YDK 947

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisada eTnologiisinstitutiIVANE JAVAKHISHVILI INSTITUTE OFHISTORY AND ETHNOLOGYistoriul-eTnologiuriZiebaniXIVSTUDIES IN HISTORY ANDETHNOLOGYTbilisi – 2012Tbilisi – 20123

UDC 39(=353.1)+94(479.22)(082) i885ISSN 1512-2727istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis warmodgenili XIV nomeri,wina gamocemebis msgavsad eZRvneba saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnologiissakiTxebs. krebuli gankuTvnilia saqarTvelos istoriisada eTnologiis mkvlevarTaTvis da mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis.redaqtori:xaTuna ioselianiistoriis doqtorisaredaqcio kolegia:avTandil sonRulaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesorilavrenti janiaSviliistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorirusudan labaZeistoriis doqtorimedea gogolaZeistoriis doqtorirecenzenti: gela saiTiZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesoriEditor in chief: Doctor of HistoryKhatuna IoselianiEditorial board:Doctor of History Avtandil SonghulashviliDoctor of History Lavrenti JaniashviliDoctor of History Rusudan LabadzeDoctor of History Medea GogoladzeReviewer: Gela Saitidze Doctor of Historykompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: leila xurcia© gamocemulia avtorTa xarjiT4

edaqtorisgan“istoriul-eTnologiuri Ziebanis” XIV tomi,wina gamocemebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovan sakiTxebTandakavSirebul kvlevebs moicavs. krebulSi warmodgeniliarogorc fundamenturi samecniero kvlevebi,ise polemikuri xasiaTis naSromebi. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom bolo gamocemebSi, Seqmnili viTarebisa da gamo,axal tradicias Caeyara safuZveli _ krebulSi sistematuradibeWdeba naSromebi, sadac argumentirebulipasuxebia gacemuli saqarTvelos istoriis gayalbebismcdelobebze, rasac mizanmimarTulad axorcielebenkonfliqturi regionebis warmomadgenelitendenciuri “mkvlevrebi” da maTi mxardamWeri, ruseTissamecniero sazogadoebis zogierTi warmomadgeneli.es weli, samwuxaro danaklisiT aRiniSna qar-Tuli samecniero sazogadoebisTvis. Cven davkargeThumanitaruli dargebis cnobili mkvlevrebi daCveni institutis TanamSromlebi julieta ruxaZe,neli bregaZe, geronti gasviani, Tamaz beraZe. isiniara mxolod kargi mecnierebi, aramed samSoblosgulmxurvale moyvarulebi da SesaniSnavi kolegebiiyvnen.krebulSi kidev mravali sxva Tematikis SemcvelinaSromia gamoqveynebuli, rac uciloblad daainteresebsqarTveluri dargebis mkvlevar samecnierosazogadoebas.3

samxedro etiketis sakiTxebixaTuna ioselianisamxedro xelovnebis kvlevas yvela eris toriisTvisdidi mniSvneloba gaaCnia. Tu eris istoriaZiriTadad iwereba misi politikuri, socialekonomikurida kulturuli sferoebis monacemebismixedviT, samxedro xelovneba (Tavisi sxvadasxvaaspeqtebiT) yvela epoqaSi, am sferoebis ZiriTadiSemadgeneli nawilia. samxedro xelovnebis, samxedromoRvaweebis, laSqrisa da omebis gareSe, armimdinareobda arcerTi politikuri movlena, arxdeboda qveynis gaZliereba, misi gasvla saerTa-Soriso politikur arenaze, miTumetes, myari daangariSgasawevi adgilis damkvidreba. araTu SuasaukuneebSi,dResac ki, mniSvnelovani politikurigadawyvetilebebi, aSkarad an farulad, samxedroelitis monawileobiT miiReba.qarTuli samxedro istoriis Sesaxeb interesibolo xanebSi ufro gaZlierda, Tumca misi kvlevisprecendentebi adrec gvxvdeba. pirveli mkvlevari,vinc mecnierulad ganixilavs qarTuli laSqrissakiTxebs, kerZod, mis sabrZolo wyobas, sadro-Soebs, maT Semadgenlobas da a.S. gaxlavT qarTulihumanitaruli mecnierebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,vaxuSti bagrationi.4

XX saukunis dasawyisidan aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmiinteresi matulobs da ibeWdeba sxvadasxvagamokvlevebi (i. gedevaniSvili, l. garsiaSvili,i. SaiSmelaSvili, T. dadeSqeliani, a. klimiaSvili...);Semdgom periodSi isev grZeldeba kvleva sxvadasxvakuTxiT (q. CxataraiSvili, g. akofaSvili, k. ColoyaSvili,a. jorjaZe, g. anCabaZe, x. ioseliani dasxv.).gansakuTrebiT nayofierad sabrZolo iaraRebisarqeologiuri eqsponatebis kvleva mimdinareobda,ramac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelosteritoriaze gavrcelebuli iaraRebis sakmaodnaTeli suraTis Seqmna gaxada SesaZlebeli (l. saxarova,k. ficxelauri, a. kaxiZe, m. kvirtaia, S. Car-Tolani, g. gamyreliZe...).rac Seexeba wyaroebs, unda aRiniSnos rom specifikuriTvalsazrisiT, arc Tu ise mdidariaqarTuli saistorio mwerloba. miuxedavad imisa,rom ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro `qarTlis cxovreba~TiTqmis omebis istoriaa, masSi naklebad mogvepovebacnobebi omis warmoebis, sabrZolo xelovnebisa damiT umetes samxedro etiketis Sesaxeb. monacemebi,romelze dayrdnobiTac am sakiTxis met-naklebadSeswavlaa SesaZlebeli, ZiriTadad, samarTlisZeglebsa da ramdenime istoriul wyaroSia gabneuli.garkveuli masalis moZieba SesaZlebelia leqsikologiurnaSromebSi da literaturul wyaroebSi. ammxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve folklori, sadacSemonaxulia unikaluri informacia xalxuri tradi-5

ciebisa da brZolis warmoebis, orTabrZolebisa darac mTavaria, dapirispirebuli mxareebis urTierTdamokidebulebisSesaxeb, sadac kargad Cans rogorcqarTuli, ise saerTo kavkasiuri mentaliteti.samxedro etiketis sakiTxebidan, yuradRebas gavamaxvilebTmefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSi umaRlesisamxedro pirebis monawileobaze, sadac dawvrilebiTiyo TiToeuli detali gaTvaliswinebuli, da omSimeomris qcevis im wesebze, rac qarTul samarTalSimuxlobrivad iyo gawerili.mefed kurTxevis ceremonia saeklesio da saeroritualis erTobliobas warmoadgenda, romelSicorive fenis umaRlesi pirebi monawileobdnen. TukaTolikosi mefes gvirgvins adgamda da amiT RvTisganxeldasxma da kurTxeva gamoixateboda, samxedropiri (an samxedro sferos wamyvani didgvarovnebi)xmals abamdnen (gadascemdnen) mefes, rac amqveyniuriZalauflebis da mTavarsardlobis miRebas niSnavda.qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi mefed kurTxevisceremoniis Sesaxeb sakmaod mdidari cnobebia Semonaxuli.wyaroebidan naTlad Cans, Tu raodenskurpulozurad iyo gawerili TiToeuli detali amritualisa da ramdenad didi yuradReba eqceoda mistradiciuli wesisa da rigis mixedviT Catarebas.ZiriTadi saistorio wyaro, romelic detaluradmogviTxrobs “mefed kurTxevis” wesis Sesaxeb,aris XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi nusxa xucuriT gadawerilixelnaweri. aRniSnuli teqstis Sedgenisdrod mecnierTa mier XIII saukunea miCneuli6

(s. kakabaZe, i. javaxiSvili ...) am xelnaweris erTerTiTavi “wesi da gangeba mefeT kurTxevisa”eZRvneba swored CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxs. gardaamisa, mefed kurTxevis wesis rig sakiTxebTan dakav-SirebiT cnobebi gxvdeba “qarTlis cxovrebasa” dasxva saistorio wyaroebSi.mefed kurTxevis wess, qarTul samefo karze,Cans bevri cvlileba ganucdia, rasac politikurida social-ekonomikuri mizezebi ganapirobebdnen.Tumca, Cveni kvlevis sagans mxolod am ceremoniaSisamxedro pirebis monawileobisa da rolis ganxilvawarmoadgens.wyaroTa monacemebis Tanaxmad, mefes jer gvirgvinsdaadgamdnen, Semdeg xmals Semoartyamdnen. ammisias Tavdapirvelad asrulebdnen quTaTeli mTavarepiskoposida “lixTimereli didgvarovnebi”, Semdgomgvirgvinis damdgmelad qarTlis kaTolikospatriarqigvevlineba, xolo xmlis Semomrtymelad_ amirspasalari. es cvlilebebi samefo karze Tamarismefobis Semdeg Cans momxdari [12,154]. Tumca,CvenTvis mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom am ceremonialSixmlis gadacema aucilebel elements Seadgenda,miuxedavad imisa, vin Seasrulebda mas _ samefokarze wamyvani mdgomareobis mqone didgvarovnebi,Tu amirspasalari.mefed kurTxevis Sesaxeb pirveli cnoba, romelicmogvepoveba, giorgi II-s Seexeba, sadac mSraladaanaTqvami, rom “moiyvanes saydarsa ruissa daakurTxes mefed” [5, 304]. aq araviTari aRweriloba7

ar gvxvdeba. ufro srulia daviT aRmaSeneblis mierTavisi vaJis, demetres Tanamosaydred dasmis amsaxvelicnoba, saidanac Cans, rom daviTma mTlianadTavis Tavze aiRo mefed kurTxevis ritualis yvelakomponentis Sesruleba: Tavisi xeliT daadga gvirgvini,rac saeklesio kurTxevas niSnavs da Seartyamaxvili, rogorc mTavar-sardalma: “TХsiTa xeliTadasua saydarTa TХsTa Ze TХsi dimitri... daadgaTavsa mSveniersa gХrgХni qvaTagan patiosanTa... daSeartya welTa ZlierTa maxХili, eha, rabam sХanadxmarebuli da Semosa porfiri mklavTa lomebrTa datansa axovansa” [1, 363].aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTidetali: Tanamosaydred dasmis Semdeg, magaliTad Tamarmefes, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis mere mouwia xelmeoredmefed kurTxeva, rasac gvamcnobs qarTlis cxovreba.demetre I-Tan dakavSirebiT aseTi cnoba arsad argvxvdeba. gamonaklisia saqarTveloSi erTaderTi, unikalurifreska, svaneTSi, sofel latalSi mdebare “macxvariSis”eklesiisa, sadac gamosaxulia demetre I-ismefed kurTxevis ceremonia. demetre I-s Tavzegvirgvins adgams angelozi, xolo xmals abamen dasavleTsaqarTvelos didgvarovnebi, maT Soris vardanis-Ze,svaneTis erisTavi. es eklesia demetres gamefebidan15 wlis Semdeg _ 1140 welsaa moxatuli(TariRi freskasTanaa miTiTebuli). aq aqcenti gadataniliamefed kurTxevis dros “xmlis Semortymis”mniSvnelobaze, rac cxadia gasakviri ar unda iyos, vinaidanes freska svaneTSi gvxvdeba, aq, logikurad xaz-8

gasmuli unda iyos suanTa erisTavis roli mefedkurTxevis ceremoniaSi, rasac adasturebs kidevacfreskasTan arsebuli warwera: “demetre mefesa вrmalsaabmen daviTisas, erisTavni” [10, 77].sayuradReboa, rom am freskas yuradReba mxolodimitom eqceoda, rom erTaderTia saqarTveloSi,sadac mefed kurTxevis scenaa gamosaxuli daaravis SeumCnevia mTavari _ es freska, Tavisi warweriTurT,garkveulwilad TiTqos movlenaTa konteqstidanaaamovardnili. demetre I Tanamo-saydreddaisva da mefed akurTxa daviT aRma-Senebelma, rogorcmogviTxrobs daviTis istorikosi. amis Semdeg,demetre I-is xelmeored kurTxevis Sesaxeb, arcerTwyaroSi ar gvxvdeba informacia.Cveni azriT, es faqti SesaZlebelia im rTulimovlenebis amsaxveli iyos, romelic demetre I-ismefobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da burusiTaa moculi.araa gamoricxuli, rom konfliqtebis Sedegad demetreI-s dasWirda xelmeored mefed kurTxevatradiciuli wesiT _ “SvidTa samefoTa” didebulebisada spaTa mier, raTa meti, an sruli legitimaciamieca Tavisi mefobisTvis, da ris Sesaxebacarafers gvamcnoben qarTuli wyaroebi. winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi, anu misi nebisa da aucilebeli viTarebisararsebobisas, veravin gamosaxavda eklesiaSifreskaze mefed kurTxevis amsaxvel Secvlil versias.SedarebiT sruladaa mocemuli Tamaris mefedkurTxevis aRweriloba. pirvelis, roca is Ta-9

namosaydred daiyena giorgi III-m, ufro lakonuria.xolo meored kurTxeva ufro dawvrilebiT arisaRwerili. giorgi III-m “... mefe yo Tamar Tanadgomi-Ta yovelTa patriarqTa da ebizkoposTa, didebulTaimierTa da amierTa, vazirTa da spasalarTa da spaspetTa...daadga gХrgХni oqrosa Tavsa missa, oqrosamis ofazisa, aRkmuli iakinTiTa, zmirTa da smaragdoTamier” [2, 21]. aq saerTod araa naxsenebi xmlis“gadacemis” faqti, Tumca samxedro pirebi da didgvarovnebiCamoTvlilebi arian, rogorc Tanamdgomni,anu aqtiuri monawileni da mxardamWerni. giorgi IIIisgardacvalebis Semdeg, samefos didebulebma, “SemyrelTaSХidTave amis samefosa meTqu-metyueTahkadres” da Tamars moTxoves wesisa da rigis mixedviTmefed kurTxeva. maTi TqmiT, es ceremoniapirvelad ar iyo srulyofilad Catarebuli. amisSemdeg sruldeba Tamaris mefed kurTxeva tradiciuli,sruli ceremoniiT. aq isev ikveTeba politikuriviTarebis sxvadasxva peripetiebi, razec yuradRebasar gavamaxvilebT. cxadia, rom miuxedavad Tanamosa-ydreobisa,samefos didebulebma, moiTxovesmefed dasmis iseTi wesis aRsruleba, sadac maTi mona-wileobagamokveTili iyo. “aRmyvanelTa saydarTada sajdomTa mamapapeulTa aRsues mze igi mzeTa...vinaTgan lixT-imeriTgan iyo wesi dadgmadgХrgХnisa Tavsa sameufosa, awХes monazoni Rirsida madlSemosili, mTavarepiskoposi quTaTeli antonisaRiris-Ze, miRebad gХrgХnisa, da calis-kerZisakaxaberi, erisTavi raWisa da Takuerisa, da srul-10

yves moвeleTa sХanTa da didebulTa vardanis-ZeTa,saRiris-ZeTa da amanelis-ZeTa moReba da dadebaвrmlisa... Tayuanisces, daloces da adides spaTaSvidsave samefosaTa” [2, 26-27].ganxiluli monacemebidan Cans, Tu ramdenad didimniSvneloba hqonda mefis legitimaciisTvis kur-Txevis srulyofil ceremonias, rac mravali komponentisganSedgeboda. swored am kuTxiT aris mniSvnelovaniXIII saukunis werilobiTi wyaro, romel-Sic dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili mefed kurTxevis yvelaniuansi.amrigad, mivyveT wyaros monacemebs: mefed kurTxeviswina Rames, mTavarepiskoposi samefo niSnebs(garda xmlisa) eklesiaSi miitanda da trapezzedaalagebda. im Rames locvaSi aTenebdnen eklesiaSimRvdelmsaxurebi da TviTon samefod gamzadebulipiric [6, 5].diliT, samefo sasaxleSi “juarismtvirTveli”mTavardiakvanTan erTad “Zeli cxovels” miubrZanebdamefes, Tayvans scemda da dalocavda. mas amdros axldnen umaRlesi samxedro pirebi, romelnicmonawileobdnen am ritualSi: jvarismtvirTveliTavmodrekili dalocavda mefes: “gakurTxen wmidaoda TviTmpyrobelo mefeo, mravalca arian welni mefobisaTqvenisani”, mere “sruliad laSqarTa Tqvan”[6, 5]. anu, jvrismtvirTvelis locvas “laS-qari”uerTdeba, metic, maT jvrismtvirTveli iseve TavmodrekilimimarTavs, rogorc mefes. cxadia, samefopalataSi laSqari ver iqneboda moTavsebuli da aq11

samxedro elita unda igulisxmebodes. niSandoblivia,rom mefis mere jvrismtvirTveli swored samxedropirebs ulocavs mefis kurTxevas: “Tqvencagixaroden Zlierno da uZlevelno da damamxobelnomterTa samefoTano. Jami ars winamdebrisa saqmisaaRsrulebad” [6, 5].ivane javaxiSvili am cnobaze Semdeg komentarsakeTebs: “Tav-modrekiloba, mimarTvis formula da Sinaarsisruli ueWvelobiT amtkiceben, rom mefeTa kurTxeviswesi “laSqarT” “TviTmpyrobeli” mefis Tanasworpativs akuTvnebda da erTi da imave mowiwebiT epyroboda”[12, 156].amis Semdeg mTeli amala eklesiisken gaemarTeboda.am msvlelobaSi mTavari roli da adgili samxedropirebsa da atributikas ekuTvnis. mefes winmiuZRvis zari, Semdeg droSa da Subi, saxelmwifossamxedro Zlierebis simboloebi. Semdeg midisjvrismtvirTveli “Zeli cxovrebisaTi”, Semdeg “mefeda laSqarni”. mefes marjvena mxares mihyveba xmal-Semortymuli amirspasalari, amilaxvari da mejinebeTuxucesi,aseve xmalSemortymulebi. anu, mTavaripozicia _ mefis marjvena mxare, samxedro sferoswarmomadgenlebs uWiravT. amirspasalars xelSi mefisTvisSemosartymeli xmali ukavia: “da samefoвrmli orTve вlTa zeda etvirTos” [kur. 6]. danarCenebi,anu saxelmwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sfe-roebiswarmomadgenlebi, mefes marcxena mxridan mihyvebian[6, 6].12

sainteresoa erTi detali: mefes ukan mihyvebian“ezoTuxucesi, CuxCarexi, meabjreTuxucesi”, romel-Tac miaqvT samefo “fari, laxti da qarqaSi” [6, 6].Cven ar SegviZlia vivaraudoT, im dros fari,odnav Tu mainc atarebda “saxelmwifo niSnis, anugerbis” funqcias. Tumca is faqti, rom laxtTan daqarqaSTan erTad mas mefis ukan miabrZaneben, SesaZlebeliaar gamoricxavdes faris rogorc ara mxolodTavdasacavi iaraRis funqcias. aseve sainteresoa,rom amirspasalars, rogorc Cans, “SiS-veli”,anu uqarqaSo xmali uWiravs xelT, vinaidan qarqaSimefis ukan mimyolT miaqvT.niSandoblivia, rom samefo xmali, rogorc saxelmwifosZlierebis da mefis mTavarsardlobis simbolo,am SemTxvevaSi “Zeli cxovrebis” Tanabrad gvevlineba,eklesiaSi Sesulebs jvrismtvirTveli amirspasalarsxmals gamoarTmevs da sakurTxevelSi Seitans: “gamou-Ros jvrismtvirTvelman amirspasalars samefo вmalida sakurTxevlis Sina Zelsa cxovrebissa miyrdnobilidadvas”, xolo samefo droSa da Subi sakurTxevliskarebis iqeT-aqeT Tavsdeba: “da droSa da Subi sakurTxevlisakars emWirnen imr da amr” [6, 6].saeklesio ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, racmTeli rigi komponentebisgan Sedgeba, mefes daadgamengvirgvins. mTeli es procesi sagaloblebisfonze mimdinareobs, gvirgvinis dadgmisas ki “mravalJamiers”igalobeben: “mravalJmeul hyven RmerTomefeT Cveni (saxeliT) mravalJmeul hyven”. amis Semdegmefes, sakurTxevlis karebidan gamosvlisas13

amirspasalari xmals Semoartyams: “amirspasalarmanвmali Seartyas” [6, 8].sasaxleSi misvlis Semdeg, mefes taxtze ka-Talikozi da jvrismtvirTveli unda Sehyolodnen.Tumca maleve samxedro pirebis milocva “laSqarTaTayuaniscema da ZRuenis Sewirva” iwyeboda da kaTalikozida jvrismtvirTveli mefes marto tovebdnensamxedro pirebTan.mefed kurTxevasTan dakavSirebuli zeimi da purobasami dRe grZeldeboda. am periodSi ki mefe,Semosili Tavisi samefo regaliebiT, taxtze ijdada ise iRebda mimlocvelebs.amdenad, samxedro sferos warmomadgenlebs, rogorcqveynis usafrTxoebis da Zlierebis garants,umniSvnelovanesi roli eWiraT mefed kurTxevis ceremoniaSic.gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti,rom samefo xmali umTavres religiur simbolosTan“Zeli cxovrebisasTan” iyo gaTanabrebuli. es albaTmeti simbolizmis matarebelia da Cveni azriT,“RvTismier, jvrismier kurTxeul xmals” unda niSnavdes,rac SesaZlebelia ara mxolod gamarjvebisideiis matarebeli, aramed ufro Sors mimavali, Suasaukuneebissaraindo misteriebSi dafaruli ideisgamoxatuleba iyos. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom “maxvilida xmali bizantiaSi samefo niSnebad ar iyo miCneuli,dasavleT evropaSi _ ki, saxeldobr, safrangeTSida britaniaSi xmal-maxvili samefo samkaulisaucilebel kuTvnilebad iTvleboda. am mxriv maSasadamemaSindeli saqarTvelo dasavleT evropas ufro uaxlov-14

deboda, vidre mezobelsa da misabaZavad miCneuls bizantias”[12, 158].saqarTveloSi samxedro kulturis maRal donezeganviTarebis Sesaxeb, garda zemoT ganxiluliwyaroebisa, metyvelebs agreTve qarTuli samarTlisZeglebis monacemebi, sadac muxlobrivadaa gaweriliomis dros aucilebeli qcevis normebi. es arcaa gasakviri_ qveyana, romelic marad saomar mdgomareobaSiimyofeboda, realurad da samarTlianadafasebda brZolis dros, rogorc sakuTar, isemtris mdgomareobas. amitomac, kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli,rogori qmedebis ufleba hqonda brZolisvelze meomars.am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoavaxtang VI-is samarTali, vinaidan masSi muxlobrivadaaCamoyalibebuli brZolis velze qceviswesebi.samarTalSi dafiqsirebuli 178-e muxli, brZolisvelze mopovebuli qonebis kuTvnilebas gansazRvravs:`laSqarSi danarCunebulis kacsa daiaraRze irCodnen~. misi sruli versia mxolodquTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi dacul201 xelnawerSia warmodgenili. es muxli sainteresoaimdenad, rom fasdaudebel cnobebs SeicavsomSi moklul mtris mimarT moqcevis wesebisSesaxebac. aq dawvrilebiTaa mocemuli Tu vis rCebamoklulis an datyvevebulis iaraRi, cxeni datanisamosi. amave sakiTxs eZRvneba samarTlis 254-emuxli, sadac gawerilia omSi moklulis, daWrilis,15

an tyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba. yovelive esmetyvelebs Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba eniWebodabrZolis dros qmedebebsa da wesebs. moklulisa datyved ayvanilisadmi damokidebuleba kanoniT iyogansazRvruli da mas veravin ver daarRvevda (Tuarada “kanoni aqvs”, anu kanoniT daisjeboda). `Tukacman kaci dainarCunos cocxali, Tu an moklas,misi cxeni, iaraRi, tanisamosi damnarCuneblisa aris;jaWvi, zuCi, muzaradi da amgvari xelmwifisa aris,Tvali Tu margaliti~. amasTanave, `moklul kacsveravin ver edaveba momkvlels da da vercgauZarcvis~ [8, 525]. anu mokluli da misi aRWurvilobaukve meomris sakuTrebad iTvleboda da massxva xels ver axlebda.im SemTxvevaSi Tu meomari Tavis mokluls argaZarcvavda da isev gaagrZelebda brZolas, SeeZlovinmesTvis eTqva, es me movkali da Sen mixede misaRWurvilobaso, magram misTvis garkveuli wili undamieca: `da Tu man ar indoma gaZarcva da isev mtersasdevs, da sxvas uTxra eg kaci me movkali da SengaZarcveo, imasac cota wili uc mis naZarcvSi misikarkacobiT~ [8, 526].Tu meomari Tavis mier mokluls yuradRebas armiaqcevda, arc arvis miabarebda da brZolas gaagrZelebda,maSin is mokluli visac darCeboda, imisiiqneboda alafic.Tu mokluli an daWrili sacilaod gaxdebodamebrZolebs Soris, maSin es saqme mowmis TqmiTgadawydeboda. xolo visac darCeboda mokluli, imas16

mowmisTvis yvelaze saukeTeso iaraRi unda mieca:èrTi, romelic ukeTesi iaraRi hqondes, mowmobisgulisTvis misces~ [8, 545]. aRbuRas samarTlismixedviTac Tu omSi datyvevebuli an mokluli(darCenili) kacis abjari da cxeni sacilao gaxdeboda,mowmis da ficis meSveobiT unda garkveuliyo:“Tu omsa Sigan darCenilsa kacsa da missa abjarsazeda icilebodnen, rasaca abjarsa zeda nakraviaCndes, da anu cxensa, mas marTebs. asse rome igidarCenili kacica gaikiTxon ficiTa” [7, 460-461]CvenTvis, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa 178-e muxlisis nawili, sadac moklulisadmi qcevis garkveuliakrZalvebia mocemuli: àgreve mokluls kacs arasgziTnifxavi da perangi ar gaecrcvebis da nurcavinÃels miyofs, Tvara kanoni aqvs da Tu vinmemikadros amisi qna, maTi ufrosi nu aqnevinebs~ [8,526]. `brZolaSi Sina romelic kaci mokudes,abjrisgan kide tansacmelsa da nifxav-perangsa,nuvin moÃdis. krul, wyeul da SeCvenebul iyavRvTisa piriTa~ [4, 471].amgvarad, Cans, rom mokluli mtrisadmi qcevasacTavisi wesi gaaCnda, rac kanoniT iyo gansaz-Rvruli, ar SeiZleboda moklulis Seuracxyofa damisi gaSiSvleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi CamdenikanoniT daisjeboda.vaxtang VI-is samarTalSi aseve gawerilia omSinaSovni alafis ganawilebis wesebi. Cans, rom omisdros mopovebuli qonebis saukeTeso da umetesinawili mefes ekuTvnoda. 255-e muxlis mixedviT, Tu17

xelmwife eswreboda brZolas alafidan saukeTesoda mexuTedi nawili misi iyo, Tu ar iyo monawile,mexuTedi alafisa mainc mas ekuTvnoda: `Tu anTareSobiT naSovni iyos, Tu xelmwife iq brZanebda,romelic eprianeba, imasac miarToms da fanjiaksacaiRebs, Tu ar brZandeba fanjiaks mainc aiRebs~ [8,546] (fanjiaki _ mexuTedi; amave gamocemis Tanadar-Tuli leqsikoni, gv. 768).im SemTxvevaSi Tu saTareSod erTad wavidnenmeomrebi da maTgan romelime carieli darCeba, sxvebivaldebulni arian mas nadavli gauyon: àmxanagSijeT Tu garigdnen, piroba misces erTmanerTs,romelic amxanagi sul carieli darCes, wils verdaaklebs~ [8, 546]. amave dros wilis umetesi, meaTedinawili, anu `sacxenmalo~ qonebis mSovnelsekuTvnoda [8, 546].sainteresoa am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT somxurisamarTlis wesebi. xiTar goSis samarTlis mixedviTTu `laSqari da Tavadi xelmwifis brZanebiTwavidnen rasac alags dasarbevelad, rac iq iSovnon,naxevari xelmwifis aris, naxevari TavadTa dajarTa~ [9, 387]. im SemTxvevaSi ki `Tu TavisTavadwasuliyvnen, ori wili naSovnisa _ TavadTa dajarTa da erTi wili xelmwifesa miarTvan~ [9, 387].rac Seexeba omSi naSovn qonebas, somxuri samarTlismixedviT, is Semdegnairad nawildeboda:òmSi naSovni oqro, Tvali, mZime zarbazi (oqroqsovili)vinc iSovos, xelmwifis wilia, mar-18

galiti da vercxli Tavadebis aris da sxva raginda ra naSovari jarisa aris~ [9, 388].omSi datyvevebuli kacis da misi aRWurvilobisganawileba somxuri samarTliT, qarTulisagan gansxvavebuliwesiT xdeboda, aq tyve, misi jaWvi damuzaradi mefes ekuvnoda, xolo iaraRi, cxeni datanisamosi _ damtyvevebels: `molaSqre kacman omSivinc dainarCunos kaci, darComilis kacis iaraRi,tanisamosi, cxeni vinc dainarCunos misi iyos dakaci, jaWvi da muzaradi xelmwifis miarTvan~ [9,388].amrigad, saxelmwifo samarTali omSi qcevis ZiriTadadramdenime aspeqts aregulirebs:1. mopovebuli nadavlis ganawilebas, saidanacZiriTadi wili mefes ekuTvnis, miuxedavad imisa, monawileobsTu ara is aRniSnul samxedro operaciaSi.qarTulisgan gansxvavebiT, somxuri samarTlis mixedviT,meti wili mefes ekuTvnis.2. datyvevebuli meomris da misi aRWurvilobiskuTvnilobis sakiTxs _ mefes aqac wili udevs _abjari mefisa iyo, tyve, cxeni, tanisamosi da sxva_ damtyveveblisa. somxuri samarTlis mixedviT kityvec mefes ekuTvnoda; aqvea daregulirebuli moklulisaRWurvilobis cilaobis viTareba, amSemTxvevaSi mowmis sityviT gadawydeboda, visekuTvnoda darCenili qoneba.3. mokluli mtrisadmi damokidebulebas _ kanoniTikrZaleboda misi tanisamosisgan ganZarcva;19

garda kanonisa, am qmedebis Camdeni eklesiisgan dawyevliliciyo.garda oficialuri kanonmdeblobisa, brZolisada mowinaaRmdegesTan urTierTobas xalxuri tradiciebicagvarebda. arsebobda dauwereli kanoni, racmtrisadmi, anu Rirseuli mowinaaRmdegisadmi pativiscemasgulisxmobda. amis damadasturebeli magali-TebiT savsea qarTuli folklori. ar SeiZlebodamokluli mtris gaSiSvleba, damaxinjeba, “miwiszemoT”, anu daumarxavad datoveba.sainteresoa, rom ZiriTadi brZolis win zogjerwesad yofila meTaurTa, an msurvelTa Serkineba.zogjer brolis bedi am Serkinebis Sedegzec-ki iyodamokidebuli [3, 345]. erTi svanuri leqsis mixedviT,sadac aseTi brZolaa asaxuli, “TaTari” pirvelisrolis uflebas moiTxovs _ Soridan movdivar dadaRlili varo. misi es piroba ki uyoymanod sruldeba[11, 156-157].erTaderTi kuTxe saqarTveloSi xevsureTia, sadacmokluli mtrisTvis xelis mtevnis mokveTiswesi arsebobda. am mtevans xevsuri saxlis banzehkidebda. es wesi, Cveni azriT, ar niSnavs moklulimtris Seuracxyofas, aramed is xevsurTa saiqiocxovrebaze warmodgenas ukavSirdeba. xevsurisSexedulebiT, gardacvalebis Semdeg cxovreba isevegrZeldeboda, rogorc am qveyanas iyo. mas iqac isevesWirdeba iaraRi da yvela sxva nivTi, rogorcsamzeoze, raTa icxovros da mtersac gaumklavdes.momakvdav mamakac xevsurs: “misi axlobeli vinckia,20

xmalze sanTels daukravs da marjvena xelSimiscems. xmlis micemisas etyvis: “SenTvisSemoseulsa Sens xmliTamca iSoreb”. xevsurixmlosania da iqac iaraRiani unda iyos” [12, 233].swored amitom, xevsurs im qveyanaSi kidev romSexvdes mis mier mokluli mteri, mas mklavi mokveTilieqneba da xmals veRar gamoiyenebs. amdenad,xevsuri, ase vTqvaT, Tadarigs iWers, rom erTxeldamarcxebuli mteri, misTvis aRar gaxdes saSiSi.zemoT ganxiluli masalebidan Cans, Tu raodenmniSvnelovani roli eniWeboda samxedro fenas damaT moqmedebas saqarTveloSi; isini iyvnen privilegirebulifena, magram miuxedavad amisa, maTi qcevisnormebi kanonmdeblobiT mkacrad iyo gansazRvruli,rasac emateboda xalxuri, dauwereli samarTlisnormebi. umTavresi daskvna aseTia: samxedro saqmisaseTi privilegirebuloba da TiTqmis yovlismomcveloba,saqarTvelos rTuli geopolitikuri viTarebiTaaganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba kanonmdeblobiTda xalxuri samarTliT mkacrad gansazRvrulnormebs _ saqarTvelos, rogorc maRali kulturismqone da kanonmdeblobiT sferoSi ganviTarebuliqveynis Sesaxeb metyvelebs.21

literatura1. daviTis istorikosi, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 1955.2. istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani, “qarTliscxovreba”, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadixelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II,Tb., 1959.3. x. ioseliani, samxedro saqmis istoriidan svaneTSi,“istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani”, IV, Tb., 2002.4. kanonikuri samarTali, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikonidaurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.5. matiane qarTlisa, “qarTlis cxovreba”, teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I, Tb., 19556. mefis kurTxevis wesi, me-XIII sauk. dasawyissSedgenili, sargis kakabaZe, tf., 1913.7. samarTali aRbuRasi, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi,t. I, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikonidaurTo prof. i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.8. samarTali batoniSvilisa vaxtangisa, qarTulisamarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebi gamosca,gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof. i.doliZem, Tb., 1963.9. samarTali somxuri (mxiTar goSis samarTali),qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, t. I, teqstebigamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo prof.i. doliZem, Tb., 1963.22

10. svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebigamosacemad moamzada gamokvlevebi da samecnieroaparati daurTo valeri silogavam, Tb., 1988.11. svanuri poezia, I, Tb., 1939.12. i. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, t, VII,Tb., 1984.13. r. xaraZe, xevsureTis saarqivo eTnografiulimasalebi, “kavkasiis eTnografiuli krebuli”,XIV, Tb., 2012.23

Problems of the Military Etiquette24Khatuna IoselianiWarfare, army and armament are those foundations on whicheven now the strength and independence of each state is based.Military sphere had the same meaning in the Middle Ages.Because its significance,the state traditionally regulated therules and obligations of the military sphere representatives by thelaw. According to the written monuments of law the code of conductin a war was determined: to whom the trophies were belonged, howwarriors should have dealt with captured or dead warriors... For instance,it was forbidden to take off the cloths from a dead person.Those who did not obey the rule were punished by a certain punishmentand etc.According to the written sources we also have a detailed descriptionof a ceremony of becoming a king, where the representativesof the military sphere had one of the main leading role and theweapon – king’s sward together with “Dzelitskhovrebisa” (the Pillarof Life) is put in the alter of the church that is significant as well. It iswell known that a sword was not belonged to the attributes of king. Itwas peculiar only for Byzantine and Western Europe (France, Britain...).As for the folklore, there are a lot of examples of battle rulesand chivalrous behavior data. For example, who and why had theright of a first shoot in one-on-one battle, was it permitted to mutilatea body of a killed warrior or not (it was strictly forbidden) and etc.The only region in Georgia is Khevsureti where it was a rule tocut the right palm of a killed man that was determined by the religiousviewpoints. According to Khevsurians (old beliers) the life inthe next world is the same as it is on this world. So, the enemy onehaddefeated will be without right hand and if they meet each otherin the next world, will be unable to oppose him.

giorgi mamardaSviliafxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiuricxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebiqarTul-afxazurma saomarma dapirispirebam, SemdgomSiafxazeTis TviTaRiarebuli respublikis izolaciam,afxazuri sazogadoeba mravali problemis winaSedaayena. erT-erTi mtkivneuli da saWirborotoproblema aRmoCnda religiuri sakiTxic. afxazmasamRvdeloebam ramodenimejer scada rusul Tu berZnuleklesiebTan urTierToba, rac axali sta-tusismiRebas isaxavda miznad. es moZraoba bolo dros Zalebsikrebs _ 2011 wlis maisSi, axal aTonSi gaimarTasaeklesio da saero pirebis gaerTianebuli saxalxokreba, sadac afxazuri eklesiis problemuri sakiTxebisgadawyvetis gzebi daisaxa.Aamas 2012 wlisianvarSi, afxazi samRvdeloebis msoflio patriarqTanviziti mohyva. Tumca afxazuri eklesia jer kidevhaerSia gamokidebuli, metic, aqvs Sida dapirispirebebi,romelTa ganxilvac Sors wagviyvans. qvemoT amjeradganvixilavT afxazeTis mosaxleobis damokidebulebasmarTmadideblobis, islamisa da tradiciulixalxuri religiis mimarT da SevafasebT TanamedrovemecnierTa zogierT aSkarad tendenciurimosazrebas.mogexsenebaT Tu raoden mwvavea dRevandeli dapirispirebaqarTvel da afxaz xalxebs Soris. samwuxarod,am dapirispirebas xels uwyobs mZlavriideologiuri manqana, romelic kavkasiaSi TiTqmis25

visas avtori aSkarad ten-denciuria, Tumcaumravles SemTxvevaSi ise niRbavs, nebelobiT Tu uneburadTviTrwmenaSi arsebul antiqarTulobas, romkargad gamecadinebuli Tvalis gareSe misi xrikebisdanaxva Wirs. eTnologisTvis, miTumetes imisTvisvisac Seqmnili konfliqtis gamo engurs gaRma ara-Tu samecniero muSaobis, aramed fexis dadgmis saSualebasacar eZleva, mniSvne-lovania krilovis na-Sromis is nawili, romelic afxazeTis mosaxleobisreligiuri cxovrebis dRe-vandelobas aRwers. krilovisnaSromSi aRwerilia afzuri religiis yvelamniSvnelovani sakulto adgili, ritualebis Catarebis,kultmsaxurebis arCevis wesi da xalxis damokidebulebatradiciuli kultmsaxurebisadmi. krilovis,romelic 1995-2003 wlebSi aqtiur saveleeTnografiul muSaobas awarmoebda afxazeTis CrdilodasavleT, e.w. bzifis afxazebs Soris, gadmocemiTafxazeTSi Svidi mTavari salocavia (bJiSnixa)[5]. umTavresi didi-rifSia, romelsac moyveba lixnixa,lZanixa, ilirnixa, laSkendernixa, inal-kubada biTnix (soWTanaa da ubixur salocavad iTvleba.meSvide sa-locavad zogi fsxu nixas, zogi aegrlaprnixas,napranixas, geCnixas, kapba nixas miiCnevs).AamSvidi samlocvelodan kultmsaxureba amJamadaRdgenilia xuT adgilze. avtori maT SemdgomaRwers Svideulis gareT mdgom, magram mniSvnelovanjvar-xats aegr-lapirnixasa da osTa salocavs,ìron-Zvars~, romelic ZiriTadad saqarTvelossxvadasxva kuTxeebidan afxazeTSi gadmosaxlebul28

misaxvedria, rom krilovs es `fandi~ sakuTarikvlevisa da savele masalebisTvis farTo masStabebisSesaZenad da masSi mravali eris Svilebis Car-Tulobis dasturad ar dasWirvebia. aSkarad antiqarTulitendenciebi, SefarviT Tu aSkarad miskvlevas Tavidan bolomde gasdevs. gamokiTxulTa55% Tavs qristianad Tvlis, 17% muslimad, 14,6%aTeistia, 7,4%-s gauWirda raime religiisadmi Tavisirwmenis mikuTvneba, 2% afxa-zuri tradiciulireligiis mimdevaria. eTnikur afxazebs Soris 49,3% qristianobas aRiarebs, 28,7% muslimia, 2% warmarTadTvlis Tavs, 1,2% ki tradiciul afxazurreligias miakuTvnebs sakuTar rwmenas. Aaq cotaTigaugebaria warmarTisa da tradiciuli afxazurireligiis urTierTmimarTeba _ advili savaraudoa,rom gamokiTxulebs erTmaneTSi areodaT tradiciuliafxazuri religia da warmarToba. rTulia imiswarmodgenac Tu ra krite-riumiT mijnavda kriloviam ori mimarTulebisadmi visime kuTvnilebas, miTumetesrom samecniero wreebSi arsebobs sxvadasxvaobaafxazuri religiis Sesaxeb – zogierTebimas aSkarad warmarTulad Tvlian, zogni miiCnevenmonoTeistur religiad, zogierTi sulac winaaziurireligiebis memkvidred. sainteresoa anketirebismonacemebi qarTvelTa religiurobis Sesaxeb:73,3% qristiania, 6,7 % muslimi, 3,3 % warmarTi[5, 16-17].Ees monacemebi undoblobas iwvevs daalbaT yovlad gaumarTlebeli iqneba, Tu mas mTelsafxazeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelebze gvavcelebT.M mus-30

lim da warmarT qarTvelTaPprocentuloba marTlacdaujereblad JRers, Tumca SesaZloa gamokiTxul30 qarTvels Soris 2 kaci muslimi da erTic warmarTiaRmoCnda, rac Sesabamisad gamokiTxulTa 6,7da 3,3 procents udris.krilovis mTeli kvleva mis mier CatarebuligamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis sawinaaRmdegoa– mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs afxazTa religiuriidentoba. afxazis religiuri identoba gviani Suasaukuneebiscnobebidan moyolebuli sakmaod bundovania.isini qristianobis, musulmanobisa da tradiciulireligiis mimdevrebi arian da ritualuriTvalsazrisiT maT religiur qcevaSic gacilebiTbevria warmarTuli vidre qristianuli da musulmanuri.afxazebs Soris islamis gavrcelebisa da misiqristianobaze gavlenis Sesaxeb sakuTari Sexedulebaaqvs XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi moRvawes. zvanbas. igi TanamemamuleTa rwmenis Sesaxeb moklekomentars akeTebs Tavisi erT-erTi naSromis SesavalSi:àfxazeTSi qristianobis kvali mxolod Zvelieklesia-monastrebis nangrevebSiRa SemorCa. amqveyanaSi mahmadianurma swavlebam WeSmariti rwmenissxivebi daabnela, Tumca TviTonac ver hpova did gasaqanixalxSi. mTavris saxleulobis garda mosaxleobisZalian mcire nawili iTvleba qristia-nad,cotaa musulmanTa ricxvi, danarCenebi yvela warmarTebiarian~ [4, 31].31

