meomris aRzrdis tradiciebi da samxedro medicina Zvel saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministrosaqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli StabiJ7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebisdepartamentissip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa daeTnologiis institutinino mindaZemeomris aRzrdis tradiciebi dasamxedro medicina ZvelsaqarTveloSimeomris biblioTeka #8Tbilisi2008

Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ merve wigni; seria iTvaliswinebswignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli saqarTvelosa damsoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli aRzrda dacodnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia popularuli, magram maRalprofesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es patara, magram tevadi da kargadgaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgibrwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs,XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedroistoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da a.S.seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiisinstituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos yovelimoqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rombrZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.vaJa kiknaZeseriis saredaqcio kolegia:istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesoriistoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesorivaJa kiknaZeTamaz beraZemecnierebaTa doqtori,vice polkovniki Temur dalaqiSvilirecenzenti:istoriis mecnierebaTadoqtori, profesori nino abakeliakompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: nino giganiLydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZeredaqtori: nargiz xarabaZeteqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvilidamtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli ZalebisgaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolodepartamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias miersaqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabistopografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20tel.: +995 32 91-19-83faqsi: +995 32 91-19-832

sazogadoeba mowesrigebuli socialuri struqturaa, romelsac uZvelesidroidan gaaCnia janmrTelobis dacvis, samarTlebrivi da aRzrdis sistema.aRzrda gulisxmobs momavali Taobis momzadebas sazogadoebis CveulicxovrebisaTvis, `socialuri arsebis Seqmnas.~ aRzrdis sistemaTavdapirvelad tradiciuli institutebis saxiT Camoyalibda. tradiciulsazogadoebaSi, rogorc cnobilia, ar iyo specialuri saswavlodawesebulebebi. momavali Taobis aRzrdas ojaxi da TviT sazogadoebaaxorcielebda. igi ZiriTadad xalxur gamocdilebas emyreboda. saswavlodawesebulebani gacilebiT gvian Seiqmna, Tumca am dawesebulebebis SeqmnisSemdegac aRzrdis xalxuri tradiciebi ar gamqrala da igi bevr qveyanaSi,maT Soris saqarTveloSic, dRemde garkveuli saxiT ganagrZobs arsebobas. eski imas niSnavs, rom maT Tavisi funqcia jer ar daukargavT. isic undaaRiniSnos, rom xSirad tradiciuli da oficialuri aRzrdis sistemebiurTierTgavlenas ganicdis.yoveli sazogadoeba cdilobs Seqmnas aRzrdis, iuridiuli normebis,janmrTelobis dacvis iseTi sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs, erTi mxrivsazogadoebisTvis saWiro pirovnebis Camoyalibebas, meore mxriv ki,sazogadoebis wevrebis usafrTxoebis, maTi janmrTelobisa da pirovnuliuflebebis dacvas. aqedan gamomdinare aRzrdis sistemac yovelTvisemorCileboda da axlac emorCileba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs.sxvadasxva geografiul garemosa da istoriul epoqaSi sxvadasxva saxissazogadoeba yalibdeba, e. i. sazogadoeba cvalebadia drosa da sivrceSi.asevea aRzrdis sistemac. igi gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva saxis sazogadoebaSida cvalebadia droSi. sxvadasxvagvari aRzrdis sistema iyo ZvelaRmosavleTsa da antikur epoqaSi, Sua saukuneebsa da e.w. axal periodSi,kapitalizmis ganviTarebis xanaSi, sxvanairia aRzrdis sistema dRes.gansxvavebulia igi sxvadasxva socialur fenaSi. niSandoblivia, rom erTistoriul periodSi erTi da igive qveynis _ saberZneTis or qalaqSi, ufroswored qalaq-saxelmwifoSi aTensa da spartaSi aRzrdis gansxvavebulisistema moqmedebda. erTi, Tu adamianis inteleqtualur aRzrdaze iyoaqcentirebuli (aTeni), meoreSi, adamianis fizikur aRzrdas eniWebodaupiratesoba (sparta).bunebis nairsaxeobam, reliefma, romelic moicavs maRalmTianeTs, zegans,dablobsa da zRvispireTsac, mdebareobam evropisa da aziis gasayarze,istoriuli ganviTarebis gzam ganapiroba saqarTveloSi gansxvavebulgeografiul zonalobaSi mcxovreb sazogadoebaSi, sxvadasxva istoriulperiodSi da sxvadasxva socialur fenaSi aRzrdis Taviseburi tradiciebis,Camoyalibeba, romlebic aRzrdis saerTo qarTul tradiciul sistemaSierTiandebian.saqarTveloSi yvelgan, yovel drosa da sazogadoebis yvela fenaSicdilobdnen aRezardaT fizikurad da sulierad jansaRi, gonebrivad3

ganviTarebuli, zneobrivad srulyofili, ojaxisa da samSoblos moyvarulimomavali Taoba. es iyo mTavari principi, romelic aerTianebda saqarTvelossxvadasxva regionis, sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqisa da sxvadasxva socialurifenis aRzrdis tradiciebs.isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarveloSi yovelTvis, vidre uaxlesperiodamde, (ukanasknelma movlenebma gviCvena, rom DdResac) mamakacis erTerTmTavar funqcias ojaxisa da qveynis Sinauri da gareSe mtrisgan dacvawarmoadgenda. mudmivad mebrZol saqarTvelos yovelTvis unda hyolodaqveynis damcveli meomrebi. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis unda SeZleboda,,qudze kacis gamoyvana~. swored amitom, saqarTveloSi vaJianoba fasobda,gansakuTrebiT ki mTaSi, sadac vaJis gareSe ojaxs Tavis gatana ZalianuWirda. amitom mTaSi vaJis dabadeba did bednierebad iTvleboda dasaqarTvelos mTianeTis zogierT regionSic Svils mxolod vaJs uwodebdnen.ase ar iyo saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi, magram mTel saqarTveloSi mamakacsgansakuTrebul pativs scemdnen da es pativiscema damsaxurebuli iyo, radganmas sakuTari sisxlis fasad uxdeboda mamulis dacva. mamulis dacvisaTvis kiigi yovelTvis mzad unda yofiliyo. swored amitom qarTvelTa aRzrdissistemaSi mTavari adgili mamakacis meomrad momzadebas eWira. mamakacismemrad Camoyalibeba garkveul asakSi xdeboda. am asaks, iseve rogorcadamianis sicocxlis yvela sxva asakobriv periods, garkveuli saxisbiologiuri da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. es Taviseburebanimet-naklebad gaTvaliswinebuli iyo aRzrdis sistemaSi.Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos ramdenime istoriuleTnografiuliregionis magaliTze ganvixilavT qarTveli mamakacis, meomrisaRzrdis tradiciebs, SevecdebiT maTi Tavisebureba-gansxvavebebis mizezebisaxsnas. amasTan erTad, kvlav unda aRvniSno, rom yoveli sazogadoebacdilobs aRzardos iseTi Taoba, rogoric mas esaWiroeba, sazogadoebismomavali wevrebi, pirovnebebi, romlebic daakmayofileben mis moTxovnilebebs.ra moTxovnilebebs uyenebda qarTveli xalxi mamakacs? rogori iyoidealuri mamakacis xati saqarTveloSi. daviwyeb Sua saukuneebidan.Sua saukuneebs, rogorc yvela istoriul epoqas, garkveuli TaviseburebebiaxasiaTebs. miiCneven, rom am epoqaSi adamianTa sazogadoeba sam kategoriadiyofoda _ ,,vinc loculobda, vinc ibrZoda da vinc Sromobda~. Suasaukuneebis dasavleT evropuli sazogadoebis formula aseTi iyo: ,,xalxmaunda iSromos, raindebma _ iomon, samRvdeloebam _ ilocos~.ase iyo Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic. samxedro saqmes am epoqaSi yvelaqarTveli mamakaci eufleboda, radgan, rogorc cnobili qarTveliistorikosi simon janaSia aRniSnavs ,,im dros saqarTvelo erT mTliansamxedro banaks warmoadgenda~, magram iyo garkveuli sxvaoba. samxedro saqmismaRal profesiul doneze floba aucilebeli iyo feodaluriaristokratiisaTvis da amitom didgvarovani ojaxis Svilebs samxedrosamsaxurisTvis saTanado momzadeba, gansakuTrebuli wvrTna sWirdebodaT.4

dabal socialur fenebSi ki sabrZolo xelovnebis swavleba xalxuri,tradiciuli meTodebiT xdeboda, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am fenidan gamosuli,msaxurTa laSqars ar Seadgenda. msaxuri-molaSqre sagangebod aRzrdili dagawvrTnili profesionali meomari, rCeviTa da saqmiT emsaxureboda patronsda mis gverdiT ibrZoda samSoblos dasacavad. aseTi iyo avTandilis erTguliSermadini. msaxurTa aseT fenas ekuTvnis daviT guramiSvilis sityvebi:,,molaSqre unda Wabuki, Tamami, Tav-mdablovani,mepatroneTa erTguli, morCili, samarTlovani,mxne, amxanagTa moyvare, mamaci, Zalgulovani,gul-sulad mebrZolT mebrZoli, ar susti, magar-mklovani~.aseTi viTareba damaxasiaTebeli iyo ara mxolod saqarTvelosTvis, aramedSua saukuneebis rogorc aRmosavluri, ise dasavluri civilizaciebisTvis. amepoqaSi brZola, samSoblos dacva maRali socialuri wris mamakacTa sapatiomovaleobas Seadgenda. Sroma, sameurneo saqmianoba ki mxolod dabalisocialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa valdebuleba iyo. masSi ZiriTadadglexoba iyo Cabmuli (gamoTqmulia azri, rom CvenSi ase iyo monRolobamdeda monRolobis Semdeg XV-XVII saukuneebSic). zemoTqmuli, poeturiformiT, asaxulia SoTa rusTavelis cnobil gamonaTqvamSi: ,,muSa miwyivmuSaobdes, meomari gulovnebdes~. glexs Tavisi SromiT unda erCina rogorcsakuTari, ise Tavisi batonis ojaxi, xolo aristokratia valdebuli iyo igimtris Semosevebis dros daecva. meurne-glexi brZolis velze gahyavdaTmxolod ukiduresi gaWirvebis SemTxvevaSi, magram, maSinac ki, saxelmwifo missicocxles ufrTxildeboda. `didgoris omSi, romelSiac saqarTvelos bediwydeboda, daviTma laSqarTan erTad glexobac (,,qudze kaci~) gamoiyvana dadidgoris midamoebSi rezervad daayena.~ aqedan Cans, rom im epoqaSi afasebdnenglexis saqmianobas. kargad icodnen, rom glexi iyo ZiriTadi mwarmoebeli,meurne da Tu sameurneo sistema moiSleboda, qveyanac ganadgurdeboda.arCili mefe da poeti, romelic XVII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVIIIsaukunis dasawyisSi moRvaweobda da romelmac Seqmna SesaniSnavi didaqtikuritraqtati ,,saqarTvelos zneobani~ swored ase afasebs glexis, meurnissaqmianobas:,,muSaobac kargi znea, zedmdgomoba da sarqroba, *barva, widnva * , xvna da Tesva, mkis da sTvlisa mis-mis droba,kacs Semats da gaaxarebs mosavlis bevris moswroba.vis muSa hyavsT, TviTon Svreba urevia arzaqroba. * ~amgvarad, daculi iyo garkveuli wonasworoba _ didgvarovani ibrZoda daqveyanas mtrisgan icavda, glexi Sromobda da sameurneo saqmianobas eweoda,sasuliero pirebi ki loculobdnen da maT sulier gadarCenaze zrunavdnen.aq maT uSualo movaleobebzea laparaki, Torem, ra Tqma unda, yoveliqarTveli meomari loculobda, yoveli qarTveli glexic sabrZoloxelovnebas sakmaod kargad flobda, magram am codnas, rogorc vTqviT,mxolod ukidures SemTxvevaSi iyenebda. roca saWiro iyo samxedro5

operaciebSi sasuliero pirebic iRebdnen monawileobas, ris sailustraciodTornike erisTavis naTeli magaliTic ikmarebda. Tornike, ,,wyobaTa * SinaaRzrdil iyo da salaSqroTa saqmeTa~, e. i. samxedro saqmes naziarebi dabrZolaSi gamocdili iyo. samxedro xelovnebaSi nacadi yofila cnobiliqarTveli saeklesio moRvawe ioane mTawmindeli, romlis Sesaxeb giorgimTawmindeli wers: ,,ese netari mamaiB Cveni iovane iyo naTesaviT qarTveli,mSobelTa da papaTaiTgan didebuli da warCinebuli da saCino mTavarTa SorisdaviT kurapalatisaTa, mxne da axovani da ganTqmuli wyobaTa Sina~... e. i. igiyofila ,,gamoCenili da saxelovani meomari, brZolaSebmis ostati~zemomoyvanilidan aSkaraa, rom saqarTveloSi yvela mamakaci sabrZolveladmudam mzad iyo.SevCerdebiT sazogadoebis im nawilze, romlis pirdapir movaleobassamSoblos dacva warmoadgenda, romlebic profesiul samxedro ganaTlebasiRebdnen da qarTul laSqarSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni. rogorc vTqviT, es iyoqarTuli aristokratia, romelsac sakuTari sisxlis fasad unda daecvasamSoblo. am garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, misTvis glexis mier gaweuli SromasavsebiT gamarTlebuli iyo.rogori iyo Sua saukuneebis qarTuli jari? romelsac am dros,,laSqari~, ,,spa~ ewodeboda.ivane javaxiSvilis mixedviT, ,,imdroindel qarTulSi (igulisxmebakonkretulad Tamaris epoqa, n. m.) sityvebi ,,laSqarni~ da ,,spani~ sagangebomniSvnelobiTac ixmareboda da saqarTvelos gavleniani samxedro wrisgamomxatveli terminebic yofila~. aqve igi xazs usvams, rom ,,orive terminiwris aRmniSvnelia da ara samxedro wodebis: gansakuTrebuli samxedrowodeba saqarTveloSi ar Cans... ,,laSqarT~, ekuTvnodnen TviT didebulnic. am,,laSqarTa damaxasiaTebeli da SemakavSirebeli Tviseba... samxedro xeloba damamacoba iyo. magram isini ubralo meomrebi ki ar yofilan, aramed meomarTarCeuli nawili, qveynis bed-iRbalsa da keTildReobaze mzrunveli wre.uneblieT, dasavleT evropis saSualo saukuneebis raindoba gvagondeba,romelic amgvaradve mxedarTa rCeuls da gavlenian wres Seadgenda dagansakuTrebuli rainduli wesebiTa da zne-CveulebebiT iyo cnobili~ _ wersivane javaxiSvili. Semdeg ki aRniSnavs: ,,sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSiac,,laSqar~-Si yofna da samsaxuri marto moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba ki ar iyo,aramed sapatio da saamayo uflebad iTvleboda yoveli keTilSobiliadamianisaTvis.~ amgvarad, qarTul laSqarSi samsaxuri sapatio movaleoba iyoda masSi rCeuli meomrebi iyvnen gaerTianebulebi.rogori unda yofiliyo rCeuli meomari? rogori meomris aRzrdasisaxavda miznad Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos aristokratia? am sakiTxzemniSvnelovan masalas gvawvdis qarTuli istoriuli da literaturuliZeglebi. pirvel rigSi ki arCilis zemoxsenebuli didaqtikuri traqtati _,,saqarTvelos zneobani~, sadac warmodgenilia qarTveli mamakacis idealurisaxe, daxasiaTebulia yvela is Tviseba ,,zneoba~, romliTac mamakaci unda6

