Daftar Isi Buku II

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan AtmosferikDAFTAR ISISambutan Rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung ···························· iPrakata- Majelis Guru Besar Institut Teknologi Bandung ············ iiiSambutan-Dewan Editorial ···················································· vDewan Editorial ······························································ viiDaftar Isi ········································································ ixDaftar Tabel ··································································· xviDaftar Gambar ······························································· xixAMANAH ALAMI FISIK BUMI ············································ 1Yang Langgeng Hanya Perubahahan ··········································· 1Perubahan Iklim Global ·························································· 4Antara Bahaya dan Bencana ····················································· 9Aspek Penangananan ··························································· 11Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 13BAB I. BENCANA KEBUMIAN ········································· 15I.1. Gempa Bumi ····························································· 151. Pendahuluan····································································· 152. Gelombang Gempa ························································· 202.1. Gelombang Seismik ······················································ 212.2. Sumber Seismik ··························································· 222.3. Jenis-jenis Gelombang Seismik ········································ 233. Struktur Interior Bumi ························································· 293.1. Pencitraan Tomografi Seismik ········································· 323.2. Struktur Bumi 3D Berdasarkan Tomogram Seismik ················ 344. Analisis Ancaman Gempa ···················································· 37Daftar Isiix

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan Atmosferik4.1. Analisis Hazard Gempa untuk Perhitungan PGA ··················· 384.2. Perambatan Gelombang Gempa dari Batuan Dasar kePermukaan Tanah ······················································· 425. Evaluasi terhadap Peta Hazard Seismik Indonesia ························ 476. Pengantar Pengelolaan Bencana Alam ······································ 48Daftar Pustaka ····································································· 52I.2 Longsor ········································································ 551. Pendahuluan····································································· 551.1. Evaluasi Terrain ·························································· 561.2. Penyelidikan Lapangan ·················································· 581.3. Daerah Rawan Longsor di Indonesia ·································· 592. Indikasi dan Evaluasi Daerah Potensi Longsor ···························· 613. Landasan Teori ································································· 663.1. Pendekatan Analisis Stabilitas Batuan ································ 703.2. Skema penentuan Parameter Kuat Geser Tanah di Laboratorium 724. Pemantauan , Interpretasi dan Usaha-usaha Pencegahan ················· 734.1. Usaha Mengurangi Risiko ··············································· 764.2. Sikap Kesiapsiagaan ····················································· 774.3. Tindakan Penyelamatan ················································· 775. Penutup ·········································································· 78Daftar Pustaka ····································································· 79I.3 Gunung Api dan Mitigasi Bencana Erupsi····························· 801. Pendahuluan····································································· 802. Gunung-Api dan Potensi Bahayanya ········································ 823. Mitigasi Bencana Gunung-Api ··············································· 854. Kesimpulan dan Penutup ······················································ 99Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 100xDaftar Isi

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan AtmosferikI.4. Penurunan Tanah di Wilayah Jakarta: Karakteristik,Penyebab dan Dampaknya ············································· 1041. Pendahuluan··································································· 1042. Jakarta dan Karakteristik Wilayahnya ···································· 1053. Penurunan Tanah dari Metode Sipat Datar ······························· 1084. Penurunan Tanah dari Metoda Survei GPS ······························ 1115. Penurunan Tanah dari Metoda InSAR ···································· 1156. Penyebab Penurunan Tanah di Jakarta ···································· 1187. Dampak Penurunan Tanah ·················································· 1227.1. Dampak Secara Umum ················································ 1227.2. Dampak terhadap Kawasan Pesisir Jakarta ························· 1238. Catatan Penutup ······························································ 127Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 128I.5.Kasus Semburan Lumpur Sidoarjo (SLS) ······························· 1321. Pendahuluan··································································· 1321.1. Latar Belakang ·························································· 1321.2. Tujuan Penulisan ······················································· 1342. Karakteristik Geologi Cekungan Jawa Timur ···························· 1342.1. Tatanan Tektonik Cekungan Jawa Timur ··························· 1352.2. Tektonik Regional ······················································ 1352.3. Tatanan Geologi Struktur·············································· 1372.4. Stratigrafi Regional ···················································· 1373. Beberapa Perubahan Karakteristik Permukaan Maupun BawahPermukaan Sesudah Terjadinya SLS ····································· 1413.1. Perubahan di Permukaan ·············································· 1413.2. Perubahan di bawah Permukaan yang Ditafsirkan dari DataGayaberat Mikro ······················································ 1423.3. Interpretasi Geologis terhadap Formasi yang MemungkinkanMenghasilkan Semburan Lumpur ·································· 145Daftar Isixi