XIX saukuneSi dafiqsirebuli afxazuri warmarTobada misi ritualuri mxare misi monawilisada masSi rwmeniTac CarTuli niko janaSias mierTiTqmis zedmiwevniTaa aRwerili. niko janaSias gadmocemebida aRwerilobani kidev erTi dasturia Turogor Rrmad qonda fesvebi gadgmuli xalxSi warmarTulreligias, romelsac marTmadideblobis damiTumetes mahmadianobis gavlenis kvali odnav, isicsaritualo da ara ideur nawilSi amCnevia.sociologiuri gamokiTxviT am ramodenime wliswin afxazTa samoci procenti Tavs qristianadTvlida, Teqvsmeti procenti mahmadianad miiCnevdaTavs, danarCenebi ki warmarTebad da aTeistebad [2,9]. Cvens mier gamokiTxul respodentTa umravlesobasreligiisadmi arc Tu ise àxlobluri~ damokidebulebaaqvs. àfxazebis umravlesoba qristianebivarT, mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen Cveni soflis zemoT,maT Turqebs veZaxdiT~ _ ambobs, oCamCireli nusiajinjolava sofeli jgerdadan. ara da XIX saukunisSua wlebisTvis jgerda musulmanTa erT-erTi dasayrdenipunqti iyo. SesaZloa mohajirobis dros essofeli daicala musulmanuri mosaxleobisgan _dRes Turqebad wodebuli xalxi SesaZloa an mohajirobasgadarCenili andac iqidan dabrunebulixalxia. naklebad savaraudoa Tumca dasaSvebia, romdRes Turqebad wodebuli jgerdelebi im eTnikuradTurqebis STamomavlebi arian, romlebic oCamCiresada soxumis midamoebSi cxovrobdnen da cnobebismixedviT sakmao gavlenas axdendnen adgilobrivi mo-32

saxleobis religiur mrwamsze [6, 63] aris aseTimosazrebac, rom afxazi samRvdeloeba 1937 wlisrepresiebis dros daxvrites (g. mamardaSvilis saveledRiuri). amave respodentis azriT, afxazebiTiTqmis mTlianad qristianebi arian. maTi integraciaeklesiaSi ki imitom ar moxda, rom RvTismsaxurebaeklesiebSi maTTvis gaugebar enaze mimdinareobda.mTxrobelis mier naxsenebi enobrivi barieri afxazTaSoris qristianobis damkvidrebis erT-erTimTavari xelisSemSleli faqtori unda yofiliyo. amfaqts aRniSnavs n. berZeniSvili da lakonurad ayalibebsazrs, romliTac kargadaa axsnili afxazTamier qristianobis ver gaTavisebis erT-erTi mizezi:`berZnuli qristianoba afxazeTisTvis ucxo daTavze moxveuli moZRvreba iyo. misi gaziareba _SeTviseba moiTxovda: an afxazebi unda gaberZnebuliyvnenkulturulad, an es sarwmunoeba afxazurenaze unda gamarTuliyo, Tu ara afxazeTSi qristianobamudam zedapiruli darCeboda…~ [1, 595]. savaraudodafxazTa Soris qristianoba xelmisawvdomida advilad SesaTvisebeli iyo socialurad dawinaurebuli,maRali sazogadoebisTvis, romlebic kargadflobdnen qarTul da berZnul enebs, im enebs romlebzecafxazeTSi mimdinareobda RvTismsxureba.aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom afxazebSiqristianobis Tavdapirveli gavrcelebisTanave zedapirulobaiqca maTSi qristianobis damcrobisa dapaganizaciis erT-erT mTavar mizezad.33

dResdReisobiT afxazeTSi qristianuli religiisadmiinteresis gamococxleba SeiniSneba. arsebobsmarTlmadidebluri afxazuri saitebi (magaliTad:Abkhazian-churches.ru), sadac moTxrobiliaafxazeTSi qristianobisa da eklesia-monastrebisistoria. cxadad SeiniSneba, rom Segnebulad aqvsgverdi aqceuli imas, rom yovelive es qarTulikulturis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca maTSi sainteresoinformaciacaa daculi: aRsaniSnavad migvaCniais faqti, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze XX saukunispirvel naxevarSi Sendeba ori didi eklesia.soxumis sakaTedro taZari 1915 wels qalaqSi mcxovrebberZenTa iniciativiT da saxsrebiT aSenebula.TiTqmis imave periodSi berZeni berebis axali aTonissamonastro kompleqsi daarsebula. amJamadorive eklesiasTan arsebobs sasuliero saswavlebeli.amave saitebis informaciiT dRes soxumis saka-Tedro taZarSi RvTismsaxureba oTx enaze: afxazurad,qarTulad, Zvel rusulad da berZnulad tardeba.qristianobis SesamCnevad gaaqtiurebis kvalad,Cans rom afxazeTSi qristanobisadmi tradiciuliafxazuri religiis safuZvlebis mimarTebis dadgenazeczrunaven. am mxriv sainteresoa erT-erT rusulinternet gazeTSi gamoqveynebuli statiis amonaridebi:"Согласно опросам, большинство насе-ленияАбхазии исповедует христианскую религию. При этоммногие исследователи-абхазоведы отмечают, чтодуховные ценности традиционных верований абхазовне находятся в противоречии с православием, они34

скорее дополняют друг друга". Aamave avtoris cnobiTafxazeTSi oTxasamde qristianuli eklesiaa, romel-Taganac dRes ocdaerTiRa funqcionirebs da qristianobismTavar problemad kvlav rCeba afxazurimarTlmadidebluri eklesiis gaurkveveli mdgomareoba.afxazuri eklesia qarTul-afxazuri dapirispirebisSemdeg qarTul eklesias Camoscilda dajer kidev (avtoriseuli xazgasmaa) ar aris aRiarebulirusuli eklesiis mier, romelic afxazur eklesiassaqarTvelos martmadidebluri eklesiis nawiladmiiCnevs.Aaqve, saubaria islamzec: islamis rolis damcrobasmuhajirobas, mahmadiani mosaxleobis TurqeTSigasaxlebas miaweren. amJamindeli `nominalurad~musulmani afxazebi iseTive musulmanebiarian rogorc afxazi qristianebi qristianebi: musulmaniar icnobs yurans, ar aqvs warmodgena mismTavar principebze, xolo qristiani ar dadis eklesiaSi,ar marxulobs, ar kiTxulobs biblias. albaTamitomac, muslimTa meTauri afxazeTSi WeSmaritmusulmanTa Zalian mcire ricxvs asaxelebs. MmisiTqmiT, isini 200-250 kacamde arian. aqedan afxazi(dabrunebuli muhajirebis STamoma-vlebis CaTvliT)mxolod 25 procentia, xolo danarCenebi arian Ta-Trebi, baSkirebi, Turqebi, Suaazielebi. 1999 wlidansoxumSi oficialurad arsebobs musulmanTa sulierimmarTvelobis organo. afxazeTSi meCeTi ararsebobs, Tumca aris ori samlocvelo saxli, erTisoxumSi, meore ki gudauTaSi.35

am statiis Sinarsi da qveteqsti kargad Cansmis bolo nawilSi, romelic tradiciuli afxazurireligis funqciebs da fundamentur religiebTangaugebar, gaidealizirebul urTierTmimarTebis suraTsxatavs: `Следует особо подчеркнуть ту роль,которую играет традиционная религия в современнойАбхазии. Распад Советского Союза, кровопролитнаявойна и последовавшие за ней блокада и изоляция Абхазииспособствовали возрождению традиционных верованийабхазов. Представляется, что традиционнаярелигия выступала и продолжает выступать в качествеодного из инструментов национальной консолидации иидентичности в современных непростых условиях. Иправославие, и ислам в Абхазии приобретают весьмаколоритный традиционный абхазский окрас.Очевидно, что в современном мире повышаетсязначение национальной культуры, традиций. И дляАбхазии это также характерно. Поэтому, на мой взгляд,можно уверенно констатировать, что в республикевозрождается традиционная религия абхазов~ [3].afxazuri religiis roli da mniSvnelobakargad Cans krilovis ramodenime cnobidan.tradiciuli religiis prioritetuloba, mTavrobisada xalxis damokidebuleba afxazeTis de faqto respublikispirveli prezidentis inauguraciisceremoniamac daadastura _ vladislav arZinbasgaprezidentebis milocvisa da sazogadoebis winaSeam faqtis mravalmniSvnelobis aRsaniSnavad xalxiswinaSe sityviT gamosvlis upirvelesi uflebamTavari afxazuri salocavis, didrifSis kult-36

msaxurs, zaur CiCbas ergo.Qqristianuli damusulmanuri religiis Tavkacebs mxolod mis SemdegmiecaT milocvis ufleba. dResaswaulebis drosdidrifSSi, lixnSi da sxva salocavebSi afxazeTismTavrobisa da prezidentis stumrobac tradiciadaadamkvidrebuli. 1996 wels kriminogenulisituaciis mkveTri gauaresebis gamo didrifSisTvismiumarTavs prezident arZinbas. salocavs xalxisazrze moyvanas sTxovdnen da samagierodyovelwliur msxverplSewirva aRuTqves. amaveSinaarsis locva aq 2000 welsac gamarTula.sainteresoa krilovis kidev erTi cnoba, romelicmTavari kultmsaxuris, zaur CiCbas cnobebseyrdnoba: didrifSi yovelTvis mfarvelobdaafxazeTs. bolo xanebSi didirifSSi sayovelTaolocvam orjer ixsna afxazebi ganadgurebisagan –pirvelad zviad gamsaxurdias dros, meored kiafxazur-qarTuli omis dros. misive TqmiT, 1992wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi didrifSis mTidan naTelisveti amodioda da gagris mxares anaTebda. MmasSemdeg rac gagra `gaanTavisufles~ didirifSidanamosuli naTeli ukve soxumis mxares anaTebda, cotaxanSi soxumic ganTavisuflebul iqna. vgonebT, aqyovelgvari komentari zedmetia _ raRa Tqma unda,anzor CiCbas sruli ufleba aqvs sakuTarimsoflmxedveloba iqonios, magram sazogadoeba damTavroba, romelic amgvar Sexedulebebis adamiansaniWebs uzenaesi religiuri piris funqcias, rbiladrom vTqvaT, namdvilad ar dgas Tanamedrove37

moTxovnebis simaRleze. didrifSis didmniSvnelovnebazemetyvelebs krilovis savele masalac:afxazTa erT-erT yvelaze popularul salocavsafxazuri Zalovanebic mimarTaven. SeiZleba iTqvas,didrifSi erTgvari udanaSaulobis testis funqciasasrulebs _ Tu Zalovanebs ar gaaCniaT sakmarisimtkicebuleba eWvmitanilis damnaSavobisa, maSin esukanaskneli midis didrifSis salocavSi da iqudanaSaulobis fics debs. Tu eWvmitanilma esgaakeTa, udanaSaulobaze daifica, maSin gamoZiebadaxurulad iTvleba [5, 129]. am mxriv sainteresoafaqti romelic am ramodenime Tvis win moxda:internetiT gavrcelda afxazeTis de faqtoTavdacvis ministris, kCaCis naTesaobis mimarTvaafxazeTis mosaxleobisadmi. SegaxsenebT, rom kCaCieWvmitanili iyo anqvabze ganxorcielebuli teraqtisorganizebaSi.Yyofilma Tavdacvis ministrma TavimaSin moikla, rodesac policia mis dakavebas cdilobda.naTesavebi ra Tqma unda werilSi uaryofenkCaCis monawileobas teraqtSi da erT-erTargumentad moyavT is rom kCaCi, imis Semdeg rac xmagavarda misi teraqtSi monawileobis Sesaxeb,apirebda didrifSSi asvlas da udanaSaulobis ficisdadebas, Tumca es mas ar dascalda. krilovisvegadmocemiT afxazi anixaSi tyuils arafrisdidebiTar ityvis, Tumca man SeiZleba icruos eklesiaSi damusulmanur samlocveloSi.zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadad warmoaCens, romafxazeTSi tradiciuli afxazuri religia ga-38

mococxlebulia da sazogadoebis cxovrebaSic aqtiurrols TamaSobs. Tumca gamokiTxulTa naxevarze metiTavs qristianad Tvlis. krilovis mier Catarebulmasavele samuSaoebma saukunis winandeli cnobebigaimeora: qristiani afxazi mxolod nominaluradaaqristiani, misTvis ucxoa eklesia, biblia, ziareba damkacri marxva. miuxedavad amisa, afxazebSi qristianobaiseve rogorc maTi tradiciuli religia,gamoyenebulia sakuTari erovnuli TviTSegnebisasamaRleblad da antiqarTuli ganwyobis gasaRrmaveblad.bunebrivia, es ori religia garkveulwiladproblemas awydeba gavlenis sferoebis gadanawilebaSi.iyo SemTxveva, rodesac didrifSis kultmsaxurmasalocavSi ar SeuSva sakmaod maRali rangismRvdelmsaxuri, misgan anaforis da samRvdelo niSnebisayra moiTxova, Tavisi qceva imiT axsna rom masTan anudidrifSSi sxva wesebi moqmedebs. aseTive konfliqturiiyo ilirnixas (iloris wminda giorgi) salocavisaRgdenis ceremoniis zogierTi nawili. iloris afxazmamRvdelma ar misca msxverplSewirvis da arc raimewarmarTuli ritualis Catarebis ufleba eklesiisezoSi. saqmeSi maSindeli premierministri Caeria daaseTi gamosavali naxes: saklavi eklesiis galavnisgareT dakles, xolo rituali da locva galavnisSigniT Caatares. bolo magaliTis Sesabamisad,afxazeTis mosaxleobis religiurobac aRreulia _maTTvis ucxoa qristianuli cxovrebis wesi, TumcamaT Soris monaTlulebi bevrni arian. isini xSiradeswrebian tradiciul dResaswaulebs, Tumca mravali39

maTgani am dResaswaulebs religiur datvirTvas ar aZlevsda TavSeyris da sufris karg sababad Tvlis [5].sainteresoa qristiani afxazebis poziciac: afxazebisumetesobas dResac saamayod aqvs, romkavkasiaSi pirveli qristianuli saepiskoposo biWvinTaSiiyo. es marTlac faqtia, magram aravin uwyisvin da ra eTnosis, andac ra doziT iyo gaqristianebulibiWvinTis eklesiis mrevli. miuxedavadimisa, rom ioane sabanisZe Tavis nawarmoebSiaRniSnavs afxazeTSi qristianoba mZlavrad fexmokidebuliao,Tanamedrove afxazebSi Jamis siavis Tukidev bevri sxva ramis gamo odindeli qristianobismcire kvaliRa Tu SeiniSneba. Tumca Tanamedrovemkvlevrebs originaluri Sexeduleba gaaCniaTTanamedrove afxazis qristianuli sarwmunoebisganSors dgomis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aleqsandrkrilovs savsebiT dasaSvebad miaCnia afxazs guli`daswyvetoda~ im mdgomareobaze, rac sufevda XIsaukunis qarTul eklesiaSi, romelsac afxazeTissakaTalikoso SeuerTes. mkvlevars daviT aRmaSeneblisistorikosis cnoba mohyavs, romlis mixedvi-Tac daviTis mefobis pirvel xanebSi saqarTveloseklesiaSi gamefebul ukanonobas da codvianobas verSeurigdebodao afxazuri buneba, romelic mTavarprincipad pirovnul siwmindes da simarTlesaRiarebso [5, 49]. odnav uxerxulia am mosazrebazekomentari, Tundac imitom rom afxazTa Sorisarsebuli wesiereba, qarTvelebisTvis sruliad ucxoyofila da eklesiis ukanonobebi Turme zedmiwevniTSeesabameboda qarTvelTa eTnikur fsiqologias. aqve40

SevaxsenebT baton krilovs: daviT aRmaSenebelmaafxazTa sakaTalikosos mcxeTis sakaTalikososTanSeerTebis Semdeg, sul ramodenime welSi Caataradidi saeklesio reforma da krilovis miermoxseniebuli afxazuri bunebisTvis miuRebeli`sibilweni~ aRmofxvrili iqna. amas ki krilovislogikiT eklesiebSi afxaz morwmuneTa xelaxaliSemobruneba unda moyoloda. Tumca rogorc Cans amreformis Sesaxeb arc krilovs da arc afxazeTisdRevandel mosaxleobas informacia ar gaaCniaT.aleqsandre krilovi Tavisi naSromis SesavalSiafxazi mecnierebis dbarisa da g. smirbas mosazrebebsacgvacnobs. dbari mRvdelmsaxuria da fiqrobs,rom afxazebma qristianoba miiRes axali welTa-Rricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi. gvianSuasaukuneebSi kiiwyeba warmarTobis reanimacia da qristianobisdaknineba. mkvlevars erTi sityvac ar dascdeniaimaze, rom qristianobis Sesusteba SeiZleba garkveulwiladqarTuli kulturuli sferodan gasvlisSedegi iyos. g. smiri ufro Sors midis _ samwuxarod,misi sadisertacio naSromi ver moviZieT,magram misi dedaazri krilovs aqvs mowodebuli:afxazebi X saukunemde Tavgadakluli qristianebiyofilan da Tan maTi episkoposebic afxazebi iyvnen.RvTismsaxureba umetesad afxazur enaze, xandaxan kiberZnulad mimdinareobda. da am dros iqna daSvebulinacional – politikuri Secdoma: bagrat III-isgamefeba afxazTa da qarTvelTa gaerTianebulsamefoSi [5, 49]. amis Semdeg qarTvelma samRvdeloebameklesiebidan afxazuri gandevna, Sewyda afxa-41

zuri RvTismetyvelebac. ai am droidan iwyebaafxazebis qristianobisgan gaucxoeba g.smiris azriT.krilovi smiris am naazrevis Sesaxeb dums, mxoloddasawyisSi aRniSnavs rom smiris kvlevas etyobaafxazur-qarTuli konfliqtis gavlenao. ar dakrilovs, rogorc Cans mainca da mainc zereled araqvs gadakiTxuli saqarTvelos istoria damSvenivrad icis, rom g. smiris mosazrebas iotisodenasafuZvelic ar aqvs. afxazeTis teritoriazeqristianobas safuZvlebi sxva procesebis gamoecleba da es Sesabamisad damtkicebulia qarTvelmecnierTa kvlevebSi. aq am Teoriebis mtkicebas armovyvebiT, radganac masala da faqtebi bevria. aRvniSnavTmxolod imas, rom saWiroa Seiqmnas samecnieronaSromebi, romlebic ufro konkretulad gascemspasuxs Segnebul Tu Seugnebel provokaciebs,SesaZloa es vinmes sasacilod andac usargeblodmoeCvenos da Tqvas, rom simarTle xom SeuiaraRebeliTvaliTac Canso, Tumca es azrebi afxazuriTu rusuli saitebisa da internetbiblioTekismeSveobiT asiaTasobiT dainteresebulisTvisaaxelmisawvdomi da amis sapirwoned, simarTlisgamosamzeureblad Sedegismomtani qmediTinabijebi faqtobrivad ar gadadgmula.literatura1. n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,Tb., 1990.42

2. j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTmadidebloba, Tb.,2003.3. Элана ЭШБА, аспирантка Института востоковеденияРАН, научный сотрудник Центра партнерствацивилизаций ИМН МГИМО (У) МИДа РФ4. Званба С. Тю. – Абхазские этнографические этюди,Сухуми, 1982.5. Александр Крылов, Религия и традиции абхазов, (поматериалам полевых исследований 1994-2000 гг.),Москва, 20016. Обзор деятелньости обшества возстановленияправославного христианства на кавказе, 1910.43

44Giorgi MamardashviliModern Issues of the Religious Life of the AbkhaziaTerritory PopulationA review of the modern situation and problems of Abkhazia territorypopulation are given in the article, as well as the review of thescientific works, articles and theses dedicated to the study of the Abkhazians’religious beliefs.Today a certain part of Abkhazia population is a follower andsupporter of Abkhazian clergy group headed by Dorofei Dbar, who triesto gain autocephaly of the Church of Abkhazia. According to the researchescarried out in near past 55% of respondents belong themselvesto Christians, 17% to Muslims, 14.6% to Atheists and for 7.4%was difficult to attach their faith to any kind of religion, 2% is a followerof the traditional Abkhazian religion. Among ethnic Abkhazians 49.3 %is a Christian, 28.7% Muslim, 2% belong themselves to Pagans and1.2% to traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs. A kind of confusion takesplace. It is a bit difficult to understand what the relations between paganand traditional Abkhazian religion beliefs means. It is easy to supposethat the respondents might have mixed traditional Abkhazian religionbeliefs and Paganism. It is difficult to imagine as well what the Krilov’scriteria was for belonging a certain person either to one or anotherreligious belief. All the more there are different viewpoints among thescientific circles about what the Abkhazian religion is. Some think it obviouslyis Paganism, some think it is monotheistic religion, some – it isa heir of Southwest Asia.Despite of the survey results, it is obvious that the Abkhaziantraditional religion beliefs gained a new meaning: to attach to the traditionalreligion one of the main functions in determining the nationalidentification and the consolidation of the nation. It must be mentionedthat the tendentious attitude of the modern researchers when theystudy traditional religious beliefs of Abkhazians is obvious. They consciouslyignore Georgian influence on the nuances of the traditional

Abkhazian religion. But the influence of Christianity and Georgian traditionalfolk believes are clearly evident. The Abkhazian ethnographers ofthe 19 th century: S. Zvanba and N. Janashia straightly, without any kindof implication, write about it.Tendentious and purposeful lie are those theses which try tosplit Georgian-Abkhazian churches and sow hatred among Abkhaziansagainst Georgians. S. Lakoba says as if Georgians “occupied” Abkhazianchurch in the 10 th century. As if, before liturgy was in Abkhazianlanguage. According to A. Krilov there was another reason that Abkhazianalienated from the church. As if, the honest nature of Abkhazianwas unable to get used to the corruption and improper behavior thatwas dominating in the Church of Georgia at the end of the 11 th and thebeginning of the 12 th centuries.45

medea gogolaZe`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi_ miTi Tu realoba?qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi, ucnobi avtoris`moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~-Si da leonti mrovelis`mefeTa cxovreba~-Si (`qarTlis cxovreba~) aleqsandremakedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobisas moxseniebulniarian `bun-Turqebi~.`moqcevaÁs~ mixedviT: `pirvel, odes aleqsandremefeman naTesavni igi loTis SvilTani wariqcina daSeÃadna igini kedarsa mas queyanasa, ixilnanaTesavni bun-Turqni, _ msxdomareni mdinaresa zedamtkuarsa, mixueviT, oTx qalaqad da dabnebi maTi:sarkine qalaqi, kaspi, urbnisi da oZraÃe da cixenimaTni: cixÀ didi sarkinisa, ufliscixÀ kaspisa,urbnisisa da oZraÃisaÁ. daukÂrda aleqsandres dacna, rameTu ieboselTa naTesavni iyvnes, yovelsaÃorcielsa Wamdes da samare maTi ara iyo, mkudarsaSeSWamdes. da ver eZlo brZolaÁ maTi mefesa dawarvida. maSin movides naTesavni mbrZolni, qaldevelTagangamosxmulni honni da iTxoves bun-TurqTauflisagan queyanaÁ xarkiTa da dasxdes igini zanavs.da epyra igi, romel xarkiTa aqunda, hrqÂan masxerki. da Semdgomad raodenisame Jamisa movida aleqsandremefÀ yovlisa queyanisaÁ da dalewna samni eseqalaqni da cixeni da honTa dasca maxÂli. xolosarkinesa qalaqsa ebrZola aTerTmet TTuÀ da dadga46

sarkinesa dasavliT kerZo... da merme gamoiRo sarkine.TÂT dayares da meot iqmnnes~ [1, 81].`mefeTa cxovreba~ Turqebis qarTlSi mosvlisistorias ufro vrclad gadmogvcems. mas Semdeg,rac iranis legendarulma mefe qaixosrom TurqebiSemusra `movides Turqni, otebulni misveqaixosrosgan. gamovles zRua gurganisi, aRmoyvesmtkuarsa da movides mcxeTas saxli ocdarva daezraxnes mamasaxlissa mcxeTisasa, aRuTques SewevnasparsTa zeda. xolo mamasaxlisman mcxeTelman auwyayovelTa qarTvelTa. inebes damegobreba maT TurqTa,rameTu aqunda SiSi sparsTa, da SemweobisaTÂsdaimegobrnes Turqni igi gamosxmulni, da ganiyvanesyovelTa qalaqTa Sina [2, 14]. makedonelis laSqrobisgadmocemisas leonti mrovels es Turqni ukvebun-Turqebad hyavs moxseniebuli: `da ixilna ra esenaTesavni sastikni warmarTni, romelTa igi CuenbunTurqad da yivCayad uwodT msxdomareni mdinaresamas mtkurisasa mixveviT.... Semdgomad amissa gan-Zlierda aleqsandre da daipyra yoveli queyana, daaRmovida queyanasa qarTlisasa... cixeni da qalaqnidaipyrna equs Tue... xolo sarkinelTa bunTurqTaganTaagines mefesa. ganuwyra aleqsandre da arRaraineba zavi da vedreba maTi ara Seiwynara...~ [2, 15].qarTuli wyaroebis cnobebi bun-TurqTaqarTlSi saxlobis Sesaxeb, istoriul mecnierebaSisxvadasxva aspeqtiT iqna ganxiluli: erTSemTxvevaSi _ istoriuli realobis kuTxiT, meoreSemTxvevaSi _ maTi eTnikuri kuTvnilebis kuTxiT.47

mecnierebis erTi nawili bun-TurqTa qarTlSisaxlobas, legendaruls uwodebs (g. mamulia,v. vaSakiZe, g. yoranaSvili [8; 5; 11]). meore _istoriul faqts, magram maTi eTnikuri nominaciisdazustebiT (e. TayaiSvili, g. meliqiSvili, S.mesxia, o. lorTqifaniZe, m. sanaZe, g. alasania dasxv. [6; 12; 9; 7; 10; 3]). istorikosTa erTi nawilimaTSi hunebs gulisxmobs, meore _ huriebs. arsebobsagreTve mosazreba, romliTac bun-Turqebi kavka-siuriwarmoSobis da kavkasiis uZveles mosaxleo-badaamiCneuli (m. seidovi). umravles SemTxvevebSi kimecnierebi bun-TurqebSi skviTebs varaudoben (o.lorTqifaniZe, v. kovalevskaia, m. sanaZe, g. alasania;dawvrilebiT aRniSnul sakiTxze ix. 3, 5-20).Cveni adrindeli mosazrebiT bun-TurqTaqarTlSi saxloba legendaruli iyo [4, 73]. amJamindeliCveni kvlevis amosavalia meti ndoba gamovucxadoTZvel qarTul wyaroebs, maTi axleburigaazrebisa da samecniero literaturaSi SemoTavazebulisaintereso kvlevebis gaTvaliswinebisgamo.cnobilia, rom Zvel xanaSi arsebobda tradiciaqveynis istoriis daweris miTologiuri, anmiTologizirebuli realobis dasawyisiT. `moqcevaÁqarTlisaÁs~ da `qarTlis cxovrebis~ avtorebic amtradiciis mimdevrebi arian. Tanac mematianeTa mierbun-TurqTa rolis gamokveTas alegoriulidatvirTvac aqvs, rac ukavSirdeba aleqsandremakedonelis saxels. Sua saukuneebSi gaidea-48

lizebuli gmiri aleqsandre makedoneli, axalimsoflio wesrigis Semqmneli, berZnuli civilizaciisgamavrcelebeli, ebrZvis ukulturo daCamorCenil xalxebs. aseT xalxebad, ZiriTadad,iTvlebian kavkasiis mTebs gadaRma mcxovrebixalxebi, romlebic periodulad, Semosevebis Tudevnis Sedegad xvdebian civilizebul qveynebSi,sadac maT TavianTi Cvevebi SeaqvT. aleqsandreskulturisTvis maTi kultura ucxoa da igi maTebrZvis, rogorc politikuri miznebiT, isekulturuli msoflxedviT. avtorebi momTabarebarbarosulsamyaros upirispireben kulturulmsoflios, romlis gansaxierebac aleqsandre makedonelia.aleqsandres laSqrobebis erT-erT punqtadmematianeebi kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebs moiazreben(dariali, darubandi) da maT àleqsandres karis~saxeliTac moixsenieben. am karis warmomavlobaukavSirdeba makedonelis mier veluri xalxisdamarcxebas, CrdiloeTis mTebSi maT gadarekvas damaTi Semosevebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, iq cixesimagreTasistemis Seqmnas. aRniSnul tomebSibibliuri gogisa da magogis xalxebi moiazrebian,romlebic iranulenovan da Turqulenovan eTnosebTanarian dakavSirebulni.amave dros, legendebis umetesi nawiligarkveul wilad istoriul realobas asaxavs.aseTad gvesaxeba Zveli iranuli eposis, zoroastrizmisuZvelesi literaturuli Zegli àvesta~(umTavresi wyaro `moqcevaÁs~ avtoris da leontis).49

igi aleqsandre makedonelis epoqamde Seiqmna, misiCawera daiwyo Zv. w. III saukuneSi arSakidebisdinastiis dros, sabolood ki Camoyalibda sasanidebisxanaSi. àvestas~ mixedviT brZolebimimdinareobs iranelebsa da Turqebs Soris, kerZod,mefe qaixosrosa da Turq afrasiabs Soris. maTidapirispireba sabolood sruldeba qaixsosros mierafrasiabis mokvliT. aRniSnuli legenda aqemenidurixaniT TariRdeba. istoriuli perspeqtiviT romSevxedoT, sparsuli tomebis gaZliereba-gaaqtiurebada hegemonobisTvis brZola istoriuli realobaa daiwyeba daaxloebiT Zv. w. VII saukunidan. iranisCrdiloeTiT arsebuli samyaro (kaspiis zRvisCrdilo-aRmosavleTi), aseve cnobilia, rom ukaviaTmomTabare, avi znis xalxebs, savaraudod, Turqulimodgmis tomebs. iranelTa eqspansiis erT-erTimimarTulebaa kaspiis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT (Turani),xolo CrdiloeTis xalxebis eqspansiis samxreTdasavleTiT.am brZolebSi damarcxebulebi ltolvilebadifantebian da erT-erTi aseTi nakadiTavSesafars poulobs qarTlSi. am istoriulprocesebSi qarTvelebic iyvnen CarTulni, erTSemTxvevaSi, rogorc uSualo monawileebibrZolebisa, meore SemTxvevaSi, rogorc devnilTaTavSesafrad qceuli teritoriis mkvidrebi. amkonkretul SemTxvevaSi xdeba Turquli nakadisSemosvla qarTvelTa teritoriaze. araferi ararealuriam faqtSi araa, radgan istoriuli wyaroebiTcnobilia sxvadasxva xalxebi, romlebic50

Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi Cvens teritorias afarebdnenTavs, magaliTad, asurelebi, urartuelebi, ebraelebi,berZnebi da sxva. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT,vfiqrobT, rom bun-TurqTa yofna qarTlSiistoriuli faqtia da ara miTiuri ambavi.gvinda SevexoT kidev erT problemas. kerZod,`moqcevaÁs~ avtoris cnoba qarTlSi bun-TurqTasaxlobis Sesaxeb, mkvlevarTa mier gagebulia,rogorc maTi am teritoriaze aborigenoba. rac,vfiqrobT, ZirSive mcdaria, radgan toponimebi: kaspi,ufliscixe, urbnisi, sarkine da sxva yvela,romlebic wyaroebSi moxseniebulia bun-TurqTasxdomis adgilad, uklebliv qarTulia, racgamoricxavs bun-TurqTa aRniSnul teritoriazeavtoqTonobas. gasaTvaliswinebelia `moqcevaÁs~avtoris Txrobis lakonuri, qronistuli stili da,zogadad, Zeglis arqiteqtonika, ris mixedviTacikveTeba mematianis idea aCvenos aleqsandre makedoneli,ara civilizebul qarTvelebTan, aramed velurxalxebTan mebrZoli gmiri, msoflios mxsneli daganmanaTlebeli.aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierTa didi nawili bun-TurqebSi skviTebs moiazrebs. miuxedavad rigisaintereso da gasaziarebeli argumentebisa,calsaxad ver miviRebT amgvar mosazrebas. sakiTxirTuli da bundovania, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuliawyaroebSi arsebuli xarvezebiT, anaqronizmebiTda urTierTgamomricxavi cnobebiT. marTalia,mematianeebi skviTebis nacvlad xan xazarebs,51

xan yivCayebs (SesaZloa, bun-Turqebsac) moixsenieben,magram gaugebaria, ratom, maSin, rodesac herodotedanmoyolebuli, Zveli antikuri, elinisturida adre Suasaukuneebis istoriografia, romelicZalian kargad icnobs skviTebs, ansxvavebs maT sxvaxalxebisagan. sainteresoa, igive codna qarTvelmematianeebs ar hqondaT? ras niSnavs leontisTandaculi cnoba `xolo kualad ganamtkicna wmidamanandriam megrelni da afxazni da warvida skviTed~[2,43]. Zneli dasajerebelia, Zvel qarTvelmeistorieT ar hqonodaT codna skviTebze da verganesxvavebinaT erTmaneTisgan skviTebi da Turqebi.metic, is rom Turqebi ixseniebian Zvel qarTulwyaroebSi, aCens cdunebas, vivaraudoT kaspiisCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT mcxovrebi Turquli warmo-Sobis xalxis migracia qarTlSi.aqedan gamomdinare àvestas~ sparsul-TurqulbrZolebSi moxseniebuli Turqebi (Turqulenovanimasivi) istoriis asparezze ufro aqtiurad anumaTi samxreT-dasavleTiT eqspansiis TvalsazrisiTmogvianebiT Cndebian, radgan jer kidev ZlieriaregionSi iranelTa gavlena, magram `moqcevaÁs~ bun-Turqebi SesaZloa, eTnikur TurqTa swored ismcire nakadia, romlebic devnilebad SemodianqarTlSi (ara dampyroblebad) da romlebTanerTadac qarTvelebi antiiranul koalicias qmnian.52

literatura1. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturisZeglebi, I, Tb., 1963.2. `qarTlis cxovreba~, t. I, Tb., 1955, s. yauxCi-Svilis redaqciiT.3. g. alasania, qarTvelebi da islamamdeli Turqebi,Tb., 2008.4. m. gogolaZe, qarTlis socialuri da politikuriistoria `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ mixedviT, Tb.,2004.5. v. vaSakiZe, `mefeTa cxovrebis~ wyaroebi aleqsandremakedonelis qarTlSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb.6. e. TayaiSvili, sami istoriuli qronika, Tb., 1890.7. o. lorTqifaniZe, mcxeTis saqalaqo Temis istoriisTvis,saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiismoambe, XXIX, 6, Tb., 1962.8. g. mamulia, klasobrivi sazogadoebis da saxelmwifosCamoyalibeba Zvel qarTlSi, Tb., 1979.9. S. mesxia, leonti mroveli saqarTvelos istoriisori periodis Sesaxeb, krebuli `kavkasiisxalxTa istoriis sakiTxebi~, Tb., 1966.10. m. sanaZe, `qarTlis cxovreba~ da saqarTvelosistoriis uZvelesi periodi, Tb., 2001.11. g. yoranaSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi,I, Tb., 1994.12. Г. Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, Тб.,1969.53

“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?Medea GogoladzeAccording to Georgian historical sources, in “Mokcevai Kartlisai”(The Conversion of Georgia) by anonymous author andLeonti Mroveli’s “Mepeta Tskhovreba” (The Lives of Kings) “BunTurks” are mentioned in connection with Alexander III of Macedon’scampaigns in Kartli.These data of Georgian sources were discussed by historiansfrom the different aspects: weather these people lived inGeorgia or not and on the other hand to which ethnic group “Bun-Turks” were belonged. One group of scientists thinks that “Bun-Turks” were not living in Georgia and it is only a legend, othersbelieve it was a true historical fact. Most of the scientists supposethat “Bun-Turks” are people of Iranian - Scythian origin.In our opinion, the data of “Conversion” and “The Life ofKartli” about Bun-Turks’ coming in Kartli should have been a reflectionof historical reality. It also should have been that mentioned“Bun-Turks” belonged to those people of Turkish originwho were living to the north-east of the Caspian Sea.54

daviT merkvilaZerusul-qarTuli urTierTobebipolkovnik burnaSevis arqivismasalebis mixedviT(1783-1787 ww.)Sesavalipolkovniki stefane burnaSevi ruseTis saimperatorokaris mier 1783 wels dainiSna ruseTis sagangebowarmomadgenlad (`komisionerad~) qarTlkaxeTismefis erekle II-isa da imereTis mefis solomonI-is karze. amas mowmobs burnaSevis arqivSiarsebuli grigol potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,daTariRebuli 1783 wlis 3 apriliT, e.i. jer kidevgeorgievskis traqtatis gaformebamde. amasTan burnaSevsdaevala georgievskis traqtatis pirobebiTsaqarTveloSi imave wlis 2 noembers Semosul eger-Ta ori rusuli batalionis meTauroba. rusi polkovnikisaqarTveloSi imyofeboda oTxnaxevar weliwads.1787 wlis 13 seqtembers mefe erekles meTaurobiTqarTul jarTan erTad Tavisi batalionebi-TurT ganjasTan dabanakebulma burnaSevma miiRobrZaneba (kvlav gr. potiomkin-TavriCeskis orderi,daTariRebuli amave wlis 29 agvistoTi), rusuljarTan erTad daetovebina saqarTvelo da ruseTSigabrunebuliyo.s. burnaSevs uSualo urTierToba hqonda rogorcqarTvel mefeebTan erekle II-sa da solomonI-Tan, aseve mudmiv miwer-moweras awarmoebda kavkasiisxazis sardalTan, general-poruCik pavle po-55

tiomkinTan, romelic Tavis mxriv general grigolpotiomkinis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTavda ruseTissaimperatoro karis kavkasiur politikas.1901 wels s. burnaSevis SvilTaSvilma al. cagarelisrekomendaciiT `saqarTvelos ruseTTanSeerTebis~ 200 wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT gamosca s.burnaSevis arqivis epistolaruli nawili. burnaSevisadmimimarTul oficialur brZanebebTan (orderebTan)erTad aq Tavmoyrilia polkovnikisadmi mimarTulipiradi werilebi: yvelaze meti, 36 weriliekuTvnis pavle potiomkins, aseve aq aris kidev ramdenimerusi samxedro piris werili da qarTvel mefeTa,ereklesa da solomonis ramdenime werilisrusuli Targmanic. es werilebi naTlad asaxavs imdroindelrusul-qarTul urTierTobebs, ruseTisinteresebs saqarTveloSi da zogadad kavkasiaSi,aseve qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobiscvlilebas ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdeg.es viTareba pirdapir fiqsirdeba rogorc erekle IIismier, aseve Tavad rusuli umaRlesi generalitetismxridanac. es poziciaa erT-erTi mizezi, ri-Tac rusuli sardloba axsnas uZebnida saqar-Tvelodan rusuli batalionebis gayvanas im dros,roca qarTuli samefos sazRvrebTan SemosaWreladgamzadebuli omar-xanis laSqari idga.s. burnaSevs ekuTvnis aseve naSromi: `saqarTvelossuraTi anu qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebispolitikuri mdgomareobis aRwera~. igi man gamoscaruseTSi dabrunebis Semdeg 1793 wels kurskSi, sa-56

dac samxedro samsaxuris datovebis Semdeg gubernatoradiqna daniSnuli. naSromi warmoadgens rusipolkovnikis TvaliT danaxul saqarTvelos da imperiodis saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani saistoriowyaroa. es naSromi asiode wlis Semdeg xelmeorediqna gamocemuli n. begiCevis mier.orive zemodasaxelebuli gamocema (epistoleebiorderebiTurT da `saqarTvelos suraTi~) ukve na-Targmni gvaqvs qarTul enaze da vamzadebT gamosacemad.es miT ufro saSuria, ramdenac bolo drosruseTSi kvlav aRorZinda tendencia, rom imperiismier qarTuli saxelmwifos aneqsia qarTveli xalxissakeTildReod ruseTis mier iZulebiT gadadgmulnabijad warmoCindes. msgavsi mcdari Sexedulebebijer mefis ruseTis, Semdeg ki sabWoTa mravalwlianipropagandis Sedegad dRemde fexmokidebuliaqarTul sazogadoebis nawilSic. aRniSnul xanebSirusul-qarTuli politikuri urTierTobebis siRrmiseulimecnieruli Seswavla udavod xels Seuwyobsistoriuli WeSmaritebis dadgenas da crupropagandissavalalo Sedegebis gaqarwylebas, racTavis mxriv mniSvnelovnad waadgeba qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobisaRdgena-gaZlierebis saqmes.ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis mizezebiaRniSnuli wyaroebi sayuradRebo masalas iZlevageorgievskis traqtatis Sesaxeb. kerZod, gvexmarebaimis garkvevaSi, Tu ra interesebi amoZravebdaam dros TiToeul mxares da ra Sedegebi moutana amSeTanxmebam maT.57

`saqarTvelos suraTSi~ burnaSevi cdilobs aRniSnos`mizezebi, romlebmac ubiZga mefe erekles,Sesuliyo ruseTis mfarvelobiTi ZalauflebisqveS~. Tavidan igi wers: `qarTveli mefeebi, iyvnen radamonebulni mahmadianebis mier, erTmorwmuneobis gamoZveli droidan yovelTvis eZiebdnen ruseTis didxelmwifeTa daxmarebasa da mfarvelobas, magram arSeiZleba gadaWriT iTqvas, rom maT moesurvebinoTcnobil damokidebulebaSi yofna. maTi amJamindelimidrekilebis aRmZvrel mTavar mizezTagan ki Semdegiaris: bunebrivi memkvidreebi qarTlis samefo taxtisa,romelzedac mefe irakli ayvanilia Sah-nadirismier, arsebiTad arian STamomavlebi mefe vaxtangisa,ruseTSi gaiqceulisa Turqebis mier saqarTvelosdapyrobisas. Tavadma aleqsandrem, Zem baqar ufliswulisada SviliSvilma vaxtang mefisa, mefe irakliTukmayofilo qarTlelebTan urTierTobisas dadarwmunebulma mefed gaxdomis SesaZleblobaSi, datovaruseTi mamiseul samemkvidreo taxtze asvlisganzraxviT... mefes hqonda safuZvliani mizezi ukiduresadSeSfoTebuliyo mosalodneli arasaimedoSedegebis gamo...~ 1 [1, 18-19].cxadia, burnaSevisaTvis cnobilia qarTvel mefeTaswrafva, mezobeli mahmadianuri saxelmwifoebisagresiisagan TavdasaRwevad mieRoT SemweobaruseTisagan da miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc ar fiqrobs,rom es garemoeba yofiliyo mizezi georgievskistraqtatis pirobebiT gaTvaliswinebul1 rusuli teqstis Targmani aqac SemdegSic Cvenia – d.m.58