yofiliyo Semkuli. simon janaSias mixedviT, sityva ,,zneoba~ ,,arCils naxmariaqvs ara yovelgvari, aramed saWiro Tvisebisa, dadebiTi xasiaTis codnisaRsaniSnavad... avtori zneobas yvela im Tvisebas uwodebs, romlebiTac misiazriT, Semkuli unda iyos yoveli piri, rom sazogadoebis Rirseul wevradCaiTvalos~.arCilis mixedviT ,,zneoba~ ramdenimea:,,aw es mominda saTqmelad, ramdeni zneoba arissamRvTo da anu samxedro, mSveblis * da movaglaxaris * ,laSqrobis, nadirobisa, romelman kaci axaris,saqciel-samsaxurisa vinc icis, codnaTac kmaris~.arCili Tavis nawarmoebSi saRvTo da samxedro ,,zneobebze~ laparakobs.samxedro zneobas ki, rogorc s. janaSia aRniSnavs, ,,uwodebs yvela im wesssaero cxovrebisas, romelTa mixedviT, misi azriT, unda moiqces gazrdiliqarTveli, da yvela im Tvisebas Tu codnas eriskacisas, romelic aseTsqarTvels unda axasiaTebdes, es wesebi da es Tvisebebi miucilebelisamkaulia adamianisaTvis, rom is misaRebi wevri iyos arsebuli feodalurisazogadoebisa...saero, samxedro zneobas arCili ramdenime jgufad hyofs: zneoba mSveblisda movaglaxaris laSqrobis, nadirobis, saqcielisa (qcevis, n. m.) dasamsaxuris~...arCils CamoTvlili aqvs yvelaferi is, rac qarTvelma didgvarovanmamamakacma unda icodes. sailustraciod moviyvanT mxolod ramdenime amonaridsarCilis nawarmoebidan:,,xrmlis cema, laxtis TamaSi, bevrgvar bruneba Subisa,saceris wyoba, maTraxis bildriga * ra Suebisa,isari sxvili da grZeli, xelT ar dadeba ubisa,visca ara aqvs, uZraxven, sxvaman sxvas miiubnisa~.arCilis mixedviT, mamakaci unda iyos kargad gawvrTnili, daostatebulisportis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi: mSvildosobaSi, cxenosnobaSi...,,dia kargia sxvebica zneoba-saqcielebi,mSvild-isari da burToba, orive cxenficxelebi,radabragans * da gadrzeda * marjveT ixmaros xelebi,wavla wamovla, cxens jdoma mwved varga nasaxelebi~mniSvnelovnia, rom arCili yuradRebas amaxvilebs axalgazrdisinteleqtualur aRzrdazec. igi sakmaod did moTxovnilebebs uyenebs mamakacs.mamakaci unda yofiliyo farTod ganaTlebuli da kargad unda scodnodaqarTuli anbanis yvela saxeoba:,,mwerloba xucurs da mxedruls, iciT, unda sxvadasxva damrgvlovans, yvavisfrCxilovans, asomTavruls smen Tavada~...amas garda, maTematika _ ,,angariSi da ricxvT codna~ mamakacisTvisaucilebel saWiroebas warmoadgenda. sasurvelad Tvlida arCili7

,,mxatvrobisa da monaxazobis~, gansakuTrebiT ki, ucxo ,,enisa da wignis~codnas:,,ena da wigni ramdeni vin icis, esec imdenadCavagdoT TviTo zneobad, sxvis qveynis ambav mosmenad,maS erTad rogor vityodeT, ikiTxon sxvadasxva enad~arCilis nawarmoebSi, rogorc mamakacisTvis sasurveli Tvisebebi,moxseniebulia agreTve, gareSe (e. i. saero) wignis kiTxvac da `WrelZlispirTa * gardaTqma.~magram saerTo ganviTarebisaTvis arCils mxolod gonebis gawvrTnasakmarisad ar miaCnda: misi azriT, saWiro iyo agreTve esTetikuriganaTlebac. raSic igulisxmeba: `simRera da dasdebeli~ * , musika, cekva. amavedros mamakaci unda yofiliyo srulyofili pirovneba, TavSekavebuli, dinji,momTmeni.`kargkacobaa Senaxva yovlisa xoSiadisa * ,crus sityvas yursa nu asmen, nurca enasa gasdisa.Cxubi da meeneoba vinc, kacman daiqadisa,sasacilod da sazraxad man Tavi gaixadisa.~mamakacis idealuri saxe Camoyalibebulia Sua saukuneebis ufro adreuliliteraturis Zeglebsa Tu istoriul wyaroebSi. am monacemebis analizisSedegad gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom saqarTveloSi axalgazrda mamakacs _Wabuks, ymas, moymes, garda fizikuri siZlieris, brZolis maRali xelovnebis,WirTa da tanjvis Tmenisa, moeTxoveboda, daxvewiloba, zneobrivi sispetake,,,eklesiisa da sarwmunoebis dacva urwmunoTagan, qvriv-obolTa mfarvelobaZalmomreobisagan, brZola yovelgvar borotTa ZalTa winaaRmdeg~,samSoblosaTvis Tavdadeba. rusTavelis sityvebi: ,,sjobs sicocxlesanaZraxsa, sikvdili saxelovani~, yovel qarTvel meomars hqondaSesislxorcebuli.Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi axalgazrda vaJis, Wabukis, ymis idealurisaxe, qarTveli istorokosebis azriT, evropeli raindisagan bevrad argansxvavdeboda. Sua saukuneebis rainduli eposisa da romanis mixedviT, amepoqis qarTveli raindebis saqcieliTa da cxovrebis wesiT aSkara xdeba, radonis fizikuri, gonebrivi, zneobrivi da esTetikuri ganaTleba hqondaT maTmiRebuli. am epoqis QqarTveli Wabukebi gamoirCeodnen didi fizikuri ZaliT,simamaciT, iaraRis ostaturi xmarebiT, sabrZolo niWiTa da unariT.rogor xdeboda aseTi raindis, qarTveli molaSqris aRzrda? upirvelesyovlisa, albaT, sainteresoa, Tu ra asakSi iwyeboda swavlebis procesi darodis mTavrdeboda igi.sanam uSualod aRzrdis sistemas ganvixilavT, saWirod mimaCnia mkiTxvelsgavacno Tu rogori warmodgena hqonda qarTvel xalxs adamianis asakze. ufroswored, rogori iyo adamianis asakis tradiciuli periodizaciasaqarTveloSi.8

sulxan-saba orbelianis mixedviT adamianis asaki Semdeg nawilebadiyofoda: 1-5 wlimde (Cvili), 5-10 (usaura), 10-15 (ninevela), 15-20 (yrma),20-30 (Wabuki), 30-50 (sruli kaci), Semdeg moxucebuli, beri da mixrwnili.niko berZeniSvili giorgi mTawmindelis cxovrebis mixedviT adamianis asaksSemdegnairad yofda: Cvili (7 wlamde), Semdeg yrma, Wabuki, sruli,ganmwvisebuli, moxuci. swavlebis saukeTeso asakad igi pirvel sams miiCnevdada werda: `yrma izrdeba, Wabuki swavlobs da kaci ganaTldeba srulad.aq swavla-aRzrdis sami safexuria TiTqos warmodgenili: yrmobis, rocamTavari yuradReba aRzrdas (bunebrivs da xelovnurs: `keTilad aRzrdas~)eqceva, Semdeg, Wabukobis Jams, mTavari yuradReba swavlas eqceva, rais Semdegda rais Sedegad, adamiani srulad ganaTldeba.~asakis Sesaxeb cnobebi daculia Zvel qarTul samedicino xelnawerebSi,romelTa mixedviT adamianis sicocxle 4 asakobriv ciklad iyofadabadebidan 17 wlamde, 17-dan 35 wlamde, romelic ivane javaxiSvilismixedviT, Wabukobis asaks emTxveva da adamianis cxovrebis yvelaze aqtiurxanad aris miCneuli. Semdeg Sua xani, dawynarebisa da dadinjebis dro dasibere. xalxuri monacemebi bevrad ar gansxvavdeba zemomoyvanilisgan. maTmixedviT, adamianis sicocxlis periodi 6 nawilad iyofa, moicavs bavSvobas _dabadebidan 12-13 wlamde, 12-13 weli gogonebisTvis xolo 15-16 welivaJebisTvis miCneulia sqesobrivi momwifebis xanad. 11-12 wlidan vidre 18-19wlamde mozardobis, Wabukobis xanaa Semdeg ki modis axalgazrdoba, romelic35-40 wlamde grZeldeba, Semdeg Sua xani, daaxloebiT 60-65 wlamde, Semdegki sibere. bavSvoba moicavs Cvilobis periods _ dabadebidan fexis adgmamde.swavlebis, aRzrdis saukeTeso asakad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, bavSvobis damozrdilobis, gansakuTrebiT bavSvobis xanas Tvlis. radgan, xalxuriSexedulebiT bavSvi SedarebiT advilad emorCileba mSobels, adviladiTvisebs. qvevriviT aris _ `rasac CasZaxeb imas amogZaxebs~.saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc sxvagan, pirvel rigSi yuradRebas aqcevdnenadamianis janmrTelobas, gansakuTrebiT ki vaJis, fizikur gakaJebas. undaiTqvas, rom adamianis janmrTelobaze zrunva bavSvis dabadebamde iwyeboda. esgamoixateboda fexmZime qalis movlaSi. misTvis saWmlis SerCevaSi, fizikurimoZraobebis SezRudvaSi da sxva. dabadebisTanave iwyeboda vaJis gakaJeba,wrToba, ris dasturadac axalSobilisTvis wylis gadavlebis, e. w. xoWiWze,,gazrdis~ wesic ikmarebda. xoWiWi daaxloebiT 40-50 sm. siganis,axalSobilis sxeulis sigrZis ficaria, romelzedac Txel leibs daagebdnen,Cvils daawvendnen da artaxebiT gadaakravdnen. xoWiWs Cvilis akvanSiCawvenamde iyenebdnen. igi, rogorc akvani, gamarTuli welis sawindrad iyomiCneuli. xalxuri gadmocemiT, xoWiWi bavSvis wrTobis erT-erTi pirvelisaSualeba iyo. jansaRi bavSvis gazrdis umTavres pirobad ki dedis rZiTkveba iTvleboda. adamianis zneobriv aRzrdazec adreuli bavSvobidanzrunavdnen qarTvelebi. iavnanasTan erTad, unergavdnen qveynis siyvaruls,9