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan Atmosferik3.4. Kegempaan dan Kedudukan Lokasi SLS pada Tomogram dariGelombang Gempa ··················································· 1473.5. Pengaruh Gempa secara Langsung terhadap SLS ················· 1484. Asumsi dan Alternatif untuk Penanggulangan Bencana SemburanLumpur ········································································ 1504.1. Side Well Track ························································· 1514.2. Pemboran Miring (Relief Well) ······································ 1514.3. Bola-bola Beton ························································· 1524.4. Analisis Asal Muasal ··················································· 1524.5. Alternatif Mitigasi SLS ················································ 1545. Penutup ········································································ 154Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 155BAB II. BENCANA KELAUTAN ······································· 157II.1. Fenomena Tsunami, Kajian Bahaya, Kerentanan danRisiko serta Upaya Mitigasinya ····································· 1571. Pendahuluan··································································· 1572. Memahami Tsunami dan Potensi Bencananya ··························· 1582.1. Definisi Tsunami ······················································· 1582.2. Magnitudo dan Intensitas Tsunami ·································· 1592.3. Sumber-sumber Pembangkit Tsunami······························· 1602.3.1. Tsunami yang Dibangkitkan oleh Gempabumi ············ 1602.3.2. Tsunami yang Dibangkitkan oleh Erupsi Gunungapi ····· 1602.3.3. Tsunami yang Dibangkitkan oleh Pergerakan Tanah(Longsoran) ····················································· 1612.3.4. Tsunami yang Dibangkitkan oleh Terjangan Meteor······ 1622.3.5. Tsunami yang Dibangkitkan oleh Ledakan Nuklir ········ 1632.4. Penjalaran Tsunami dan Fenomena Tsunami di Pantai ··········· 1632.4.1. Penjalaran Tsunami ············································ 163xiiDaftar Isi

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan Atmosferik2.4.2. Fenomena Tsunami di Pantai ································· 1652.4.3. Rendaman dan Rayapan Gelombang serta PotensiKerusakan yang Ditimbulkannya ···························· 1663. Bahaya Tsunami di Indonesia ·············································· 1684. Analisis Risiko Bencana Tsunami ········································· 1714.1. Kajian Bahaya Tsunami ··············································· 1724.2. Kajian Kerentanan terhadap Bahaya Tsunami ····················· 1734.3. Analisis Risiko Bencana Tsunami ··································· 1745. Mitigasi Bencana Tsunami·················································· 1746. Upaya-upaya Mitigasi yang telah Dilakukan ···························· 1756.1. Sistem Peringatan Dini Tsunami ····································· 1766.2. Peta Bahaya, Kerentanan dan Risiko Tsunami dan Peta JalurEvakuasi ································································· 1786.3. Workshop, Pelatihan dan Tsunami Drill ···························· 1797. Penutup ········································································ 180Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 181II.2. Gelombang Badai Pasang ·········································· 1821. Pendahuluan··································································· 1821.1. Pentingnya Kajian Gelombang Badai Pasang ······················ 1821.2. Tujuan ···································································· 1851.3. Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan ·········································· 1852. Aspek Meteorologi dan Oseanografi dari Gelombang Badai Pasang 1862.1. Gelombang Badai Pasang (Strorm Tides)··························· 1862.1.1. Badai Tropis ····················································· 1902.1.2. Skala Intensitas dari Siklon ··································· 1942.1.3. Badai Tropis di Indonesia ····································· 1952.2. Dampak Gelombang Badai Pasang ·································· 1972.2.1. Rob ······························································· 197Daftar Isixiii