`cnobil damokidebulebaSi~ maTi moqcevisa. es logikuricaa:gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis samefo imdros araTu `damonebuli ar yofila mahmadianebismier~, traqtatis gaformebis wina xanebSi samxedropolitikursarbielze mezobel mahmadian mflobelebTanbrZolaSi miRweuli warma-tebebisa da hegemonobisdamtkicebis Semdeg mefe ereklem Tavis ZalauflebasiqiT dauqvemdebara ramdenime islamurisaxanoc.faqtobrivad, erTaderT mizezad, ramac ubiZgaerekle II-s ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesuliyo, burnaSeviasaxelebs aleqsandre baqaris Zis mcdelobasqarTlis samefo taxti waerTmia ereklesaTvis. amasexmianeba erekles werilic p. potiomkinisadmi, sadacmefe Tavis SeSfoTebas ver malavs amis gamo da iTxovs,momavalSic ar hqondes adgili msgavs gamoxdomebs.erekles SeSfoTeba usafuZvlo ar yofila:mefobis msurveli marto ar moqmedebda, mas Tanamzraxvelebihyavda rogorc saxelmwifos samezoblo-Si, ise Tavad qarTlSidac da, rac mTavaria, aleqsandrebatoniSvilis gaaqtiurebaSi erekle II-zezewolis mosaxdenad aSkarad Cans rusuli xeli, ra-Ta mefe mfarvelobiTi xelSekrulebis gaformebazedaeyoliebinaT. traqtatis sagangebo muxliT ereklemruseTisagan qarTlis taxtis Tavisi STamomavlobisaTvisSenarCunebis ga-rantia miiRo [4]. sxvasakiTxia, rogor Seasrula (ufro sworad, ar Seasrula)ruseTma micemuli piroba.59

mas Semdeg, rac aleqsandre baqaris Zem amrigadruseTisaTvis `Tavisi misia~ Seasrula, erekles mTavarmetoqesTan da dauZinebel mterTan, faT-alixanTanmyofs p. potiomkinis brZanebiT Tavis uaxloesgaremocvasTan erTad ruseTSi daabrunes. amisTaobaze 1783 wlis 11 dekembers p. potiomkini burnaSevswerda: `moaxseneT mefe iraklis saidumlod,rom Tavadi aleqsandre baqarovi da masTan erTadamilaxvarovi ucxviro, da kidev ori kaci derbentidanayvanilia da ukve moyvanilni arian astraxan-Si, da ramdenad bevradac ar unda aeridebina TavifaT-ali-xans maTi gadmocemisaTvis, iZulebuli iyo.amrigad, SeiZleba mefes mielocos, rom is am mxrivacdamSvidebuli darCeba~ [2, 14].erekles damokidebuleba ruseTisadmiburnaSevisadmi miweril p. potiomkinis werilebSiikveTeba traqtatis gaformebis win ereklesmeryeoba da undobloba rusebis mimarT, ris gamocsaqarTveloSi movlenili polkovniks mieTiTeboda:rom saWiro iyo qarTvelebSi ruseTis mimarT yovelgvarieWvis gafantva da mas yvela Rone undaexmara, raTa moexerxebina `mefis undobloba SeecvalasaWiro pirdapiri erTgulebiT.~ werili daweriliatraqtatis gaformebamde 4 dRiT adre 20ivliss [2, 6].sxvagan Cans, rom p. potiomkini xvdeba ra, romerekles misi sityvebis (misi saxiT ki saerTod ruseTis)maincdamainc ar sjera, amitom roca saidumlobaraTs ugzavnis erekles, burnaSevs avalebs,60

urCios mefes, rom baraTis Targmani burnaSovisavemeTvalyureobiT Seasrulos gaioz arqimandritma dabolos dasZens: ìmeds gamovTqvam, rom mefes yvelasityvas daajerebT~. 10 marti, 1784 w. [2, 19].erekles amgvari damokidebulebis fonze aqveTvalSisacemia rusuli mxaris gansakuTrebuli dainteresebatraqtatisadmi. georgievskis traqtatzexelmoweris win p. potiomkini burnaSevs Txovs,Seatyobinos, `rogori suliskveTebiT miiRebs mefetraqtatis dadebas~ [2, 7]. unda vifiqroT, romtraqtats erekle didi aRtacebiT ar Sexvedria.Tumca, traqtatis dadeba TbilisSi aRniSnes zeimiT,risi aRwerilobac burnaSevs p. potiomkinisTvisgaugzavnia. `Tqveni dResaswaulebi aris kmayofilebisgamoxatuleba~ _ Tavis mxriv kmayofilebiTaRniSnavs Tavadi potimkini amis gamo imavewlis 31 agvistos werilSi [2, 8]. magram traqtatisdadebis Semdeg mefes ruseTSi kmayofilebisa damadlierebis gamoxatviT aRsavse werilebi ar gaugzavnia,raSic kavkasiis xazis meTaurs didi keTilganwyobilebisniSani ver amoukiTxavs. `Zalze ucnauriaCemTvis, rom traqtatis dadebis Semdeg mefeiraklis CemTvis arc erTi sityva ar uTqvams, rasacTviT keTilganwyobileba moiTxovda~, _ aSkara ukmayofilebiTada iWvneulad werda general-poruCikiburnaSevs da iqve dasZenda: `macnobeT, kmayofilniarian Tu ara misi elCebi aq cxovrebis pirobebiT,miRebiTa da saCuqrebiT~ [2, 9]. undoda ra gaego,61

qarTveli elCebi aqedan raimeTi ukmayofiloni xomar wabrZanebulano.ruseTis mcdelobebi saqarTveloSi prorusuliorientaciis gasaZlierebladburnaSevis arqivis masalebSi p. potiomkinis ukmayofilebaereklesadmi sxvaganac SeimCneva: kavkasiisjarebis meTauri ver malavs, rom ar esiamovna misadmierekles rekomendacia vinme rusi moxeleapraqsinis Sesaxeb: `gulaxdilad getyviT, rom aseTSemTxvevaSi me visurvebdi mefisagan met yuradRebas.apraqsini CemTvis ufro adridan nacobia, vidremisTvis, xolo aderbiJaneli mTavrebis saqme, razedacis dums, ufro moiTxovda misi mxridan axnas...axla ki, Cemdami jerovani uwyebis nacvlad, mefembrZana sityvierad eTqvaT CemTvis, rom ibrahim-xanzedayrdnoba ar SeiZleba,... magram me visurvebdi, romaseT SemTxvevebSi mefes sityvierad ar ecnobebinaCemTvis. me mis saxls imdenad bevri sikeTe gavukeTe,ufleba maqvs, moviTxovo Cemdami meti gulrwfeloba.~werili daTariRebulia 1783 wlis 8noembriT [2, 12].p. potiomkinma SesaniSnavad icoda ra ereklesganwyobilebaTa Sesaxeb, vinaidan TviTon iyo qarTvelimefisadmi traqtatis Tavs moxvevis saqmis mTavariganmaxorcielebeli piri, cdilobda igi mudmivkontrolSi hyoloda. solomon I-is moulodneligardacvalebis Setyobis Semdeg, imereTis saqmeebzemiTiTebebis Tanadroulad, p. potiomkini burnaSevisaganiTxovda: `Tavis mxriv saWiroa, mefes miaqcioT62

yuradReba~. 13 maisi, 1784 weli [2, 24]. SesaZlebelia,ufrTxodnen imereTis saqmeebSi erekles Carevas,rac am ukanasknels saSualebas miscemda Tavisigavlena daemyarebina dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gasagebimizezebis gamo, ruseTis interesebSi sulac arSedioda.epistoleebSi araerTi uwyeba gvxvdeba imisa,rogor cdilobda ruseTis xelisufleba, rac arunda dajdomoda, moepovebina mTlianad samefo ojaxisada aseve qarTveli warCinebuli zedafenis ke-Tilganwyobileba (ase rom, mxolod traqtatis xelmosaweradCasuli qarTveli elCebis gulis mosagebadar uzrunia). am mizniT p. potiomkini imperatricassaxeliT mravlad agzavnida saCuqrebs saqarTveloSida Semdeg Tavis polkovnik `komisioners~Txovda ecnobebina misTvis, ramdenad kmayofilnidarCnen saCuqrebiT dedofali, mefis asulebi daerekles umaRlesi saxelmwifo moxeleebi, iseve rogorcsurda Seetyo, rogori kmayofili iyo ereklemefe ekaterines `guluxvobiT~, roca imperatorisaganeboZa `mowyalebis niSnebi, romelmac ase mniSvnelovnadaamaRla misi mefuri Rirseba~ [2, 16]. Tumca,rasakvirvelia, erekles isedac maRal `mefur Rirsebas~es niSnebi bevrs verafers Sematebda. TviT mefisTviski traqtatis dadebis aRsaniSnavad p. potiomkinssaCuqrad cxeni mourTmevia mozdokeli iasulisxeliT (1783 w. 31 agvistos werili) [2, 8].ruseTis xelisuflebas, bunebrivia, yuradRebisgareSe ar dautovebia erekles vaJebi. 1783 wlis 863

noembriT daTariRebuli werilis mixedviT p. potiomkinielodeba batoniSvil mirianis gamgzavrebisSesaxeb cnobebs [2, 12]. rogorc Cans, ruseTTan ur-TierTobis gamo garkveul ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdavaxtang batoniSvili. amitom p. potiomkini burnaSevsavalebs batoniSvilis darwmunebas, `rom isar darCeba gamxnevebis gareSe~ (26 dek. 1783 w.) [2,15]. batoniSvilebze meti STabeWdilebisa da gavlenismosaxdenad gadawyda ruseTSic miewviaT zogier-Ti maTgani. amisaTvis Sesaferis drod ki ereklesmier damtkicebuli georgievskis traqtatis ruseT-Si waReba iqna SerCeuli. 1784 w. 11 maiss burnaSevmamiiRo uwyeba: `droa, raTa mefiswulebi gaemgzavronpeterburgSi, rameTu baton tomarasaTvisac ratifikaciiswaRebis droa. TxoveT mis umaRlesobas, raTainebos [maTi] gagzavna~ [2, 23]. momdevno werilSi p.potiomkini sagangebod interesdeba vaxtang batoniSvilispirovnebiT: `CemTvis saWiroa, vicode vaxtangmefiswulis Tvisebebi, ris Taobazec mauwyeT~ _wers p. potiomkini burnaSevs [2, 23].erTxel p. potiomkinis yuramde mouRweviaxmebs, rom `TavadebisaTvis naboZebi saCuqrebidan,isini zogierTebs hyidiano~, rasac masSi garkveuliaRelveba gamouwvevia (SeiZleba im mosazrebiT, romiqneb maTTvis es saCuqrebi arc ise mniSvnelovan faseulobaswarmoadgens, raki ase iolad imeteben gasayidad)da kvlav burnaSevs Txovda: garkveuliyoam sakiTxSi da misTvis moexsenebina (werili burna-Sevma miiRo 1784 wlis 15 maiss) [2, 23].64

imxanad ruseTisaTvis aq Tavisi gavlenis gaZlierebisgzad qarTvelebis gulis mogeba rom hqondaTdasaxuli, amaze uSualo pirdapirobiT metyvelebskidev erTi detali: Tavad erasti amilaxvarssaCivriT miumarTavs p. potiomkinisaTvis, romsaqarTveloSi gagzavnil rusul jarSi momsaxure`mkurnalma waarTva mas coli, xolo TviT mas Tavigautexa~. amis gamo burnaSevma miiRo davaleba, garkveuliyosaqmis viTarebaSi da Sedegi ecnobebinazemdgomisaTvis. amas Tan axlda mkacri miTiTebac:àr dauSvaT TviTnebobis dawyeba im qveyanaSi, sadacunda movigoT gulebi da mivibaT Cvenze~ (недопускайте своеволству начинатся в той земле, гдедолжно ловить сердца и привязывать к себе) [2, 15].rusuli xelisufleba gulmodgined cdilobda,ar daeSva erekles gulSi ruseTisadmi eWvisa daundoblobis gaRviveba da mefis araprincipul TxovnebisSesrulebazec uyoymanod iZleoda Tanxmo-bas:`mefis Txovna _ aswavloT medoleebsa da fleitistebs,unda Sesruldes, rameTu saxelm-wifoebs SorismWidro SeerTebas ar SeuZlia dauTmos adgilimcire eWvsac ki~. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSirusuli batalionebis meTaurs aseTi umniSvnelosakiTxebis gadawyvetis ufleba ar hqonda da iseverogorc yvela wvrilmani zemdgom xelmZRvanelobas-Tan unda SeeTanxmebina. p. potiomkini burnaSevs iqvenebas rTavda, rom `regularobis zogierTi wesisSemoRebac daubrko-lebriv SeiZleboda Sesrulebuliyo~[2, 15]. NniSan-doblivia, rom saubari aris65

egularobis mxolod `zogierT wesze~, _ es naTladmiuTiTebs, rom sakuTar mfarvelobaSi miRebulsamefoSi adgi-lobrivi efeqturi mudmivi jaris CamoyalibebaruseTSi mizanSewonilad ar miaCndaT.ruseTis interesebi da miznebi saqarTveloSisakiTxis amgvari ganxilvisas ibadeba kiTxva: raganapirobebda ruseTis aseT dainteresebas erekleII-Ti? burnaSevis arqivi am sakiTxebzec naTel warmodgenasiZleva.ruseTma 1782 wels warmatebiT gadaWra ra Tavissasargeblod yirimisa da yubanispireTis sakiTxiosmaleTis xarjze, imavdroulad erTob gaaqtiuraTavisi politika amierkavkasiaSic, sadac Tavis er-TaderT metoqed isev osmaleTi esaxeboda. p. potiomkiniburnaSevs traqtatis xelmoweris win kmayofilebiTatyobinebs, rom vinaidan CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTidangaZevebis miuxedavad, `dadasturebuliayvelgan portaSi, gamoTqvan samSvidoboganwyobileba~, ès garemoebebi, Cans, gauxsnis, asevTqvaT, xelebs maT amorecxvas amierkavkasiis mxareSi,da amitomac saWiroa, rom maTi mdgomareoba vicodeTmale~ [2, 7]. ufro adre, ruseTis imperiis sagareopolitikis warmmarTveli grigol potiomkini 1783wlis 16 ivnisis sagangebo brZanebulebaSi burnaSevsavalebda ùswrafesad Seedgina saqarTvelos ruka,misi sazRvrebis SeZlebisdagvarad zusti gansazRvriT,gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mxridan~ [2, 3].ruseTi cdilobda aseve gamoeyenebina ereklemefis sadazvervo qseli, raTa mieRo dawvrilebiTi66

cnobebi TurqeTSi, gansakuTrebiT mis aRmosavleTmxareebSi mimdinare ambebis Sesaxeb. p. potiomkini1783 wlis 19 noembers burnaSevs swers, rom masereklesaTvis uTxovia ècnobebina misTvis yvela garemoebaTaSesaxeb, rac ismis Turqul sazRvrebSi~da amgvari cnobebi rac SeiZleba xSirad miewodebinamisTvis. aqve vigebT, rom mas aseve uTxovia mefisaTvis,`SeerCia sando kaci, romelic SeiZleboda gamoyenebulyofiliyo konfidentad (jaSuSad)~ [2, 12-13]. Cans, rom generali ar apirebda dakmayofilebuliyomxolod erekles mier miwode-buli cnobebiTda surda jaSuSobisaTvis gamosadegi iseTi kacismoZebna, romelic uSualod mas miawvdida mopovebulinformacias, raSic isev erekles daxmarebas saWiroebda.burnaSevis arqividan Cans aseve, rom ruseTSiWareli lekebis sakiTxsac ganixilavdnen da saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi maT damorCilebasac ar gamoricxavdnen.es daRestnuri Temebi maT mier mitacebul,kaxeTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxareSi binadrobdnenda erekle II-is ruseTTan kavSiris gamo, osmaleTiswaqezebiT sxvebze metad azaralebdnen aRmosavleTsaqarTvelos. p. potiomkini saidumlod iTxovdaburnaSevisagan `naTel da dawvrilebiT cnobebs~,raTa `safuZvlianad scodnoda~ `ra xalxia Warelebi,saqarTvelos romel nawilSi arian, rogori safuZveliaqvT, vis emorCilebian, didi xania, rac misibrw. mefe iraklis xelisuflebis winaaRmdegniarian? ramdeni SeiaraRebuli unda daviTvaloT yve-67

la maTgani, romeli mxridan da rogor ufro mosaxerxebeliamaTi damorCileba?~ [2, 11]. ufro gviandeliwerilidan (miRebuli 1784 wlis 15 maiss), sadacpotiomkini iTxovs met demografiul da samxedroxasiaTis cnobebs Wareli lekebis Sesaxeb, vigebT,rom es informaciac erekle mefisagan undayofiliyo miRebuli: `miviRe cnobebi lekebis yveladasaxlebebis Sesaxeb, magram me visurvebdi, raTa ma-Ti dasaxlebis CamonaTvalTan iqve naTqvami iyos, sadramdeni macxovrebelia da ramdeni mebrZoli kaciSeiZleba Seikribos. TxoveT mefes, raTa aseTi cnobebimomawodos~ [2, 23]. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sakiTxiruseTis mier qarTl-kaxeTis samefos dapyrobamdeTeoriuli damuSavebis dones ar gascdenia.miuxedavad solomon I-is gamokveTili antiosmaluriorientaciisa, ruseTma uari Tqva imereTissamefos mfarvelobaSi miRebaze da amis mTavari mizeziswored osmaluri faqtori iyo. Tumca Tavispolitikur gavlenas dasavleT saqarTveloSi gulmodginedufrTxildebodnen. amitom iyo, rom polkovnikiburnaSevi sagangebo warmomadgenlad iniSnebodarogorc erekle II-is, aseve solomon I-iskarze. amave mizezebis gamo ruseTSi frTxilobdnen,rom solomonis politikuri veqtori osmaleTisakenar gadaxriliyo. marTalia, solomon I, erekle IIisagangansxvavebiT, Tavis sagareo-politikur ur-TierTobebSi aranairi xelSekrulebis ZaliT ar yofilaxelSekruli, potiomkini cdilobda srulkontrolqveS hyoloda imereTis mefis diplomatiu-68

i urTierTobebic da pirvel rigSi, swored TurqulmxaresTan warmoebuli. igi saswrafod avalebsburnaSevs `moipovos solomonisagan axalcixis fa-Sis mier misadmi gagzavnili werilis dedani~ (26dek. 1783 w.) [2, 16]. potiomkinis SiSi solomon IIisdiplomatiuri urTierTobebis Taobaze adviliasaxsnelia: didi mondomebis miuxedavad, imereTismefem verc sasurveli daxmareba miiRo ruseTisaganda verc mfarveloba, mxolod `guluxvi~ dapirebebi.amis gamo ruseTisadmi misi gulacrueba sulac ariqneboda gamoricxuli.ruseTSi gafacicebiT adevnebdnen Tvals imere-Tis samefoSi solomon I-is gardacvalebis SemdegSeqmnil viTarebasac, raTa aq rusuli politikurigavlena kvlav osmalurs ar Caenacvlebina. amitomp. potiomkini burnaSevs avalebda: `Zalze unda ecadoT,rom imereTSi iyos simSvide,... raTa TurqebiamasobaSi ar SemoZvrnen.~ (13 maisi, 1784 weli). imavewerilSi p. potiomkini burnaSevs wers: `me veliTqvengan utyuar cnobebs, solomonis Semdeg vindarCa imereTSi mflobelad~ [2, 23-24]. momdevnowerilSi ki burnaSevs avalebs, saswrafod CavidesimereTSi da Seiswavlos iq arsebuli mdgomareoba.amasTan p. potiomkini iTxovs: `Cemi rCevebis ZaliTaxal mefes da yvela Cinosnebs miscemT ra dadebiTsafuZvels, SematyobineT ra ganwyobilebaSi naxavTmaT, Tu mSvidad da rigze, maSin dabrundiT~ [2, 24].`dadebiTi safuZvelis micema~, sxva ara unda iyosra, Tu ara, axali dapirebebiTa da daimedebiT im-69

ereTis axali monarqis rusul orientaciaze myaraddayeneba.amierkavkasiaSi rusuli gavlenis mkveTr zrdasosmaleTi gulxeldakrefili ver Sexedavda. ruseTisSiSi, osmaleTs ar esargebla Zlieri xelisuflismoulodneli gardacvalebis gamo imereTSi dawyebuliSida areulobiT, asaxulia burnaSevi-sadmi mimarTulp. potiomkinis kidev erT werilSi: `TurqebisTavSeyra yarsisa da xaziurumis 2 mxarisakenTumca ki warmoadgens maTi mxridan sifrTxiles,raTa ar dauSvan am mxareSi Cveni gaZliereba, magrammaTi ganzraxva, Tuki marTalia, SeiWrnan imereTSi,Zalze miuRebelia. amisaTvis saWiroa miRebul iqnasusafrTxoebis yvela SesaZlo zomebi!~ (19 ivlisi1784 weli) [2, 24].rac Seexeba irans, is aRniSnul xanaSi qaoss daanarqias moecva. odesRac Zlevamosili da mezoblebisaTvisSiSismomgvreli saxelmwifo aRar arsebobda.igi mraval urTierTmoqiSpe saxanod iyodaSlili. Sahobis pretendentebi ki TviT eZiebdnenregionSi fexmodgmuli ruseTis mxardaWeras [5, 89-119]. aseT viTarebaSi amierkavkasiaSi batonobisaTvisruseTi irans, bunebrivia, metoqed ver miiCnevda. samagierodaqtiurad cdilobda azerbaijanul saxanoebzeTavisi gavlenis damyarebas. am saqmeSi ruse-TisaTvis gansakuTrebuli roli swored erekle II-sunda Seesrulebina, vinaidan peterburgSi cnobiliiyo, rogori avtoritetiT sargeblobda erekle xa-2 igulisxmeba erzrumi.70

nebs Soris. misi ridic hqondaT da SiSic metnaklebad.burnaSovis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTs gansakuTrebiTmizanSi hyavda amoRebuli SuSis anu yarabaRisxani ibrahimi. amas ramdenime garemoeba ganapirobebda:a) ganjis, erevnisa da naxWevnis saxanoebierekles emorCilebodnen da varaudobdnen, qarTvel mefezerusuli gavlenis damyareba am saxanoebzec avtomaturadunda gavrcelebuliyo. b) ibrahim-xanTan kierekles gamorCeulad axlo politikur-samokavSireourTierToba da megobroba akavSirebda. amitomac ruseTSimiaCndaT, rom erekles mis gadawyvetilebebze daorientaciaze mniSvnelovani gavlenis moxdena SeeZloda amitomac Riad akisrebdnen kidec am misias.aseTi viTareba araerTxel iCens Tavs burnaSevisadmimimarTul werilebSi. 1783 wlis 11 dekemberi:`gmarTebT, ukiduresad ecadoT, raTa mefe(aqac da SemdegSic igulisxmeba mefe erekle II _d.m.) urCevdes ibrahim-xans, gamoagzavnos CemTan sapatiomoxeleebi. me macnobeben, rom ibrahim-xani,SeSinebuli Cveni jarebisgan, ara marto gasamagreblademzadeba, aramed [saWiroebis] SemTxvevaSigaqcevasac fiqrobs. es yvelaferi ar Tanxvdeba Cvensvaraudebs da saWiroa misi dayvaveba da daimedeba.mefesTan misi megobrobis gamo, vgoneb, rom is masdaujerebs~ [2, 14]; 1784 wlis 10 marti: `gTxovT,auxsnaT mefes, rom ibrahim-xanis saqcieli jer sulacar aris gulrwfeli~, ìs mxolod gvimtkicebs,rom aris mefis megobari da surs misi mibaZva, da71

ar gadascdeba mis rCevebs. Tuki igi namdvilad ismensmefis rCevebs, marTebs, rom mefem igi daarwmunos~[2, 19-20]; 13 aprili 1784 weli: `mefes mar-Tebs ibrahim-xanis Segulianeba WeSmariti Semobrunebisaken~[2, 20]. burnaSovis arqivis mixe-dviT davalebebiTase datvirTuli, sxva xanebis mimarT ereklenamdvilad ar yofila.cxadia, ruseTi yarabaRis xanze iseTive politikurigavlenis damyarebas cdilobda, rogoric esqarTl-kaxeTze moaxerxa. amitom cdas ar aklebdnenibrahin-xans Tavis megobar ereklesTvis `miebaZa~,rac ueWvelad ruseTis `mfarvelobaSi~ Sesvlasgulisxmobda. iseve rogorc xanis `WeSmariti Semobruneba~,rasakvirvelia ruseTisaken Semobru-nebas,Ria rusul politikur orientacias unda niSnavdes.am saqmeSi ki erekles umTavresi roli unda Seesrulebina.magram masalebidan Cans, rom SuSis xaniruseTs ar endoboda. kavkasiaSi misma samxedropolitikurmaaqtiurobam xani daafrTxo da winaaRmdegobisgasawevadac ki daawyebina samzadisi (marcxisSemTxvevaSi ibrahims saxanos datovebis SemTxvevachqonia gaTvlili). aseT viTarebaSi, rogorcburnaSevisadmi mimarTuli erTi werilidan Cans, Se-Sinebuli xanisaTvis isev erekles unda `daeyvavebinada daeimedebina~. rodesac diplomatiurma zewolamsasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo, ruseTi ibrahim-xanzezemoqmedebis mosaxdenad qarTl-kaxeTis samxedroSesaZleblobebiT muqaris gamoyenebasac ki Seecada.am SemTxvevisaTvis ki erekles TvalSi iseT elferi72

undoda mieca, TiTqos qarTuli samefos usafrTxoebisaTviszrunavda. 1784 wlis 15 aprils p. potiomkinisganburnaSevma miiRo davaleba: `saWiroa, ganamzadoTmefe, raTa man Tavisi jarebi miaaxlovos,warmoudginoT ra mas sabuTad, rom roca ibrahimxanida sxvani SeiaraRebulni arian, saWiroa, romigic SeiaraRebuli iyos, raTa moulodnelad masraime ziani ar miayenon~. bunebrivia, georgievskistraqtatis dadebis Sedegad, rusuli interesebidangamomdinare, axali politikuri sinamdvilis Camoyalibebisgamo ereklesa da ibrahims Soris urTier-Tobis gaciveba gardauvali iyo. rusuli safrTxiTSefiqrianebuli ibrahim-xani erekles kargi TvaliTaRar uyurebda da male Ria mtrobac ki dauwyo.Tumca urTierTobis saboloo gafuWebamde ruseTSijer kidev cdilobdnen erekles faqtoris gamoyenebas.p. potiomkinisagan burnaSevis piriT ereklesmiTiTeba eZleoda, `raTa man es saZageli xani ar gaiucxoos,misi daimedebiT moiyvanos CemTan mWidrokavSirSi, xolo amasobaSi ganze ar gauSvas~ (1784wlis 7 aprili) [2, 21].qarTl-kaxeTis samefosTan sasurveli xelSekrulebisgaformebis Semdeg, ruseTis politikuriambiciebi kavkasionis gadmoRma sul ufro da ufroizrdeboda. is Tavisi gavlenis damyarebas ukve samxreT,anu iranis azerbaijanSiac lamobda da amisaTvismzad iyo nebismieri xelsayreli SemTxveva gamoeyenebina.ase mag., Tavrizis xans kavkasiis xazismTavarsardlisaTvis Tavis werilSi uTxovia mkur-73

nali eqimis gagzavna. p. potiomkinma aseTi àrapolitikuri~Txovnac ki maSinve ruseTis velikoder-Javuli interesebisaTvis gamosayeneblad mimarTa daburnaSevs miswera: `gaugzavneT mas [eqimi] Tqveni weriliTurT,uTxariT ra, rom me moviwere brZanebamkurnalis gagzavnisa, romelic TqvenTan imyofeba, daTuki is saimedoa, daavaleT mas, xanis ganwyobilebaruseTis pirdapir erTgulebamde miiyvanos. daavaleTmas, raTa man ganuwyvetliv umtkicos xans ruseTisdidebulebis Sesaxeb, imperatricas Seudarebeli guluxvobisSesaxeb, rom STaunergos, ramdenad didiaCveni jarebis dideba da ramdenad sasargebloa misTvismfarvelobis SeZena didi ekaterinesi!~ (26 dekemberi,1783 weli) [2, 16].aq ar SeiZleba ar gagvaxsendes erekles samefokarze moRvawe germaneli eqimi iakob rainegsi. doqtorirainegsi ukve sargeblobda didi ndobiTa dapativiscemiT samefo karze, Seswavlili hqonda qar-Tuli enac, amitom CaiTvala Sesaferis pirovnebadruseTis imperiuli miznebis gansaxor-cielebladqarTl-kaxeTis samefos mimarT. igi saswrafod daibaraTavisTan p. potiomkinma. gadaibira ra TavissamsaxurSi, mianiWa mas polkovnikis wodeba da daniSnaTavis `komisionerad~ erekles karze. rainegssTavis saeqimo moRvaweobis kualad, gamoiyenebda rasamefo ojaxisagan ukve mopovebul ndobas, undadaerwmunebina erekle, miemarTa ruseTis imperatricasaTvismfarvelobis miRebis TxovniT [3, 14]. rainegsiTbilisSi dabrunda 1782 wels da erekles74

momdevno politikur nabijebi cxadad adasturebs,rom mogzavnili eqimis `sakomisionero~ misia ruse-TisaTvis erTob Sedegiani aRmoCenila.yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT, ra gasakviria, ukvewarmatebiT mosinjuli xerxis gamoyeneba potiomkinsTavrizis xanis mimarTac ecada. Tu sasurvel Sedegsar gamoiRebda, dasakargic araferi iqneboda. Tumca-Ra burnaSevis arqividan aRar Cans, ra bedi ewia amwamowyebas.burnaSevis arqividan Cans, rom ruseTis kavkasiuripolitikis ganmaxorcielebeli p. potiomkins ar gamohparviaerTi SexedviT politikurad iseT umniSvnelosakiTxi, rogorc iyo erekles vaJebs Soris dava sapatarZlosgamo, romelic ufross, giorgis Tavis sar-Zlod moswonebia, xolo vaxtang batoniSvils igiveqali TavisTvis ndomebia. burnaSevs es ambavi iseTimniSvnelobisaTvis ar ucvnia, rom igi kavkasiis xazissardlisaTvis Seetyobinebina. amis gamo man 1784 wlis13 aprils potiomkinisagan miiRo sayveduri da iqve _sagulisxmo miTiTebac: `girCevT yvelanairad SeecadoTmaT Serigebas. daarwmuneT isini, rom saSinao dava arismaTi saxlis daRupva da Sercxvena da sargebeli maTimtrebisaTvis... SeecadeT, auxsnaT maT, rom ar arsebobsdedamiwaze arc erTi qali, romlis gamoc Zmebma SeiZlebaiCxubon, miTumetes samefo gvaris Zmebma; da mi-Tumetes ar SeeferebaT maT, rameTu arc erTi maTganisapatarZlos ar icnobs~ [2, 20] 3 . p. potiomkini, ro-3 es faqti imiTac aris saintereso, rom p. potiomkins Tavisi sxvadamatebiTi sainformacio wyaroebi gaaCnda saqarTveloSi da mxolod75

gorc Sors-mWvreteli diplomati kargad acnobierebda,rom mefiswulebs Soris dawyebuli dava Tu gaRrmavdeboda,mas SeiZleboda politikuri saxec mieRo daerT-erTi maTganis mier meoris sapirispiro, xoloruseTisaTvis arasasurvel politikur orientaciazegadasvliT dasrulebuliyo, rac Tavis mxriv samefozeruseTis ucilobel gavlenas Seuqmnida safrTxes.msgavsi principiT xelmZRvanelobs p. potiomkini,roca mondomebiT cdilobs erekle II-sa da solomonII-is Serigebas: mTavari iyo, arcerT maTgansmeoresTan dapirispirebis gamo prorusuli orientaciaar unda Seecvala. amave dros maT Soris sadavosakiTxebis mogvareba xels Seuwyobda orivemefis SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis warmarTvas ruseTisinteresebis Sesabamisad. imereTisa da qarTl-kaxeTismefeebis Serigebis miTiTeba burnaSevs miuRia 1783wlis 20 dekembers [2, 15]. samiode kviris Semdeg,potiomkini imeorebs solomonisa da erekles SerigebissaWiroebas: `Tu mSvidobis aRdgena SesaZlebeliaor mefes Soris ise, rom arcerTi maTgani ardarCes Seuracxyofili, miT ukeTesi~ [2, 15-16]. SerigebissakiTxi asaxulia solomon I-is 1783 wlis19 oqtombris werilSic burnaSevisadmi, sadac imereTismefe ayalibebs mefeTa Soris uTanxmoebis gamomwvevmizezebs da gamoTqvams mzadyofnas, rompolkovnikis ZalisxmeviT am mizezebis aRmofxvrisburnaSevis mowodebul cnobebs ar sjerdeboda. unda vifiqroT, romam wyaroebiT garkveulwilad Tavisi komisioneris mowodebulicnobebis gadamowmebasac axdenda.76

Semdeg man erekle II-sTan `Zmuri~ urTierToba iqonios[2, 34].qarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareoba georgievskistraqtatis gaformebis SemdegqarTl-kaxeTis politikuri mdgomareobis cvlilebasmisi ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis Semdegsainteresod aRwers ruseTis sagangebo warmomadgenelierekles karze, stefane burnaSevi TavisTxzulebaSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb: `sruliad ruse-Tis imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis mfarvelobaSisaqarTvelos miRebis Sesaxeb traqtatis sazeimoddadebis Semdeg, rogorc ki Cveni jarebi Sevidnen iq,mTeli aderbijaneli xanebi da sxvebic ufro iqiTsparseTSi Zlier SeSfoTdnen, miuxedavad maTi ke-TildReobisa da sargeblobisadmi ruseTis keTiliganwyobis Sesaxeb daimedebisa, winaswar SepyrobilniTavianTi Zalauflebis dakargvis SiSiT, da ganmtkicebulniiyvnen am azriT kidev ufro otomanTaportas STagonebiT, romelic ganuwyveteli misiebi-Ta da mflobelebisTvis arcTu mcire saCuqrebis darigebiTcdilobda mflobelTa rac SeiZleba ZlieradmaT aRZvras mefis winaaRmdeg, da amasac miaRwia:ibrahim-xan SuSelma dauwyo mavnebloba Tavidansaidumlod, yoveli xerxiT, Tumca ki es SesamCneviiyo. misi mecadineobiT morCilebidan gandga ganja.~erevanSic `suleiman-faSas uwyveti xrikebiT~ `mefesxarks aRar uxdian sxvadasxva sababiT da erevanicmefis Zalaufle-bisagan Camocilebis ukanasknel mijnazedgas. mefis mflobelobaSi myofi TaTari xal-77

xebi: yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi,saukeTeso meomrebi da mdidari adamianebi, datovesra TavianTi miwebi, wavidnen SuSis xanis mxareSi daaxla mas emsaxurebian mefis winaaRmdeg.~ TurqeTisportam, _ ganagrZobs burnaSevi _ saqarTvelodanCveni jarebis gamosadevnad `ganavrco Tavisi Cagonebanixarb daRestnelebze,... fulisa da daimedeobismeSveobiT imoqmedon axalcixis mxridan kavSirSi,daarwmuna avariis uma-xani (igulisxmeba omar-xani _d.m.) mTielTa SesaZlebeli Zalebis SeyriT aSkaraomiT wamovides mefeze.~ omar-xanmac `moagrova rasxvadasxva mTiel xalxTagan 11000-mde, movida mdinarealazanze da SeuerTda ra aq mTielebsa da belaq-nelebs,saqarTvelos Seurigebel mtrebs, gaZlierda20000-mde~ da saqarTveloSi SemoiWra [1,15-17].saqarTveloSi myofi rusuli jarebis meTaurismier gakeTebuli es mokle daxasiaTeba mTeli sisruliTasaxavs qarTl-kaxeTis ruseTis mfarvelobaSiSesvlis Sedegad samefoSi Seqmnil mZimepolitikur viTarebas, rac gansakuTrebiT damZimdaaq ori rusuli batalionis Semosvlis Semdeg. ni-Sandoblivia, rom rusi komisioneri ar asaxelebsarc erT dadebiT Sedegs, rac traqtatis dadebasada rusuli jarebis Semosvlas moutania ereklessamefosaTvis. amrigad, burnaSevis mixedviT, politikurimdgomareobis cvlileba gamoxatula SemdegSi:1. qarTuli samefos SeSinebulma da SeSfoTebulmayvela mezobelma xanma saerTo mtrobis piri Sekra78

erekles winaaRmdeg. mefes zurgi aqcies misma mokav-Sire xanebmac. erT dros misi megobari da erTguliSuSis xanic erekles mtrad moekida.2. erekles morCilebaze uari ganacxada mismamoxarke ganjis saxanom. erekles Zalaufleba imdenadSeryeula erevanSic, rom igi ukve bewvzec kiekida.3. erekles qveSevrdomobaSi myofi muslimuriTemebi (yazaxelebi, SamSadilelebi da Samqorelebi),romelTagan qarTl-kaxeTis laSqari saimedo daarcTu umniSvnelo Sevsebas iRebda, yarabaRSi gadaixvewnenda axla iqaur xans daudgnen gverdSierekles winaaRmdeg.4. erekles ukiduresad gaufuWda urTierTobaosmaleTTan (ruseT-osmaleTis 1768-74 wlebis omSiruseTis mxareze brZolis gamo masTan erTxel ukvegafuWebuli urTierTobis mowesrigeba manamde ereklemdidi Zalisxmevis fasad SeZlo), romlis-TvisacruseTi umTavresi metoqe iyo regionSi. osmaleTmayvela saSualebiT daiwyo qarTl-kaxeTis isedacSeSfoTebuli mahmadianuri samezoblos amxedrebarusebis mokavSire qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg.5. qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg muSavdeboda samxedrogegma, romlis mixedviT, samefoze erTdrouladunda mietanaT ieriSi axalcixis safaSodan da daRestnidan.sabolood osmalTa waqezebiT, avariis xanidaRestnelTa Zalebis iSviaTi mobilizaciis Sedegad,20 aTasiani jariT SemoiWra saqarTveloSi, soflebisada savargulebis garda aaoxra spilenZisa da vercxlis79

gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi (burnaSevi mxolod vercxlisasasaxelebs). daRestnelTa didi Zalebis mravalgzisdammarcxebelma ereklem ki amjerad ver SeZloomar-xanis SeCereba da iZulebuli gaxda mas Zalzearasasurveli pirobebiT dazaveboda.sxvagan burnaSevi aRniSnavs, ra rom darejan dedofali,romelic Tumca ìmave saSiSroebis gamo(qarTlis taxtis dakargva _ d.m.) gadaixara ruseT-Tan traqtatis dadebisaken~, ris gamoc erekle II,igi àxla xelidan ar uSvebs SemTxvevas, rom arusayveduros mefes qveynis gaCanagebis gamo~ [1, 19].aq rusi polkovniki misdauneburad iribad miuTi-Tebs, rom ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlam samefosmdgomareobaze yovelmxriv uaryofiTad imoqmeda da`qveynis gaCanageba~ gamoiwvia.p. potiomkini ki rusuli jaris saqarTvelodangayvanis Taobaze burnaSevisadmi mimarTul orderSipirdapiri daskvnis saxiT aRiarebs, rom rusuli batalionebisSeyvanam erekles araTu raime politikurisargebloba ar moutana, metic, mxolod mtrebimoumravla qveyanas: `Cveni batalionebis yofniTmefes meti mteri hyavda~ da maTi gamoyvanis Semdegki ìgi Svebas igrZnobs mtrebis TavSeyrisagan~ [2,29].saqarTvelodan rusuli jaris gawvevis mizezebida garemoebebidroTa ganmavlobaSi qarTl-kaxeTis politikurimdgomareoba ufro da ufro rTuldeboda. samefoSiarsebuli ori rusuli batalioni (daaxl. 2000 ka-80

ci) sakmarisi ar iyo amave batalionebis aq yofnisgamo qveynis winaaRmdeg darazmuli sxvadasxva jurismtrebis (maT Soris yofili mokavSireebis) mosagerieblad.1787 wlis 4 oqtombers erekle burnaSevs atyobinebda,rom mas mouvida cnoba, rom omar-xanijariT ukve belaqanSi iyo Semosuli da kaxeTSi SemoWrasapirebda [2, 37]. oriode wliT adre omarxanisgardauvali Tavdasxmis samzadisis Sesaxebrusma polkovnikma pataki gaagzavna kavkasiis xazzeda jaris damatebac iTxova. imave Sinaarsis werilebigaugzavnia sardlobis StabSi mefe ereklesac.amaze metyvelebs im momentSi kavkasiis xazis sardlis,general leontievis sapasuxo werili burna-Sevisadmi: `Cems mier misi umaRlesoba mefisagan mi-Rebuli werilebidan, aseve Tqveni patakidanac vxedav,ramdenad saWiroa Cveni jarebis gagzavna saqarTveloSi~.am saWiroebis aRiarebis miuxedavad,generali acxadebda, rom ramdenadac igi droebiTcvlida p. potiomkins, `mTavari xelmZRva-nelobisnebarTvis gareSe amis gadawyveta ar SeeZlo~. gardaamisa, imizezebda mTielebis masobriv ajanyebebs, racTavis mxriv xels uSlida `saqarTvelos gzis Seke-Tebas~, ris gareSec SeuZlebeli iyo jaris gamogzavna(1785 wlis 15 agvisto) [2, 30].aseT viTarebaSi gen. leontievi burnaSevis mimarT`mtrebze gansakuTrebulad gamarjvebis~ survilisgamoxatviT Semoifargleba mxolod da kidev,samagierod, qarTveli `xalxis gasamxnevebel~ erT81

Cevasac aZlevs: daeyara cru xmebi, TiTqos rusulijarebi Tavs iyridnen da sul male saqarTveloSicSemovidodnen [2, 31].1787 wlis 13 seqtembers Tavis batalionebiTerekle II-is mxadasaWerad ganjasTan mdgarma burnaSevmamiiRo orderi, romliTac mas ebrZanebodasaqarTveloSi myofi egerTa am ori batalionisdauyovnebliv `xazze gamoyvana.~ orderi gacemuliyofila 29 agvistos pavle potiomkinis mier. orderSiveCans, rom mas Tavis mxriv safuZvlad dasdebiagrigol potiomkinis 19 agvistos brZaneba daswored am brZanebaSia dasaxelebuli am gadawyvetilebisoficialuri mizezi: jaris `gamokvebisukiduresi garTuleba~. aqve, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT,potiomkini imeds gamoTqvamda, rom maTi aq yofnisgamo momravlebuli mtrebisagan Sewuxebul mefeereklesaTvis ruseTis mTavrobis es nabiji erTgvariSvebis momgvrelic ki iqneboda [2, 29].rogorc Cans, es gadawyvetileba erTbaSad armiRebula. jer kidev 1786 wlis 9 oqtombers burna-Sevis razmeli, saqarTvelodan mozdokSi Casulioficeri merlini polkovniks atyobinebda, rom masorjer miscemia p. potiomkinTan Sexvedris SesaZlebloba.masTan saubrisas `kavkasiis xazis sardali~Turme mxolod zedapirulad Tu interes-deboda saqarTvelosSesaxeb da isic movaleobis moxdis mizniT.vinaidan, rogorc merlini iwereboda, _ iq yvelaferiisedac zustad icodnen saqarTveloSi arsebulimdgomareobis Sesaxeb, magram Tavi ise mohqon-82

daT, `TiTqos ar icodnen da arc undodaT, codnodaTda Tuki SesaZlebloba eqnebodaT, davi-wyebasacmiscemdnen yvelafers~ [2, 31].amave werilidan vigebT, rom p. potiomkinma amdros ukve icoda, rom mis `kavkasiis xazze~ yofnasdidi dro aRar ewera da winaswar TadarigsaciWerda _ bargis didi nawili ukve astraxanSi gaegzavna.mas mosaxleobisagan rusuli jarisaTvis sursaTis`Tavisufal fasebSi~ Sesasyidad saqarTveloSiproviantmeisteri ki gamougzavnia, `magramufulod, ar miucia ra misTvis arc erTi kapikifuli~. aseve saqarTveloSi gamosagzavni artileriada amunicia vladikavkazSi gagzavnila, magram merlinisazriT, is iq iseve idgeboda, rogorc manamdesxvagan idga _ gzas ar akeTeben da arc apirebeno.sagulisxmoa, rom am dros mozdokSi amaod mdgaranpasuxis molodinSi imereTis elCebic [2, 31-32].am fonze bolomde damajerebeli ar Cans merlinisSTabeWdileba, rom kavkasiis xazze `rasSeiZleba velodoT momavalSi, mcire Sexedulebacar aqvT~. gamoricxuli ar aris, kavkasiis xazissardlobaSi zusti warmodgena ar hqonodaT ruse-Tis momavali politikis Taobaze saqarTvelos mimarT,Tumca amavdroulad, etyoba, samagierod kargadxvdebodnen imas, rom ruseTSi raRacas elodnen,amierkavkasiisadmi interesic TiTqos droebiT Seneldada rusuli jarebis saqarTve-lodan gayvanacTiTqos gadawyvetili Canda. es sakiTxi uaxloes momavalSirom unda ganxorci-elebuliyo, ikveTeba83

merlinis sityvebSic, sadac igi burnaSevs usurvebda`swraf da mSvidobian gamosvlas~ [2, 32]. am `gamosvlaSi~udavoa, saqa-rTvelodan ruseTSi, kavkasiisxazze gasvla igulisxmeboda.aqve saWirod vcaniT, SevxebodiT erT arcTuumniSvnelo sakiTxsac. bolo dros ruseTis garkveulwreebSi gamoikveTa erTgvari tendencia. es arismcdeloba, dasabuTdes, rom georgievskis traqtatmaerekles mxridan misi darRvevis gamo (ruseTiszurgsukan xelSekrulebis dadeba osmaleTTan) Zaladahkarga. amis Sesabamisad, ruseTi TiTqosda aRariyo valdebuli uzrunveleyo qarTl-kaxeTis dacvada amitom gaiyvana kidec aqedan traqtatis TanaxmadSemoyvanili rusuli jari [6]. cxadia, sakiTxis amgvaraddayenebis gziT istoriis winaSe Tavis mar-Tlebas cdiloben ruseTSi imis gamo, rom Tavisdroze ar Sesrulda qarTuli saxelmwifos mimarTmaT mier nakisri valdebulebebi. mefe erekle da misisamefo ki swored ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlisada, miT ufro, aq rusuli jaris Semo-yvanisSedegad gaavebuli mtrebis winaSe marto-dmarto miatoves,roca damatebiTi jaris Semoyvanis nacvladaq myofi isedac mcirericxovani SenaerTi ukan ruseTSiiqna gawveuli.rodesac laparakia erekles mier ruseTTan dadebulixelSekrulebis darRvevaze, rus oponentebsmxedvelobaSi aqvT mefis mier axalcixis faSasTandadebuli SeTanxmeba. rusuli jaris Semosvlis Semdegerekles samefo mudmivad ormxrivi (daRestnidan84

da axalcixis safaSodan) dartymis safrTxeSi imyofebodada amave dros yofili samcxe-saaTabagos miwa-wyalidarestneli marbieli laSqrisaTvis mniSvnelovandamatebiT placdarmad iqca (pirveli aRmosavleTmxares lekebis mier mitacebuli Warbelaqaniiyo), xolo Seqmnil mZime viTarebaSi qveyanaSiSemoyvanili ori rusuli batalionis daxmarebamtrebis mosagerieblad mniSvnelovan rols verasrulebda. am mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,erekle Seecada diplomatiuri manevriT garkveulwiladganemuxta viTareba da axalcixis faSasTanamis Taobaze gaaforma xelSekruleba, romelic arewinaaRmdegeboda traq-tatiT gaTvaliswinebul pirobebs.ramdenad ukavSirdeboda axalcixis faSasTan dadebulizemonaxsenebi xelSekruleba qarTl-kaxeTissamefodan rusuli jaris gayvanas? am kiTxvaze pasuxisgacemisas amjerad SemovifarglebiT mxolods. burnaSevis arqiviT. aq am mxriv iseTi sainteresomonacemebi moipoveba, marTebuli daskvnisaTvis esecsakmarisi iqneboda.1. orderSi, romlis Tanaxmad burnaSevs ebrZanebodarusul batalionebTan erTad saqarTvelosdatoveba, rogorc ukve davrwmundiT, aRniSnulia amgadawyvetilebis erTaderTi mizezi: batalionebis`gamokvebis ukiduresi garTuleba~. rusi egerebisgamokvebis probleba, Cans, marTlac Seqmnila. magramrogorc arqividan irkveva misi warmoqmnis mizezicruseTSi unda veZioT. rogorc merlinis werilidan85

