the exercise<br />
of their free will.<br />
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