eleqtonuli xelmowera qarTuli samarTlis perspeqtivaSi
eleqtonuli xelmowera qarTuli samarTlis perspeqtivaSi
eleqtonuli xelmowera qarTuli samarTlis perspeqtivaSi
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<strong>eleqtonuli</strong> <strong>xelmowera</strong> <strong>qarTuli</strong><br />
<strong>samarTlis</strong> <strong>perspeqtivaSi</strong><br />
Sesavali<br />
martivi empiriuli swavleba cxadyofs, rom adamianuri yofis nebismier<br />
etapze novatoruli sakomunikacio saSualebebisa da formebis damkvidrebam<br />
mniSvnelovani socialuri Sedegebi gamoiwvia. aRniSnuli mosazreba<br />
gansakuTrebiT aqsiomatiuria komunikaciis eleqtronuli saSualebebis<br />
SemTxvevaSi, romlebmac socialur intereqciis procesSi mniSvnelovnad<br />
Caanacvles komunikaciis klasikuri formebi. sfero, romelic am<br />
eleqronuli saSulebebis meSveobiT iqmneba da rasac xSirad virtualuri<br />
samyaros (kibersferos) saxeliT avRniSnavT, sakmaod pretenziulia. am<br />
sferos Sinaarsi da masSi monawileoba mTlianad gansazRvrulia teqnikuri<br />
wesebis erTobliobiT, romelic uaryofs yvelafers rac masTan<br />
SeuTavsebelia.<br />
vinaidan kibersfero realobis axali ganzomilebaa, is avtomaturad<br />
interaqciaSi modis socialuri cxovrebis normatiul CarCoebTan (anu iseT<br />
normatiul sistemebTan, rogoricaa samarTali, religia, Cveulebebi,<br />
morali da a. S.) e. i. im normatiuli wesebis erTobliobasTan, romlebic<br />
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis regulirebisaTvis arian mowodebulni da am<br />
TvalsazrisiT qcevis garkveul apriorul modelebs ayalibeben. aRniSnuli<br />
interaqcia gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa <strong>samarTlis</strong> SemTxvevaSi, romlis<br />
legitimuri mizania am axali realobis regulireba da masSi sakuTari<br />
normatiuli wesebis efeqturobis uzrunvelyofa.<br />
gamomdinare kibersferos zemoTaRniSnuli pretenziuli bunebidan,<br />
samarTali iZulebulia klasikur paradigmebze uari Tqvas da axali<br />
midgomebi an formebi airCios. saqme imaSia, rom rigi tradiciuli<br />
kategoriebis fizikuri substancia maTi virtualur samyaroSi gamoyenebis<br />
SesaZleblobas imTaviTve gamoricxavs. magaliTad tradiciuli (xeliT<br />
Sesrulebeli) xelmoweris aplikacia virtualur samyarosTan<br />
SeuTavsebelia. Cveulebrivi xelmoweris kibersferoSi gamouyeneblobis<br />
magaliTi gacilebiT vrceli teqnikuri SeuTavseblobis problemis mxolod<br />
erTi patara fragmentia. Sesabamisad, virtualur sferoze efeqturobis<br />
miRwevis mizniT samarTals bevr klasikur kategoriebze uaris Tqma da maTi<br />
sxva alternativebiT Secvla uwevs. eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong> da<br />
eleqtronuli dokumenti SegviZlia amgvar alternativad CavTvaloT.<br />
2008 wlis 14 marts saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni eleqtronuli<br />
xelmowerisa da eleqtronuli dokumentis Sesaxeb (SemdgomSi “kanoni”).<br />
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqti TavisTavad novatorulia da socialuri<br />
cxovrebis moTxovnilebebs Seesabameba. meores mxriv, wminda samarTlebrivi<br />
TvalsazrisiT mnivnelovani siaxleebi moaqvs. am statiaSi mokled SevexebiT<br />
eleqtronuli xelmoweris arss da im iuridiul sakiTxebs, romelic am<br />
kategoriis SemoRebasTanaa dakavSirebuli.<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
a aris eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong>?<br />
eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong> xelmoweris specifikuri tipia. gansxvavebiT<br />
Cveulebrivi xelnaweriT Sesrulebuli xelmowerisagan misi Seqmna<br />
mTlianad teqnikuri (eleqtronuli) saSualebebiT xdeba. kanonis me-2-e<br />
muxlis e) punqtis mixedviT, “eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong> warmoadgens<br />
nebismieri eleqtronuli saSualebis gamoyenebiT Seqmnil monacemTa<br />
erTobliobas, romelsac xelmomweri iyenebs eleqtronul dokumentTan misi<br />
kavSiris aRsaniSnavad”. amgvarad, e-<strong>xelmowera</strong> sxva araferi aris Tu ara<br />
eleqtronuli mediumiT Seqmnili monacemi, romelic mimagrebulia sxva<br />
eleqtronul informaciasTan (eleqtronul dokumentTan) da miznad isaxavs<br />
am dokumentisa da masSi ganxorcielebuli nebis gamomvlenis (avtoris)<br />