Cans, 1787 wlis gazafxulze ruseTidan jaris gamokvebaaRar finansdeboda. amas adasturebs jarissursaTiT mommarageblis (proviantmeister kozlovis)ufulod gamogzavna mosaxleobisagan sursaTsanovagisSesaZenad. aseve burnaSevisadmi erekleswerilidan irkveva, rom mefe cdilobda am danaklisisgarkveulwilad anazRaurebas saxelmwifo xarjebiT[2, 39].2. polkovnik burnaSevis Tanaxmad, axalcixisfaSas, romelsac didi xania osmaleTisagan damoukideblobismiRwevis survili amoZravebda, ereklesTansaidumlo piroba daudevs `ruseTis taxtis winaSemisTvis Suamdgomlobis gawevis Taobaze~. amis gaTvaliswinebiTburnaSevi askvnis, rom regionSi ruse-Tis momavali eqspansiis SemTxvevaSi àxalcixis faSaar dauSvebs~ ruseTis `winaaRmdeg warmoebul omSididi da myari warmatebis SeZenas~ [1, 20]. gardaamisa, p. potiomkini jer kidev 1784 wlis 27 TebervliswerilSi, aRiqvamda ra Turqebis mxridan zavsmaTi sisustis niSnad, imeds gamoTqvamda, rom `mezobelifaSebi iqnebian mefesTan kvlav megobrulad~[2, 18]. aqedan Cans, rom ruseTSi winaaRmdegi ar yofilanfaSasTan erekles megob-ruli urTierTobisa.metic, amave wlis aprilSi p. potiomkini burna-Sevs miuTiTebda: `mefe Tavisufalia yvela SesaZlebelsaqmeSi, iseve rogorc adre. Turqebs amJamadise unda moeqces, rogorc mokavSireebs~ [2, 20]. esmiTiTeba ZalaSi rCeboda ruseT-TurqeTis axaliomis dawyebamde (1787 weli). rusuli jaris gayvanis86

Taobaze saidumlo orders darTul P. S.-iT burna-Sevs daevala: ùSualod ki gamoucxadeT mis umaRlesobas(mefe erekles _ d.m.), raTa man moagvarossaqme axalcixis faSasTan~ [2, 29].3. merlinis werilidan aseve aSkarad Cans, romrusuli jarebis gayvanis oficialuri brZanebismosvlamde es sakiTxi ramdenime TviT adre faqtobrivadukve gadawyvetili iyo: garda imisa, romaRar finansdeboda jaris gamokveba, jars aRar miewodebodasaWiro sabrZolo aRWurviloba da amunicia(mxolod garegnulad iqmneboda STabeW-dileba,rom ruseTis xelisuflebis mxridan saamisod zrunvagrZeldeboda). rac mTavaria, ikveTeba suraTi,TiTqos yovelgvari interesi saqarTvelos sakiTxebismimarT sruliad gamqra-liyo: icodnen yvelaferida amave dros mzad iyvnen es yvelaferi samudamoddaeviwyebinaT. mizezi: ruseTi TurqeTTan omisTvisemzadeboda da kavkasiis frontze omis warmoebas argegmavda.4. saintereso suraTs iZleva p. potiomkinis werilebismTlianobaSi warmodgena da maTi saerToanalizi. 1783 wlis ivnisidan (roca miwer-moweradaiwyo saqarTveloSi komisionerad movlenil burna-SovTan) wlis bolomde gamoigzavna 14 werili. 1784wlis manZilze burnaSevs aseve miuRia 14 werili.anu sul 1783-1784 wlebSi, weliwadnaxevris man-Zilze _ 28 werili. es maSin, roca 1785-1787wlebSi TiTqmis sami wlis ganmavlobaSi burnaSevspotiomkinisagan miuRia mxolod 5 werili (me-6 ukve87

saqarTvelos datovebis oficialur brZanebas warmoadgenda).kidev ufro sagulisxmo suraTs gvixatavsam werilebis Sinaarsobrivi analizi. 1783-1784 wlebSi potiomkins ainterebs yvelaferis saqarTvelosada misi mezoblebis Sesaxeb. iTxovs konkretulisaxis informaciebsac. Cans aqtiuri dainteresebaamierkavkasiis sakiTxebiT. 1785 wels esinteresi umniSvneloa. am wels potiomkini mxolodorjer Tu iclis korespodenciis gamosagzavnad.1786-1787 wlebSi gamogzavnili mcire raodenobiswerilebi ki ukve mTlianad moklebulia politikurxasiaTs. kavkasiaSi rusuli politikis warmarTveliTbilisSi Tavis komisioners amjerad mxolod aziuriZvirfasi SenaZenebis gakeTebaSi Txovs daxmarebas[ix. 2, 26-27]. aSkarad Cans, poti-omkini Cqarobs,cdilobs moaswros sasurveli Zvirfasi da fufunebissagnebis (kolenkori, marmaSi da a.S.) xelSi CagdebaburnaSevis meSveobiT, vinaidan male amis sa-Sualeba mas aRar eqneba.sabolood burnaSevis arqivis mixedviT amis TaobazeSeiZleba davaskvnaT, erekle II-sa da axalcixisfaSas Soris gaformebul samSvidobo xel-Sekrulebas saqarTvelodan ruseTis jaris gayvanasTanaranairi kavSiri ar hqonia, vinaidan:1. ase rom yofiliyo, jaris gayvanis oficialurbrZanebaSi es aucileblad aRiniSneboda, maSinroca amis mizezad masSi sul sxva garemoebaa dasaxelebuli(ruseTis samefo karze amis merec azradaravis mosvlia georgievskis traqtati Zaladakar-88

gulad gamoecxadebina da amaSi erekle daedanaSaulebina);2. ruseTSi aRniSnul xanaSi wina-aRmdegiar yofilan erekles mSvidobiani (`mego-bruli~)urTierToba hqonoda mezobel faSebTan. aRsaniSnavia,rom am dros ruseT-osmaleTs Soris samSvidobo zavimoqmedebda da ereklesac neba eZleoda faSebismimarT mokavSiris (garegnulad mainc) pozicia dae-Wira. rusuli jaris gayvanisas ki axalcixis faSas-Tan ruseTis gamo gafuWebuli urTierTobis gamosworebamTlianad erekles diplo-matias daakisres;3. p. potiomkinis werilebis rao-denobis mkveTriSemcireba da maTi Sinaarsobrivi analizi cxadyofs:ruseTSi saqarTvelodan Tavisi batalionebis gawvevasukve 1785 wlidan fiqrobdnen, sanam saerTodgaformdeboda ereklesa da axalcixis faSas Sorisraime SeTanxmeba.literatura1. Картина Грузіи или описаніе политическагосостоянія Царствъ Карталинскаго и Кахетинскаго.Сдѣланное пребывающим при Его Высочествѣ царѣКарталинском и Кахетинском ИракліиТемуразовичѣ полковникомъ и кавалеромъБурнашевымъ в Тифлисѣ въ 1786 г., издание К. Н.Бѣгичева, Тифлисъ, 1896 г.2. Новые Матеріалы для жизнеописанія идѣятельности С. Д. Бурнашева, бывшаго въ Грузіисъ 1783 по 1787 г., Собралъ и издалъ съприложеніемъ картъ, портретовъ и факсимиле С. Н.89

Бурнашевъ, подъ редакціей профессора А. А.Цагарели, С.-Петербург, 1901.3. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidanTargmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTog. gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.4. Г. Г. Паичадзе, Георгиевский Трактат, Тб., 1983.5. z. SaraSeniZe, iranis XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi,Tb. 1970.6. А. Епифанцев, Была ли Грузия союзником России,Политическая модель выживания грузинскойгосударственности, http://www.apn.ru/publications.90irma kvaSilavasamegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofiszogierTi sakiTxi XVIII saukunisII naxevarSi(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)samegrelos istoriul-eTnologiuri SeswavlissaqmeSi metad mniSvnelovan cnobebs Seicaven,gvianSuasaukuneebis ucxoel mogzaurTa damisionerTa naSromebi. cnobilia, rom maT SorisgansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravT kaTolikemisionerebs, romlebic XVII saukuneSi mTeli

gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen regionis ama Tu imsocialur-kulturul parametrebs. am periodismisioneruli moRvaweoba evropelTa aRmosavlurieqspansiis aRmavlobas emTxveva da maT interesebsisaxavda miznad. saqarTvelosadmi, rogorc strategiulisameurneo-ekonomikuri da savaWro-satranzitoSesaZleblobebis mqone qveynisadmi interesimogvianebiT kidev ufro gaizarda, rac XVIII s-Sigamoixata carizmis administraciis mier kavkasiaSisagangebod dagegmil da ganxorcielebul rusiakademikosebis samecniero-dazverviTi xasiaTis eqspediciebsada samxedro-diplomatiur misiebSi. esenigaxldaT samuel gmelini, iohan giuldenStedti,petre palasi, aleqsandre iakovlevi, stefaneburnaSovi da a.S. àRniSnul mogzaur-mkvlevarTa,diplomatTa, carizmis aparatis moxeleTa Tuaxaldapyrobili qveynebis monaxulebis romantikulixibliT Sepyrobili sazogado moRvaweTa naSromebsada CanawerebSi, garkveul politikur dakveTebTanerTad, uxvi da mravalferovani cnobebia daculiadgilobriv xalxTa yofisa da kulturis sxvadasxvaaspeqtebze~ [8, 121].kaTolike misionerebma TavianTi xangrZlivimoRvaweobis manZilze, imdenad srulyofiladaRweres samegrelos socialur-kulturuli viTareba,rom Tamamad SeiZleba ganzogaddes XVIIIsaukunesa da Semdgom periodze, Tumca aRniSnulepoqas Tavisi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebi hyavs.saxeldobr, iohan giuldenStedti da iakob rainegsi,91

omlebic ufro saqarTvelos aRmosavleTprovinciebSi mimdinare procesebs adevnebdnen Tvals,xolo dasavleTi regionebi maTi interesis miRmadarCa. i. giuldenStedtis cnobiT, samegreloSi mismogzaurobas xeli SeuSala mTavar kacia dadianisruseTisadmi arakeTilganwyobilma damokidebulebam.àmasTan misi miwebi ufro ukeT ar iyo uzrunvelyofilimezobelTa Zarcvisa da Tavdasxmebisagan,vidre orive qarTveli mefis qveynebi... qveynisbatonis gansakuTrebuli dacvis da amalis gareSe aqmogzaurobaze fiqric zedmeti iyo~ [1, 319].XVIII saukunis wyaroTa am Zunw nakadSi,arsebuli xarvezi SeiZleba Seivsos mogzaurvasilia zuevas CanawerebiT, romelic 1777 wliTTariRdeba. igi bevrs sesxulobs misi winamorbediSardenisagan, magram sakuTari dakvirvebebic aqvs.gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelo politikuradukidures mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. gareSe mtrisdapyroba-Zaladobas Tan sdevda SinafeodaluriTavdasxmebi da tyvis syidvis barbarosuli procesi.datyveveba da ucxoeTSi gayidva emuqrebodasocialuri kategoriis TiTqmis yvela warmomadgenels.cxadia, moiSala soflis meurneobistradiciuli dargebi, Seviwrovda qristianulireligia, e.i. rjulis msaxureba gaZnelda; mosaxleobissocialuri protestis formam, ayra-gadasaxlebamfarTo xasiaTi miiRo. mxaris aseTi gaveranebisZiriTadi mizezi, Turqebis moZaleba iyo, magrammosaxleobis Zlieri antiTurquli ganwyobilebis92

gamo, `TurqeTis mTavrobas dasavleT saqarTveloSivasaluri morCilebis damamtkicebel pirobad, mosaxleobisgamahmadianeba ar mouTxovia~ [10, 482].mogzaur v. zuevas CanawerebSi yvelaze Semzaravityved Cavardnili adamianebis gasayidi fasebia,romlebic imdenad dabali iyo, cxenis fassac kiCamouvardeboda. mogzauris azriT, tyvis aseTisiiafe gamowveulia imiT, rom gamyidveli cdilobsswrafad moiSoros arasasurveli `savaWrosaqoneli~ [11, 237-238]. mimoqcevaSi am dros iyoTurquli fulis erTeuli, `sxva fuls dadiani arsWrida~ [1, 321]. vaWrobis sagans agreTve warmoadgendaabreSumi, bamba, tyaveuli, xe-tye, Tafli,cvili da misTana. vaWroba iseTi farTomasStabiT arvrceldeboda, rom mosaxleoba socialurikrizisidan gamoeyvana. SeiZleba iTqvas, mas mxolodsezonuri xasiaTi hqonda. kerZod, àbreSumi ra moiwevdnenivnissa da ivlisSi; abreSumis naqsovi _Semodgomaze; bewveuloba zamTarSi, simindi gazafxulze,Romi da Tambaqo zamTarSi, sanTeli _martSi~ [4, 148]. XVIII s-Si, simindi da Tambaqoskultura jer kidev ar iyo samegreloSi Semosuli;zemoT aRniSnuli gviandel suraTs asaxavs, xolov. zuevas dros, megrelebis ZiriTadi sakvebi Romi(igive Romis Romi) da lobioa, zamTarSi _ xorceuli,Cveulebriv saqonlis da Roris xorciTinaxavdnen Tavs, xolo marxvaSi Sebolili TevziTda xizilalaTi ikvebebodnen [11, 233]. niSandoblivia,v. zuevas Tanamedrove i. rainegsis SeniSvna, rom meg-93

elebisTvis ucxo iyo vaWroba, naosnoba daTevzWera [5; 122]. i. rainegsis cnobas am SemTxvevaSiobieqturad unda SevxedoT, vinaidan vaWroba maSinmTlianad TurqTa xelSi iyo moqceuli. saxmeleTogzebzec sul ufro xSirad Turqi vaWrebi Candnen,romlebsac SemohqondaT iaraRi, mSvild-isrebi,cxenis akazmuloba, Tavsafrebi, sufrebi, spilenZida rkina [6, 34].gauTavebel Sinafeodalur omebSi CabmulimosaxleobisaTvis, iaraRi da sabrZolo aRWurvilobaudavo saWiroebas warmoadgenda. v. zuevasmixedviT, am xanebSi cecxlsasrol iaraRs cotaniTu iyenebdnen. samagierod, Subis xmarebaSi iyvnendaostatebulni. maT SeiaraRebas mSvild-isari,xmali da didi joxi _ kombali warmoadgenda [11,230]. mSvild-isari saqarTvelosi uZvelesi droidangavrcelebuli sasroli iaraRia, romlis srolasoTxi wlidan aswavlidnen bavSvebs, romlebic, ìsekargad euflebodnen mas, rom gafrenil pataraCitasac ki axvedrebdnen isars~ [9, 119]. amgvariwvrTnis Semdeg, aravis gaukvirdeba mamakacebis kargmxedrebad da meomrebad Camoyalibeba, romlebicmaRal sabrZolo xelovnebas flobdnen. samwuxarod,es meomruli suliskveTeba Sinafeodalur omebsewireboda. Tavadebi SeiaraRebuli jariT Tavsesxmodnen erTmaneTs. saxls, mindvrebs _ yvelafersarbevdnen, wvavdnen da spobdnen. v. zuevas cnobiT,mosalodneli Zarcva-rbevis Sesaxeb, erTmaneTswinaswar ar afrTxilebdnen. maTi urTierTTareSi94

erT kviras grZeldeboda. tyvedCavardnil qalebsada bavSvebs Turqebze hyiddnen, xolo mamakacebs dasaqonels adgilze xocavdnen [11, 229]. J. SardenismixedviT, megrelebisa da maTi mezoblebis omebiarsebiTad Tavdasxmas da Zarcvas warmoadgens,romelic xangrZlivi ar aris da naxevar TveSiyvelaferi mTavrdeba. `tyveebi rac SeiZleba metimihyavT. Tu mxedari gadmoagdes unagiridan, maSinveCamoxtebian cxenidan, damarcxebuls SeboWaven imTokiT, romelsac qamarze atareben da sakuTarmxlebels miabareben xolme. Sepyrobilis sikvdilsicocxlissaqme damtyveveblis xelTaa, romelsacTavisi survilis mixedviT SeuZlia moeqces. masCveulebriv tyved aqcevs da Semdeg Turqebs mihyidis[9, 126].advili warmosadgenia sasamarTlo procesi dasamarTlis warmoebis done. amis Sesaxeb mogzaurmisionerTanaSromebSi isedac mcireodeni cnobebigvxvdeba, vinaidan imdroindeli mZime saSinao dasagareo pirobebis gamo, klasobriv urTierTobaTamowesrigeba feodaluri samarTlis normebismixedviT iSviaTad xdeboda. faqtobrivad, aSkaraZalmomreoba batonobda [10; 483]. CvenTvis sakvlevperiodSi, vaxtangis kanoni didi xnis SemoRebuliunda yofiliyo samegreloSi, daaxloebiT 1744wels, otia dadianis dros [4, 125]. Tumca,samegrelos mTavari Tavis samTavroSi samarTalsTviTon awarmoebda, romelic maincdamainclmobierebiT ar gamoirCeoda. saqme imaSia, rom95

mTavar dadians ganuzomeli ufleba hqonda TavisqveSevrdomebze, rogorc ityvian maT sikvdilsicocxleze,iseve rogorc aznaurebs TavianTmamulebSi. aseTi mmarTveloba, romelic areyrdnoboda mtkice kanonmdeblobas, qveSevrdomebssacodavi pirutyvis mdgomareobaSi agdebda; autanelsituacias gaqceviT Tu daaRwevdnen Tavs [9, 227].garda oficialuri gadasaxadebisa, glexi valdebuliiyo yovelwliurad ramdenime dRe Seenaxa Tavisibatoni, romelic mravalricxovani amaliT (qalebi,bavSvebi, mosamsaxureebi, stumrebi) mogzaurobda damTeli wlis manZilze adgilidan adgilzegadadioda. bargi mihqondaT cxenosnebs [11, 227].Sardenis cnobiT ki, tvirTi mihqondaT qveiTadmaval mamakacebs da qalebs, romlebic naxevradSiSveli, Tavze da mxrebze modebuli bargiT,sirbiliT misdevdnen maT [9, 117]. swored amgvarimogzaurobisas, dadiani gzadagza arCevda sadavosakiTxebs da daadgenda samarTals. xalxiT gar-Semortymuli mTavari mudmivad mzad iyo sadavosaqme sityvierad gaerCia. `megrelebi bednierebiarian imiT, rom maTi mTavari yovelTvis dayovelgan mzad aris moisminos saCivari da mouZebnoswamali Tavis qveSevrdomTa saWiroebas. gindTaTbirobdes da da gind puris Wamad ijdes, TundaccxeniT seirnobdes an nadirobdes, mTavariyovelTvis moismens saqmes da Sesaferis ganCinebasdasdebs~ [3, 78]. imdroindeli samegrelos mosaxleobamTavris samarTlis warmoebis principiT,96

ogorc Cans, ukmayofilo ar yofila da rusimoxeleebis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom samegreloSiruseTis Semosvlamde araviTari sasamarTloinstitutebi ar arsebobda ar Seefereba sinamdviles[7, 38]. saCivris wardgenis martivi wesi arsebobda.kerZod, momCivani dgeboda Sua gzaSi, mTavrispirispir da rodesac igi mas miuaxlovdeboda,momCivani da misi Tanmxlebni maSinve iwyebdnenxmamaRal yvirils. isini zecisken xelapyrobilnioxravdnen, joxebs urtyamdnen miwas. orive mxarecdilobda, erTimeorisTvis gadaeWarbebina. mTavarsTavisi saboloo gadawyvetileba gamohqonda. yovelivees xdeboda gzadagza, radganac mTavari ar Cerdeboda,magram midioda Zalian nela, rom adviladmisdion mas. sxvadasxva batonis glexebis davawydeboda maTive batonebis mier zemoaRniSnuliwesiT... TviT batonebs Soris davas Zala wyvetda.imarjvebda is, vinc ufro Zlieri iyo. Tu mTavramdemiaRwevda momCivanTa saCivari, mas dadianisadmimirTmeuli saCuqrebiT gamoisyiddnen da gamoasworebdnen[9, 118; 11, 228].amdenad, samegrelos samTavroSi umaRlesmsajuls mTavari warmoadgenda, romelicyovelwliuri mogzaurobis dros awarmoebda sadavosakiTxebis garigebas. megrelebi sTvlidnen, romfexiT mosiarule amala, romelic axlda am SemTxvevaSimTavar dadians, ufro sanaqebo iyo, vidrecxenosani mxleblebi. megrelebi, rom Zalze mamacicxenosnebi iyvnen amaze i. rainegsic mogviTxrobda,97

omelic maT erTaderT sasaxelo saqmianobadmiiCnevda; mogzauris cnobiT, cxovrobdnen ra Zalzerbil havian da unayofieres niadagian mxareSi,romelsac uwvalebladac ki Warbad mohqonda yvelasaWiro da aucilebeli ram cxovrebisaTvis,miCveulni iyvnen udardelobasa da usaqmurobas [5,122]. qarTvelebi, romlebsac miwis muSakoba(damuSaveba) keTilSobilur saqmed miaCndaT, ofliTmopovebuli naSrom-naRvawiT irCendnen Tavs damcirediTac kmayofilni iyvnen, maT usaqmurobazefiqrsac ki gamoricxavs. imdroindeli saSinao dasagareo viTareba, mwarmoebel mosaxleobas metgasaqans ar aZlevda. i. rainegsis cnobebi winaaRmdegobaSimodis v. zuevas CanawerebTan: saxeldobr,v. zuevas mixedviT, meabreSumeobas da bambis kulturismoyvanas aqtiurad misdevdnen [11, 226], xolo i.rainegsi werda, rom abreSumis warmoeba am qveyanaSiZalze Semosavliani da ayvavebuli iqneboda, magramis aris mxolod usaqmuri Tavadis qalebisa dazarmaci aznauris colebis saqmianoba, amdenad, araaqvs didi sargebeli [5, 123]. erTaderTi, raSicSeTanxmebas aRweven aRniSnuli mogzaurebi, imaSivlindeba, rom megrelebi arian didad morwmuneqristianebi. saqme imaSia, rom mahmadianuri agresiisgaremocvaSi myof mosaxleobas gansakuTrebiT gafaqizebulihqonda qristianuli rjulis mimdevroba damsaxureba. Tumca, xSirad damaxin-jebuli formiTasrulebdnen. SesaZlebelia zogierTi avantiuristulibunebis mqone mogzauri, sarwmunoebriv98

principebs gangeb auferulebda, magram qveynisukeTesi momavlisaTvis brZolaSi, rjulisadmierTgulebam gadamwyveti roli Seasrula.mosaxleobis sarwmunoebrivi yofis Sesaxebwarmodgena rom viqonioT, qorwinebisa dadakrZalvis wesebs unda SevexoT. v. zuevas cnobiT,dakrZalvisa da glovis rituali religiuri wesebissruli dacviT mimdinareobda. kerZod, gansvenebulsgardacvalebidan meoTxe dRes krZalavdnen,dakrZalvamde mas taZarSi gadaasvenebdnen, iq wessaugebdnen, saflavs akurTxebdnen, erTi wlis Semdegglovas Sewyvetdnen da misTana [11, 237].erT-erTi Tavisebureba, rac ucxoelebisgaocebas iwvevda, Wirisufali mandilosnebismwuxarebis gamoxatvis gadaWarbebuli forma gaxldaT,rac vlindeboda loyebisa da gulmkerdisfrCxilebiT dakawrvaSi, Tmebis daglejvasa daxmamaRal kivilSi. xSirad qalebs Wirisufalikacebic ahyvebodnen TavianTi xmamaRali godebiT.glovis aRniSnuli Cveuleba gvianobamde SemorCa damTeli dasavleTi saqarTvelosTvis tradiciaddamkvidrda. ase, mag.: XX s-is dasawyisSi, frangieTnografi Sarl lefori baTumsa da guriazedatovebul mogonebebSi, am sakiTxsac Semdegnairadexeba. igi Wirisufals mimarTavs, rom Rrmadmoxucebuli micvalebulis dros aseTi vaiuSvelebeliimarTeba da warmodgenili maqvs ramoxdeba maSin, Tu axalgazrda gardaicvleba-meTqi.99

man mipasuxa, rom aseTi tradicia aqvT da mas yvelaicavso [2, 90].rac Seexeba qorwinebis saidumloebas,arsebuli wyaroebis mixedviT, mas samegreloSi`savaWro xelSekrulebas~ uwodebdnen. maWanklisSuamavlobiT mogvarebul kavSirs, qalis tradiciulmziTevs da sasiZos saCuqrebs, ucxoelebi savaWrogarigebad aRiqvamdnen, vinaidan mziTevic daaxloebiTimave Rirebulebis iyo, rac sasiZos saCuqrebissaxiT mohqonda. qorwinebis ceremonialSi mravaliniuansi iqcevs yuradRebas. maT Soris aRsaniSnaviapatarZlis axal ojaxSi Semoyvanisas, mis mier mTeldarbazSi Rvinis mimoqceva iatakze da Romis fafisnaWrebad mimobneva. jvriswera Cveulebriv eklesiaSisruldeboda, magram dasaSvebi iyo ojaxSicaRsrulebuliyo [11, 235].gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom yoveldRiuryofaSi aRmosavluri wesebis gavlena ar SeimCneoda.Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom samegreloSi arsebuliwesebis Tanaxmad, sadil-vaxSmobisas sufris wevrebiTanabari uflebebiT sargeblobdnen da aRmosavleTisxalxis wesisamebr, fexmorTxmiT sxdebodnen [11, 234].amrigad, gansaxilvel periodSi samegrelostradiciuli yofis Taviseburebebze v. zuevasCanawerebs wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvneloba SeiZlebamieniWos, vinaidan avtors mis winamorbedebTanyovelmxriv gamarTuli da Sejerebuli monacemebigamoaqvs. Cven ar mogvepoveba XVIII s-is II naxevrisufro originaluri da srulyofili xasiaTis100

aRweriloba, amitom v. zuevas cnobebi TavisiobieqturobiT da sizustiT mkvlevarTa saTanadoyuradRebas imsaxurebs.101

literatura1. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, t. 1,1962, germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargamniTurTgamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma.2. gogoliSvili o. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloucxoel mogzaurTa CanawerebSi, Tb., 2009.3. lamberti arq. samegrelos aRwera, italiuridanTargmna al. Wyoniam, Tb., 1991.4. meunargia i. samegrelos samTavros ukanaskneliperiodi da daviT dadiani, Tb., 1939.5. rainegsi i. mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidanTargmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo g.gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.6. rommeli d. kavkasiis xalxebi, Targmani germanulidann. gioSvilisa, Tb., 2011.7. qadaria T. samegrelos samTavro XIX saukunis InaxevarSi, Tb., 2003.8. SamilaZe v. qarTvel da ucxoel mogzaur-mkvlevarTaeTnologiuri cnobebi kavkasiis xalxebisSesaxeb, Tb., 2001.9. Sardeni J. Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa daaRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, frangulidanTargmna, gamokvleva da komentarebi daurTom. mgalobliSvilma.10. CxataraiSvili q. dasavleT saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikurimdgomareoba XVIII saukunis 40-80-ian wlebSi, wign. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,t. 4, Tb., 1971.11. Зуева В., Выписка из путешественних записокВасилья Зуева из месяцослова на 1777 года, М.,1823.102

Irma KvashilavaSome Problems of Megrelian Society Every- day Lifein the Second Half of the 18 th Century(according to V. Zueva’s records)The records of Vasilia Zueva are a part of that scientific reconnaissanceexpeditions planed by Tsarist Russia, which wascarried out before entering Russia in Georgia for different reasons.The author of this small length work accepts much from herpredecessors, but has her own observations as well. To illuminatesome peculiarities of the Megrelian Society’s every- day life weused the description of the travel, as we do not possess the materialsof the second half of the 18 th century.The social – economic situation and the details of everydaylife in Megrelia are given in the work; mainly, in the sphere oflabor, rendering judgment, the rights of wedding and mourning,etc.V. Zueva’s records full fill the gaps of those sources whichhave been existed before and despite its small length are noteworthy.103

104papuna gabisoniaruxis brZola da misi mniSvnelobagviani Sua saukuneebis Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTveloSi,Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriazemniSvnelovani migraciuli procesebi ganviTarda, ramacRrma kvali daamCnia am mxaris eTnikur suraTs.moyolebuli XVI saukunidan adiReur-afxazurimodgmis tomebi etapobrivad mkvidrde-bodnen TanamedroveafxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo -dasavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTamde. es procesiXVIII saukunis II naxevramde met-naklebi intensivobiT,magram ganuxrelad xorcieldeboda. am migraciisdros adiReur-afxazuri modgmis tomebi, romlebsacqarTuli saistorio wyaroebi tradiciismixedviT isev afxazebad, oRond ,,uRmTod da usjuloebadmoqceul afxazebad’’ icnobs, mkidr qarTulmosaxleobas adgilze aRar aCerebs, anu maTTan Tanacxovrebasver iwynarebs. aqedan moyolebuli qar-Tuli mosaxleoba an gaJletis an tyved gayidvisobieqti xdeba. afxazur enaSi tyvis sinonimad sityva,,agrua” _ igive megreli xdeba.Tavis mxriv odiSis (samegrelos) jer erisTavebi,Semdeg ki mTavrebi Crdilo-dasavleT saqarTvelosmimarTulebiT laSqrobebs awyoben. am mxrivaRsaniSnavia odiSis erisTav mamia III dadianis daguriis erisTav mamia I gurielis erToblivi sazRvaolaSqroba SavizRvispireTSi jiqebis winaaRmdeg,romelic marcxiT damTavrda 1, 497. odiSis pirvel

mTavar levan I dadiansac saomari mdgomareoba hqondajiqTa tomebTan. levan II dadianma 1628 da 1634wlebSi mdinare kelasurs iqiTa afxazeTSi ilaSqrada mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipova [2, 35].afxazi mflobelebi odiSis mTavris siuzerenobasaRiarebdnen, gamoyavdaT laSqari saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi, zogjer gasaWirSi myofi samegrelosmTavrebi afxazebs afarebdnen Tavs, magram rogorcki samegrelos mTavris xelisufleba Sesustdeboda,afxazebi umalve iwyebdnen TareSs da axal eqspansias,romelic gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda odiSisZlieri mTavris levan II dadianis gardacvalebisSemdeg. Tu jer kidev XIV saukuneSi italiurisaistorio wyaroebis mixedviT soxumi samegrelossanavsadguro qalaqi iyo, XVII saukunis Sua xanaSisazRvari samegrelo _ afxazeTs Soris mdinare kelasurzegadioda, sadac levan II-m sanapirodan mTebisakensimagreTa mTeli sistema Seqmna afxazuritomebis Tavdasxmebis aRsakveTad. levan II-is SemdegdasavleT saqarTvelos poli-tikur arenaze afxazimflobelebi SarvaSiZeebi ufro metad aqtiurdebian.1660-iani wlebidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sinaomi daiwyo, riTac afxazebma da maTma monaTesaveadiReuri modgmis tomebma kargad isargebles. 1672wels Jan Sardenis cnobiT, afxazebma samegrelossamTavros teritoria isgauridan (tyauru, skurCa)anakliamde safuZvli-anad daarbies [3, 215-216]. amdarbevaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas vaxuSti batoniSvili,rodesac werda: ,,xolo JamebTa amaT Sina iyo105

kirTeba odiSs afxazTagan” [4, 842]. afxazebi ZarcvavencaiSis da walenjixis eklesiebs, arbeven da tyveebadmihyavT mosaxleoba. italieli kaTolike misionerisZampis cnobiT ,,samegrelo samegrelo aRararis... mudam afxazis dacemis SiSia” [5, 204-205].ierusalimis patriarqi dosiTeosi gulistkiviliTaRniSnavda, rom dadianis samflobelo ,,abazgebmagaanadgures. . . aikles moqvi, xofi, qiaCi, zugdidi[6, 46] XVII saukunis 60_70-ian wlebSi afxazTa amTavdasxmebs xelmZRvanelobs saustan SarvaSiZe. afxazebmamiitaces odiSis samTavros teritoria mdinarekelasuridan RaliZgamde, rasac vaxuSti batoni-SviliaRniSnavs: ,,garna iyo Wiri didi odiSs,viTarca aRvswereT da umetes afxazTagan, rameTumovidodian navebiTa da xmeliTa da styuevnidian,daipyres vidre egrisis mdinaremde, da daeSenebodenTviT afxazni da arRara iyo drandas da moqvsepiskoposni“ [4, 845].vaxuStim Zalian kargad dainaxa is faqti, romam SemTxvevaSi es ar aris Cveulebrivi, feodalurisamyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli omi. niSandoblivia misitermini _ ,,daeSenebodnen”, anu es iyo axali teritoris,samkvidrebelisaTvis brZola.1681 wels, rodesac odiSis mTavari levan IIIgardaicvala, garkveuli areulobiT isargeblasaustan SarvaSiZis vaJma savarexma (sorex) da TaviodiSis mTavrad gamoacxada. Tumca is win ver aRudgasamegrelos samTavros faqtobriv gamgebel giorgiCiqvans, igive lipartians. savarexma odiSis sam-106

Tavros Crdilo-dasavleT nawilze kontroli maincSeinarCuna [7, 113-115].afxazi mflobelebi miuxedavad imisa, rom gamudmebiTarbevdnen qarTul mosaxleobas, saWiroebisSemTxvevaSi garkveuli mosazrebiT mainc iyvnen kav-SirSi qarTul feodalur samyarosTan. TviTon maTifeodaluri saxlis kulturuli garemo mainc qar-Tul kulturas da enas ukavSirdeboda. isini dasavleTsaqarTvelos poli-tikur cxovrebaSi monawileobdnen.1689 wlisTvis arCil mefes, romelicafxazeTSi gadavida, Rirseuli maspinZloba gauwiaafxazTa upirvelesma Tavadma zegnay SarvaSiZem [4,851].miuxedavad imisa, rom sorex SarvaSiZem odiSisCrdilo-dasavleTi teritoria miitaca, es miwawyalimainc samegrelod iwodeboda da sorexi afxazTaupirveles zegnays, mis biZas ar emorCileboda.1685 wels afxazebi sorexis samflobelos Semoesivnenda aikles. zegnayis Semdeg misma Svilebmamdinare bzifsa da engurs Soris teritoria dainawiles.ufrosma rostomma daisa-kuTra mdinareebs _bzifsa da kodors Soris miwa-wyali, SuaTana jiqe-Siam kodorsa da RaliZgas Soris teritoria (afxazurad,,abJua”_Sua nawili), xolo umcrosma yvapumRaliZgasa da engurs Soris miiRo samflobelo. yvapusmemkvidris murzayanis saxelis mixedviT am teritoriasSemdgom samurzayano ewoda. yvapum bzifisafxazeTidan gadmoasaxla Tavad-aznaurTa ramdenimegvari: anCabaZe, emxuari, marRania, inalifa, romlebmac107

TavianTi mokidebuli glexebic wamoiyvanes. magrammiuxedavad amisa RaliZgasa da engurs Soris mosaxleobaZiriTadad mainc qarTuli darCa, rasac dasavleTsaqarTvelos kaTalikos grigol lorTqifaniZismier gacemuli dokumentebic adasturebs [7, 116-117].afxazebma gandevnes mdinare kelasursa da RaliZSgasSoris teritoriaze mosaxle qarTuli mosaxleobada TviTon damkvidrdnen. maT am procesisiganxorcieleba RaliZgasa da engurs Soris teritoriazever moaxerxes. aq mosaxleobis udidesi nawiliqarTuli iyo, xolo gabatonebuli mdgomareobaafxazma feodalebma moipoves.1702 wels imereTi faqtobrivma mmarTvelmagiorgi abaSiZem da samegrelos faqtobrivma gamgebelmagiorgi lipartianma erToblivad gaila-Sqresafxazebze da mniSvnelovani gamarjvebac moipoves [4,863]. engursa da RaliZgas Soris miwa-wyali isevodiSis samTavros iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, Tumca ammxaris gamgebloba yvapu SarvaSiZis memkvidreebsdarCaT.1703 wels osmaleTis imperiam dasavleT saqar-Tlos sruli dapyroba ganizraxa. Tumca maTi esmcdeloba maleve marcxiT damTavrda. qarTvelebTanerTad afxazebmac miiRes monawileoba osmalebis winaaRmdegbrZolaSi. 1723 wlisTvis Turq-osmalebmamainc moaxerxes saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis navsadgurebSi:foTSi, anakliaSi da soxumSi TavianTimecixovneebis Cayeneba. SarvaSiZeebma male moaxerxesosmalebTan saerTo enis gamonaxva. 1744 wels manu-108

Car SarvaSiZe baTumis begad ijda, zurabi soxumis,xolo Servani foTis cixes ganagebda. zurabma TavisiZmiswuli qelaiS ahmad begi (manuCaris Ze) Tavismemkvidred gamoacxada, xolo meore ZmisSils beqirbeis (Servanis Ze) abJua uboZa. SemdgomSi am ormasamegrelos winaaRmdeg laSqrobis mowyobaSi, rasacruxi brZola mohyva, didi roli iTamaSes [7, 131].XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi osmalTa winaaRmdegbrZolam dasavleT saqarTveloSi farTo gaqanebamiiRo da am erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel brZolassaTaveSi imereTis saxelovani mefe solomon I(1752_1784) Caudga, romelmac 1757 wels xresilisomSi osmalebi sastikad daamarcxa. am brZolaSi masodiSis da guriis samTavroebis laSqaric exmareboda.samegrelos jars kacia dadiani sardlo-bda damas samurzayanos mflobeli xutunia Sarva-SiZec Tanaxlda, romelic xresilis brZolaSi gmirulad daeca.solomon I-is mowveviT 1770_1771 wlebSi dasavleTsaqarTveloSi ruseTis samxedro saeqspediciokorpusi imyofeboda. imereTis da ruseTisgaerTianebulma jarma imereTidan osmalebi gaaZeva.osmalebma samegreloSi dacales anakliisa da ruxiscixe-simagreebi. osmalTa winaaRmdeg brZolaSi samegrelosmTavari kacia II dadiani (1758_1788) imere-Tis mefes da rusebis saeqspedicio korpuss ki exmareboda,magram sakmaod orWofuli mdgomareobaekava, radgan xresilis brZolis Semdeg mas solomonI-Tan urTierToba daeZaba. 1774 wels, quCuk-109

kainarjis zavis Semdeg osmaleTs imereTi faqtobrivaddakarguli hqonda. sulTnis karma samegreloSipoziciebis ganmtkiceba gadawyvita da aseT viTareba-Si, kacia II-m radgan rusebTan da imereTis mefesTanerTad maT winaaRmdeg miiRo monawileoba, afxazimflobelebi waaqeza samegrelos winaaRmdeg farTomasStabianiTavdasxma moewyoT. afxazi Tavadebi amlaSqrobisTvis sagul-dagulod moemzadnen. sakuTrivafxazeTis teritoriaze Sekrebili molaSqreebisgarda, maT mouwodes mezoblad mcxovreb jiqebs,CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb adiReur_Cerqezulimodgmis tomebs, yirimel TaTrebs samegreloSi er-Tobliv laSqrobaze. osmalebma maT zarbaznebicmiaSveles.gaerTianebul koalicias saTaveSi Caudgnen: afxazTavadTagan upirvelesi zurab SarvaSiZe, soxumiscixis gamgebeli da zurabis memkvidre qelaiS ahmadbegi, abJuas mflobeli beqir bei. gadamwyvet moment-Si samegrelos mTavars ganudga da maT miemxro samurzayanosgamgebeli levan SarvaSiZe. zogierTiwyaros cnobiT gaerTianebuli jaris sardali arazurab SarvaSiZe, aramed qelaiS ahmad begi iyo [7,161-162].kacia II dadiani moaxlovebul safrTxes kargadmomzadebuli Sexvda. Sekriba odiSis, leCxumis dasvaneTis laSqari, magram istorikos nikoloz dadianissityvebiT: ,,garna ra scno simravle da ZaliSarvaSiZeTa, maSin Tumca iyvnen mterad mefe solomonda daiani, garna maSinca miuwera avraTi mefesa da110

SeuTvala: moviden agarianni dasamxobelad Cemda dasamflobeloisa Cemisa da SebRalvad qristianobisada nu moixseneb Cven orTa urTierTsa wyenebasa damoved Semwed Cemda saxelovniTa guliTa da aha Jamimoixseno msaxureba Cemi xresilis brZolisa” [8, 180].solomon I-ma umal gaiazra Tu ra safrTxis matarebeliiyo dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis afxazTa da ma-Ti mokavSireebis Tavdasxma samegrelos samTavroze.is Tavisi laSqriT sofel banZasTan mivida, iq daibaraguriis mTavari jariT, Semdeg gaerTianebul laSqarsTavad waruZRva da ruxis cixe-simagresTanSeuerTda odiSis mTavris molaSqreebs. dadiani damisi TanamebrZolebi solomons didi sixaruliT Seegebnen.brZola gaimarTa 1780 wlis martSi ruxis cixesTanaxlos enguris napiras da is istoriaSi ruxisbrZolis saxeliT Sevida. simravliT Segulianebulimomxdurebi niko dadianis sityvebiT: ,,Semdgomadraodenisme Jamisa moviden afxazni miurideblad gamovidnenengurs da dasdgen pirispir maTsa. meoresadResa amxedrden afxazni da warmoe-marTen zarbazanartileriiTada didZaliTa mxedrebiTa mefesa dadadiansa zeda. aqaT miegebnen spani mefisa da dadianisani,da Seiqmna saSineli brZolani. maSin mefe amxedrdaCveuliTa kiskasiTa guliTa da waruZRva ramodensamegundsa mxedrobasa imerT-odiSarTasa damiuxTa marjveniT kerZo mamacad da mravlisa ur-TierTisa brZolisa ganglija razmi, da Sevidnen spanimefisa da dadianisani razmsa Sua. da mxilveli111

amisani afxazni ver winaRudgnen, da iltvodnen afxaznimravalni da Sepyrobilica warmoiyvanes mravalnityved da gamarjvebuli da mxiarul qmnilniukmoiqcnen” [8, 180].ruxis brZolaSi qarTvelTa didma gamarjvebamwertili dausva afxazTa Semdgom Setevebs odiSissamTavroze da maT eqspansias samxreT-aRmosavleTismimarTulebiT. am brZolis monawile poetma besariongabaSvilma _ besikma poema ,,ruxis brZola”dawera. momdevno saukuneSic ar ganelebula am omismimarT interesi. ruxis brZolas poemebi uZRvnesgrigol dadianma (kolxidelma) da daviT dadianma(noRelma). Semoinaxa zepirTqmulebanic, romeliceqvTime TayaiSvilma krebul ,,Zvel saqarTveloSi”gamoaqveyna. am zepirTqmulebebis safuZvelze mweralmaniko lorTqifaniZem SesaniSnavi moTxroba,,raindebi” dawera.ruxis brZolis Semdeg afxazeTSi Sida dapirispirebadaiwyo da ukve samegrelos mTavari CaeriamaT Sida saqmeebSi. samurzayanos teritoria isevsamegrelos samTavros SemadgenlobaSi darCa. afxazebsamis Semdeg aRar ucdiaT qarTuli teritoriebisSemdgomi aTviseba.literatura112

1. axali qarTlis cxovreba, qarTlis cxovreba,teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnawerismixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t., II, Tb., 1959.2. И. Г. Антелава, очерки по истории АбхазииXVII_XVIII веков, изд. 2, сухуми 1951.3. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTisqveynebSi, frangulidan Targmna, gamokvlevada komentarebi daurTo m. mgalobli-Svilam, Tb., 1975.4. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadge-niliyvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier, t., IV, Tb., 1973.5. m. TamaraSvili, istoria kaTolikobisa qarTvelTaSoris, tf., 1902.6. Путишествие Патриарха Досифеия, М. Селезнов,руководство к познанию Кавказа, кн. I, СПБ., 1847.7. b. xorava, odiS_afxazeTis urTierToba XV_XVIII ss., Tb., 1996.8. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, teqsti gamosca,winasityvaoba, gamokvleva, komentarebi, saZieblebidaurTo S. burjanaZem, Tb., 1962.113Papuna Gabisonia

The Battle of Rukhi and its ImportanceIn the middle centuries on the territory of modern “Abkhazeti”Abkhazians and their relative North-Caucasian tribes eventuallywere trying to capture the territories of principality of Samegrelo.The prince of samegrelo Levan II Dadiani (1611-1657) could suppresstheir attacks. But after his death it was impossible to repulseAbkhazian’s aggression. In 1780 Abkhazian feudals: the Zurab,Kelaish, Bekir and Levan Sharvashidze togather with the tribes ofJikis and other North-Caucasian tribes planned the aggressionagainst Samegrelo. In difficult situation the king of Imereti SolomonI helped to the prince of Samegrelo Katsia II Dadiani. The battlewas on the bank of the river Enguri in the village of Rukhi. So thisbattle is known in history as “The battle of rukhi”. Georgians gainedthe brilliant victory against the aggressors. After the defeat inRukhi Abkhazians never tried the exspansion on the principality ofSamegrelo.114

zurab sulaberiZeserbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveynebisdamokidebuleba balkaneTis problemisadmi1885-1886 wlebSi1885 wlis 6 seqtembers ruseTisa da sxva didisaxelmwifoebis interesebis sawinaaRmdegodq. plovdivSi bulgareTma da aRmosavleT rumeliamgamoacxades gaerTianeba. ramac warmoqmna bulgareTiskrizisi. serbeTi winaaRmdegi wavida samxreTda CrdiloeTi bulgareTis gaerTianebisa. serbeTisxelisufleba miiCnevda, rom amgvari gadawyvetilebadaarRvevda ZalTa balanss balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze[3, 256]. rogorc bulgareli istorikosivenediktovi werda, serbeTs antibulgarul gamosvlaSimxars uWerda osmaleTi, romelic serbeTssamxreT bulgareTis miwebis xarjze pirde-boda teritoriisgafarToebas [1, 38].bulgareT-serbeTis omis mizezi aseve ganapirobamd. timokze or qveyanas Soris arsebulma sazRvrisproblemis gadauWrelobam. wlebis ganmavlobaSi mdinariskalapotis Secvlis Sedegad, sofel bregovos-Tan mdebare serbeTis sasazRvro hauptvaxti bulgareTissanapiro zolSi moeqca. bulgareTma mimarTaserbeTs moexdina hauptvaxtis evakuacia, razec pasuxaduari miiRo. ris Semdeg, serbeTis mesazRvreebibulgareli samxedroebis ZalisxmeviT gaiyvanes. asedaiwyo e.w. „bregovos konfliqti“ [1, 39; 11].115