amzadebdnen samSoblos dacvisaTvis, TavdadebisaTvis, rac kargad CansmesxeTSi Cawerili iavnanas erT-erTi teqstidan:,,gaizarde pawawina, Sen, dediserTao,qveyanaze Sen iqnebi Tavisufalio,artaxebi lamis wyvito, iwev medgradao,Seni samSoblos sarTavi Sen unda morTao.es sityvebi yurSi gqondes, gulSi _ ganZaTao,guli basrad moixmare, mklavi _ abjraTao,Sen samSoblos gulisTvisa gaxdi msxverpladao.~uwin saqarTveloSi samxedro valdebulebis asakic yofila gansazRvrulida igi ramdenadme gansxvavdeboda dRevandelisagan. `srulwlovaneba anu,,hasaki sisrulisa~ sxvadasxvagvari arsebobda: samoqalaqoc iyo, politikurida samxedroc. es sami cneba erTmaneTs ar udrida da ar eTanasworeboda.vinc samxedro moqmedebis monawileobisTvis mowifuli iyo, imas ewodeboda,,s r u l d R e T a b r Z o l a T a T v iDs~, _ wers ivanejavaxiSvili da iqve aRniSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi ,,16 wlis ufliswuls,gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi mainc, ukve qveynis marTva-gamgeobis tvirTvaSeeZlo, magram samxedro moqmedebisTvis am dros is jer srulhasakovnad ariTvleboda... safiqrebelia, rom 21-22 wliTgan samxedro srulhasakovnobaciwyeboda~.samxedro ,,srulasakovnebis~ zRvari saqarTvloSi, rogorc Cans,dadgenili iyo. Tumca zogjer, Tu qveyanas Zalian uWirda, omSi uwverulvaSoaxalgazrdebic ki monawileobdnen, magram es xdeboda mxolod ukiduresSemTxvevaSi. saxelmwifo cdilobda, sabrZolvelad ukve zrdasruli 21-22wlis mamakaci waeyvana da qveynis genofondi daecva. aqedan gamomdinare, undavivaraudoT, rom samxedro swavleba 16-17 wlamde mainc grZeldeboda. yovelSemTxvevaSi 15 wlis tarielis aRzrda, rogorc Cans, jer kidev ar iyodasrulebuli:,,TxuTmeti wlisa viyav, mefe mzrdida viTa Svilsa;dRisiT viyvi mas winaSe, gamiSvebdis arca Zilsa;Zalad lomsa, Tvalad mzesa, tanad vhgvandi edems zrdilsa;srolasa da asparezsa aqebdian Cemgan qmnilsa.~sagulisxmoa `qarTlis cxovrebis~ erTi cnobac, romlis mixedviT,,aRzrdili~ ukve zrdadasrulebuls niSnavs _ ,,aRzrdil ars igi da hasakisasazoms miRweul ars,~ gvauwyebs `qarTlis cxovreba~. es Ffraza ieso qristesSesaxeb aris naTqvami.rodis iwyeboda aRzrdis procesi? isev ,,vefxistyaosnis“ gmirebismixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, igi 4-5 wlidan unda dawyebuliyo: yovelSemTxvevaSi 5 wlis tarieli nadirTa mokvlis, nadirobis xelovnebas ukvekargad flobda:,,xuTisa wlisa Seviqmen msgavsi vardisa Slilisa;Wirad ar miCndis lomisa mokvla, marT viTa silisa.~10

aq, ra Tqma unda, ramdenadme gazviadebulia poemis gmiris fizikuriSesaZleblobani, magram es asaki SesaZlebelia aRzrdis dawyebis xanadmiviCnioT. miT umetes, rom amas qarTuli literaturis sxva Zeglic, kerZod`amirandarejaniani~ adasturebs. `amirandarejaniani~ saintereso cnobebsgvawvdis Wabuk-moymeTa wrTvna-aRzrdis Sesaxeb XI_XII saukuneeebissaqarTveloSi. am romanSi eTnikurad ucxo arab Wabukebzea laparaki, magramunda vigulisxmoT, rom aq aRzrdis qarTuli tradiciebi igulisxmeba.rusTavelis ,,vefxistyaosans~ Tu gavixsenebT, saqarTvelos cxovrebis wesisaTu istoriuli sinamdvilis ucxourad warmodgena Sua saukuneebis qarTuliliteraturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo. `amirandarejanianSi~ arabimefiswulis, SemdegSi gamoCenili ambri arabis Tavgadasavalia moTxrobili.rodesac is 5 wlis gamxdara, mamamiss misTvis gamzrdelad cnobili raindi_ ,,lomi Wabuki~, SejibrebaSi mravalgzis nacadi da saxelmoxveWili abuterimiuCenia, kaci, romelsac ,,veravin daudgis wina mteri, dReTa misTa~.amgvarad, meomarTa aRzrdis procesi Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelosaristokratul wreebSi literaturuli Tu saistorio manacemebis mixedviT,5-6 wlidan iwyeboda da daaxloebiT 16-17 wlamde grZeldeboda. am drosxdeboda vaJis fizikuri wvrTna. am dros eufleboda igi sportis sxvadasxvasaxeobas, swavlobda iaraRis xmarebas. daaxloebiT amave asakSi iwyebodabavSvis inteleqtualuri aRzrda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, romruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebam (1104) 8 wlis ymawvils wignis mkiTxveladyofnis neba darTo, unda vigulisxmoT, rom bavSvis gonebrivi ,,wvrTnac~, 8wlamde daaxloebiT 6-7 wlidan mainc iwyeboda, radgan, ukve am asakidanbavSvi kargad iTvisebs yvelafers, rasac mas aswavlian. rogorc giorgixuces-monazoni ityoda, _ ,,bavSvis ,,bunebaB igi lbili da CCvili~-a da,,viTarca cvili sabeWdavsa, egreT miiRebs swavlulebasa~.cnobilia, rom XVIII saukunemde saqarTveloSi specialuri samxedrosaswavlebeli ar arsebobda. mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi ereklemeorem Seqmna e. w. morige laSqari da ,,morige laSqris regularuli wvrTnaSemoiRo, mefis mier daniSnuli meTaurebi (,,oficrebi~) morige molaSqreebskviradReobiT avarjiSebdnen.~ismeba kiTxva, am dromde vin zrdida saqarTveloSi saxelovan meomrebs?rogori iyo aseTi meomris aRzrdis meTodebi?Wabuk-moymeTa aRzrda, sabrZolo Tvisebebis gamomuSaveba, rogorc vTqviT,ymawvilobidanve iwyeboda. vaJs bavSvobidanve miuCendnen mwvrTnels, samxedrosaqmesa da aRzrdaSi daxelovnebul maswavlebels, romelic Seaswavlidacxenze jdomas, iaraRis xmarebasa da sxva. am funqcias feodalTa wreSigamzrdeli asrulebda. niko berZeniSvili, romelmac gazrdilobis instituti,,vefxistyaosnisa~ da Tamaris epoqis werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviTSeiswavla, wers: saqarTveloSi ,,gamzrdel-gazrdilebi Seadgenen u a x l o es w r e s didi feodalisas (aseve mefisas). es is wrea, romelsacuSualod eyrdnoba didi feodali (an mefe), romelTa neba-survils is did11

angariSs uwevs, ise gamodis TiTqo, rom mTeli kari didi feodalisa (mefis)gamzrdelebisa da gazrdilebisgan Sedgeba... ,,vefxistyaosnis~ mixedviT,`gazrdili~ sxvadasxva rangisaa, patronTagan sxvadasxvagvarad damokidebuli:tarieli farsadanis gazrdilia, avTandili _ rostevanis. aq gamzrdelgazrdilnifeodaluri sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi arian.amave dros ,,gazrdilebi~ SeiZleba iyvnen am sazogadoebis udablesifenebidanac... mag.: Sermadini avTandilis ,,monaa~, magram misi gazrdilia ,,viTaZma da viTa Svili~. n. berZeniSvilis daskvniT, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi,,feodals _ mefes, mTavars, didaznaurs hyavT gazrdilebi feodalTa karzemyofi axalgazrdobidan, sadac isini marTlac iRebdnen yovelgvar swavlaganaTlebas.es g a z r d i l e b i am feodalis saxlis gazrdilebi iyvnenda am saxlis ufrosis (Tavadis) erTgul-misandobelni, am Tavadisgazrdilebad iTvlebodnen.~ am rangSi e. w. gazrdilebSi dabali socialurifenis warmomadgenlebic Sediodnen. rogorc vxedavT, gazrdilobis institutifeodalTa erTguli axalgazrdebis aRzrdas gulisxmobda, magram, ra Tqmaunda, ara marto batonTa erTguli, aramed upirveles yovlisa samSobloserTgul, zneobrivad daxvewil, imdroisaTvis Rrmad ganaTlebuli dafizikurad kargad gawvrTnili Wabukebis aRzrdas isaxavda miznad, romelTaupirvelesi da sapatio movaleoba samSoblos dacva iyo.Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelebul, e. w. gazrdilobisinstituts mamamZuZeobis institutic SeiZleba vuwodoT. mamamZuZeobis Sesaxebbevri saintereso gamokvlevaa dawerili da bevri azria gamoTqmuli. amsakiTxs Seexo ivane javaxiSvili. saintereso naSromi mamamZuZeobis SesaxebekuTvnis eTnolog s. WanturiSvils. mamamZuZeobis sakiTxi saqarTveloSiZiriTadad socialur WrilSia Seswavlili da savsebiT marTebulad igisxvadasxva tipis socialuri ujredis (ojaxi, gvari, Temi, xalxi) daaxloebiserT-erT saSualebadaa miCneuli. Aamjerad, mamamZuZeoba meomris aRzrdasTandakavSirebiT gvainteresebs. sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, mamamZuZe _kaci gamzrdelia. ilia abulaZis mixedviT, mamamZuZeoba sxva ojaxSi bavSvisaRsazrdelad mibarebas niSnavs. mamamZuZeobis instituti ZiriTadadsaqarTvelos aristokratiul wreebSi funqcionirebda da rogorc Cans,ZiriTadad mamakacTa samxedro aRzrdas emsaxureboda, magram ara yovelTvis,qarTuli literaturis uZveles ZeglSi ,,SuSanikis wamebaSi~ moxseniebulimamamZuZe, samxedro aRmzrdeli namdvilad ar iyo. maSin, rodesac qarTliscxovrebis erT-erTi avtoris juanSeris mier moxseniebuli mamamZuZe samxedroaRmzrdelad unda miviCnioT. vaxtang gorgaslis cxovrebis avtoris,juanSeris mixedviT, vaxtangi aRsazrdelad mamamiss mirdats spaspetisaTvis *miubarebia _ ,,...moiTxova mefisagan sazrdod saurmag spaspetman vaxtang.didiTa vedrebiTa, xolo mianiWa mefeman da misca Ze misi vaxtang saurmagsspaspetsa sazrdod. rameTu wesi iyo, romel Svilni mefeTani warCinebulTasaxlsa Sina aRizardnian~. amgvarad, bavSvis aRsazrdelad sxvisTvis mibarebamaSin wesi yofila. aRmzrdels ki mamamZuZe hrqmevia _ wyaroSi vkiTxulobT12

_ ,,mokuda saurmag spaspeti, mamamZuZe vaxtangisi~. vaxtangis mamamZuZespaspeti, jaris ufrosi yofila, romelic unda vigulisxmoT, rom vaxtangssamxedro xelovnebas aswavlida. vaxtang gorgasals sxva aRmzrdelichyolia _ ,,maSin vaxtang izrdeboda da iswavlida miqael episkoposisaganyovelsa mcnebasa uflisasa, da siyrmisave dReTa Seiyuara sjuli qristesiufros yovelTa mefeTa qarTlisaTa~. Aamgvarad, vaxtang gorgasals juanSerismixedviT, ori aRmzrdeli hyolia: erTi mas samxedro xelovnebas aswavlida,meore ki, mis sasuliero ganaTlebaze zrunavda. aseTi tradiciadamkvidrebuli iyo Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi. daviT aRmaSeneblisistorikosis mixedviT, daviTis aRmzrdeli, misi sulieri moZRvari giorgimonazoni iyo, magram rogorc niko berZeniSvili aRniSnavs _ `gamoricxuladunda CaiTvalos, rom giorgi monazoni mefis saWabuko saqmeebSi aRmzrdeliiqneboda... ueWvelia, mefes sxva aRmzrdelebic hyavda,~ romlebic massamxedro xelovnebas aswavlidnen. xolo mwignobrobasa da politikursferoebSi mefes giorgi monazon-mwignobarTuxucesi aTviTcnobierebda. aqedanisic aSkaraa, rom qarTuli samefo ojaxis warmomadgeneli da ara marto is,aramed, rogorc Cans, yvela qarTveli molaSqre ganviTarebuli undayofiliyo rogorc fizikurad, ise gonebrivad, amaze arCil mefis, Cven mierukve ganxiluli, ,,saqarTvelos zneobanic~ migviTiTebs.mamamZuZeobis instituti gavrcelebuli iyo CrdiloeT kavkasiis qveynebSi,keltebSi, bizantiaSi, iranSi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT farTod ki TurqulenovanxalxebSi. igi cnobilia `aTalikobis~ saxeliT (Turq. aTalik _ aRmzrdeli,mama). am wesis mixedviT, mSoblebi TavianT Svilebs vaJebs, aRsazrdeladsxva, umeteswilad Tavisi qveSevrdomebis ojaxSi aZlevdnen. es wesigavrcelebuli iyo maRal socialur fenebSi. aTaliks anu mamobils, mamamZuZesbavSvi momavali cxovrebisaTvis unda moemzadebina. aucilebeli iyo misTvissabrZolo xelovneba eswavlebina: cxenze jdoma, iaraRis xmareba da a. S.aqac, iseve rogorc, saqarTveloSi, axalgazrda mamamZuZesTan 5-6, zogan 6-7wlidan TiTqmis srulwlovanobamde rCeboda. sasaniaTa iranSi miRebuliyofila aRzrdis msgavsi wesi _ mefe an romelime aristokrati vaJsaRsazrdelad aZlevda sxva pirs, romelic socialuri mdgomareobiT maszeufro dabla idga. aRmzrdels da aRsazrdels Soris myardeboda mWidrourTierTkavSiri, sisxliT naTesaobaze ufro Zlieri. aRmzrdeli yovelgvarsituaciaSi icavda aRzrdils gansacdelisa da xifaTisagan, Tavis mxriv, rocaaRzrdili miaRwevda maRal Tanamdebobas, gverdidan ar iSorebda... asevexdeboda saqarTveloSi, magram isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aq aRsazrdelad aramxolod qveSevrdomebs, aramed Tavisze maRali wodebis warmomadgenlebsacabarebdnen. mag.: avTandili rostevanis aRzrdili iyo.cnobilia, rom bizantiaSi warCinebulTa ojaxis Svilebs Tavidanve ,,dedamZuZes~miabarebdnen, xolo 6-7 wlis asakidan biWebi ,,mamamZuZeTa~ xelSigadahyavdaT. mamamZuZes movaleoba aRsazrdelis samxedro momzadeba iyo. aseTiaRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeboda profesionali meomari, molaSqre...13