vinaobis gansazRvras.<br />
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli e-xelmoweris definicias ori mniSvnelovani<br />
niSani gaaCnia: maqsimaluri abstraqtuloba da teqnikuri neitraluroba.<br />
kerZod, mocemuli definicia awesebs samarTlebriv da ara teqnikur<br />
koncefcias, romlis mixedviT e-xelmowerisaTvis mTavaria ara gamoyenebuli<br />
teqnologiis saxeoba, aramed wminda samarTlebrivi xasiaTis moTxovna, rom<br />
eleqtronuli saSualebiT Seqmnil <strong>xelmowera</strong>s SeeZlos nebis gamomvlenis<br />
identifikacia an/da auTenTikacia. Sesabamisad, aqcenti xorcieldeba<br />
samarTlebriv da ara teqnikur koncefciaze. am zogadi gadmosaxedidan, e-<br />
<strong>xelmowera</strong>d magaliTad iTvleba <strong>xelmowera</strong> eleqtronul fostaSi Sedgenil<br />
werilze, an PIN-i, romelic Seyvanilia baraTis mflobelis mier, aseve<br />
klasikuri xelmoweris faqsimilia, skanirebuli an kopirebuli <strong>xelmowera</strong>.<br />
eleqtronuli xelmoweris farTo (Ria) ganmartebas gaaCnia Tavisi myari<br />
argumentacia. teqnikuri progresisa da internetis swrafi gavrcelebis<br />
gaTvaliswinebiT aucilebelia teqnikur TvalsazrisiT elastiuri<br />
samarTlebrivi konstruqciebis Seqmna, romlebic aqcents funqciur<br />
elementze gaakeTebs da ar SeizRudeba erTi an ramdenime a priori dadgenili<br />
konkretuli teqnologiis inkorporaciiT, riTac amavdroulad<br />
SesabamisobaSi iqneba teqnikuri neitralurobis principTan.<br />
Tumca e-xelmoweris mxolod teqnikuri neitralurobis principze<br />
damyarebas Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia. rig SemTxvevaSi teqnikuri niuansebi Tu<br />
koncefciebi garkveul samarTlebriv mniSvnelobas iZenen. eleqtronuli<br />
xelmowerebis iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT klasifikacia teqnikuri<br />
gamarTulobisa da usafrTxoebis xarisxis kriteriumebs emyareba. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare e-xelmowerisas gamoyenebuli teqnikis xasiaTi <strong>samarTlis</strong>aTvis<br />
xSir SemTxvevaSi relevanturi ar aris. Sesabamisad, samarTals e-<br />
xelmowerebis Tavisi tipologia gaaCnia, sadac e-xelmoweris saxeobis<br />
adgili sistemaSi misi usafrTxoebis maCvenebliTa da xelmomweris<br />
auTenTikaciis saimedoobiT ganisazRvreba.<br />
kanoni eleqtronuli xelmowerebis Semdegnairi samarTlebriv<br />
klasifikacias gvTavazobs:<br />
a) Cveulebrivi eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong>, romelic Seqmnilia ZiriTadad<br />
Cveulebrivi da primitiuli eleqtronuli saSualebebis gamoyenebiT.<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
ar gamoirCeva usafrTxoebis maRali xarisxiT (magaliTad, <strong>xelmowera</strong><br />
eleqtronul werilze).<br />
b) mowmobis safuZvelze Seqmnili cifruli <strong>xelmowera</strong>, romelic unda<br />
akmayofilebdes 4 moTxovnas, kerZod, amgvari <strong>xelmowera</strong> 1)<br />
dakavSirebulia mxolod xelmomwerTan anu eqskluziurad miniWebuli<br />
aqvs xelmoweris mflobels; 2) axorcielebs xelmomweris<br />
identifikacias, anu misi vinaobis dadgenas; 3) imyofeba xelmomweris<br />
sruli kontrolis qveS (anu efeqturad daculia aranebadarTuli<br />
gamoyenebisagan); 4) iZleva eleqtronuli dokumentis xelmoweris<br />
Semdeg Setanili cvlilebebis aRmoCenis saSualebas. kanonis mixedviT<br />
amgvari <strong>xelmowera</strong> damzadebulia cifruli xelmoweris mowmobis<br />
safuZvelze, romelic gacemulia araakreditirebuli mowmobis<br />
gamcemis mier.<br />
c) sertifikatis safuZvelze Seqmnili cifruli <strong>xelmowera</strong> – waeyeneba<br />
igive moTxovnebi, rogorc mowmobis safuZvelze Seqmnili <strong>xelmowera</strong>s,<br />
im gansxvavebiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi sertifikati gacemuli<br />
unda iyos araakreditirebuli mowmobis gamcemis mier.<br />
e-xelmoweris amgvar klasifikacias Tavisi samarTlebrivi implikacia<br />
gaaCnia, razec odnav mogvianebiT visaubrebT. ramdenime sityviT ganvmarTavT<br />
cifruli xelmoweris mniSvnelobas. amis mizezi garkveulwilad imaSic<br />
mdgomareobas, rom cifruli xelmoweris rig teqnologiur aspeqtebs Tavad<br />
kanoni garkveul yuradRebas uTmobs. gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi e-<br />