1886 wlis 15 oqtombers serbeTis jaris nawilebibulgareTis teritoriaze Sevida [1, 58]. didiiyo rigiTi mosaxleobis mxardaWera bulgarelebisadmi.daaxloebiT 60000-ian jaris nawilSi 15000-ze meti saxalxo razmis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.rac Seexeba Tavad aRmosavleT rumeliis avtonomiisSeqmnas, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, avtonomiisSeqmnis gadawyvetileba miiRes berlinis kongresze.1879 wels evropis saerTaSoriso komisiam gansazRvramisi statusi rogorc „Statut organiquede la Roumelie Orientale“, romelic imarTebodageneral-gubernatoris mier. gubernatori bulgaruliwarmoSobis qristianuli aRmsareblobis pirovnebaunda yofiliyo, romelsac evropis qveynebisSeTanxmebis safuZvelze qveynis 5 wlis vadiT marTvisuflebiT oficialurad waradgenda sulTnisxelisufleba. avtonomiis warmomad-genlobiTi organo10 kacisagan Semdgari saxalxo sabWoTi ganisazRvreboda.rumeliis pirvel general-gubernatorad daamtkicesbulgaruli warmoSobis aleko-faSa, igivealeqsandre bogoridi. misi 5 wliani mmarTvelobisperiodi rumeliisaTvis sakmaod mSvidobiani iyo. magramaRmosavleT rumelia warmoadgenda TavSesafarsbulgareTidan politi-kurad devnili pirebisaTvis,rasac rusuli diplomatia winaaRmdegobas uwevda.aleko faSa xelisuflebis SenarCunebis mizniTcdilobda evropuli diplomatiis mxardaWra mieRo.miuxedavad amisa, 1884 wels aRmosavleT rumeliis116

general-gubernatorad damtkicebul iqna gabrielkrestoviCi. imave wels aRmosavleT rumeliidangaemgzavra deputacia evropaSi qveynis bulgareTTanmierTebis TxovniT. magram, berlinis, venisa da peterburgiskaris mier es Txovna imTaviTve uaryofiliqna. xolos parizsa da londonSi deputaciamver moaxerxa oficialuri miRebac ki. miuxedavadamisa, moZraoba friad popularuli gaxda aRmosavleTrumeliaSi. am garemoebiT isargebla al. betenbergmada policiis oficrebisa da revoluciurikomitetis wevrTa daxmarebiT daiwyes agitaciis gatarebarumeliis bulgareTTan mierTebis Sesaxeb.revoluciur partias saTaveSi edga zaqaria stoaianovi.1885 wlis maisSi plovdiviSi konspira-ciuladmoRvaweoba daiwyo bulgareTis farulma revoluciurmakomitetma, romelsac al. betenbergi finansuradda moralurad uWerda mxars. es iyo pirveliorganizacia, romelic ibrZoda bulgareTisa da aRmosavleTrumeliis gasaerTianeblad. pirveli mRelvareba1885 wlis 2 seqtembers daiwyo. 5 seqtembersmRelvareba gavrcelda da antiosmalurma Zalebmadaikaves rigi punqtebi [9].general-gubernatori krestoviCi dapatimrebuliqna da gasaxlebul iqna regionidan. Seiqmna droebiTimTavroba doqtor stranskis xelmZRvanelobiT.al. betenbergma, romelic imJamad varnaSi imyofeboda,8 seqtembers miiRo telegrama saxelmwifo gadatrielebiswarmatebulad dasrulebis Sesaxeb. imavedRes betenbergma sazeimo viTarebaSi gamosca ma-117

nifesti aRmosavleT rumeliis bulgareTTan mierTebisSesaxeb [10].ruseTis sagareo saqmeTa uwyeba al. betenbergisganiTxovda, rom ar daeWira mxari aRmosavleTrumeliis gamowvevisTvis da daecva berlinis traqtatissaerTaSoriso mowyobis ZiriTadi principebi[6, 210].zemoaRniSnul politikur procesebs metnaklebisisruliT exeba Tavad al. betenbergi TavisimogonebaSi. Canaweridan Cans, rom al. batenbergiaRniSnul viTarebas varaudobda jer kidev erTiwliT adre. ramdenadac aRmosavleT rumeliis politikurda sazogadoebriv Zalebs momavali cxovrebamxolod bulgareTTan mierTebiT warmoedginaT[4].al. betenbergi rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda.betenbergs piroba hqonda dadebuli ruseTis saimperatorokaris winaSe, rom mxars ar dauWerda aRmosavleTrumeliis gamowvevas, faqtobrivad ki aRmosavleTrumeliis mxardamWerad gamodioda. didi iyobetenbergis SiSi osmalebis mxridan agresiis gamovlenisada qveynis intervenciis mxrivac [5, 73].saberZneTi da serbeTi moiTxovdnen teritoriebiskompensacias. evropeli diplomatebi stambulSimTeli 1 kviris ganmavlobaSi bWobdnen sakiTxisdaregulirebas, magram Sexvedram aranairi Sedegiar gamoiRo [6, 212].1885 wlis noemberSi serbeTis mefe milanma omigamoucxada bulgareTs.118

samxedro dapirispirebam, romelic erT welzemeti xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, saerTaSorisopolitikuri Zalebis Careva gamoiwvia. gansakuTrebiTwinaaRmdegi Sexvda am faqts avstria-ungreTis imperia,ramdenadac bulgareTis gaZliereba safrTxesuqmnida mis poziciebs balkaneTSi.omis dasawyisSi serbeTi varaudobda, rom masmxars dauWerda osmaleTis imperia. magram ruseTisdiplomatiuri zewolis Sedegad, sulTnis xelisuflebamar ganaxorciela konfliqtSi Careva.aRsaniSnavia, rom konfliqtis dasawyisSi bulgareTifaqtobrivad samxedro oficrebis gareSedarCa. radgan ruseTma ori qveynis gaerTianebis SesaxebgamocxadebisTanave, gamoiyvana bulgareTis jarisnawilebSi momsaxure rusi oficrebi. ris Semdeg,bulgarelebi, ZiriTadad artileriis imedaddarCnen.rac Seexeba serbeTis armias, is im periodisTvisaRWurvili iyo Tanamedrove samxedro SeiaraRebiT.magram maT mainc ver miaRwies samxedro warmatebas.ZiriTadi mizezi warumateblobisa, iyo oficrebisada samxedroebis araprofesionalizmi dasabrZolo aRWurvilobis auTvisebloba. omis dawyebidancota xanSi, serbeTis jariskacebi dadgnensamxedro aRWurvilobis deficitis winaSe. arasworiiyo aseve serbeTis mefis milan I-is mier ganxorcielebulisamxedro strategia, ramac dabneulobaSiCaagdo jaris nawilebi.119

warumatebeli Setakebis Semdeg, serbeTi Tavdacvazegadavida. bulgareTma ki samxedro moqmedebebiserbeTis teritoriaze gadaitana. maT daikavesqalaqi piroti. ris Semdeg, 1885 wlis 28 noembersavstria-ungreTma ultimatumi gamoucxada bulgareTs,rom omis arSewyvetis SemTxvevaSi samxedroprocesSi CaerTveboda.avstria-ungreTis amgvarma gancxadebebma saqmeiqamde miiyvana, rom didi saxelmwifoebi, avstriaungreTi,ruseTi da osmaleTis imperia omiszRvarze aRmoCndnen. aq ZiriTadad erTmaneTs ejaxebodaruseT-avstriis interesebi. germania, rogorcberlinis traqtatis mTavari novatori, gulgriliver darCeboda im procesebisadmi, romlebic traqtatisSemdgom saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Seiqmna.is farulad uWerda mxars avstria-ungreTs, ramdenadacmisi daintereseba imTaviTve didi iyo bulgareT-serbeTTanmimarTebaSi.bismarkis 1885 wlis 9 oqtombriT daTari-Rebuli werilidan Cans, rom germania gamodiodaxelSekrulebis damcvelad da samxedro konfliqtiswarmoSobisTanave emxroboda status qvos SenarCunebasbalkaneTze [7, 12-13]. magram bulgareTi rasakvirveliawinaRmdegi iyo am SemoTavazebisa. ruseTiTavs aridebda bulgareT-serbeTis urTierTobebisproblemasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari azris sajarodgamoxatvas. razec germaniis kancleri ukmayofilebasgamoTqvamda ruseTis xelisuflebis mimarT. germa-120

niis mTavroba cdilobda maqsimalurad gamoeyenebinaTavisi gavlena orive imperiaze [7, 15].ruseTic oficialurad TiTqos ar ereoda SeqmnilviTarebaSi, Tumca mTavar betenbergis winaaRmdeggamosasvlelad bulgareTis liberalur Zaleb-Tan amyarebda farul kontaqtebs. aseve rusuli nacionalisturipanslavuri presa pirdapir gamodioda„bulgareli Zmebis“ dacvis mxareze [6, 210; 5,73].1885 wlis 22 noembrisaTvis, evropis TiTqmisyvela saxelmwifo SeTanxmebuli iyo bulgareTisada serbeTis teritoriebis status qvos Senar-Cunebaze [7, 16]. es gadawyvetileba, rasakvirvelia,imTaviTve mimarTuli iyo ruseTis poziciebis SesasustebladbaklaneTsa da kavkasiaSi.1885 wlis 24 noembers TurqeTisa da evropisxelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi Seikribnen graf qevenhiulerTanserbeTis Sesaxeb mSvidobiani xelSekrulebisgaformebis Taobaze, rac dadastu-rebuliagermaniis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis graf breisbismarkisadmi miweril werilSi [7, 21]. aRniSnulSeTanxmebaSi, germania ruseTTan da avstriaungreTTanerTad, moiTxovda ZmaTamkvleli omis saswrafodSewyvetas rasac mxars uWerdnen inglisis,italiisa da safrangeTis diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebi[7, 23].am mowodebis miuxedavad, 1885 wlis 25 noembersbulgareTma uari ganacxada saomari moqmedebisSeCerebaze. serbeTi yovelgvari samxedro amuniciis121

gareSe iyo darCenili da savsebiT SesaZlebeli iyobulgarelebs belgradamde mieRwiaT. arsebuli viTarebidangamosasvlelad, avstriis xelisufleba arwmunebdaberlinis kars, rom am SemTxvevaSi yvelazeoptimaluri varianti avstriis mier serbeTis okupaciaiqneboda. ris Semdeg, TiTqos, bulgareTi Sewyvetdaagresias am qveynisadmi [7, 24]. avstriaungreTisam gegmaSi, rasakvirvelia, serbeTis intersebiyvelaze bolo adgilas iyo. misTvis umTavresmizans warmoadgenda, arsebuli viTarebis gamoyenebiT,bosnia-hercogovinis aneqsia da serbeTze saku-Tari gavlenis damyareba.avstria-ungreTis gadawyvetileba germaniis xelisuflebamdadebiTad ar aRiqva. 1885 wlis 23noembers germaniis elCi TurqeTSi fon radovitcibismarks werda, rom 22 noembisaTvis sabolood verSeTanxmdnen serbeT-bulgareTis sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT, ris ZiriTad mizezad ruseTis gadawyvetilebismiuReblobas asaxelebda, ramdenadac vermiiRo saTanadao miTiTeba peterburgidan. avstriasada italias araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gaaCnda.Tanxmobas acxadebda aseve safrangeTis diplomatiuriwarmomadgelobac. orazrovani iyo mxolod ruseTiskaris damokidebuleba aRmosavleT rumeliis bulgareTTanmierTebasTan dakavSirebiT [7, 18].1885 dekemberSi germaniis mTavroba srulad iyoinformirebuli avstriis ganzraxvaze, serbeTis okupaciasTandakavSirebiT. magram avstria-ungreTisaSkarad mxardaWerisgan Tavs ikavebda. avstria germa-122

nias umtkicebda imas, rom misi Sesvla serbeTSimxolod droebiTi xasiaTis iqneboda. rasac germaniaar miiCnevda mizanSewonilad [7, 31].fon bismarkis azriT, avstriis serbeTSi SeWragamarTlebuli iqneboda, mxolod ruseTis mierbulgareTis aneqsiis SemTxvevaSi. magram, rogorcmasalebidan Cans, bulgareTis okupacia im periodisruseTis samxedro-politikur gegmaSi saerTod arganixileboda [7, 34].sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom avstria-ungreTismier serbeTis viTarebis destabilizaciis SemTxvevaSi,ruseTis mTavar politikur kozirs Cernogoria warmoadgenda.Tumca Cernogoriis xelisuflebas ruseTissaimperatoro kari mouwodebda Tavi Seekavebina samxedro-politikurigamosvlebisagan da saTanado momentsdalodeboda [7, 31].am TvalsazrisiT germaniis kancleri sworadgansazRvravda ruseT-Cernogorias Soris arsebulpolitikur realobas. avstriis mxridan serbeTisokupaciis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTs namdvilad ar gau-Wirdeboda Cernogorelebis provocireba da svamdakiTxvas, ramdenad SeeZlo avstrias Tavi gaerTvaSemdgomSi ganviTarebuli rTuli politikuri procesebisaTvis[7, 34]. germaniis sagareo uwyebisaTvisaseve naTeli iyo, rom avstriis mTavrobas ar SeswevdaZala viTareba mxolod serbeTis mTavar milanisaTvissasargeblod waremarTa [2, 33]. miT ufro,rom jer kidev berlinis traqtatis dadebidanmoyolebuli ruseTi aqtiurad inarCunebda dominan-123

tis pozicias bulgareTze da mTlianad balkaneTisnaxevar-kunZulze. amrigad, rogorc ruseTi, ise germaniaim periodis saerTaSoriso urTieraTobisfonze ar dauSvebda avstria-ungreTis gabatonebulipoziciis Seqmnas balkaneTze [7, 34].germaniis mTavroba arc imas malavda, rom avstriismier provokaciis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi,mas win aRudgeboda [7, 35]. germaniis rkiniskancleri Tavis werilSi dasZenda, rom avstriismier serbeTis dakavebis SemTxvevaSi, igive argumentiSeeZlo moeyvana ruseTs bulgareTis, rumineTis daTundac konstantinopolis okupaciaze. aseve inglissegviptis srul kolonizaciaze. rac ewinaaRmdgebodaim sammxrivi molaparakebis SedegadmiRweul SeTanxmebas, romelic iTvaliswinebda„status qvos“ SenarCunebas balkaneTze [7, 35-36].avstriis sagareo uwyeba mxedvelobaSi ar iRebdame-19 saukunis 90-iani wlebisaTvis CernogoriisgansakuTrebulad axlo urTierT-kavSirs ruseTTan.aseve ugulebelyofda bosniaSi arsebul eTnikursuraTs. romlebic ara mxolod politikuri, aramedreligiuri TvalsazrisiTac daZabul urTierTobaSiiyvnen serbeTTan [7, 37].germaniis mxridan gamoxatulma neitralurmapoziciam avstriis mier serbeTis okupaciasTan dakavSirebiT,avstria-ungreTis xelisuflebaSi gaaCinaeWvi, rom germaniis saimperatoro kari prorusulpolitikur orientaciaze idga. bismarki Tavis mxrivumtkicebda avstriis xelisuflebas, rom aRmosav-124

luri politikis gadawyveta SeuZlebeli iyo ruseT-avstriismowesrigebuli urTierTobis gareSe.amiT arwmunebda avstrias kidev erTxel imaSi, romavstriis msgavsi moqmedebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTixeldakrefili ar darCeboda misi „slavi Zmebis“dacvis saqmeSi [7, 37].germaniis saimperatoro kari aseve uaryofdaavstriis politikuri wreebis Sexedulebas imasTandakavSirebiT, rom germaniisaTvis balkaneTze stabiluriviTarebis SenarCuneba Zalze mniSvnelovaniiyo [7, 38].serbeT-bulgareTis samxedro-politikuri dapirispirebasabolood dasrulda 1886 wlis 7 dekembrisbuharestis sazavo xelSekrulebiT. aRniSnulsaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas xels awerdnen germaniis,ruseTis, avstria-ungreTis, safrangeTis, inglisis,italiisa da TurqeTis warmomadgenlebi [8,12]. saerTaSoriso zewolis (gansakuTrebiT avstriaungreTis)Sedegad, bulgareTi iZulebuli gaxdadaTanxmeboda omamdeli viTarebis SenarCunebas. serbeTisada bulgareTis teritoriebi ucvleli darCa.mxolod bulgareTisa da aRmosavleT rumeliisgaerTianeba aRiares didma saxelmwfoebma. rogorcbulgareli mecnierebi aRniSnaven, omis Semdeg gaixsnaSemdgomi gza bulgareTis momavali warmatebuliganviTarebisa.serbeTi ki didi moraluri dartymis qveS aRmoCnda.bulgareTisa da serbeTis politikur ur-TierTobebSi seriozuli bzarebi gaCnda. qveynebi125

omlebic saukuneebis manZilze erTad ibrZodnen osmaluribatonobis winaaRmdeg, 1885 wlis samxedrokonfliqtis Semdeg erTmaneTis mimarT mtrul damokidebulebaSiaRmoCndnen. ganviTarebis axal fazaSigadavida germania-bulgareTis urTierTobebi rogorcpolitikuri, ise ekonomikuri, kulturuli da saganmanaTlebloTvalsazrisiT.literatura126

1. Венедиктов, Й. История на доброволците отСербско-Балгарската война 1886, «Сливница», 1935.2. Гоков Олег, Образ князя Александра Баттенберга вроссийской мемуаристике последней четверти ХІХ –начала ХХ вв; [eleqtronuli resursi]; http://library.by/portalus/modules/history/readme.php?subaction=showfull&id=1297706545&archive=&start_from=&ucat=&; daSveba 25.08.2012.3. Краткая история Болгарии, под редакции Г.Литаврина, Москва, 1987.4. Fuerst Aleksander von Bulgarien, Mittheilungen ausseinem Leben und seiner Regierung, Darmschtadt 1887.5. Bulgarische nationalismus und die Politik bismarcks.Author, Roland Schaller. Publisher, Johann WolfgangGoethe-Universitat, 1975. Original from, gv. 73]--’-50;6. Björn Opfer, Alexander v. Battenberg und die Anfängedes Bulgarischen Fürstentums, Zeitschrift für hessischeGeschichte und Landeskunde, #108 (2003), JohannWolfgang Goethe-Universitat, Frankfurt am Meine 1975.7. Die Große Politik der Europäischen Kabinette 1871-1914; B. 5, Berlin 1922.8. 1200 Jahredeutsch-bulgarische Beziehungen – in ÜberblickProfessor Dr. Heinz-Günther Borck, eleqtronuliresursi: http://www.oberemeerbach.de/Bulgarien.pdf;daSveba 15.08.2012.9. http://www.slovo.bg10. http://www.studhistory.ru11. http://ru.wikipedia.org127Zurab Sulaberidze

The Serbian-Bulgarian War and the Relation's of theEuropean Countries with the Balkan's Startedin 1885-1886The Serbian-Bulgarian war in 1885-1886 is considered inthe publication. On September 6th 1885 in the city of PlovdivBulgaria and Eastern Rumelia publicly declared the association ofBulgaria and Eastern Rumelia to against Russia and other greatcountries of interests which caused the Bulgarian crisis. Serbiawent against the association of Northern and Southern Bulgariaand the Government of Serbia considered the association of Bulgariato cause a violation of power balance on the Balkan Peninsulas.The Ottoman Empire supported Serbia against anti-Bulgarian succession and the government of Turkey promisedSerbia to broaden it's territories at the expense of the Bulgarianlands.Military opposition which carried on for more than one yearhad incurred interventions of the international forces. The Austria-Hungarian empire was especially against this fact, whereasstrengthening of Bulgaria foretold the danger of its positions in theBalkans.After unsuccessful attacks on Bulgaria, Serbia shifted toself-defense and military operations had been transferred over tothe territories of Serbia which were finally completed with the victoryof the Bulgarian military forces. On November 28th 1885 Austria– Hungary declared an ultimatum to Bulgaria to cease militaryoperations. In an opposite case they also promised to join in thewar against Bulgaria.On December 7th 1886 in Bucharest the peace agreementbetween Serbia and Bulgaria was signed. The diplomats of Ger-128

many, Russia, Austria - Hungary, France, England, Italy and Turkeyalso signed on the Agreement. As the result of this internationalpressure, Bulgaria was compelled to agree on maintenanceof a pre-war situation. The territories of Serbia and Bulgaria remainedindisputable. The association of Bulgaria and EasternRumelia was recognized only by the great countries.The Bulgarian scientists claim that after the war the newway of future successful development was opened to Bulgaria.Serbia's indifference from Bulgaria was under big moral and materialthreat and serious cracks appeared in the Bulgarian- Serbianrelations. The countries which battled together against anOttoman yoke throughout the centuries , after the military conflictof 1885, became the enemies to each other.Сулаберидзе Зураб129

Политические и экономические аспектыНемецкой восточной политики в конце19 – начале 20 вв.Целью нашей публикации является краткоерассмотрение политических и экономических аспектоввосточной политики Германии в конце 19 и начале 20века.На основании русской и немецкой научнойлитературы и источников, мы представим системнуюкартину турецкой и ближневосточной политикиГермании в конец 19 и начале 20 века.Итоги франко-прусской войны в 1870 – 1871 годахсоздали совершенно новую ситуацию в Европе.Образование Германской империи имело большоемеждународное значение и оно изменилополитическую карту Европы. После этого, Берлинскийтрактат 1878 года особенно упрочил немецкийавторитет и ее роль на международной арене в 70-80годах 19 века 1 .В конце 19 века политические и экономическиеинтересы Германии пересекаются на востоке восновном в двух направлениях. Первым являлось:воздействие Германии непосредственно на северовосток,который объединял Прибалтику, Польшу,Беларусь, Украину. Вторым же было усиление влиянияГерманской империи на юго-восточные территории:Балканы, Турция, Кавказ, ближний восток до Персии 2 .1 Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 12. Sept. 1919, N443, S.42Д.Сейдаметов, Н.Шляпников, Германско-Австрийская разведка вцарской России, М., 1939, стр. 5130

Канцлер Германии Бисмарк хорошо понимал, чтоэкспансия Германии в Турции и на Балканах зависелаот временных обстоятельств 3 .С начала 19 века немецкие востоковеды началимногосторонне изучать Турцию. Кроме этого,немецкие политики и военные лица внимательноисследовали возможность распространения немецкойполитики в ближневосточном регионе.После Русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 годаТурецкому султану Абдул-Хамиду II-му былонеобходимо восстановить боеспособность армии.Ввиду тяжелого финансового и морального положенияОсманской империи, выбор султана пал на Германию.Поскольку, до собрания Берлинского конгресса, Оттофон Бисмарк выражал поддержку Абдулахмаду II-му иего Визирям. Поэтому, Бисмарк положительно отнессяк просьбе Абдул-Хамида направить в Стамбулнемецких чиновников и офицеров для оказанияпомощи в деле реформирования армии 4 .После заключения русско-австро-германскогосоюза 1881 года, отправка миссии в Турцию затянулась.Наконец, в 1882 году миссия во главе с фон-дерГольцем, прибыла в Стамбул, где работала до 1893 года 5.В первые годы своей деятельности, немецкаявоенная миссия практически не была допущена к3 История 19 века, под редакции Лависа и Рамбо, книга 7, стр. 4254 Силин А.С. Германская военная миссия фон дер Гольца в Турции в1882 – 1895 гг. – М., 1956. с.56-585 Силин А.С. Экспансия Германии на Ближнем Востоке в конце XIXвека. – М., 1971, с. 64-67131

руководству вооруженными силами Турции. В 1882 –1885 годах германские офицеры практически оказалисьв двусмысленном и унизительном положении. Былоочевидно, что Османский двор, используя немецкихофицеров, держал своей целью произвести впечатлениеналичия политической поддержки. Надо отметить, чтоиз всего состава германской военной миссии, с самогоначала лишь фон-дер Гольцу удалось достичьнекоторого успеха. Он сумел добиться частичнойреорганизации турецких военных училищ. Фон-дерГольц был назначен начальником главнойСтамбульской военной школы, готовившей офицеровгенштаба и соответствующей военным академиям вевропейских государствах. Фон-дер Гольц стремилсяприблизить систему обучения и распорядок школы кизвестной ему Берлинской военной академии. НоАбдул-Хамид испугался европеизации военной школыи чинил препятствия деятельности фон-дер Гольца.Таким образом, фон-дер Гольцу приходилосьпреодолевать сопротивления и в 1886 году он былназначен генеральным инспектором всех турецкихвоенных школ. Фон-дер Гольц пользовался в Турциивлиянием и это облегчило в последующем вовлечениемладотурок в орбиту германского влияния, так каклидеры младотурецкой партии были его учениками ивыходцами из руководимых им военных школ.С 1885 года начинаются реальные сдвиги германотурецкогосотрудничества 6 .6 Еремеев Д.Е., Мейер М.С. История Турции в средние века и новоевремя. – М., 1992, с. 142-143132

Государственный переворот, произошедший вТурции в январе 1913 года, был осуществленмладотурками, руководящий комитет которых -“Единение и прогресс” - поддерживал тесный контакт сгерманским послом в Стамбуле бароном Г. фонВангенхаймом и германским военным атташе майоромфон Штремпелем. Это создавало благоприятную почвудля укрепления германских позиций в Османскойимперии 7 .Соответствующий договор с Османской империейбыл подписан 28 октября 1913 года в Берлине 8 . Тесныесвязи между Германией и Турцией привели этих двагосударства к союзу в первой мировой войне.К концу XIX века были созданы все условия длярасширения германского капитала в Турции. В самойГермании происходил бурный рост промышленныхмонополий и в конце 80-х годов XIX века. Георг фонСименс – глава Немецкого банка – заявил, что “прошлите времена, когда германский капитал был лишьучастником английских и французских предприятий вТурции; теперь этот капитал окреп и можетдействовать самостоятельно” 9 .7 Секретный договор – контракт о немецкой военной миссии //Юровская Е.Е. Практикум по новой истории 1870 – 1917 гг. – М., 1974.с. 221-2228Хальгартен Г. Империализм до 1914 года. Социологическоеисследование Германской внешней политики до Первой мировойвойны. – М., 1961, с. 3249Туполев Б.М. Германский империализм в борьбе за «место подсолнцем”: Германская экспансия на Ближнем Востоке, в ВосточнойАфрике и в районе Индийского океана в конце XIX – начале XX веков.– М., 1991 с. 33133

Стремительная экспансия немецких банков наБлижнем Востоке свидетельствовала о вступленииГермании в борьбу за передел сложившихся в этомрегионе мира сфер экономического влияния другихевропейских государств.В 1888 году в Стамбуле открыл свое отделениекрупнейший в Германии Немецкий банк (DeutscheBank), а в 1906 году в Стамбуле группой немецкихбанков был основан Немецкий Восточный банк,конкурируя с британскими и французскимифинансовыми учреждениями и внедряясь в экономикуБлижнего Востока. Позиции германских банков вэкономике Османской империи быстро укреплялись.Немцы добились также права на осуществлениесудоходной связи между Хайдарпашой и Стамбулом 10 .Вторым особенным направлением немецкойвосточной политики является проникновение Германиив политическую и экономическую жизнь Персии вконце 19 и начала 20 века. По договору 1873 годамежду Германией и Персией, Германия имелавозможность действовать на территории Персии.Договор, безусловно, пересекал интересы Англии иРоссии в регионе Ближнего Востока.Персия со второй половины 19 века являласьполуколониальной страной: на северной части Персиигосподствовала гегемония России, на южной части –Англии.В 1888 году «Дойче Банк» основал «НемецкоеОбщество Анатолийских железных дорог» и получил10 Jürgen Franzke, Bagdad- und Hedjazbahn. Deutsche Eisenbahngeschichteim Vorderen Orient« DB Museum, Nürnberg 2003; s. 24-90134

концессию на проведение рельсовой колеи по МалойАзии до Ангоры с обещанием дальнейших концессийдо Багдада. Общая длина всей Багдадской железнойдороги должна была составить 3000 километров и весьпроезд от Константинополя до Багдада требовал всего40 часов времени. Срок постройки был определен, поконцессии, в 8 лет, т.е. к 1908 году 11 .По первоначальному проекту, созданномуизвестным инженером Вильгельмом фон Пресселем,Багдадская дорога должна была начаться у Хайдарпашина Мраморном море, т.е. именно уКонстантинополя. От этого пункта дорога должна былапройти по северной части Анатолии, почтипараллельно по побережью Черного моря, затем в юговосточномнаправлении через Сивас, где проходилиармянские и персидские караваны, откуда должно былопойти разветвление на Эрзерум и Битлис, к кавказскойгранице. Затем дорога, по проекту Пресселя,поворачивала в юго-восточном направлении и шлачерез Сивас, Диарбекир, Мосул к Багдаду, а оттуда кПерсидскому заливу. В действительности это былавеликая военно-стратегическая дорога 12 .Турецкое правительство приняло проект Пресселя.С 1871 по 1872 год была построена линия от Хайдарпашидо Исмада в объемностью 92 километра. Но затемв течение последующих десяти лет, с 1873 по 1889 год,дело ни на шаг не продвинулось вперед. Было11 Manfred Pohl, Von Stambul nach Bagdad. Die Geschichte einer berühmtenEisenbahn, Piper Verlag, München 199912 Аветян А.С. Германский империализм на Ближнем Востоке. - М.,1966, с. 111135

очевидно, что Турция собственными силами не была всостоянии осуществить даже часть этого грандиозногопроекта.Проекты Багдадской железной дорогисогласовывались со стремлениями турецкогогенерального штаба соорудить эту линию ближе кЗакавказью. По так называемому «северному варианту»Багдадскую железную дорогу намечалось продолжитьот Ангора через Иоз-гад, Токат, Сивас, НижнююМалатию, Харпут и Диарбекир. От последнего пунктажелезная дорога должна была спуститься в СевернуюМессопотамию.Противодействие России принудило германцевобратиться к «южному варианту» Багдадской дороги. Вапреле 1900 года между Германией и Россией былооформлено секретное соглашение. По договору прорывГермании к кавказской границе был окончательнопредотвращен. По «южному варианту» железнаядорога должна была пройти от Эрегли через Адана,Ислахие, Джерабулус, Рас-эль-айн, Мосул, Багдад,Неджеф, Ковейт.Буржуазная революция Персии 1905 года, создаласерьезное разногласие между Россией и Англией,особенно в вопросе разделения политико-экономическоговлияния над Персией 13 .Германия вела последовательную экономическуюполитику и результатом этого стало на 3-е место вовнешней торговле Персии после Англии и России. Впериод 1901-13 и 1913-24 годах немецкий13 Архив внешней политики России, ф. Канцелярия, 1909 год., д. 17, л.60136

товарооборот в Персии вырос с 2,5 млн. кран до 33млн. кранов 14 . Персидский двор со своей стороны былзаинтересован расширять немецкую торговую,индустриальную сферу, а также банковское дело 15 .В начале 1910 года был исчерпан срок Персидско-Российского договора 1890 года. Берлин хотелмаксимально использовать это обстоятельство 16 .После острого дипломатического реванша,Лондон и Петербург потребовали от Персии безконсультации Англии и России не выдавать ни однойконцессии на строительство железной дороги 17 .Вопрос Багдадской железной дороги и СеверногоИрана стоял главной темой на повестке дня во времявстречи в Потсдаме в ноябре 1910 года. Соглашениемот 19 августа 1911 года Германия отказывалась отэкономических концессий в северной части Персии.Стороны пришли к соглашению, что в будущем, когданемцы завершили бы строительство железной дорогидо Ханекина, Россия имела бы возможность провестиветку железнодорожной линии от Западной частиТегерана до Ханекина 18 .В конце первой мировой войны, около 2000километров пути были заложены на строительствоБагдадской железной дороги. Железнодорожный путьначинался в Константинополе и завершался в Насирие.14 С.Агаев, Германский империализм в Иране, М., 1969, стр. 715 Die Deutsche Politik der Europaische Kabinete, b. 25 (1), Berlin 1927,N856616 АВПР, ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л. 16 Шебеко-Сазонову, 16/29, апреля1910 года17 АВПР, Ф. Канцелярия, д. 19, л.л. 20-23, 19 апреля- 2 мая 1910 год18 Die Deutsche Politik Europeische Kabinette, B. 27(2), N10159137

В 1917 году восставшие бедуины в течениечетырех месяцев уничтожили 17 локомотивов ивзорвали 80 железнодорожных мостов. Следы этогоисторического события туристы все еще могут увидеть,если они последуют по маршруту Хиджазе железнойдороги через юг Иордании, граница которая проходит сСаудовской Аравией, на которой последний поездпрошел осенью 1924 года 19 .В конце публикации отметим, что в конце 19 и вначале 20 века Германия осуществляла успешный курсполитического и экономического влияния в Турции иПерсии. Поражение в первой мировой войне, весьмаотрицательным оказалось для будущего развитияближневосточной политики Немецкой империи. Поусловиям Версальского мирного договора Германиябыла вынуждена насовсем отказаться от ближнеговостока и колоний в юго-восточной Африке.19 DIE ZEIT 11.12.2003 Nr.51, S.3138

139zurab sulaberiZegermaniis aRmosavluri politikisaspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa daXX saukunis dasawyisSipublikaciis mizania germanul da rusulsamecniero literaturaze dayrdnobiT warmovadginoTXIX saukunis dasasrulis da XX saukunisdasawyisis germaniis aRmosavluri politikisZiriTadi ekonomikuri da politikuri aspeqtebi.berlinis traqtatis Semdeg germaniisa da TurqeTissamxedro-politikuri interesebi mWidrod dauaxlovdaerTmaneTs. 1882 wels germaniis misia fon-degolcis meTaurobiT Cavida stambulSi raTadaxmarebodnen sulTnis xelisuflebas saxelmwifoadministraciuli da samxedro reformis gatarebaSi.aRniSnulma misiam imuSava 1893 wlamde.unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavisi moRvaweobis pirvelwlebSi fon-de golcis misia faqtobrivadumoqmedod iyo. realuri Zvrebi germania-TurqeTisurTierTobaSi daiwyo mxolod 1885 wlidan.TurqeTis daaxloeba germaniasTan ufro aqtualurixdeba 1913 wels àxalgazrda TurqTa~ mier ganxorcielebulirevoluciis Semdeg. or qveyanas SorisurTierTTanamSromlobis dokumenti oficialurad1913 wlis 28 oqtombers gaformda.me-19 s-is 70-iani wlebidan germania aseveaqiturad ereva sparseTis politikur daekonomikur cxovrebaSi. 1873 wels germania-

sparseTis xelSekrulebis Semdeg germaniissafinanso institutebis gavlena sparseTisekonomikur cxovrebaSi dRiTidRe izrdeboda.sparseT-germaniis daaxloeba imTaviTve ejaxebodadidi britaneTis da ruseTis interesebs axloaRmosavleTis regionSi. miuxedavad am viTarebisa,1888 wels germaniis `doiCe bankma~ miiRo koncesiabaRdadis rkinigzis mSeneblobaze. cnobiligermaneli inJinris vilhelm fon preselisproeqtiT, rkinigzis magistrali konstantinepolidanbaRdadamde 3000 kilometrs Seadgenda,romlis mSenebloba 1908 wels unda dasrulebuliyo.ruseTisa da didi britaneTis mxridan didiwinaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, germania me-19 s-isdasasrulisa da me-20 s-is dasawyisSi Tanmimdevrulda warmatebul politikas atarebda axloaRmosavleTis regionSi. magram pirvel msoflioomSi germaniis damarcxebam, ukiduresad uaryofiTiroli Seasrula aRniSnuli politikuri kursisSemdgom ganviTarebaze. versalis zaviT, germaniaiZulebuli iyo sabolood uari eTqva, rogorcmaxlobel aRmosavleTze, ise samxreT-aRmosavleTafrikis koloniebze.140

igor kekeliaabaSis xeobis saistorio geografiavaxuSti bagrationis naSromisa darukebis mixedviTXVIII saukunis gamoCenili mecnieri da saxelmwifomoRvawe vaxuSti bagrationi sayuradRebo cnobebsgvawvdis zogadad, odiSis (samegrelos) samTavrosada, kerZod, cxeniswylisa da abaSis xeobebissaistorio geografiis sakiTxebze. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebTim friad mniSvnelovan da sagulisxmo garemoebas,rom vaxuSti odiSis saistorio geografiispirvel mkvlevrad gvevlineba, CvenTvis naTeli xdeba,Tu raoden faseulia misi fundamenturi naSromi damis mierve Sedgenili atlasebi.odiSis samTavros aRweras mematiane cxeniswylisxeobiT iwyebs da cxeniswylis xeobaSi mdebaredasaxlebul punqtTa Soris pirvelad banZas asaxelebs:,,...cxeniswylis dasavliT ars munve banZa dacixe keTilnaSeni~ [11, 776].vaxuStiseuli ,,cixe keTilnaSeni~, marTalia,cxeniswylis dasavleTiT (marjvena mxares) mdebareobs,magram ara cxeniswylis, aramed abaSis xeoba-Si, md. abaSis marcxena napiras [msjelobisaTvis ix.15].banZa samegrelos ukidures aRmosavleT nawil-Si, gaSlil velze mdebare sofeli da Temis centria.Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriulidayofiT martvilis raionSi Sedis da z. d. 90 m142

simaRlezea. raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaq martvils12 km-iTaa daSorebuli... vfiqrobT, is garemoeba,rom ,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ vaxuStismier cxeniswylis xeobis aRwerisas aris moxseniebuli,unda aixsnas banZis imdroindeli geografiulimdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT.gvian Sua saukuneebSi da Semdgomac, XIX s-sada XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, sofeli banZa sakmaodvrcel teritorias moicavda.XVIII s. germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri iohananton giuldenStedti samegrelos or nawiladyofs. dasavleT nawils odiSs uwodebs, xolo aRmosavleTs_ samegrelos. am ukanasknelSi igi Tavismxriv or mxares arCevs _ banZas da (v)abaSas. giuldenStedtiiqve CamoTvlis banZasa da abaSaSi Semavalsoflebs [5, 323]. am cnobaze yuradReba gaamaxvilamkvlevarma S. jRarkavam da SeniSna, rom soflebisCamonaTvalis araTanmimdevrulobis gamo TiTqmisSeuZlebelia imis garkveva, Tu romeli maTganimiekuTvneboda banZis mxares, magram erTi ram cxadia:banZis CrdiloeTiT mdebare teritoria banZis SemadgenlobaSiiyo, xolo samxreTi vabaSas anu abaSasekuTvnoda [msjelobisaTvis ix. 32, 274]. mkvlevariTavis mosazrebas im faqtiT amyarebs, rom 1819 welsSedgenil saqarTvelos generalur rukaze, rac s.janaSias saxelobis saxelmwifo muzeumSia daculi,banZis samxreTiT mdebare teritorias aweria,,Абашской~ [iqve].143

ekaterine WavWavaZis mdivani (Semdeg senakis mazrisufrosi) korneli borozdini, Tavis mogonebeb-Si samegrelos yofa-cxovrebis Sesaxeb, gadmogvcemsXIX s. I naxevris banZis geografiul mdebareobas dawers, rom banZas eWira abaSasa da cxeniswyals Suamdebare, 40 versis sivrce adgili, sadac 75-ze metikomli Tavadi faRava da 800 komli aznauri daglexi mosaxleobda. ,,am saxiT, banZa senakis olqSiStatus in status-s (saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi)hgvanda, xolo mebatone faRavebi _ calke elements,calke Zalas~, _ wers k. borozdini [4, 248-249].misive TqmiT, cxenis-wylis napiras mdebare soflebi_ lexaindro da nagvazu, faRavebis saymos warmoadgenda[4, 250].banZis soflis sazogadoeba sakmaod didi moculobisadministraciul-teritoriul erTeulswarmoadgenda mogvianebiTac, XIX-XX ss-Si.odiS-leCxumis daviT dadianiseuli administraciul-teritoriulidayofiT banZa dasaxelebuliasujunis mazris soflebs Soris, magram am dayofaSilexaindrao da nojixevi ar gvxvdeba [ix. 24, 113].1886 wels ruseTis imperiis mier ganxorcielebulikavkasiis mxaris komlobrivi aRweris monacemebiTbanZis soflis sazogadoeba senakis mazris naqalaqevissapolicio ubanSi Sedi-oda banZis soflissazogadoeba aerTianebda oTx sofels _ banZas (373komli, 2212 suli), vedid-kars (132 komli, 835suli), maxaTs (14 komli, 99 suli) da muxurCas(70 komli, 413 suli).144

1930 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos ssr pirveli administraciul-teritoriulidayofis cnobaris mixedviT,banZis sasoflo sabWo aerTianebda soflebs_ sakuTriv banZas (574 komli, 2853 suli), vedidkars(263 komli, 1226 suli), leva-xanes (49 komli,253 suli), lefoCxues (108 komli, 536 suli),muxurCas (134 komli, 658 suli) da orqas (89komli, 380 suli).werilobiTi wyaroebis pirdapiri da arapirdapiricnobebis gaanalizebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rombanZis SemogarenSi mdebare soflebi _ lexaindravo,najaxu, nagiberu, onoRia, vedidkari, lefoCxue, maxaTida muxurCa sxvadasxva dros banZis SemadgenlobaSierTiandeboda.abaSisa da inCxias xeobebSi, zRvis donidan 170m-ze mdebareobs raionuli daqvemdebarebis qalaqimartvili. qalaqis centris samxreT-aRmosavleTiT,Wvenias maRal serze, martvilis samonastro kompleqsiaaSenebuli, rac aerTianebs gegmaSi jvrisformis taZars, XVIII saukunidan Ciqovanebisad miCneuleklesias (VII, X s.) da mesvetis sacxovrebeleklesia-svets (X-XI ss.). winaqristianul xanaSitaZris adgilas mdgara uzarmazari muxa Wyondidi,rac kerpad miiCneoda. Zvel saqarTveloSi xeTa Tayvaniscemisada mcenareulobis mZlavri kultis arsebobazemiuTiTebda akad. ivane javaxiSvili da amiserT-erT saukeTeso damamtkiceblad swored ZvelsamegreloSi saxelganTqmul Wyondids Tvlida, racmegrulad ,,did muxas~ niSnavs da, mecnieris azriT,145

ueWvelad miuTiTebda am adgilas muxis msaxurebissalocavi adgilis arsebobaze [31, 134].werilobiTi wyaroebidan irkveva, rom martvilisuwindeli saxelwodeba swored Wyondidi iyo.VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, arabTa laSqrobis Sedegadiavarqmnili taZari X saukuneSi safuZvlianadaRudgenia egris-afxazeTis mefe giorgi II-s, romelsacWyondidi saepiskoposo kaTedrad gamoucxadebia[msjelobisaTvis ix. 28, 139; 7, 20-23]. ,,matianeqarTlisas~ avtori mogviTxrobs: giorgim ,,ganagnada ganawyuna yovelni saqmeni mamulsa da samefosamissa: aRaSena saydari Wyondidisa, Seqmna saepiskoposod,da ganaSuena igi nawilTa simravliTa wmidaTamartuilTaTa~ [27, 265]. mematianis am cnobis sizustesTu virwmunebT, naTeli xdeba, rom giorgimefes wmida martvilTa (mowameTa) nawilebiT _qristianuli siwmindeebiT Seumkia Wyondidis aRdgenilitaZari. rogorc Cans, Tavdapirvelad VI-VIIss. yvela wmindanis (,,martuilTa~) saxelze agebulitaZari, swored X saukunidan, mefe giorgis miermisi aRdgenis Semdeg, iwoda martvilis RvTismSoblismiZinebis taZrad, romlis saxelsac atarebsdResac [ix. 18, 13-14].gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom probizantiur xanaSidaarsebul saeklesio kaTedrebs Soris uadresida upirvelesi iyo Wyondidi. swored WyondidisdaarsebiT unda dawyebuliyo bizantiuri kaTedrebisaTvisqarTuli saeklesio kaTedrebis Canacvlebisprocesi [22, 64].146