as da rogor aswavlidnen didgvarovan axalgazrdebs maTi gamzrdelebi?upirveles yovlisa, maT isini fizikurad unda ganeviTarebinaT da amitomavarjiSebdnen sportis sxvadasxva saxeobaSi: cxenosnobaSi, mSvildosnobaSi,curvaSi, WidaobaSi... ,,vefxistyaosnisa~ da ,,amirandarejanianis~ mixedviT TuvimsjelebT, aRmzrdels Tavisi aRsazrdelisTvis unda eswavlebina yvelasamamakaco ,,kacobrivi~ saqme ,,omi da abjarTa kazma~ ,,oroliTa * ,,mRera~mSvildosnoba da sxva, rac ,,saWabuko saqme~ iyo. am kuTxiT sainteresoa`vefxistyaosnis~ erT-erTi strofi, kerZod sityvebi, romelsac warmoTqvamsnuradin-fridoni samTa TaTbiris dros:,,Cemsa simcrosa, gamzrdelni samuSaiTod mzrdidian,maswavlnes maTni saqmeni, maxltunvebdian, mwvrTidian;asre gavedi sabelsa, rom Tvalni ver momkidian,vinca mWvretdian ymawvilni, igica inatridian~.ar unda vigulisxmoT, rom fridons marTla samuSaiTod * , jambazadzrdidnen. fridoni, iseve rogorc poemis sxva gmirebi, aristokratuliwarmomavlobisaa. ufro metic, tarielTan Sexvedris dros ukve mefea damefis STamomavals muSaiTad, jambazad aravin gazrdida, es ki imas niSnavs,rom fridoni yovelmxriv iyo gawvrTnili, mas jambazis xelovnebac _ Tokzesiarulic _ki aswavles; xolo tariels 15 wlis asakSi ukve naswavlihqonia: burTaoba, nadiroba da asparezoba. minda SevCerde am orukanasknelze. nadirobasa da asparezobaSi yvela qarTveli Wabuki undayofiliyo daxelovnebuli.Sua saukuneebi omebis epoqaa. am epoqaSi warmoebda uamravi saSinao Tusagareo omi. oms specialuri momzadeba, meomarTa gawvrTna sWirdeboda.nadiroba, ki, rogorc cnobilia, samxedro wvrTnis saukeTeso saSualebad iyomiCneuli Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis qveynebSi. igimolaSqres aCvevda siZneleTa daZlevas, uSiSroebas, mosazrebulobas, iaraRisxmarebas da yovelive imas, rac omis dros aucilebeli iyo. ,,erTi indoelididebulis TqmiT, ,,nadiroba omis daa.~ am epoqaSi nadirobas omismosamzadebel etapad Tvlidnen. ase iyo saqarTveloSic. niko berZeniSviliwers: `nadiroba omis saukeTeso skolad iTvleboda, radgan igi molaSqresaCvevda siZneleTa daZlevas, uSiSrobas, mosazrebulobas, iaraRis xmarebas dayovelive imas, rac omis dros aucilebeli iyo.~ erT-erT istoriul sabuTSiki vkiTxulobT: ,,laSqroba qveynis simagre aris da n a d i r o b a _l a S q r o b i s m a s w a v l e b e l i~.iv. javaxiSvilis mixedviT, nadirobas ,,marto kerZo gasarTobis Tviseba arhqonda, aramed samxedro varjiSis magieri iyo da begarasaviT saxelmwifovaldebulebas warmoadgenda... nadirobis kavSirs samxedro saqmesTan, missocialur bunebas feodalur saqarTveloSi araerTi mkvlevari adasturebs _wvrTnadasrulebul axalgazrda mamakacs mudmivad esaWiroeboda varjiSi,Tavisi Tavis, samxedro codnis gamocda da saerTod mudmivad sabrZolomzadyofnaSi yofna. am mizans saqarTveloSi, iseve, rogorc Sua saukuneebis14

mTel civilizebul samyaroSi, nadiroba emsaxureboda. samxedroaristokratiuligvaris Svilebi bavSvobidanve eCveodnen samxedro wrTobas,radgan samxedro saqme momavalSi, maTi ZiriTadi movaleoba unda gamxdariyo.Sua saukuneebSi aRzrda-wvrTnaSi wamyvani adgili nadirobas eWira. nadirobaomisTvis mzadebis saukeTeso saSualebad iyo miCneuli da samxedro-fizikurimomzadebis kompleqsur saSualebas warmoadgenda. is momaval meomars iaraRisxmarebaSi _ Subisa da isris mizanSi tyorcnaSi, cxenosnobaSi, avarjiSebda;sxvadasxva sabrZolo xerxs, swraf manevrirebas, mamacobas, fizikurgamZleobas uviTarebda da aCvevda. yovelive amas, nadirobis drosswavlobdnen, rac Semdgom, omebSi, Tavis gamoCenisa da mefis karzedawinaurebis saSualebas aZlevdaT.~rogorc vxedavT, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorcdasavleTisa Tu aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, nadiroba iyo feodalTa erTerTiZiriTadi saqmianoba, aRzrda-wvrTnis saSualeba, sporti da garToba.nadirobis, rogorc molaSqris saqmianobis Sesaxeb qarTul saistorio Tuliteraturul ZeglebSi uamravi cnobaa Semonaxuli. amas gvauwyeben ucxoeliavtorebic. XVII saukunis italieli misioneris arqanjelo lambertissityvebiT _ megreli feodalebi ,,saSinel papaqaneba sicxeSi sanadirodmidian... amas imitom Cadian, rom cqvitebi da mardebi Seiqmnen da SeeCvion imgasaWirs, romelic, Cveulebriv omianobas Tan mohyveba~.vaxtang batoniSvils Tavis naSromSi _ `istoriebri aRwera~ daxasiaTebuliaqvs samefo nadiroba da igi saomar laSqrobasTan aqvsSedarebuli: `odesca enebaT mefesa nadiroba... mouwodian kacni samefoTaganmsgavsad saomarTa laSqarTa da mividian mun romelsaca adgilsa iqmnebodanadiroba ese... xolo nadiri igi iyvis qurciki da Semdgomad nadirobisamiarTvan mefesa moklulni Tvisni da aRiwereboda ricxvi, vis ra moekla.~aRniSnuli amonaridis analizis Sedegad cnobilma eTnologma aleqsirobaqiZem daaskvna, rom amgvari nadiroba gasamxedroebuli bunebis iyo, xolois garemoeba, rom aRiwereboda ricxvi, vis ra moekla mis sportul xasiaTzemiuTiTebda. am da sxva wyaroebis safuZvelze, man daasabuTa nadirobissamxedro-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba da daaskvna: `mravalricxovan mterTanmudmivad brZolaSi Cabmuli qarTveli xalxisTvis, im xalxisTvis, romelicerTi xeliT udides kulturul mSeneblobas eweoda, xolo meoreTi niadagmters igeriebda, regularuli armiis aryolis pirobebSi seriozulimniSvneloba hqonda nadirobas, rogorc samxedro varjiSs. organizebuli,masobrivi nadiroba wvrTnida xalxs. zrdida masSi sabrZolo Tvisebebs,amtkicebda samxedro suliskveTebas da uzrunvelyofda qveynisTavdacviTunarianobas. daxelovnebuli monadire mowinave mebrZolsac niSnavdada aqedan, bunebrivad, raindis idealis ganuyrel Tvisebas daxelovnebulinadiroba da ucdomeli moisaroba warmoadgenda~.cnobilia, rom nadirobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela safexurzemisdevdnen. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis adreul safexurze mas wamyvani15

ekonomikuri mniSvneloba hqonda, xolo Semdeg man es mniSvneloba dakarga damxolod damatebiTi, isic ara yovelTvis da yvelgan, sakvebi resursebiswyarod iqca.samecniero literaturaSi araerTxel aris gamoTqmuli azri, romnadirobis savarjiSo-sasporto, gasarTobma xasiaTma ganapiroba misidRevandlamde arseboba.laSqroba-omebisgan Tavisufal dros Wabuk-moymeni sportul wvrTnasa daSejibrebaSi monawileobas andomebdnen. es iyo, nadirobasTan erTad, garTobisada amasTanave fizikuri wvrTnisa da sabrZolo varjiSis metad gavrcelebulida QWabuk-moymeTaTvis Zlier mimzidveli saxeoba. amgvar RonisZiebebssaqarTveloSi asparezobas uwodebdnen.sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT, _ `moasparezoba ars mxedarTa mieranZaTa isrisa sreva, burTiTa yvanWsa * cema. saganTa srola da egeviTarni~.`asparezi~ misgan nawarmoebi `asparezoba~, `moaspareze~ XI_XII saukuneebSisakmaod gavrcelebuli sityvaa. am xanis ZeglebSi is arc Tu iSviaTadgvxvdeba.`asparezi~... sparsuli enidan aris Semosuli... da cxenis sarbens niSnavs.rogorc fiqroben, qarTulSi Tavdapirvelad is aseTi mniSvnelobiT gadmovida,magram TandaTan farTo mniSvneloba miiRo da ara marto cxenosnebisTvisgankuTvnil sarbens anu moedans ewodeboda, aramed sxva sportul TamaSobaTada SejibrebaTa aRmniSvneli zogadi saxeli gaxda. xolo `moaspareze~ maTmonawilesa da amgvar SejibrebaSi gawvrTnil kacs Seerqva.asparezi, cxenosanTa Sejibris mniSvnelobiT, moxeniebulia `vefxistyaosanSi~,tarieli Tavgadasavalis Txrobis dros ambobs: `srolasa daasparezsa aqebdian Cemgan qmnilsa~.saukeTeso moaspareze yofila daviT soslani. mematiane gvauwyebs, rom igiyvelas sjobda: `mSvildosansa, cxenosansa, da mcuravs, moasparezesa,mwignobarsa da yovelsa xelTa sikeTeTa.~XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi xSirad ewyoboda asparezobebi, sadactardeboda sxvadasxva saxis sportuli Sejibreba. asparezobebi Zalian hgavsdasavleTevropul turnirebs. aq vlindebodnen saukeTeso Wabukebi, meomrebi.asparezobisTvis winaswar emzadebodnen, mzaddeboda sabrZolo moedani _sarbieli. xdeboda monawileTa SeTanxmeba, sabrZolo iaraRis SerCevis mizniT.asparezobas yovelTvis sazeimo xasiaTi hqonda da mas xSirad eswrebodnensamefo ojaxis warmomadgenlebi.TbilisSi, aleqsandres baRis adgilze uwin yofila asparezi, mere misTvissaxeli gamoucvliaT da yabaxi daurqmeviaT. aq imarTeboda Turme didisamxedro varjiSebi da doRi. yabaxis Tavsa da bolos, erTi meoris gaswvrivori Talari * idga, romlis Tavze Sejibrebis dros oqros an vercxlissaniSne Tass debdnen.asparezoba, rogorc wesi, didi religiuri an sxva saxis dResasawaulebismag., omis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg imarTeboda. asparezobas ki nadimi16

mohyveboda. am kuTxiT sainteresoa vaxuSti batoniSvilis mier aRdgomisdResaswaulis aRweriloba: `xolo aRdgomis wesi iyo: adre naTlebisad wirvada Semdgomad wirvisa mcirediTa sanovagiTa xorcTaTa aRixsnidian pirTa mefeda didebulni. Semdgomad gamovidis mefe, da yovelni warCinebulni damcirebulni * asparezsa zeda, da dasvian samefo Tasi oqrosi anu vercxlisayabaxsa zeda, daiwyian srola mas Tassa isarni moymeTa da WabukTa da, romeliCamoagdis isriTa, mas miscian Tasi igi. Semdgomad amisa Seqmnian burTaoba da,romelman mxareman ajobis, iyo mxare-Talarni * samefoni, da maT miscianTviToTa TviTo (egreTve qorwilisa didgamoCuenebisa dResa Sina yvian eseasparezsa zeda), merme Semovidian mefisa Tana da Seqmnian nadimni da purobanididni mgosan-saxiobTa, aramed kaTalikozni da episkoposni vidremdis iyvnenmun, ara iyo mwyobrTa ZalTa cemani, aramed galobani, xolo Semdgomadwarsvlisa maTisa iyo mgosanTa, momReralTa da yovelTa saxiobTa cemani~. aqTanmimdevrobiT aris aRwerili, rogor tardeboda religiuri dResaswaulisaqarTvelos oficiozis mier.D pirvel rigSi rituali, Semdeg sportuliSejibri, ESejibris Semdeg ki nadimi, lxini sxvadasxva sanaxaobebiT. amdResaswaulebSi, rogorc vTqviT, monawileobdnen qarTveli raindebi _Wabukebi, rac fizikur wvrTnasTan erTad, maT sulier amaRlebasac uwyobdaxels. aq xdeboda maTi Zal-Ronis gamocda da esTetiuri siamovnebis miReba.unda aRiniSnos agreTve cxen-burTiT varjiSis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTulistoriul wyaroebSi zogjer `Cognis~, da zogjer ki `CoganburTis~ saxeliTmoixsenieba. sportis es saxeoba, romlis klasikuri saxis aRwerilobamocemulia qarTul istoriul, literaturul da ucxour wyaroebSi,feodaluri aristokratiis sportul gasarTobad unda CaiTvalos, magrammisma Sedarebam sxvadasxva xalxur TamaSobasTan, qarTvel mecnierebssafuZveli misca eTqvaT, rom qarTvel feodalTa wreSi sakmaod popularulisportis es saxeoba, xalxuri TamaSobebidan iRebda saTaves da mxolodgarTobis saSualebas ki ar warmoadgenda, aramed fizikuri aRzrdis miznebsacemsaxureboda. samxedro momzadebis es mniSvnelivani saSualeba,saxelmwifoebrivi zrunvis sagani iyo.qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebi swavlebis meTodzec gvawvdian garkveulinformacias. isev arCils mivmarTavT. igi wers, rom Znelia axalgazrdakargad daeuflos im codnas, rac mas moeTxoveba, amitom saWiroamaswavlebelma mas swavlis procesi gauadvilos da es procesi misTvissaxaliso gaxados:`mswavleli moswavleebsa saswavlos ar gauZnelebs,mcired-mciredis swavlebiT Znels sacodns gauadvilebs,cota ram kargad iswavlos, gauSvebs mal asadilebs;uwin pat-pata swavlebiT am didrons daaqadilebs~.e. i. maswavlebelma moswavle Zalian ar unda datvirTos da ,,mcired-mciredisswavlebiT~ safuZvliani codna unda misces. albaT, swored amitom wvrTnas,varjiSs xSirad garTobis, drostarebis xasiaTi hqonda, vgulisxmob17