xelmowerisagan, cifruli <strong>xelmowera</strong> emyareba e. w. PKI (Public Key<br />
Infrastructure) teqnologias da dafuZnebulia asimetriuli kriptografiis<br />
teqnologiaze, romelic iyenebs or gansxvavebul, magram erTmaneTTan<br />
maTematikurad dakavSirebul gasaRebs: daxuruli (private) da Ria (public)<br />
gasaRebebi (kanonis mixedviT “gasaRebebis wyvili”). daxuruli gasaRebi<br />
gamoiyeneba cifruli xelmoweris Sesaqmnelad da eleqtronuli dokumentis<br />
Sinaarsis daSifrvisaTvis. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, am gasaRebiT informaciis<br />
gamgzavni xels awers eleqtronulad nebis gamovlinebas. Sesabamisad<br />
daxuruli gasaRebi eqvemdebareba mkacri dacvis reJims. Ria gasaRebi<br />
gamoiyeneba adresatis mier cifruli xelmoweris dasadastureblad<br />
(Sesamowmeblad). amgvari gasaRebi sajaroa. misi codna aucilebelia<br />
adresatisaTvis, rom moaxdinos gamomgzavnis vinaobis usafrTxo Semowmeba.<br />
orive gasaRebi, romlebic warmoadgenen garkveuli cifrebis erTobliobas<br />
(maTematikuri algoriTmi), asimetriulia. gasaRebebSi gamoyenebuli cifrebi<br />
gansxvavebulia da Ria gasaRebidan ar gamomdinareobs daxuruli gasaRebi,<br />
rac am ukansknelis dacvas uzrunvelyofs. 1<br />
1 qveviT SevecdebiT cifruli xelmoweris praqtikuli gamoyenebis ilustracia SemogTavazoT:<br />
giorgis (gamgzavni) surs gaugzavnos daviTs (mimRebi) informacia cifruli xelmoweris gamoyenebiT.<br />
pirvel rigSi, giorgi adgens eleqtronul dokuments, romlisganac e. w. “haS funqciis” meSveobiT<br />
qmnis dokumentis cifrul arqivs (message digest, hush value). es ukanaskneli warmoadgens<br />
korespondenciis maTematikur variants. miRebul arqivs giorgi daSifravs daxuruli gasaRebis<br />
meSveobiT. gasaRebiT daSifruli arqivi, romelic igzavneba originalur dokumentTan erTad,<br />
warmoadgens cifrul <strong>xelmowera</strong>s. daviTi Ria gasaRebis meSveobiT, romelic misTvis winaswar aris<br />
cnobili, gaSifravs miRebul informacias, riTac imavdoulad adasturebs imas, rom arqivi<br />
daSifrulia im daxuruli gasaRebis meSveobiT, romelic giorgis kontrolis qveS imyofeba. amave<br />
dros daviTs SeuZlia Seamowmos, rom gamogzavnili informacia xelmoweris Semdeg ar Secvlila. am<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
cifruli xelmoweris sertifikati (mowmoba)<br />
cifruli xelmoweris gamoyenebis aucilebeli aspeqtia e. w. cifruli<br />
xelmoweris sertifikati (mowmoba). funqciuri identurobis principidan<br />
gamomdinare eleqtronuli <strong>xelmowera</strong> asrulebs Cveulebrivi<br />
xelmowerisaTvis damaxasiaTebel funqcias, kerZod, nebis gamovlenis<br />
avtoris identifikacias. gansxvavebiT Cveulebrivi xelmowerisagan, romelic<br />
warmoadgens xelmomweris pirovnulobis (individualobis) anarekls,<br />
eleqtronuli xelmoweris gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi amgvari pirovnuli<br />
elementis gamoxatvasTan ar gvaqvs saqme. xelmomweri teqnikuri<br />
saSualebebis gamoyenebiT ukavSirebs cifrul <strong>xelmowera</strong>s eleqtronul<br />
dokuments. Sesabamisad eleqtronuli komunikaciebis SemTxvevaSi „xelis<br />
mowera“ relatiuria da procesualuri mniSvnelobiT e-xelmoweris<br />
gamoyeneba ufro „dakavSirebas“ emsgavseba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom e-<br />
xelmowerisas xelmomweris pirovnuli elementi ikargeba, am ukanasknels<br />
cifruli xelmoweris SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofs sertifikati (mowmoba),<br />
romelic gacemulia cifruli xelmomweris damamzadeblis mier.<br />
sertifikatis (mowmobis) meSveobiT cifruli <strong>xelmowera</strong> da unikaluri<br />
gasaRebebis wyvili asocirebulia (dakavSirebulia) garkveul pirTan.<br />
kerZod, is miuTiTebs xelmoweris mflobelis (xelmomweris) vinaobas da<br />
imavdroulad adasturebs, rom xelmoweris mflobeli zustad is piria,<br />
vinc Tavis Sesaxeb amas amtkicebs. am mizniT, kanonis mixedviT<br />
damamzadebeli sertifikatis (mowmobis) gacemamde valdebulia gulmodgined<br />
Seamowmos sertifikatis (mowmobis) maZieblis vinaoba.<br />
rac Seexeba substancias, rogorc wesi, sertifikati (mowmoba) eleqtronuli<br />
monacemia. 2 eleqtronulad xelmowerili dokumentis mimRebs SeuZlia<br />
gaecnos mis Sinaars. amaSi vlindeba sertifikatis (mowmobis) samarTlebrivi<br />