Wyondidis kaTedra warmoadgenda fazisis samitropolitossamarTalmemkvidres. aRniSnuli faqtiganapirobebda imas, rom Wyondidi mTeli saqarTvelosmasStabiT upirvelesi kaTedra iyo erTianiqarTuli monarqiis arsebobis periodSic [ix. 22,113].Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom konstantinepolzedaqvemdebarebis periodSi pativis TanmimdevrobiTfaziseli pirveli mRvdelmTavari iyodasavleT saqarTveloSi da mitropolitis wodebiTiqvemdebarebda oTx saepiskoposos (rodopolisisas,caiSisas, ZiRanevisas, petrasas), misi, Wyondidissaeklesio kaTedriT Canacvlebis Semdeg, fazisis samitropolitosteritoriuli memkvidreoba da faziseliserT-erTi umTavresi maxasiaTebeli _ pativi,bunebrivia, Wyondidsa da Wyondidelze unda gadasuliyo[msjelobisaTvis ix. 22, 102]. aseTi upiratesobaWyondids arc momdevno periodSi daukargavs.imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Wyondidi iyo,,warCinebuli saRvTismoZRvroÁ saydarTa Soris sameufoÁisa misisaTa~, mefe bagrat IV-m (1027-1072ww.) swored amitom ,,Tavisi saflavi mun ganemzada~,e. i. Tavis saZvaled Wyondidi airCia.sakmaod saintereso da mravlismomcveli informaciisSemcvelia vaxuSti bagrationis Semdegi lakonuricnoba: ,,banZas zeiT da cxeniswylis dasavliT,da misi mWvreti, maRals adgilzed, ars Wyondidi,eklesia gunbaTiani, didSeni, martvirisa. es147

aRaSena h mefeman afxazTaman giorgim da SeamkoyovliTa SemkobilebiTa saeklesiosaTa. dafluliars mefe bagrat. amanve dasva mun episkopozi, daawca ars mwyemsi unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswylamde~[11, 167).mecnierebs garkveuli aqvT, rom vaxuSti Tavisfundamentur naSromze (,,aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~)muSaobis droisaTvis ukve icnobda da kideciyenebda winamorbed mematianeTa, maT Soris juanSerisada ,,matiane qarTlisas~ avtoris cnobebs.Wyondidis monastris aSenebisa da xelmeored aRdgenisSesaxeb vaxuStiseuli informacia da mefe giorgissaxelTan misi dakavSireba, sxva mraval cnobas-Tan erTad, swored am garemoebiT unda aixsnas [ix.3, 55].martvilis aSenebis Sesaxeb aseTive cnobasgvawvdis niko dadiani, Tavis TxzulebaSi(,,qarTvelT cxovreba~), rac Tavis mxriv warmoadgensvaxuSti batoniSvilis Txzulebis erTgvar Semoklebulvariants: ,,eklesia martvirisa (ese igiWyondidisa) aRaSena mefeman afxazTaman giorgi. iqdaflul ars mefe bagrat~ [ix. 6, 150].Wyondidis adgilmdebareobis vaxuStiseuli aRweriloba,rom es punqti banZis ,,zeiT~, e. i. CrdiloeTiT,da md. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT, ,,misimWvreti, maRals adgilzed~ mdebareobs, sinamdvilesSeefereba.…oRond am SemTxvevaSic unda dazustdeserTi sakiTxi, kerZod: Secdomaa, roca vaxuSti ampunqtsac, banZis msgavsad, ara abaSis, aramed cxenis-148

wylis xeobis aRwerisas asaxelebs, rasac, Cveni fiqriT,md. cxeniswylis xeobis banZa-WyondidTansiaxlove ganapirobebda.odiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvlevariT. beraZe miiCnevda, rom Wyondidis adgilmdebareobisvaxuStiseuli aRweriloba imdenad zustia,rom SesaZlebelia, mas es saydari TviTonac hqonodadaTvalierebuli [3, 55]. sworia vaxuStis cnoba imazec,rom Wyondidis taZari aris saZvale mefe bagratisa.aq uTuod igulisxmeba saqarTvelos mefebagrat IV, romelic mefobda 1027-1072 wlebSi.,,qarTlis cxovrebis~ matianis CanarTi gvamcnobs:WyondidSi ,,...Seqmna bagrat saflavi Tvisi da dausvenebianmravalni wmidaTa martvilni~ [ix. 27, 303-304].davubrundeT kvlav erT sayuradRebo sakiTxs.kerZod, Tu ra teritorias moicavda saqarTveloses erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi eparqia vaxuStis monacemebiT.mematiane aRniSnavs, rom Wyondideliflobs ,,unagiris aRmosavleTisa cxeniswylamde~ arsebulteritorias. miCneulia, rom unagirad iwodebodaabaSisa da texuris wyalgamyofi qedi, racramdenime mTis _ dadiaS taxtas, naqalaqevis, abeda-Tisa da kalamonas krebiT saxeladaa aRiarebuli. esmTebi erTmaneTisagan unagiriseburi dadablebebiTaagamoyofili. unagira orografiuli toponimia daniSnavs unagiris kexiviT Cazneqil adgils serze.naqalaqevis cixesTan texuri unagiras or nawiladkveTs. texuris marjvena mxares aRmarTuli mTa aR-149

wevs sofel TeklaTamde, md. ciis xeobamde. amdenad,vaxuSti cdeba, roca wers, rom unagiras mTa texuris,,dasavlis kidursa rionidam warmosdevs~-o. esmTa iwyeba TeklaTTan da, amasTanave, yovelTvis rodimiuyveba texuris marjvena sanapiros [ix. 23,231].saWyondidlos teritoriis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiTvaxuStis naSromSi mocemul cnobas mniSvnelovnadavsebs gviani Sua saukuneebis ramdenimeSewirulebis wigni. beJan dadianis (1714-1728 ww.)mier sujunis eklesiisaTvis miwebis SewirulobiswignSi, rac 1714 wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, romodiSis mTavars Wyondidlobidan gadauyenebia TavisiZma gabrieli. ,,...RoRabariZe evdemon mitropolitigvikurTxebinebia da WyondidlaT dagvijdenia da sa-Wyondidlo amisaTvin migvicemia... anjeli da kodoragaRmarTi texuris piramdis rac aris, ZvelTaganWilaZeebs SeewiraT, magram kidev vinme daobda... espirveli garigebuli da wigni Cven ase xelaxlagangviaxlebia da Segviwiravs...~ [ix. 14, 113]. TiTqmisaseTive Sinaarsisaa meore Sewirulobis wigni, racCven gamovaqveyneT 2011 wels. masSi ufro dazustebiTaamocemuli saWyondidlos saeklesio erTeulissazRvrebi. dokumenti daTariRebuli ar aris, Tumcabolos dasmul beWedSi ikiTxeba 1717 weli:,,ganvaaxleT. davTari ese. da SevswireT Sens:. sujuniseklesias wmindis giorgisas. Dda giZRveniT Sen.dedao macxovrisa:. cxenis wylis rionis SesayaridamgaRmarTSi. kukuTi. cxepiji. uCa Relidgan. fiCors150

aqeTi. Aanjeli da samarRanao srulad: rions gamoRma.siriaCqonis Tavis pirdapir: dabla isulas rionsRele CaerTvis. RaluCa qvian. k-Tis tyes Suazed gamoivlis.ontyoros tbidgan gava. texuramdis moawevsda imas aqeT. aw texurs gamoRma. beruRalurom texurs CaerTvis iqedam da iwyeba. wmindis.stefanes saydars aqeT: nosiris ewerSi Suazed uCaRele rom gaivlis. gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvarsaqeT. da suRirs. aqeT abaSis wylamdis: didis gamo-ZiebiT gamovikvlieT. da Tu visme udroobiT eWira...xeli avaRebineT da gangisakuTreT... Sens didebulseklesias SevswireT. martvilsa da sujunas~ [ix. 21,46-47].aRniSnuli dokumentidan irkveva, rom cxeniswylisada rionis SesarTavidan texur-beruRalisSesarTavamde (sof. nosiri) mdebare teritoriamartvilis eklesiisadmi yofila Sewiruli, nawiliki WilaZes Seuwiravs. mogvianebiT beJan dadians damisi ojaxis wevrebs Zveli davTrebi ganuaxlebiaTda saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebi daudgeniaT. dokumentSimocemuli aRweriloba TiTqmis mTlianadmoicavs axlandeli abaSis raionis teritorias dasenakis raionis mcire nawils. kerZod, irkveva, romsaeklesio mamulis dasavleTi sazRvari ,,texuramdismoawevs~ da ,,aw texurs gamoRma~, wmida stefanestaZramde vrceldeboda. nosiris CrdiloeTiT, saeklesiomamulis dasavleTi sazRvari suRirze gadiodada ,,gejeTisa da wyemis sazRvars aqeT... aba-Sis wylamdis~ vrceldeboda [iqve].151

Sewirulebis wigni 1760 wlisaTvis ganuaxlebiaodiSis mTavar kacia dadiansac: ,,...rionis da cxeniswylisSesayridgan texuris Sesayramdis sul gaRmarTi,kodora, cxepiji, kukuTi, samarRnao da anjeli,eseni ZvelTagan WilaZis Yyofiliyo da WilaZesSewira...~ [ix. 14, 13].k. borozdini Wyondideli episkoposis mdgomareobasadarebs kaTolike episkoposis mdgoma-reobasdasavleTSi da aRniSnavs, rom mwyemsmTavari flobdauzarmazar saeklesio mamuls. is iyo patroni sa-Wyondidlod wodebul mamulze mosaxle aznaurebisada glexebisa. es mamuli gafantuli iyo mTels samegreloSi,magram umTavresi nawili 3000 komlzemeti glexiT, mdebareobda mdinareebs _ abaSas,texursa da rions Soris. saWyondidlos ,,Suagulisofeli~ anu sarezidencio kera iyo sujuna [4, 79-80].saWyondidlos sazRvrebs mogvianebiT Seexomkvlevari ioseb yifSiZe. misi ganmartebiT ,,sa-Wyondido _ название округа около Мартвильскогомонастыря, части Сенакского уезда~ [8].vaxuSti bagrationis, giuldenStedtis, k. borozdinisada i. yifSiZis, agreTve XIX saukunisramdenime saarqivo dokumentis gaanalizebis safuZvelze,g. eliava saWyondidlod wodebuli saeklesiosauflos SemadgenlobaSi aqcevda abaSisa damartvilis (yofili gegeWkoris) raionebis teritoriasda senakis raionis teritoriis nawils [ix. 8,5-6]. amasTanave, mkvlevari eWvqveS ayenebda vaxuStis152

cnobis siswores saWyondidlos dasavleTis sazRvradunagiras miCnevis Sesaxeb, vinaidan, g. eliavasmosazrebiT, saWyondidlod saxeldebul teritoriulerTeulSi vaxuSti bagrationi gulisxmobdaara mTlianad unagiras, kerZod, masSi Semavalisaxarbediosa da ekis mTebiT, aramed unagiras, vidrenoqalaqevamde. g. eliavas mosazrebiT, texurispireTinoqalaqevis qvemoT ukve salipartianos SemadgenlobaSiunda yofiliyo, e. i. salipartianosa da sa-Wyondidlos gamyofad da am ukanasknelis dasavleTsazRvrad mkvlevari md. texurs varaudobda. g.eliava Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad toponimebsacimowmebda. ,,saWyon-didlo mamuli, anu saeklesioxat-mamulebi _ saWyondidlos saxelwodebiTmxolod abaSispireTSi vrceldeba: balda, martvili,banZa, onoRia, vedid-kari, sefieTi, ontofo, abaSa,sujuna-maranis xazis gaswvriv~ _ wers igi [8, 8-9].salipartiano-saWyondidlos gamyofi sazRvrisSesaxeb g. eliavas Tvalsazrisi dazustebas saWiroebs.qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier ukve garkveu-lia,rom feodaluri erTeuli salipartianos saxelwodebiTgacilebiT vrcel teritorias moicavda,vidre es g. eliavas mier aris SemosazRvruli.,,afxazeTis sakaTalikoso didi davTridan~ irkveva,rom sofeli nagvazau lipartianis mflobelobaSiyofila XVII s. I naxe-varSi. lipartianTa sakuTrebaswarmoadgenda sofeli bonboTic (axland. bombo-Ti), rac martvilis samxreT-dasavleTiT, md. abaSismarjvena napirze mdebareobs [ix. 2, 126-130].153

salipartianos feodaluri erTeulis sazRvrebisSesaxeb arsebuli naratiuli wyaroebis SejerebiTirkveva, rom lipartianebi mamulebs flobdnensaWyondidlos teritoriazec.maSasadame, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saufliswuloda saTavado mamulebis sazRvrebi xSirad aremTxveoda saeklesio mamulis sazRvrebs. qveyanaSimimdinare socialur-politikuri cvlilebebi, bunebrivia,ganapirobebda imas, rom icvleboda saeklesioda saTavado-saufliswulo mamulebis sazRvrebic. amsakiTxze Tavis droze yuradRebas amaxvilebda g.eliava da savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavda: saWyondidloSisaTavado, sabatoniSvilo mamulebis arsebobismiuxedavad, abaSis xeobis es erTaderTi sameurneo-politikurida teritoriuli erTeulimainc ganuyoflad miiCneoda da mTavarTa da Tavad-TaTvis xelmiu-wvdomeli iyo [8, 8].qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur-politikuricvlilebebi, bunebrivia, ganapirobebda imas, rom icvlebodasaeklesio da saTavado-saufliswulo mamulebissazRvrebic, rac TvalsaCinod dasturdebaWyondidis saepiskoposos Sesaxeb arsebuli da Cvenmier nawilobriv ganxiluli werilobiTi wyaroebiTac.banZisa da Wyondidis aRweris Semdeg vaxuStiexeba hidronim ,,abaSis~ etimologias da saxariascixe-sasaxlis adgilmdebareobas: ,,amaTTa (banZisa daWyondidis _ i. k.) dasavliT dis mdinare abaSa, pirvelsxvis saxeliT wodebuli. Semdgomad, moiqca154

a/ anakofiidam murvan yru, aq dabanakebulTa moaS-To aman pC abaSi, da mieriTgan iwoda abaSa. /amazedars saxaria, cixe da sasaxle dadianisa/. ese sigr-ZiT ars texuris SesarTavamde. gamosdis kavkass,odiSsa da svaneTs Soriss, da dis Cdilodam samxriT.ara ars mas Sina Tevzi, Tvinier kalmaxisa~[11, 167].abaSis saTaved vaxuSti kavkass asaxelebs. kavkasi,kavkaseTi igive kavkasionia. magram mecnieri kavkasionismTianeTis sxvadasxva nawils im saxeliTmoixseniebs, romel mxareSic is mdebareobs. ase magaliTad,kavkasi alanisa, vaxuStis aRweriT, ewodebakavkasionis mTianeTis im nawils, rac kodoryubaniswyalgamyofs warmoadgens; leCxumis kavkasiaxlandeli leCxumis qedia cageris raionSi; kavkasisvaneTisa ewodeba enguris saTaveebs. svaneTis sazRvrebisaRwerisas vaxuSti asaxelebs ,,svaneTsa daodiSs Soris kavkass~. misive TqmiT svaneTi,,(s)igrZiT ars raWis kavkasis Txemidam odiSis kavkasisTxemamde...~ [11 173]. mecnieris msjelobiT, aba-Sisa da texuris saTaveebi kavkasionis mTavar qedzeki araa, aramed im qedze, rac warmoadgens odiSisCrdiloeT sazRvars: ,,Takversa da odiSs SorisimTa, kavkasidam Camosuli samxriT da kvalad Takveridamvewarsruli kavkasi CdiloT, vidre egrisissaTavemde, odiSsa da svaneTs Sorisi~ [11, 167].md. abaSa saTaves iRebs asxis kirqvuli masivissamxreT nawilSi (martvilis r.). misi saTavemdgenlebiatoba da raCxiswyali. mdinaris sigrZe155

66 km-ia da marcxena mxridan uerTdeba texurs zanaTisteritoriaze. vaxuStis cnobiT, mdinarissaxelwodeba VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi egrisissamefoSi arabTa laSqrobis istorias ukavSirdeba.mematiane juanSeri Tavis TxzulebaSi _ ,,cxovrebavaxtang gorgaslisa~, mogviTxrobs: ,,..aRdges mdinarenisastikad, da mimarTa umcrosman wyalman spasaabaSTasa, da wariRo maTgan mkuircxli ocdasamiaTasi. da mieriTgan saxel-edva orTa maT mdinareTa:erTsa cxeniswyali da erTsa abaSa~ [27, 237-238].aseTive ganmartebaa mocemuli warmoSobiT germanelimkvlevris, karl hanis naSromSi _ ,,kavkasiis geografiulisaxelebis ganmartebaTa pirveli cda~, sadacvkiTxulobT: ,,Абаша приток Техура, получильназваные отъ того, что въ немъ утонуло 8000абхазов (абашовъ) узъ войска арабского полководцаМурванъ-кру~ [33, 2].vaxuSti miiCnevs, rom ,,abaSa~ mdinaris gviandelisaxelwodebaa. arabTa laSqrobamde mdinare,,pirvel sxvis saxeliT~ yofila cnobili, magramkonkretulad Tu ra saxeliT, amis Sesaxeb mematianearafers ambobs. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ,,abaSa~am mdinaris qvemo welis, kerZod, im monakveTissaxelwodeba unda yofiliyo, rac abaSis raionissof. Zveli abaSis midamoebidan texuris SesarTavamdemdebareobs.zemo welze mdinare ueWvelad im mTis saxeliTunda yofiliyo cnobili, sadac saTaves iRebs. aseTiki raCxis mTaa. md. abaSis marcxena mdgenelis _ to-156

as paralelur saxelwodebad Cawerili gvaqvsagreTve toponimi ,,tanwyari~. SesaZlebelia am oritoponimidan erT-erTi md. abaSis zemo welissaxelwodebad gvevarauda. savele ZiebiT momavalSiam xeobis Sua welis saxelic SeiZleba gamovlindes(msjelobisaTvis ix. i. sixaruliZisa da i. kekeliasnaSromi. ibeWdeba Jurn. ,,cotneidelSi~).miaCniaT, rom hidronim abaSaSi aba/-ba elementiadamianis sakuTar saxels, xolo -Si/-Sa mawarmoebelsufiqss unda warmoadgendes (aba-Si_>aba-Sia_>abaSa_>aba-si,e. i. abaSa ,,abas samkvidrod, samflobelod~moiazreba [30, 19]. dasaSvebia SemdegimniSvnelobac: abCa_>abaSa: ab spars. ,,wyali~, Casparsuli kninobiTobis aRmniSvneli nawilaki; maSasadame,abCa_>abaSa ,,patara wyali; patara mdinare~(?) (Sdr. obCa) [ix. 20, 17].sad mdebareobda vaxuStiseuli ,,saxaria~? aRniSnulipunqtis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuliaramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba. mxareTmcodne g.eliavam toponimi ,,saxaria~ sof. salxinosTan gaaigiva.sazafxulo agarakad da rezidenciad SerCeulsoflis mTian mxareSi, abaSis xeobis gadasaxedze,mdgara dadianTa cixe da sasaxle saxaria. mogvianebiT,aRniSnavs mkvlevari, _ es adgili odiSis mTavriskuTvnil sarezidencio soflad gadaqceula daTvalwarmtaci mdebareobis gamo salxino darqmevia[9, 82]. Cans, rom mkvlevari salxinosa da saxariasigiveobas am ori saxelwodebis fonetikuri msgavse-157

iT xsnida. es mosazreba gaiziares gogilo da demurbasilaiebma [1, 29-30].p. zaqaraiam da T. kapanaZem mematianis miermoxseniebuli saxaria banZis ukidures CrdiloeTiT,md. abaSis marcxena napiras mdgari cixe-darbazissaxelwodebad miiCnies, Tumca, sruliad samarTlianad,mniSvnelovani daskvnis gamotanisgan Tavi Seikaves.,,es is adgilia Tu ara, amis zustad dadgenaZnelia, aseTi toponimi dRes ar arsebobs~, _ werenisini [12, 234].saqme isaa, rom banZis cixe SeuZlebelia saxariadmiviCnioT da es kargad Cans TviT vaxuStiscnobidan, romelic wers: ,,cxeniswylis dasavliTars munve banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [11,167]. banZa,rogorc zemoT vimsjeleT, marTalia, cxeniswylisdasavleTiT mdebareobs, magram ara cxeniswylis,aramed md. abaSis xeobaSi. cixec, rogorc zemoTaRiniSna, banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena napirze,abaSa-martvilis saavtomobilo gzasa da mdinaresSua, velze dgas da nangrevebi nojixenissaxelwodebiTaa cnobili. esaa soflis saxelis adgilobriviaraoficialuri variantic. najixu, nojixenimegrulSi ,,nacixars~ niSnavs (jixa ,,cixe~).amrigad, es saxeli savsebiT Seefereba cixis naSTebsac.aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom vaxuSti batoniSvilisdros, kerZod, XVIII s. I naxevarsa daufro adrec, cixis saxeli nojixeni ver iqneboda.gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom cixis arsebobis periodSisofels jixa erqva, xolo mas Semdeg, rac,158

aq mdgari nagebobebi daingra, sofelsac nojixeni(,,nacixari~) ewoda. es unda momxdariyo XVIII s.bolosa da XIX s. dasawyisSi [ix. 13, 55].Cveni azriT cixis garSemo mdebare dasaxlebasnojixenamde banZa unda rqmeoda. es savsebiT damajerebelivariantia maSin, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT imsagulisxmo garemoebas, rom banZa, gvian Sua saukuneebsada, Semdegac, XIX saukuneSi, moicavda sakmaodvrcel teritorias abaSidan cxeniswylamde [ix.16, 7; 17, 14]. swored amitom unda miuTiTebdesvaxuSti cxeniswylis dasavleTiT banZas,,keTilnaSeni~ cixiT.Zegli, rasac vaxuStiseul banZis cixed miviCnevT,Tanamedrove administraciul-teritoriulidayofiT, banZis Temis ukidures CrdiloeT mxares,lexaindravos Temis sof. nojixevSi, md. abaSismarcxena mxares mdebare SemaRlebazea. nacixarisgarSemo amJamad saxnavebia da adgilobrivni,,abaSaWaes~ eZaxian, xolo TviT nacixari ,,jixad~ da,,nojixenad~ moixsenieba.banZis Semdeg, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuStiaRwers Wyondidis adgilmdebareobas, saubrobs hidronim,,abaSis~ warmomavlobaze da amis Semdeggvawvdis cnobas saxarias cixesa da sasaxleze. amas-Tanave, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, romvaxuStis rukaze toponimi ,,saxaria~ naCvenebia ban-Zis maxloblad, md. abaSis marjvena napiras, dRevandelabedaT-sergieTis teritoriaze.159

mkvlevar Salva jRarkavas varaudiT vaxuStiseuli,,saxaria~ saxarbedios damaxinjebuli formaunda iyos. xarbediebi abedaTSi mosaxleobdnen.,,sainteresoa, ratom aRniSnavs vaxuSti am adgilssaxariad. SesaZloa es misi Zveli saxelwodeba iyo.am adgilis Seswavlam erT sayuradRebo garemoebazeSegvaCera. aq cxovroben xarbediebi. dRes ramdenimeojaxia darCenili, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom winaTxarbediebs marsilSi ekavaT garkveuli teritoriada es adgili iwodeboda saxarbediod... vaxuStim SesaZloasaxarbedio aRniSna saxariad... vfiqrobT, romvaxuStis saxaria, ,,cixe da sasaxle dadianisa~, arisigive marsilis dadianis sasaxle~ [32, 287].S. jRarkavas mosazreba gaiziara Tamaz beraZem.Tumca sxva, damatebiTi argumenti S. jRarkavas varaudisgasamyareblad mkvlevars ar warmoudgenia.[ix. 3, 56].S. jRarkavas zemoT moxmobili msjelobidan gamodis,rom arqanjelo lambertis rukaze aRniSnulimarsili da vaxuStiseuli saxaria erTsa da imavepunqtSi, sof. abedaTis teritoriaze, an mis SemogarenSilokalizdeba.saqme isaa, rom am ori punqtis _ saxariasa damarsilis igiveoba piradad nakleb sarwmunod migvaCnia.am igiveobis marTebulobas ufro is garemoebaarTulebs, rom toponimi saxaria abedaTis teritoriazedamowmebuli ar aris. amasTanave, Secdomaa,roca S. jRarkavas vaxuStiseul ,,saxariad~ sof.abedaTSi, marsilis velze, xarbediebis gvariT dasa-160

xlebuli Tu maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli da, uwin,albaT, saxarbediod saxeldebuli garkveuli teritoriaesaxeba. am mosazrebis mcdarobaze metyvelebsSemdegi garemoebani: 1. xarbedia erT-erTi ricxvmravaligvaria. am gvariskacni mosaxleoben menjSi, kiwiaSi,TeklaTSi, lesiWineSi, sergieTSi, qariataSi,xobSi, axalsofelSi (zugdidis r.), foTsa da sxvagan.abedaTis Temis arc erT sofelSi (abedaTi,jolo, lemiqave, leqajaie) xarbediebis mosaxleobaver davadastureT. S. jRarkavas naSromis gamoqveynebisTariRis (1965 w.) gaTvaliswinebiT, abedaTSixarbediebs ar ucxovriaT arc gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, Tumca S. jRarkava darwmunebiT wers,rom am adgilis Seswavlam igi erT sayuradRebo garemoebazeSeaCera; kerZod, imaze, rom abedaTSi TiTqosxarbediebi mosaxleoben. realuri suraTi kisxvagvaria: Cven mier mowyobili istoriulgeografiulieqspedi-ciebis dros xarbediebis gvariskompaqturi dasaxleba dadasturda ara abedaTSi(rogorc aRniSnavs S. jRarkava), aramed mezobelsofel sergieTSi (administraciul-teritoriulierTeulis centri abedaTis CrdiloeTiT, md. abaSismarjvena mxares), sadac am gvariT dasaxlebuli ubaniwinakverkvesa da naxunus sazRvrebTan,,saxarbediod~ iwodeba. aqve davadastureT gvarTandakavSirebuli ori toponimi: neZgidea//xarbediefiSoneZe _ ferdobi arjaniaS Rees Senakadis _ noRismarcxena napirze, da xarbediefiS noxori,,xarbediebis nasaxlari~ _ saxnavi naxunus sazRvar-161

Tan. amasTanave, XVII_XVIII ss. istoriuli wyaroebismixedviT xarbediebi saeklesio glexebi iyvnen.Tuki sergieTSi komlmraval gvarebad iTvleboda gawerelia,surmava, bedia, sulava, quTaTelaZe, Todua,injgia da sxv., xarbedias gvari ricxovnobiT gamor-Ceuli ar yofila da araa savaldebulo, rom uwindamoukidebeli soflis an soflis SigniT dasaxlebuliubnis saxiT arsebuliyo.prof. iuri sixaruliZis varaudiT, geografiuladmd. abaSis napirze mdebare sofeli naxarebaosaxeliT ufro axlosaa saxariasTan (saxararui?).amitom saxelwodebaTa msgavseba CvenTvis sainteresopunqtis arsebobas mkvlevars swored abaSis xeobaSi,am soflis teritoriaze afiqrebinebda [26, 3].SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom vaxuStim soflissaxelwodeba naxarebao marTlac saxariad gaiazra daam formiT kidec moixsenia Tavis naSromSi, magram amvaraudis daSvebis SesaZleblobas mainc arTulebsramdenime garemoeba: 1. vaxuSti saxarias aRniSnavsbanZis pirdapir, md. abaSis marjvena mxares. naxarebavoki banZis CrdiloeTiT, abaSis marcxena napirzeda noRelis namdinarev velze mdebareobs. 2. CvenamdemoRweul arcerT werilobiT dokumentSi naxarebusuwindel Tu paralelur formad saxaria naxsenebiar aris. ufro metic: vaxuStis cnobis TiTqmis Tanadroul,1771 wliT daTariRebul anton cagerelisSewirulebis wignSi soflis saxelwodebad miTiTebulianaxarboi: [ix. 14, 43]; 3. axlandel naxarebusteritoriaze cixis naSTi SemorCenili ar aris.162

saxarias lokalizaciis sakiTxs Seexo mkvlevarid. WiTanava da gamoTqva varaudi, rom vaxuStismier md. abaSasTan moxseniebuli cixe da dadianissasaxle sof. vedidkarSi, abaSis marcxena napirTanaxlos mdebare, ,,nojixevad~ (nacixari) saxeldebuliadgili unda iyos, sadac SemorCenilia ekalbardebiTdafaruli riyis qvis kedlis naSTebi [29,208]. imave naSromSi mkvlevari erTgan aRniSnavs,rom vedidkar-muxurCis cixe igivea, rac vaxuStis,,banZa da cixe keTilnaSeni~ [29, 213].,,saxarias~ istoriisa da lokalizaciis sakiTx-Tan mimarTebaSi Cveni yuradReba miiqcia agreTvesoflis saxelwodeba lexaindravom (araoficialurisaxelwodebaa lexaindre). vaxuSti bagrationis mierSedgenil rukaze, md. cxeniswylis marjvena mxaresaRniSnulia punqti lexainas formiT. vaxuStiseulilexaina formiTac da rukaze mocemuli adgilmdebareobiTacdRevandel lexaindres Seesabameba [ix. 19,66]. xaindravebis mier 1770 wels xonis mTavarepiskoposmaqsimesadmi micemul pirobis wignSi dasturdeba,,mowme sul erTobiT saxaindrao~ [ix. 14,175]. saxaindraoSi swored saTavado aznaurTa _xaindravebis (adg. varianti xaindraa) mflobelobaSiarsebuli mamuli, sofeli lexaindre unda igulisxmebodes.rogorc vxedavT, XVIII saukuneSi erTi daigive punqtis paralelur saxelwodebad lexaindreda saxaindrao dasturdeba. 1997 wels soflis istoriul-geografiuliaRwerisas CaviwereT toponimi,,saxariaS foni~. ase ewodeba fons soflis aRmo-163

savleTiT, md. cxeniswyalze. 2007 wels fexdafexSemoviareT lexaindravos TemSi Semavali soflebi(sakuTriv lexaindravo, stefasdabali, nojixevi) damisi Semogareni. Tumca cxeniswylis gayolebiT, arc,,saxariaS fonis~ saxelwodebiT cnobili adgilismaxloblad da arc mezobeli soflebis (nagvazu,nageberu, najaxu) teritoriaze cixisa da sasaxlisnaSTebs ver mivakvlieT. TviT ,,saxariaS fonis~ saxeldebismotivis Sesaxeb ki Semdegi ganmarteba Cagvawerines:saxaria erqva pirovnebas, romelic cxeniswylisnapiras, saxeldebuli obieqtis maxlobladcxovrobda.Cveni mizani iyo ,,saxarias~ lokalizaciasTandakavSirebiT mkvlevarTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebismimoxilva. Yyvela Tvalsazrisi mxolod varaudisdoneze rCeba, vidre TiToeuli maTgani saTanadoargumentebiT ar gamyardeba.daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaxuStibagrationis Sromisa da mis mier Sedgenili rukebismonacemTa gaTvaliswinebis gareSe gviani Sua saukuneebissamegrelos warsulis Seswavla, rasakvirvelia,srulyofili ar iqneba. davesesxebiT prof. levanmaruaSvils: ,,vaxuSti bagrationis giganturiSroma, rac gamoixata mSobliuri qveynis detalur,Tavisi epoqisaTvis zust aRweraSi da gamosaxvaSi,STamomavalTa aRtacebas iwvevs. mxolod samSoblossiyvarulma SeaZlebina CrdiloeTSi gadaxvewil batoniSvilsesoden xangrZlivi da bejiTi Sroma.STamomavloba qeds ixris am fenomenis winaSe, ro-164

melmac ase solidurad Seavso qarTuli mwerlobisTavisufali Taro~.literatura1. g. basilaia, d. basilaia, Cveni salxino, Tb.,2008.2. T. beraZe, erTi sakiTxi samegrelos istoriuligeografiidan, kr. ,,saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiiskrebuli~, t. II, Tb., 1964.3. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuligeografiis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos istoriuligeografiis krebuli, t. IV, Tb., 1971.4. k. borozdini, samegrelo da svaneTi (1854-1861),mogonebani. tf., 1934.5. giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi. germanuliteqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca165

da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, t. I, Tb.,19626. n. dadiani, qarTvelT cxovreba, Tb., 1962.7. g. eliava, Wyondidi-martvili (istoriuli mimoxilva),Tb., 1962.8. g. eliava, Wyondid-martvili uZvelesi qarTulisaganmanaTleblo kera (megzuri), Tb., 1969.9. g. eliava, abaSisa da texuris xeobebis istoriuliRirsSesaniSnaobani, Tb., 1971.10. vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqstidadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviTs. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tb., 1977.11. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geografia, Tb.,1997.12. p. zaqaraia, T. kapanaZe, cixegoji, arqeopolisi,noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1991.13. p. zaqaraia, n. lomouri, v. leqvinaZe, g. gvinCiZe,arqeopolisi_noqalaqevi, Tb., 1984.14. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi,t. I, II, tf., 1921.15. i. kekelia, abaSis xeobis istoriuli geografiidan.gaz. ,,quTaisis universiteti~, 17. XII.1997.16. i. kekelia, banZis cixe, gaz. ,,maxaria~, #9 (26),2002.17. i. kekelia, sofeli banZa (geografiuli mdebareobada istoriuli sazRvrebi), gaz. ,,maxaria~,#6 (57), 2005.166

18. i. kekelia, martvilis toponimia (etimologiurganmartebiTileqsikoni), Tb., 2009.19. i. kekelia, martvilis raionis oikonimia, quT.,2010.20. i. kekelia, abaSis raionis dasaxlebuli punqtebissaxelwodebani, quT., 2011.21. i. kekelia, e. kurdRelia, i. xarebava, masalebiodiSis samTavros istoriisaTvis, kr. ,,mxareTmcodne~,II, quT., 2011.22. b. kudava, dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia (IX-XIss.), istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecnieroxarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili disertacia(xelnaweris uflebiT), Tb., 2022.23. l. maruaSvili, saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia,Tb., 1964.24. i. meunargia, odiSis samTavros ukanaskneli periodida daviT dadiani, tf., 1939.25. i. sixaruliZe, odiSis saistorio geografiiswyaroebi, gaz. ,,maxaria~, #1 (28), 2003.26. ,,qarTlis cxovreba~, teqsti dadgenili yvelaZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilismier, t. I, Tb., 1955; t. IV, Tb., 1973.27. g. CubinaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria,t. I, 1961.28. d. WiTanava, saeklesio da saero nagebobani samegreloSi(uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb., 2010.29. o. xuxua, abaSa, baSi, barda, lebarde, cxeniswylisetimologiisaTvis. gegeWkoris saraionTa-167

Soriso samxareTmcodneo muzeumis XXVI samecnierosesia (masalebi), Tb., 1981.30. iv. javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. I,Tb., 1979.31. S. jRarkava, salipartiano (istoriul-geografiulidaxasiaTeba), Tsu Sromebi, ist. mecnierebaTaseria, t. 113 (V), Tb., 1965.32. К. Гань. Опыт объяснения кавказских географическихназвании. СМОМПК,. вып. 40. 1909.168

169IGOR KEKELIAVAKHUSHTI BAGRATIONI AND THE ISSUES OF HISTORICGEOGRAPHY OF ABASHA GORGEThe research work by Vakhushti Bagrationi, the well-knownGeorgian scientist and statesman of the 18 th century, representsa very important treasure in the history of Georgian culture andscience.For the thorough study of historical-geographical and socialeconomicsituation of Georgia in the Middle Ages his major work,, Descripition of the Kingdom of Georgia~, based on his own observationsand the study of historical sources, and his cartographicatlas are priceless.Vakhushti deals with the small Kingdoms and principalitiescreated as a result of disintegration of the unified Georgia (thesecond half of the 15 th century) and provides us with a descriptionof historical past and geographic specificities.In his work Vakhushti described Qartli, kakheti, Hereti, Kukheti,Didoeti, Samtskhe-saatabago, Klarjeti and some regions ofwestern Georgia. Vakhushti’s description of these regions (especiallyAbkhazia, odishi, Guria, Svaneti) is schematic and less precise.this was caused by the lack of information about these regions.The proposed paper is dealing with the study of historicalgeography of abasha gorge as reflected in Vakhushti bagrationi’swork. In terms of investigation of the above-mentioned issue thegeographical atlases compiled by the scientist in 1735 and 1745are very important.While examining the issues of historical geography of Abashagorge, the author discusses the etymology of hydronim

,,Abasha’’, and the settlements (Bandza, Chkondidi, Sakharia). Atthe same time, the history of Epharkia of Chkondidi and localizationof mountain Unagira are highlighted, taking into considerationthe modern historiography.170

igor kekeliaenguris xeobis saistorio geografiavaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSienguris xeoba uZvelesi droidan iqcevda ucxoelda qarTvel mematianeTa yuradRebas, masze gamavalimniSvnelovani strategiuli, politikuri Tuekonomikuri komunikaciebiT. xeobis aRweriloba mocemuliaXVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieris,kartografisa da saxelmwifo moRvawis _ vaxuStibagrationis fundamentur naSromSi _ ,,aRwera samefosasaqarTvelosa~.Waniswylis xeobisa da walenjixis aRwerisSemdeg vaxuStis naSromSi gadmocemulia engurisxeobis geografiuli mdebareoba: ,,amis (walenjixis_ i. k.) CdiloT dis mdinare eguri, wodebuli dabisgamo. gamosdis masve svaneTsa da odi[S]s Sorisskavkassa, modis aRmosavleTidam dasavleTad, mierTvis/zRvas/ anakrias. anakrias aRaSenes osmalTacixe, qristessa CRg, qarTulsa tJa, awca upyravTmaTve. anakriis aRmosavliT am mdinarezed ars ruxscixe didSeni, Sig wyaro gamomdinare. aRaSena levandadianman qristessa Cqmz. qarTulsa tle, SemdgomadSemusres osmalTa welsa CRke, qarTulsa uig, daamis qviT aRaSenes anakria umtkicesad. ruxs iTxrebiskaJi Caxmaxisa friad keTili da mravali. ruxszeiT, mTasa Sina ars saafacio saTavidam~ [8, 168-169].171

enguris xeobis aRwerisas vaxuSti zogjerscodavs. T. beraZis dakvirvebiT, mas xSirad erTmaneTSiereva ,,Crdilo~ da Crdilo-dasavleTi an dasavleTi.amitom vaxuStis zemoT moxmobili cnobamd. enguris walenjixis ,,CdiloT~ dinebis SesaxebSecdomaa, rameTu es mdinare walenjixis monastrisdasavleTiT moedineba [ix. 4, 60]. amasTanave, gasaTvaliswinebeliais garemoeba, rom md. engursa dawalenjaxis Soris moedineba kidev erTi mdinareCxouSias saxelwodebiT, rac md. jums marjvnidanSeerTvis axland. sof. didi neZis kaxaTis teritoriaze.CxouSias vaxuSti ar icnobs da Sesabamisadarc mis naSromSia dasaxelebuli. aseve SecdomiTaaminiSnebuli mdinaris saTave. enguri moedineba zemosvaneTidan, kavkasionis mTavari qedidan, da misi sa-Tave bevrad daSorebulia ,,svaneTsa da odiSs Soriss~mdebare ,,kavkass~, anu egrisis qeds. enguriszemo weli svaneTSia, Sua welSi egrisis qeds CauvlisdasavleTiT (q. jvaris Semogareni walenjixisraionSi), xolo qvemo weli moicavs odiSis dablobs,sof. tyaiadan (Cxoriis Temi) Savi zRvis SesarTavamde.sainteresoa dakvirveba hidronimis vaxuStiseuldawerilobaze _ eguri. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rommecnieri batoniSvili mdinaris saxelwodebas sworiformiT unda gadmoscemdes. ,,is gardamavali undaiyos ,,egridan~ ,,enguramde~, _ wers T. beraZe daiqve Tavisi mosazrebis gasamyareblad gvianfeodalurixanis ramdenime sabuTsac imowmebs. kerZod,172

sqolioSi (#34) miuTiTebs wigns _ ,,masalebi saqarTvelosistoriuli geografiisa da toponimikisaTvis,w. I~. wignSi, rac 1964 wels gamoica, aRniSnulia,rom 1512-1532 wlebiT daTariRebuli dokumentisTanaxmad ,,mamia dadianma Seswira biWvintisRvTismSobels eguris piras naJaneo 60 komli kaciT~[ix. 16:78]. amas garda, afxazeTis kaTalikosgrigol lorTqifaniZis 1706 wlis sigeli gvamcnobs:,,...elibaxu nanaisSÁli eguris gaRmidam wamoviyvaneTda magierSid da xibulas davasaxleT~ [ix.11, 92].vaxuSti fiqrobs, rom engurs (,,egurs~) saxeliunda mieRo amave saxelwodebis dabisagan, magramsaqme isaa, rom mis mier Sedgenil arc erT rukazeam saxelis matarebeli daba aRniSnuli araa [msjelobisaTvisix. 4, 60-61]. etyoba, rom mematianesaceWvi epareboda am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtisrealurad arsebobaSi.lamberti kolxidis ,,umTavres da ufro cnobil~mdinareebs Soris asaxelebs engurs, rac, misiazriT uwindeli astelefosi unda iyos. gvTavazobsmdinaris aRwerilobasac: ,,enguri Camodis didis siswrafiTsvaneTis mTebidan. zafxulis sicxeebSiTovlis dnobis dros igi saSinlad matulobs, daunavod gasvla masSi SeuZlebelia. ramdenadac ufrogrilia. wyali riyis qvebs Sua iwmindeba da metadmSvenieria. am mdinareSi mravali nair-nairi Tevzia,romelsac mkvidrni iWeren badiTac da xis kavebiTac.roca zafxulobiT wyali matulobs, am mdinaris173

zRvasTan SesarTavSi Zalian bevr zuTxs iWeren~ [14,200-201].mdinares araerTgzis moixseniebs Engour-isformiT Jak fransua gambac [5: 83, 94, 104, 105, 111,112, 317, 321, 329].Savi zRvis piras, enguris SesarTavis marcxenamxares, mdebareobs erT-erTi uZvelesi dasaxlebulipunqti anaklia. vaxuSti mas moixseniebs anakriasformiT. ucxour da qarTul kartografiul masalebsada werilobiT wyaroebSi dasturdeba toponimisorive forma.anaklia Tavis rukaze datanili aqvs kastels[13, 187; sur. # 524]; erT-erT naxatze ki Semdegiwarwera aqvs gakeTebuli: ,,Cveni patrebis navi sofelanakliaSi~ (sur. #473).pirveli wyaro, sadac anakliaa dasaxelebuli,aris lui granJies 1615 wliT daTariRebuli werili,sadac igi am punqts herakliad moixseniebs. levanII dadianis Sewirulobis sigelSi, rac 1628wliT TariRdeba, aRniSnulia, rom odiSis mTavarsbiWvintis RvTismSoblisaTvis Seuwiravs ,,anakliaskoCilai Codia... kidev anaklias faculai wawulua~[11, 41; 14, 19]. romis papisadmi patr Zampis mier1675 wels gagzavnil werilSi dasaxelebulia,,anakria~ da ,,arkama~ [12: 204-205). anakliaze cnobebidaculia frangi mogzauris _ Jan Sardenis na-SromSi. igi saubrobs anakliis eklesiaze:,,...anakliaSi me wirvasac daveswari, romelic iseTiveupativcemulod da daudevrad sruldeba, rogorc es174

aRniSnuli iyo samegrelos religiis Sesaxeb traqtatSi.erTxel mowme gavxdi wirvis saseiro Sewyvetisa;TeaTinelTan erTad mivdiodiT Cven TavSesafarkoSkSi; gaviareT eklesiasTan, sadac wirva mimdinareobda…~[ix. 22, 255]. lamberti kolxidis (odiSis)monasterTa CamonaTvalSi asaxelebs anakrias (dÀnarghia) da aRniSnavs, rom misi Zveli saxeli heraklea(Heraclea) iyo. misive miTiTebiT aq uwin saepiskoposocyofila, rac sxva wyaroebiT ar dasturdeba[ix. 14, 138]. iohan anton giuldenStedtisTqmiT anaklia ewodeba cixes enguris SesarTavTan [6,325, SeniSvna]. 1823 wlis 6 (18) ivniss soxumidanfregatiT gadmosuli frangi mogzauri gamba meoredRes anaklias swvevia. ,,dilaadrian ukve anakliaSiaRmovCndiT, _ wers mogzaurobis dRiurSi, _ igipontis samefos, Zveli herekleas erT-erTi koloniagaxldaT. es navsadguri gaSenebulia ajisa (Agis) daenguris SesarTavTan; Zvelad igi trapizonsa dakonstantinopolTan Zalze mniSvnelovan vaWrobasawarmoebda, rac ZiriTadad tyveTa syidvas emyareboda~[ix. 5, 94].anaklias axsenebs Sveicarieli mecnieri damogzauri frederik diubua de monpere. man XIX s.30-ian wlebSi imogzaura SavizRvispireTSi. ,,rodesacmivcuravdiT enguris SesarTavis siaxloves, _ wersdiubua, _ am Cqari mdinaris marcxena napirze Tvalimovkari anakrias, berZenTa herakleas, misi Zveli nangrevebiT~.anaklia moxseniebulia moric vagnerisTxzulebaSi, rogorc Savi zRvis sanapiroze mdebare175