nadirobasa da asparezobas. xdeboda Tavisufali drois racionalurigamoyeneba. am sakiTxs, arCilis poemaze dayrdnobiT, ganixilavs simon janaSiada wers: ,,mSveblis zneobad... is wesebi unda vigulisxmoT, romlis mixedviT,unda moiqces adamiani, roca igi, dRiur sazrunavs moSorebuli dasvenebasa damxiarulobas aris mowadinebuli. qarTveli feodalebi Tavisufal drossaxvadasxva TamaSobaSi (asparezoba, tanTvarjiSoba, anu fundruki, _ sabasterminologiiT, _ ,,mRera” anu ,,yumari~) da lxinSi atarebda. amave jgufsekuTvnis Tavisi xasiaTiT nadiroba... asparezobasa da tanTvarjiSobas is didimniSvneloba hqondaT, rom isini erTgvar winaswar samxedro skolaswarmoadgendnen, sadac imdroindeli meomari (Cveulebrivi feodali)swavlobda iaraRis xmarebas..., cxenze jdomas..., sicqvitesa da simarjvesmoZraobaSi..., da sazogadod sxeuls iviTarebda. amitomac apyrobdnen mas aseTyuradRebas. arCilic moiTxovs, rom TiToeulma unda icodes: ,,mSvild-isarida burTaoba~, Tu ,,burTis srola, `aSfaSaqi, * xelZaliani jiriToba. esTamaSobani cxenze, amxedrebulad, unda Sesrulebuliyo SesaferisissicqvitiT.~amgvarad, e. w. `mSveblis zneoba,~ romelic Tavisufali droisracionalurad gamoyenebas gulisxmobda, meomris wvrTnis Zaldautanebel,Tavisufal formad SeZleba miviCnioT da aRzrdis Tavisebur meTodadCavTvaloT. igive unda iTqvas nadirobaze, romelsac garTobisa dadrostarebis xasiaTi hqonda da saukeTeso samxedro wvrTnas warmoadgenda.mokled, rom CamovayaliboT Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mamakacTaaRzrdis sistema, Semdeg suraTs miviRebT: mamakacis, meomris aRzrdasemsaxureboda imdroindeli aRzrdis aristokratiuli instituti.profesionali meomris aRzrda iwyeboda 5-6 wlis asakidan da mimarTuli iyobavSvis rogorc fizikuri, ise gonebrivi ganviTarebisaken, radgan am epoqisqarTveli jariskaci, molaSqre, imdroindeli sazogadoebis moTxovnilebiTunda yofiliyo rogorc fizikurad, ise gonebrivad ganviTarebuli,sulierad amaRlebuli, zneobrivad srulyofili. axalgazrdebs wvrTidnenaRmzrdelebi, romelTagan nawils, umetesad samxedro mosamsaxureebs,fizikuri aRzrda, xolo nawils, ZiriTadad sasuliero pirebs, maTigonebrivi ganviTareba evalebodaT.aRzrdis procesi 5-6 wlidan zrdis dasrulebamde 16-17 wlamdegrZeldeboda, Semdeg, bunebrivia, Wabuk-meomrebs periodulad wvrTna davarjiSi sWirdebodaT. miTumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, romcdilobdnen 21-22 wlis asakamde axlgazrda omSi ar waeyvanaT. am varjiSsregularuli xasiaTi hqonda. aRniSnul varjiSebsa da wvrTnaSigansakuTrebuli adgili nadirobasa da asparezobas eTmoboda, romlis drosxdeboda axalgazrda meomarTa Zal-Ronis gamocdac. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnaviais faqti, rom sakmaod serizuli wvrTna-varjiSis am saxes Zaldautanebeli,drostarebisa da garTobis xasiaTi hqonda... isic unda aRiniSnos, rom SuasaukuneebSi saqarTveloSi samxedro saqmiT ZiriTadad aristokratia iyo18

dakavebuli. maT qveynis dacva evalebodaT, amitom aRzrdac maT mebrZoladCamoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda.dabali socialuri wris warmomadgenelTaTvis ki rogorc zemoT vTqviT,aucilebeli iyo Sroma, maT kargad unda scodnodaT sameurneo saqme, radganglexi iyo qveyanaSi ZiriTadi mwarmoebeli; magram aqac iyo garkveulisxvaoba mTisa da baris mosaxleobas Soris. saqarTvelos mTaSi mosaxlesazogadoebas mudmivad esaWiroeboda Sinauri Tu gareSe mtrisgan Tavdacva.gasuli saukunis dasawyisamde aq moqmedebda sisxlis aRebis wesi, mTielTacxovrebaSi arc Tu mcire adgili ekava mekobreobas. mekobreoba TareSiT,TavdasxmiT sarCo-sabadeblis mopovebas gulisxmobda. mTaSi mekobreobaSemosavlis erT-erTi wyaro iyo da XIX saukuneSic ki igi sasaxelodmiaCndaT maSin, rodesac barSi mekobreoba danaSaulad iTvleboda dasakanonmdeblo Zeglebis mixedviT ukve XI saukunidan ikrZaleboda. igive undaiTqvas nadirobis Sesaxeb. nadiroba mTaSi, gansxvavebiT barisagan, sarCosmopovebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgenda. maSin, rodesacganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanaSi barSi glexs nadirobis ufleba kanoniTCamorTmeuli hqonda. es ufleba mxolod batons ekuTvnoda. es ki imasniSnavs, rom mTisa da baris mosaxleoba sxvadasxva wesiT cxovrobda. eswesebi ganapirobebda imas, rom mTaSi mamakacebi meurneobsac eweodnen daamasTan erTad, sakmaod maRali donis, SeiZleba iTqvas profesionali meomrebiiyvnen. saqarTvelos baris regionebis dabal socialur fenaSi, Suasaukuneebidan moyolebuli, glexis mTavar saqmianobas agraruli meurneobawarmoadgenda. rogorc vTqviT, mas brZola mxolod ukiduresi gasaWirisdros uxdeboda. baris glexoba nadirobasac naklebad misdevda, aq arcsisxlis aRebis tradicia iyo imdenad gavrcelebuli da mekobrobacikrZaleboda. zemoT ukve vTqviT, rom qarTveli glexebisgan saqarTvelossamefo kari ZiriTadad sameurneo saqmianobas moiTxovda da mas profesionalmebrZolTa aRzrdas ar avalebda. ufro metic, ganviTarebuli feodalizmisxanaSi, glexs iaraRis tareba da nadiroba ekrZaleboda, magram isic undaaRiniSnos, rom qarTvelTa laSqari glexobis wridan metnaklebad maincivseboda, am SemTxvevaSi isini profesiul samxedro ganaTlebas umetesaddidgvarovanTa karze iRebdnen.amgvarad, Sua saukuneebSi, saqarTvelos barSi dabali socialuri fenisganprofesional meomarTa aRzrdas arc misi cxovrebis wesi da arc saqarTvelosoficiozi moiTxovda, magram samxedro saqmeSi saqarTvelos glexoba maincgaTviTcnobierebuli iyo da barSi aRzrdis tradiciul sistemaSi fizikurmomzadebas, samxedro wvrTnas mainc garkveuli adgili eWira.aRzrdis socialur Taviseburebebze miuTiTebs samegreloSidadasturebuli erTi tradicia, romelic s. makalaTias aqvs aRwerili:samegreloSi axaldabadebul vaJs xels moakidebinebdnen Toxze, saxnisze annajaxze, _ kargi muSa gamovao, Tavadebi da aznaurebi ki bavSvs xelSimiscemdnen Tofs an xmals, cxenis aRvirs, kargi mxedari da meomari gamovao.19

ogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mamakacebi samxedro saqmesprofesiul doneze flobdnen, rac, upirveles yovlisa, mTis mosaxleobiscxovrebis wesiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic mamakacs garkveulmoTxovnilebebs uyenebda.rogori unda yofiliyo mTielTa SexedulebiT mamakaci? ras moiTxovdamisgan mTis sazogadoeba. am mimarTebiT sainteresoa saqarTvelos mTianeTiserT-erT yvelaze ufro tradiciul kuTxeSi _ xevsureTSi, gasuli saukunisSua xanebamde SemorCenili tradicia, romelsac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba`daCvenebis~, `iaraRSi Casmis~ wess uwodebs. es wesi aseTi yofila:`gaSlidnen fardags da mis garSemo daawyobdnen Tofs, xanjals, purs. yvelsada fandurs. SuaSi Casvamdnen bavSvs, romelsac fexic ki ar hqonda adgmuli.bavSvi pirvelad romel sagansac waavlebda xels, ityodnen, im sagnismoyvaruli iqnebao; Tu Tofs waavlebda xels, _ monadire da amave dros,,urjulos~ (qistebis) mxocveli gamovao; Tu xanjals an xmals waavlebda, _Sinauri mtris magrad damxvedri, moCxubari da guladi iqnebao, Sinaurimteri mas ver daCagravso; Tu fandurs waavlebda xels, _ momRerali damxiaruli, Tavis sicocxleSi `mauwyeni~, meSaire da moTamaSe iqnebao; Tupurs, _ Zalian mdidari da kargi maspinZeli, stumris moyvaruli, kargimomuSave da SromaSi dauRalavi iqnebao; Tu yvels, _ mas bevri Zroxaeyoloba da bevri erbo-yveli eqnebao.~ ra Tqma unda, Znelia imis mtkiceba,ramdenad vlindeba am xerxiT bavSvis midrekileba da unari, magram erTi ramki cxadia, rom bavSvis irgvliv dadebuli sagnebi cxovrebis im sferoebissimboloebi iyo, romlis gareSe xevsuris arseboba ar SeiZleboda daromlisTvisac xevsuri vaJi aucileblad unda momzadebuliyo. Tofi _monadireobisa da gareSe mterTan brZolis, xanjali _ Sinauri mtrismogeriebis, puri _ miwaTmoqmedebisa da stumarmaspinZlobis, yveli _mesaqonleobis, fanduri ki ara mxolod ,,mxiarulebisa~ da ,,mauwyenlobis~,aramed adamianis sulieri, inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis simbolod migvaCnia.aqedan naTlad Cans, rom xevsuri erTdroulad meomaric unda yofiliyo dameurnec, radgan is movale iyo ezruna ojaxis rCenasa da ara marto ojaxis,aramed mTeli sazogadoebis dacvaze Sinauri da gareSe mtrisagan. amasTanerTad, is unda yofiliyo gonebrivad ganviTarebuli, dauflebulitradiciul codnas. zemomoyvanilidan kargad Cans, Tu ra moTxovnilebebsuyenebda mTis sazogadoeba mamakacs. imavdroulad mas CamoyalibebuliHhqondaidealuri mamakacis xati, gmiris ideali, romelic e. w. ,,kai ymis~ saxeSiaasaxuli. es sakiTxi fSauri poeziis magaliTze ganixila vaJa-fSavelam daaRniSna, rom idealuri gmiri ,,soflis msxverplia~, igi Tavis TavisTvis ,,arcocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis, magram amsamsaxurisTvis saxelis meti araferi hrCeba~... amave dros mTieli vaJkaci,unda yofiliyo fizikurad Zlieri:,,vaJkacsa guli rkinisa,abjarni Tunda xisani,20