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan Atmosferik2.2.2. Resonansi Gelombang Panjang (Seiches) ··················· 2003. Kejadian Gelombang Badai Pasang dan Dampaknya di Indonesia ··· 2013.1. Gelombang Badai Pasang di Pantai Selatan Jawa ················· 2013.1.1. Badai Jacob ······················································ 2043.1.2. Lintasan Badai Jacob ··········································· 2053.1.3. Daerah Rawan Bencana Gelombang Badai (StudiKasus: Badai Jacob dan George – Maret 2007)············ 2063.2. Rob di Pantai Utara Jakarta ··········································· 2094. Konsep Mitigasi dan Reduksi Dampak Gelombang Badai Pasang ··· 2135. Penutup ········································································ 215Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 217II. 3. Kenaikan Permukaan Laut ········································ 2191. Pendahuluan··································································· 2191.1. Perubahan Iklim Global ··············································· 2191.2. Perubahan Iklim dan Kenaikan Permukaan Laut ·················· 2202. Perubahan Permukaan Laut ················································· 2222.1. Perubahan Permukaan Laut Jangka Pendek ························ 2242.2. Perubahan Permukaan Laut Jangka Panjang ······················· 2253. Dampak Kenaikan Permukaan Laut ······································· 2273.1. Proyeksi di Waktu Mendatang ········································ 2273.2. Dampak Kenaikan Permukaan Laut terhadap Wilayah Pesisir ·· 2283.3. Kenaikan Permukaan Laut di Perairan Indonesia ·················· 2303.3.1. Dampak Kenaikan Permukaan Laut di Wilayah PesisirJakarta Utara ··················································· 2323.3.2. Dampak Kenaikan Permukaan Laut di KepulauanSeribu ···························································· 2373.4. Analisis Bahaya dan Risiko Rendaman di Wilayah PesisirPulau Lombok ·························································· 239xivDaftar Isi

Mengelola Risiko Bencana di Negara Maritim IndonesiaBencana Kebumian, Kelautan dan Atmosferik3.4.1. Analisis Kenaikan Permukaan Laut Berdasarkan DataPasang Surut ··················································· 2393.4.2. Analisis Kenaikan Permukaan Laut Berdasarkan DataSatelit Altimetri ··············································· 2393.4.3. Analisis Kenaikan Permukaan Laut BerdasarkanModel IPCC ···················································· 2403.4.4. Penentuan Tinggi dan Luas Daerah Rendaman diWilayah Pesisir Pulau Lombok ····························· 2403.4.5. Kerentanan Wilayah Pesisir Pulau Lombok terhadapRendaman ······················································ 2443.4.6. Risiko Rendaman di Wilayah Pesisir Pulau Lombok ····· 2474. Penutup ········································································ 249Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 250BAB III. BENCANA ATMOSFERIK ·································· 2531. Pendahuluan ······························································· 2532. El Nino dan La Nina ······················································ 2613. Banjir ······································································· 2723.1. Pendahuluan ····························································· 2723.2. Penyebab Banjir ························································ 2733.3. Bahaya Banjir di Indonesia ··········································· 2763.4. Pengendalian Banjir ···················································· 2783.5. Pengendalian Banjir di Indonesia ···································· 2814. Kekeringan ···································································· 2905. Penerapan Teknologi Informasi dalam Penanganan MasalahBanjir dan Kekeringan ······················································ 3035.1. Remote Sensing dan GIS ·············································· 3035.2. Prediksi Cuaca ·························································· 312Daftar Pustaka ··································································· 313Daftar Isixv