sanavsadguro adgili da ,,samegrelos ukiduresiCrdilo sasazRvro~ punqti [7, 134].germaneli mecnieri da mogzauri eduard aixvaldiasaxelebs anakliis dangreul cixes, rogorcdadianis sakuTrebas. misive cnobiT, aRniSnuli cixeekuTvnoda samegrelos mTavar giorgi dadians. 1779wels anakliis cixes dapatronebia afxazeTis mTavariqeleS bei ServaSiZe [2: 184, 214]. aixvaldi gadmogvcemsmis mdebareobasac: ,,redut-kaledan cotaCrdiloeTiT, aqedan ufro Sors, vidre samxreTiTfoTia, ingurze Zevs anaklia~ [iqve, 211]. sainteresoaeduard aixvaldis cnoba md. anakliis Sesaxeb:,,...mdinare anaklia am dros araa sicocxlisaTvisuxifaTo gasasvlelad~ [iqve, 197].,,anakliis~ saxelwodebiT mdinare cnobili araa.soflis teritoriaze gaedineba md. Tiqori, racamave saxelwodebis soflis teritoriaze (anakliisTemi) uerTdeba Sav zRvas. misi Senakadia Rele far-ToRal(?), rac sof. cvanedan moedineba. SeiZlebavivaraudoT, rom anaklia Tiqoris uwindeli saxelwodebayofiliyo.anakliaze cnobebi daucavs iakob rainegssac,romelic aRniSnavs: ,,...mdinare enguris marjvena napirze,mis SesarTavTan, mdebareobs qalaqi da iqvecixe anaklia. es aris afxazeTis mTavris levan ServaSiZisrezidencia. cixis Sida farTobi sigrZiTToTxmeti saJenia, siganiT _ cameti; mas Semovlebuliaqvs sami saJeni simaRlisa da xuTi futi sis-176

qis galavani. kari ornaxevari wyrTis simaRlis daerTnaxevari wyrTis siganisaa~ [19, 108].TavdacviTi xasiaTis nagebobis naSTi SemorCeniliaenguris marcxena mxares da zRvas 0,5 km-iTaris daSorebuli. adgilobrivni mas jixas eZaxian.SemorCenilia kvadratuli gegmis mqone cixis oriarusianigalavani sam mxares (garda dasavleTisa) dakuTxeebSi mdgari sami koSki, rac dasavleTiT,Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTa da samxreT-aRmosavleTiTaaaRmarTuli. md. enguris, e. i. dasavleT mxares mdgarikoSki sworkuTxaa, danarCenebi _ cilindruliformisa. meoTxe koSki mdgara agreTve mdinarismxares, rac cixis galavanTan erTad engurs waulekia.aq SemorCenili kedlebis naSTi adasturebs mdinarismxares 3 m-ze ufro ganieri WiSkris arsebobas.galavnis zeda iarusze saTofurebia CarTuli.koSkebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi zeda sarTulebissabrZolo daniSnulebaze metyvelebs kedlebSi sa-Tofurebis arseboba [9, 117-118].soflis saxelwodebis adgilobrivi araoficialurivariantia anarkia. aRniSnuli forma dasturdebatoponimebSic. kerZod, zugdid-anakliisgzatkecilis monakveTs sof. ingiris teritoriazeanarkiaS Sara//naWkira hqvia. igive saxeliT iwodebagza zugdididan anakliisken, sof. kaxaTis gavliT[24, 158].megrul xalxur sityvierebaSic gvxvdeba,,anarkia~ forma. movixmobT sailustracio masalas:177

yursalefiS naxvamlefi, yursalTa gatacebuli,sqani da do jimalefi, Seni da da (Seni) Zmebi,xe do kuCxi krilefi xel-fexgakoWilebianarkias rCxvianduni? anakliaSi (rom) kiodnen!anzugiduri, anarkuli,arTianiSi moxvarefi!anakliel-zugdideli,erTmaneTis damxmareni.an kidevpirvel Tias mi merCandes, pirvel wils vinmogcemdaT,va imendaT anarkia. imedi ar hqondes anaklias.da bolosaba, jima, ria,martvil-anarkia...aba, Zmao, ajanyeba,martvil-anaklia...[20, 60, 83, 107; 21, 150].rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, vaxuSti anakliis cixisaSenebas osmalebs ukavSirebs. mematianis cnoba,rom osmalebma ruxis cixis nangrevebisagan ,,aRaSenesanakria umtkicesad~, Zneli dasajerebelia. amaSi qvemoTdavrwmundebiT.cnoba ruxis cixis Sesaxeb daculia Sardenis,,mogzaurobaSi~, roca igi gadmogvcems 1672 wlis,178

osmalTa SemosevasTan dakavSirebul ambebs. ufroadre, zugdidTan, kozxeTTan (korcxeli) da anakliasTanerTad, ruxi Tavis rukaze aRuniSnavs lamberts[14, CanarTi 1 _ ,,kolxeTis anu samegrelosruqa~]. ,,axali qarTlis cxovreba~ gvamcnobs, romruxis cixeSi inaxeboda ofSqviTis brZolis drosqarTlis mefe simonisaTvis dadianis molaSqreTaganwarTmeuli zarbaznebi [10, 282-288].1700-1712 wlebis axlo xanebSi grigol kaTalikosismier daweril ,,wignSi~ aRniSnulia: ,,ruxusrom levan dadiani mokuda, misi sicocxleSid dadianisalnebiT nemsaZe kzs mosloda~ [11, 102].,,ruxu~ swored axland. sofeli ruxia. 1712 wlisgarigebis wigni gvamcnobs: ,,SarvaSiZe ruxs mokvda,wavediT da vitireT, niSnic marTebuli aviReT...~[iqve, 104-105]. giuldenStedtis cnobiT ruxi cixeaenguris marcxena napirze, rac uwin TurqTa xelSiiyo, amJamad ki mitovebulia [6, 325]. ruxis Sesaxebcnobebs gvawvdis germaneli mogzauri iakob rainegsi,romelic gvauwyebs: rusTa razmebis mier dangreuliafxazuri patara cixe ruxi enguris marjvenanapirze mdebareobs da lazebSi mimavali gzisCamketia. iqve axlos mdebare sofelsac ruxi ewodeba,xolo misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Svid versze,enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs samegrelosyvelaze mZlavri da didi cixe egersi, anu egeria[19, 121]. rainegsis cnoba ruxis adgilmdebareobazearasworia. igi enguris marcxena napirze mdebareobs.179

uxi gvxvdeba megrul xalxur saistorioleqsSic:,,vo, dadia, dadia,ruxiSi dénabadia!vo, dadia, dadia,ruxSi danabadoo...~[23, 233].odiSis samTavroSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani safortifikacionagebobis _ ruxis cixis mSeneblobaukavSirdeba levan II dadianis saxels, rasac cixisdagegmareba da kedlebis wyobac adasturebs. cixisaSeneba umTavresad ganpirobebuli iyo afxazTaganodiSis dasacavad. levanisave iniciativiT XVII s.30-ian wlebSi ganxorcielda Cxaridan da CixoridanimereTis mefe giorgi III-is (1605-1639 ww.) gamosasyidSimiRebuli somexi da ebraeli vaWrebis ruxSiCamosaxleba. ase daarsda aq savaWro saxelosno adgiliqalaqis statusiT. somxebiT dasaxlebuliborcvi ruxSi, jixaSkaris ubanSi, dResac nasomex(u)diwodeba.ruxis mSeneblobaze cnoba daculia arqanjelolambertis naSromSi. ,,mxolod somxebis qalaqSi, _gvauwyebs lamberti, _ romelic aSenebulia awindelmTavris dros, aris moedanze ramdenime duqani, sadaciyideba tilo da iranuli Sali~ [14, 179]. somxebisqalaqSi TeaTineli misioneri swored ruxsgulisxmobs.mkvlevar i. anTelavas marTebuli mosazrebiT,ruxSi cixis ageba, misi ,,gaqalaqeba~ da levan da-180

dianis mier gatarebuli sxva cnobili RonisZiebebi(vaWrebis mowveva, zarafxanis gaxsna...) mTavrisproeqtis mizandasaxulobaTa realizacias, kerZod,evropasTan satranzito vaWrobis ganviTarebas isaxavdamiznad [1, 113-114].TviT cixe agebulia enguris gavakebis Suawelze, engursa da mis marcxena Senakads _rux(iS)wyars Soris, SemaRlebaze. erT ha-mde far-Tobis mqone cixe Tavisi masStabebiT, galavnisa dakoSkebis sisqe-simaRliTa da mSeneblobis simtkiciTmnaxvelebze did STabeWdilebas tovebs. cixes adgilobrivniuwodeben ruxiS jixas, jixas. iqve mdebareubans, sadac duqnebi yofila ganTavsebuli,jixaSkars eZaxian. amasTanave, ruxis cixesTan gamavalisaxmeleTo gza ,,jixaSkariS Sarad~ iwodeboda.p. zaqaraias msjelobiT, uwin enguri cixes uSualoduvlida, amJamad ki mdinaris marcxena napirs300-400 m. aSorebs [10, 162-174]. aSenebulia riyisqviTa da kiriT. cixeSi Sesvla samxreTaRmosavleTiskoSkSi datanebuli kariTaa SesaZlebeli.cixis garekedlis simaRle daaxl. 10-12 m-ia,saSualo sisqe _ 2,80 m. dasavleTiT da aRmosavle-TiT simaRle 14-40 m-s aRwevs. SemorCenilia 5koSki (saS. zoma 8,45X9,65 m). cixis Sida zomaa94X57 m, rac ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. cixe-simagre1725 wels daurbeviaT Turq dampyroblebs. XVII s-Si odiSis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani qalaqi da cixesimagre,amis Semdeg qalaqis statusiT istoriulwyaroebSi ar moixsenieba [18: 46]. sainteresoa Sar-181

denis cnoba, rom ruxis cixe samegrelos mTavrisadgilsamyofelsac warmoadgenda.vaxuStis cnobiT ruxis cixe 1647 welsaa aSenebulilevan dadianis mier (,,qristessa Cqmz, qar-Tulsa tle~). CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu ra wyaroebzedayrdnobiT Tvlis vaxuSti ruxis cixis agebis TariRad1647 wels [4, 62). gamoTqmulia mosazreba,rom aq cixis mSenebloba somex-ebrael vaWarTa gadmosaxlebisTanave,1635-1636 wlebSi unda dawyebuliyo.vaxuStis, etyoba, miaCnda, rom ruxis,,aRSeneba~ 1647 wels dasrulda, ,,Torem, _ wersilia anTelava, _ yovlad SeuZlebelia aseTi didinagebobis erT weliwadSi dasruleba~ [1, 113-114].p. zaqaraia SeniSnavs, rom uzustobas SeicavsvaxuSti batoniSvilis cnoba ruxis cixis dangrevaze.osmalTa mier cixis dazianeba SesaZlebelia, magramruxis dangreuli cixis qvebiT anakliis mSeneblobazecnobis am nawilis dajereba Znelia, Tundacim garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom iqidan aTeulikilometriT daSorebul anakliamde riyis qvis gadazidvagaumarTlebeli iqneboda [9, 117].sworia vaxuStis cnoba ruxis cixeSi wyarosarsebobis Sesaxeb. es wyaro cixis CrdiloeTiT,gzatkecilsa da engurs Soris, galavanTan gamoedineba.adgilobrivi mosaxleoba mas ,,oZiles~ eZaxis,rac jiles, darans, Tevzis samyofels niSnavs.swavluli mecnieri enguris xeobis im nawilSi,rac mdebareobs egrisis qedsa da sof. ruxs Soris,asaxelebda feodalur erTeuls saafacios saxel-182

wodebiT. mis mier Sedgenil rukebze saxeldebuliobieqti xan mdinaris marcxena napirzea aRniSnuli,xan marjvenaze. am sakiTxiT Tavis droze dainteresdaodiSis saistorio geografiis cnobili mkvlevariTamaz beraZe. ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis kuTxiTwarmoebuli kvleva gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSigamoqveynebul naSromSi man Semdegi saxiT Camoayaliba:is faqti, rom vaxuStis Tavis rukaTa meoreatlasis arc erT Sesabamis rukaze saafacio, rogorcpunqti, ar aRuniSnavs, im garemoebiT undaaixsnas, rom saxelovan mecniers eWvi epareboda amsaxelwodebis punqtis realurad arsebobaSi. vaxuStiscnobis Tanaxmad, saafacio iseTive feodalurierTeulia, rogoricaa salipartiano, magram saqmeisaa, rom odiSis am nawilis sofelTa toponimia aricnobs punqts ,,saafacios~ saxelwodebiT. mis arsebobazearafers gveubneba xalxuri gadmocema da vinaidanwerilobiT wyaroebSic araferia cnobili afacias, rogorcfeodaluri gvaris Sesaxeb, saafacios feodalurierTeulis arsebobac eWvs iwvevs. saafacioSi,daaskvnis mkvlevari, SeuZlebelia vigulisxmoT sof.ruxis erTi ubani safarcvanio, vinaidan araa savaldebuloZvel droSi damoukidebel soflad misi miCneva.amasTanave, rac mTavaria, farcvaniebis gvareulobidan,vaxuSti bagrationis mier nagulisxmevi saafaciosfeodaluri erTeuli ver Seiqmneboda, radgan am gvariskacni glexebi iyvnen [4, 61].T. beraZis aRniSnuli msjeloba rom damajerebelia,amaze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom ruxeli183

farcvaniebis gadmocemiT, maTi winaprebi XIX saukunis50-ian wlebSi Camosaxlebulan salipartianodan.gadmocemis siswores adasturebs erTi saistoriowyaroc, saidanac irkveva, rom salipartianos soflebidan– kurZudan da namkoludan 85 komli glexis(maT Soris – Todua 14 komli, farcvania _ 13 k;janaSia _ 12 k; okujava – 3 k; facia – 3 k; naWyebia– 2 k.) ruxSi Camosaxleba momxdara 1859 wels,niko dadianis iniciativiT, romelsac TiToeuliaxalmosaxle ojaxisaTvis engursa da kuCxiobonusSua ufasod miucia 15 qceva miwa da 5 wlis ganmavlobaSiyvela gaunTavisuflebia gadasaxadisagan.Semdeg gadasaxadis saxiT dawesebula 5 maneTi daerTi koka Rvino TiTo ,,gramotaze~. amis gamo sofelruxs, rac niko dadianis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda,nikosia darqmevia [26, Canaw. 898]. nikosiissasoflo Temi 233 komliT dasaxelebulia kavkasiismxaris komlobrivi aRweris masalebSi (1886 w.)zugdidis mazris zugdidis sapolicio ubanSi. 1930wels gamocemuli ,,saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriulidayofis~ mixedviT arsebobdazugdidis mazris zugdidis raionSi Semavali nikosiissasoflo sabWo, rac aerTianebda sam sofels:nawulukous (94 komli, 232 suli), nikosias (566komli, 131 suli) da ruxs (70 komli, 333 suli).prof. p. cxadaias TqmiT nikosia sofels 1926wlamde erqva [24, 269]. ,,yazayiSi gazeTis~ 1932wlis #181 ki gvamcnobs, rom nikosias 1932 wlis15 seqtembers daubrunda Zveli saxeli ruxi.184

safarcvanio ubania sajanaSiosa da qvemo saToduosSua. p. cxadaias cnobiT, radganac ,,gramotas~Camoyolili farcvaniebi waCxuruSi (martvilis r.)yovel wels salocavad ver midiodnen, ,,sawaCxurolagvani~ aq, ruxSi mouwyviaT [24, 272].sakvlevi toponimis (,,saafacio~) lokalizaciazemsjelobisas sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom sof.ruxSi mosaxleobs 30 komlamde facias gvariskacida maTi dasaxleba iwodeba safaciod. udaod Tval-Sisacemi garegnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad(,,saafacio~ _ ,,safacio~) vaxuStiseuli saxelwodebisamosavali Ziris mniSvnelobis SeZlebisamebrmkafiod ilustirebisaTvis ruxSi mdebare faciebisgvaris kompaqturi dasaxlebis aRmniSvneli saxeli,,safacio~ mainc ver gamodgeba, kvlav im umTavresigaremoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom faciebic (farcvaniebismsgavsad) glexebi iyvnen da, Tu vigulisxmebT,rom vaxuStis mixedviT, saafacio marTlacgarkveuli feodaluri erTeulis saxelwodeba iyo,glexTa gvareuloba am erTeulis saxelis ,,naTlia~ver iqneboda.saafacios garSemo vrceli msjeloba imisTvisdagvWirda, rom savsebiT gagveziarebina Tamaz bera-Zis sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevi mosazreba toponim,,saafacios~ lokalizaciis, ufro zustad engurisxeobaSi am saxelwodebis matarebeli punqtisarsebobis eWvqveS dayenebis Sesaxeb. amave dros angariSgasaweviaSemdegi Tvalsazrisic: vaxuSti bagrationiSesaZlebelia arasworad iZleodes am185

feodaluri erTeulis saxels, an zustad ver gansazRvravdesmis mdebareobas, magram isic Zneli dasajerebelia,rom mas saerTod moegonebinos,,saafacios~ arseboba [4, 61].enguris xeobaSi ,,ruxs zeiT, am wyalzed, mTasaSina... saTavidam~, saafacios, rogorc soflis Tufeodaluri erTeulis, arseboba da zogierT rukazemisi aRniSvna, Zneli saTqmelia, vaxuSti bagrationissubieqtur mosazrebas mivaweroT, Tu xalxur gadmocemazedafuZnebul Tvalsazrisad miviCnioT. Tumcaufro sarwmunod is garemoeba gvesaxeba, rommecnieri saafacioze werisas xalxisagan miRebulcnobebze dafuZnebul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs,oRond – araswori saxiT.T. beraZe ganagrZobs msjelobas saafaciosgarSemo da varaudobs, rom vaxuStiseul saafacioSiSesaZlebelia werilobiT wyaroebSi XIII s-dan moxseniebuliodiSis Zlieri feodaluri sagvareulos– afaqiZeebis (adg. gamoTqmiT afaqiebis) feodalurierTeuli saafaqiZo//saafaqio davinaxoT. am gvarSiSemonaxuli erTi gadmocemis Tanaxmad afaqiZeTa samflobeloerT dros md. maganamde aRwevda, rac vaxuStismier mocemuli ,,saafacios~ teritorias nawilobrivemTxveva. T. beraZe yuradRebas amaxvilebsXVII s. pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul sabuTSi,,saqoCaqiZeos~ moxseniebis faqts, rac iyo ,,dadianislevanis wyaloba mamuli~. wyarod miTiTebuliaprof. sargis kakabaZis mier 1914 wels gamoqveyenebuli,,afxazeTis saeklesio glexebis didi davTari~186

[gv. 43]. toponimi ,,saqoCaqiZo~ dasturdeba md. enguridanramdenime km-iT daSorebul sof. CqvalerSi(walenjixis r.). saqoCaqiZo, masSi Semavali jgaliscixe-sasaxliT, vrceli ,,qveyana~ unda yofiliyo.rac, T. beraZis azriT, nawilobriv Tavsdeba vaxuStisrukaze mocemul teritoriaze. ,,saafacio~ SesaZlebeliadamaxinjebuli ,,saqoCaqiZo~ iyos. erTiram cxadia, daaskvnis mkvlevari, rom vaxuStiseulisaafacio romeliRac realurad arsebuli feodalurierTeulis gamomxatvelia, Tumca saxelovani mecnierimis saxelsa da mdebareobas arazustad gadmoscems[4, 62].saafacios mdebareobis Sesaxeb T. beraZis mosazrebisanalizi mocemulia d. WiTanavas naSromSi,romelic saanalizod miuTiTebs istoriis mecnierebaTakandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapovebladT. beraZis mier warmodgenili sadisertacio naSromisSesabamis gverds. toponimi ,,saafacio~ am mxare-Si verc d. WiTanavas daufiqsirebia. mkvlevari emxrobaim azrs, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi afaciebisfeodaluri saxli da gvareuloba ar ixsenieba,Tumca damatebiTi masala ,,saafacios~ lokalizaciisTaobaze mas ar warmoudgenia [25, 381-382].am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs zugdidisr-nis sof. WkaduaSSi dadasturebuli toponimi,,saafaqioS CxouSia~. ase ewodeba mdinares, rac warmoadgensCxouSiis marcxena mdgenels. mis saTavesTanmdebare farTo vakes ,,saafaqio~ hqvia (saxelmdebniakonkreteben: saanTioS CxouSia, TordinefiS Cxou-187

Sia//yaliCefiS CxouSia, Tudoleni CxouSia, naoCeSCxouSia, saafaqioS CxouSia). sainteresoa isic, romengur-Waniswylis wyalgamyofze, sof. WkaduaSsa dajvars Soris mdebare maRlobi da sofelic saafaqiodiwodeboda. WkaduaSis nawils rom afaqiebi(afaqiZeebi) flobdnen, mowmobs soflis CrdilodasavleTnawilSi, walenjixis raionis sof. didieweris sazRvarze, sajinjolaSi mdebare sasaflaosada naeklesiaris saxelwodeba naoxvam(u)//buWueS oxvame.informatorebi aq eklesiis aSenebas Tavad bu-Wue afaqias miaweren [24, 397].d. WiTanava sof. WkaduaSis siZveleebze saubrisasp. cxadaias naSromidan [24] Sesabamisi gverdebismiTiTebiT imowmebs sofelSi toponimebad dadasturebulnaeklesiar adgilebs. asaxelebs naoxvamus//buWueSoxvames da am eklesiis mSeneblad SecdomiTTavad buWue alanias miiCnevs [25, 139].literatura188

1. i. anTelava, levan II dadiani, Tb., 1990.2. eduard aixvaldi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb (XIX saukunispirveli mesamedi), germanulidan Targmna,Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma,Tb., 2005.3. g. bedoSvili, qarTul toponimTa ganmartebiTetimologiurileqsikoni, I, Tb., 2001.4. T. beraZe, vaxuSti bagrationi da odiSis istoriuligeografiis sakiTxebi, ,,saqarTvelos istoriuligeografiis krebuli~, IV, Tb., 1971.5. Jak fransua gamba, mogzauroba amierkavkasiaSi,frangulidan Targmna, komentarebi daurTo mziamgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1987.6. iohan anton giuldenStedtis mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,t. I, germanuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurTgamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma,Tb., 1962.7. moric vagneri saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, germanuliteqsti Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da sa-Zieblebi daurTo gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.8. vaxuSti bagrationi, saqarTvelos geografia, Tb.,1997.9. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos saero xuroTmoZRvrebisZeglebi, Tb., 1960.10. p. zaqaraia, saqarTvelos gvianfeodaluri xaniscixe-simagreebi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumismoambe, t. XXVI_В, Tb., 1970.11. s. kakabaZe, dasavleT saqarTvelos saeklesio sabuTebi,tf., 1921.189

12. mixeil TamaraSvili, 1902 _ istoria kaTolikobisaqarTvelTa Soris, tf., 1902.13. don kristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqsti Targmna, gamokvlevada komentarebi daurTo beJan giorgaZem, Tb.,1976.14. arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, Tb.,2011.15. s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia,Tb., 1941.16. masalebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiisada toponimikisaTvis, Tb., 1964.17. m. paWkoria, furclebi kolxeTis istoriidan,Tb., 1974.18. m. paWkoria, vicnobdeT kulturis Zeglebs, Tb.,1975.19. iakob rainegsi, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi, germanulidanTargmna, Sesavali da saZieblebi daur-To gia gelaSvilma, Tb., 2002.20. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis masalebi(megruli nimuSebi), Tb., 1971.21. k. samuSia, qarTuli xalxuri poeziis sakiTxebi(megruli nimuSebis mixedviT), Tb., 1979.22. Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTissxva qveynebSi (cnobebi saqarTvelosSesaxeb), frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva dakomentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma, Tb.,1975.190

23. a. canava, qarTuli folkloris sakiTxebi (megrulimasalebis mixedviT), Tb., 1990.24. p. cxadaia, samegrelos geografiuli saxelwodebani,II. zugdidis raioni, Tb., 2007.25. d. WiTanava, eklesiebi da TavdacviTi nagebobebisamegreloSi (uZvelesi droidan dRemde), Tb.,2010.26. Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. V, Тифлис,1879, Canaw. 898.191

Igor KekeliaThe Historical Geography of the River Enguri Valley in VakhushtiBagrationi’s WorkThe well-known scientist and public man of XVIII century inVakhushti Bagrationi’s fundamental work are given the descriptionsof the different parts of Georgia according to the naturalconsequence and military-political division of these places.The geographical atlases with the maps of the differentparts of Georgia are very important. They were made by Vakhushtiin 1735-1745 years. On these maps we can see the historical-geographicparts of the country, settlements, relief and hydrography.In this review of Vakhushti Bagrationi with his maps andother written sources, there are given the materials about historicalGeography of the Enguri Valley.192

193giorgi grZeliZeTbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebiTu Tvals gadavavlebT saqarTvelos nebismierkuTxes, qalaqsa Tu sofels, mravlad aRmovaCenTgalavans, cixesimagres Tu e.w. nacixvars, romlebicerT dros mniSvnelovan movaleobas asrulebdnenqveynisa Tu calkeuli kuTxis Tavdacvis saqmeSi.Tanamedrove epoqaSi TavdacviTma nagebobebmadakarges Tavdapirveli funqcia, Tumca maTimniSvneloba uzomod didia istoriul-kulturuliTvalsazrisiT.amjerad Cvens mizans warmoadgens TbilisisZveli istoriuli galavnis sazRvrebis, masSiarsebuli karibWeTa da im cixe-simagreTa ganlagebismimoxilva romlebic mdebareobdnen qalaqisa Tu mismosazRvre teritoriebze.Zvelad qalaqebi SemosazRvrulni iyvnen farToda masiuri kedliT, romelsac udidesi mniSvnelobaeniWeboda aramxolod omianobis periodSi, aramedmSvidobiani cxovrebis drosac.qalaqis cixe-koSkebsa da karebs, sagangebodmiCenili mcvelebi hyavdaT, maT `mcvelni qalaqisaniewodebodaT~ [4, 1214].`qalaqis mcvelebs evalebodaT uzrunveleyoTqalaqi moulodneli Tavdasxmisagan, daecvaT qalaqiskarebi, gaeRoT igi diliT adre ciskrisas, rom miskedlebTan RamiT gaCerebuli qaravani, saTanado

nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg qalaqSi SemoeSvaT, RamiTki qalaqis karebi iketeboda [4, 124].rogorc cnobilia qalaq TbilisSi pirveladgalavnis mSeneblobas qalaqis damaarsebeli vaxtanggorgasali Seudga, magram gardacvalebis gamo misidawyebuli saqme mefis memkvidrem daCim ganagrZo,juanSeris sityviT: `ganasrula zRudeni Tbilisisani~[4, 116].aRniSnuli galavani VII-s. jibRu xakanma daherakle keisarma daangries, imis gamo, rom qviTkiriskedlis Seneba metad rTuli da Zviri iyo,qalaqisaTvis xis galavani da xis koSkebi augiaT [4,116].qalaqis xis galavniT da koSkiT isargeblesarabebma da buRa Turqma VII s. da gadawves qalaqi[4, 117].xis galavnisa da koSkebis gadawvis Semdgomqalaqis garSemo alizis aguris kedeli SemouvliaT,X s. arabi istorikosis cnobiT Tbiliss im drosori alizis kedeli hqonia [4, 117].qalaqis kedlebs exeba gviani periodis, kerZodXVII-s. frangi mogzauri Jan-Sardeni, romelicaRniSnavs: `qalaqi SemozRudulia mSvenieri damagari kedliT. mdinarisaken ki ukedloa~ [4, 118].galavnis Sesaxeb zogad cnobas gvawvdis aseve1701 wels TbilisSi myofi gamoCenili frangibotanikosi da mogzauri Jozef turnefori. isaRniSnavs: `dRes Tbilisis galavnis simaRle, CvenibaRebis, Robeebis simaRles ar aRemateba~ [10, 64].194

ogorc Cans turneforis dros qalaqis galavnissimaRle omianobis gamo metad Semcirebuli yofila.garda werilobiTi cnobisa turnefori gvawvdisqalaqis imdroindel grafikul gamosaxulebas,romelic im droisaTvis meore gamosaxulebadiTvleba, pirvelad iTvleba Jan Sardenis mierSeqmnili 1671 wels, mesamed ki vaxuStibatoniSvilis mier 1735 wels [10, 17].rac Seexeba galavanSi arsebul karebs,aRniSnulis Sesaxeb pirvel cnobas gvawvdis arabigeografi tabari cnoba X-s. ganekuTvneba [tabaris]mixedviT qalaqs imdroisaTvis xuTi kari hqonia:`maidnis kari~, `karis kari~, `mcire kari~, rabaTiskari~ da `soRdebilis kari~ [2, 127],droTa ganmavlobaSi, bunebrivia, qalaqiszrdasTan erTad karibWeTa raodenobac izrdeboda,Semosevebisa da omianobis periodSi nadgurdebodaqalaqis rogorc galavnis calkeuli nawilebi, isekaribWeebic, vaxuStis gegmisa da imdroindelirusuli gegmebis mixedviT Cans, rom 1800 wlisaTvisqalaqs eqvsi kari hqonia [4, 123].1. àbanos kari~ _ aRmosavleTiT, wavkisis xevisgadalaxviT qalaqs abanoebis ubanTan daseidabadTan akavSirebda [4, 123].2. `ganjis kari~ _ qalaqSi samxreTis mxridanSemodioda, ganjis kariT Semodioda qalaqSitabaxmeladan da krwanisidan momavali gzebi [4,123].195

3. `wavkisis kari~ _ vaxuStis mixedviT `kojriskari~, sxva wyaroebiT ki `maRlakari~,mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleT kedelze [4, 123].4. `diRmis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis dasavleTda CrdiloeTis kedelTa Sesayarze [4, 123].5. `muxranis kari~ _ mdebareobda qalaqis CrdiloeTkedelze, vaxuSti mas uwodebs `wylis kars~.muxranis kariT qalaqSi mcxeTidan momavali gziserTi ganStoeba Semodioda [4, 124].6. àvlabris kari~ _ mtkvris marcxena napirzemdebareobda da metexis cixis galavanSi iyomoqceuli, avlabris kari erTis mxriv esazRvrebodametexis cixis galavans, xolo meores mxriv kiavlabris galavans, romelic aigo darejandedoflis brZanebiT XVIII-m. 70-ian wlebSi [2, 131].avlabris kari qalaqs kaxeTTan da aRmosavleTissxva qalaqebTan akavSirebda [4, 124].e. i. qalaqis karebTa mimarTuleba aseTi iyo:qalaqs aRmosavleT nawilTan, abanoebis ubanTan daseidabadTan àbanos kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].samxreTis qveynebTan qalaqs `ganjis kari~ akavSirebda[4, 123]. CrdiloeTis qveynebTan da dasavleTsaqarTvelosTan `wavkisis kari~, `diRmis kari~ dawylis anu `muxranis kari~ akavSirebda [4, 123].kaxeTisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qalaqebTanTbiliss àvlabris kari~ akavSirebda [4, 124].rac Seexeba simagreebis arsebobas qalaqsa damis SemogarenSi XX-s. 20-ian wlebamde anu sanamkomunistebi daangrevdnen maT, aTze meti didi Tu196

mcire cixe-simagre iyo. aRsaniSnavia, romdRevandlamde isic nawilobriv, mxolod Tbilisis`dedacixem~ _ nariyalam moaRwia, yvela danarCenidangreuli iqna uaxloes warsulSi.dabla CamoTvlilia yvela cixe-simagre,romlebic mdebareobdnen dedaqalaqis farglebSi.avlabris cixe-galavaniavlabris cixe galavani XVII-s. meore an mesamemeoTxedSi unda iyos agebuli [2, 131].avlabars ori galavani hqonda, erTi avlabrisgalavani, romelic mTel avlabars ertya gars dameore Tbilisis anu qalaqis galavani isan-avlabrisgarSemo [2, 131].avlabris galavani naCvenebia vaxuStis gegmaze[8, 459]. aseve piCeviCis gegmaze [8, 461].avWalis cixeavWalis cixe _ aigo 1734 wels, mtkvrismarcxena napirze, misi mTavari daniSnuleba iyolekTa gamudmebuli Tavdasxmisagan qalaqis dacva,cixe Sedgeboda 12 koSkisagan [7, 275].cixes exeba germaneli mogzauri iohangiuldenStedti. igi aRniSnavs: `mtkvris aRmosavleTnapirze davinaxe cixe `zemo avWala~, xolo erTiversiT adre samxreTiT md. avWalis xevis Cr.mxareze, aseve dangreuli simagre qvemo avWala~ [5,197

61]. dRes cixisa da misi 12 koSkisagan araferiaRaraa SemorCenili, simagre dangreul iqna XX-s.20-ian wlebSi.cixe darijelidarijelis cixis zusti adgilmdebareobisdadgena dRes veranairad ver xerxdeba. cnobiliamxolod, rom is mdebareobda dRevandeli metexinariyalas mimdebare teritoriaze, cixemoxseniebulia gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefisbagrat IV-is dedaqalaqSi SemosvlasTandakavSirebiT.didubis cixedidubis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marcxenasanapiroze, cixis Sesaxeb mciredi saxis cnobasgvawvdis XVIII saukunis gamoCenili germanelimogzauri iohan anton giuldenStedti, mogzauriaRniSnavs: `diRmidan 1 / 2 saaTSi gaviareT qviSaqvianimTa da gadavediT mdinare verisxevze, romelzedacaris qvis xidi. aqedan zed mtkvris aRmosavleTiT,napirze Cans dangreuli didubis cixe~ [5, 67].Tbilisis istoriis gamoCenili mkvlevariTeimuraz beriZe daaskvnis, rom didubis cixegalavaniagebuli unda yofiliyo XVIII saukuneSida mdgara dRevandeli erovnuli stadionisteritoriaze [11, 56].198

1800 wels Sedgenil kapitan Cuikosa dapolkovnik tixonovis gegmaze aRniSnulia didubiscixe, gegmis mixedviT didubis cixe galavani mogrZosworkuTxa formis sakmaod mozrdili nagebobayofila, oTxive kuTxeSi ki cilindruli formiskoSkebi hqonia burjebad [11, 56]. didubis cixegalavanma didxans ver gauZlo rbeva-awiokebas. 1772wlis saqarTvelos rukaze didube `gapartaxebulcixe-simagredaa aRniSnuli~. amis Semdeg igi aRarcaRudgeniaT [11, 56].diRmis cixediRmis cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvenasanapirodan sakmaod daSorebiT dRevandel sofeldiRomSi. diRmis wm. marines eklesiis siaxloves.cixe gzad moinaxula zemoT dasaxelebulmagermanelma mogzaurma giuldenStedtma, mogzauriaRniSnavda: `devis namuxlaridan 5 / 4 saaTi mivdiodiTTiTqmis pirdapir samxreTiT, vake mindorze,romelsac qvia diRomis mindori da mivediT diRomiscixemde, romelic mdebareobs ori versis daSorebiT,im adgilidan, sadac md. diRomis xevi erTvismtkvars marjvena mxridan. es cixe mosaxleobasmietovebina ori wlis win Wiris gamo [5, 61].diRmis cixe dangreul iqna rusulimmarTvelobis periodSi, cixe mdebareobdadRevandeli wm. marines taZris siaxloves, dResmisgan araferi aRaraa SemorCenili [6].199

erekles cixeerekles cixe mdebareobda Tbilisis ukiduresaRmosavleTiT mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze,navTluRis ubanSi, cixe-simagre agebul iqna mefeerekle II-is mier. XVIII-s. meore naxevarSi, cixesxSirad moixseniebdnen meore saxeliTac `navTluRiscixe~ _ imis gamo rom igi mdebareobda ubannavTluRSi [3, 286].1772 wlis TebervalSi aq gauvliagiuldenStedts, romelic mokled aRnSnavs:`sofeli navTluRi mdebareobs mtkvris marcxenanapiras, Sedgeba daaxloebiT 50 saxlisagan da gardaamisa, axlandelma mefem Semoartya oTxkuTxa kedeliadgils, diametriT 80 nabiji da daatana mrgvalikoSki. amitom mas daarqves erekles cixe~ [5, 17].erekles cixe mdebareobda iq sadac dResganTavsebulia wm. barbares eklesia, mtkvris donidan20.25 m. maRla mdebare adgilze, dRevandelirkinigzis xidis siaxloves [3, 286].Taboris cixe _ igive yorCi-yalaTaboris cixe mdebareobda mtkvris marjvenasanapiroze Taboris mTaze, cixe agebuli iqna XI s.[2, 256].1747-1748 wlebSi Taboris cixe yizilbaSebsekavaT vidre erekle II-em sabolood argaanTavisufla cixe sparselebisagan [1, 65].200

Taboris cixis ganTavisuflebas erekles mieraRwers Teimuraz bagrationi: `maSin Semokribna munmefeman mxedrobani kaxTani sruliad goridamacaSTamoatanina zarbazani igi didi, boWormisadwodebuli, da aiRes metexi, xolo ukanasknelTabori da TaboriTa iwyes ra cema zarbazaniTa miT,SeWirvebulTa maT erTa mosces cixe mefesa~ [1, 65].cixes metad zogadad exeba vaxuSti, igiaRniSnavs: `Tabors yofila cixe, aramed awSemusvruli ars~ [2, 53]. rogorc Cans vaxuStisdros cixe dangreuli yofila, savaraudod igikvlav aRudgeniaT, amas gvafiqrebinebs is, romsparseTis Sahis aRa mahmad-xanis TbiliszeTavdasxmis dros 1795 wels Taboris cixemniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qalaqis TavdacvaSi.`xolo mefis Zem daviTman Seyara xevsa SinasagubrisaTa zarbazanni igi, romelic aqvnda masTborisa kerZo, raTa ara dauSTes sparsTa~,aRniSnavs Teimuraz bagrationi [1, 65].1795 wels sparselTa mier dangreuli cixeaRar aRudgeniaT, dRes mis adgilas agebulia ioanenaTlismcemlis saxelobis eklesia.didos cixecixe lilo mdebareobda mtkvris marcxenasanapiroze, liloSi. mas gakvriT exeba soRaluRSimyofi giuldenStedti, igi aRniSnavs: `navTluRidanCr. dasavleTiT Canda dangreuli cixe lilo~ [5, 65].201

Znelia dRes imis dadgena Tu sad mdebareobdalilos cixe, im mizeziT rom gansxvavebiTdRevandelisagan XVIII-s. lilo ufro farToareals moicavda vidre dRes.metexis cixemetexis cixe aris igive isnis cixe [2, 132].toponimi isani momdinareobs arabuli enidan , racniSnavs cixes, (hisan-cixe). metexis cixe rogorcvaraudoben unda yofiliyo agebuli arabebisperiodSi, XIII-s. aq sadilegoa, Semdeg igi qalaqisamiras mier gadakeTda `soRdebilis medinad~ anucixed. IX s. aSenda qviTkiriT, Semoavles Txrilida saxelad isani-cixe ewoda, xolo bolos isanSi`metexis~ RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesiis agebisSemdeg, am adgilma samudamod metexis saxelidaimkvidra [2, 129].ìsani qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi pirveladXI s. gvxvdeba, 1045 w. qalaqis berebis mowveviT,TbilisSi Semosuli mefe bagrat IV ipyrobsmtkvris marjvena napirze mdebare qalaqis damcvelcixe-koSkebs da Sig Tavis mxedrions ayenebs. mefesar nebdeba ìsnis~ cixe. mematiane mogviTxrobs:`xolo isnelTa Caagdes xidi da ara mosces isni~.miuxedavad amisa mefe gadadis mtkvarze da dgebaìsnis velsa~, isnelebi mefes did winaaRmdegobasuweven [2, 128].202

isnis cixes mravali godoli hqonia datanebuli[2, 123].Semdgom xanSi ìsanSi~ ukve saqarTvelos mefeTasasaxle dgas, swored aq gaigo Tamar mefem mamis,giorgi III-is gardacvalebis ambavi [2, 128].isnis cixe aRniSnulia metexis RvTismSoblistaZarTan erTad vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tbilisis1735 wlis gegmaze, nomriT #55 [8, 459].cixeis Sesaxeb vaxuSti aRniSnavs: `xolo isniscixe yofil ars didi, romelsa ganaaxlebdnenosmalni CRkÀ (1728 w.) da daSTaT usrulni [2, 131].XVII s. rostom mefem metexis (isnis) cixiszRude kedeli aRadgina [2, 133].metexis cixe saqarTvelos mTavarmarTeblisermolovis mier gadakeTebul iqna satusaRod [2,95].cixe daangries XX s. 20-ian wlebSi.nariyalas cixeTbilisSi erTaderTi dRemde SemorCenilicixesimagre, winandelisagan metad gansxvavebulissaxiT, aris nariyalas cixe, igive qalaqis deda-cixe,romelsac xSirad moixsenieben sxva saxeliTac:`kala~ `Suris cixe~ da `deda cixe~.cixe mdebareobs mtkvris marjvena napirissiaxloves, cixe istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviTagebul unda iyos IV-V s. mijnaze, magram sruliadsawinaaRmdegos gveubneba arqeologiuri monacemebi,203

is mixedviTac Cans, rom cixis teritoriagvianbrinjaos xanaSic (Zv. w. XIII-XII ss.dasaxlebuli yofila da SesaZloa igi goranasaxlars warmoadgenda [8, 40].gamoCenili qarTveli mematianis leontimrovelis mixedviT nariyalas cixe agebul iqna 368wels IX saukuneSi, sparsTa mefis pitiaxSis _ qramxuar borzardis mier [7, 529].saukuneTa manZilze mravaljer momxdaraTbilisis dedacixis aRdgena-gadakeTeba, Tumcaadrefeodaluri xanis nagebobebidan mxolod cixisCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT nawilSi mdgari koSkiaSemorCenili [8, 41].vaxuSti Tbilisis aRwerisas mogviTxrobs:`kala ars cixe naSeni maRalsa kldesa zeda, daCamozRudvili salalakis xevi mtkvramde~ [2, 72].garda zemoT aRniSnuli cnobisa cixeaRniSnulia vaxuStis gegmazec [8, 461].nariyalas Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdian frangimogzauri Jozef turnefori [10, 65], germanelimogzauri iohan giuldenStedti [5, 87], da sxvaTbilisSi myofi mogzaurebi.rostomis mefobis dros (1632-1658)xidisyuridan kalis cixemde zRude gauvliaT daqalaqi da cixe gauyviaT. amis Semdeg gaCndamikrotoponimebi: ~dabla cixe~ _ `maRla cixe~ [7,530].204

cixe mniSvnelovnad dazianda aRa-mahmadxanisSemosevisas 1795 wels, magram maleve aRadgines _1796 wels [7, 530].cixe mniSvnelovnad daaziana 1827 wlismiwisZvram, Seiwira stambolis godolis didinawili, XIX s. I naxevarSi cixis erT-erT SenobaSi,denTis sawyobis afeTqebis Sedegad daingra cixisTiTqmis yvela Senoba. saukuneTa manZilzemravaljer dangreulma da aRdgenilma cixem CvenamdemoaRwia XII-XIII s. da XVII s. Sereuli nagebobebissaxiT.cixis kedlebSi SemorCenlia ori karis naSTi,erTi `ganjis karad~ wodebuli, axlandelibotanikuri baRis mxares, meore ufro didi _ cixisCrdilo-aRmosavleTiT, am karTan uZvelesi, Tliliqvis didi kvadratebiT nagebi kedlis naSTia [8,530].soRanluRis cixesoRanluRis cixe mdebareobda erekles cixismopirdapired. mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze. sofelsoRanluRSi. dRevandeli qvemo foniWalisteritoriaze, kerZod, rusTavi-marneulisgzagasayarze, cixesimagre erT dros did kontrolsuwevda somxeTisa da sparseTisaken mimaval gzas.cixesimagre agebul iqna 1765 wels, mefeerekle meoris mier, savaraudod, rogorc Tbilisisistoriis gamorCeuli mkvlevari Teimuraz beriZe205

aRniSnavs, SesaZloa, cixe ereklemdec undaarsebuliyo, 1765 wels ki moxda misi ganaxleba [2,121].cixe-simagre 1772 wels moinaxulagiuldenStedtma. mogzauri aRniSnavs: `mtkvrismarjvena napirze dgas sofeli soRanluRi,gamagrebuli aseve koSkiT, romelic ekuTvnis TavadyaflaniSvils~ [5, 65].cixe-simagre aRniSnulia giuldenStedtis 1772w. rukaze, sofels uzis geometriuli niSani → ◊rac aRniSnavs cixe-simagres [2, 121].general cicianovis (ciciSvili) TbilisidanganjaSi laSqrobis marSrutis 1803 wlis rukazecixe-simagre aRniSnulia mdinare mtkvarsa da gzasSoris [2, 122].1795 wels sparseTis Sahi aRa-maxmad xani gzadsoRanluRs gaCerda, amis Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdisdaviT batoniSvili: `warmomarTebuli aRa mahmad xanmovida da daibanaka 30000 kaciTa soRanluRsa Sina~[1, 65].1803 wels cixeSi myof rusul garnizons Tavsdaesxnen lekebi, `kvalad movidnen soRanluRs dawartyvnes umetes orasisa rusni~, aRniSnavs daviTbatoniSvili [1, 70].savaraudod, cixesimagre unda ganadgurebuliyoXX-s. 20-ian wlebSi. dRes misgan araferi aRaraaSemorCenili, metad rTulia da SeuZlebelic ki imisgarkveva Tu sad idga cixe-simagre. adgilobrivmosaxleobaSi dRes araviTari cnoba an raime saxis206

gadmocema araa Semonaxuli imis Taobaze Tu sadmdebareobda nageboba da ra bedi ewia, maTTvissruliad ucnobia isic, rom erT dros qvemofoniWala siaxloves mdgara cixe-simagre [6].`mefem aRixuna koSki karTani Tavis kacTa, dagaRiRo cixe qalaqisa darijeli, da ornive koSkiwyalyinisani da Tabori, da daadginna SiganlaSqarni da erisTavni~ [8, 95].wyalyinis cixe koSkirac iTqva zemoT darijelis cixis Sesaxebigive unda iTqvas wyalyinis ori cixe-koSkisSesaxebac, samwuxarod dRevandlamde ucnobia zustiadgilmdebareoba wyalyinis cixe-koSkisa [8, 95].Cveni mimoxilvis mizani iyo im safostifikacioqselisa da nagebobebis urTierTkavSirSi ganxilva,romelic icavda qalaq Tbiliss da mis Semogarens.arsebuli masalis mixedviT Cans, rom Tbilisisakmaod daculi qalaqi iyo da masTan misasvleliyvela gza cixesimagreebiT kontroldeboda.am cixesimagreTa umetesi nawilis zustimdebareobis dadgena werilobiTi wyaroebismonacemebiT Wirs, Tumca am problemis gadaWraarqeologiuri kvleva-ZiebiTaa SesaZlebeli, racmetad mniSvnelovani iqneba Tbilisis istoriisaTvis.207

literatura1. T. bagrationi, axali istoria, Tb., 1983.2. T. beriZe, Zveli Tbilisis gareubnis istoria,Tb., 1977.3. geografiuli sazogadoebis Sromebi, t. XII, Tb.,1973.4. d. gvritiSvili, S. mesxia, Tbilisis istoria,Tb., 1952.5. i. a. giuldenStedti, mogzauroba saqarTveloSi,t. I, Tb., 1962.6. g. grZeliZe, piradi savele dRiuri, 2012.7. enciklopedia, `Tbilisi~, Tb., 2002.8. Tbilisis istoria, t. I, Tb., 1990.9. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, t. IV, Tb.,1973.10. J. p. de turnefori, mogzauroba aRmosavleTisqveynebSi, Tb., 1988.11. Jurnali `jvari vazisa~, #1, Tb., 1992.208

209Salva gloveliunikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilisistoriisa da eTnologiis institutissamecniero biblioTekis raritetulifondidanivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologisinstituti saqarTvelos erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesisamecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic saTaves iRebsjer kidev 1917 wlis 1 ivliss TbilisSidaarsebuli – `kavkasiis istoriul-arqeologiuriinstitutidan~. aRniSnuli institutis daarsebaganxorcielda akademikos niko maris moTaveobiT.imdroindeli wesdebis Tanaxmad, institutiwarmoadgenda samecniero dawesebulebas, romlisZiriTadi amocana iyo kavkasiis mosaxleobisa dalingvisturad Tu kulturulad misi monaTesavexalxebis istoriis, enebis, yofisa da siZveleebisSeswavla; kavkasiis mcodneobasTan dakavSirebulisamecniero disciplinebis ganviTarebisaTvisxelSewyoba, kavkasiis materialuri da sulierikulturis Zeglebis dacva-aRnusxva da Seswavla.institutis pirvel `namdvil wevrebad~ (rogorcamas gansazRvravda maSindeli wesdeba) arCeulebiiyvnen eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili.institutSi daarsebisTanave mimdinareobda istoriulixasiaTis masalis Segroveba, tardebodauaRresad mniSvnelovani eqspediciebi da mimdinareobdakulturul-saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba.