Tvalni qorebul mxedvavni,zed muxni Savardnisani,~magram ara mxolod fizikur siZlieres moiTxovda sazogadoeba ,,kai ymisagan~,aramed, upirveles yovlisa, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebas:,,kai yma laSqars mokvdebissworebis mjobinobasa,cudai-boslis yoresa,qalebis loginobasa.~aseTia idealuri mamakacis xati saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. mas, pirvel rigSi,mtris mogeriebisTvis mudmivi mzadyofna moeTxoveboda. swored amitom, mtrisSemosevebis dros saqarTvelos mefe yovelTvis mTielebs mimarTavda:`uZvelesi xanidan moyolebuli mTielTa laSqari saqarTvelos samefo karserTgulad emsaxureboda da ara erTxel gamouCenia Tavi samSoblos dasacavadbrZolaSi. cnobili berZeni geografi da istorikosi straboni mogviTxrobs:`mamac da Zlier svanebze, romelTac saomrad mravalricxovani laSqrisgamoyvana SeeZloT...~ aqve motanilia cnobebi mTieli mebrZoli iberebisSesaxeb, romleTac aseve omianobis dros ,,mravali aTasi~ meomris gamoyvanaSeeZloT.mTaSi laSqroba tradiciuli yofis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawiliiyo. Tavad mTieli, mTielTa yofa-cxovrebis kargi mcodne, ganaTlebiTiuristi niko xizanaSvili gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi werda: `fSavSilaSqroba Cveulebrivs xelobas Seadgenda. rogorc sxva Cvens mTiulebs, isefSavlebsac mteri ar aklda. mteriLlaSqravda fSavs da es laSqravda Tavismters.~svani molaSqreebi mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze da SemdegacTavgamodebiT ibrZodnen saqarTvelos laSqarSi mtrisgan Tavdasacavad.xazgasasmelia erTi garemoeba, Tu mezoblad mcxovreb saqarTvelosmTianeTis sxvadasxva kuTxis mosaxleobas xSirad uxdeboda erTmaneTTanSuRli da qiSpi, roca saqarTvelos sWirdeboda, isini yovelgvar SuRlsa daqiSps iviwyebdnen da erT muStad Sekruli ibrZodnen mamulisaTvis. amismagaliTad baxtrionis brZolac ikmarebda. rogorc cnobilia, baxtrioniscixis aRebis dros saqarTvelos jars didi daxmareba gauwia TuS-fSavxevsurebisgaerTianebulma laSqarma. ,,TuS-fSav-xevsurebis laSqari SeuerTdazaal erisTavis mxedrobas da 1659 wels maT baxtrioni aiRes, xolodamarcxebuli selim-xani gaiqca. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ara martosaqarTveloSi, aramed saerTod mTian mxareebSi mesaqonleobasTan,monadireobasa da mTis mkacr bunebasTan dakavSirebuli yoveldRiuri xifaTi,mezobelL TemebTan SuRli ganapirobebda mTiel molaSqreTa profesionalizms.swored amitom, Sua saukuneebSi dasavleT evropaSi meomarTa ZiriTadkontigents mTielebi Seadgendnen. swored amitom, qarTvel didgvarovnebsomianobis dros mTielTa laSqris imedi hqondaT.21

mTielTa, kerZod ki, xevsurebis laSqris struqturis Sesaxeb. cnobebsgvawvdis eTnologi vera bardaveliZe: `samxedro operaciebis dros xevsurebisumciresi da mcire Temebis mamrovanni erTiandebodnen da saxevo dasaxevTaSoriso razmebs adgendnen, romlebsac TavTavisi droSebi hqondaT.xolo, sruliad xevsureTis laSqari (saRmrTo gudanis jvaris almis(jvaris) winamZRolobiT) e. w. sadroSoebisagan dgeboda, romlebSiac saxevoda saxevTaSoriso razmebi iyo gaerTianebuli. xevsurebis arc erTi samxedrooperacia orakulis * gareSe ar tardeboda~. mTieli, xevsuri molaSqreebisaRzrdis Sesaxeb vera bardaveliZe wers: `xSir laSqrobaTa da ZlierganviTarebuli sisxlis SurisZiebis gamo xevsuri meTeme mudam SeiaraRebuliiyo. xevsuri siyrmidanve swavlobda samxedro xelovnebas da sagangebodwnelisgan mownuli saymawvilo farebiTa da xis daSnebiT varjiSobda. SinauriwvrTnis garda, romelic bunebrivia, oficialur xasiaTs ar atarebda,xevsurebsa da sxva qarTveli Temebis sajvaro da saxato dReobaTa wliuriciklis kalendarSi Sedioda garkveuli rigis dReobebi, romlis drosac 8-12wlis bavSvebi (biWebi), Wabukebi da Suaxans miRweuli mamakacebi jvaris anuxatis mTavari msaxuris uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT awyobdnen distanciazesirbils droSebiT an udroSod, siSoreze qvis srolas, simaRleebidangadaxtomas, cocxali frinvelebisTvis Tavis wawyvetas, mterze dacemis,xelCarTuli brZolisa da mtris datyvevebis inscenirebas. doRs da sxvamisTanaT, rac Tavdapirvelad ueWvelia, miznad isaxavda meTemeTa momzadebassaomari mzadyofnisaTvis da samxedro laSqrobisaTvis~.saerTod vaJebis aRzrdas xevsureTSi met yuradRebas uTmobdnen. imisTvis,rom momavali cxovrebisTvis momzadebuliyo, Tavisuflad da Tamamadzrdidnen. akaJebdnen, fizikurad Zlieri, rom gamosuliyo. alersiT aranebivrebdnen. vaJis aRzrdaze mama zrunavda. gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi,giorgi TedoraZe, profesiiT eqimi, romelic xuTi weli muSaobda fSavxevsureTSi,xevsurul aRzrdis tradiciebze werda: `mama movale iyo SviliaRezarda xevsuruli mkacri wesebis mixedviT. vaJebs wvrTnidnen xmlisxmarebaSi, mxedrobaSi, muSaobaSi, uambobdnen gmirebis TavgadasavalshgeSavdnen gareSe mterze, aswavlidnen xevsurul zne-Cveulebebs, TavianTeburraindobas, meurneobas.~mamebTan erTad, vaJis aRzrdaze saqarTvelos mTianeTSi mTeli Temi _sazogadoeba monawileobda. gamoTqmulia azri, rom mTiel bavSvTa aRzrdaojaxTan erTad, sazogadoebis movaleobac iyo da mas Temis uxucesebiaxorcielebdnen. xalxuri sportis mkvlevari v. elaSvili mTielTa aRzrdissistemas ramdenime etapad warmogvidgens. 4-5 wlamde bavSvis aRmzrdeli iyodeda, Semdeg bavSvis aRzrdas xels hkidebda mama, romelic bavSvis asakisgaTvaliswinebiT, mas SromiT Cvevebs umuSavebda. davumatebdi, rom sabrZoloelementebsac aswavlida (n. m.). Semdeg ufro rTul moqmedebebze gadadiodasxvadasxva bunebriv pirobebSi. moZrav TamaSebTan erTad, aswavlida ara martomoqmedebis, aramed qcevis `sibrZnesac~. mozardebis aaRzrdaSi ki ukve Temi,22

Temis uxucesebi ereodnen. v. elaSvili savsebiT marTebulad askvnis, rommTielTa aRzrdis sistemaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo magaliTisroli. ufrosi Taoba, maTi qceva iyo udavo magaliTi axalgazrdobisaTvis,radgan mTeli maTi cxovreba mimdinareobda maT Tvalwin da maTimzrunvelobis qveS. isini iyvnen axalgazrdobisaTvis mamacobisa da sibrZnisetalonebi. maT baZavdnen Sromasa da brZolaSi. Tems sjeroda, rom ufrosebismagaliTze aRzrdili Taoba ganuxrelad Seasrulebda adaTebs da zneobisdadgenil wesebs daicavda.xevsurebi cdilobdnen gamoemuSavebinaT vaJSi simtkicisa da gamZleobisunari, gaezardaT igi guladi da mamaci. 13 wlis xevsurs iSviaTad, magrammainc SeeZlo seriozul SetakebaSi monawileobis miReba soflis sazRvrebisgamo gamowveuli arxotivnebsa da qistebis erT-erTi Setakebis dros, qistebsmoupovebiaT gamarjveba, magram Setakebis mTavari monawile gaga baliauriverafriT gautexiaT. gagas soflisTvis SemouTvlia: `visac gasrolis Taviaqvs, 12 wlis zeviT vinc aris Tavis Tofianad yvelani wamovidneno~.marTlac, daZrula mTeli xalxi, 12 wlis biWebis CaTvliT, da brZolisbedic xevsurebis sasargeblod gadawyvetila.,,xevsureTSi ymawvilebs garkveul asakSi, ukve 4-5 wlidan aZlevdnensavarjiSo iaraRs: xis xmlebs, xisganve dawnul farebsa da mSvild-isrebsumTavresad primitiuli formisas.savarjiSo iaraRebiT axalgazrdoba eCveoda iaraRis wesier xmarebas.gansakuTrebiT gulmodginebiT swavlobdnen isris mizanSi tyorcanas.iwrTobodnen da emzadebodnen imisaTvis, raTa saxelovani molaSqrenigamxdariyvnen.~niko xizanaSvili gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi werda: `isris srolabavSvebma marjved ician, radgan maTi savarjiSo iaraRi mSvild-isaria~, magrammxolod fizikur wrTobas ar iTvaliswinebda mTielTa aRzrdis sistema.mamebi valdebulebi iyvnen Svilebi karg meurneebad gaezardaT, gonebrivadganeviTarebinaT da rac mTavaria, maTSi Rirsebis grZnoba gamoemuSavebinaT.swored amitom, mamebi vaJebs didebis wreSi zrdidnen, aCvevdnen saubars,aswavlidnen adaT-wesebs, patara xevsurs pativiscemiT epyrobodnen, fexzewamodgomiT da xelis CamorTmeviT moikiTxavdnen, Sromasac TavidanveaCvevdnen. ori-sami wlisas ojaxSi ukve davalebebs aZlevdnen. sergi makalaTiawers: ,,bavSvis aRzrdaze, gansakuTrebiT vaJebze, ufro mama zrunavs, radganac,xevsuris gagebiT, Svili mamas ekuTvnis, amitom pataraobidan Svilebi mamasufro etrfian da masTan wvebian. vaJebs ufro yuradRebiT zrdian da kargadkvebaven, raTa magari da guladi vaJkaci gamovides da amasTanave xevsurulirjulisa da adaTebis kargi mcodne da aRmsrulebeli. vaJebs xevsureTSipataraobidanve avarjiSeben farikaobaSi da mSvild-isrobaSi da amgvarad,xevsurebi bavSvobidanve emzadebian SuRlisa da keWnaobisTvis. *xevsureTSi vaJebs pataraobidanve xanjlebs hkidebdnen da 10-12 wlisymawvili iaraRs zogjer Tavisuflad xmarobda. vaJebs Tavidanve unergavdnen23

xevsurul gorozobas, simkacres da gamZleobas. mamebi vaJebs didebis wreSizrdidnen, aCvevdnen adaT-wesebs. bavSvebi yovelTvis eswrebodnensazogadoebriv Tavyrilobebs, vaJebi 4-5 wlis asakidan adgilobriv religiurdResaswaulebSi monawileobasac ki iRebdnen. arxotSi sulTakrefisdResaswaulis dros imarTeboda xevsuri biWebis Sejibri mSvildosnobaSi,rasac ufrosi Taoba sruli seriozulobiT ekideboda. mTieli molaSqregawvrTnili unda yofiliyo sxvadasxva saxis iaraRis xmarebaSi,... mas Semdegrac saqarTveloSi Tofi Semovida, axalgazrdebs Tofis srolaSicwvrTnidnen, magram bavSvs Tofs, ra Tqma unda, aravin aZlevda. maT saTamaSoTofebs uTlidnen xisgan. Semdeg ki roca wamoizrdeboda, mama mizanSisrolasac aswavlida. amgvarad, xevsuri vaJi bavSvobidanve swavlobdamSvild-isris moxmarebas, romelsac ukve didi xania Tavisi sabrZolo Tusamonadireo funqcia dakarguli hqonda, magram mainc mTel saqarTveloSiiTvleboda, rom biWs isris srola aucileblad unda scodnoda.. rac masmxedvelobas unviTarebda, mizanSi srolaSi aostatebda. aseve daxelovnebuliunda yofiliyo e. w. ,,frangulis~ anu xmlis xmarebaSi, romelsac hqoda xistari da vada, xmlis qarqaSi saltiT iyo Sekruli da wverze buni * ekeTa.,,franguli~ xevsuruli tradiciuli kostiumis erTi mTavari atributi iyo,qamar-xanjalsa da farTan erTad. xevsurebi amasTanave atarebdnen TiTzewamosacmev iaraRebs: Rajias adgilobrivad gakeTebul rkinis dakbiluliaraRs da saTiTes samad daxveul TiTbris beWeds... xevsuruli fari rkinisiyo da masac adgilobrivi ostatebi Wedavdnen. uwin xevsurebi jaWvisperangsa da CaCqansac atarebdnen da maT tarebas biWs bavSvibidanveaCvevdnen.~naTelia, rom xevsuri mamakaci hamoniulad izrdeboda. igi iyo meomradgawvrTnili imisTvis, rom mudam mzad yofiliyo daecva Tavisi ojaxi, kuTxeda qveyana Sinauri Tu gareSe mtrisagan. bavSvobidanve eCveoda Sromas, raTamzad yofiliyo ojaxis sarCenad. imavdroulad yoveli xevsuri kargadflobda codnas, romelic xevsureTSi saukuneebis manZilze iyo dagrovili.warsulis istoriebs, winaparTa gmirul Tavgadasavlebs, rac xevsurulandazebSi iyo asaxuli, xevsuri vaJi TiTqmis YyoveldRiurad ismenda ojaxSi,sazogadoebriv Tavyrilobebsa Tu religiur dResaswaulebze. xevsureTismkvidris aleqsi oCiauris gadmocemiT, zogan magaliTad, arxotis TemSisofel axielSi axali wlis (welwadis) ciklis erT-erT dResaswaulze(ukanaSuadRe) soflis jarze * garda sagmiro leqsebis, sagmiro Zveleburkiloze mRerisa, sxva ram `mxiaruloba ar SeiZleboda.~ es tradiciebi xevsuraxalgazrdas Tavisi kuTxis tradiciul kulturas, winaparTa gamocdilebas,gmirul warsuls aziarebda, maT pativiscemas unergavda, patriotuligrZnobiT aRavsebda, rac fizikur wrTobasTan erTad, mas, rogorcsamSoblos siyvaruliT aRvsil, TavganwirvisTvis mzadmyof profesionalmolaSqred ayalibebda.24