mniSvneloba. misi moqmedeba gaTvlialia ZiriTadad “gareT”, mesame pirebTan<br />
urTierTobebSi da aniWebs maT garantias, rom SeuZliaT daeyrdnon<br />
sertifikats (mowmobas) da Sesabamisad eleqtronulad xelmoweril<br />
dokuments.<br />
drois beWedi (Time stamp)<br />
dokumentze xelis mowerasTan erTad zogjer aucilebelia im drois<br />
miTiTeba, roca <strong>xelmowera</strong> Sesrulda. rig SemTxvevebSi xelis moweris<br />
zusti drois gansazRvra samarTlebrivad mniSvnelovania. 3 dro, romelic<br />
mizniT Ria gasaRebis meSveobiT daviTi qmnis gamogzavnili informaciis arqivs da adarebs mas<br />
giorgisagan miRebul arqivTan. Tu orive arqivi identuria, gamogzavnili informaciis mTlianoba da<br />
ucvleloba daculia. saqme imaSia, rom xelmoweris Semdeg giorgis mier garkveuli cvlilebis<br />
Setana dokumentSi avtomatiurad iwvevs absoliturad gansxvavebuli arqivis Seqmnas. aRsaniSnavia is,<br />
rom Tanamedrove kompiuteruli programebi uzrunvelyofen aRniSnuli, erTi SexedviT, rTuli<br />
procesis mTlianad avtomatizirebul reJimSi myisier warmarTvas.<br />
2 Tumca kanoni ar krZalavs misi qaRaldis formatiT gacemas.<br />
3 warmovidginoT situacia, roca xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, romelic mxareebma daadastures<br />
cifruli xelmoweris meSveobiT, erTi mxare gadawyvets dokumentis gabaTilebas. am mizniT is yalbad<br />
ganacxadebs piradi gasaRebis dakargvas, ris Sedegad sertifikatis gamcemi gaauqmebs sertifikats.<br />
xelSekrulebis dadebis zusti drois dadgenis gareSe Zalian rTuli iqneba imis garkveva,<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
gamomdinareobs kompiuterSi dayenebuli saaTidan, ar aris saimedo da<br />
advil manipulacias eqvemdebareba. eleqtronul komunikaciebSi xelmoweris<br />
drois aRniSvnis funqcias asrulebs e. w. drois beWedi (kanonis mixedviT,<br />
drois aRniSvna). es ukanaskneli uzrunvelyofs mtkicebulebas imis Sesaxeb,<br />
rom dokumenti arsebobda drois konkretul monakveTSi da teqnikuri<br />
TvalsazrisiT saimedoa. mis damzadebas uzrunvelyofs sertifikatis<br />
gamcemi, romelic mas cifrulad awers xels.<br />
e-xelmoweris gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobis subieqturi<br />
substrati<br />
eleqtronuli xelmoweris gamoyeneba warmoadgens iuridiul faqts, romlis<br />
Sedegad warmoSobili urTierTobebi mravalwaxnagovania da ZiriTadad sami<br />
subieqtis monawileobiT xasiaTdeba: e-xelmomweris mflobeli, nebis<br />
gamovlenis adresati da sertifikatis (mowmobis) gamcemi. aRniSnuli pirebis<br />
interaqcia qmnis garkveul samkuTxeds, sadac warmoSobili urTierToebebis<br />
Sinaarsi maTi uflebebiTa da movaleobebiT aris determinirebuli.<br />
kanonis erT-erTi mTavari mizania zustad da naTlad gansazRvruli qcevis<br />
kodeqsis dadgena, anu samkuTxedis subieqtebisaTvis zusti da konkretuli<br />
ufleba-movaleobebis katalogis dadgena. amavdroulad, qcevis wesis<br />
gansazRvra unda emyarebodes subieqtebis teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis<br />
aspeqts da unda iTvaliswinebdes samkuTxedis farglebSi arsebuli Tu<br />
potenciuri riskebis gonivrul da proporcionalur gadanawilebas.<br />
a. Sertifikatis (mowmobis) gamcemi (cifruli xelmoweris<br />
damamzadebeli)<br />
mxolod cifruli xelmoweris gamoyeneba eleqtronuli komunikaciisa da<br />
identifikaciis procesis srul usafrTxoebas ver uzrunvelyofs. saqme<br />
imaSia, rom gamgzavns SeuZlia cifruli xelmowerisa da gasaRebis wyvilis<br />
avtonomiurad generireba da amavdroulad cifruli xelmoweris<br />
sertifikatSi (mowmobaSi) Tavisi vinaobis Secvla an sxvagvarad<br />
prezentacia. adresats ar gaaCnia garantia, rom informaciis gamgzavni<br />
swored is piria, vinc sertifikatSia miTiTebuli. amgvarad aucilebelia<br />
damatebiTi (mesame) piris arseboba, romelic uzrunvelyofs komunikaciis<br />
monawileebis identifikaciisa da teqnikurad usafrTxo garemos Seqmnas.<br />
amgvar subieqtad eleqtronuli komunikaciebSi gamodis cifruli<br />
xelmoweris damamzadebeli (igive cifruli xelmoweris sertifikatis<br />
(mowmobis) gamcemi). am ukanasknels samkuTxedis farglebSi centraluri<br />
adgili ukavia, gansakuTrebiT cifrul xelmoweris namdvilobisa da<br />