1918 wlis ianvarSi qarTveli xalxiscxovrebaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlena moxda –gaixsna Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti.Tbilisis universitetTan kavkasiis istoriularqeologiuriinstitutis mWidro kavSirisdamyarebis saWiroebas xels uwyobda am oridawesebulebis mecnieruli miznebis erTianoba.aRsaniSnavia, rom institutis orive namdvili wevri– eqvTime TayaiSvili da giorgi CubinaSvili –universitetis profesorebad iyvnen arCeulni, xoloinstitutis direqtoris moadgile – eqvTimeTayaiSvili Tbilisis universitetis erT-erTidamaarsebelTagani da arqeologiis kaTedrispirveli gamgea.1931 wels instituts ewoda `kavkasiismcodneobisinstituti~, xolo 1936 wels, morigireorganizaciis Semdeg man miiRo àkad. n. marissaxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialurikulturis institutis~ (enimki) saxelwodeba. aqmoRvaweobdnen didi qarTveli mecnierebi eqvTimeTayaiSvili, simon janaSia, giorgi axvlediani, nikoberZeniSvili, akaki SaniZe, varlam Tofuria, arnoldCiqobava, vukol beriZe, giorgi Citaia, giorginioraZe, grigol wereTeli, simon yauxCiSvili,giorgi CubinaSvili, dimitri uznaZe, ilia abulaZe,vera bardaveliZe, qeTevan lomTaTiZe, SoTa ZiZiguri,sergi jiqia, vladimer maWavariani da sxv. enimkisdaarsebidanve aq mudmiv konsultantad mowveuliiyo ivane javaxiSvili. enimki aerTianebda qarTvelur210

enaTa, kavkasiur enaTa, leqsikologiisa dasamecniero terminologiis, maxlobeli aRmosavle-Tis enaTa, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da anTropologiis,istoriis, filologiis, zogadi enaTmecnierebisganyofilebebs da fonetikisa da niko mariskabinetebs.1941 wlis 8 maiss enimki gaiyo da mis bazazeSeiqmna ori instituti: ìstoriis instituti~ daàkad. niko maris saxelobis enis instituti~(SemdgomSi enaTmecnierebis instituti). es iyo ivanejavaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutisistoriaSi axali etapi. imdroindeli,axladSeqmnili istoriis instituti gaxdasaqarTvelos istoriis, qarTveli xalxis yofisa dakulturis Semswavleli ZiriTadi centri.arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli samuSaoebisgafarToebis gamo 1964 wels istoriis institutsewoda ìvane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis,arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti~, xolo1977 wels instituts gamoeyo da calke samecnierocentrad Camoyalibda àrqeologiuri kvleviscentri~. 2006 wlidan instituti gaxda `sajarosamarTlis iuridiuli piri ivane javaxiSvilisistoriisa da eTnologiis instituti~, xolo 2010wlidan is aris ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecnierokvleviTiinstituti.ramdenadac STambeWdavia am institutisistoria, imdenad mdidaria misi wignadi Tu saarqivo211

fondebi. wlebis manZilze, ramdenadac didimecnierebi moRvaweobdnen istoriis institutSi,imdenad didia maTi danatovari da maT mierSemowiruli sabiblioTeko Tu saarqivo fondebi.amjerad biblioTekis fondebze saubars argavagrZelebT da SevexebiT mxolod erT wigns,romelic institutis samecniero biblioTekisunikalur erTeuls warmoadgens. saqme exebaberZnul enaze gamocemul, sqeltanian gamocemas,romelic warmoadgens ierusalimis patriarqdosiTeosis ìstorias~. calke aRsaniSnavia, rom1839 wels mari brosem gamosca ierusalimispatriarq dosiTeosis mier Segrovili cnobebisaqarTvelos Sesaxeb.dosiTeosi daibada 1641 wels peloponesSi.patriarqi iyo 1669 wlidan. is gamoirCeodamarTlmadideblobis aqtiuri dacviTa da kaTolikureklesiasTan ukompromiso brZoliT. Tamar tivaZisaRniSvniT, dosiTeosi ìm pirTa ricxvs ekuTvnoda,romelnic dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad yvela xerxsgamarTlebulad Tvlidnen. es is pirovneba iyo, romelicerekle pirvels werda: `... garemoebam gaiZulagamogecvala mamapapuri wminda rjuli, magramSen es gamiznulad gaakeTe da ara imisaTvis, romcudi azri gamoZravebda. ecade, rom am dasaxul mizansmiaRwio... Seni mizani iyo garegnulad gvanebodiucxo rjulis adamians, gulSi ki qristiani yofiliyavi.rac Seexeba urjuloebs – moatyue isini,gaucine maT, icrue, Tu saWiro iqneba, daufice ki-212

devac, oRond qristianebs sikeTe moutane...~ [2,248].dosiTeos patriarqi saqarTveloSi orjer yofilaCamosuli, erTxel 1658-1659, xolo meored –1681-1683 wlebSi.dosiTeosis ìstoria~, Tavis mxriv,unikaluri gamocemaa Tavisi Sinaarsis dawyaroseuli mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, magramivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiisinstitutis samecniero biblioTekaSi daculi esegzemplari aramxolod Sinaarsobrivi da gamocemisTvalsazrisiTaa unikaluri, aramed am erTeuliswarmomavlobiTa da kuTvnilebiTac. saqme exeba amerTeulze arsebul warwerebs, romlebic sakmaodmniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdian.pirveli warwera ganmartebiTi xasiaTisaa da wignisavtoris da saTauris Sesaxeb gvamcnobs:ìstoria dosiTeosisa sayovelTao~213

`dosiTeos sanatrelisa patriarqisa ierusalimisa~berZnul enaze am naSroms ìstoria~ (ÌΣTOPIA~)aweria:214

yvelaze mniSvnelovania Semdegi ori warwera.kerZod, am warwerebSi saubaria am wignis mflobelebze.pirvel warweraSi vkiTxulobT:`saqarTvelo{s} mefis Ze daviTisais~am teqsts mosdevs kidev erTi ganmartebiTiwarwera, sadac vkiTxulobT:`saRmrTo wigni mravliTa wmidisa moTxrobebiTada istoria ese, berZ{n}ul wignad sanatrelisapatriarxisa dosiTeosisa romelica iyo saku-Tari saqarTuÀlos memkvidris mefis giorgis ZisdaviTisa da Semdeg misa CemTan daSTomili, aw mosaxsenebelad,sulisa mis mefis Zis daviTisa damSoblisa misisa mefisa giorgisa, wirviT da locviTmivarTvi miss uwmidesobas ierusalimis patriarxskiriles, ÃeliTa berZnis arximandritisuflis iakobisaTa, Tavadman nikolaos falavandovman,Tbiliss, maisis a dResa Cymz welsa~215

ese igi, aRniSnuli wigni samefo ojaxis kuTvnilebayofila da samefo ojaxis biblioTekidanaa.rogorc warwerebidan irkveva, is yofila mefegiorgis (qarTl-kaxeTis mefe giorgi XII (1746-1800,mefobis wlebi 1798-1800)) Zis daviTis (1767-1819)kuTvnileba. amis Semdeg aRniSnuli wigni Tavad nikolozfalavandiSvils darCenia. Semdeg es wigninikoloz falavandiSvils gadaucia im dros TbilisSimyofi berZeni arqimandritisTvis – iakobisTvis,ierusalimis patriarq kirilesTvis gadasacemad(1847 wlis 1 maiss). swored maSin, roca nikolozfalavandiSvili am wigns ugzavnida patriarq kiriles,gaukeTebia zemoaRniSnuli ganmartebiTi warwerac.anu, oficialurad es wigni qarTuli samefo_ bagrationTa ojaxis kuTvnilebidan ierusalimispatriarqis kuTvnileba gamxdara, magram faqtia, issaqarTvelos wignTsacavSi aRmoCnda. naklebsavarau-216

doa, rom aRniSnuli wigni waeRoT saqarTvelodanda kvlav dabrunebuliyo ukan. savaraudod arqimandritiakobs ar wauRia dosiTeosis ìastoria~ saqarTvelodan.mniSvnelovania, rom aRniSnuli warweris Tanaxmad,Tavad falavandiSvils ierusalimis patriarqkirilesTvis wigni usaxsovria 1847 wels. marTlac,am periodSi ierusalimis patriarqia kirile II. ismarTlac iyo saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli. cnobiliamisi werilebi ekaterine WavWavaZisadmi (1816-1882) [1]. kirile patriarqi iyo 1845-1872 wlebSi.ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiisinstitutis samecniero biblioTekis zemoaRniSnulierTeuli warmoadgens ara mxolod institutis biblioTekis,aramed qarTuli kulturuli memkvidreobiserT-erT umniSvnelovanes nimuSs, samefo ojaxiskuTvnil erTeuls, romelic dRes institutis biblioTekisraritetul gamocemaTa fondSi inaxebanomriT RAR-4065.217

literatura1. kirile (ierusalimis patriarqi), wmida qalaqierusalimisa da sruliad palestinis patriarqiskiriles werilebi ekaterine Wav-WavaZisadmi, Jurn. `jvari vazisa~, #2, 1985.2. T. tivaZe, ierusalimis patriarqis dosiTeosiswerili saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kr. qarTuliwyaroTmcodneoba, III, Tb., 1971.218

Shalva GloveliUnique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of the JavakhishviliInstitute of History and EthnologyThe article is about the unique unit (RAR-4065) of the raritypublications fund of The Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnologyscientific library. It is a “History” by the patriarch of JerusalemDositheus. According to the colophons of the book we becomeaware that this unit was belonged to Prince David, the sonof Kartl-Kakheti king Giorgi XII. That means that the mentionedbook is from the royal library, family library of the Bagrations. Later,in 1847 Nikoloz Palavandishvili with the help of archimandriteIakob sent it to the Patriarch of Jerusalem Kirill (Kirill II – 1845-1871). Archimandrite Iakob took the book himself.219

qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metrièTnografia xalxTan yvelazeaxlo mdgomi mecnierebaa~giorgi Citaia.qarTul eTnologiurmecnierebas gamoaklda dargiserT-erTi mesaZirkvle, didimoamage da qomagi istoriismecnierebaTa doqtori, simonjanaSiasa da giorgi Citaiassaxelobis premiis laureati,profesori julieta ruxaZe,romlis saxeli samaradisoddarCeba erovnul mecnierebaSi,rogorc simbolo maRali profesionalizmisada Semoqmedisa. igi XX saukunis, am didi epoqiserovnuli sulis, mrwamsisa da RirsebisTavgamodebuli qomagi da damcveli gaxldaT,gansakuTrebuli, amaRlebuli grZnobiT rom uyvardasamSoblo da misi xalxi. axalgazrdobidanmoyolebuli xandazmul asakamde umwiklod emsaxuraeTnografiis dargs, namdvili profesionali amsityvis saukeTeso gagebiT.qalbaton julietas wilad xvda misimaswavleblebis, qarTuli eTnologiuri skolisfuZemdeblebis, giorgi Citaiasa da verabardaveliZis gverdiT eRvawa da maT mier dawyebuli220

didi mamuliSviluri saqme RirseuladgaegrZelebina. rogorc mecnieri yovelTvis miyvebodadargis ganviTarebaSi kardinalur gzas da cdilobdayoveli movlena drosa da sivrceSi gaeazrebina.amitom iyo ara mxolod tradiciuli skolisprincipebis mtkiced damcveli, aramed araerTinovatoruli azris dammkvidrebeli.julieta ruxaZem mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTicxovreba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis, ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiisinstitutSi gaatara, dawyebuli mecnieriTanamSromlobidan ganyofilebis xelmZRvanelobamde.wlebis manZilze saTaveSi edga ganyofilebas,romelic giorgi Citaias mier iyo daarsebuli damniSvnelovan rols asrulebda qarTuli eTnogafiisSeswavlaSi.julieta ruxaZis rogorc eTnologimkvlevaris mecnieruli biografia 1945 wlidaniwyeba. 23 wlisa iyo, roca institutSi movida.samuSaod vera bardaveliZis rekomendaciiT da simonjanaSias xeldasmiT. manamde ki Tbilisissaxelmwifo universitetis warCinebiTkursdamTavrebuls, visac leqciebs XX saukunisdidi prozeliti mecnirebi simon janaSia, nikoberZeniSvili, giorgi Citaia, vera bardaveliZe dasxvebi ukiTxavdnen, garkveuli pedagogiurigamocdileba hqonda miRebuli, jer aspinZaSi(mesxeTi), Semdeg Tbilisis skolebSi. es iyo mZimewlebi. meore msoflio omi axlad damTavrebuli221

gaxldaT da qveyana TandaTan Zalebs ikrebda. amdros mTavrobas mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sesaxebsagangebo dadgenileba hqonda gamocemuli(`stalinis dekreti~). eTnografiul dargSi,romelsac saTaveSi v. bardaveliZisa da g. CitaiasTanerTad SesaniSnavi enTuziasti axalgazrdamkvlevarebi edgnen, pirvel samkals imkidnen.yuradReba gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelos mTianeTis,fSav-xevsureTis, mTiuleTis, raWis, svaneTis mimarTiyo gadatanili, radgan aq ukeT iyo SemonaxuliqarTuli xalxuri memkvidreoba, materialuri dasulieri kulturis saganZurebi. amasTan erTad dromoiTxovda ruseTis imperiis koloniuri politikisada reJimis pirobebSi (romelic TaviseburadsabWour xanaSic gagrZelda) e.w. `tuzemcebis~, dagvarovnuli sazogadoebis gadmonaSTebad miCneuliyofiTi kulturis realuri obieqturi midgomiTgaanalizebas, rac Cvenma ufrosma Taobam Tavismxrebze itvirTa da warmatebiT ganaxorciela.jer kidev XX s-is 30-ian wlebSi ivanejavaxiSvilis mier dawyebuli saqme _ SekrebiliyoeTnografiuli masala TiTqmis mTeli saqarTvelosmasStabiT, omis Semdegac intensiurad gagrZelda.ewyoboda didi eqspediciebi (axla rom legendebadaaqceuli) giorgi Citaiasa da vera bardaveliZisTaosnobiT da maTi mowafeebis, axalgazrda mecnier-TanamSromlebis monawileobiT (aq ramdenimestudenti iyo CarTuli). axla am jgufidan bevrimaTgani cocxali aRar aris, savele masalebi ki rac222

maT mier iqna mopovebuli unikaluri dapirvelwyaros mniSvnelobisaa. julieta ruxaZes ammasalebis Sexebasa da daunjebaSi lomis wvlilimiuZRvis. igi wlebis manZilze saTuTad qmnidauiSviaTes eTnografiul arqivs, romelSic misisakuTari masalac (dRiurebi) inaxeboda. amJamad esarqivi istoriis da eTnologiis institutis mTavarsaganZurs warmoadgens.gadmocemiT vici, rom julieta ruxaZe didieqspediciebis suli da guli iyo, rogorc aramarto Cveulebrivi wevri, savele masalebisSemkrebi, aramed yvela SeWirvebulTa damxmare,qomagi da mzrunveli, mkurnali da wamalTmcodne,romelsac abgaSi uamravi medikamenti ewyo daavadmyofebs (maT Soris mTxroblebs) mkurnalobda,zogjer maT `receptebsac~ ki uwerda.julieta ruxaZe aseTma gamorCeulma Tvisebebma,xasiaTma, bunebam imTaviTve Zalian popularuligaxada. mas yvelgan pativs scemdnen.Sromismoyvareoba da `Tanmimdevruli wesrigi~,keTilzneoba, didsulovneba, sxvebze fiqri dazrunva ojaxidan _ usaTnoesi dedisa da mamisagangamoyva (aseTive sulisa iyo misi dac, cnobilibiblioTekari eliko ruxaZec). am paTosiT ganvloqalbatoma julietam cxovrebis didi gza,meuRlesTan, SesaniSnav pirovnebasTan, gamorCeulinteligentTan da cnobil maTematikosTan avTandilbenduqiZesTan. am suliskveTebiT zrdida is mis223

Svilebs nunu da kaxa bendubiZeebs, moZRvravdaSviliSvilebsa da SvilTaSvilebs.Znelia dRes erT werilSi moaqcio julietaruxaZis mecnieruli memkvidreobis analizi, esTavisTavad sagangebo kvlevis sagania. amdenadSevecdebi mxolod mokled zogierT aspeqts Sevexo.pirveli monografiuli naSromi, romelmac misavtors, sayovelTao aRiareba moutana `qarTulixalxuri dResasawauli~ _ berikoba-yeenobaa. igipirveli iyo, vinc eTnografiuli kuTxiT Seiswavlaes didebuli xalxuri Teatralizirebuli sanaxaobada evropuli saturnaliebis darad masSi bunebisaRorZinebis Zalebisadmi miZRvnili Rrma, religiurida eTnofsiqologiuri safuZvlebi dainaxa. esdResaswauli aris eris istoriis organuli nawili,sazogadoebis ganviTarebis calkeuli etapebis, misisocialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis aspeqtebisgaTvaliswinebiT da rogorc Tavad julieta ruxaZewerda masSi agrarul kultmsaxurebasTan erTad(niRabosnebis qmedebebSi nayofierebisa da siuxvebaraqianobisgamomxatveli niSnebi) religiuradaixsneba eris erTianobisa da simtkicis azri,cxovrebis mankieri da dadebiTi mxareebi,mTlianobaSi groteskul ferebSi gamoxatulierTgvari socialuri protesti arsebulireJimisadmi, romelsac aseTi alegoriuli formiTxSirad mimarTavda xalxi.aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli monografiis SemdegaRniSnul Temas julieta ruxaZe ramdenjerme224

miubrunda da gamosca kidec misi gadamuSavebuli,axali masalebiT gajerebuli, didi fundamenturimonografia `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuridResaswauli berikaoba-yeenoba~, Tb., ìnteleqti~1999. am wignisaTvis is saxelmwifo premiiTdajildovda. ufro mogvianebiT ki eTnografiuldargSi gaweuli damsaxurebisaTvis giorgi Citaiassaxelobis premiac daimsaxura.gansakuTrebiT nayofieri iyo julieta ruxaZisSemoqmedebaSi, qarTuli tradiciuli sameurneoyofisa da materialuri kulturis sakiTxebiskvleva. es Tema Sesulia mis mravalricxovanstatiebsa da monografiaSi (àgrikulturadasavleT saqarTveloSi~), romelSic avtorma Tavimouyara da warmoaCina qarTuli samiwaTmoqmedosistemis zogadi da regionaluri eTnikuriTaviseburebani, igi gaazrebulia kavkasiisa daxmelTaSuazRvis auzis did sivrceSi moqceulixalxebis kulturul memkvidreobasTan mimarTebaSi,urTierT gavlenebis, difuzuri da spontanurimovlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es naSromi aris kideverTi dasturi imisa, rom qarTuli eTnologiuriskola da wminda eTnografiuli kvlevebi,kompleqsur intensiuri meTodis gamoyenebiT (avtorig. Citaia) yovelTvis iyo da rCeba TanamedrovesaerTaSoriso samecniero standartebisSesabamisobaSi da is arasodes ar moqceula viwronacionalur CarCoebSi. amasTan aseTi xasiaTiskvlevebs wminda mecnierulTan erTad praqtikuli225

mniSvnelobac gaaCnda, radgan xalxuri codnagamocdilebafasdaudebeli saganZuria warsulisa dadRevandelobis Sesabamisad. axla amas uTuodsaxelmwifoebrivi midgoma, dacva da gamoyenebasWirdeba. xalxuri kulturis drosa da sivrceSigaazrebis sanimuSo magaliTia julieta ruxaZisTanaavtorobiT jer kidev 1961 w. gamocemulikoleqtiuri naSromi `sofeli akura~, romelicimTaviTve bibliografiul iSviaTobad iqca. yofiskulturul-istoriuli da sistemur-SedarebiTikvleva, im realuri sinamdvilis asaxva, rac moxdaCveni xalxis cxovrebaSi, adreul warsulSi daomis Semdgom periodSi 1960 wlamde. aq Sedisrogorc miwaTmoqmedebis (mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis,memindvreobis), aseve saojaxo yofis, qorwilebis,sulieri kulturis sakiTxebi. vfiqrob aseTixasiaTis kvlevebis gagrZeleba dResac sistematuradkompleqsuri midgomiT unda mimdinareobdes, metadredRevandeli globalizaciis pirobebSi, rocamravali erovnuli Rirebuleba ikargeba an misimkveTri transformacia xdeba.julieta ruxaZe mravalmxrivi Semoqmedi iyo.mis kalams wminda samecniero gamokvlevebTan erTad,romlis raodenobac 100-ze met erTeuls iTvlis(ix. julieta ruxaZe, 85, Tbilisi, gamomcemlobaartanuji, 2007, red. n. saganeliZe), ekuTvnissamecniero-popularuli xasiaTis naSromebi: `vanisdRiuris furclebi (1982) da xani imereTisxevsureTia 1989). es wignebi ikiTxeba, rogorc226

eTnografiuli romanebi, maRali mxatvruli stiliTda gemovnebiT gamorCeuli. maTSi popularulieniTaa gadmocemuli Cveni xalxis yofiTitradiciebi, misi kuTxuri, lokaluri variaciebi,empiruli codnis labirinTebi. SeiZleba iTqvas, romTiToeuli maTgani aris Taviseburi gzamkvlevi,eTnografiuli suraTebis naTeli warmodgenisa.sagangebod unda aRiniSnos qalbatoni julietasmonawileoba samecniero konferenciebze, kongresebze,saerTaSoriso kontaqtebze, rac Zalian bevria, aseveunda iTqvas sagamomcemlo, saredaqcio muSaobaze.misi TaosnobiT da xelmZRvanelobiT, redaqtirebiTdastambul wignebze. maT Sorisaa `masalebisaqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da xelosnobisistoriidan~ (ori tomi), krebulebi `masalebisaqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, cnobili mxatvrisnino brailaSvilis unikaluri albomi àseTimaxsovs saqarTvelo~ (saqarTvelos eTnografia),`saqarTvelos istoriul-eTnografiuli atlasi~(ori nakveTi), `saqarTvelos eTnografia~(bibliografiuli cnobari), eTnografiul arqivSidaunjebuli masalebidan gamocemuli fafalagardafxaZe-qiqoZis `qarTuli xalxuridResaswaulebi~ (raWa), broSurebi da mosagonariwerilebi akad. giorgi Citaiaze, vera bardaveliZeze,r. xaraZeze da sxva, romelTa Sesaxebac saubarsaRar gavagrZeleb (ix. bibliografia, julietaruxaZe 85, dasax naSromi, gv. 119-130).227

PS: 2006 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac istoriis daeTnologiis institutSi reorganizacia Catarda,qalbatoni julieta pensiaze gavida. magrammiuxedavad amisa, igi srulyofili mecnierulicxovrebiT cxovrobda da arasodes ar gamoklebia amsferoSi mimdinare procesebs. eswreboda samecnieroforumebs, Sexvedrebs, iubileebs da a.S. rogorcgulisxmier adamians Zalian uyvarda mimsvleli,uxaroda TanamSromlebis xilva, gamoirCeodasaocari stumarTmoyvareobiT, piradad gimaspinZldebodada arasodes ar kargavda didi saxlis, dididiasaxlisis funqcias. fiqrobda dargze, mismomavalze, zogadad Cveni xalxis keTildReobaze.me axlac Tvalwin midgas misi naTeli, odnavsevdiani, magram Rimiliani saxe. erTxel xelimomkida da sxvebis TandaswrebiT miTxra Cemibiografi xar, `nekrologic~ Sen unda damiweroo.sastikad ar miyvars es sityva, ganSorebis azriTrom aris datvirTuli. da mainc, cremlmoreulmamovaxerxe gamosaTxovari sityva meTqva. gamoveTxoveCems maswavlebels Cemi kolegebis da saerTodeTnografebis saxeliT. ufals ki madlobas vwiravimisaTvis, rom es SemaZlebina.giorgi gociriZe228

Tamaz beraZis xsovnasbaton Tamaz beraZes erTi werili aqvs,romelsac lamazi saTauri aqvs _ `saqarTvelo erTiTvalis gadavlebiT~. mas didxans ufiqria, rommoxdenili sityva, moxdenili fraza gamoeyenebina,rac ase amSvenebs mis naSroms. misi gaxsenebisyvelaze kargi Sesatyvisi swored misi werilissaTauris cotaodeni Secvla iqneboda Sesaferisi:`Tamaz beraZe Tvalis erTi SevlebiT~. es, ra Tqmaunda, mis mravalwlian dauRalav moRvaweobazesaerTo warmodgenas ver Segviqmnis, magram batonTamazs zedmetad gajerebuli arc Txroba da arcwera uyvarda: `mkiTxveli ar unda daRaloo~.saerTod, batoni Tamazi mokrZalebuli da saocraduSualo, pirdapiri da megobruli adamiani iyo,pirferoba ar uyvarda. bevrjer uTqvams Taviseburisiyvarulnarevi viTom ukmexobiT: `roca movkvdebi,ar daiwyoT mere es ra didi mecnieri davkargeT,saerTod ar minda Tqveni qeba-dideba da CemigakeTebulis saTiTaod CamoTvlao~. aseTi iyo, magrambaton Tamazs am Txovnas ver SevusrulebT. misimoRvaweoba Tvalis gadavlebas aucileblad iTxovsaramarto misi xsovnis gamo, aramed SemdgomiTaobabisaTvis, romlebsac misi naSrom-naRvawibevrjer da bevrjer dasWirdebaT.batoni Tamazi TiTqmis yvela humanitarul dargSigaTviTcnobierebuli iyo da amaze xSirad xumrobda:ès iZulebiT gamomividao~. istoria misTvis mTeli229

cxovreba iyo, romelSic `sanapiro curviT SoreulokeaneSi SeaRwia~. uTqvams kidec: `warsulis suraTisaRwera-aRdgena didi siamovneba ariso~ da es siamovnebaman mkiTxvels bevrjer agrZnobina misi wignebiT,samecniero Tu samecniero-popularuli werilebiT,romlebic didi interesiT ikiTxeba, mere ki didxansxdeba fiqrisa da gansjis sagani.Tamaz beraZe 1937 wels daibada TbilisSi. 1960wels warCinebiT daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifouniversitetis istoriis fakulteti da muSaobadaiwyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ivanejavaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa daeTnografiis institutSi. am droidan misimoRvaweoba, sicocxlis bolomde, am institutTaniyo dakavSirebuli. igi, ZiriTadad, saqarTvelos Suasaukuneebis istoriisa da istoriuli geografiissakiTxebs ikvlevda. samecniero muSaobaSi gamoikveTamisi interesi dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriisa daistoriul-geografiuli sakiTxebisadmi. 1967 welsman daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze: òdiSisistoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~, xolo1985 wels _ sadoqtoro disertacia Temaze:`zRvaosnoba da sazRvao vaWroba Sua saukuneebissaqarTveloSi~. wlebis ganmavlobaSi samecnieropedagogiurmuSaobas eweoda saqarTvelos teqnikuruniversitetSi, sadac 1995 wels profesoradairCies; 2007-2010 wlebSi iyo ivane javaxiSvilissaxlobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutissamecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare; daarsebis dRidan230

muSaobda saqarTvelos universitetSi, iyosaqarTvelos universitetis sruli profesori daproreqtori samecniero dargSi. gamoqveynebuli aqvs100-ze meti naSromi, maT Soris 9 monografia. misistatiebi Sesulia qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSi`saqarTvelo~ da sxv. saqarTvelos uaxlesi xanisistoriaSi ar yofila raime mniSvnelovani problema,romelsac Tamaz beraZe ar gamoxmaureboda.jildoebi ar hqonda. 2011 wels afxazeTisumaRlesma sabWom daajildova `sapatio sigeliT~qarTul, rusul da inglisur enebze wignis`narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, afxazeTiuZvelesi droidan dRemde~ momzadebasa dagamocemaSi Setanili wvlilisaTvis TanaavtorebTanerTad da xumrobda, es ariso Cemi erTaderTisaxelmwifo jildo, romelic mravalwlianisamecniero muSaobisaTvis mimiRiao.Tamaz beraZe mniSvnelovan sazogadoebrivsaqmianobasac eweoda. 1989-1992 wlebSi igi iyoJurnal `saqarTvelos bunebis~ saredaqcio kolegiiswevri. Jurnalis mTavar redaqtorTan, oTarWeliZesTan erTad misi wvlili Zalian didia imaSi,rom es Jurnali erT-erTi saintereso dainformaciuli gaxda. ukanasknel wlebSi igi iyo`Savi zRva _ kaspiis zRvis saerTaSoriso fondisvice-prezidenti da fondis mier organizebulsaerTaSoriso forumebSi xSirad monawileobda.Tamaz beraZis sakandidato naSromi òdiSisistoriuli geografiidan (XII-XVII ss.)~ da Semdeg231

gamoqveynebuli vrceli publikacia òdiSispolitikuri geografiidan~ umniSvnelovanesigamokvlevaa saqarTvelos am kuTxis istoriisSeswavlis TvalsazrisiT. man didi wvlili Seitanasamegrelos da, saerTod, dasavleT saqarTvelosistoriisa da istoriuli geografiis SeswavlaSi.misi vrceli nawili Sevida fundamenturmonografiul gamokvlevaSi `samegrelo, kolxeTi,odiSi~ (Tbilisi-zugdidi, 1999) Zveli egrisissamefos, axali egrisis anu lazikis samefos, egrisafxazeTissamefos, odiSis saerisTavosa dasamTavros istoriaze. swavlobda imereTisistoriuli geografiis sakiTxebs; svaneTis Suasaukuneebis istorias; mSvenieri samecnieropopularulinaSromi uZRvna raWas.Tamaz beraZe iyo saqarTvelos zRvaosnobisistoriis kvlevis pioneri. zRvaosnobis istoriaqarTul istoriografiaSi manamde kvlevis sagani argamxdara. erTxel, aseTi raRac gaixsena: erT-erTkonferenciaze momxsenebels ganucxadebia, Sav zRvassaqarTvelos istoriaSi umniSvnelo roli Seusrulebiao.Turme amas ar daeTanxma da am sakiTxisSeswavla gadawyvita. dauRalavi Sromisa da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegi iyo SesaniSnavi samecnieropopularulimonografia: _ `zRvaosnoba Zvel saqar-TveloSi~ (Tb., 1981), sadac Seswavlilia ZveliqarTuli sazRvao terminebi, urTierToba ucxoqveynebTan Savi zRvis meSveobiT... navebisa da gemebisaRweriloba. 1989 wels rusul enaze gamoscamonografiuli gamokvleva `Мореплавание и морская232

торговля в средневековой Грузии~. am naSromiTTiTqos gacocxlda qarTuli zRvaosnobisdakarguli warsuli. SavizRvispireTSi naosnobasa dasazRvao-savaWro urTierTobebs man kidev mravalinaSromi uZRvna.2003 wels manana sanaZesTan erTad gamosca`saqarTvelos istoria, w. 1, antikuri xana da Suasaukuneebi~. am wignSi, romelic Zalian sainteresodikiTxeba, axleburad aris danaxuli saqarTvelosistoriis mTeli rigi sakiTxebi. 2003 welsgamovida `saqarTvelos istoriuli atlasi~,romelic manana sanaZesa da konstantine TofuriasTanerTad moamzada. saintereso naSromi uZRvnaruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebs (`ruseTsaqarTvelosoTxi gamoucxadebeli omi~).bevri SeiZleba daiweros Tamaz beraZispirovnebaze, mis moRvaweobaze. mas didi gegmebihqonda. apirebda xelaxla, axladmopovebulimasalebis safuZvelze gamoeca Sevsebuli naSromi`zRvaosnoba saqarTveloSi~; apirebda samegrelosistoriis daweras; male dasruldeboda muSaobaafxazeTis istoriul atlasze, romelsac man dididro da energia Sealia...es saocrad keTilSobili da naTeli adamianitragikulma SemTxvevam Seiwira. misi am qveynidanwasvliT gulistkivilTan erTad nacnob-megobrebSigaCnda Rrma sevda, rom Tamaz beraZe Cvens SorisaRar aris.233papuna gabisonia

geronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvalegulSematkivariqarTuli mecnierebisTvises weliwadicmZime danaklisiTaRiniSna, gamogvakldnenqarTvelologiuri dargebiscnobili mkvlevrebida Cveni institutisRvawlmosili TanamSromlebi_ Tamaz beraZe,julieta ruxaZe, neli bregaZe, gerontigasviani.Tavisi qveynis mxurvale gulSematkivari, samar-Tliani, vaJkacuri da simpatiuri _ ase dagixasia-TebdaT geronti gasvians yvela, vinc mas Soridanmainc icnobda.mTeli Tavisi cxovreba batonma gerontim, svaneTispatara, magram Tavisi tragikuli istoriiTcnobil, sofel xaldeSi dabadebulma, saqarTvelosistoriis saWirboroto da mtkivneuli sakiTxebiskvlevas miuZRvna. garda mniSvnelovani mecnierulimoRvaweobisa, is Tavisi mtkice da samarTliani poziciiT,svanuri pirdapirobiT, yovelTvis qveynisinteresebis damcvelad gvevlineboda.geronti gasviani farTe diapazonis mkvlevariiyo. misi naSromebi Seexeba saqarTvelos gviani Suasaukuneebis,axali da uaxlesi periodebis sxvadasx-234

va sakiTxebs. Tavdapirvelad misi kvlevis interessdasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, svaneTisa da raWaleCxumisistoriis sakiTxebi warmoadgenda. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom istoriuli TvalsazrisiT naklebadSeswavlili kuTxis, svaneTis kvlevaSi, mas udavodmniSvnelovani roli aqvs Setanili.batoni gerontis sasaxelod unda iTqvas, romis Tavidanve, sruliad axalgazrda mkvlevari, argumentirebuladda mtkiced daupirispirda komunisturiideologiis zegavlenis Sedegad mecnierebaSidanergil mosazrebas, rom Turme svaneTi sruliadkarCaketil da feodaluri urTierTobebis armqonekuTxes warmoadgenda; rom svaneTi mdidari iyo “gadmonaSTebiTa”da uZvelesi tradiciebiT, rac sruliaduaryofiT konteqstSi iyo warmoCenili.mecnieri saistorio wyaroebisa da eTnografiulimasalis safuZvelze, dasabuTebulad cdilobdaaseve im mcdari mosazrebis uaryofas, TiTqos svaneTSisocialuri diferenciaca ar iyo Sors wasuliprocesi da aq sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba feodalizmisadrindel fazaSi imyofeboda. mas am sakiTxebiskvlevisas, garda arsebuli samecniero masalismaRal doneze flobisa, xels uwyobda umTavresifaqtori _ is Signidan, realurad da naTladxedavda svaneTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis peripetiebs,vinaidan organuli nawili iyo am sazogadoebisa.am yvelaferma erTad ganapiroba, rom svaneTTandakavSirebuli misi yoveli mosazreba damajerebeliada safuZvlianad dasabuTebuli.235

saqarTvelos istoriaSi bolo periodSi momxdariavbediTi movlenebis Semdeg, geronti gasvianimTel Tavis Zalisxmevas afxazeTis istoriis kvlevasuZRvnis. misi damsaxureba da kvlevis Sedegebi ammimarTulebiT, udavod mniSvnelovania da dasafasebeli.afxazeTis istorias, socialur-eTnikur viTarebasada politikuri procesebis Sewavlas mkvlevarmaramdenime sqeltaniani monografia miuZRvna: “qarTvelimecnierebi pavle ingoroyvas SexedulebebzeafxazeTis Sesaxeb”, “afxazeTi XIX saukunis bolosda XX saukuneSi, (Tb., 2004), “afxazeTis omi”, (Tb.,2005), “afxazeTi saqarTvelos organuli nawilia,(Tb., 2008), “afxazeTi istoriuli saqarTveloa,(Tb., 2011)”. Tanaavtoria naSromisa “afxazeTis an-Tropologiuri istoria (Tb., 2005) da sxv.aRsaniSnavia, rom mkvlevari afxazeTis istoriissaproblemo sakiTxebis mTel speqtrs Seiswavlis.mas ganxiluli aqvs am teritoriaze mosaxleuZvelesi tomebis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis sakiTxebi,istoriuli geografiisa da toponimikis problemebi.geronti gasviani gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT Seiswavlisgvian SuasaukuneebSi afxazeTSi Crdilokavkasiidanmosaxleobis migraciis sakiTxebs, rac gaxdakidevac erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezi am regionSiwarmoSobili konfliqtisa.naSromebSi gaSuqebulia is negatiuri roli,rac Seasrula ruseTma, carizmidan moyolebulidRevandeli epoqiT damTavrebuli, im sisxliani omis236

gaCaReba-warmoebaSi, ramac Cvens qveyanas erTerTiuZvelesi kuTxe droebiT daakargvina. gamovlenilida pasuxgacemulia istoriuli faqtebis falsifikaciisSemTxvevebi.geronti gasvianis naSromebi sayuradReboa imiTac,rom iq warmoCenili kvlevebi yovelTvis saarqivomasalebze da dokumentebzea dafuZnebuli.mecnieris moRvaweobaSi didi adgili ekavaCrdilokavkasieli xalxebis istoriis kvlevas, isTanaavtoria ortomeuli naSromisa “CrdiloeT kavkasiisxalxTa istoriis narkvevebi” (Tb., 1978),xolo 2006 wels gamosca monografia “CrdiloeTkavkasiis xalxebi _ dasabamidan XX saukunemde”.batoni geronti 120-ze meti samecniero naSromisavtoria, maT Soris 18 monografiaa.geronti gasvianis xsovna da samecniero memkvidreobayovelTvis sakadrisad iqneba dafasebuli misikolegebisa da STamomavlobis mier.xaTuna ioselianisarCeviredaqtorisgan.......................................................................... 3237

xaTuna ioselianisamxedro etiketis sakiTxebi.......................................... 4Khatuna IoselianiProblems of the Military Etiquette............................... 24giorgi mamardaSviliafxazeTis teritoriis mosaxleobis religiuricxovrebis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi................................. 25Giorgi MamardashviliModern Issues of the Religious Life of the AbkhaziaTerritory Population..................................................... 44medea gogolaZe`bun-TurqTa~ saxloba qarTlSi_ miTi Tu realoba?............................................................. 46Medea Gogoladze“Bun-Turks” in Georgia – Myth or Reality?................ 54daviT merkvilaZerusul-qarTuli urTierTobebi polkovnik burnaSevisarqivis masalebis mixedviT(1783-1787 ww.).......................................................................... 55irma kvaSilavasamegrelos sazogadoebrivi yofis zogierTisakiTxi XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi238

(mogzaur v. zuevas Canawerebis mixedviT)................. 91Irma KvashilavaSome Problems of MegrelianSociety Every- day Lifein the Second Half of the 18 th Century(according to V. Zueva’s records)................................. 103papuna gabisoniaruxis brZola da misi mniSvneloba.............................. 104Papuna GabisoniaThe battle of Rukhi and its importance........................... 114zurab sulaberiZeserbeT-bulgareTis omi da evropis qveynebis damokidebulebabalkaneTis problemisadmi 1885-1886 wlebSi.................................................................................. 115Zurab SulaberidzeThe Serbian-Bulgarian war and the relation's of theEuropean countries with the Balkan's startedin 1885-1886.................................................................. 128Сулаберидзе ЗурабПолитические и экономические аспектыНемецкой восточной политики в конце19 – начале 20 вв.......................................................... 130zurab sulaberiZegermaniis aRmosavluri politikisaspeqtebi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da239

XX saukunis dasawyisSi....................................................... 139igor kekeliaabaSis xeobis saistorio geografia vaxuStibagrationis naSromisa da rukebis mixedviT........... 141Igor KekeliaVakhusti Bagrationi and the issues of historic geographyof Abasha Gorge.......................................... 169igor kekeliaenguris xeobis saistorio geografiavaxuSti Bbagrationis naazrevSi..................................... 171Igor KekeliaThe Historical Geography of the River Enguri valleyin Vakhushti Bagrationi’s work..................................... 192giorgi grZeliZeTbilisis galavani da cixesimagreebi.......................... 193Salva gloveliunikaluri erTeuli ivane javaxiSvilisistoriisa da eTnologiis institutissamecniero biblioTekis raritetulifondidan......................................................................................... 209Shalva GloveliUnique Unit From the Scientific Library Fund of TheJavakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology.......... 219giorgi gociriZe240

qarTuli eTnologiuri mecnierebis metri............... 220papuna gabisoniaTamaz beraZis xsovnas............................................................ 229xaTuna ioselianigeronti gasviani _ qveynis mxurvalegulSematkivari........................................................................... 234241

YDK 947

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?