aseTi aRzrdis Sedegi iyo, albaT, rom xevsuri: ,,jansaRia da magari.amasTanave, is amtania da gamrje. saSualo tanisaa, mxarbeWiani da kunTmagari...qcevaSi dinjia, moqmedebaSi mardi. guladoba da gambedaoba xevsurs ar akliada Tavisi pirovnebis dasacavad Tavganwirvamde midis. gulzviadi daTavmoyvare xevsuri zneobriv Seuracxyofas ver itans da TviTmkvlelobasacsCadis. ucxosTan xevsuri amayia, mas xevsurobiT Tavi moaqvs, ucxouri armoswons da mas arc baZavs. amasTanave xevsuri frTxilia da iWviani. isadamians Znelad daendoba, magram dandobils, xevsuri samaremde Cahyveba da aruRalatebs.~vaJis aRzrdis msgavsi tradiciebia dadasturebuli saqarTvelos mTianeTissxva kuTxeebSic.svaneTSi odiTgan misdevdnen erT originalur wess: bavSvi fexs romaidgamda da laparaks daiwyebda, keris fiqalze misi kveric gamocxveboda daam periodidan masac daawyebinebdnen Sroma-saqmianobas, ra Tqma unda,gaTvaliswinebuli iyo misi SesaZleblobani, Zal-Rone, Tavdapirvelad ioldavalebebs aZlevdnen, asakis momatebasTan erTad izrdeboda misTvisgamomcxvari, misi wili puris zomac, im angariSiT, rom mas Zal-Roneemateboda, amasTan erTad, misi dasaqmebac ojaxSi ufro intensiuri xdeboda.amgvarad, Sinaur saqmes svani TandaTan eCveoda, amave dros xdeboda misisamxedro momzadeba. pirvel rigSi wvrTnidnen mSvildosnobaSi. sami wlidansaTamaSo mSvilds ukeTebdnen, Semdeg sxva iaraRsac aCvevdnen. aqac iseve,rogorc xevsureTSi, 12-13 wlis biWi TiTqmis yvela samxedro iaraRs kargadxmarobda.aRzrdis msgavsi tradiciebi dadasturebulia samegreloSi. sainteresocnobebs, bavSvebis samxedro momzadebis Sesaxeb, gvawvdis arqanjelolamberti, romelic XVII saukuneSi iyo saqarTveloSi. ,,megrelebi, wersigi, rogorc qveynierebis danarCeni erni Cveulni arian omsa, imdenad Cveulni,rom mSoblebs sul patarebi dahyavT laSqarSi da ar arideben im gaWirvebas,romelic iq unda gadaxdeT. bavSvebi ise atareben iaraRs, ukaviaT xelSi farida xmaroben mSvildsa, TiTqos dabadebidan SeCveulni iyvnen brZolas. yvelaniise gulmodgined ekidebian am xelobas, rom mudam mzad aqvT yovelive, racsaWiroa laSqrobis dros.~igives wers frangi mogzauri Jan Sardeni, romlis cnobebi aseve XVII s-ssaqarTvelos exeba: ,,megrelebis iaraRia: Subi, mSvild-isari, mouxreli sworixmali, kombali, Ffari; cecxlsasrol iaraRs cotani Tu xmaroben. isinikargi meomrebi da kargi mxedrebi arian. Zalian daxelovnebulni arian SubisxmarebaSi. mSvild-isris srolas oTxi wlidan aswavlian bavSvebs, romlebicise kargad euflebian mas, rom gafrenil patara Citsac ki axvedreben isars.~Sardeni wers samegrelos laSqris Sesaxebac. misi monacemebis mixedviT,,,mTel samegreloSi mxolod oTxi aTasi meomaria, romlebic faqtiuradTiTqmis mxolod mxedrebi arian. am kavaleriasTan erTad mxolod samaskacianiqveiTi jari hyavT. meomrebi ar arian gaerTianebulni samxedro SenaerTebsa da25

azmebSi TiToeul mebatonesa Tu aznaurs Tavisi xalxi brZolaSi gamohyavsyovelgvari wesebis, wyobisa da oficrebis gareSe da isini mudam Tan axlavenmaT, rogorc ukan daxevisas, ise mterze Tavdasxmis dros~.aRzrdis sistemaSi, rogorc vTqviT, gansakuTrebuli adgili eWiranadirobas, sportul Sejibrebebsa da TamaSebs, romlebic popularobiTsargeblobdnen didgvarovanTa Soris. fizikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTesoiyo koleqtiuri sportuli TamaSobani. sportuli Sejibrebebi, romelSicyovelTvis monawileobda glexoba, arc Tu iSviaTad didgvarovnebTan erTad.magaliTad guriaSi, farTod gavrcelebul leloburTSi, uwin, TavadebTan:erisTavebTan, gugunavebTan, gurielebiTan, nakaSiZeebTan... erTad, glexebicejibrebodnen erTmaneTs.saqarTveloSi xSirad imarTeboda doRi. mTaSi ZiriTadad religiuridResaswaulebis dros, barSi ki xandaxan specialurad daTqmul dReebSic.cnobili qarTveli eTnologis g. Citaias sityvebiT: ,,im qarTul sportulTamaSobaTa Soris, romelTa ZiriTad daniSnulebas samxedro fizikuriaRzrdis uzrunvelyofa warmoadgenda, cxenosnobas gansakuTrebuli adgilieWira.sportuli Sejibrebebi da TamaSebi, rogorc vTqviT, religiuri da sxvasaxis dResaswaulebis dros imarTeboda. aseve micvalebulis mosagonardReebSi. am dReebs Soris aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi yvelazemniSvnelovani iyo wlisTavi, romlis drosac tardeboda doRi. doRSimonawileobis miReba SeeZlo micvalebulis soflis yvela mamakacs,Wirisuflis naTesavebs, sxva soflebidanac. sadoRe cxenebs TuSebi winaswarwvrTnidnen.doRis adgili da manZili sofelSi gansazRvruli iyo. mebairaRe aiRebdaniSanze dasasvenebel bairaRs, cxens gaaWenebda da bairaRs winaswardaniSnul adgilze Casvamda. cxenosnebi erT adgilze Sejgufdebodnensarbevis, sarbielis sazRvarze. maT win dadgeboda moxuci, romelsac xelSijoxi eWira, niSnis micemamde cxeni rom aravis gaeWenebina. moxucis mierniSnis micemisTanave mxedrebi cxenebs gaaWenebdnen. bairaRTan meTvalyure idga,romelic dawinaurebul cxenosnebs mosvlis rigis mixedviT nomrebs urigebda.pirvel cxenosans alami ergeboda, meores _ sxva saxis ,,prizi~,umeteswilad TuSuri CiTebi, mesames _ winda da a.S. Semdeg ki imarTeboda e.w.Rabaxoba, yabaxoba * . yabaxis nacvlad, aq umeteswilad saniSned purs da raimesxva sagans dadebdnen da mizanSi esrodnen, Tu moaratyamdnen, saniSne misiiyo. xevsureTSi ki micvalebulis mosagonari erT-erTi dReobis _sulTakrefis dros imarTeboda e. w. Tofis srola. yvela micvalebulispatroni gamoacxobda e. w. saTofes. saTofe Txeli da farTe puria. zedgadaakravdnen ubralo farTlis naWers. am saTofeebs gaitandnen Tofissasrolad gansazRvrul manZilze da daayenebdnen erTimeoresgan daSorebiTTovlze. erT adgilas sofeli iyo Tavmoyrili, Tan Tofebi hqondaTmitanili. kenWisyriT iwyeboda srola. vin, romel saTofesac moartyamda,26

saTofe puric mas rCeboda. Tu sxva raime jildo iqneboda am saTofezedayenebuli, imasac mas miscemen.bavSvebs ki am droisTvis damzadebuli hqondaT mSvild-isrebi. mSvildsakeTeben xis totisagan, isars ki eklisagan, romelsac sam fTes (frTas)daakraven. fTeebis win isars mSvildis sabmis (Tokis) Casajdomi Wde hqonda.boloSi ki rkinis zari. mSvilds cacxvis xis lafanisgan an kanafisgandawnul sabams ukeTeben. samizned bavSvebisTvis e. w. vacis gamocxobaicodnen. es vaci, faqtobrivad, cxvris formis samizne iyo.vacebs dadgamdnen TovlSi da dauwyebdnen Sori manZilidan isrebissrolas. romel vacsac moxvdeboda isari, is rCeboda mas, vinc moartya. TuSemTxveviT ori isari moxvdeboda an ramdenime, maSin anawilebdnen vacsac dajildosac... sportuli Sejibrebebi tardeboda qorwilis drosac. mag.:samegreloSi qorwilis meore dRes scodniaT niSanSi srola. am mizniTdadgamdnen yabaxs, xeze miakravdnen grZel joxs, romelzedac TefSi iyoCamokidebuli da vinc mas niSanSi amoiRebda da Camoagdebda, mas asaCuqrebdnen.sainteresoa erTi svanuri TamaSi, romelsac `lindSal~ ewodeba. es TamaSiaRwerili aqvs svaneTis mkvidrs, XIX saukunis moRvawes besarion niJaraZes:,,yovel ymawvils 12 wlamdin aqvs xis lekuri (daSna), romelsac igi inaxavswlidan wlamde, sanam daniSnul xnovanebas ar gadascildeba. naTlisRebismomyols orSabaTs, RamiT, bavSvebi erTis soflisa daikideben am daSnebs daTavs moiyrian soflis erTs ukacurs saxlSi. diliT adre adgebian,Camoivlian sofels da yovels mosaxlisas midian erTad. saxlSiSesvlisTanave ymawvilebi amoiReben Taviseburs qarqaSisagan daSnebs daurtyamen sxvadasxva avejeulobas ojaxisas, romelic Camokidebulia, _ erTissityviT moqmedeben ise Cqara da aRelvebuli, TiTqo ieriSiT ojaxs iRebeno,xSirad ojaxi iZulebulia ZaliT garekos karSi patara ,,meomarni~ Tumcaisic axsovs, rom Cveulebas pativi unda scen.~rodesac religiur dResaswaulebze gamarTul sportul Sejibrebebze daTamaSebze vlaparakobT, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT berikaoba-yeenobis Sesaxeb.romelic eTnologma j. ruxaZem Seiswavla. bunebis aRorZinebasa da agrarulikultmsaxurebisaTvis gankuTvnili gazafxulis es mravaldRiani dResaswauliTebervalSi saqarTvelos yvela kuTxeSi dasturdeba. mas yovelTvis Tanaxlda sxvadasxva saxis sportuli Sejibri da TamaSi. gansakuTrebiTsainteresoa, rom am dResaswaulis dros, brZolis omis imitirebuli scenebiimarTeboda.garda doRisa da yabaxisa, religiur dResaswaulebze sxva saxis sportuliSejibrebebic tardeboda. yvelaze xSirad farikaoba, Widaoba... am SejibrebebSibavSvebic monawileobdnen da ase xdeboda maTi fizikuri wvrTna.eTnologi aleqsi robaqiZe TamaSebis Sesaxeb wers: `aRzrdis sistemaSigansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs TamaSebs. fizikuri aRzrdis saSualebaTa imumdidres saganZurSi, romelic xalxis mier aris Seqmnili, ori ZiriTadijgufi SeimCneva _ TamaSobani (,,moZravi~ da sportuli) da varjiSobani.~27

aRzrdis sistemaSi aranaklebi mniSvneloba Hhqonda im TamaSebs, romelsacbavSvi yoveldRe Tavis ezoSi, sofelSi, amxanagebTan erTad TamaSobda. esTamaSebi, bavSvs rogorc fizikurad, ise gonebrivad anviTarebda. sworedaseTi TamaSebis Sesaxeb werda akaki wereTeli: ,,qarTvelebis odenisxvadasxvagvari saTamaSo TiTqmis arcerTs xalxs ara aqvs da yovelgvarisaTamaSoc uTuod iseTia, romelic Wkua-gonebasa da sxeuls swrvTnis,avarjiSebs~ da Semdeg igi erT-erTi xalxuri TamaSis dadebiT mxareebzelaparakobs: ,,burTaobis dros Tvali, fexi, xeli, Tavi, tani da yvelaferiTanasworad eCveva simardes~.aseTi TamaSebi samxedro TamaSebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. maT vaJebisaRzrdaSi sakmaod didi adgili ekavaT. Mam TamaSebiT biWebi swavlobdnen:cxenosnobas,MmSvildosnobas da sxvadasxva saxis iaraRis xmarebas. es TamaSebimniSvnelovan rols asrulebda mamakacis rogorc fizikur ganviTarebaSi, isementalitetis CamoyalibebaSi da patriotul aRzrdaSi.qarTvelma eTnologma nino RoRoberiZem Seiswavla qarTuli xalxurigarToba-TamaSobani da moaxdina maTi klasifikacia: gamoyo samonadireo,sayofacxovrebo, gonebis savarjiSo... TamaSebi. aRniSna aseve, rom bavSvebiTamaSs iwyebdnen 5-6 wlidan da TamaSobdnen 14-15 wlamde. `es TamaSebianviTarebda bavSvis fizikur monacemebs, gamoumuSavebda simardes,wonasworobis grZnobas, mTel sxeuls avarjiSebda... bavSvis gonebrivganviTarebas ki emsaxureboda gamocanebi, andazebi, enis gasatexebi, romliTacbavSvs arTobdnen~. sailustraciod moviyvan guriaSi Caweril erT-erTi aseTiTamaSisa aRwerilobas, romelic simardis, wonasworobis, mizanSi srolisunaris D ganviTarebas emsaxureboda. aRweriloba mogvyavs n. RoRoberiZismixedviT: ,,simardis gasaviTarebeli wvrTna iwyeboda jer adgilzeSesrulebuli savarjiSoebiT mag.: sirbili garkveul manZilze daniSnulsazRvramde, zogjer cal fexze. asakis momatebasTan erTad, matulobdagasaqcevi manZilic. iyo tomaraSi Camjdari bavSvis sirbilic da sxva.wonasworobis grZnobis gamomuSavebas emsaxureboda xis totze an msxvilTokze siaruli. Tvalsazomis, mizanSi mortymis unaris ganviTarebas kimizanSi qvis srola, rasac ,,qvis dayudebas~ uwodebdnen. sxeuls mravalmxrivanviTarebda Sejibri xeze asvlaSi an e. w. Wokze cocvaSi, sxeulismravalmxriv ganviTarebasa da Ronis gamocdas emsaxureboda xelis gadaweva,mZime qvis aweva, Widaoba da sxva.swored gurulebis Sesaxeb wers XIX ssaukunis erT-erTi avtori:`gurulebi moqnilebi, cqvitebi, gambedavebi, sazrianebi, gonebamaxvilebi arian.am TvisebaTa Camoyalibebas xeli Seuwyo gurulebisTvis sayvarelmaTamaSebmac~.Cven SevecadeT warmogvedgina meomris aRzrdis xalxuri tradiciebisaqarTveloSi. sainteresoa, rogor zrunavda qarTvel meomrebze, maTjanmrTelobaze saqarTvelos xelisufleba, hqondaT Tu ara qarTvelebssamxedro medicina da hyavdaT Tu ara maT samxedro eqimebi. razedac pasuxi28