teqnikuri gamarTulobis TvalsazrisiT. aRniSnuli aspeqti gansakuTrebiT<br />
mniSvnelovania mesame pirebTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic eleqtronuli<br />
saSualebebiT komunikaciis dros eyrdnobian nebis gamovlenis avtoris<br />
cifruli xelmoweris sertifikats (mowmobas). eleqtronuli komunikaciis<br />
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofaSi sertifikatis gamcemis rolis<br />
xelSekruleba dadebulia sertifikatis gauqmebamde Tu mis Semdeg (gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca<br />
xelSekruleba xangrZlivi vadiTaa dadebuli).<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
gaTvaliswinebiT, es ukanaskneli xSirad moixsenieba rogorc trusted third<br />
person (saimedo mesame piri).<br />
sertifikatis (mowmobis) gamcemis urTierToba xelmoweris mflobelTan<br />
saxelSekrulebo safuZvelzea agebuli. is faqti, rom sertifikatis gamcemi<br />
ar asrulebs mxolod nardobas (sertifikatis gacema da cifruli<br />
xelmoweris damzadebas), da moicavs sertifikatis moqmedebis periodSi<br />
garkveuli momsaxureobis gawevas miuTiTebs, imaze rom saxelSekrulebo<br />
urTierToba am SemTxvevaSi tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT Sereulia da<br />
agebulia ori saxelSekrulebo tipis (nardobisa da davalebis) niSnebis<br />
erTobliobaze.<br />
b. cifruli xelmoweris sertifikatis (mowmobis) mflobeli<br />
pirvel rigSi, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT ori termini „cifruli<br />
xelmoweris mflobeli” da “xelmomweri”. orive cnebis subieqturi<br />
substrati xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs emTxveva. magram garkveul<br />
situaciebSi am ori terminis ukan SeiZleba gansxvavebuli pirebi idgnen.<br />
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, cifruli xelmoweris gamoyeneba ar emyareba<br />
xelmomweris pirovnuli elementis artikulacias. es ukanaskneli cifruli<br />
xelmoweris gamoyenebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli nebis gamovlenis<br />
namdvilobis winapirobas ar warmoadgens. cifruli xelmowerisaTvis<br />
mTavaria misi „dakavSireba“ eleqtronul monacemTan (eleqtronul<br />
dokumentTan), romlis Sesruleba SeuZlia sxva pirs, garda cifruli<br />
xelmoweris mflobelisa. termini „xelmoweris gandoba“, romelic<br />
Cveulebrivi xelmowerisas warmomadgenlobas gulisxmobs, cifruli<br />
xelmoweris SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia sityva-sityviTi mniSvnelobiT<br />
gamoviyenoT. Sesabamisad, cifruli xelmoweris gamoyeneba SeiZleba moxdes<br />
sxva piris mier, romelic am miznisaTvis cifruli xelmoweris mflobelis<br />
mier aris gansazRvruli. garkveulwilad msgavs situacias vawydebiT im<br />
SemTxvevaSi, roca sertifikatis (mowmobis) mflobeli iuridiuli piria.<br />
gamomdinare tradiciuli swavlebidan, es ukanaskneli, warmoadgens ra<br />
fiqtiur da aramaterialur konstruqcias, Tavis nebas axorcielebs<br />
bunebrivi da realuri organizmebis - fizikuri pirebis meSveobiT. amgvari<br />
konstruqcia logikurad moiTxovs ori subieqtis: xelmomwerisa da<br />
sertifikatis (mowmobis) mflobelis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnas. pirvel<br />
SemTxvevaSi, saubaria fizikur pirze, romelic axdens cifruli xelmoweris<br />
logikur dakavSirebas eleqtronul dokumentTan. meore SemTxvevaSi im<br />
pirze, vinc nebis am gamovlenasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebis<br />
matarebelia. msgavseba Cveulebrivi <strong>xelmowera</strong>sTan mimarTebaSi aq SeiZleba<br />
davinaxoT imaSi, rom eleqtronuli xelmoweris gamoyeneba, anu misi<br />
dakavSireba eleqtronul monacemTan (Tundac gansxvavebuli formiT)<br />
mxolod fizikuri piris mier xdeba. mflobelis qveS igulisxmeba fizikuri<br />
piri, iuridiuli piri an saxelmwifo dawesebuleba, romlebic flobs<br />
cifruli xelmoweris sertifikats (mowmobas) (imavdroulad warmoadgens<br />
cifruli xelmoweris sertifikatis (mowmobis) gamcemTan dadebuli<br />
xelSekrulebis mxares). Sesabamisad, cifruli xelmoweris gamoyeneba<br />
SeiZleba moxdes uflebamosili piris asistentis an damxmare personalis<br />
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mier, romlebic uflebamosili piris Sesabamisi nebarTvis safuZvelze<br />
ganaxorcielebs eleqtronuli xelmoweris nebis gamovlenasTan<br />
(garigebasTan) dakavSirebas. amasTan erTad moqmedebs gasabaTilebeli<br />
prezumfcia, rom xelmomwers surda garigebis dadeba arsebuli SinaarsiT<br />
da es ukanaskneli namdvilad Seesabameba mis nebas. Tuki es ase ar aris,<br />
eleqtronulad xelmoweris samarTlebrivi Sedegebi unda Sefasdes<br />
warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb zogadi wesebis mixedviT.<br />
movaleobaTa katalogi, romelic sertifikatis (mowmobis) mflobelisTvisaa<br />
dawesebuli, ZiriTadad gamsWvalulia zogadi „mzrunvelobis<br />
valdebulebiT“ (duty to care) da konkretuli valdebulebebis Sinaarsi<br />
swored aRniSnuli principis imperativiTaa gansazRvruli. aqedan<br />
gamomdinare, xelmomweri valdebulia gamoiCinos gulisxmiereba<br />
eleqtronuli (cifruli) xelmoweris dispoziciis dros da ar dauSvas<br />
daxuruli gasaRebis arasanqcionirebuli gamoyeneba; ar isargeblos<br />
daxuruli gasaRebiT, Tuki misTvis cnobili gaxda gasaRebis<br />
komprometirebis faqti da amis Sesaxeb dauyonebliv acnobos sertifikatis<br />
gamcems; ar gamoiyenos is daxuruli gasaRebi, romlis moqmedeba<br />
SeCerebulia an gauqmebulia. 4 CamoTvlili valdebulebis darRvevis<br />
SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis pirobebi ganisazRvreba samoqalaqo kodeqsis,<br />
kerZod zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb muxlebis mixedviT.<br />
Ex hypothesi SegviZlia warmovidginoT situacia, roca mesame piri<br />
keTilsindisierad daeyrdno cifrulad xelmoweril nebis gamovlenas,<br />
magram es ukanaskneli ar warmoadgens cifruli xelmoweris mflobelis<br />
namdvil nebas (am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba visaubroT „cifruli xelmoweris<br />
qurdobaze“, romelzec kanoni saubrobs, rogorc „cifruli xelmoweris<br />
arasanqcionirebul gamoyenebaze“). Tuki mesame piri aRniSnuli garigebis<br />
baTilobis Sedegad miiRebs garkveul zians, pasuxismgeblobis subieqtis<br />
gansazRvra am SemTxvevaSi ramdenime aspeqtzea damokidebuli, kerZod, aris<br />
Tu ara cnobili is piri, vinc arasanqcionirebulad iyenebda cifrul<br />
<strong>xelmowera</strong>s, an rogoria sertifikatis mflobelis gulmodgineobis xarisxi<br />
sakuTari cifruli xelmoweris dasacavad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ucnobia<br />
xelmoweris arasanqcionirebuli gamomyenebeli, mesame piris alternatiuli<br />
samarTlebrivi saSualebaa amtkicos xelmomweris mier gulisxmierebisa da<br />
saTanado mzrunvelobis valdebulebis darveva da amiT daamtkicos, rom<br />
arsebos mizezobrivi kavSiri valdebulebis daRvevasa da miyenebul zians<br />
Soris.<br />
g. mesame piri<br />
aRniSnuli subieqtis qveS moiazreba yvela is piri, vinc warmoadgens e-<br />
xelmoweriT dadasturebuli nebis gamovlenis pirdapir adresats, an<br />
garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba daeyrdnos eleqtronulad<br />
xelmoweril dokuments.<br />
mesame piri samarTlebrivi pozicia samkuTxedis farglebSi gansxvavebulia,<br />
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi warmoadgens mxolod nebis gamovlenis<br />
mimRebs. misi mdgomareoba statikuria rogorc samarTlebrivi (nebis<br />
4 dawvrilebiT ix. kanonis me-9-e muxlis meore punqti<br />
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gamovlenis namdvilobisaTvis), ise institucionaluri TvalsazrisiT<br />
(monawileobas ar iRebs cifruli xelmoweris infrastruqturaSi).<br />
Sesabamisad, rogorc wesi, mesame piri neitraluria valdebulebebisagan.<br />
misTvis mTavaria, zianis Tavidan acilebis mizniT gonivrulad daeyrdnos<br />
sertifikats (mowmobas), anu Seamowmos misi namdviloba. nebis gamovlenaze<br />
gonivruli dayrdnoba mesame piris mier zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis<br />
aucilebeli winapirobaa.<br />
e-xelmoweris samarTlebrivi aRiareba<br />
e-xelmoweris samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis mizani inter alia mdgomareobs<br />
amgvari xelmoweris iuridiul aRiarebaSi, kerZod misi gamoyenebisas<br />
relevanturi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dakavSirebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
saubaria diskriminaciis akrZalvis principis gamovlinebaze, romlis arsi<br />
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom, sakomunikacio saSualebebi, romlis meSveobiT<br />