SeiZleba medicinis istoriis cnobili specialistis lado kotetiSvilissityvebiT gavceT: ,,gabmuli laSqrobisa da dausrulebeli brZolisTvismowodebul ers, cxadia, unda SeemuSavebina daWrili, dakodili dadaavadebuli mebrZolis movla-mkurnaloba~.saqarTveloSi samxedro-savele medicinis Sesaxeb, jerjerobiT mxolodZalian mwiri cnobebia, magram mainc SeiZleba masze garkveuli masalisSegroveba. pirvel rigSi, unda aRiniSnos, rom qirurgiis ganviTarebapirdapir kavSirSia samxedro medicinasTan. saqarTveloSi ki, rogorccnobilia, medicinis es dargi ZvelTaganve sakmaod maRal doneze idga. aqwarmatebiT keTdeboda rTuli qirurgiuli operacia _ trepanacia. *trepanirebuli Tavis qala saqarTveloSi Gjer kidev adrebrinjaos samarxSianapovni. trepanaciis praqtika xevsureTis yofam XX saukunis II naxevramdeSemoinaxa, rac uTuod saqarTveloSi warmoebuli xSiri omebiTac iyoganpirobebuli.pirdapiri cnoba saqarTveloSi samxedro eqimis arsebobis Sesaxeb, XVIIIsaukunis erT-erT sabuTSi ,,morigis laSqrobis ganaCenSia~ daculi. essabuTi,Llekianobisgan Sewuxebul erekle meores 1774 wels Seudgenia. sabuTimis mier morige laSqarSi monawile glexobis jarisTvis gankuTvniligadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebas exeba. sabuTis me-8 muxlSi vkiTxulobT:,,RmrTiT, romelic am jars eWireba, yvela gagvirigebia, rom iqneba: aqimi,jara * .~ aq savele-samxedro eqimebzea laparaki, romelebic Tan unda xlebodnenmorige laSqars. iyvnen Tu ara aseTi eqimebi ufro adreul warsulSi? raTqma unda iyvnen. razec upirveles yovlisa, arqeologiuri masalamigvaniSnebs. magaliTad, samTavros samarovanis ganaTxari Zvlovani masala(a.w.V-VIII s.s.), romelic Seiswavla paleopaTologma pavle firfilaSvilma,da daadgina, rom ramdenime Zvalze basri iaraRiT miyenebuli Wrilobebi,,sworad Catarebuli mkurnalobis Sedegad keTilad gankurnebula~. aseTiZvlebi sxvaganac aris napovni. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es WrilobebibrZolis velze yofiliyo miyenebuli da imdroindeli ,,samxedro qirurgis~mier namkurnalebi.XII saukuneSi samxedro qirurgis arsebobaze unda miuTiTebdes`vefxistyaosnis~ erTi strofi:`erTi mona dastaqari myva da wylulni Seuxvivna,isris pirni amouxvna, dakodilni ar atkina...~aq laparakia nuradin-fridonis mona-dastaqarze, romelmac tarielsWriloba gadauxvia. SeiZleba vigulisxmoT, rom igi Tavis batons brZolisdrosac Tan axlda Dda samxedro eqimis funqcias asrulebda.samxedro medicinaze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis qarTuli samedicinoxelnawerebi, sadac aRwerilia sxvadasxva saomari iaraRiT daWrilismkurnalobis meTodebi. XI saukunis xelnawerSi vkiTxulobT: ,,raJams kacidaikodos xlmiTa, isriTa, anu SubiTa anu sxviTa, gasinje, Tu gakveTilierTi Mmtkaveli iyos... foladis nemsiTa unda Seukeros...~ an: ,,da esec29

iqnebis, rome isris piri mowamluli iyos da misi niSani es aris, rome isadgili ausivdes...~ mowamlulpirian isrebs, rogorc cnobilia ZiriTadad,saomari moqmedebebis dros iyenebdnen.es amonaridebi, vfiqrob uTuod samxedro-savele medicinis arsebobazemetyvelebs, radgan aq saomari iaraRiT daWrazea laparaki.samxedro medicinis arsebobaze migvaniSnebs qarTuli samarTlis zogierTiZeglic, kerZod giorgi brwyinvalis ,,Zeglis dadeba~, romlis erT-erTimuxli aseTia: ,,...erT omSi erTs kacsa oriv xeli dauSavdes, anu ferxni, ginaTualni wauxdes, equsTa asoTagan ori aso dauSavdes, sisxlis naxevaridaeurvos missa gvarsa zeda da dastaqarTa wamlis fasi rac gasvlodes~.,,Zeglis dadeba~, rogorc cnobilia, mTielTaTvis aris dawerili da ammuxlSi, ra Tqma unda, Sina omze an sulac SebrZolebazea laparaki, magramigi sainteresoa xevsureTSi dadasturebuli erTi tradiciis konteqstSi.axali wlis dReobebis ciklis bolo dResaswaulze _ wyalkurTxevas(xandaxan sxva dReebSic) xdeboda SebrZolebis imitacia. soflisaxalgazrdoba Sehyris laSqars da Tavs daesxmis jvarionT. * xevsureTismkvidri aleqsi oCiauri wers: `salocavs, rom miuaxlovdebodnen jvarionTdauZaxebdnen: ,,aba Tu vaJebi xarT. exla gamavdiT karSi~ da dauwyeben aTasram saxumaro Zaxils, gamovlen jvarionni da gaumeoreben sayvedurs.gamarjvebuli soflis laSqari autexs srolas... aqedan jvarionnic upasuxebenda gaimarTeba brZola. gamovlen mindorze da xmlebiTac xelCarTulbrZolaSi Caebmebian. ,,waiqceva“ xalxi, eqimebic viTom Tan hyavT da uwerenwamlebs daWrilebs: moaqvT soflidan arayi, jvarionT ludi da amiT arCenendaWrilebs“.es imitirebuli Setakeba mravalmxriv aris saintereso, pirvel rigSiimitom, rom aq garkveul samxedro TamaSobasTan gvaqvs saqme. warmodgeniliabrZolis veli, sadac mimdinareobs brZola. marTalia, brZolas saxumaroxasiaTi aqvs, magram aq garkveuli saxis samxedro wvrTasTan gvaqvs saqme.amave dros, igi gvixatavs brZolis velis suraTs, sadac gansakuTrebuliadgili eqimebs ukavia, romlebic daWrilebs uvlian da patronoben. undaCavTvaloT, rom es savele medicinis tradiciaze metyvelebs.samxedro medicinis TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelivania gadmocema guriaSimoRvawe Sinauri eqimebis arobeliZeebis Sesaxeb, romelic apolon wulaZesaqvs motanili Tavis wignSi ,,eTnografiuli guria~. arobeliZeebimotexilobis, daWrilis, naRrZobisa da sxva travmebis mkurnalobaSi iyvnendaxelovnebulebi. maT guriis TurmaniZeebs uwodebdnen.arobeliZeebi Tavisi gvaris warmoSobas da guriaSi dasaxlebasukavSirebdnen istoriul Tornike erisTavis xanas da ambobdnen, rom maTiwinapari iyo arobeliZe, romelic im jaris eqimi-dastaqari iyo, romelsacTornike sardlobda.aris gadmocema, rom TurmaniZeTa saxelovani winaprebi samxedro medicinispraqtikasac eweodnen. maTi STamomavalni am saqmianobas, rogorc Cans,30

SemdegSiac ganagrZobdnen. erT-erT maTgans _ beJan qaixosros Ze TurmaniZeski XIX saukuneSi rusul jarSic umuSavia eqimad, razedac mis mierdawerili werilis Semdegi amonaridi migviTiTebs: ,,Tqven, imperatorisaRmatebulebav, dido kniazo, mixeil nikolozis Zev! Cemi axalgazrdobagavatare SromaSi da xelmokleobaSi, viRebdi ra monawileobas omebSi, raTadamecva CemTvis Zvirfasi mSobliuri miwa. azielis saxeliT vemsaxurebodidaWril oficrebsa da jariskacebs 1854 wlis 24 ivlisis brZolaSi sofelkiurekdarasTan, aseTive funqcia dakisrebuli mqonda goris sacxenosnoarmiaSi~... zemomoyvanili TurmaniZeTa sagvareulos samxedro-samedicinosaqmianobis tradiciulobaze metyvelebs.yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas: saqarTveloSisxvadasxva epoqaSi, sxvadasxva geografiul zonalobaSi mcxovrebi dasxvadasxva socialuri fenis sazogadoeba, mamakacs sxvadasxva moTxovnilebasuyenebda, magram yvelgan da yovelTvis, qarTvelTa cxovrebis Taviseburebidangamomdinare, misgan samxedro momzadebas moiTxovda. swored amitom,qarTvelTa tradiciuli aRzrdis sistema, pirvel rigSi, mamakacTa meomradCamoyalibebas, mis fizikur da inteleqtualur ganviTarebas emsaxureboda.ZvelTaganve qarTvelTa zrunvis sagans meomarTa janmrTelobacwarmoadgenda. janmrTelobis dacvis tradiciul sistemaSi, samxedromedicinas garkveuli adgili eWira, razedac mwiri, magram sakmaodmniSvnelovani cnobebi metyvelebs.G31

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *arzaqroba _ gaqniloba, daundobloba.aSfaSaqi _ isris mizanSi srola, mizanSi sasroli sagani.bildriga _ xmlis vadis, maTraxis taris da sxva xelis an TiTisgasayreli Tasma.buni _ xanjlisa da xmlis qarqaSis boloze wamosacmeli rkina _ buniki.gadri _ burTaobis erT-erTi saxeoba.ganmwesebuli _ zrdadasrulebuli.gorozoba _ siamaye, ampartavnoba.dasdebeli _ saeklesio sagalobeli.Talari _ piramidis formis qvitkiris boZi.kenWaoba _ farikaoba, Cxubi.movaglaxari _ mgloviare.muSaiTi _ jambazi.mSvebeli _ Tavisufali adamiani.mcirebuli _ dabali wodebis adamiani.mxare-Talari _ svetebiani karavi.orakuli _ misani.oroli _ erTgvari Subi.radabragani _ burTaobis erT-erTi saxe.sarqroba _ samuSaoTa warmoeba, saqmeze Tavsmdgomoba.spaspeti _ jaris ufrosi, mxedarTmTavari, sardali.trepanacia _ Tavis qalis operacia.yvanWi (yuanWi) _ saburTali Cogani.yabaxi _ samizned dadgmuli Tasi, romelsac mojiriTeni isars esrodnen.yabaxoba _ samizned Sedgmuli Tasis isriT Camogdeba.Zlispiri _ saeklesio sagalobeli.widnva _ vazis rqis gadawvena da miwaSi Cafvla.wyoba _ brZola.xelZaliani jiriToba _ TamaSobani cxenze.xoSiadi _ saidumlo.jara _ dastaqari, eqimi.jari _ xalxis Tavyriloba.jvarionni _ salocavis momsaxure pirebi.32

gamoyenebuli literatura dawyaroebi:• g. akofaSvili raindoba Sua saukuneebis Tbilisi, 1992.• arCili, saqarTvelos zneobani, Zveli mwerloba, XII-XVII saukuneebisqarTveli mwerlebi. Tbilisi, 1976.• v. bardaveliZe, xevsuruli Temis mmarTvelobis sistema (ssrmecnierebaTa akademiis ,,moambe~ t. XIII, #10.• batoniSvili vaxtangi, istoriebri aRwera, tfilisi, 1914• batoniSvili vaxuSti, zneni da Cveulebani saqarTvelosani, qarTliscxovreba, IV, Tbilisi, 1973.• n. berZeniSvili saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t.VII, 1974w.• g. gamyreliZe, m. fircxalava, g. yifiani, Zveli saqarTvelos samxedrosaqmis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 2005• v. elaSvili, fizikuri aRzrdis qarTuli xalxuri pedagogika,Tbilisi, 1989• lamberti arqanjelo, samegrelos aRwera, Tbilisi• wigni saaqimo, tfilisi, 1936.• s. makalaTia, samegrelos istoria da eTnografia, Tbilisi, 1941• s. makalaTia, xevsureTi, Tbilisi, 1984.• giorgi mTawmindeli, ioanes da eqvTimes cxovreba, qarTuli proza, I,Tbilisi, 1982• b. niJaraZe, istoriul-eTnografiuli werilebi, I, Tbilisi, 1962• al. oCiauri, qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari, xevsureTi(arxotis Temi), Tbilisi, 1988.• Jan Sardenis mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi(cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb) frangulidan Targmna, gamokvleva dakomentarebi daurTo mzia mgalobliSvilma, Tbilisi, 1975, gv. 119.• al. robaqiZe, Sromis organizaciis formebi Zveli saqarTvelossaxalxo meurneobaSi, Tbilisi, 1941• iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli enisa da mwerlobis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi,1956• iv. javaxiSvili, qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Txzulebani Tormettomad, t. VI, Tbilisi, 1982• juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa, qarTlis cxovreba, I,Tbilisi, 1955• qarTlis cxovreba, I, Tbilisi 1955• qarTlis cxovreba, IV, Tbilisi 1973• n. RoRoberiZe, xalxuri garToba-TamaSobani guriaSi, Tbilisi, 1980• g. Citaia, xevsuruli sporti, Sromebi 5 tomad, t. IV, Tbilisi, 2001• s. janaSia, swavla-aRzrdis istoria saqarTveloSi, I, tfilisi, 193733