“xorci esxmeba” <strong>samarTlis</strong> subieqtebis nebas, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT<br />
misaRebia (ra Tqma unda im pirobiT, rom aRniSnul saSualebebs Cveulebrivi<br />
komunikaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRqmisa da garkveulobis Tvisebebi<br />
gaaCniaT). Sesabamisad, eleqtronuli instrumenti, rogorc Sinagani nebis<br />
manifestaciis an am nebis dadasturebis mediumi, ar SeiZleba daiCagros<br />
mxolod Tavisi teqnikuri (eleqtronuli) bunebis gamo. eleqtronuli<br />
saSualebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebis negacia<br />
gonivrul mizezs unda emyarebodes, (magaliTad teqnikur gaumarTaobas an<br />
saeWvoobas) da amgvari uaryofa ar SeiZleba gamarTldes mxolod im<br />
argumentiT, rom <strong>xelmowera</strong> Tu dokumenti eleqtronuli formiTaa<br />
mocemuli.<br />
e-xelmoweris samarTlebrivi aRiarebis niSnebi jer kidev 1996 wels<br />
miRebul samoqalaqo kodeqsSi SeiZleba inaxos. kerZod, am kodeqsis 69-e<br />
muxlis meore punqtis mixedviT “meqanikuri saSualebebiT aRbeWvda<br />
dasaSvebia iq, sadac es miRebulia Cveulebad”. am winadadebidan a priori e-<br />
xelmoweris zogadi samarTlebrivi aRiareba ar gamomdinareobs. miuxedavad<br />
imisa, rom SesaZlebelia obieqturi interpretaciis gziT amgvar daskvnamde<br />
misvla, sicxadisaTvis upriani iqneboda kanonmdebels aRniSnuli<br />
gaTanabrebis idea mkafiod Camoeyalibebina kanonSi an samoqalaqo kodeqsSi<br />
cvlilebebis/damatebebis Setanis gziT. am TvalsazrisiT, kanonma yuradReba<br />
mxolod cifruli xelmoweris pirad <strong>xelmowera</strong>sTan, xolo eleqtronuli<br />
dokumentis werilobiT dokumentTan gaigivebaze gaamaxvila.<br />
<strong>qarTuli</strong> kanonmdebloba pozitiuri wesiT ar ganmartavs Tu konkretulad<br />
ra igulisxmeba garigebis werilobiT formaSi. amgvari definiciis ar<br />
arsebobis pirobebSi Teleologiuri ganmartebisa da garemoebebis bunebidan<br />
gamomdinare, werilobiT formas sul mcire ori funqcia (niSani) gaaCnia: a)<br />
nebis gamovlenis saimedo materializacia (fiqsaciis funqcia). aRniSnuli<br />
gulisxmobs iseTi mediumis gamoyenebas, romelic moaxdens nebis gamovlenis<br />
Sinaarsis ~daWeras~ mesame pirebisaTvis aRsaqmeli formiT da mis<br />
dafiqsirebas (Senaxvas) relatiurad xangrZlivi periodiT. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
mediumis mier nebis gamovlenis konservaciis unari konstituciuri<br />
xasiaTisaa. Sesabamisad, mxolod iseTi nebis gamovlena, romlis dafiqsireba<br />
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araa SesaZlebeli stabiluri mediumis meSveobiT ar akmayofilebs fiqsaciis<br />
kriteriums (magaliTad, signalebis an sxva enobrivi simboloebis gadacema,<br />
romelic aRqma SesaZlebelia, magram ara misi stabiluri Senaxva). aRniSnul<br />
funqcias tradiciulad asrulebs qaRaldi; b) nebis gamovlenis<br />
auTenTikacia, anu misi personalizacia da garkveul <strong>samarTlis</strong> subieqtTan<br />
dakavSireba Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi Sedegebis matareblis dadgenis<br />
mizniT. aRniSnuli funqciis ganmaxorcielebelia xeliT Sesrulebuli<br />
<strong>xelmowera</strong>, romliTac xelmomweri adasturebs mis nebis gamovlenas. 5<br />
cifruli xelmoweris gaTanabreba pirad <strong>xelmowera</strong>sTan (Sesabamisad<br />
eleqtronuli formis werilobiTi formis substitutad damkvidreba) am<br />
SemTxvevaSi unda daeyrdnos e. w. funqciuri identurobis princips. kerZod,<br />
Tu e-dokuments SeuZlia ganaxorcielos fiqsaciis funqcia igive xarisxiT,<br />
rogorc qaRalds da xolo cifrul <strong>xelmowera</strong>s ZaluZs moaxdinos piris<br />
dadgena iseve warmatebulad, rogorc xeliT Sesrulebul <strong>xelmowera</strong>s,<br />
“diskriminaciis akrZalvis” WrilSi, ar arsebobs formaluri dabrkoleba<br />
eleqtronuli formis werilobiT formasTan gasaTanabreblad.<br />
kanoni am TvalsazrisiT Tavis midgomas ayalibebs mesame muxlSi, romelic<br />
SegviZlia CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad: garigebis werilobiTi forma<br />
daculia, Tu gamoiyeneba sertifikatis an mowmobis safuZvelze Seqmnili<br />
cifruli <strong>xelmowera</strong>. magram, im SemTxvevaSi, roca werilobiT formas<br />
kanonmdebloba moiTxovs, aucilebelia mxolod sertifikatis safuZvelze<br />
damzadebuli cifruli xelmoweris gamoyeneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi<br />
sxvagvarad dadasturebuli e-dokumenti arara garigebad CaiTvleba.<br />
kanonis mixedviT gansxvaveba sertifikatis safuZvelze damzadebul cifrul<br />
<strong>xelmowera</strong>sa da mowmobis safuZvelze damzadebul cifrul <strong>xelmowera</strong>s<br />
Soris mxolod erT aspeqtSi vlindeba: pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelmoweris<br />
damamzadeblad gamodis piri, romelic akreditirebulia akreditaciis<br />
erTiani erovnuli organos mier, maSin roca, meore SemTxvevaSi,<br />
akreditaciis gavla aucilebeli ar aris.<br />
amasTanave, eleqtronuli formis werilobiT formasTan samarTlebriv<br />
gaTanabrebas Tavisi SezRudvebi gaaCnia. kerZod, kanonis me-3-e muxlis me-6-e<br />
punqtis mixedviT werilobiTi formis Canacvleba eleqtronuli formiT<br />
nebismier SemTxvevaSi dauSvebelia valis arsebobis aRiarebis, Tavmdebobis,<br />
samidRemCio rCenisa da anderZis SemTxvevebSi. 6 meores mxriv, kanonis mier<br />
arCeuli midgoma Camoayalibos gamonaklisebi gaTanabrebis principidan<br />
seriozul xarvezs Seicavs. saqme imaSia, rom eleqtronuli formis<br />
gamoricxva ar ukavSirdeba mxolod gamafrTxilebeli funqciis<br />
Seusruleblobas. amgvari SezRudva gamomdinareobs garigebis Sinaarsidan<br />
(bunebidan) an kanonmdeblobis mier gamoyenebuli cnebebidan. magaliTad,<br />
garemoebebis bunebidan nakarnaxevia, rom rigi fasiani qaRaldebi<br />
5<br />
ix. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 69-e muxlis pirveli punqti, romlis mixedviT “martivi<br />
werilobiT formis arsebobisas garigebis namdvilobisaTvis sakmarisia… mxareTa <strong>xelmowera</strong>”.<br />
6 am SemTxvevebSi, eleqtronuli formis gamoricxvis winapirobas warmoadgens e. w. gamafrTxilebeli<br />
funqcia, romelsac tradiciulad ukavSireben werilobiT formas. gamafrTxilebeli funqcia<br />
gamomdinareobs fiqciidan, rom werilobiTi forma icavs xelmomwers naCqarevi gadawyvetilebisagan,<br />
aiZulebas mas yuradRebiT moekidos teqstis Sinaars da misi mowonebis, xelis moweris win kargad<br />
awon-dawonos is samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, romlebic garigebidan SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes.<br />
2009 წ., ირაკლი სოკოლოვსკი, იურისტი www.mkd.ge e-mail: info@mkd.ge
(magaliTad, Ceki an Tamasuqi) SeiZleba Sedges mxolod qaRaldis meSveobiT<br />
da eleqtronuli formis gamoyeneba am SemTxvevaSi gamoricxulia.<br />
analogiurad, kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovna garigebis<br />
notarialuri an sxva oficialuri wesiT damowmebis Sesaxeb avtomaturad<br />
niSnavs imas, rom dokumenti, romelic eqvemdebareba amgvar damowmebas, ar<br />
SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos eleqtronuli formiT, aramed mxolod<br />
qaRaldis meSveobiT. Sesabamisad, dauSvebelia im garigebebis eleqtronuli<br />
formiT ganxorcieleba, romelTa ad validatem damokidebuli sanotaro an<br />
sxva oficialur damowmebaze. Sesabamisad, kanonis is CamonaTvali, romelic<br />
Seicavs srul da amomwurav garigebaTa im CamonaTvals, sadac akrZalulia<br />
e-formis gamoyeneba, sinamdvileSi arasrulia. am SemTxvevaSi,<br />
rekomendirebulia kanonmdebelma zogadi da yovlismomcveli xasiaTis<br />
klauzula (catch all clause) SemoiRos da eleqtronuli formis akrZalva sxva<br />
garigebebzec gaavrcelos.<br />
daskvna<br />
miuxedvad imisa, rom kanonis miReba eleqtronuli saSyalebebis<br />
samarTlebrivi aRiarebis TvalsazrisiT win gadadgmul nabijs warmoadgens,<br />
e-xelmoweris infrastruqturis Camoyalibeba rig damatebiT winapirobebze<br />
damokidebuli. kerZod, sertifikatis safuZvelze damzadebuli cifruli<br />
xelmoweris damzadeba saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia, imis gamo<br />
rom amgvari xelmoweris damamzadeblis Sesabamisi akreditaciis<br />
procedurebi sakanonmdeblo formiT ar aris reglamentirebuli.<br />
Sesabamisad, sertifikatis safuZvelze xelmowerili e-dokumentis<br />
gaTanabrebas werilobiT dokumentTan jerjerobiT mxolod formalur<br />
xasiaTi gaaCnia.<br />
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